`

PROJECT PLANNING
AND
MANAGEMENT OF
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Atish Kumar

Roll No. - 15

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Acknowledgements
I Am Heartily Thankful To My Teacher Mr. Amit Dhir,
Whose Encouragement, Guidance And Support From The
Initial To The Final Level Enabled Me To Develop An
Understanding Of The Subject.
Lastly, I Offer My Regards And Blessings To All Of Those
Who Supported Me In Any Respect During The
Completion Of The Project.

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PREFACE
Construction planning is a fundamental and challenging activity
in the management and execution of construction projects. It
involves the choice of technology, the definition of work tasks, the
estimation of the required resources and durations for individual
tasks, and the identification of any interactions among the
different work tasks. A good construction plan is the basis for
developing the budget and the schedule for work. Developing the
construction plan is a critical task in the management of
construction, even if the plan is not written or otherwise formally
recorded. In addition to these technical aspects of construction
planning, it may also be necessary to make organizational
decisions about the relationships between project participants and
even which organizations to include in a project.

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Contents
1) Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 5

2) Basic Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3) Layout of Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4) Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

5) Calculation . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. 10

6) Gantt chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

7) Sequence of Structure Work. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

8) Storage of Cement . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 19

9) Brickwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

10) Reinforcements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

11) Things to Note . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

12) Shuttering and Scaffolding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

13) Concreting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

14) Test conducted on site for Quality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

15) Leakage and Water Proofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

16) Door and Windows, Electrical Conduits, Plastering, Flooring . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 38

17) Problems Faced At Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

18) Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

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INTRODUCTION
Project planning:- Project planning is part of project management, which relates to
the use of schedules such as Gantt charts to plan and subsequently report progress
within the project environment

Project management:- Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing,

and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project
goals and objectives. It is often closely related to and sometimes conflated with program
management.

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Basic Knowledge
 LAYOUT OF SITE: Master plan or blueprint of a printed or published work that lays
out the arrangement of its different graphic elements (such as body copy, colours,
headlines, illustrations, scale). It establishes the overall appearance, relative importance,
and relationships between the graphic elements to achieve a
smooth flow of information(message) and eye movement for maximum sensor impact.
Often alternative layouts (called roughs) are prepared to explore
different arrangements before the final layout is made for printing or production.

 POINTS TO REMEMBER:
1) CONSIDER THE AREA TO BE COVERED FOR CONSTRUCTION.
2) LEVEL THE PARTICULAR AREA.
3) SET THE TEMP. ELEMENTS FOR LAYOUT. e.g.. PEGS, GRID

 RESOURCE PLANNING: IT CONSISTS PLANNING OF :-

a) Material=placing and using site to control transferring of material.
b) Manpower=managing no man power in order wise.
c) Machinery=planning of placing and using the machineries.

 BILL OF QUANTITIES:
a) Preparation of quantities applied.
b) It includes calculation of various aspects of building required for costing.
c) There are several methods to calculate quantities.

 ENGINEERING DRAWING: Engineering Drawing is a type of technical drawing,

created within the technical drawing discipline, and used to fully and clearly define
requirements for engineered items.
d) POINTS TO REMEMBER WHILE READING DRAWING:
e) C=COLLUMNS.
f) B=BEAMS.
g) F=FOOTING.
h) W=WARDROAB.
i) D=DOOR.
j) SCALE GIVEN FOR DIMENSION.
k) KNOWLEDGE RELATED TO DRAWING

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Layout of PLAN

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Abstract

S.No. Particular Unit Qnty

1 Excavation cft 3072
2 Footing cft 932
3 Shuttering Sq.ft. 1314
4 Column cft 208
5 Beam cft 197.5
6 Slab cft 291.58

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Calculations

Calculation of Excavation
No. L W H Unit QTY
2 31 6 4 cft. 1488

2 33 6 4 cft. 1584

Total cft. 3072

CALCULATION OF FOOTING

FOOTING 1 (F1)

S.no Description No. L B H Unit Qty

1 Cuboid 14 5 5 1.5 cft 525
2 Strap 14 2 5 1 cft 140
3 Cuboid 2 14 1 1 1 cft 14
STRAP2 14 2 1 1 cft 28
Total 707

FOOTING 2 (F2)
Description No. L B H Unit Qty
1 Cuboid 5 6 5 1.5 cft 225
Total 225

