Induction Machines

1) Determination of equivalent circuit parameters of three phase induction motor. Hence

predict its performance characteristics at different slips. Using the current calculated at
different slips using circle diagram cross verify the results obtained using equivalent
circuit.

2) Load Test on three phase induction motor

3) Cascade connection of induction motor

4) Single phase induction Motor

5) VFD Operation of Induction Motor

6) Operation of Self Excited Induction Generator

7) Starting of Induction Motor (self study)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 B.Tech. EE Pt. III Sem. V (Induction) -1

EXPERIMENT No.1

Determination of Equivalent Circuit Parameters

AIM: Determination of equivalent circuit parameters of three phase induction motor. Hence
predict its performance characteristics at different slips. Using the current calculated at different
slips using circle diagram and cross verify the results obtained using equivalent circuit.

SPECIFICATIONS OF INDUCTION MOTOR: Write Name Plate rating of three phase

induction motor under test.

COMPUTER PROGRAM: Obtain the equivalent circuit parameters from free running and
blocked rotor tests. Write a computer program for finding torque speed characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus Number Range
Ammeters 2 30A & 10A
Voltmeter 2 150- 300V
LPF Wattmeter 1 5A, 300 Volt
Wattmeter 1 300V / 30A
Tachometer 1

THEORY: The determination of equivalent circuit parameters of three phase induction motor
requires following tests:

o Free running or No-load Test

o Locked rotor test
These are described in the following subsections.

Free running test or No-load test: In free running test, machine is allowed to run without any
mechanical load connected to it. During this test, the speed of induction motor is nearly
synchronous speed. The slip is around 3-7 %. Near synchronous speed, the rotor resistance is
very high and the rotor currents are negligibly small. The stator current is a feeble current
sufficient to provide the necessary losses and torque for overcoming frictional and windage
losses.
The circuit diagram for free running test is given in Fig 1. Since the power factor is low, a
Low Power Factor Wattmeter is used for measurement of power. The ammeter range is selected
so as to read about 35-40% of rated current. In comparison with the no load current of
transformer, the no-load current of induction motor is comparatively large. This is because of air
gap which increases the leakage reactance. The no-load current supplies necessary losses and
torque for running. The induction motor is started using three-phase auto transformer-by initially
giving lower voltage. The starting current may be quite high. As such for protecting the ammeter
and current coil of wattmeter, these are shorted using switch S1. When motor picks up speed,
switch S1 is made open. (in place of switch a simple insulated wire may be used)
The single wattmeter method for measuring three-phase power is applicable for balanced
conditions. Switch S2 is connected accordingly for recording W1 & W2. (If DPDT is used then
one of reading will be negative). The purpose of cross-connected Double Pole Double Throw
(DPDT) switch is to read the negative deflection in the wattmeter. Here no load current is, I0
and per phase voltage is V0.. The net power intake is
W in W 1W 2

1
The per phase power intake, P0  Win
3
If the per phase winding resistance is R1, then the per phase fixed loss (core loss + friction and
windage loss) is
c fw 0
2
P P P IR
0 1
The friction and windage loss Pfw is separated using variable voltage test as discussed in
subsequent section.
Separation of friction and windage loss: When the rotor is running, it cuts the surrounding air.
Apart from this, the bearing also has certain friction. Certain power is wasted in overcoming the
friction and windage; this is referred as friction and windage loss. For separation of P fw, the free
running test is performed at different voltages. When machine is started using autotransformer,
the voltage is lowered in steps till the no-load current starts rising. Fig 2 depicts the P0 – I12 R1
versus applied voltage. The extrapolated loss corresponding to V=0 is taken as friction and
windage loss. The curve P0 – I12 R1 versus V2 is a straight line. The friction and windage loss is
assumed to remain constant at all speed. Thus the core loss can be separated
c 0 0 1
2
P P IR Pfw

Let the no load test data at rated voltage are

Free running current I0; rated voltage V0; per phase power intake, P0=W/3;
per phase resistance R1. The per phase core loss
c 0 0 1
2
P P IR Pfw
The core loss resistance and magnetizing reactance can now be determined similar to that of
transformer.

At free running, the current Io is assumed to flow in the parallel combination of Rc and
Xm. The free running current,
I0 Ic Im
The real component of no-load current is
V
c  
0
I I.
0c os( 0)
R c

where  0 is no-load power factor angle. The imaginary component of open-circuit current is,
V
Im  I0.sin( 0)
j
.X m
Fig 1 Circuit diagram for Free running test

Fig 2 separation of Frictional and Windage loss by extrapolation of power at V=0 and
at V2=0
The per phase induced EMF in primary winding is,

EV I0
00 Rj1X
1
If the winding resistance R1 is known, then the EMF E0
E0 V 0I0R1

Normally I0R1 drop is quite less and is ignored. It is assumed that E0  V0 . Thus the real power
loss,
Pc  E0Ic
Thus, real component of current is calculated as,
 Pc
Ic 
E0
where Pc is the core-loss or iron-loss and is dissipated in form of heat in the system.

Since under open-circuit condition, the power factor is poor, a low-power-factor

wattmeter is used for measuring the power. The power intake to the circuit is the wattmeter
reading, when rated voltage at rated frequency is applied on stator winding running the rotor
close to synchronous speed.
The per phase power intake in stator,
P inV 1.
I0cos 
()I0
2
.
01R  Pc Pf
w
If the drop in primary winding is assumed to be negligible then,
E0  V0
Thus using open-circuit test, the two equivalent circuit parameters can be calculated as,
EE P V
R  0
0 c 2 0
  
c
II
c 0 .cos( )
0 (
I0.cos( 0))I 0.cos(0 )

E E V
X  0
 0  0
m
ImI .
0sin
0 I 0.
si
n 
 0

Locked rotor test: For obtaining the series parameters of equivalent circuit, the motor is tested
at either standstill condition, Nr=0 or slip =1.0 or nearly standstill condition. The equivalent
circuit at locked rotor condition is given in Fig 3. The rotor is not allowed to rotate. A small
voltage is impressed so that the machine takes the rated current. The test is analogous to short-
circuit test of a transformer. In case of large induction motor, the equivalent circuit parameters
can be calculated using design data or can be numerically obtained using FEM or BEM software.

Fig 3 Short circuit equivalent circuit.

The circuit diagram for locked rotor test is shown in Fig 3. In locked rotor test, the
test data are
Wsc = Wsc1  Wsc2 = wattmeter reading or rated copper loss, W
Vsc = applied voltage, V
Isc = locked rotor (rated) current, A
Considering approximate equivalent circuit, we have the per phase resistances and
leakage reactance referred to stator are,
 s  1
/ 2
RR1 RR
2 a.R2

s   
/ 2
XX1 X
2 X1 a.
X 2

According to simple circuit analysis, we have

Wsc
Rs  2
Isc

Fig 4 Circuit diagram for locked rotor test

If per phase stator resistance R1 is known then the per phase rotor resistance
referred to stator side is R2/ Rs R1
1
1 2 R
/
If the per phase stator resistance is not known, one can choose, R R
2
s

The impedance seen from the terminal,

Vsc
Zs 
Isc
Thus leakage reactance is,
s  Z
s s
2 2
X R
1
1 2 X
/
One can choose, X X s
2

Fig 5 shows the per phase equivalent circuit of induction motor.

The rotor per phase current referred to stator side is,

 Vph
I2/ 
R /
R1     j  X1  X 2 
2 /

 s 

Obtain expressions of rotor copper loss, rotor intake and torque.

