BIS Specification

Welding Symbols

Surface Finish

Heat Treatment

Fits and Tolerance

GD & T

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BIS SPECIFICATION

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 Government of India resolution on 3 September
1946 for establishment of Indian Standards
Institution
Indian Standards Institution (predecessor of
Bureau of Indian Standards)set up on 6 January
1947
Objectives
◦ Promoting standardization ,quality control and
simplification in industry & commerce
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
◦ Established on 1 April 1987 under BIS act, 1986 as
statutory body

4
 Bureau of Indian Standards
 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) took over work of
ISI through enactment of BIS Act (1986) by the
Indian Parliament.
 Formulates National standards and carried out
conformity assessment by operating the Product
and Management System Certification Scheme.
 Formulated over 18000 National Standards and
also operating more than 22000 Certification
licenses.
 Project India‟s view in various committees of
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

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 Harmonious development of activities of
standardization, marking and quality
certification
To provide new thrust to standardization and
quality control
To evolve a national strategy for according
recognition to standards and integrating them
with growth and development of industrial
production and exports

Santosh Hiremath 6
 STANDARDS FORMULATION
(14 Technical Divisions covering specific Industrial Sector)

1. Chemical 8. Medical Equipment and

Hospital Planning
2. Civil Engineering
9. Metallurgical Engineering
3. Electronics and 10. Petrochemical, Coal &
Information Technology Related Products
4. Electro-technical 11. Production and General
Engineering
5. Food and Agriculture
12. Textile
6. Management and Systems 13. Transport Engineering
7. Mechanical Engineering 14.Water Resources

11
WELDING SYMBOLS

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What is welding?
Welding is an efficient method of making
permanent joints between two or more metal
parts.

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14
15
16
17
 Dual
Ref.Line

To be welded on the
arrow side

To be welded on the
other side

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19
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21
22
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 RULES TO BE OBSERVED WHILE APPLYING SYMBOLS

1. Symbols for fillet and similar welds be shown such that the
vertical position of the symbol are indicated on the left hand side
of the symbol, irrespective of the orientation of the weld metal.
2. If the welds are to be made on the arrow side of the joint, the
corresponding symbol should be placed either above or below the
continuous reference line (Fig.)
3. If the welds are to be made on the other side of a joint ,the
corresponding symbol should be placed above or below the
dashed reference line (Fig.)
4. If the welds are to be made on both sides of the a joint, the
corresponding symbols should be placed on both sides of the
reference line and the dashed line is not shown (Fig.)
5. The arrow of the symbol must point towards the joint which
required welding (Fig.)
RULES TO BE OBSERVED WHILE APPLYING SYMBOLS

6. When only one member is to be edge prepared to make the joint ,

the arrow should point at the plate (Fig. ---)
7. Dimensions of size are indicated in mm without writing the unit
mm.
8. If unequal legs of fillet are to be used ,they should also be given on
the left hand side.
9. If a welding is required to be made on the site or during erection or
assembly, it is re
10. If a weld is to be made all around a joint , a circle should also be
placed at the elbow ,connecting the arrow and the reference
line.(Fig.----)
11. If a weld is to have a flush or flat finish , a straight line should be
added above the symbol.
12. The welding process is indicated , if required ,at the end of the
arrow.(fig----)
Types of drawings
◦ Working drawings – drawing of objects used to
produce projects/structures in the shop
◦ Assembly drawings – shows the object to be made
as it would appear in a fully assembled, ready to
use form.
◦ Detail drawings are made of each different part in
the assembly process.
The Theory of Orthographic Projection
◦ Presenting an object and all of its sides and
makeup on a flat piece of pape

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 Building a Weld Symbol
◦ The main foundation of a weld symbol is a
reference line with an arrow at one end.
◦ Located above or below the base line is the type of
weld to be performed.
◦ Reference data is located at the back of the base
line, indicating what type of welding process to be
used.
All data is indicated by geometric figures, numerical
Ref
values, and abbreviations. *The tail may be left off if not
reference data is to be used
Data Other Side Location of Field
Weld or Weld All
Around Symbol
GMAW

Arrow Side
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The most important factor in a welding symbol is the
type of weld, in relationship with the type of joint to be
used.
◦ There are five main types of joints
Butt, Corner, Lap, T, & Edge

Welds are classified into fillet, plug, spot, seam, or

groove

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QUIZ

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The direction of the arrow is not important, it may run up
or down.
When both sides of the joint are to be welded the symbol
appears above and below the line.