Total cft 932

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CALCULATION OF SHUTTERING

Shuttering of Beam

S.no Description No. L B Unit QTY

1 Beam 1
Side 1 1 192 1 sq.ft. 192
Side 2 1 192 1 sq.ft. 192
Side 3 1 198 0.6 sq.ft. 118.8
total sq.ft. 502.8
2 Beam 2
Side 1 1 36 0.98 sq.ft. 35.28
Side 2 1 36 0.98 sq.ft. 35.28
Side 3 1 36 0.58 sq.ft. 20.88
sq.ft. 91.44

Total sq.ft. 594.2

Shuttering of Colomn

S.no Description No. L B Unit QTY

2 Colomn 1 (c1)
Side 1 14 8 1 sq.ft. 112
Side 2 14 8 1 sq.ft. 112
Side 3 14 8 1.5 sq.ft. 168
Side 4 14 8 1.5 sq.ft. 168
total sq.ft. 560

S.no Description No. L B Unit QTY

2 Colomn 2 (c2)
Side 1 5 8 1 sq.ft. 40
Side 2 5 8 1 sq.ft. 40
Side 3 5 8 1 sq.ft. 40
Side 4 5 8 1 sq.ft. 40
sq.ft. 160

Total sq.ft. 720

Total Shuttering = 594.2 + 720 = 1314.24 sq.ft.

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Calculation of Column

Column C1

S.no Description No. L B H Unit QTY

1 Cuboid 14 1.5 1 8 cft. 168

Column C2

S.no Description No. L B H Unit QTY

1 Cuboid 5 1 1 8 cft. 40

Total 208.00

Calculation of Beam
Beam 1
Description No. L B H Unit QTY
Long Cuboid 1 173 1 1 cft. 173

Beam 2

Long Cuboid 1 25 0.98 1 cft 24.5

Total Quantity of
Beams(b1+b2) 197.5

Calculation of Slab
S.no Description No. L B H Unit QTY
1 Section A 1 4.5 6.5 0.4 cft 11.7
2 Section B 1 12 13.5 0.4 cft 64.8
3 Section C 1 8.5 9 0.4 cft 30.6
4 Section D 1 3 9.98 0.4 cft 11.976
5 Section E 1 10.5 12 0.4 cft 50.4
6 Section F 1 13 12 0.4 cft 62.4
7 Section G 1 4.5 6.5 0.4 cft 11.7
8 Section H 1 12 10 0.4 cft 48

Total 291.576

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Gantt chart
A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule. Gantt charts
illustrate the start and finish dates of the terminal elements and summary elements of a
project. Terminal elements and summary elements comprise the work breakdown
structure of the project. Some Gantt charts also show the dependency (i.e, precedence
network) relationships between activities. Gantt charts can be used to show current
schedule status using percent-complete shadings and a vertical "TODAY" line as shown
here.

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Gantt Chart Role in Project Planning

For larger projects, a work breakdown structure would be developed to identify the
tasks before constructing a Gantt chart. For smaller projects, the Gantt chart itself may
used to identify the tasks.

The strength of the Gantt chart is its ability to display the status of each activity at a
glance. While often generated using project management software, it is easy to
construct using a spreadsheet, and often appears in simple ascii formatting in e-mails
among managers.

For sequencing and critical path analysis, network models such as CPM or PERT are
more powerful for dealing with dependencies and project completion time. Even when
network models are used, the Gantt chart often is used as a reporting tool.

CPM - Critical Path Method

CPM models the activities and events of a project as a network. Activities are depicted
as nodes on the network and events that signify the beginning or ending of activities are
depicted as arcs or lines between the nodes. The following is an example of a CPM
network diagram:

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PERT:- The Program (or Project) Evaluation and Review Technique, commonly
abbreviated PERT, is a model for project management designed to analyze and
represent the tasks involved in completing a given project.

Software for Gantt Chart, CPM, PERT

Primavera (http://www.oracle.com/primavera/index.html )

Microsoft Office Project (http://www.microsoft.com/Project )

GanttProject (http://www.ganttproject.biz )

Project Planner (http://www.projectmanager.com )

We can also be make Gantt Chart with help of MS Excel.

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Sequence of Structure Work

1) Site Clearance
2) Demarcation of Site
3) Positioning of Central coordinate ie (0,0,0) as per grid plan
4) Surveying and layout
5) Excavation
6) Laying of PCC
7) Bar Binding and placement of foundation steel
8) Shuttering and Scaffolding
9) Concreting
10) Electrical and Plumbing
11) Deshuttering
12) Brickwork
13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels
14) Wiring for electrical purposes
15) Plastering
16) Flooring and tiling work
17) Painting
18) Final Completion and handing over the project

Construction Process And Materials Used

Site Clearance:- The very first step is site clearance which involves removal of grass and
vegetation along with any other objections which might be there in the site location.

