Nava, Prince Cxedrick B.

Science, Technology and Society

BSIT 2

Sumerian Civilization
The civilization of Sumerian raise from the river valley of Tigris and Euphrates.

The famous in Sumer is the lower valley of Tigris and Euphrates. The civilisation grew up 5000 years
before the Christian Era.

The established cities like Nipur, Ur, Umma, Eridu, Kish and Lagash and enriched this civilization by the
people of Sumer. The idea of analysis of archaeological remains of that land. are art of writing, art,
architecture, literature, trade and commerce of the Sumerians.

Administration:

The Sumerians have been the genuine manufacturers of the Mesopotamian civilisation. This civilisation
developed to be developed around 3500 B.C. The Sumerians assembled numerous urban communities.
Nipur, Lagash, Ur and Kish had been the four significant urban areas of the Sumerians. In every single
town state ruler used to be the ideal specialist.

The Chief spot of political activities of a city nation was Ziggurat (Sumerian sanctuary). The Sumerian
clerics had been viewed as Patteshi. They were the main designers of the Sumerian organization. The lord
led the country by means of their suggestion.

Art of writing

The Sumerians made their noblest commitment in the control of composing. They received a machine of
composing which was famously viewed as 'Cuneiform'. An English man named Henry Rowlison who
remained in Iran originally deciphered this composition. The Sumerians utilized extra than 350 sign.

Every one of these pills give a great deal of realities with respect to Sumerian civilisation. After the
dissecting of the 'Stone of Behistan' numerous measurements identified with the Sumerian civilisation
arrived to lime light. Subsequently the improvement of Cuneiform content was the remarkable
commitment of Sumerians to the civilisation of humankind

.Library

The Sumerians had immense libraries. These libraries had been storage facility of learning. From the
remains of Tello, 30,000 mud pills have been found. Those containers were kept one after each other in
arrangement. In numerous different spots, numerous cases have been found. All these evidence
demonstrate that those had been the old libraries of the Sumerians
Religious belief

The otherworldly confidence of the Sumerians used to be great. They built sanctuaries at the focal point
of the city nation for the love of divine beings and goddesses. The Sumerian sanctuary was known as
Ziggurat. The significance of 'Ziggurat' is "Slope of the Heaven". These sanctuaries were a sort of multi-
storeyed pinnacle sanctuaries.

Architecture

The Sumerians left permanent impressions on the ways of the world by raising numerous urban areas,
royal residences Ziggurats. They utilized consumed blocks for the development of various structures. The
Ziggurats were seven or eight storeyed structures and were smaller around the top. They gave legitimate
thoughtfulness regarding give a completing touch to, each engineering. They knew to section, vault, curve
and arch with extent.

Art

The Sumerians contributed a great deal in the field of craftsmanship. The experts like potters, goldsmiths
and stone-societies created work of high magnificence a few enriched dirt pots found from Ur bear
sufficient declaration of their masterful ability. The seals with cutting and pictures demonstrate their
ability as gifted specialists. They additionally made trimmings with delightful plans. The remains of
enormous metallic creatures have been found from numerous Sumerian urban areas. They likewise
assembled a few stone pictures which mirror their creative aptitude.

Science Astrology

The Sumerians indicated uncommon capacity in the field of science. They had profound learning in the
field of Mathematics and Astrology. The clerics remained inside the assembly of Ziggurat and watched
out for the development of planets and stars. By that, they had the option to foresee positive or negative
time. Consequently, they were very intensive in crystal gazing.

Calendar

The Sumerians arranged schedule to decide the months and year. They partitioned one year into 12 lunar
months. They decided a month based on the development of moon. Every month was separated into 30
days. After certain years the Sumerian rulers included one month more in a year and made it 13 months.

Their calendar was inadequate in light of the fact that it couldn't modify 5 days in a year, in this manner
making it 365 days (360+5 extra). That is the reason; they needed to change the schedule over and over.
Later on the Hebrews and Arabians acknowledged the Sumerian schedule after alteration.
Water Clock:

The Sumerians utilized water clock to gauge the time. They separated one hour into an hour and every
moment into 60 seconds. The water tumbled down drop by drop from the gap of a pot. The Sumerians got
thought regarding the time by taking a gander at the imprints given in the pot. This was a one of a kind
development of the Sumerians.

Counting method:

The Sumerians had imagined another tallying methodology. They utilized 60 as numberal unit and
through that oversaw checking. In weight, 60 'shekels' made a 'mina' or a 'pound'. A circle was separated
into 360″ (60×6 = 360° or multiple times of 60).

This was incorporated into the number juggling of the antiquated Surnerians. As expressed before, one
hour was separated into an hour and one moment was fractioned into 60 seconds.

Wheel and Cart

An extraordinary commitment of the Sumerians to the historical backdrop of humanity was 'wheel'. This
wheel quickened the advancement of Sumerian civilisation. The potter made pottey of different shapes
and sizes through this wheel. The wheeled trucks encouraged exchange and business ashore course. This
creation of wheel by the Sumerians made them godlike in the records of history.