Combining Weld Symbols

◦ So e joints may require more than one ty e of weld on a particular
joi .

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Size of fillet welds
◦ The width of a fillet weld is shown to the left of the weld symbol
and is expressed in fractions, decimals, or metric units.

3/8 10

3/8
10
◦ The length of the weld is shown to the right of the weld symbol.
When both sides are to be welded the same both are shown.

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When a fillet weld with unequal legs is required, the size
of the legs is placed in parentheses.
(1/4x1/2)

The length & pitch increments of intermittent welds are

shown to the right of the weld symbol. The first figure
represents the length of the weld section and the second
figure the pitch (center-to
3/8 6 - 10
Length Pitch
 Size of groove welds
There are several types of groove welds. Their sizes
(effective throat in fractions, decimals or millimeters) are
shown here.
◦ For a single-groove and symmetrical double-groove welds which
extend completely through the metal being joined, no size is
included on the weld symbol.

◦ For groove welds which extend only partly through members being
joined or on nonsymmetrical double-groove joints, weld size
(effective throat) is shown in parentheses to the left of the weld
symbol. .38mm

EFFECTIVE THROAT (.38)

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 A dimension not in parentheses when placed to the left
of the weld symbol indicates the depth of the bevel only.
When both the effective throat and bevel depth are
indicated, the groove bevel depth is located to the left of
the effective thr.25oa(.t38)size.

.25
Groove
Depth
.38 Effective Throat

Root opening of groove joints is shown inside the weld

symbol. The included angle of the bevel is placed below
or above th1/1e6 weld symbol.

1/16

60°

60°

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The size of flare-groove welds is considered as
extending only to the tangent points as indicated by
dimens nal lines.

The size of flange welds is shown by the radius and

height of the flange and is separated by a plus mark
placed to the left of the weld symbol.

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The size of plug welds is shown to the left of the weld
symbol, the depth, when less than full, on the inside of
the weld symbol, the center-to-center spacing (pitch) to
the right of the weld symbol, and the included angle of
countersink below the symbol.

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37
Slot welds – length, width, spacing angle of countersink
and location of slot welds are not shown on the symbol.
This data is included by showing a special detail on the
print. If the slots are partly filled, the depth of filling is
shown inside.

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Santosh Hiremath 39
Size of spot welds
◦ Spot welds are dimensioned either by size or strength.
Size is designated as the diameter of the weld.

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Santosh Hiremath 41
Size of seam welds
◦ Seam welds are dimensioned either by size or strength.
The length of the seam weld is placed to the right of the
weld symbol. The pitch of intermittent seam welds is
shown to the right of the length dimension.

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Santosh Hiremath 43
Weld-all around symbol
◦ When a weld is to extend completely around a joint, a
small circle is placed where the arrow connects the
reference line.

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Field weld symbol
◦ Welds to be made in the field are shown by a darkened
triangular flag at the juncture of the reference line and
arrow. The flag always points toward the tail of the arrow.
Field welds are welds not to be performed in the shop or at
the place of initial construction.

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Reference Tail
◦ The tail is included only when some definite welding
specifications, procedure, weld or cutting process needs
to be called out.
Examples: AC/DC welding, SMAW, & GMAW etc.

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Santosh Hiremath 47
Back or Backing Welds
◦ Refers to the weld made on the opposite side of the
regular weld. Back welds are occasionally specified to
insure adequate penetration and provide additional
strength to a joint. This particular symbol is included
opposite the weld symbol. No dimensions of back or
backing welds except height of reinforcement is shown on
the weld symbol.

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Melt-thru welds
◦ When complete joint penetration of the weld through the
material is required in welds made from one side only, a
special melt-thru weld symbol is placed opposite the
regular weld symbol. No dimension of melt-thru, except
height of reinforcement, is shown on the symbol.