Demarcation of Site:- The whole area on which construction is to be done is marked so

as to identify the construction zone. In our project, a plot of 40x60 sq ft was chosen and
the respective marking was done.

Positioning of Central coordinate and layout:- The centre point was marked with the
help of a thread and plumb bob as per the grid drawing. With respect to this center
point, all the other points of columns were to be decided so its exact position is very
critical.

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Excavation

Excavation was carried out manually. Adequate precautions are taken to see that the
excavation operations do not damage the adjoining structures. Excavation is carried out
providing adequate side slopes and dressing of excavation bottom. The soil present
beneath the surface was too clayey so it was dumped and was not used for back filling.
The filling is done in layer not exceeding 20 cm layer and than its compacted. Depth of
excavation was 5‟4” from Ground Level.

PCC – Plain Cement Concrete

After the process of excavation, laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done. A
layer of 4 inches was made in such a manner that it was not mixed with the soil. It
provides a solid bas for the raft foundation and a mix of 1:5:10 that is, 1 part of cement
to 5 parts of fine aggregates and 10 parts of coarse aggregates by volume were used in
it. Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction. Concrete placed below ground
should be protected from falling earth during and after placing. Concrete placed in
ground containing deleterious substances should be kept free from contact with such a
ground and with water draining there from during placing and for a period of seven
days. When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable, and end is sloped at an angle of
30 and junctions of different layers break joint in laying upper layer of concrete. The
lower surface is made rough and clean watered before upper layer is laid.

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PCC Laying

Laying of Foundation
At our site, Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure over a large
area, normally the entire area of the structure. Normally raft foundation is used when
large load is to be distributed and it is not possible to provide individual footings due to
space constraints that is they would overlap on each other. Raft foundations have the
advantage of reducing differential settlements as the concrete slab resists differential
movements between loading positions. They are often needed on soft or loose soils with
low bearing capacity as they can spread the loads over a larger area.

In laying of raft foundation, special care is taken in the reinforcement and construction
of plinth beams and columns. It is the main portion on which ultimately whole of the
structure load is to come. So a slightest error can cause huge problems and therefore all
this is checked and passed by the engineer in charge of the site.

Apart from raft foundation, individual footings were used in the mess area

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Storage of Cement
It needs extra care or else can lead to loss not only in terms of financial loss but also in
terms of loss in the quality. Following are the don‟t that should be followed -

(i) Do not store bags in a building or a godown in which the walls, roof and floor
are not completely weatherproof.
(ii) Do not store bags in a new warehouse until the interior has thoroughly dried
out.
(iii) Do not be content with badly fitting windows and doors, make sure they fit
properly and ensure that they are kept shut.
(iv) Do not stack bags against the wall. Similarly, don‟t pile them on the floor
unless it is a dry concrete floor. If not, bags should be stacked on wooden
planks or sleepers.
(v) Do not forget to pile the bags close together
(vi) Do not pile more than 15 bags high and arrange the bags in a header-and-
stretcher fashion.
(vii) Do not disturb the stored cement until it is to be taken out for use.
(viii) Do not take out bags from one tier only. Step back two or three tiers.
(ix) Do not keep dead storage. The principle of first-in first-out should be
followed in removing bags.
(x) Do not stack bags on the ground for temporary storage at work site. Pile them
on a raised, dry platform and cover with tarpaulin or polythene sheet.

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Depending upon the coarse aggregate color, there quality can be

determined as:

Black => Very Good Quality

Blue => Good

Whitish =>Bad quality

BRICKWORK
Brickwork is masonry done with bricks and mortar and is generally used to build
partition walls. In our site, all the external walls were of concrete and most of the
internal walls were made of bricks. English bond was used and a ration of 1:4 (1 cement:
4 coarse sand) and 1:6 were used depending upon whether the wall is 4.5 inches or 9
inches. The reinforcement shall be 2 nos. M.S. round bars or as indicated. The diameter
of bars was 8mm. The first layer of reinforcement was used at second course and then at
every fourth course of brick work. The bars were properly anchored at their ends where
the portions and or where these walls join with other walls. The in laid steel
reinforcement was completely embedded in mortar.