The phenomenon known as skin effect causes the AC current to flow on outer surface of
the conductor. The effective cross section carrying the AC current is only the area of an outer
skin of the conductor. The resistance of the conductor is increased accordingly. The high
frequency resistance of a conductor is higher than its DC resistance or low frequency resistance.
When a 50 Hz machine is operated on 400 Hz supply, the winding resistance is expected to be
very large owing to skin effect. Although, the core losses- Hysteresis and eddy current are also
increased. The skin depth is defined as
1


f
Where f, µ and  are supply frequency, permeability and conductivity of the material.
The skin depth of copper is equal to
1 0 .06 6
  m

3.1 4 4 3.14 10 7
5 .
8 107
 f f

The skin depth at 50 Hz and 400 Hz are respectively 9.33 mm and 3.33 mm. For
accounting the skin effect in induction motor two methods are adopted. If variable frequency
source is available, the locked rotor test is conducted at low frequency. The per phase stator
winding resistance is obtained using DC power supply. Thus
VDC
The DC winding resistance per phase= RDC  I
DC
The winding made with thin SWG wire having small skin effect. This can be determined as
follows:
The AC resistance from the locked rotor test at supply frequency

RR1 2 /
50H 2
z 3
W
I
sc

SC 50
Hz
Thus per phase rotor resistance referred to stator
R 2
/
R 
1 R2
/
R DC
The per phase impedance from locked rotor test at reduced frequency say 15 Hz,
The resistance at low frequency locked rotor test at reduced supply frequency

RR
 
1
/
2
1
5Hz3
W
2
s

I
c

SC 1
5Hz
The corrected value of AC stator winding has the value,
 RR 1
/
2
R 5
0H

z
R
RR
1
ac / DC
1 2
1
5Hz
The second rotor parameter- rotor resistance referred to stator is at low frequency,
Thus
/
R
2d R
c1/
R
2 
RDC
1
5Hz
The per phase DC resistance rotor can be experimentally obtained by variable frequency
locked rotor test on induction motor. The DC value is obtained by extrapolation at f=0 Hz. The
latter method is more realistic in nature. When the test data at low frequency is not available it is
convenient to use correction factor. A correction factor accounting for power frequency
resistance is used. The stator winding resistance is increased by a correction factor of 1.1 for
accounting the eddy current within the conductors.

V V
c m
0 0
R X
I.c
0 o(
s 0) I.
0sin0

W
/
R2  2sc R1
Isc
2 2
V  W 
s 2
sc sc
X
Ic I
s c
s

Fig 5 Per phase equivalent circuit referred to

stator side
Using the above per phase equivalent circuit, the characteristics of induction motor can
be easily computed. Fig 6 shows the variation of current at different speed of operation. When
slip is zero, the current drawn is minimum. Fig 7 shows the complete torque speed /slip
characteristics. The torque is positive in motoring region whereas the torque is negative in
regenerating zone.

Fig 6 Variation of current with respect to slip- Fig 7 Complete torque speed/slip
for constant voltage in braking motoring and characteristics
generating region
Circle Diagram: The performance of induction motor can be determined using equivalent
circuit parameters. It can also be quickly determined using graphical method known as circle
diagram. The method is based on the locus of a current in a reactive circuit. In a reactive circuit,
V
current is I  . If R is varied, the trace of the current is a circle. In case of three-phase
R jX
induction motor, the rotor current referred to stator is,
V
2
/ 1
I
2
 R 
 
/
/ 2
 R 2  XX 2

1 s 
1

In an equivalent circuit we know that the rotor resistance R2/s, which undergoes a change from
standstill to running conditions. The slip varies from 1.0 to 0.0 for motoring operation. The
variation of current has been depicted in Fig 8. Here segment OP is the current flowing through
the stator, which is the phasor sum of no load current OA and rotor current referred to stator AP.
The angle  is the power factor angle. Here y-axis is taken as voltage axis. Thus

sin  
XX12 /

2
 R 
 
/
/ 2
1
R  2
  XX2
 s 1

OA=I0
OE=ISCV
EH R2/

HG R1

Fig 8 Circle diagram of three-phase induction motor

This gives us the current
V
/
I2  1
s
in
X1X /
2 
In the circle diagram, point P is the operating point. From no load test we have
V
I0cos0  0
Rc
 Wsc
Isc 
Vsc
Using test data the circle diagram can be constructed. Steps for drawing circle diagram
are as follows:
(a) Define current scale (say) a=1.0 cm/A. Draw no load current OA at no load power factor
angle from the voltage or y –axis. The no load current I0 =0.0 A. Define power scale as aVph
W/cm.
(b) Draw the short circuit current OE, required for full voltage at locked rotor power factor. The
V
short circuit current corresponding to full voltage condition is OEIsc V .
1

sc
(c) Now, join AE and have its perpendicular bisector.
(d) Draw line AB parallel to x-axis, which cuts the perpendicular bisector at point C.
(e) Taking C as centre and AC as the radius & draw semi-circle. Point P is the operating point,
which moves to no-load condition at point A and short circuit condition at E.
(f) Draw perpendicular from E on x-axis. The line EG is divided so that
EH R2/

HG R1
If extra resistance Rx in each rotor phase, its referred value is added with the rotor resistance
referred to stator. Thus
E H R /
R /
 2 x
H G R 1
(g) The line AH is referred as torque line, whereas line AE is referred as output line. If a
perpendicular from P is dropped on x-axis, it cuts the torque line and output power line at points
J & K respectively.
Here, the per phase results can be obtained as follows:
Input current OP and Power factor angle  VOP
Input power =PM and Fixed losses =LM=GF
VLL
Applied voltage per phase =V1=OV=
3
I I R2
/ / /
Rotor intake = PK= 2 2
s
I/ I/ R /

Mechanical power output= PJ= 1 s 2 2 2

s
Rotor loss= JK= I2 I2 R2
/ / /

JK PJ
Thus slip, s= and (1-slip) =
PK PK

 2N
4f 
If the machine is having p poles, the rotational synchronous speed,  s  s
p 6
0
OVPK PJ
Thus, torque in N/m is T = s (Nm) Efficiency =
PM
Use of circle diagram: The circle diagram is very useful in qualitative assessment of the
V1

induction motor performance. The diameter of the circle is given by X X/ .
1 2 
Thus new circle diagrams can be easily plotted for different cases such as
(i) Different supply voltage
(ii) Different frequency
(iii) Different leakage impedances
(iv) Different rotor resistance
The diameter of the circle increases when voltage increases and frequency and/or leakage
impedance decrease. The results obtained from equivalent circuit approach is some how
comparable with those obtained using circle diagram. The equivalent circuit parameters of
induction motor can be calculated using test results. Let us assume that machine is operating at
slip s.
From the test data the circle diagram can be constructed. Now cut an arc of current I1 on
the circle diagram taking point O as centre. Let the arc cuts the circle at point P. From point P
draw perpendicular on x-axis. Measure segments PJ, PK, PL and PM. From this slip and
efficiency are directed obtained
JK PJ
slip, s= and Efficiency =
PK PM
Total rotor intake 
3
OV
P
KS
c
al
eA
/l
eng
t
h(W)
Total rotor loss 
3
OVJ
KS
c
al
eA/
len
g
t(W)
h
Total mechanical power output 
3 OV PJ  Scale A/l
en g
t
h(W)
OV  PK  Scale  A / length 
Total torque, T  3  (Nm)
s
Develop computer program for calculating the performance of induction motor using
equivalent circuit and circle diagram.

