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INTRODUCTION
Fungi are mistakenly assigned to the plant kingdom for they are non-motile and
also get their nutrients from their substratum, they were once considered to be plants
because they grow out of the soil and have rigid cell walls. Eventually, it is realized that
fungi are way too different from plants. This is the reason why in classification, fungi are
separated from plants. In order to describe fungi based on their lifestyle, Sumbali G.
(2005). Fungi show its great diversity due to its thallus (plant-like structure) organization.
The thallus of different fungi ranges from single cells to massive multinucleate growths.
Majority of fungi, except unicellular ones, are composed of unique, thread like
filamentous structures. Each of these filaments was known as hyphae and they branch
to surround and infiltrate the material where the fungus feeds (Webster and Weber,
2007).
fungi which occupy diverse niches in nature in the forest ecosystem. They
predominantly occur during the rainy season and also during spring when the snow
melts. Mushrooms are in fact the 'fruit' of the underground fungal mycelium. They are
macromycetes forming macroscopic fruiting bodies such as agarics, boletes, jelly fungi,
coral fungi, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, puffballs and bird’s nest fungi. They are fleshy,
sub fleshy, or sometimes leathery and woody and bear their fertile surface either on
lamellae or lining the tubes, opening out by means of pores. The lamellate members are
called agarics and the tube bearing poroid members, as boletes and polypores.
Mueller et al. (2007) estimated the species of macrofungi in tropical Asia to be between
10,000 and 25,000 species. In Burma, Thaung (2007) reported 24 orders, 56 families,
117 genera and 176 species of macrofungi. On the other hand, Swapna et al. (2008)
reported a total of 778 species of macrofungi belonging to 43 families and 101 genera in
India. Li et al. (2011) stated that there were 275 species of macrofungi classified into
122 genera and 52 families in China while Bolhassan et al. (2012) identified 60 species
(Musngi et al. 2005), though several researchers documented the different macrofungi
found in many mountainous areas of the country. Daep and Cajuday (2003) studied the
and one species of Auriculariaceae. Biadnes and Tangonan (2003) assessed the
genera. In Mt. Makiling, Laguna, Quimio (1996) surveyed the Agaricales. Musngi et al.
(2005) also described four species of Auricularia from the campus of Central Luzon
State University in Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. In addition, Sibounnavong et al. (2008) reported
Though fungi said to be megadiversed, there had been only few surveys done to
prove how diversed it is. Fungi, being new to science continued to be discovered.
Currently, the rate of discoveries in fungal survey is about 800 species per year. This
exploring and describing. Somewhat worrying 26% of the fungidescribed since 1980s
have been by mere 50 authors, several of whom are now dead or retired (Hawksworth,
2006).
Furthermore, there have been few studies regarding the mycodiversity in the
are late dated. Due to this, continued surveys on fungal diversity are being encouraged
General Objective:
Specific Objective:
Studies on the taxonomy and diversity of macro fungi are gaining importance as
many macro fungi are becoming extinct and facing threat of extinction because of
habitat destruction (Sandhya D., et al., 2012). This study may get the attention of people
about taking good care of the environment and by being responsible of their actions.
To the future researchers, that this study can be used as reference by other researchers
To the students, that the findings of this study will provide the students to do a hands-on project
about biodiversity of mushrooms
To the teachers, that this study will provide additional scientific information about the
To the farmers, that this study may serve as a way to help them widen their knowledge
Definition of Terms
Fungi. Any one of a group of related plants (such as molds, mushrooms, or yeasts) that
Mushrooms. A fungus that is shaped like an umbrella; especially: one that can be eaten.
Hyphae. One of the threads that make up the mycelium of a fungus, increase by apical
Diverse. Made up of people or things that are different from each other.
Thallus. A plant body that lacks differentiation into distinct parts (as stem, leaves, and
roots), does not grow from an apical point, and is characteristic of organisms formerly
classified as thallophytes.
Substratum. A layer of something (such as soil or rock) that is under another layer.
Taxonomy of Mushrooms
Global fungal diversity has been estimated between 1.5 and 5.1 million species,
making fungi among the most diverse groups of organism on our planet. There are
has been estimated at between 53,000 and 110,000. This would suggest that only 18%
38% of all the mushrooms have been documented. Also, because they are often cryptic
with rare fructifications of short duration and because it may be difficult to accurately
identify them, little information is available about geographical range and habitat
changing fungal diversity. They can supply information such as the range of a species.