Strength Of Brick Masonry

The permissible compressive stress in brick masonry depends upon the following
factors:

1. Type and strength of brick.

2. Mix of motor.
3. Size and shape of masonry construction.
The strength of brick masonry depends upon the strength of bricks used in the masonry
construction. The strength of bricks depends upon the nature of soil used for making
and the method adopted for molding and burning of bricks .since the nature of soil
varies from region to region ,the average strength of bricks varies from as low as
30kg/sq cm to 150 kg /sq cm the basic compressive stress are different crushing
strength.

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There are many checks that can be applied to see the quality of bricks used on the
site.Normally the bricks are tested for Compressive strength, water absorption,
dimensional tolerances and efflorescence. However at small construction sites the
quality of bricks can be assessed based on following, which is prevalent in many sites.

 Visual check – Bricks should be well burnt and of uniform size and color.
 Striking of two bricks together should produce a metallic ringing sound.
 It should have surface so hard that can‟t be scratched by the fingernails.
 A good brick should not break if dropped in standing position from one
meter above ground level.
 A good brick shouldn‟t absorb moisture of more than 15-20% by weight,
when soaked in water For example; a good brick of 2 kg shouldn‟t weigh
more than 2.3 to 2.4 kg if immersed in water for 24 hours.

Precautions to be taken in brick masonry work

 Bricks should be soaked in water for adequate period so that the water
penetrates to its full thickness. Normally 6 to 8 hours of wetting is sufficient.
 A systematic bond must be maintained throughout the brickwork. Vertical
jointsshouldn‟t be continuous but staggered.

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 The joint thickness shouldn‟t exceed 1 cm. It should be thoroughly filled with the
cement mortar 1:4 to 1:6 (Cement: Sand by volume)
 All bricks should be placed on their bed with frogs on top (depression on top of
the brick for providing bond with mortar).
 Thread, plumb bob and spirit level should be used for alignment, verticality and
horizontality of construction.
 Joints should be raked and properly finished with trowel or float, to provide
good bond.
 A maximum of one metre wall height should be constructed in a day.
 Brickwork should be properly cured for at least 10 days

REINFORCEMENT

Steel reinforcements are used, generally, in the form of bars of circular cross section in
concrete structure. They are like a skeleton in human body. Plain concrete without steel
or any other reinforcement is strong in compression but weak in tension. Steel is one of
the best forms of reinforcements, to take care of those stresses and to strengthen
concrete to bear all kinds of loads

Terms used in Reinforcement

Bar-bending-schedule

Bar-bending-schedule is the schedule of reinforcement bars prepared in advance before

cutting and bending of rebars. This schedule contains all details of size, shape and
dimension of rebars to be cut.

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Lap length

Lap length is the length overlap of bars tied to extend the reinforcement length.. Lap
length about 50 times the diameter of the bar is considered safe. Laps of neighboring
bar lengths should be staggered and should not be provided at one level/line. At one
cross section, a maximum of 50% bars should be lapped. In case, required lap length is
not available at junction because of space and other constraints, bars can be joined with
couplers or welded (with correct choice of method of welding).

Anchorage Length

This is the additional length of steel of one structure required to be inserted in other at
the junction. For example, main bars of beam in column at beam column junction,
column bars in footing etc. The length requirement is similar to the lap length
mentioned in previous question or as per the design instructions.

Things to Note
Reinforcement should be free from loose rust, oil paints, mud etc. it should be cut, bent
and fixed properly. The reinforcement shall be placed and maintained in position by
providing proper cover blocks, spacers, supporting bars, laps etc. Reinforcements shall
be placed and tied such that concrete placement is possible without segregation, and
compaction possible by an immersion vibrator.

For any steel reinforcement bar, weight per running meter is equal to , where d is

diameter of the bar in mm.

For example, 10 mm diameter bar will weigh = 0.617 Kg/m.

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Three types of bars were used in reinforcement of a slab. These include straight bars,
crank bar and an extra bar. The main steel is placed in which the straight steel is binded
first, then the crank steel is placed and extra steel is placed in the end. The extra steel
comes over the support while crank is encountered at distance of ¼(1-distance between
the supports) from the surroundings supports.

For providing nominal cover to the steel in beam, cover blocks were used which were
made of concrete and were casted with a thin steel wire in the center which projects
outward. These keep the reinforcement at a distance from bottom of shuttering. For
maintaining the gap between the main steel and the distribution steel, steel chairs are
placed between them.