Observation Tables:
Synchronous speed at 50 Hz, RPM
Free Running Test

S.No. VO IO WO Nr Slip

Volt Amp Watts RPM

1 Rated
Voltage
2

… 40V
Blocked Rotor Test , Nr = 0

S.No. Vsc Isc Wsc

Volt Amp Watts
1 Rated current

RESULTS:

Frictional and Windage Loss = W

Equivalent circuit parameters:

RC XM R1+ R/2 X1+ X/2
OC/SC OC/SC OC/SC OC/SC

Calculations:

S.No. slip I Rotor Rotor Pm Torque Torque % Eff

loss Intake (Eq Ckt) (Circle)
(A) (W) (W) (W) (N-m) (N-m)
1 1.0

11 0.0

Plot Rotor loss/Rotor Intake/ Pm /Torque (Eq)/ Torque(C) and Efficiency versus slip
Discussions:
Precautions:
Plot and Answer: Torque speed characteristics for variable frequency, different number of poles,
different rotor resistances
Refer :
Say, M.G. : “Alternating Current Machines”, ELBS edition.
Mukherjee, P. K. & Chakravarti, S.: “Electrical Machines”, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi
R K Srivastava : “Electrical Machines”, Cengage India , 2e, 2012
 B.Tech. EE Pt. III Sem. V (Induction) -2
EXPERIMENT No.2
Load Test on three phase induction motor
AIM: Perform load test on a three phase induction motor and hence determine torque speed,
power sped, power factor speed and efficiency speed characteristics. Validate Torque speed
characteristics from equivalent circuit and circle diagram.
(a) Operation under stable portion only
(b) Complete motoring operation in unstable and stable zone

SPECIFICATIONS OF INDUCTION MOTOR: Name Plate rating of three phase induction

motor under test.

COMPUTER PROGRAM: Obtain the equivalent circuit parameters from free running and
blocked rotor tests. Write a computer program for finding torque speed characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus Number Range
Ammeters 1 30A
Voltmeter 1 300V
Wattmeter 1 300V / 30A
DC Voltmeter 1 300V
DC Ammeter 1 30-0-30 A
Tachometer 1

Theory: Loading of Induction Motor: The load test on induction motor is performed for
determining its performance characteristics in stable portion of full operating zone of its torque
slip characteristics. Normally, the loading of induction motor can be done using following
methods:
(a) Direct load test using belt and pulley
(b) Separately excited DC generator
(c) Eddy current brake
(d) Connecting two identical Induction motor – DC machines sets with armatures connected
back to back

The induction motor can be loaded in stable portion of torque speed characteristics using any of
the above method. In unstable zone, when methods (a)-(c) are used machine comes to rest. For
determining complete torque speed characteristics method (d) is a standard method.

Hard & Soft Characteristics: The constant speed motors like synchronous motor, RSM and
Hysteresis motor exhibits hard characteristics-no change in speed upon loading. An induction
motor with low rotor resistance and DC shunt motor also exhibit the hard characteristics.
Although a marginal change in speed upon loading is expected in both the motors. The slightly
drooping torque speed characteristics are commonly referred as shunt characteristics, because it
is similar to that of DC shunt motor. These motors are also referred as constant torque motors.
Many electrical motors are exhibiting soft characteristics, when these motors are mechanically
loaded there is a large variation in speed. Such as induction motor with large rotor resistance,
shunt motor with an extra resistance in series with the armature are having soft characteristics.
Certain loads require large torque at the time of starting and when machine is running the torque
drops, but the intake power does not alter much. These are known as constant power drives and
machine is said to have series characteristics, the name ‘series’ is because of similarity to that of
DC series motor.
The use of fly wheel is common when the large load is applied for shorter duration of time, like
shear sheet metal cutting machines, slot cutting machines, printing press etc. When running
under no load, the fly wheel is used to stores certain mechanical energy and when load is applied
the energy is supplied by both electrical motor and flywheel. It requires that upon loading the
speed should essentially fall so as to enable the energy transfer from fly wheel. This minimized
the overall size of motor used. The motor must have a soft speed torque characteristics.

(1) Load Test in stable portion of torque speed characteristics of induction motor:

Direct load test using belt and pulley or using eddy current brake is useful in testing smaller
capacity induction motors.
In absence of sophisticated instruments, the spring balance gives acceptable results at steady
state conditions. When pulley and belt system is used, the calculation of torque and output power
can be done as suggested in (A) Experiments of DC machines (6) Brake Test. .
The direct load test gives the performance of induction motor in the stable portion of its torque
speed characteristics. The induction motor halts when one attempts to run it in unstable portion
of its torque speed characteristics. The eddy current brake (ECB) is helpful in determining the
steady state as well as harmonic torque of induction motor.
Under loading conditions, the current supplied to the stator of induction motor is determined by
three factors. Firstly, it has to supply almost constant magnetizing current required to maintain
the rotating magnetic field. The second component of current is supplying the core losses-
Hysteresis and Eddy current losses. The third component of current produces a field and this
current is equal and opposite to that formed by the rotor current. The rotor current increases with
loading. As a consequence of this, the stator current therefore also rises with loading.
At no load, the power factor of induction motor is very low because of comparatively high value
of lagging magnetizing current. When machine is loaded, the power factor rises, because of the
fact that active power component of current is increased. Machine absorbs both active and
reactive (lagging) power. One of the disadvantages of an induction motor is its low power factor
operation.
An induction moor draws a heavy of magnetizing current due to presence of air gap between
stator and rotor. The magnetizing current in case of induction motor can be as high as 35% of the
full load current compared to about 5% of full load current in case of a transformer. One can
recall that there is no air gap in the magnetic circuit of a transformer. For reducing the
magnetizing current the air gap is kept as small as possible. In induction motor the air gap is
smaller than any other type of electrical machines.
The losses occurring in an induction motor are:
(a) Ohmic losses in stator and rotor windings
(b) Friction and windage losses
(c) Iron losses in stator and rotor core
Figure 1. Circuit diagram for load test on three phase induction motor- Loading induction motor
(Also valid for slip ring induction motor) ( Optional – Three phase PF meter)

The iron loss in the stator is dependent on the peak value of stator flux density and supply
frequency. The strength of stator field is constant at all loads hence stator iron loss does not
change with load.
The iron loss in the rotor is very small. The frequency of the rotor current is also very small,
when machine is running close to the synchronous speed. Therefore the rotor iron loss may be
neglected as compared to stator iron loss. Thus, the total iron loss is considered to be
independent of load on the motor. Since the speed of motor also does not vary very much with
load (hard torque speed characteristics), friction and windage loss can also be assumed to be
constant.
The rotor iron losses are significant at standstill conditions and also during starting period when
speed to low.
If the ohmic (I2 R ) losses would have been constant, the efficiency of motor would increases
with load. But the ohmic losses (I2 R) in both stator and rotor increases as square of the load
current. Therefore, with load the efficiency will increase, but the curve would be drooping at
very high loads.
The output power P is equal to P=T r. The speed of the motor does not vary appreciably with
load, the torque increases with increase in the load and output power.
Consider the induction machine is connected to a separately excited DC generator as shown in
Figure 1. The generator is connected to a resistive load; the current in the DC generator produces
a counter torque which is opposite to the motoring torque developed by induction motor. Let the
output power of generator be

The power drawn by the induction motor from three phase supply is
The input power and power can be measured using wattmeter and three phase power factor
meter. The input power factor can also be calculated using above expression. The efficiency can
be calculated as

When an induction motor is at no load, its speed is slightly below the synchronous speed. The
current due to induced EMF in the rotor winding is responsible for production of torque required
to overcome the frictional and windage loss. When running at exact synchronous speed, the rotor
induced EMF is zero and the developed torque is also zero. As such, the motor speed again falls
below the synchronous speed.
The induction motor exhibits a reduction in speed when mechanical load is applied to the shaft.
The induced EMF in rotor, rotor current and developed torque increase to overcome the
opposing load torque due to the mechanical load. The variation of speed is not much in induction
motor having hard torque speed characteristics, however in high rotor resistance induction motor
(soft torque speed characteristics) a significant variation in speed may occur upon loading.
The no load test at exact synchronous speed gives correct value of magnetising reactance. For
this the speed of induction motor is maintained at synchronous speed using another DC motor
connected to the shaft of induction motor and running in the same direction. This test is some
times useful when machine is used as Self Excited Induction Generator (SEIG).
If we know the DC generator output and speed of induction motor Nr, the torque developed by
induction motor can be calculated,

Using above method torque-speed /slip characteristics of induction motor in stable portion can be
experimentally determined. This requires changing excitation (field current) of DC generator
and changing of resistive load connected to DC generator.