Each mushroom (as well as all organisms) exhibit habitat preferences. These
widespread, conservation efforts can be better informed and directed. The world is
magnitude and causes of this change (such as pollution, habitat destruction and climatic
change), there is little doubt that it is occurring. By forming checklists we create the
Mueller et al. (2008) reported that based on their compiled data, 21,679 names of
macrofungi were compiled. However, approximately 35, 000 macrofungal species were
total of 56, 679 macrofungi. The compiled list however, has not included the data from
most areas like Europe, Africa, western Asia, or tropical eastern Asia. Even so,
combining the list of names with the estimates from contributing authors is in line with
their calculated estimate of between 53,000 and 110, 000 macrofungal species derived
using plant/macrofungal species ratio data. The estimates developed in this study were
describing the fungi on earth is not just an esoteric academic exercise, but it is
necessary to understand what fungi are ‘out there’ that may have beneficial attributes or
potential threats to, for example, food security. Without names and descriptions,
Mushroom species are the indicators of the forest life support system (Stamets,
P., 1993). The presence or absence of fungal species is a useful indicator to assess the
Kisovi, Munishi & Olila 2007.) The knowledge of biodiversity at the community and
species level is more important for monitoring the effectiveness and effects of natural
and artificial disturbances (Packham, May, Brown, Wardlaw & Mills 2002). The purpose
of the present survey was to identify the mushrooms up to genus and species level, to
record and to compare the diversity of mushrooms to other areas and to bring
Danger to extinction
According to Michael Gillings (1999) we are currently in the sixth great wave of
extinction, fully comparable with those great extinctions we have detected in the fossil
record. Species of all kinds are disappearing forever from the planet, and fungi are no
there can be loss of genetic diversity within species. If this loss becomes extreme, it
may cause a reduction or cessation of fruit body production in local areas. As the
anthropogenic factors, the species diversity in any particular area declines because of
local extinction events. The final event is complete extinction of a particular species in
all parts of its former distribution. The process of local extinction is already well
advanced, with over 1000 species being listed as extinct or threatened in various
The threats to fungal diversity are, by and large, the same processes that
threaten the diversity of all living things. These threats are: Loss of natural habitats; Air
and soil pollution; Coextinctions caused by loss of plant species; Pesticide and fertilizer
use; Expansion of agricultural monocultures; Over-collection; and Loss of genetic
diversity.
A particularly worrying trend, given their central role in forest ecosystems, is the
are often associated with endangered ecosystems such as ancient forests, unimproved
are causing global warming. This warming will have effects on fungal biodiversity.
Firstly, it may have effects on assemblages of mycorrhizal fungi and the colonisation of
plants by these fungi (Staddon and Fitter 1998). Secondly, as climatic zones move to
higher latitudes, the distributions of fungal species will change. There is evidence that
this migration is already happening (Ing 1996). Thirdly, global warming will be
accompanied by rising sea levels, which in turn will further threaten the already
Fungal habitats, like all natural habitats, are being lost at a rapid rate. The
landscapes are two causes of such habitat loss (Lizon 1993, Ing 1996). Ongoing human
industrial and urban development sequesters more and more of the available land.
Rising sea levels, caused by global warming, will drown more fungal habitats, as
mentioned above. Ironically, draining other habitats, such as bogs and marshes,
Studies on the taxonomy and diversity of macro fungi are gaining importance as
many macro fungi are becoming extinct and facing threat of extinction because of
habitat destruction. Present study deals with the diversity of macrofungi in semi
evergreen and moist deciduous forest of Amarkantak where more than 50 samples
22°40_N 81°45_E/ 22.67°N 81.75°E. It has an average elevation of 1048 meters (3438
ft ) More than 85% of annual average rain fall is received during the monsoon month
extending from June to September. The mean annual rain fall for Amarkantak is about
1619.9 mm. distributed over ninety two average annual rainy days. The mean daily
temperature ranges from 10.90C (January) to 39.10C (May) with relative humidity of %.