SHUTTERING AND SCAFFOLDING

Definition

The term „SHUTTERING‟ or „FORMWORK‟ includes all forms, moulds, sheeting,

shuttering planks, walrus, poles, posts, standards, leizers, V-Heads, struts, and
structure, ties, prights, walling steel rods, bolts, wedges, and all other temporary
supports to the concrete during the process of sheeting.

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Cleaning And Treatment Of Forms

All rubbish, particularly chippings, shavings and saw dust, was removed from the
interior of the forms (steel) before the concrete is placed. The form work in contact with
the concrete was cleaned and thoroughly wetted or treated with an approved
composition to prevent adhesion between form work and concrete. Care was taken that
such approved composition is kept out of contact with the reinforcement.

Design

The form-work should be designed and constructed such that the concrete can be
properly placed and thoroughly compacted to obtain the required shape, position, and
levels subject

Erection Of Formwork

The following applies to all formwork:-

1) Care should be taken that all formwork is set to plumb and true to line and level.
2) When reinforcement passes through the formwork care should be taken to
ensure close fitting joints against the steel bars so as to avoid loss of fines during
the compaction of concrete.
3) If formwork is held together by bolts or wires, these should be so fixed that no
iron is exposed on surface against which concrete is to be laid.
4) Provision is made in the shuttering for beams, columns and walls for a port hole
of convenient size so that all extraneous materials that may be collected could be
removed just prior to concreting.
5) Formwork is so arranged as to permit removal of forms without jarring the
concrete. Wedges, clamps, and bolts should be used where practicable instead of
nails.

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6) Surfaces of forms in contact with concrete are oiled with a mould oil of approved
quality. The use of oil, which darkens the surface of the concrete, is not allowed.
Oiling is done before reinforcement is placed and care taken that no oil comes in
contact with the reinforcement while it is placed in position. The formwork is
kept thoroughly wet during concreting and the whole time that it is left in place.

Immediately before concreting is commenced, the formwork is carefully

examined to ensure the following:

1) Removal of all dirt, shavings, sawdust and other refuse by brushing and
washing.
2) The tightness of joint between panels of sheathing and between these and
any hardened core.
3) The correct location of tie bars bracing and spacers, and especially
connections of bracing.
4) That all wedges are secured and firm in position.
5) That provision is made for traffic on formwork not to bear directly on
reinforcement steel.

Verticality Of The Structure

All the outer columns of the frame were checked for plumb by plumb-bob as the work
proceeds to upper floors. Internal columns were checked by taking measurements from
outer row of columns for their exact position. Jack were used to lift the supporting rods
called props.

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Stripping Time Or Removal Of Formwork

Forms were not struck until the concrete has attained a strength at least twice the stress
to which the concrete may be subjected at the time of removal of form work. The
strength referred is that of concrete using the same cement and aggregates with the
same proportions and cured under conditions of temperature and moisture similar to
those existing on the work. Where so required, form work was left longer in normal
circumstances

Form work was removed in such a manner as would not cause any shock or vibration
that would damage the concrete. Before removal of props, concrete surface was exposed
to ascertain that the concrete has sufficiently hardened. Where the shape of element is
such that form work has re-entrant angles, the form work was removed as soon as
possible after the concrete has set, to avoid shrinkage cracking occurring due to the
restraint imposed. As a guideline, with temperature above 20 degree following time
limits should be followed:

Structural Component Age

Footings 1 day
Sides of beams, columns, lintels, wall 2 days
Underside of beams spanning less than 6m 14 days
Underside of beams spanning over 6m 21 day
Underside of slabs spanning less than 4m 7 days
Underside of slabs spanning more than 4m 14 days
Flat slab bottom 21 days

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Concreting
Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, stone aggregates and water. A cage of steel rods
used together with the concrete mix leads to the formation of Reinforced Cement
Concrete popularly known as RCC.

Concrete has two main stages

1) Fresh Concrete

2) Hardened Concrete

Fresh Concrete should be stable and should not segregate or bleed during
transportation and placing when it is subjected to forces during handling operations of
limited nature. The mix should be cohesive and mobile enough to be placed in the form
around the reinforcement and should be able to cast into the required shape without
loosing continuity or homogeneity under the available techniques of placing the
concrete at a particular job. The mix should be amenable to proper and through
compaction into a dense, compact concrete with minimum voids under the existing
facilities of compaction at the site. A best mix from the point of view of campactibility
should achieve a 99 percent elimination of the original voids present.