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Surfacing welds
◦ Welds whose surfaces must be built up by a single or
multiple passes welding are provided with a surfacing
weld symbol. The height of the built-up surface is
indicated by a dimension placed to the left of the
surfacing symbol.

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Santosh Hiremath 51
1. Indicate the meaning of the following symbols.

1. A = fillet both sides, B= fillet arrow side weld all around, C=

fillet other side
2. What type of weld do these symbols indicate?

2. A = seam, B = plug, C = fillet, D = v-groove

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3. How would you interpret these symbols?

3. A = the size of the bead is ¼, fillet weld on the arrow side, B =

fillet weld 3 ½ long or length of the bead, C = plug or slot weld
¼ depth.

4. A = .25” size in diameter spot weld arrow side, B = V-groove

arrow side, C = u-groove other side

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5. What do welds designated with the following symbols

5. A = v- groove arrow side 3/8 size of bevel depth ¼ is effective

throat size, B = square joint arrow side & an edge flange joint
on the other side, C = square groove with 1/16 gap in the metal

6. A = v-groove arrow side & 1/8 root opening v-groove other

side, B = fillet arrow side ½ is the size of the bead with the
length of 6.
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7. What do these symbols represent?

7. A = seam weld other side width of the weld bead is 1 & the
length of the weld is 3, B = arrow side & other side EXTRA
CREDIT!!!! & FW is flash welding

8. A = backing arrow side & v-groove other side, B = fillet arrow

side 5/16 size or width & 4 long; other side fillet ¼ width & 6
long, C = bevel groove arrow side & other side with 35° angle.
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SURFACE FINISH TREATMENT

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The roughness may be measured, using any of the
following :
1. Straight edge
2. Surface gauge
3. Optical flat
4. Tool marker‟s microscope
5. Profilometer
6. Profilograph
7. Talysurf

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 INDICATION OF SURFACE TEXTURE

The basic symbol consists of two legs of

unequal length inclined at approximately
60’ to the line representing the considered
surface
The symbol must be represented by thin line

If the removal of material by machining is

required, a bar is added to the basic symbol,

If the removal of material is not permitted,

a circle is added to the basic symbol.

When special surface characteristics have to

be indicated, a line is added to the longer arm of
any of the above symbols,

Basic symbol : only be used alone when its meaning is

explained by a note
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 Indication of Surface Roughness

The value or values defining the principal criterion of roughness

are added to the symbols

a- surface roughness value

Roughness a obtained Roughness a Roughness a shall be

by any production obtained by removal obtained without
process of material by removal of any
machining material

If it is necessary to impose maximum

and minimum limits of the principal criterion
of surface roughness, both values shall be
shown

maximum limit (a1) ;minimum limit (a2).

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 If it is required that the required surface texture be produced by one
particular production method, this method shall be indicated in plain
language on an extension of the longer arm of the symbol

Indication of machining allowance where it is necessary to specify the value

of the machining allowance, this shall be indicated on the left of the symbols.
This value shall be expressed in millimeters.

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Generally to indicate the surface roughness, the symbol is used instead of value.
The relation is given in following table.

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This symbol may also be used in a drawing, relating to a production process , to indicate t
a surface is to be left in the state ,resulting from a preceding manufacturing process,
whether this state was achieved by removal of material or otherwise
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Position of the Specifications of the Surface Texture in the Symbol - The
specifications Of surface texture shall be placed relative to the symbol as
shown in figure.

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symbol Interpretation
Parallel to the plane of projection
of the view in which the symbol is used

Perpendicular to the plane of projection

of the
view in which the symbol is used

Crossed in two slant direction relative to

the plane of projection of the view in
which the
symbol is used

Multidirectional

Approximately circular relative to the

centre of the surface to which the symbol
is applied

Approximately radial relative to the

centre of the surface to which the symbol
is applied

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Symbols with Additional Indications.

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 If it is necessary to define surface texture
both before and after treatment, this shall
be explained in a suitable note or in
accordance with figure

The direction of lay is the direction of the

predominant surface pattern, ordinarily determined
by the production method employed.