Observation Table:

S.No. VO IO WO Nr VDC IDC PO = VDC X IDC

Volt Amp Watts RPM Volt Amp Watts

1 Rated No load
Voltage
2

12 Full load
Continue..

S.No. PO = VDC Torque slip % Torque Torque

X IDC Eff (Eq) (C)

Watts (Nm) (Nm) (Nm)

1

12

Result & Discussions: Plot torque versus speed from test results and validate using calculated
values from equivalent circuit and circle diagram.

Precautions:

(2) Load Test in motoring zone stable / unstable portion of torque speed characteristics (Study
only)

For experimental determination of complete torque speed characteristics of induction motor, a

separate arrangement is needed. It requires two identical induction motor-separately excited DC
machine sets. These two sets are electrically coupled. Both the induction motors are connected to
a common three phase supply. The test motor is supplied by the voltage sufficient to flow rated
current under locked rotor condition. The armatures of DC generators are initially tested for
floating condition and are joined together. By changing the magnitude and direction of field
current of auxiliary DC generator, the test induction motor can be made to run as motor,
generator and brake. The induction machine can be tested for determining torque- speed/ slip,
current-speed/slip characterizes in operating slip of 2.0 to 1.0 to 0.0 to -1.0. The circuit diagram
is shown in Figure 2.
Initially both the induction motors are started using autotransformer (shown in the Figure). The
input voltage of test induction machine is adjusted to the voltage required to flow rated current
under short circuit test. A reduced input voltage is required such that maximum current during
test can be limited to rated current. The Field currents of DC generators are adjusted such that the
series voltmeter reads zero. If it reads twice the rated DC voltage necessary changes need to be
done in the field circuit. The switch ‘S’ is closed, when the series voltmeter reads zero. Both the
generators are in floating conditions and developed voltages of DC generators are equal and
opposite.
When the two generators are in floating conditions, if we reduce the field current of second
(auxiliary) generator, it causes the developed voltage of second DC machine to reduce and
current flows from First (main) DC machine to the second DC (auxiliary) machine. First DC
machine acts as generator while second machine acts as motor. The main induction machine acts
as motor. The power flowing in the DC machine armatures is recorded by measuring DC current
and voltage in armature circuit and also the input current, input voltage and input power and
speed of test induction machine. What will happen when the field current of second (auxiliary)
generator is increased? Can you answer?
If we change the direction of field current of second (auxiliary) DC machine using cross
connected DPDT, it will cause the test / main induction machine to run from motoring (critical
slip) to counter current braking zone.
The ammeter used in armature circuits is of centre zero type, which can measure the flow of DC
current in both the directions. Using the direction of armature current, one can easily judge
whether test induction machine is working as motor or generator.
By changing the field current of second generator in both the direction a complete operation of
induction motor in slip range 2.0-1.0-0.0- -1.0 can be obtained. The set up is also particularly
helpful in experimentally judging the machine behavior in the event of unequal rotor resistance
of slip ring induction motor, Kramer’s cascade, Scherbius cascade and solid state control of
induction motor etc.

As a precautionary measure the test is performed at reduced voltage and the obtained results are
suitably corrected.

Figure 2. Circuit Diagram for experimental determination of complete torque slip characteristics
of three phase induction motor. Test induction machines and auxiliary induction machine may be
either squirrel cage induction machine or slip ring induction machine.

Task: Develop steps involved in getting complete torque speed characteristics of induction
motor.

Reference :
Say, M.G. : “Alternating Current Machines”, ELBS edition.
Mukherjee, P. K. & Chakravarti, S.: “Electrical Machines”, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi
R K Srivastava : “Electrical Machines”, Cengage India , 2e, 2012
 B.Tech./EE/Pt III/ SemV (Induction)-3
EXPERIMENT No. 3
Aim:- Cascade connection of induction motor.
Theory: This is a classical method of speed control of induction motor. It requires an auxiliary
motor for its operation apart from main slip ring induction motor. The main motor has to be a
slip ring induction motor, whose slip power is used for operating auxiliary motor connected to
the same shaft. Auxiliary motor may be either slip ring type or squirrel cage type. Both the
motors are driving main shaft. The slip power of main motor is fed to the auxiliary induction
motor with suitable starter. The auxiliary induction motor also needs a similar starter. The main
motor is started using any method of starting induction motor, usually either D.O.L. starter, rotor
resistance starter or an autotransformer.
Assuming, that p1 and p2 are the number of poles of main and auxiliary induction motors
respectively. If these motors are operated alone at a supply frequency ‘f1’, then one can have two
synchronous speeds according to their number of poles. Thus
Actual synchronous speed of main motor is Nm = 120 f1 /p1
Actual synchronous speed of auxiliary motor is Na = 120 f1 /p2
If the slip power of main motor is connected to auxiliary motor either to its stator or rotor, the
frequency of input voltages of these motors will be f1 & f2. Assuming that slips of main and
auxiliary motor are s1 & s2 respectively.
Then synchronous speed of main motor is Nm1 = 120 f1 /p1
Synchronous speed of auxiliary motor Na1 = 120 f2 /p2
Speed of main motor Nmr = 120 f1(1-s1)/p1
Speed of auxiliary motor Nar = 120 f2(1-s2)/p2
Since they are connected to the same shaft, thus Nmr = Nar
When the torque of the two motors are in opposite direction
The input frequency of auxiliary motor f2 =s1 f1
When the torque of the two motors are in the same direction
120 f1(1-s1)/p1 = 120 f2(1-s2)/p2
(1-s1)/p1 = s1(1-s2)/p2
s1= p2/(p1+p2-p1s2)
slip s2 of auxiliary motor is considered to be very small as such p1 s2 can be considered to be
negligible. Thus motor speed N =120f1 (1-s1)/p1 = 120 f1/(p1+p2)
Similarly when the torque of both the motors re in the opposite direction, then one of the motor
is said to operated as a brake and is slip ‘s2’ will be (2-s2).
Thus
(1-s1)/p1 = s1(1-(2-s2))/p2
s1= p2/(p1- p2+p1s2)
Considering p1s2 to be negligible s1 = p2/(p2-p1)
and therefore N= 120f1/(p1-p2)
If p1=p2 the opposing torque, the speed of the cascaded set up will fail to rise above the
synchronous speed of main motor. As soon as the speed of main induction motor increases
beyond its synchronous speed, the torque reverses and motor decelerates and its speed becomes
less than synchronous speed. Thus it is evident that if supply frequency is 50Hz , p1 =4 and p 2 =
4, the set up can be run on speeds according to synchronous speed of 4 pole and 8 pole induction
motor only. But if p1 =4 and p2 =6, then the set up can be made to run at speeds according to
synchronous speeds of 2, 4 , 6, 10 poles. The speed of operation can also be further reduced
by operating one machine as a motor operating on full voltage and other machine as a counter
current brake operating on reduced voltage. The efficiency of such a set up is quite inferior
owing to continuous operation of one machine as a brake. Such connections inherently have low
power factor, efficiency and breakdown torque. Such connections were applied for a.c. ship
propulsion systems requiring low maneuvering speed.