Trade and Commerce:

The Sumerians were entirely skilled in the field of exchange and business. It is realized that they kept up
exchange and business connection with Asian nations including India. They additionally kept up business
connection with Egypt.

The city Ur earned notoriety as a focal point of global exchange and business. The Sumerians imported
essentially nourishment grains and sent out fleece, silk-dress, metallic products and dates. With the
progression of time, the Sumerians acknowledged silver rather than nourishment grains.

Along these lines, the Sumerian civilisation was the main indication of the Mesopotamian civilisation.
The attributes of the civilisation mirror its commitments. The Sumerian civilisation reached an end by the
attack of the Akkadians around 2500 B.C. This civilisation contributed differently to the way of life of the
world.
Babylonian Civilization

The Babylonian civilisation was a significant segment of the Mesopotamian civilisation. On the attacks of
the Sumerian civilisation grew up Babylonian civilisation. The Amorites were the originator of this
civilisation. The presence of Hammurabi, the incredible ruler of the Amorites, made this civilisation
dynamic.

Hammurabi was the main law provider throughout the entire existence of the world. The works, writing,
religion, workmanship, engineering and study of the Babylonians were exceptional in their own particular
manner.

Art of writing and Education

Like the Sumerians, the individuals of Babylon utilized Cuneiform composition. They utilized in excess
of 350 signs in their composition. They used to compose on delicate dirt tablets by pen made of bone and
bamboo. At that point they prepared tablets on sun sparkle and kept in a steady progression. During the
rule of Hammurabi, the renowned Emperor of Babylon, training spread in the look and corner of that
land.

He built up numerous schools for the understudies. The Babylonian young men put accentuation on
composing, perusing and Mathematics and young ladies were partial to routine. From the vestiges of a
Babylonia a motivating sentence was composed on the mass of school. That sentence was—"He who will
exceed expectations in tablet-composing will sparkle like the sun". This demonstrates the affection for the
Babylonians for instruction.

Literature

The writing of Babylon was rich. The Babylonians composed around 2000 books. They created books on
religion, science, arithmetic and crystal gazing. In the area of Babylonian writing, 'Gilgamesh' cut a
unique position. This epic depicts about lord Gilgamesh, the unbelievable saint of Babylon. Once, god
sent flood to show heathen Babylonians a thing or two. A sage thought about this and left Babylon with
others. Ruler Gilgamesh with the assistance of God Enlil crushed the flood. His chivalrous deeds have
been portrayed in 'Gilgamesh'.

Code of Hammurabi

Hammurabi was the First Law Giver of the world. He was the pioneer of the Amorites and a valiant
warrior. There were various arrangements of laws in antiquated Babylon concerning religion, horticulture,
organization and business. Hammurabi systematized every one of these laws in a straightforward structure
which ended up renowned as the 'Code of Hammurabi'.
These laws were engraved on a diorite stone of 8 feet high and that stone was raised in the sanctuary of
the incomparable Babylonian god Marduk. On the highest point of the stone the image of Hammurabi
getting laws from the Sun god Samas was engraved.

There were four sections in the code of Hammurabi, viz.— common code, punitive code, code of
technique and business code.

Hammurabi's code was a level fledged law book. It contained laws identifying with marriage, separate,
property, contract, exchange and trade, home loan of land, religion and so on. It contained criminal laws
concerning murder, robbery, foul play, deceptive nature, carelessness in obligation and so forth.

The fundamental point of this code was—"tit for tat and a tooth for a tooth". A killer was granted capital
punishment. On the off chance that the rooftop or a mass of a house tumbled down, the bricklayer who
had assembled it was rebuffed. On the off chance that a hoodlum was gotten while steeling ceaselessly a
creature from a sanctuary, he needed to return triple cost of that creature. In the event that a broker
charged more than the fixed cost of an article, he was given a capital punishment.

The code of Hammurabi enabled ladies directly over property. Just because, this code secured the
widows, slaves and vagrants. The Code of Hammurabi is treated as the 'Principal law book of the world.

Religion

Like the Sumerians, the Babylonians were polytheists. Their central god was 'Marduk' who was viewed as
the maker of the world. 'Istar' was viewed as Mother Goddess. They likewise adored 'Samas' as sun god
and 'Tamuj' as the divine force of farming. The Babylonians accepted that the divine beings and goddess
take birth, go under distresses, sufferings and satisfaction and kick the bucket.

They likewise wed like individuals, resort to war and sue for harmony. The clerics could foresee future by
throwing a look on the liver of a relinquished creature. The clerics remained at the top story of a Ziggurat.
They loved god or goddess and anticipated future.

Science

The Babylonians additionally exceeded expectations in the field of science. The clerics watched the sun,
moon planet and star in all respects cautiously and figure what's to come. Like the Sumerians, the
Babylonians likewise received lunar schedule. They partitioned one year into a year and every month was
separated into 30 days.