If it is necessary to control the direction

of lay, it is specified by a symbol added to the
surface texture symbol

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67
HEAT TREATMENT

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The amount of carbon present in plain carbon steel has a
pronounced effect on the properties of a steel and on the
selection of suitable heat treatments to attain certain
desired properties. Below are some major types of heat
treatment processes:

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Annealing
Normalizing
Hardening
Carburizing
Tempering

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Makes a metal as soft
as possible
Hypoeutectoid steels
(less than 0.83%
carbon) are heated
above upper critical
temp., soaked and
cooled slowly.
Hypereutecoid (above
0.83%) are heated
above lower critical
temp., soaked and
allowed to cool slowly.

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Process Annealing. Low
carbon steels may
harden through cold
working. They can be
heated to around 100
degrees below lower
critical temp., soaked
and allowed to cool in
air.
Spheroidising. High
carbon steels may be
annealed just below the
lower critical temp. to
improve machinability.
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Santosh Hiremath 73
Normalising. Internal stresses caused by
rolling and rolling or forging are removed.
Steels are heated above upper critical temp.,
soaked and cooled in air. The cooling rate is
faster than annealing giving a smaller grain
structure.
Stress relieving. The component is reheated
and held at temperature for a period of time
and cooled slowly.

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Santosh Hiremath 75
Medium and High carbon steels (0.4 – 1.2%)
can be heated until red hot and then
quenched in water producing a very hard and
brittle metal. At 723 degrees, the BCC ferrite
changes into Austenite with a FCC structure.

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The metal is heated to over
780 degrees, which allows
the carbon to dissolve into
the FCC Austenite.
Quenching the metal quickly
in water prevents the
structure from changing
back into BCC.
A different structure, Body
Centre Tectragonal (BCT) is
formed. It is called
Martensite and is extremely
hard and brittle with a
needle-like microstructure.
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Low carbon steels cannot be hardened by
heating due to the small amounts of carbon
present.
Case hardening seeks to give a hard outer skin
over a softer core on the metal.
The addition of carbon to the outer skin is
known as carburising.

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79
To remove some of the brittleness from
hardened steels, tempering is used. The
metal is heated to the range of 220-300
degrees and cooled.
Tempering colours are an indicator of
temperature on polished metals. Colours
range from yellow to brown to violet and
blue.

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A – Normalising
B – Annealing or
Hardening
C – Spheroidising or
Process Annealing
D - Tempering

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Brine (water and salt solution)
Water
Oil
Air
Turn off furnace

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The component is packed
surrounded by a carbon-ri
compound and placed in t
furnace at 900 degrees.
Over a period of time carb
will diffuse into the surface
of the metal.
The longer left in the
furnace, the greater the
depth of hard carbon skin.
Grain refining is necessary
order to prevent cracking.

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Salt bath carburizing. A molten salt bath (sodium
cyanide, sodium carbonate and sodium chloride)
has the object immersed at 900 degrees for an
hour giving a thin carbon case when quenched.
Gas carburizing. The object is placed in a sealed
furnace with carbon monoxide allowing for fine
control of the process.
Nitriding. Nitrides are formed on a metal surface
in a furnace with ammonia gas circulating at 500
degrees over a long period of time (100 hours). It
is used for finished components.

84
Induced eddy
currents heat the
surface of the steel
very quickly and is
quickly followed by
jets of water to
quench the
component.
A hard outer layer is
created with a soft
core. The slideways
on a lathe are
induction hardened.

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Gas flames raise the
temperature of the
outer surface above
the upper critical
temp. The core will
heat by conduction.
Water jets quench
the component.

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Hardening over a period of time
Also known as precipitation hardening
Occurs in duraluminium which is an
aluminium alloy that contains 4% copper. This
makes this alloy very useful as it is light yet
reasonably hard and strong, it is used in the
space industry.
The metal is heated and soaked (solution
treatment) then cooled and left.

87
The measurement and control of temperature
in a furnace is called pyrometry.

88
A traditional
method of gaugin
furnace
temperature.
Cones with known
melting
temperatures are
placed in the
furnace,
temperature is
identified as cones
collapse.

