Earth Science – Preliminary - It was believed that the creation and dissolution recur at a period of

Ganadin, Rishi Denice S.

1000 Maha Yuga (great year or cycles) or in modernist 4-32 years
Earth Science – branch of science dealing with the physical constitution of the
earth and its earth atmosphere SCIENTIFIC COSMOLOGY
scientific theories
UNIVERSE
1920
- Edward/Edwin Hubble discovered a no. of external galaxies other than
Latin Word: universum (all things or whole)
milky way
- Means all of space and time and all other forms of matter and energy
- Discovered that the universe was continuously expanding
in it
1940s – 1960s
- Two models explained the origin of the universe
4.6% - Baryonic Matter
- ordinary matter consisting protons, electrons, neurons and atoms,  Steady-State Theory
planets, stars, galaxies, nebular and other body  Big Bang Theory

24% - Cold Dark Matter Steady State Theory (pg. 5)

- matter that has gravity but not emit light - Proposed by Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, Herman Bondi (1948)
- pull together, blackhole, collision of substances - Continuous Creation Theory, Infinite Universe Theory
- Universe in unchanging in time and its uniform in space
71.4% - Dark Energy - The density of matter remains unchanged due to the continuous
- source of antigravity creation of matter
- maintains distance/space of any matter Loophole:
- Hydrogen, Helium, and Lithium (three most abundant elements)  The average age of the stars in one section of the universe should be
- Big bang theory the same throughout the cosmos
 Experimental evidences: Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Humans used the ff. to describe the origin and structure of the universe
- Religion, traditions, philosophy, science Big Bang Theory (pg. 6)
- Georges Lemaitre, 1927
Religious – a way of explaining the dynamic structure and order of the universe - based on Albert Einstein’s Theory of Relativity (gravity) thought of as
as a process from a religious perspective a distortion of space and time
- 13.7 billion years
Cosmology – a branch of astronomy concerned with the scientific study of the
origin of the universe
At the center of the event all
Violent expansion (looks
matter and energy were
RELIGIOUS COSMOLOGY/MYTHOLOGY (pg. 4) like explosion) which
contained in a compact
caused the inflation and
point called "singularity"
expansion of the universe
Explain the origin, history, and evolution of the universe based on the creation (super hot)
of a specific tradition

Biblical Cosmology
- Narrative from Genesis At that moment, the
universe was extremely hot
- Described how God separated light from darkness and created that matter cannot yet exist.
everything in a span of 6 days In a fraction of a second,
four fundamental forces
- God is the author of creation
were born
After 3 mins. with the universe
continuously expanding, it
begins to cool down, allowing
the protons and neurons to fuse
and form the nucleus of
hydrogen and helium atoms

Mormon Cosmology
- Pre-existing/pre-mortal life
- There’s something before
- Believes that human spirits are literal children of heavenly parent About 300 000 years later,
At that point, photons
- Earth’s creation was not Ex Nihilo (creating from nothing) but temp. became cool enough
escaped and light existed
for hydrogen and helium
organized from existing matter for the very first time
atoms to completely form

Buddhist Cosmology
- Existence of the universe is dependent upon the actions or karma of its
inhabitants
- Universe is as passing in/passing out of existence, the universe has no The overall composition of
After 300M years, stars and
the universe transitioned
beginning nor end galaxies began to form as
from light elements to
hydrogen and helium
- There are infinite number of universes doing the same thing heavier elements from the
coalesce with the aid of
supernova as the temp.
gravity
cooled down
Islamic Cosmology
- Universe was included by God (Allah), including the Earth’s physical
environment and human beings