They additionally utilized sun dial and water clock to know time. They additionally knew the utilization
of numbers from 1 to 9. The ministers additionally anticipated future. They had procured learning in
geology, life science and crystal gazing. Every one of these things demonstrate the affection for the
Babylonians for science.
Art and Architecture

The Babylonian lords were renowned developers. They fabricated enormous castles. They kept the
colossal pictures of bulls having the heads of man close to the passageway entryway of the royal
residence. The incomparable Ziggurat worked by Hammurabi out of appreciation for 'Marduk' and
enormous storehouse to save grains for future disasters affirm the building aptitudes of the Babylonians.

The figure of people winged creatures and creatures demonstrate their ability in the field of
craftsmanship. Assortments of seals have been found by removal which further demonstrates the aesthetic
abilities of the Babylonians.

Administration

The Babylonians were popular in the field of organization. Other than the code of Hammurabi, laws were
likewise composed on mud tablets. The regal requests composed on 55 mud tablets have been found from
better places of Babylon. Hammurabi had sent message to executives through these tablets to receive
sympathy, liberal frame of mind and genuineness in the field of organization. Without a doubt, the
Babylonian organization was coordinated for the welfare of the individuals.

Agriculture, Trade and Commerce

The Babylonians were talented agriculturists and brokers. They got a kick out of the chance to deliver
assortment of yields. That is the reason they burrowed channels and watered the corn fields. During the
rule of Hammurabi a major waterway was burrowed from the city Kish to Persian bay Herodotus, the dad
of history had luxuriously Praised the wheat and barly among different yields of Babylon.

The Babylonians traded dates, sustenance grains, oil, cowhide works, earth pots and so forth to the
outside world. They imported gold, silver, copper, stone, wood and salt. Among the antiquated nations,
Babylon was viewed as a flouring nation.

Infact, the commitments of the Babylonians to the human civilisation were massive. The Code of
Hammurabi helped in structure a solid society. Other than this, their commitments in the field of
workmanship, design, science, exchange and business were important.
Egyptian Civilization
The commitment of Egypt to the world human advancement is important. The strategy for composing,
writing, craftsmanship, design, religion, study of the Egyptians had constrained the individuals of the
world to raise their eyebrows.

Art of Writing

To express the thinking about their brain, the Egyptians concocted specialty of composing. In spite of the
fact that from the earliest starting point they were not familiar with the letters in order, still then they had
the option to express their thought through various pictures. In this way, their composing was prominently
known as 'Hieroglyphy' or 'holy composition' in light of the fact that those were composed by the clerics.

From the start, the Egyptians utilized pictures and afterward they utilized around 2000 pictographic signs.
At the appropriate time of time their number was diminished and constrained to 700 as it were. Finally
they created 24 letters in order. They engraved those letters in order on stone. The 'Rosetta Stone' saved in
the British Museum in London is its great model. Later on the Egyptians utilized pen and paper

Paper, pen, ink and inkpot:

On the banks of Nile, a plant named 'Papyrus' was plentily accessible. The leaves of Papyrus tree were
joined through gum and the long roll was readied. By clean such rolls were coated. In a Papyrus move of
twenty to forty feet length and five to ten inches broadness the Egyptian composed their thought. The
modem name 'Paper', maybe, has been gotten from the term 'Papyrus'.

They took juice of plants and arranged 'ink' by blending gum and water with it. In a few cases they
additionally arranged ink by missing gum with dark particles found from kitchen house or lights.

They honed the edge of the steam of a plant and arranged 'reed pen'. By plunging the pen inside the 'ink
pot' they composed on Papyrus. Finally, bits of Papyrus were rolled and protected inside the earthen pots.
Composing was for sure an honorable development of the Egyptians.

Literature

The old Egyptians had made godlike writing. They formed writing concerning crystal gazing, metallurgy,
weaving and cooking. Moreover, they additionally reflected legends, undertakings, exciting encounters,
religious idea and so forth in their writing. Among their composition works, 'The story of two siblings',
'The story of Sinuhi', 'The legend of the destined sovereign' and 'The account of the ship-destroyed Sailor'
were exceptionally well known. Their religious writing contained books like 'The Pyramid Text', 'The
Coffin Text', 'The Book of the dead', 'An exchange between the disturbed Man and his spirit', 'The
Maxims of Ptahotep' and 'Song to Aton' (composed by Akhnaton).
Science: Calendar:

The old Egyptians were generally excellent space experts of their time. Taking a gander at the cloudless
clear blue sky, they could foresee about the sunlight based and lunar overshadowing, flood in the
waterway Nile, time of planting seeds and so forth. They could likewise think about the development of
Planets and Stars. They had arranged a 'Schedule'.

They partitioned per year into 360 days and a year, every month comprising of 30 days. Every day was
separated into 24 hours or two sections and each part comprising of 12 hours. Toward the part of the
arrangement, they added 5 days all the more just to be spent in dining experience and fun. Julius Caesor
had received this Calendar Pope Gregory XIII embraced this schedule with a little change. The Egyptian
Calendar is the main recorded occasion of mankind's history.