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Also known as
„disappearing
filament‟.
The light intensity of
a lamp, which can be
adjusted, is
compared to the light
from a furnace.
Temperature is
measured when the
filament seems to
disappear in the glow
from the furnace.
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A thermocouple uses
the principle that a
small current flows if
two dissimilar metals
are joined in a loop
with different
temperatures at the
junctions.
A galvanometer at the
cold junction detects a
change in current at th e
hot junction in the
furnace

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FITS AND TOLERANCE

92
Nominal Size – general size, usually expressed in
mms
Actual Size – measured size of the finished part
Limits – maximum and minimum sizes shown by
tolerances (larger value is the upper limit and the
smaller value is the lower limit)
Tolerance – total allowable variance in dimensions
(upper limit – lower limit) – object dimension could
be as big as the upper limit or as small as the lower
limit or anywhere in between.

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94
Connection btw the characteristics:
US = N + UD
LS = N – LD
T = US – LS =
95
Example: A shaft of nominal diameter 25 mm
is going to be manufactured. IT grade is
required to be IT7.
Determine the tolerance on the shaft.

96
th 97
h 98
Fit: degree of tightness between two parts.
Fit types:
◦ Clearance Fit – tolerance of mating parts always
leaves a space
◦ Interference Fit – tolerance of mating parts always
results in interference
◦ Transition Fit – sometimes interferes, sometimes
clears

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2
In order to standardize dimensioning of fits, two
basic systems are used:
1) Basic Hole System: Minimum hole diameter is
taken as the basis. Lower deviation for the
hole is equal to zero. Dam is prescribed
according to the specified tolerance.
2) Basic Shaft System: Maximum shaft diameter
is taken as the basis. Upper deviation for the
Shaft is equal to zero. dmin is prescribed
according to the specified tolerance.

11
3
Toleranced dimensions are commonly
determined using the basic hole system in
which the minimum hole size is taken as the
basic size.

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4
11
In this system, the maximum shaft is taken as
the basic size and is used only in specific
circumstances.

11
6
11
7
Indicating Tolerances

11
8
Limits of a dimension or the tolerance values are
specified directly with the dimension.

Questions ?
11
9
 The dimension is given by:
a shape symbol,
nominal size,
a letter indicating the
position of the tolerance
zone in relation to zero line,
a number indicating the
width of the tolerance zone.
(quality of production?)

12
h 0
12
1
The upper deviation should
be written above the lower
deviation value irrespective
of whether it is a shaft or a
hole.
Both deviations are
expressed to the same
number of decimal places,
except in the cases where
the deviation in one
direction is nil.

12 2
For a nominal diameter of 25 mm and for a fit
specification of H7/j5 determine the following:
Type of the tolerancing system
Tolerance on the hole
Tolerance on the shaft
Upper and lower limits of the hole (Dmax, Dmin)
Upper and lower limits of the shaft (dmax, dmin)
Type of the fit

12
3
a) H7/j5  Basic Hole System
b) D = 25 mm, from the given table:
 21 m  5 m
H7  j5 
0 m -4 m

+ H7 nominal size

j5
-
Th  21 m

c) Ts  9 m
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 Geometric Dimensioning and
Tolerancing (GD&T)
MANAGEMENT

DESIGN
VENDORS

SALES PRICING

TOOLING

PURCHASING PLANNING
CUSTOMERS

PRODUCTION
SERVICE ROUTING

INSPECTION

ASSEMBLY

PART PRODUCTION COMMUNICATION MODEL

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 Three Categories of
Dimensioning
Dimensioning can be divided into three
categories:
•general dimensioning,
•geometric dimensioning, and
•surface texture.

The following provides information necessary

to begin to understand geometric
dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T)

12
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 12
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Limit Tolerancing Applied To An
Angle Block

12
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Geometric Tolerancing Applied To
An Angle Block

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GD&T is a means of dimensioning &
tolerancing a drawing which considers
the function of the part and how this part
functions with related parts.
◦ This allows a drawing to contain a more
defined feature more accurately, without
increasing tolerances.

13
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GD&T has increased in practice in last 15
years because of ISO 9000.
◦ ISO 9000 requires not only that something be required,
but how it is to be controlled. For example, how round
does a round feature have to be?
GD&T is a system that uses standard
symbols to indicate tolerances that are
based on the feature‟s geometry.
◦ Sometimes called feature based dimensioning &
tolerancing or true position dimensioning &
tolerancing
GD&T practices are specified in ANSI
Y14.5M-1994.