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Requirements of concrete mix design

The requirements which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mix
ingredients are :

a) The minimum compressive strength required from structural consideration

b) The adequate workability necessary for full compaction with the compacting
equipment available.
c) Maximum water-cement ratio and/or maximum cement content to give
adequate durability for the particular site conditions
d) Maximum cement content to avoid shrinkage cracking due to temperature cycle
in mass concrete.

Test conducted on site for Quality Control

Slump test

This is a site test to determine the workability of the ready mixed concrete just before its
placing to final position inside the formwork, and is always conducted by the
supervisor on site. However in mid of concreting process , should the site supervisor
visually finds that the green concrete becomes dry or the placement of concrete has
been interrupted , a re-test on the remaining concrete should be conducted in particular
of the pour for congested reinforcement area . The procedure of test in brief is as
follows: -

1. Ensure the standard Slump Cone and associated equipment are clean before
test and free from hardened concrete.
2. Wet the Slump Cone and drain away the superfluous water.
3. Request the mixer or concrete truck to well mix the concrete for additional 5
minutes.

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4. Place the Slump Cone on one side ( i.e. not in middle ) of the base plate on
leveled ground and stand with feet on the foot-pieces of cone .
5. Using a scoop and fill the cone with sampled concrete in 3 equal layers, each of
about 100mm thick.
6. Compact each layer of concrete in turn exactly 25 times with a Slump Rod,
allowing the rod just passes into the underlying layer.
7. While tamping the top layer, top up the cone with a slight surcharge of
concrete after the tamping operation.
8. Level the top by a “sawing and rolling” motion of the Slump Rod across the
cone.
9. With feet are still firmly on the foot-pieces, wipe the cone and base plate clean
and remove any leaked concrete from bottom edge of the Slump Cone.
10. Leave the foot-pieces and lift the cone carefully in a vertical up motion in a few
seconds time.
11. Invert the cone on other side and next to the mound of concrete.
12. Lay the Slump Rod across the inverted cone such that it passes above the
slumped concrete at its highest point.
13. Measure the distance between the underside of rod and the highest point of
concrete to the nearest 5mm.
14. This reading is the amount that the sampled concrete has slumped.
15. If the concrete does not show an acceptable slump, repeat the test with another
sample.
16. If the repeated test still does not show an acceptable slump, record this fact in
the report, or reject that load of concrete.

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Compression test
The Compression Test is a laboratory test to determine the characteristic strength of the
concrete but the making of test cubes is sometimes carried out by the supervisor on site.
This cube test result is very important to the acceptance of insitu concrete work since it
demonstrates the strength of the design mix.

The procedure of making the test cubes is as follows: -

1. 150 mm standard cube mold is to be used for concrete mix and 100 mm standard
cube mold is to be used for grout mix.
2. Arrange adequate numbers of required cube molds to site in respect with the
sampling sequence for the proposed pour.
3. Make sure the apparatus and associated equipment ( see Fig 7 – 6 ) are clean
before test and free from hardened concrete and superfluous water .
4. Assemble the cube mold correctly and ensure all nuts are tightened.
5. Apply a light coat of proprietary mold oil on the internal faces of the mold.
6. Place the mold on level firm ground and fill with sampled concrete to a layer of
about 50 mm thick.
7. Compact the layer of concrete thoroughly by tamping the whole surface area
with the Standard Tamping Bar. (Note that no less than 35 tamps / layer for 150
mm mold and no less than 25 tamps / layer for 100 mm mold).
8. Repeat Steps 5 & 6 until the mold is all filled. (Note that 3 layers to be proceeded
for 150 mm mold and 2 layers for 100 mm mold).
9. Remove the surplus concrete after the mold is fully filled and trowel the top
surface flush with the mold.
10. Mark the cube surface with an identification number (say simply 1, 2, 3, etc) with
a nail or match stick and record these numbers in respect with the concrete truck
and location of pour where the sampled concrete is obtained.
11. Cover the cube surface with a piece of damp cloth or polythene sheeting and
keep the cube in a place free from vibration for about 24 hours to allow initial set.

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12. Strip off the mold pieces in about 24 hours after the respective pour is cast. Press
the concrete surface with the thumb to see any denting to ensure the concrete is
sufficiently hardened, or otherwise de-molding has to be delayed for one more
day and this occurrence should be stated clearly in the Test Report.
13. Mark the test cube a reference number with waterproof felt pen on the molded
side, in respect with the previous identification number.
14. Place the cube and submerge in a clean water bath or preferably a
thermostatically controlled curing tank until it is delivered to the accredited
laboratory for testing.