Mathematics and Geometry:

The old Egyptians displayed their ability in the field of 'Arithmetic' and 'Geometry'. They were
exceptionally proficient what's more, subtraction, augmentation and division. They had procured learning
in triangle, quadrangle, square, square shape and so on for estimating the land.

They used their numerical and geometrical information in structure the Pyramids. The most established
treatise on Mathematics 'Ahmes Papyrus' has been found from Egypt which talks the high numerical and
geometrical learning of the antiquated Egyptians.

Medical Science:

The Egyptians procured profound learning in therapeutic science. From their old library two books
concerning medicinal science have been found. Edwin Smith has deciphered these books. From that
interpretation it is realized that the Egyptians thought about various maladies and furthermore realized
how to fix them.

They had thought with respect to medical procedure. They could likewise save dead bodies by applying
synthetic concoctions. The doctors of Egypt additionally knew the utilization of castor oil. It won't not be
right if the Egyptians are named as the 'Father of Medical science'.
Art and Architecture:

Pyramid:

The Egyptians have deified their name in the archives of history because of their craft and engineering.
Pyramid is its great case. The tomb of the Egyptian Pharaoh is known as Pyramid. The individuals of
Egypt accepted that after death, the spirit returns back to the body. So they saved the dead body of the
Pharaoh by applying synthetic substances in it. This safeguarded body of the Pharaoh was known a
'Mummy'. It was secured with fabric and kept inside a box.

That pine box was again kept inside a stone box named as Sarcophagus which contained little openings.
The Egyptians accepted that the spirit can again go into that body through these openings. That case was
set inside a room in the Pyramid. In the dividers of that room the existence history of the Pharaoh was
composed.

The spouse of the Pharaoh, his workers and slaves were executed and kept inside the stay with
nourishment, water, material and gems. It was accepted that the spirit could perceive these things and
again return back to the dead body of the Pharaoh. By covering this room, the tomb of Pharaoh or
Pyramid was worked by stone, blocks and limestone. It has been appropriately told with respect to the
Pyramid that "All the world feelings of trepidation time, however time fears the Pyramids".

Among the Pyramids of Egypt, the Pyramid worked by Pharaoh Josher at Sakara is the most established.
The well known and biggest Pyramid of Khufu was worked at Gizeh. This is viewed as one of the Seven
Wonders of the World. This 481 feet Pyramid is worked more than 13 sections of land of land. 2,300,000
bits of stones were utilized in it.

The heaviness of each bit of stone is 2.5 tons. About twenty years were spent for structure this Pyramid.
Indeed, Pyramid deifies the Egyptians in the chronicles of world history.

Temple

Sanctuaries were another exemplary case of the Egyptian design. The Pharaohs constructed sanctuaries to
satisfy divine beings and goddesses. The Karnak sanctuary at Thebes is world well known. This is the
biggest sanctuary of Egypt. Its length is around two kilometers. This sanctuary lays on 12 columns, each
having 79 feet stature.

The sanctuary dividers are topped off with the war scene and accomplishments of the Pharaohs and its
top, with hieroglyphic compositions. This sanctuary was intended for the love of Amon-Ra or Sun-god.
The sanctuaries at Luxor and Abu Simbel were additionally extremely pleasant.
Sculpture

The antiquated Egyptians were talented artists. Among their Sculptures, Sphinx was extremely well
known. This immense stone statue is a momentous model having the body of a lion with human head.
The Great Sphinx remains at the doorstep of the greatest Pyramid at Gizeh. It speaks to the head of
Pharaoh Khafare of Amenhotep III. Its grave facial appearance and a beam of giggling make it
indiscernible before the watchers. Other than the Sphincs, the Egyptians assembled colossal pictures. The
incredible statues of

Amenhotep III at Luxor, Ramesis III, his ruler and family divinity Amon-Ra at Abu Simbel are viewed as
incredible statues of the world. Incalculable statues, creatures, winged animals, ivory, wood and
earthenware vouch for the way that the antiquated Egyptians were talented stone carvers.

Religion

Religion assumed an essential job in the life of the Egyptians. From the earliest starting point they had
confidence in Polytheism They venerated around 2200 divine beings and goddesses. They connected
heavenly nature in animals and adored them. Their crocodile god was acclaimed as 'Sibek'. The feline god
was called 'Pashat' and jackle god was named as 'Anubis'.

The Egyptians respected 'Ra' as the God of the universe. His child 'Osiris' was celebrated as the 'Ruler of
Egypt' and furthermore as Justice of the left soul. His significant other 'Isis' was the goddess of rich soil.
'Horas', the child of Osiris was the divine force of poor and down and out. There was a powerful network
of ministers in Egypt to love these divine beings and goddesses.

Pharaoh Akhnaton or Amenhotep IV got a progressive change the field of religion. He presented
'Monotheism' in Egypt. He declared that there was just a single God and he is 'Aton' or 'Sun-god'. The
ministers of Egypt had depicted 'Ra' or 'Amon-Ra' as a horrible god. Be that as it may, Akhnoton
proclaimed 'Aton' as omniscient, kind, father-like and a manifestation of kindness.