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Given Table Height
Assume all 4 legs will be cut to
length at the same time.

However, all surfaces have a degree of waviness, or

smoothness. For example, the surface of a 2 x 4 is
much wavier (rough) than the surface of a piece of
glass.
◦ As the table height is dimensioned, the following table
would pass inspection.

or

If top must be flatter, you could tighten the

tolerance to ± 1/32.
◦ However, now the height is restricted to 26.97 to 27.03
meaning good tables would be rejected.
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 You can have both, by using GD&T.
◦ The table height may any height between 26 and
28 inches.
◦ The table top must be flat within 1/16. (±1/32)

.06
.06
.06

27 28
26

13
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Saves money
◦ For example, if large number of parts are being
made – GD&T can reduce or eliminate inspection
of some features.
◦ Provides “bonus” tolerance
Ensures design, dimension, and tolerance
requirements as they relate to the actual
function
Ensures interchangeability of mating
parts at the assembly
Provides uniformity
It is a universal understanding of the
symbols instead of words

13
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When part features are critical to a
function or interchangeability
When functional gaging is desirable
When datum references are desirable to
ensure consistency between design
When standard interpretation or
tolerance is not already implied
When it allows a better choice of
machining processes to be made for
production of a part

13
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Maximum Material Condition (MMC): The
condition where a size feature contains the
maximum amount of material within the stated
limits of size. I.e., largest shaft and smallest
hole.
Least Material Condition (LMC): The condition
where a size feature contains the least amount
of material within the stated limits of size. I.e.,
smallest shaft and largest hole.
Tolerance: Difference between MMC and LMC
limits of a single dimension.
Allowance: Difference between the MMC of two
mating parts. (Minimum clearance and
maximum interference)
Basic Dimension: Nominal dimension from
which tolerances are derived.
13
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LIMITS OF SIZE
 LIMITS OF SIZE
A variation in form is allowed between the
least material condition (LMC) and the
maximum material condition (MMC).
SIZE DIMENSION
ENVELOPE PRINCIPLE

MMC
(2.007)

LMC
(2.003)

ENVELOPE OF SIZE

Envelop Principle defines the size and

form relationships between mating parts.
13
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 LIMITS OF SIZE

ENVELOPE PRINCIPLE

LMC
CLEARANCE

MMC
ALLOWANCE

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 LIMITS OF SIZE
The actual size of the feature at any cross
section must be within the size boundary.

ØMMC
ØLMC

14
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 LIMITS OF SIZE
No portion of the feature may be outside
a perfect form barrier at maximum
material condition (MMC).

14
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 Other Factors
I.e., Parallel Line Tolerance Zones

PARALLEL LINES PARALLEL LINES PARALLEL LINES

PARALLEL PLANES PARALLEL PLANES PARALLEL PLANES

 GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC CONTROLS
14 characteristics that may be controlled
TYPE OF TYPE OF
FEATURE TOLERANCE CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOL
FLATNESS
INDIVIDUAL (No STRAIGHTNESS
Datum FORM
Reference) CIRCULARITY
CYLINDRICITY
INDIVIDUAL or LINE PROFILE
RELATED PROFILE
SURFACE PROFILE
FEATURES
PERPENDICULARITY
ORIENTATION ANGULARITY
PARALLELISM
RELATED
FEATURES CIRCULAR RUNOUT
RUNOUT
(Datum TOTAL RUNOUT
Reference
CONCENTRICITY
Required)
LOCATION POSITION
SYMMETRY

14
Santosh Hiremath 3
◦ Maximum Material Condition MMC
◦ Regardless of Feature Size RFS
◦ Least Material Condition LMC
◦ Projected Tolerance Zone
◦ Diametrical (Cylindrical) Tolerance Zone or Feature
◦ Basic, or Exact, Dimension
◦ Datum Feature Symbol

ontrol Frame

14
Santosh Hiremath 4
 Feature Control
FEATURE CONTROL Frame
FRAME

GEOMETRIC SYMBOL
TOLERANCE INFORMATION
DATUM REFERENCES
COMPARTMENT VARIABLES

THE
RELATIVE TO
OF THE FEATURE
MUST BE WITHIN
CONNECTING WORDS
Uses feature control frames to indicate

Reads as: The position of the feature must

be within a .003 diametrical tolerance zone
at maximum material condition relative to

14
Santosh Hiremath 6
Uses feature control frames to indicate tolerance

Reads as: The position of the feature must be

within a .003 diametrical tolerance zone at
maximum material condition relative to datums
A at maximum material condition and B.

