REINFORCED

CONCRETE DESIGN
CE INTEGRATION COURSE
WORKING STRESS
DESIGN (WSD)
 WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD)
▪ Es = 200 GPa
▪ 𝐸𝑐 = 4700 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 normal weight ▪ Location of Neutral axis

= 0.043 𝜌𝑐1.5 𝑓 ′𝑐 light weight

σ 𝐴𝑦𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 𝐴𝑦𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤

▪ Modular ratio, n
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟
𝑛=
𝐸𝑤𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟
 WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD)
▪ Moment capacity
for concrete:
𝑀𝑥
𝑓𝑐 = ≤ 0.45 𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝐼
for steel
𝑓𝑠 𝑀 (𝑑−𝑥)
= ≤ 0.5𝑓𝑦
𝑛 𝐼
WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD)

▪ Over-reinforced – concrete fails first

𝑀𝑐 < 𝑀𝑠
▪ Balanced – concrete and steel fail at the same time
𝑀𝑐 = 𝑀𝑠
▪ Under-reinforced – steel fails first
𝑀𝑐 > 𝑀𝑠
WORKING STRENGTH DESIGN (WSD)

■ 1. A concrete beam with width of 335 mm is reinforced with

three 25 mm diameter tension bars. The modular ratio is
n=8. If the total depth of the beam is 500 mm with steel
cover of 65 mm, find the cracked and uncracked moment of
inertia.
 WORKING STRENGTH DESIGN (WSD)
▪ Cracking Moment, 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑦𝑡
𝑓𝑟 = 𝐼 (steel is disregarded)
Where 𝑦𝑡 - distance of extreme tension fiber from NA
I – gross moment of inertia
𝑓𝑟 - tensile rupture strength
2001: 𝑓𝑟 = 0.7 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 or 𝑓𝑟 = 0.7 (1.8 𝑓𝑐𝑡 ) whichever is larger
2010: 𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 or 𝑓𝑟 = 0.62 (1.8 𝑓𝑐𝑡 ) whichever is larger
𝑓𝑐𝑡 - average splitting tensile strength
𝜆: 1.00 for normal weight
0.85 for sand light weight and all light weight
WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD)

■ 2. A rectangular simple span beam of length 12 m carries a

uniform load of 20 kN/m. The effective depth of the beam is
450mm with a steel cover of 50 mm and a base of 400 mm. The
steel reinforcement area is 3500 mm^2. Using NSCP 2001, if
the f’c is 21 Mpa, fy = 345 MPa and modular ratio is 9, find:
■ a. actual stress on concrete and steel
■ b. location of neutral axis at balanced condition
■ c. moment capacity at balanced condition
WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD)

■ 3. A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 280 mm and

an effective depth of 520 mm. It is reinforced for tension
only with 5-28mm diameter bars. Material strengths are f’c
= 21 Mpa and fs = 128 Mpa. Assume n=9.
■ a. What is the location of the neutral axis from the extreme
compression fiber?
■ b. What is the moment capacity of the beam?
ULTIMATE STRENGTH
DESIGN (USD)
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD)

SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM:

■ 3 MODES OF DESIGN:
1. Over-reinforced, fs < fy
2. Balanced fs = fy
3. Under-reinforced fs > fy
■ DUCTILITY REQUIREMENTS
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑠 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD)

NSCP 2001
▪ LOAD COMBINATION : 1.4DL + 1.7 LL
▪ Whitney’s constant, β
𝛽 = 0.85 for f’c ≤ 30 Mpa
0.05 ′𝑐
𝛽 = 0.85 − (𝑓 − 30) for f’c>30 Mpa
7
𝛽 must not be less than 0.65
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD)

NSCP 2001
1.4
▪ 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦
▪ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙
▪ Ø: for bending Ø=0.9
for shear and torsion Ø =0.85
for compression:
spiral columns Ø =0.75
tied columns Ø=0.70
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD)

NSCP 2010
▪ LOAD COMBINATION : 1.2DL + 1.6 LL
▪ Whitney’s constant, β
𝛽 = 0.85 for f’c ≤ 28 Mpa
0.05 ′𝑐
𝛽 = 0.85 − (𝑓 − 28) for f’c>28 Mpa
7
𝛽 must not be less than 0.65
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD)

NSCP 2010
▪ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 is attained at ∈𝑠 = 0.004
fs/Es = 0.004 ; fs = 800 MPa (at maximum)
▪ Compression controlled (fs ≤ fy) : Ø = 0.65
▪ Transition region (fy<fs<1000 MPa)
𝒇𝒔 − 𝒇𝒚
∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝒇𝒚
▪ Tension controlled (fs>1000MPa) : Ø = 0.9
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD)