Checking Quality of Fine Aggregates and Bricks

For checking the quality of fine aggregates, a field test was conducted in which the sand
was placed in a flask containing water. The sand was allowed to settle for some time
and then after few hours the reading of the silt or other impurity layer is takenIf that
reading is less than 5% of the total sand that is put in the flask, then we accept the sand
but if it is more than 5% the sand is rejected. Bricks were sent to the college laboratory
for testing and thereby checking the quality of the bricks used at site.

Precautions for water to be used in concrete

 It is good to use potable quality of water.
 It should be free from impurities and harmful ingredients.
 Seawater isn‟t recommended.
 The water fit for mixing is fit for curing too
 Use of minimum quantity of mixing water, consistent with the degree of
workability required to enable easy placing and compaction of concrete, is
advisable.
 Ensure that water is measured and added.
 Low water to cement ratio is essential for good performance of the structure in
the long run.

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Common Reasons for lack of quality in concrete work

 Use of too much or too little water for mixing, or water carelessly added during
mixing
 Incomplete mixing of aggregate with cement
 Improper grading of aggregates resulting in segregation or bleeding of concrete.
 Inadequate compaction of concrete
 Using concrete which has already begun to set.
 Placing of concrete on a dry foundation without properly wetting it with water.
 Use of dirty aggregate or water containing earthy matter, clay or lime.
 Too much troweling of the concrete surface.
 Leaving the finished concrete surface exposed to sun and wind during the first
ten days after placing without protecting it and keeping it damp by proper
methods of curing.

Finish To Concrete Work:

a) All concrete while being poured against form work was worked with vibrator rods &
trowels as required so that good quality concrete is obtained.

b) All exposed surface of RCC lintels, beams, columns etc. were plastered to match with
adjoining plastered face of walls after suitably hacking the concrete surface.

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Concrete Mixers and Batching Plant

Concrete Plant, also known as a Batch Plant, is a device that combines various
ingredients to form concrete. Some of these inputs include sand, water, aggregate
(rocks, gravel, etc.), fly ash, potash, cement, and other ingredients to create concrete.
There are two types of concrete plants, ready mix plants and central mix plant. A
concrete plant can have a variety of parts and accessories, including but not limited to:
mixers (either tilt-up or horizontal (or in some cases, both), cement batchers, aggregate
batchers, conveyors, radial stackers, aggregate bins, cement bins, heaters, chillers,
cement silos, batch plant controls, and dust collectors (to minimize environmental
pollution).

Batching Plant Concrete Mixers

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Curing

The term „curing‟ is used to include maintenance of a favorable environment for the
continuation of chemical reactions, i.e. retention of moisture within, or supplying
moisture to the concrete from an external source and protection against extremes of
temperature

Following are the methods for curing different building parts:-

Walls – Water should be sprinkled from the top such that it covers the whole area of the
wall and it should be remain wet.

Slab – Ponding should be done on the slab by constructing bunds of mortar

Beams and columns – The beams and columns can be maintained wet by tying gunny
bags around the periphery and by maintaining it wet always.

Ponding, continuous sprinkling, covering with wet cloth, cotton mats or similar
materials, covering with specially prepared paper, polyethylene, sealing coat applied as
a liquid commonly known as „curing compound‟ which hardens to form a thin
protective membrane, are some of the methods by which concrete is cured. Curing
should be started just after the surfaces begin to dry. Normally 7 to 14 days curing is
considered adequate.

Admixture
Admixtures are those ingredients/materials that are added to cement, water, and
aggregate mixture during mixing in order to modify or improve the properties of
concrete for a required application.

Some of the important purposes for which the admixtures could be used are

1) Acceleration of the rate of strength development at early ages.

2) Retardation of the initial setting of the concrete.
3) Increase in strength.
4) Improvement in workability.

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5) Reduction in heat of evolution.

6) Increase in durability or in resistance to special conditions of exposure.
7) Control of alkali-aggregate expansion.
8) Reduction in the capillary flow of water and increase in impermeability to liquids.
9) Improvement of pumpability and reduction in segregation in grout mixtures.
10) Production of coloured concrete or mortar.

The best way to test the admixture is by making trial mixes with the concrete materials
to be used on the job and carefully observing and measuring the change in the
properties. This way the compatibility of the admixture and the materials to be used, as
well the effects of the admixture on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete can
be observed. The amount of admixture recommended by the manufacturer or the
optimum quantity determined by laboratory tests should be used.