Fig 1 Typical circuit diagram for cascade connected induction motor. (Second 3 phase auto
transformer is used for starting auxiliary induction motor. The mode of operation can be
changed by phase reversal between R1 and S2) Note : Decide your own instruments and their
ratings
Observation:
Obtain the torque speed characteristics of (a) Single machine (b) Differential Cascade & (c)
Cumulative cascade by loading the connected d.c. generator.
S.No. VAC IAC WAC P.F. N VL IL Po T 

Things to do:
(a) Plot Torque vs. speed characteristics for the three cases mentioned above. Explain the
nature of curves
(b) Plot Po , T, , N, P.F. vs. Iac
Discuss the followings questions:
Q 1) If number of poles in main and auxiliary motors are same, why the cascaded induction
motor fails to achieve infinite speed? Give suitable reasons.
Q 2) Two induction machines are driving a common load shaft. If one of the machine is
operating as a motor and other machine is connected to a variable voltage 3 phase a.c. supply
with phase sequence of any two lines reversed. Whether the second machine operates as a brake?
Refer :
Say, M.G. : “Alternating Current Machines”, ELBS edition.
M. Chilikin: “Electric Drives”, Mir publication, Moscow
Mukherjee, P. K. & Chakravarti, S.: “Electrical Machines”, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi
R K Srivastava : “Electrical Machines”, Cengage India , 2e, 2012
 B.Tech./EE/Pt III/ SemV (Induction)-4
EXPERIMENT No. 4
Aim:- Determination of equivalent circuit parameters of a Single phase Induction motor
and hence determination of performance characteristics.
Theory: The equivalent circuit parameters of single phase induction motor may be
approximately determined from no load and blocked rotor tests, similar to the tests performed on
polyphase induction motor. In the no load or free running test, the auxiliary winding is open due
to operation of centrifugal switch. In capacitor run motor the auxiliary winding will remain
connected. The frictional and windage losses can be determined using variable voltage no load
test. The power, current and voltage are recorded. The extrapolation of curve between Power
versus voltage for zero voltage yields the frictional and windage loss, similar to that of three
phase induction motor. The circuit diagram for free running and locked rotor tests on a typical
single phase induction motor is shown in Figure 1. Since the no load slip is small, the equivalent
circuit will take a form as shown in Figure 2. (a) The equivalent circuit under locked rotor test is
shown in Figure 2. (b).

Figure 1. Circuit diagram for Free running and locked rotor tests on a typical single phase
induction motor. Choose ratings on your own
Let the instruments reading during no load test at rated voltage and blocked rotor test at rated
current are:
No load or free running test at rated voltage:

Blocked rotor test at rated stator current

From blocked rotor test, we get

The stator resistance is known, as such rotor resistance referred to stator is

Stator and rotor leakage reactance calculated as

 (a) (b)
Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of single phase induction motor under (a) no load or free
running test (b) Blocked rotor test

Similarly from no load test and its equivalent circuit we get

Taking voltage as reference, the current is written as

Where the no load power factor angle or phase angle is

Solving we get expression for magnetizing reactance,

Having determined the equivalent circuit parameters, one can calculate current- forward voltage
and current i.e., and respectively, backward voltage and current i.e., and
respectively at different slips 1.0 to 0.0. The forward and backward currents are assumed to flow
through the rotor resistances and respectively. The torque can be
calculated as
I2 R / I2 R /
T f 2  b 2
ss  2  s  s
Result & Discussions: Following curves- torque versus speed, current versus speed, power and
power factor versus speed curves etc. can be plotted and compared with the experimentally
obtained curves. Write computer program for obtaining performance characteristics of single
phase induction motor. Using equivalent circuit. Plot T, eff, I , p.f versus slip and validate using
load test.

Precautions:
 Synchronous Machines
1) OCC/SCC/ZPF Tests: To perform open circuit and short circuit tests on synchronous
generator and estimate the voltage regulation by synchronous impedance method, e.m.f. method,
m.m.f. method and A.S.A. method at rated load at
(i) U.P.F.; (ii) 0.8 p.f. lagging; (iii) 0.8 p.f. leading; (iv) Z.P.F. lagging; (v) Z.P.F. leading.

2) Load Test on alternator : Three phase / Single phase

3) SLIP TEST: To perform slip test on a three phase salient pole alternator. Determine its d-
axis & q-axis reactance. Draw phasor diagram and obtain % regulations at (i) U.P.F.;
(ii) 0.8 p.f. lagging; (iii) 0.8 p.f. leading; (iv) Z.P.F. lagging; (v) Z.P.F. leading.

Compare % regulation with that obtained using other methods.

Also calculate % regulation at 50% load at U.P.F. & verify from actual load test.

4) V Curve : To Obtain ‘V’ curve of a synchronous motor.

5) Sub transient Reactance Determination of sub transient reactance of alternator using

Static Test

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

B.Tech./EE/Part III/Sem V/ Exp 1

EXPERIMENT No. 1

OCC/SCC/ZPF Test on Alternator

Objective: To perform open circuit and short circuit tests on synchronous generator and estimate
the voltage regulation by synchronous impedance method, e.m.f. method, m.m.f. method and
A.S.A. method at rated load at (i) U.P.F.; (ii) 0.8 p.f. lagging; (iii) 0.8 p.f. leading; (iv) Z.P.F.
lagging; (v) Z.P.F. leading.
Also calculate % regulation at 50% load at U.P.F. & verify from actual load test.
Theory: Voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the change in terminal voltage of
machine expressed as a fraction (or percentage) of the rated voltage when a specified load at a
particular power factor is reduced to zero (disconnected), with the speed and the excitation
remaining unchanged .
The experiment involves determination of the following characteristics and parameters.
( a) The Open Circuit Characteristic
(b) The Short Circuit Characteristic
(c) Effective resistance of armature

The open circuit characteristic (also called open circuit saturation curve or magnetizing curve) is
a plot of the terminal voltage as a function of field excitation, with machine running at rated
speed without any load. Under these conditions, the alternator induced voltage is directly
proportional to the flux per pole and this characteristic is effectively a plot of flux per pole as a
function of field excitation (i.e. field current of field AT/pole) . The shape of this characteristic
is, therefore, a typical B-H curve or magnetization curve as shown in figure.

The short circuit characteristic is a plot of armature current as a function of field

Excitation, with symmetrical 3-phase short circuit applied across the alternator terminals. Under
this condition, the current in the armature winding wholly depends on the internal impedance
(resistance and leakage reactance of armature) and the armature reaction. The phase angle
between the short circuit current and the induced voltage causing it may be taken to be nearly 90
lagging as armature resistance is negligible. Therefore, the armature reaction m.m.f. is almost
wholly demagnetizing. Even when the rated full load current is flowing under short circuit
conditions, the resultant excitation acting on the magnetic circuit is low, and magnetic circuit
unsaturated. The short circuit characteristic is, therefore a straight line.

At any value of excitation, if Eo is the open circuit voltage, and Is is the short
circuit current , then for this value of excitation, the unsaturated synchronous impedance is

Zs = Eo/Is

At higher values of field current, as saturation increases, the synchronous impedance

decreases. The value of Zs, calculated for the unsaturated region of the saturation curve, is
denoted as the unsaturated synchronous impedance.