Santosh Hiremath 147

The of the feature must be within a tolerance zone.

The of the feature must be within a tolerance zone at

relative to Datum .

The of the feature must be within a

tolerance zone relative to Datum .

The of the feature must be within a

zone at
relative to Datum .

The of the feature must be within a tolerance zone

s .

14
Santosh Hiremath 8
May be attached to a side, end or corner of the
symbol box to an extension line.

Applied to surface.

14
Applied to axis
May be below or closely adjacent to the
dimension or note pertaining to that feature.

Ø .500±.005

15
Santosh Hiremath 0
A theoretically exact size, profile, orientation,
or location of a feature or datum target,
therefore, a basic dimension is untoleranced.
Most often used with position, angularity, and
profile)
Basic dimensions have a rectangle
surro

1.000

15
Santosh Hiremath 1
 15
Santosh Hiremath 2
Individual Features
No Datum Reference

Flatness Straightness

Circularity Cylindricity

15
Santosh Hiremath 3
Flatness as stated on drawing: The
flatness of the feature must be within .06
tolerance zone.

Straightness applied to a flat surface: The straightness of the

feature must be within .003 tolerance zone.
.003

0.500 ±.005

.003
0.500 ±.005

15
Santosh Hiremath 4
Straightness applied to the surface of a diameter: The
straightness of the feature must be within .003 tolerance zone.

.003

0.500
 0.505

Straightness of an Axis at MMC: The derived median line

straightness of the feature must be within a diametric zone of .030
at MMC.
0.500
 0.505  .030 M
1.010
0.990

15
Santosh Hiremath 5
Dial Indicator

BEZEL
CASE

CLAMP

PROBE
 15
Santosh Hiremath 7
Work on worksheets GD&T 1, GD&T 2 #1
only, and GD&T 3
◦ (for GD&T 3 completely dimension. ¼” grid.)

15
Santosh Hiremath 8
Orientation
Perpendicularity
◦ Angularity
◦ Parallelism
unout
Circular Runout
◦ Total Runout
Location
◦ Position
Concentricity
◦ Symmetry

15
Santosh Hiremath 9
Datums are features (points, axis, and planes)
on the object that are used as reference
surfaces from which other measurements are
made. Used in designing, tooling,
manufacturing, inspecting, and assembling
components and sub-assemblies.
◦ As you know, not every GD&T feature requires a
datum, i.e., Flat

1.000

16
0
Features are identified with respect to a
datum.
Always start with the letter A
Do not use letters I, O, or Q
May use double letters AA, BB, etc.
This information is located in the feature
control frame.

Datums on a drawing of a part are

represented using the symbol shown
below.
16
Santosh Hiremath 1
 Datum Reference Symbols
The datum feature symbol identifies a
surface or feature of size as a datum.

A A
A
ANSI ASME ISO
1982 1994
Datums are generally placed on a feature, a centerline, or a
plane depending on how dimensions need to be referenced.
A OR A
A

ANSI 1982
ASME 1994

Line up with arrow only when the

feature is a feature of size and is being
defined as the datum

16
3
Feature sizes, such as holes
A Ø .500±.005

Sometimes a feature has a GD&T and is

also a datum
A
Ø .500±.005

Ø .500±.005

16
Santosh Hiremath 4
 TWELVE DEGREES OF FREEDOM

UP

LEFT BACK

6 LINEAR AND
6 ROTATIONAL
DEGREES OF
FREEDOM

FRONT RIGHT

DOWN UNRESTRICTED FREE

MOVEMENT IN SPACE
Datums must be perpendicular to each
other
◦ Primary

◦ Secondary

16
6
A primary datum is selected to provide
functional relationships, accessibility, and
repeatability.
◦ Functional Relationships
A standardization of size is desired in the
manufacturing of a part.
Consideration of how parts are orientated to each
other is very important.
For example, legos are made in a standard size in
order to lock into place. A primary datum is chosen
to reference the location of the mating features.
◦ Accessibility
Does anything, such as, shafts, get in the way?