Philosophy

The antiquated Egyptians had likewise accomplished big name in the field of Philosophy. Ptahotep was
the best thinker of that time. He was the commonplace leader of Memphis. In his acclaimed book entitled
'Guidelines to Ptahotep' he had given numerous advices for managing the life. Much before Confucious,
Socrates and Buddha Ptahotep had talked about the way of thinking of life.
Postal Service

The individuals of old Egypt knew about the postal framework. The investigation of Papyrus persuades
that the individuals of that land were sending message. In an antiquated Papyrus it has been stated—
"Keep in touch with me through the carrier of the letter". This convincingly demonstrates the Egyptians
were very much aware about the postal administration. It won't not be right if the antiquated Egyptians
are depicted as "The dad of present day postal administration".

Historiography

The Egyptians were the dad of 'Historiography'. The students of history went with the Pharaoes to the war
zone and recorded their accomplishments. The 'Rosetta stone' is its exemplary model. By interpreting it
the French palaeographer Champollion had observed numerous realities with respect to the Egyptian
civilisation. The historical backdrop of various illustrious administrations is known because of this
historiography. In this way, the old Egyptians were pioneers of history composing.

Agriculture and Irrigation

In the field of farming the Egyptians additionally exceeded expectations. They were gifted agriculturists.
They had concocted furrow and scraper. By a gadget called 'Shadur they could convey the water of Nile
to the trenches which aided in water system. The main harvests developed by them were wheat, grain
flax. They additionally delivered natural products like orange, date-palm, melon and so on.

Navigation, Trade and Commerce

The Egyptians initially utilized pontoon if there should arise an occurrence of exchange and trade. Egypt
turned into a focal point of exchange the whole Mediterranean district. At the appropriate time of time,
they set up exchange connection with Nubiya, Sudan Janjibar, Persia, Crate and Phonesia. They traded
ivory, gold, the quill of Ostrich and slaves.

They imported dairy cattle, fish and wine from Asia; Precious red stones from Persia and copper from
Senai. By using naval force just because, the Egyptians have improved the human civilisation.
Craftsmanship:

The Egyptians were likewise master in craftsmanship. They knew the specialty of softening together
copper with tin to make bronze. They made block, bond and mortar of Paris. They additionally made
coated stoneware and shaded glass. They were additionally able in the cutting of wood. From Papyrus
plants they made ropes, mats and shoes. The Egyptian laborers built up the specialty of enameling and
varnishing. In this way, their gifted craftsmanship was broadly perceived on the planet.

System of Administration:

The Pharaoes of Egypt were organizations of sublime bore. They were incredible. They told regard from
their subjects. By and large heavenly nature was appended to the Pharaoes. They released effective
organization because of the assistance of clergymen, commonplace overseers and illustrious officials.
This proficient organization was perceived everywhere throughout the world.

Infact, the commitment of Egyptians to human civilisation was monstrous. Egypt, the 'place that is known
for Pyramid' charmed the consideration of millions because of its impressive workmanship and design. In
the field of composing, religion, science, organization exchange and business and so forth the old
Egyptians had left their permanent stamps on the ocean shore of time.
Roman Civilization
Since the Roman Empire went on for such a long time and was so huge, huge numbers of their thoughts
and practices were spread around are as yet utilized today. Let's be honest, they had some quite smart
thoughts, and I think you'll be astounded to adapt exactly the amount of our way of life started from one
that existed 2,000 years prior.

Ancient Roman were extremely cutting-edge for their time, learning of simpler approaches to manage
circumstances and propelling innovation and prescription. A portion of the Romans' most outstanding
commitments to society were their welfare programs for poor people, water system frameworks, law and
governmental issues, and even concrete.

From the outset, welfare was just a necessity for the Roman government to supply the individuals
with little rates of grain, yet moved along to include corn, oil, bread, pork, wine, and clothing (via
Contonental E.

Architecture

If you somehow happened to take a gander at structures in our country's capital or even your state's
capital, you would see a considerable lot of them have sections and curves. You may even have a curved
divider in your home. In spite of the fact that the Romans utilized Greek sections on their structures, they
thought of curves as an approach to help more weight, which enabled them to develop bigger structures.

One of the most notable structures from antiquated Roman occasions is the Colosseum. This huge
amphitheater could situate 50,000 individuals - more than some other in Rome. Curves are a conspicuous
element in this great structure where fighter battles and other excitement occurred. On the off chance that
you've at any point been to a show or hockey or b-ball game, you've been in a Roman motivated structure.

Antiquated Roman water system is most prevalently known for the reservoir conduits which they
developed. Reservoir conduits utilized scaffolds so as to move water to urban communities close to the
sea. From the sea there was an entry driving into a waterway or lake and the Romans found that by
utilizing extensions to lead the water inwards and over profound notches in the land, they could tackle the
water for their own use(via Evan Andrews).