4. A rectangular reinforced concrete beam has a width of 350 mm

and an effective depth of 650 mm. The beam is reinforced with 8-
28mm diameter tension bars. Concrete strength is f’c = 20.7 Mpa
and steel yield strength of 275 Mpa.
a. Compute the steel ratio
b. Compute the depth of the compression block
c. Compute the distance of the neutral axis to the outermost
compression fiber
d. Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD)
5. A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300 mm, an overall depth of
480 mm and an effective depth of 410 mm. The beam is simply supported
on a span of 5m and carries a superimposed dead load of 18 kN/m and a
live load of 14 kN/m. Concrete strength is f’c = 27.6 Mpa and steel yield
strength fy=415 Mpa. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m^3. Find:
a. The maximum factored moment of the beam
b. The balanced steel ratio
c. The number of 20 mm diameter bars needed for tensile reinforcement
d. The number of 20 mm diameter bars needed for tensile reinforcement if
an additional factored concentrated load of 80 kN is added at midspan.
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD)
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM: As >𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
6. A rectangular doubly-reinforced concrete beam 450 mm wide and
reinforced for tension by 6-32mm diameter bars and for compression by 3-
28mm diameter bars has the following properties:
Effective depth of tension bars, d = 650 mm
Effective depth of compression bars, d’ = 70 mm
Concrete strength, f’c = 20.7 MPa
Reinforcing steel yield strength, fy = 415 Mpa
a. Compute for the depth of rectangular compression block
b. Compute for the stress on the compression bars
c. Compute for the ultimate moment capacity
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD)
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM: As >𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
7. A rectangular beam has a width 350 mm and an effective depth of 600
mm. The beam is reinforced with four 36mm diameter tension bars and
two 28-mm diameter compression bar with centroid 60 mm from the
extreme compression fiber. The compressive stress of concrete is 20.7
MPa and the steel yield strength is 345 MPa.
a. Find the depth of compression block
b. Find the distance of the neutral axis from the extreme compression
fiber.
c. Find the ultimate moment capacity.
SHEAR STRENGTH OF BEAMS
∅ 𝑉𝑛 ≥ 𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝐶 + 𝑉𝑆
1
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏𝑑 NSCP 2001
6
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏𝑑 NSCP 2010

Where Vn – is the nominal shear strength provided by the concrete and

shear reinforcement
Vc - shear strength provided by concrete
Vs - shear strength provided by shear reinforcement
𝜆 = 1.0 for normal weight concrete, 𝜆 = 0.75 for lightweight
Φ = 0.85 (NSCP, 2001); 0.75 (NSCP, 2010)
 SHEAR STRENGTH OF BEAMS
• Critical section for shear

• Vs:
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝑑 𝜋
𝑉𝑠 = where 𝐴𝑣 = n 𝑑𝑠2
𝑠 4
SHEAR STRENGTH OF BEAMS
• Reinforcement Requirement
a. 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 0.5∅𝑉𝑐 No stirrups needed
b. 0.5∅𝑉𝑐 ≤ 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑐 Provide minimum spacing requirement
3𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑣
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑏𝑤
c. 𝑉𝑢 ≥ ∅𝑉𝑐 Provide required reinforcement
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝑑
𝑉𝑠 =
𝑠
SHEAR STRENGTH OF BEAMS
Check for maximum spacing for cases a, b and c.
Maximum spacing:
1
If 𝑉𝑠 < 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏𝑑 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑/2 or 600 mm (whichever is
3
smaller)
1
If 𝑉𝑠 ≥ 3 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏𝑑 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑/4 or 300 mm (whichever is
smaller)
SHEAR STRENGTH OF BEAMS
8. The figure shows the floor plan of a reinforced concrete slab. The slab
is used to carry a service dead load of 4.90 kPa (including weight of slab,
beam, ceiling, partition, floor finish, etc.) and service live load of 4.8 kPa.
Use f’c=20.7 Mpa and fy=275 Mpa. Concrete cover is 70 mm from the
centroid of tension reinforcement. Diameter of web reinforcement is 10
mm. Use NSCP 2001.
a. Find the factored uniform load at beam BE.
b. Find the factored shear force at the critical section for beam BE.
c. Find the spacing of stirrups for the critical sections at beam BE.
SHEAR STRENGTH OF BEAMS
9. A 380 mm wide 570 mm effective depth beam carries a uniform load
of 150 kN/m. The beam is simply supported and the clear distance
between supports is 8m. Use f’c = 20.7 MPa and fy of main bars is 415
MPa and fy of shear reinforcement is 275 MPa. Diameter of web
reinforcement is 10 mm. Use NSCP 2010.
a. What is the required spacing of stirrup 1m from the support?
b. What is the required spacing of stirrup 2m from the support?
c. What is the required spacing of stirrup 3m from the support?
COLUMNS

PURE AXIAL CONDITION

𝑃𝑢 = ∅𝑃𝑛
𝑃𝑛 = ∝ 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑠
𝑃𝑛 =∝ 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠
𝜌= 0.01≤ 𝜌 ≤ 0.08
𝐴𝑔
COLUMNS
A. TIED COLUMN
∅ = 0.7 (2001)
∅ = 0.65 (2010/2015)
∝ = 0.8

Spacing of lateral ties: (whichever is smallest)

16 𝑑𝑏 (main)
48𝑑𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
Minimum dimension of column
COLUMNS
B. SPIRAL COLUMN
∅ = 0.75 (2001/2010/2015)
∝ = 0.85
Spacing of spirals
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝜌𝑠 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
0.45𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐴𝑔
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ( − 1)
𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒

NOTE: CLEAR SPACING REQUIREMENTS

25mm≤ 𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 ≤ 75 𝑚𝑚
COLUMNS
10. A square tied column carries an axial dead load of 560 kN and an
axial live load of 750 kN. Assume f’c=28 MPa and fy = 275 MPa. Use 20
mm diameter main bars and NSCP 2001
a. Determine the factored load that the column will carry.
b. Using a reinforcement ratio of 2%, what is the required dimension of
the column rounded up to the nearest 10 mm.
c. How many number of 20 mm diameter bars are needed.
d. If the lateral ties is 10 mm diameter bars, find the spacing.
COLUMNS
10. A spiral column having a diameter of 600 mm is reinforced with 8-28
mm diameter bars enclosed in 10 mm diameter spiral. Concrete cover is
40 mm. Assume f’c=21 MPa and fy = 415 Mpa for main bars. Use NSCP
2001.
a. Determine the ultimate load that the column can carry.
b. Find the minimum spiral reinforcement ratio. Use spiral strength of
275 Mpa.
c. Find the pitch of the spiral.