For the computation of regulation, unless saturation effect is otherwise corrected for, it is
convention to take Zs at such a value of excitation which causes rated current to flow in the
armature during short circuit test. Then, if OF1 is the excitation at which rated current flows in
the armature under short circuit conditions (Fig) and E1 is the open circuit voltage per phase
corresponding to this excitation, the synchronous impedance Zs is given by

Zs = E1 / rated armature current (ohms /phase)

Also if R1 is the effective armature resistance of armature per phase, then synchronous reactance
Xs is given by

Xs = √Zs)2 – (Ra)2 ] ohms /phase

If E is the rated voltage of the machine, and the regulation is to be computed for load current I
at a power factor angle Φ , the corresponding open circuit voltage Eo is

Eo = E + I Zs

Where Eo, E, I & Zs are complex quantities. E o may be calculated either by symbolic method or
with the help of a phasor diagram as shown later. Once Eo is known, the amplitude of Eo and E
are determined and regulation is calculated as

Regulation = (Eo - E ) /E
Laboratory Work:

1. Write down the specification of the machine under test on your observation book.

2. Draw the circuit diagram as shown in figure and clearly show the ranges of the meters
according to the specifications of the machine and get it approved by the lab instructor.

3. Open Circuit Test: Make the connections as shown in Figure and get it checked.(Prime
mover connections are not shown which you are supposed to make).

4. Start the prime mover and bring the rated speed of the machine (1000RPM) with the help
of the field regulator for d.c. motor located on the panel above starter.

5. At this speed the exciter also starts generating d.c. voltage and since field winding is
connected to starter you will observe some voltage across the alternator terminals. See
that the knife switch is closed. Change the field current using alternator field regulator.
Vary the rotor field current from maximum to minimum possible value and
correspondingly record terminal voltage keeping the speed constant at 1000RPM.

6. Switch off the d.c. supply of the prime mover.

7. Short circuit test make the connection as shown in figure .

 8. Set the rotor field regulator corresponding to minimum possible value. Repeat the
instructions 4 as given in open circuit test.

9. Vary the alternator field current such that rated short circuit current flows. Record the
field current of alternator.

10. Switch off the d.c. supply of the prime mover

11. Measure the d.c. resistance of the armature.

12. Z.P.F. Test: Connect a three phase Z.P.F. load as shown in Figure.

13. Instruction No.4.

14. Close the knife switch. Adjust simultaneously the Z.P.F. load and field current of
alternator so as to get rated voltage and rated armature current of alternator. Record V, Ia
and I f and Speed of prime mover.

15. Switch off the d.c. supply of the prime mover

16. Make the connections shown in Figure.

17. Run the prime mover at rated speed and adjust the field current of alternator so that open
circuit voltage is around rtaed voltage.

18. Load the alternator with the help of loading box (resistive loading) keeping the speed
constant 1000RPM. (why does the speed fall?)

19. Increase the load current in equal steps till it reads 13.5 Amp. (maximum armature
current permissible) and record values of voltage across armature.

Report:

1. Plot the open circuit and short circuit characteristics, Potier triangle. Draw air gap line
and Z.P.F. characteristics.

2. Determine the values of synchronous reactance and Potier reactance.

3. Draw the phasor diagrams and find out Eo and therefore estimate the voltage
regulation at Full load using synchronous impedance method, e.m.f. method, m.m.f.
method and A.S.A. method at rated load at
(i) U.P.F.; (ii) 0.8 p.f. lagging; (iii) 0.8 p.f. leading; (iv) Z.P.F. lagging; (v) Z.P.F. leading.
& at (vi) 50% load at U.P.F.
Tabulate the % regulations obtained at different power factors and using different
methods.
4. Verify the above data by actual load test.

Discussion:
 The method for finding out the regulation by synchronous impedance method is based on the
assumption that the alternator is cylindrical rotor machine. In synchronous impedance
method, the value of Zs used for computation is more or less unsaturated, because a rather
small value of field current can cause full load current to flow at short circuit. The value of
field current under actual working conditions are usually much higher so that current value of
synchronous impedance used should have been one at higher saturation since unsaturated
value of Xs is more than the saturated value, regulation predicted by synchronous
impedance method are considerably higher than actual values. This method is therefore
known as pessimistic method.
Answer:
1. Why m.m.f. method is referred as optimistic method.
2. Which method is equally suited for both the salient pole alternator and cylindrical rotor
alternator?

Precautions:
1. Before starting the alternator, make sure that the alternator field regulator is in its
minimum position.
2. For all observations check that the speed is maintained constant at 1000RPM.
Refer book:
Say, M.G. : “Alternating Current Machines”, ELBS edition.
Mukherjee, P. K. & Chakravarti, S.: “Electrical Machines”, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi
R K Srivastava : “Electrical Machines”, Cengage India , 2e, 2012

B.Tech./EE/Part III/Sem V/ Exp 2

EXPERIMENT No. 2
SLIP TEST
Objective: To perform slip test on a three phase salient pole alternator. Determine its d- axis &
q-axis reactance. Draw phasor diagram and obtain % regulations at (i) U.P.F.;
(ii) 0.8 p.f. lagging; (iii) 0.8 p.f. leading; (iv) Z.P.F. lagging; (v) Z.P.F. leading.
Compare % regulation with that obtained using other methods.
Also calculate % regulation at 50% load at U.P.F. & verify from actual load test.
Theory: Voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the change in terminal voltage of
machine expressed as a fraction (or percentage) of the rated voltage when a specified load at a
particular power factor is reduced to zero (disconnected), with the speed and the excitation
remaining unchanged.
The % regulation of a salient pole alternator when obtained using synchronous
impedance method, e.m.f. method and m.m.f method give inaccurate values. The % regulation of
salient pole alternator is obtained using its phasor diagrams. The A.S.A. method also give
sufficiently accurate values of % regulation.
During slip test the direction of prime mover and the direction of rotating magnetic field (due to
injected e.m.f. in alternator armature) should be same. The prime mover speed is controlled
finely below sub-synchronous speed. When the a.c. voltage and current start oscillating, their
maxima & minima are recorded.
The d- axis steady state reactance is calculated as Xd = (Vmax / √3)/ Imin
The q- axis steady state reactance is calculated as Xq = (Vmin / √3)/ Imax
Laboratory Work:
1. Write down the specification of the machine under test on your observation book.
2. Draw the circuit diagram as shown in figure and clearly show the ranges of the meters
according to the specifications of the machine and get it approved by the lab instructor.
3. Run prime mover & note the direction of rotation. Switch off prime mover.
4. Now Switch On A.C. supply. Give a reduced voltage to the armature of alternator.
Note that the field of alternator is Open. Machine will start as a Reluctance
Synchronous Motor (RSM). In the direction of rotating magnetic field. (Why does the
machine start, when a synchronous does not have starting torque ? )
5. Note the direction of rotation. Switch Off A.C. supply. If the direction of rotation of
prime mover and that of alternator (working as RSM) are not same, change the phase
sequence of supply.)
6. If the directions of rotation are same, run prime mover and inject a small A.C. voltage
in the armature of alternator. Have a fine adjustment of speed below synchronous
speed. Does the needles of A.C. Voltmeter and ammeter oscillate? If Yes, why ?
7. For different prime mover speeds, record maxima and minima of the Voltmeter and
ammeter.

Report:
a. Calculate Xd & Xq for the observations made. Plot the slip versus Xd & Xq.
b. Take average values of Xd & Xq and draw phasor diagrams at different power factors.
c. Calculate % regulation mathematically at different power factors.
d. Tabulate the % regulations obtained at different power factors and using different
methods. Why there a wide difference in calculated % regulation?
e. Verify the % regulation at U.P.F. by actual load test.
Result & Discussion:

Answer:
i. Why is it necessary to calculate % regulation of salient pole alternator using slip test?
j. Which method is equally suited for both the salient pole alternator and cylindrical rotor
alternator?