Hindu Cosmology This made solid particles, in These nebulae would later
- Creation is timeless, no beginning the form of nebula (clouds on form the star systems
- Universe is created, destroyed and reverted in an eternally repetitive of gas and dust) to exist and planets known today
series of cycles
- Many universes follow the same rhythm, creation, and dissolution
 The Outer Planets
Four Fundamental Forces (pg. 7)
 called “gas giants” because of the dominance of gases and their larger
1. Gravity – attraction between bodies size
2. Electromagnetic Force – binds atoms into molecules  They rotate faster, have thick atmo., lower densities and fluid interiors
3. Strong Nuclear Force – binds protons and neutrons together in the rich in hydrogen, helium, and ices.
nucleus
4. Weak Nuclear Force – breaks down an atom’s nucleus and produce ORIGIN
radioactive decay, first emission of light (photons)
1644 (pg. 13)
Evidences that Supports Big Bang (pg. 7)
- Rene Descartes (first proponent)
 Cosmic Expansion by Edward Hubble - 1929 - Proposed that the solar system formed in bodies with orbit
 Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation of the planets (primary vortices) satellites around the planet
(secondary vortices)
- Remnant heat from the bang
- Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, 1964 Vortex theory – mechanism involves collapse or dissolution of a
 Nucleosynthesis vortex in which stellar body is embedded.
- Abundance of hydrogen, helium and lithium, acc. of l.e.
- Abandoned because of Newton’s law of gravitation
ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM (explains that it is based on gravitational attraction)
Modern scientific concepts and technologies provided new info. and new ways Encounter Hypothesis (pg. 14)
of understanding the solar system
1800
Galileo Galilei
George Louis Leclerc Buffon
For a model or the theory on the formation of the solar system to be acceptable,
it must offer explanations of the solar system’s observed characteristics - Sun with giant comet
features/regularities - Collision
- Debris › Planets
Solar System
James Hopwood Jeans and Harold Jeffreys
- Where planet moves with respect to fixed stars with
changing brightness, speed and having a retrograde motion - Speeding massive star
- Located in the Milky Way Galaxy (a huge disc and spiral- - Pulled of material due to gravitational attraction
shaped aggregation of about at least 100 billion stars and
bodies Flaws of the Theory
- Its spiral arms rotate around a globular cluster/bulge of
1. An event that a star would come close enough to the sun would be
many, many stars, at the center of which lies a super massive
highly unlikely to happen (because the universe is expanding
blackhole
2. The solar matter that were either pulled or ejected could not have
- Revolves around the galactic center once in about 240
acquired sufficient angular momentum to condense intro planets
million years
- Assumption: they are remnants of the materials from big Nebular Hypothesis (pg. 14)
bang
- Radioactive dating of meteorites, suggests that the earth and - Immanuel Kant and Pierre Simon Laplace
solar system are 4.6 byo - Great cloud gas and dust called “nebula” collapsed because
of gravitational pull
Large Scales Features - Spinned
 Much of its mass is concentrated at the center (Sun) while angular Flaws of the Theory
momentum is held by the outer planets
 Generalization 1. Could not account why 99% of the solar system is in the sun
2. Does not provide a mechanism to explain why the disk (eddies) would
(Angular Momentum – the quantity of rotation of a body which is the turn into individual planets
product of its moment of inertia and its angular velocity)
Solar-Nebular Hypothesis (pg. 15)
 Orbits of the planets elliptical and are on the same plane
 All planets revolve around the sun - Concepts of nebular hypothesis
 The period of revolution of the planets increase with increasing - Solves their hypothesis with added concepts based on new
distance from the sun; innermost planet moves fastest, the outermost, knowledge on fluids and states of matter
the slowest
 All planets are located at regular intervals from the sun Summary:
 Most planet rotate prograde (counter clockwise) a) a cloud of dust and gas (interstellar gas and dust cloud) was disturbed
Small Scale Features by an explosion of a nearby star called Supernova
b) the star exploded and its effect traveled in waves all around, these
The Inner Planets waves squeezed the cloud of dust and gas resulting in its collapse
c) all the little pieces of matter that started out running away from each
 terrestrial planets are made of materials with high melting point other got pulled back together by gravity
 They rotate slower, have thin/no atmo., higher densities, and lower d) the cloud began spinning at a tremendous speed and there it was, solar
contents of volatiles-hydrogen, helium and ices (water, ammonia, nebulae in the making
methane
 e) when the spinning slowed down, the center became hotter and denser - Mass
surrounded by a disc of gas and dust that was cool at the edges - Providing heat like in greenhouse
f) there was a dense flab in the center called protoplanetary disk or - Vital for photosynthesis
protostar, a ball of hydrogen gas whose pressure and temp. became - Keeping the surface warm
quite huge and the particles began to fuse together. A nuclear reaction - Maintains desirable temp for a living organism
began at the core of the protostar and became the sun Ozone Layer
- Traps high energy
First Stage: - Made of O3
- Protects from UV
g) accretion of grain-sized particles to form centimeter-sized particles
- Avoids experience extreme unpredictable weather and
which would later grow to several kilometers in diameter, the objects
climate
formed are called planetesimals
- Protects earth from small medium sized asteroids
h) formation of more massive objects from coalescing planetesimals,
CFC – not allowed because it destroys the structure of the ozone layer
massive objects are referred to as protoplanets that would later become
the planets What generates Cyclone?
i) there is a temp. difference in the disk nebula (protosun), the disk is  Heat (moist air)
hotter near the center and cooler farther away, which allowed  Pacific Ocean
differentiated condensation  Atlantic Ocean
(kung ano laman ni atmosphere ganun din weather natin)
The Sun was radiant enough to drive away gas from the inner Solar system
leaving behind the rocky cores which are now terrestrial planets. The Sun was Heat Generation – iba na atmo.
radiant but it was radiant enough to drive all the gas away from the outer Solar
system, thus those rocky cores gained a gaseous mantle making them gas giants. Heat Source – organisms that uses light/chemical energy to run their life
processes, vitamin D for the bone
PLUTO
 External heating from the sun is in the form of radiation which enters
- Orbits around the sun the Earth
- Spherical-shape Some of the radiation are
Kuiper Belt – asteroids, debris, the attraction is weak  Absorbed, Reflected back, Trapped