16
Santosh Hiremath 7
◦ Repeatability
For example, castings, sheet metal, etc.
The primary datum chosen must insure precise
measurements. The surface established must
produce consistent
Measurements when producing many identical
parts to meet requirements specified.

16
Santosh Hiremath 8
 Primary Datum
 Restricts 6 degrees of freedom

FIRST DATUM ESTABLISHED

BY THREE POINTS (MIN)
CONTACT WITH SIMULATED
DATUM A

16
Santosh Hiremath 9
All dimension may not be capable to reference
from the primary datum to ensure functional
relationships, accessibility, and repeatability.
◦ Secondary Datum
Secondary datums are produced perpendicular to the
primary datum so measurements can be referenced
from them.
◦ Tertiary Datum
This datum is always perpendicular to both the
primary and secondary datums ensuring a fixed
position from three related parts.

17
Santosh Hiremath 0
 Secondary Datum
 Restricts 10 degrees of freedom.
SECOND DATUM
PLANE ESTABLISHED BY
TWO POINTS (MIN) CONTACT
WITH SIMULATED DATUM B

17
Santosh Hiremath 1
 Tertiary Datum
 Restricts 12 degrees of freedom.
THIRD DATUM
PLANE ESTABLISHED
BY ONE POINT (MIN)
90° CONTACT WITH
SIMULATED DATUM C

MEASURING DIRECTIONS FOR

RELATED DIMENSIONS

17
Santosh Hiremath 2
Coordinate Measuring Machine
BRIDGE DESIGN

PROBE

GRANITE
Z SURFACE
PLATE

DATUM
REFERENCE
FRAME

17
Santosh Hiremath 3
 Size Datum
(CIRCULAR)

THIS ON
THE DRAWING

MEANS THIS

SIMULATED DATUM-
SMALLEST
PART CIRCUMSCRIBED
DATUM AXIS CYLINDER
 THIS ON
THE DRAWING

MEANS THIS

SIMULATED DATUM-
LARGEST
PART INSCRIBED
DATUM AXIS A CYLINDER

17 5
 ◦ Perpendicularity
◦ Angularity

◦ Parallelism
Controls the orientation of individual features
Datums are required
Shape of tolerance zone: 2 parallel lines, 2
parallel planes, and cylindrical
17
is the condition of a surface, center plane, or axis at a right
angle (90°) to a datum plane or axis.
Ex:
The perpendicularity of this surface
must be within a .005 tolerance
zone relative to datum A.

The tolerance zone is the space

between the 2 parallel lines. They
are perpendicular to the datum
plane and spaced .005 apart.

17
7
Plane 1 must be perpendicular within .005
tolerance zone to plane 2.

BOTTOM SURFACE

17
8
Plane 1 must be perpendicular within .005
tolerance zone to plane 2

BOTTOM PLANE

17
9
 2.00±.01

.02 Tolerance

Without GD & T this would be

acceptable

2.00±.01
.005 Tolerance Zone

.02 Tolerance

With GD & T the overall height may end anywhere between the
two blue planes. But the bottom plane is restricted to the red
tolerance zone.
18
Santosh Hiremath 0
Location of hole (axis)

This means „the hole (axis) must be

perpendicular within a diametrical
tolerance zone of .010 relative to
datum A‟

18
1
is the condition of a surface, axis, or median plane
which is at a specific angle (other than 90°) from a
datum plane or axis.
The surface is at a 45º
angle with a .005 tolerance
zone relative to datum A.

Can be applied to an axis at MMC.

Typically must have a basic dimension.
18
2
The condition of a surface or center plane equidistant at
all points from a datum plane, or an axis.
The distance between the parallel lines, or surfaces, is
specified by the geometric tolerance.

±0.01