Precautions:
a) Before starting the alternator, make sure that the alternator field is open. (Why?)
 b) Limit A.C. current below rated value.

B.Tech./EE/Part II/Sem IV/ Exp 3

Experiment No 3
Objective: To Obtain ‘V’ curve of a synchronous motor.
Theory: A synchronous motor does not possess starting torque but once started it is capable of
developing torque. Synchronous motor can be started either by means of some auxiliary motor
coupled to its shaft or by starting the motor as an induction motor.
Usually starting of synchronous motor as an induction motor is quite common. In this case the
field circuit of synchronous motor is closed through a high resistance and a reduced 3-phase
voltage is applied across the stator winding. Due to three phase balanced supply into 3 –phase
winding of the stator, a rotating magnetic field is set up, which rotates at synchronous speed with
respect to the stator surface. This rotating field interlinks with the damper winding (short
circuited copper grids placed on the pole shoe of rotating field poles) which behaves just like the
squirrel cage rotor of induction motor. Thus the motor starts as an induction motor in the
direction of rotating magnetic field and comes to full speed which is slightly less than
synchronous speed. When field circuit of the synchronous motor is connected to a d.c. supply,
the polarity produced due to rotating magnetic field magnetizes the rotor poles with the result the
two poles interlocks together. During starting the field winding is closed through high resistance
to reduce the current in the field winding. Otherwise during this period, in the field winding a
high voltage shall be induced due to the rotating magnetic field. It is useful to show the
performance of the motor by curves between armature current and field current when the load
and input voltage upon the motor is constant.

Input = V I cos φ = Constant

V = Constant
I cos φ = Constant

When synchronous motor is connected to an infinite bus, the current input to the stator depends
upon the shaft load and excitation (field current). When the excitation is changed the power
factor (cos φ) of the motor changes. Thus when the field current is small (machine is under
excited) the power factor is low and as the excitation is increased the power factor improves. So
for a certain field current the power factor will be unity. This is known as normal excitation. If
the excitation is further increased the machine will become overexcited. Under over excitation, it
will draw more line current and power factor becomes leading and decreases. Therefore if the
field current is changed keeping load and input voltage constant, the armature current changes to
make I cos φ constant. Because of their shapes, graphs of variation of armature current with
excitation are called ‘V’ curves. If the ‘V’ curve at different load conditions are plotted and
points on different curves having same power factor are connected, the resulting curve is known
as compounding curves.

Laboratory:
1. Write down the specification of the machine on your observation book.
2. Draw the circuit diagram as shown and clearly show all the ranges of the meters
according to the specification of the machine.
3. Make the connections and get it checked by the lab instructor.
4. Put the 3-step starter in step No.1. (The field circuit of synchronous is closed using a
rotary switch through a discharge resistance.)

5. Switch on the 3- phase supply and start the synchronous motor as an induction motor by
pushing the ‘ON’ button of A.C. motor starter.
6. Now bring the 3-step starter in step-2 & step-3 by moving the rotary switch. In step 2, the
discharge resistance is cut off from the field circuit (but field circuit remains short-
circuited) and in step-3 the field winding is connected to d.c. source (exciter or pilot
generator)
7. At step No. 3 the field poles are synchronized with the rotating magnetic field.
8. At no-load (when the separately excited d.c. generator is not connected to any load) vary
the field current of synchronous motor and record variation of armature current with
respect to the field current. Use the Observation Table as shown below:

Observation Table

S.No. d.c. Line- Armature Input Power Load Load

Field Line Current Power Factor Voltage Current
Current Voltage (A) KW (VL) (IL)
I f (A) (V)
NA for no- NA for no-
load Test load Test
 9. As soon as observation is complete, bring the field current when the a.c. armature current
is the lowest. This corresponds to normal excitation.
10. Now excite the coupled d.c. generator and adjust the voltage across the armature of d.c.
generator with the help of field regulator connected in the field circuit of separately
excited d.c. generator. Adjust the load current of d.c. generator to either 1A or 2A or 3A.
Again record the variation of armature current with respect to field current.
11. Observe the load angle of the synchronous motor when you apply load on the
synchronous motors using stroboscope.
12. At low field current, why do you observe oscillation in armature current?
13. Why Georges phenomenon is important with regard to starting of synchronous motor?

Report:

1. Plot V-curves (armature current vs. field current) for (a) No-load (b) 1A generator load (c)
2A generator load (d) 3A generator load
2. Draw unity power factor compounding curve and mark the leading and lagging power factor
regions on the V- curves.
3. Plot Inverted V curve (power factor vs. field current) for (a) No-load (b) 1A generator load
(c) 2A generator load (d) 3A generator load
4. What is the role of George’s phenomenon in starting synchronous motor using induction
principle?

Discussions:
When load is applied to synchronous motor, the rotor poles fall back a certain angle behind the
forward rotating poles of the stator. The value of this angle depends upon the load power and the
excitation of the machine.

For cylindrical rotor-machine this quantity is related by the expression:

P= (V E / Xs) Sin δ

Where
P = Input power
V = Applied Voltage
E = Induced e.m.f.
Xs= Synchronous reactance
δ = Load angle

For a machine working at particular excitation (and therefore constant E) a sudden decrease in
the load has to be accompanied by a decrease in the value of δ.
To accomplish this, the rotor momentarily accelerates but does not become stable at the
appropriate value of the load angle (say δ1) and travels too far on account of its inertia,
decreasing the load angle to value lower than δ1. Under this condition the developed power
becomes less than the load power, and the rotor slows down to increase the load angle. Again on
account of inertia, the rotor travels too far and the load angle becomes more than δ1. The rotor
then tends to accelerate and this oscillation of the rotor about the mean position of the
equilibrium continues. These oscillations are known as hunting.
To suppress the tendency of hunting, synchronous motor field poles are provided with damper
bars which consists of copper bars placed in the slots in the pole faces and short circuited at the
two ends as in case of cage rotor.
From the expression of power develop it may be noted that for a particular power output the
value of δ depends upon excitation. Further the maximum possible value of δ for which a
cylindrical rotor machine remains inherently stable is 90%. It is thus clear that under excited
motor is less stable than an overexcited one.

Precaution:
1. Do not start the synchronous motor without getting the circuit checked.
2. Ensure that there is no single phasing and that the 3-step starter is always at step -1 at the
time of starting.

Software problem
Write program for drawing O curves of synchronous motor and alternators

Observing Hunting in Synchronous motor:

When load is suddenly applied in synchronous machines (Alternator / motor) the operating point
of P- curve oscillates near stable points. It is mathematically explained using Equal area
criterion as well as swing equation.

When load is suddenly applied in an unloaded or partially loaded synchronous motor a sudden
change is  occurs which may cross the stable point. It results in sudden oscillations in , current
, speed, induced EMF.
In presence of damper bars when motor over speed (+2%) a negative torque is produced due to
currents in damper bars.
While speed tries to stabilize it goes in under speed (-2% of synchronous speed)
The change in current is easily observable. It can be easily recorded in storage Oscilloscopes and
Hall effect current probe.
The speed oscillations is normally observed using Stroboscope.
For this on the shaft certain marking is put. When rotor is running at synchronous speed the
stroboscope adjusted in such a way that the shaft appears to be stationary.

During hunting the marking on the shaft oscillates – that says that minor speed changes in both
the positive and negative directions are taking place.