Amarkantak region is known for diverse macro fungal population. Extensive surveys
were conducted from July 2010 to September 2010. Where collection, characterization,
preservation and photo of macro fungal carried the genera like are Agaricus, Amanita,
Out of 50 samples only 16 samples were identified up to species level. This preliminary
study shows that the forest is very rich in mushroom diversity. (Sandhya, Mahendra,
According to Tan and Lee (1999), Malaysia’s primeval rainforests are replete with
a great diversity of mushrooms, many yet undiscovered. Heavy rains after dry spells
Cookenia. Culture collections maintained in institutions (apart from FRIM’s) are mainly
Lentinula, Pleurotus, and Ganoderma. Universiti Putra Malaysia and FRIM have the
highest culture collection of cultivated and forest mushrooms respectively. The rich
Luo Xin chang (1999) reported that the total number of fungal species is
evaluated as 1,500,000 in the world and fungi are regarded as the second largest group
of organisms in the biosphere after the arthropods. Chinese total numbers of fungal
species are evaluated about 197,400 in which 28,200 species belong to mushroom Out
of 28,200 species of mushroom; there are 14,100 species of edible mushrooms 5,132
species of medicinal mushrooms estimated based on the method (Chang 1994) .87 1
species of known 1000 species of edible mushrooms were described and reported in
1998 in China, which is only 6. 1% of evaluated number. At present, there are about
The Philippine is a tropical country consisting of some 7,000 islands, with only
2000 islands inhabited. The boundaries are Bashi Channel on the North, the Sulu and
Celebes Seas on the South, Pacific Ocean on the East and South China Sea on the
West. The country has a total land mass of 300,439 km2 and the islands are
geographically divided into 3 main areas, namely Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The
climate can be either dry or wet throughout the year. Being an archipelago, the country
is endowed with a vast expanse of coastal and inland water resources which is
approximately seven times larger than its inland resources. Despite this however, the
country, with its agricultural based economy, is abound of natural resources (forests,
mountains, mangroves etc.) favorable for growth of fungi including the mushrooms. This
Oct.12-16, 1999.
Majestic Mt. Makiling, in Laguna, Philippines, with its luxuriant tropical vegetation,
forms a prominent part of the landscape as one travels 50 miles south from Manila,
along a superhighway on the border of a lake called Laguna de Bay. The mountain has
long been considered a naturalists' paradise. Its higher plant flora comprises about 160
families of vascular plants while the number in the whole Philippine island is
approximately 200. As one will know, the Philippines offer a rich field for the study of all
phases of tropical biology and probably, no place affords more favorable opportunities
than the Mt. Makiling which, it being a national park can be considered an excellent
genetic resources in the country. Spanish botanists, who subsequently visited the
Philippines after it was discovered in 1521, found a rich flora on this part of the continent
and established series of expeditions to collect plants, including fungi. There were many
evidences that the areas they collected on were the Mt. Makiling area. With the coming
of the Americans at the start of the 20th century and the subsequent birth of the science
of mycology with the establishment of the University of the Philippines at the foot of the
mountain, Mt. Makiling became the most heavily collected mountain in the country. The
first mycological herbarium, considered that time, the best in the Indo Malaya region,
became the repository for many type specimens in the country and the subsequent
years became to be known as the golden era of Philippine mycology. Practically 60% of
the known Philippine fungi originated from Mt. Makiling (Pancho, 1973). Other favorite
sites for collection of plants, insects, and fungi are the forests of nearby Mt. Banahaw
and Mt, Isarog in Southern Luzon, Cordillera Mountain in Central Luzon and the Mt. Apo
Musngi, Abella, Lalap and Reyes (2005) described the four species of Auricularia
campus of the Central Luzon State University. Identification was based on their hyphal
zonation. From each species, various strains were identified (i.e. 3 strains for A.
auricula, 5 strains for A. fuscossucinea, 13 strains for A. polytricha and 4 strains for A.
tenuis). Seven host trees for Auricularia were noted as follows: rain tree (Samanea
(Sweitenia mahogany), mango (Mangifera indica) and rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis).
Among these host trees, rain trees supported the highest number of Auricularia species
identified.
Aetas in three provinces of Luzon are presented in this paper. A total of 76 species of
macrofungi were collected from May to October 2011. Fifty-three of the macrofungi
were identified up to species level while 23 were identified up to genus level only. The
areas (Ganoderma sinense and Pleurotus sajor-caju). The majority of the fungi were
recorded during the rainy season. Many of the collected fungi were not also utilized by
the Aeta communities. This is the first comparative report of macrofungi in ancestral
domains and resettlement areas of the Aetas in Central Luzon. (De Leon, Luangsa-ard,
Relative Abundance