Romans additionally started thoughts of the "populares" and "optimates," or what we today call "left-
wing" and "conservative" factions(via Law in Ancient Rome). They additionally advanced democratic,
where two gatherings would pick two Roman grown-up male residents, and afterward enabled the
individuals of Rome to decide in favor of whichever individual they thought was progressively qualified
for the activity.

Solid, one of Rome's most basic but then best creations, enabled Romans to fabricate huge structures that
would represent numerous years(via Evan Andrews). These days we can see this in the vestiges of their
numerous engineering structures.
Chinese Civilization
The individuals of old China were free from outer impact. They contributed for the development of a
human advancement which was indigenous.

Art of Writing

The individuals of China built up their very own arrangement of composing. From the outset, they drew
little pictures on bamboo slips to express their thought. These photos were known as 'Pictogram'. With the
advancement of time, further improvement was made on pictures. Presently pictures consume the thought
with respect to an item like natural product, snake, stream and so forth or time like the sunrise, early
afternoon, night and so on.

This declaration of thought was known as 'Ideogram'. In the last phase of the improvement of the
arrangement of composing, the Chinese individuals took the assistance of sound to speak to an image or
thought. That was known as 'Phonogram'. In the wake of remembering numerous images, it was
conceivable to compose. The Chinese composing was extraordinary.

They composed the images through and through on flimsy bamboo slips and each slip resembled a page
of a book. At a point of time, the Chinese individuals utilized around 55,000 images. Around 4000 of
such images are even utilized today in China.

Pen and Brush

The Chinese individuals initially created bamboo pens for composing. They composed on bamboo plates
by these pens. Later on they started to compose on silk fabric by utilizing brush and ink. The brush was
made of camel-hair. They set one up kind of hued fluid and utilized it as ink. Along these lines, the
Chinese individuals figured out how to utilize pen and brush.

Ink and Ink-pot

The fire of flame interacting with earthen pot made dark particles, at its back. The Chinese gathered these
dark particles and included gum and water with those dark powder and arranged ink. This hued fluid was
kept in an ink pot. In the later organize, the Chinese individuals blended such dark powder, gum and
water and arranged a blend.

They evaporated this blend by holding it under daylight. When it turned out to be hard, it was broken into
little pieces and safeguarded. Such little pieces were dropped in water. At the point when these pieces
broke down completely, ink was arranged and utilized. They added blossom aroma to the ink so as to
make it fragrant. Therefore, the Chinese individuals arranged ink in this procedure and safeguarded it in
ink-pot.
Paper

The Chinese individuals are the principal designer of present day paper. Need is the mother of creation.
To compose on bamboo plates and protect them for quite a while ended up hard for the Chinese
individuals. They thought other route for making this procedure smooth. Thus, the Chinese beat the barks
of trees, clothes, grass and so on and added water and gum to the beat materials and heated up the whole
arrangement ablaze.

At that point they dried it under sun and arranged paper. Around 105 B.C., the Chinese had imagined
paper which was their most noteworthy commitment to the historical backdrop of humankind. Later on
the Arabs took in paper-production process from the Chinese individuals.

Literature

The individuals of old China had made an immense treasury of significant writing. Despite the fact that,
Si-Whang-Ti had requested for the decimation of antiquated writing of China yet he had additionally
attempted his level best to make new writing in China. Among the antiquated writing of China. 'The Song
of the Old Farmer', 'The Son of the Felicitous Cloud' and 'The Five Classics' are renowned. The best artist
of China was Li-Tai-Po who delivered 30 legends.

Another popular artist of China was Tu-Fu whose compositions contained sentimental thoughts. That is
the reason he was viewed as the 'Keats of China'. In the First Century B.C. Su-Ma-Chin composed the
main history of the land and turned into a renowned student of history. In addition, the Chinese composed
a few books concerning tune, science, religion and theory.

Numerous such books have been saved in the supreme library of China which illuminate the imaginative
compositions of the Chinese.

Education

One doesn't think a lot about the education of antiquated China. It is realized that during the rule of Chu
administration, instruction prospered in China. During that period accentuation was set down on
instruction from base to top. Elementary schools and secondary schools were set up in towns, universities
were set up in area level and the main college was built up in the capital for acquiring perfection
instruction.

Instruction was conferred in the field of writing, Mathematics, fighting, chariot driving, etc. An
understudy was propelled to construct great good direct and lead sacrosanct life through this training.
There is no uncertainty that the Chinese were resolved for the arrangement of a serene, sound and law-
represented society through training.
Science

The old Chinese accomplished greatness in the field of instruction. They were adept in math and
geometry. They built up a great deal in the field of soothsaying by watching the situation of planets and
stars in the sky. By 6th century B.C. the Chinese had procured information on sun oriented shroud and
lunar obscuration. They arranged schedule and checked year, month and day. They developed 16 melodic
instruments including drum water clock and lute.

Medicine and Surgery

The old Chinese were very much aware about various appendages of a human body. They completely
thought about the capacity of heart, liver and bile-cell. They realized how to treat fever, loose bowels,
shortcoming and visual impairment. They arranged powder from creature bones and utilized for treatment
of different illnesses.