- Must orbit around the sun REGULARLY

- Pluto has destructions because of the Kuiper belt

Problem – not spherical in shape, orbit is elongated

*everything that happened since the beginning of time is essential to the

existence of life on Earth

 Cooling of the universe

 Creation of H. elements
 Smallest and seemingly insignificant processes on Earth

Earthquakes – if we don’t have this, our planet will have a cold atmo., no
nitrogen cycle (maiipon sa ilalim sasabog tayo)

FACTORS THAT MAKE PLANET HABITABLE (refer to the table)

1. Temperature and Water

2. Atmosphere
3. Source of Energy

Temperature – influences how quickly atoms and molecules move

- Life seems to be limited to a temp. range of 15C to 115C.

In this range liquid water can still exist under certain
conditions

Water – dissolves and transports chemical within to and from a cell

Two Possible Sources of Water on Earth

1. Through volcanism
2. Came from the Icy Meteors of the outer regions of the solar system
that bombarded the earth
- Earth is situated within a habitable zone – distance from the
sun (Goldilocks Zone)

Convection and Conduction – heat transfer methods

Circulation of air

Atmosphere – layers of gases surrounding a planet that is held in place by the

gravity of that body
Pale Blue Dot – Voyages taken by Spacecraft 4, billion miles away 2. evolution of cyanobacteria and its photosynthesis process that result
- Like a dot, dust to the formation of O3 in stratosphere
- Possibility of existence of water because of blue light
Importance of Oxygen – “cellular respiration”
Ozone Layer (O3) – developed in the stratosphere to protect the terrestrial life
Cellular – processes from ultraviolet radiation

Respiration – product, fuel (ATP) with the help of O2 HYDROSPHERE (hydro – water)

C6H12O2 – glucose  totality of Earth’s water

- Needed by plants  including the permanently frozen parts called cryosphere
- Photosynthesis  nearly 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by the five recognized
Photolysis – splitting water molecules oceans

BIOSPHERE (bio – life)

EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS (pgs. 47 – 51)  entirety of Earth’s living things (plants and animals)
 sometimes referred to as the “zone of life”
Subsystems – interacting parts in the Earth’s system, functioning and operating  Edward Suess (1831-1914)
 covers all the ecosystem
System – set of interconnected components that are interacting to form a unified
 from soil to the rainforest, from mangroves to coral reefs
whole
Ecosystem – interaction between the biotic community and the abiotic
Earth is a system and dynamic
environment in a defined region
Earth receives energy from the sun and returns some of this energy to space
Biomes – large ecosystem classified according to the predominant vegetation
Earth has a “closed system” – no exchange of matter, exchange of heat and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment
energy, recycling of what we have
 Aquatic, Forest, Grassland, Dessert, Tundra

LITHOSPHERE (litho – stone)

Interactions between Subsystems
 solid outer section of Earth
 includes the entire crust (continental and oceanic) and rigid upper
mantle, geologic landforms
 not a continuous layer
 divided into a no. of huge plates that move in relation to one another
 solid grounds are the only one who interact
 divided into major plates and smaller plates resting upon the lower soft
layer called asthenosphere
 composed of naturally-occurring solid aggregate of minerals, organic
material/natural glasses called rocks and loose particles of rock that
blanket the surface of Earth called regolith

Plates – layers of rigid solid rock that are moving

ATMOSPHERE (atmo – air)

 thin gaseous layer that envelopes the lithosphere  Evaporation from the
hydrosphere provides the
Early Atmosphere (no life):
medium for cloud and rain
a) there were frequent impacts from asteroids and meteorites as well as formation in the atmosphere.
frequent volcanic eruptions (where heat came from) The atmosphere brings back
b) the temp. was still very high causing hydrogen and helium to escape rainwater to the hydrosphere.
Earth’s atmo. and out into outer space  Water provides the moisture and medium for weathering and erosion
c) had lots of water vapor but no oxygen (reason why H2 and He escaped of rocks on in the geosphere. The geosphere, in turn, provides the
d) frequent volcanic eruptions produced gases such as water, carbon platform for ice melts and water bodies to flow back into the oceans.
dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen,  The atmosphere provides the geosphere with heat and energy needed
ammonia, and mater, still no free oxygen for rock breakdown and erosion. The geosphere, in turn, reflects the
sun's energy back into the atmosphere.
Evolution:  The biosphere receives gases, heat, and sunlight (energy) from the
e) as Earth cooled, water condensed to form the oceans, carbon dioxide atmosphere. It receives water from the hydrosphere and a living
medium from the geosphere.
dissolved into oceans forming carbonates. Nitrogen became the major
component of the atmo. (rain is important when we have too much air
pollution
read your book, good luck!
Important processes that changed Earth’s atmosphere:

1. radiation from the sun caused water to split apart,