If you want to record the speed variation during hunting, what instrumentation will you require.
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Georges’s Phenomenon: A slip-ring induction motor may be used to run as a synchronous
motor. Such motors are started using rotor resistance starter as an induction motor and later the
rotor is connected to DC supply. These motors fail to synchronize to run as synchronous motor,
when there is single phasing in the rotor circuit during starting.
When a slip-ring induction motor is started using rotor resistance starter with fault in the
rotor circuit of unequal rotor resistance. The machine exhibits a peculiar characteristic. The
single phasing in rotor circuit results in the rotor’s forward rotating magnetic field and a reverse
rotating magnetic field. These rotating magnetic fields run at slip speed in forward and reverse
direction with respect to the rotor surface. At about 50% of the synchronous speed, the
backwards-rotating magnetic field appears to be standstill with respect to the stator surface.
Any unbalance in the rotor circuit produces backward rotating magnetic
field component of the fundamental rotating magnetic field. This backward
component , with a rotor frequency sf as rotor is running in the forward direction at
a frequency of (1-s)f generates a stator frequency of (1-s)f-sf or (1-2s)f. Therefore
at half speed, when 1-2s=0, this backward rotating magnetic field of the rotor
appears standstill with respect to the stator. Above half speed, the 1-2s frequency
induced in the stator will cause a rapid dip in the torque speed characteristics and
also flicker in the impressed stator voltage. The latter is very objectionable.
If one of the rotor phases is open circuited, the motor will operate stable at
half speed as if it has twice as many the number of poles. In the event of one of
stator phase also open circuited a very high voltage will appear on the slip-ring.
The torque speed characteristics of the motor exhibits a dip in its
characteristics at about 50 % of synchronous speed. As shown in Fig. When motor
is having fault before starting, it runs near about 50% of synchronous speed. When
fault appears after the motor has started, it runs near about synchronous speed. The
noise is due to second harmonic torque in the machine.

Fig Effect of fault in rotor of slip-ring induction motor-Georges phenomenon

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B.Tech./EE/Part II/Sem IV/ Exp 4

Experiment No 4
Determination of sub transient reactance of alternator using static Test

Objective: Determination of sub transient reactance of alternator using static test.

Theory: Sudden short circuit Test: This test is not conducted on actual machine with rated
voltage, because the current will be enormously large and the counter torque produced by the
machine may even damage the mechanical coupling and even the foundation of machine. The
test is normally conducted on micro-machine or on actual machine at lower voltage limiting the
peak current to the rated current. A typical short circuit current of one phase of an alternator
having damper bars is shown in Fig 1. When an alternator is suddenly short circuited, the
variation of current follows:
o A sub-transient current for few cycle due to sub-transient reactance
o A transient current for few seconds due to transient reactance
o A transient DC component
Transient reactance of synchronous machine: These are narrated below:
Xd= the d-axis sub-transient reactance offered by the machine during sub transient period
Xd = the d-axis sub-transient reactance offered by the machine during transient period
Xd = Xs = d-axis reactance during steady state condition obtained from OCC & SCC
For a typical cylindrical rotor machine
Xd =Xq=Xs=1.0
Xd  0.5 Xd 0.1Xd
For a typical salient pole machine
Xd=1.0
Xd  0.4 Xd 0.25Xd
Xq  0.4 Xq 0.4Xq
The machine without any damper bars, does not exhibit the sub-transient period. It is
assumed that an alternator is running at constant speed when all the terminals of the alternator
are suddenly short circuited, a large short-circuit current flows in the armature winding. The
sudden change causes the d- & q- axis MMF to change. For MATLAB simulation purpose , a
reverse voltage of identical phases are connected to three terminal when it is developing rated
voltages. A change in d-axis MMF causes:
o The change in the flux-linked to the main field. The change is resisted by an induced
EMF in the field winding. The field winding behaves as a transformer due to large
alternating flux of armature. A large EMF is induced in the field winding.
o Transient current in the short-circuited damper winding, if present.

Eddy currents in the pole-face and adjacent metal parts. The initial short-circuit current lags
the voltage by 90, it creates a large demagnetizing MMF in the d-axis tending to reduce the
pole-flux from its initial value. But the flux cannot decrease suddenly because the stored energy
associated with the flux takes time to dissipate. This can be explained using constant-flux
theorem. The tendency of the flux to remain constant means that the field current must rise to a
large value to take care of demagnetizing effect of large armature current. Similarly the eddy
currents induced in the metallic parts and damper bars increase to assist the field winding to
maintain the flux. The effect of damper windings and eddy currents in the other metallic parts,
pole-face etc. has large resistances associated with these currents. The time constant of these
currents is small and the effect of these eddy currents vanishes within first few cycles.

Fig 1. Profile of short circuit current during sudden short circuit of an alternator- showing sub-
transient, transient and steady state short circuit current
The effective equivalent circuit is given by Fig 2. The d-axis sub-transient reactance is given
by
Xad Xf X KD
Xd  Xl  (1)
Xad Xf  Xf X KD  Xad X KD

After few cycles the equivalent circuit is shown in (b) represents the transient operation. The
damper bar currents have vanished but since the field winding has lesser effective resistance than
damper bars and larger time constant, the effect of field current is present in the transient
duration. It lasts for few seconds. The d-axis transient reactance is given by
X X
Xd  Xl  ad f (2)
Xad  Xf

(a) (b) (c)

Fig 2 Approximate equivalent circuit of alternator during (a) sub- transient period (b)
Transient period (c) steady state short circuit

After the transient currents are decayed, the steady state short circuit currents flows. The d-
axis steady state reactance is given by
Xd  Xl  Xad (3)
The equivalent circuits during sub transient, transient and steady-state short-circuit
conditions are shown in Fig 2. The positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence
reactance of alternator are denoted by X1, X2 and X0.
X d/ /  X q/ /
Where X1= Xs X2  X1>X2> X0 (4)
2

Static Test: The various reactance of alternator can be determined using (a) Static Test & (b)
Fault Test. Here the reactances are determined using static test. The alternator windings in star
are connected to single phase supply given to two terminals and third phase is open as shown in
Fig 3. The condition is similar to negative sequence connection. The single phase at standstill
condition induces maximum eddy currents in solid metallic parts of alternator, pole face, damper
bars. It creates a situation similar to sudden short circuit sub transient region as mentioned above.
Steps:
(1) Field windings are open.
(2) Certain low voltage is applied. When the rotor is slowly moved with hands it gets
stuck up at certain position and between two such positions it is free.
(3) The voltage and current varies when rotor is moved in one complete rotation.
(4) The voltage and currents are recorded. In one cycle of rotation voltage gets increases
and decreases and similarly current also increases and decrease.

Calculation: One can observe that when voltage is more current is less, this is when rotor gets
locked or when you are trying to move by your own hands you require some force.
The d axis sub transient reactance is calculated as

When Voltage is less and current is on higher side, the situation arises when you do not
requires large force to move it. The q axis sub transient reactance is calculated as

Using the average of d- axis and q axis sub transient reactance, one can compute
negative sequence reactance of alternator

The positive sequence reactance of alternator is equal to synchronous reactance of

machine, which can be determined using OCC and SCC characteristics of machine.
For determining the zero sequence of machine, the alternator windings may be connected
in series and single phase voltage is applied. The zero sequence reactance is computed as
Fig 3 : Static Test for determination of negative sequence reactance (Prime mover not
shown)

Fig4:Static test for determination of zero sequence reaction (prime mover and exciter not
shown )
Observation table:
Rotor gets Locked when moved by own hands
S.No. Voltage Current Average

1
2
3
4
Rotor gets free when moved by own hands
S.No. Voltage Current Average

1
2
3
4
Negative Sequence Reactance

Zero Sequence Reactance

Report: Positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence reactance, sub transient d- axis
and q- axis reactance. Which is large and why?

Discussions: How to determine transient and steady state reactance? What is fault test of
determining positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence reactance of machines?