The best contribution of the Chinese to the world civilization was anesthesia. Through it they made a
patient silly and worked in his body. Later on, this anesthesia was utilized if there should be an
occurrence of medical procedure as is today.

Art and Architecture

The accomplishments of Chinese in the field of craftsmanship and engineering are praiseworthy. To
shield China from the assault of the Hunas and Tartars, head Si-Whang-Ti had fabricated the Great Wall
of China. The extraordinary divider was 2250 long, 20 feet in broadness and 22 feet in tallness. A post of
40 feet high was built at the separation of 130 yards from the earliest starting point of the divider till its
end.

There was arrangement for remaining of 100 troopers in each stronghold with their arms. Obviously, Si-
Whang-Ti had been scrutinized for the development of this divider by utilizing the detainees of war and
workers without paying them any compensation. Still at that point, the Great Wall of China is viewed as
one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

He likewise constructed numerous extensions, streets and burrowed numerous channels. In the second
century B.C. another period started in China in the field of workmanship and design. During that period
numerous tombs were developed in China. Distinctive scene like taking on in the conflict field, chasing,
creatures, chariot, parade of men and so forth engraved on the dividers of these tombs praise the
workmanship and engineering of the individuals of old China.

The Pagoda of China is one of a kind on the planet. It is a glaring case of Chinese engineering which
draws the attaintation of the individuals of the world.
Glass, Pottery and Silk

By second century B.C. the Chinese had definitely thought about the utilization of glass. They arranged
different family unit articles and hardware from glass. They utilized Chinese mud to get ready stoneware
of different kinds. They painted various pictures in ceramics. The Chinese were number one in the
generation of silk. The Chinese silk had an extraordinary interest in Greece, Rome, Crate and different
spots of the world.

Marine Compass, Gun powder and Tea

The antiquated Chinese individuals were first in quite a while. Just because the developed Mariner's
Compass which helped the mariners to decide the course inside the remote ocean. The magnet inside the
compass demonstrated North and South course. The black powder was another extraordinary creation of
the Chinese. At the appointed time of time, this black powder decided the course of history. Tea was
another new revelation of the Chinese. Today it is utilized everywhere throughout the world.

System of Administration

The arrangement of organization in antiquated China was special. Ruler was the head of organization. He
viewed himself as the child of god. No bureau or chamber of pastor was there to meddle in the
organization of the lord. His request was viewed as law in the nation. Inspite of all these, the lord was not
despot. He turned to numerous welfare ventures for his subjects. Subsequently government in old China
depended on profound quality.

Trade and Commerce

The Chinese were equivalent with different nations of the world in the field of exchange and business.
They continued exchange and business with the assistance of camels ashore and dispatches on the ocean.
The Chinese craftsmans and vendors were sorted out in societies. Silk, tea, explosive, porcelain, paper,
playing cards and so on framed the articles of fare. Shell was utilized as money upto fifth century B.C.
During the standard of Shi-Whang-Ti gold was utilized as cash. They wound up prosperous by outer
exchange.

Confucious

Confucius was another extraordinary reformer of old China. He was conceived in 551 B.C. in a standard
group of a little town of the 'Lu' territory (present day shantung). His youth name was Kung-fu-Tse. After
the passing of his dad, he grew up under the delicate consideration of his mom. He wedded at 20 years old
and left his better half at 23 years old.
He built up a school and showed his understudies history, stories, verse and righteous characteristics. He
was delegated by the Chinese ruler as the Governor of Lu. When the imperial officials and nobles of
China were driving lavish life. Confucius was irritated by this. He served the individuals and was
appreciated by them. Later on, he ended up Chief Justice and Prime Minister. This made numerous nobles
and officials desirous of him.

Along these lines, he left his post and went all through north-eastern piece of China and lectured his
thought. His lessons have been reflected in 'Five Classics', for example, 'the 'Book of History', 'Book of
Poetry', 'Book of Changes', 'Book of Spring and Autumn' and 'Book of Rites'.

Mencius

Mencius was another incredible Philosopher of China. He was conceived in 372 B.C. He instructed to a
great extent on state organization and economy. He educated individuals to rehearse the lessons with
respect to Confucius. He told that the obligation of the state is to serve the individuals. He prompted
individuals to have an ethical existence. He called up on the individuals to revolt and dismiss the lords on
the off chance that they neglected to administer kindly. He passed on in 289 B.C.

The commitments of antiquated China to the historical backdrop of the world were shifted. The Great
Wall of China assembled was Si-Whang-Ti was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The Chinese
were first to design paper, black powder and sailor's compass. The lessons of Confucius, Lao-Tse and
Mencius pulled in the individuals of the world. The commitments of the antiquated Chinese were
essentially grand.
Middle Age
Throughout the entire existence of Europe, the Middle Ages (or medieval period) kept going from the
fifth to the fifteenth century. It started with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and changed into the
Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the center time of the three customary
divisions of Western history: old style artifact, the medieval period, and the cutting edge time frame. The
medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages.