Leakage And Water Proofing

There are many reasons for leakage in concrete. Due to this leakage, the concrete not
only looses its strength but also cause problem to the user. Normal concrete
construction should not require water proofing materials, if it is designed and
constructed properly with good quality and workmanship. But still to make it safe
against the ill effects of water, liquid and powder form of water proofing material is
used depending upon the availability of the material. Normally the usage per kg of
cement is specified by the manufacturer for example: ACC‟s waterproofing compound
“ACCOPROOF” is available in powder form and 1 Kg packets. For normal purposes, 1
Kg is required to be used with 50 Kg (1 bag) of cement.

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Leakages occur because of variety of reasons; some of which are mentioned below –

a) Accumulation of water, which start penetrating the surface.

b) Poor quality and improper proportioning of concrete constituents that make

concrete permeable.

c) Poor compaction of concrete, which leave a lot of air voids.

d) Construction joints at two different works like concrete and brick works, and
discontinuity in concrete casting (joint at old concrete and new concrete) leading
minute cracks, which facilitate water movement.

e) Other structural cracks because of loading conditions and failure of the structure
to withstand those stresses.

f) Movement of water from bottom to top because of capillary action.

Following measures may be useful to avoid leakages –

b) Provide good drainage facility with correct gradient at the places where there are
chances for water to accumulate.

c) Use good quality of materials with correct proportioning in concrete. For

example, use of blended cement and use of less water in concrete can reduce
permeability of the structure. Similarly, proper proportioning of materials would
help concrete becoming uniformly packed and dense.

d) Proper compaction of concrete with immersion vibrator to make it void less.

e) Avoid construction joints becoming a weaker point for water to travel. Some
proactive and treatment measures would be useful.

f) Proper structural design and execution of members, which results no cracks for
water to percolate.

g) Proper damp proofing course required to avoid movement of ground and other
water from bottom to top. Some useful methods are like applying bitumen,
concrete construction etc. at plinth level.

h) Use of water proofing compounds for water retaining structures.

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Doors And Windows

Wood absorbs moisture from air when the moisture content is high in the atmosphere
and as a result it expands causing cracks in the wall. During dry atmosphere the wood
contracts and a gap is formed between the wall and the frame of the door.

Electrical Conduits
Separate conduits are laid for following systems:

a) Normal light, fan

b) Power points
c) AC points
d) Internet wiring
e) Fire alarm system

Plastering

Plaster protects structure from temperature variations; external attacks of sulphates,

chlorides, etc. Plaster also provides smooth & aesthetic surface on RCC & Brickwork
surface. The proportion of mortar used at site for ceiling coat is 1:4 and wall coat is 1:3.
A plaster of 10 mm is done at ceiling and a plaster of 12.5mm is done at wall. Various
precautions to be taken while the work of plastering is going on are:-

 Preferably use cements which releases low heat of hydration.

 Use optimum water at the time of mixing.

 Do not use dry cement on the plaster surface.

 At the junction of Brickwork & RCC, chicken mesh or fiber mesh may be used.

 Wet the surface before plastering and cure the surface for at least 10 to 12 days.

Flooring
The purpose of a floor is to provide a horizontal sanitary surface to support the
occupants of a building, furniture and equipment. A good floor should have strength
and stability, resistance to dampness, good appearance, and freedom from maintenance
etc.

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Problems Faced At Site

There were numerous problems which were faced at site. Some of these were purely
due to the human errors and poor workmanship but some were due to unseen factors.

 There was a problem in providing beams at one location as per the standard
drawings so the drawings were changed by consulting the structural designers
and architect.
 There was problem pouring concrete in one beam due to small area available for
pouring and compacting. The solution to this problem was that the size of steel
was increased but the number of steel bars was decreased so as to provide the
total area same.
 No window was there in staircases which lead to complete darkness, so it was
decided to change the drawing by consulting the concerned authorities.
 The depth if beam above the door was 3‟5” earlier but to keep the size of the door
as per the standard it was changed to 3‟.
 Frequent power cuts lead to increase in the cost of construction as generators
were used to meet the power requirements.
 Laying of foundations was postponed by 1 month due to the rainy season.

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Reference
http://www.engineeringcivil.com
http://images.google.co.in
http://www.netmba.com/operations/project/gantt
http://www.idc.iitb.ac.in/~chakku/dm/06_Pert%20cpm.ppt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_planning

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