Populace decrease, counterurbanisation, breakdown of concentrated specialist, intrusions, and mass

relocations of clans, which had started in Late Antiquity, proceeded in the Early Middle Ages. The huge
scale developments of the Migration Period, including different Germanic people groups, framed new
kingdoms in what survived from the Western Roman Empire. In the seventh century, North Africa and
the Middle East—when part of the Byzantine Empire—went under the standard of the Umayyad
Caliphate, an Islamic domain, after triumph by Muhammad's successors. In spite of the fact that there
were generous changes in the public arena and political structures, the break with old style vestige was
not finished. The still-sizeable Byzantine Empire, Rome's immediate continuation, made due in the
Eastern Mediterranean and stayed a noteworthy power. The domain's law code, the Corpus Juris Civilis or
"Code of Justinian", was rediscovered in Northern Italy in 1070 and turned out to be broadly respected
later in the Middle Ages. In the West, most kingdoms fused the couple of surviving Roman
establishments. Religious communities were established as battles to Christianise agnostic Europe
proceeded. The Franks, under the Carolingian administration, quickly settled the Carolingian Empire
during the later eighth and mid ninth century. It secured a lot of Western Europe however later capitulated
to the weights of inward polite wars joined with outer attacks: Vikings from the north, Magyars from the
east, and Saracens from the south.

During the High Middle Ages, which started after 1000, the number of inhabitants in Europe expanded
significantly as mechanical and rural developments enabled exchange to prosper and the Medieval Warm
Period environmental change permitted harvest respects increment. Manorialism, the association of
workers into towns that owed lease and work administrations to the nobles, and feudalism, the political
structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military support of their overlords as a byproduct
of the privilege to lease from terrains and estates, were two of the manners in which society was sorted
out in the High Middle Ages. The Crusades, first lectured in 1095, were military endeavors by Western
European Christians to recapture control of the Holy Land from Muslims. Rulers turned into the heads of
brought together country states, diminishing wrongdoing and brutality yet making the perfect of a bound
together Christendom increasingly inaccessible. Scholarly life was set apart by scholasticism, a way of
thinking that underlined joining confidence to reason, and by the establishing of colleges. The religious
philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, the works of art of Giotto, the verse of Dante and Chaucer, the
movements of Marco Polo, and the Gothic engineering of basilicas, for example, Chartres are among the
extraordinary accomplishments at the part of the arrangement and into the Late Middle Ages. The Late
Middle Ages was set apart by challenges and cataclysms including starvation, plague, and war, which
essentially lessened the number of inhabitants in Europe; somewhere in the range of 1347 and 1350, the
Black Death slaughtered about 33% of Europeans. Debate, blasphemy, and the Western Schism inside the
Catholic Church paralleled the interstate clash, common hardship, and laborer revolts that happened in the
kingdoms. Social and mechanical advancements changed European culture, finishing up the Late Middle
Ages and starting the early present day time frame.
Modern Times
The cutting edge world history, the advanced time or the cutting edge time frame is the worldwide,
straight, recorded land way to deal with the time period that comes post the old style history. Maybe, this
view is as opposed to the non-straight or rather the natural perspective on history which was at first
advanced by the acclaimed student of history and rationalist Oswald Spengler in the mid twentieth
century.We can partition the cutting edge history into three principle periods for example the early present
day time frame, the late current time frame and the contemporary history.

Early Modern Period

The early present day time frame started around toward the start of the sixteenth century. In this period,
the major chronicled achievements incorporate the Age of Discovery, the European Renaissance just as
the Protestant Reformation.

Late Modern Period

Then again, the late present day time frame began in the mid of eighteenth century. The American
Revolution, the French Revolution, the Great Divergence, the Industrial Revolution and the Russian
Revolution occurred in this period. Fundamentally, it took the majority of the mankind's history up to the
year 1804 for the number of inhabitants in the cutting edge world to arrive at its 1 billion imprint. Be that
as it may, the following billion came a little more than a century later in the year 1927.

Contemporary History

The contemporary history incorporates the range of verifiable occasions beginning from 1945. These
occasions are most important to right now and situation. Numerous students of history portray the early
present day time frame as the time period somewhere in the range of 1500 and 1800. This period for the
most part pursues the Late Middle Ages time frame. Further, it is set apart by the underlying European
provinces, beginnings of conspicuous country states just as the ascent of solid brought together
governments.

Effect on the Modern World

In the Ottoman Empire and Africa, the Muslim extension occurred in East and North Africa.
Notwithstanding, in West Africa, a few local countries existed. The civic establishments of Southeast
Asia and the Indian Empires assumed a critical job in the flavor exchange. In the Indian subcontinent, the
nearness of Great Mughal Empire was solid. In addition, the archipelagic realms, the Sultanate of
Malacca and later the Sultanate of Johor, practiced control over the southern zones.
In the Asian subcontinent, distinctive Japanese shogunates and the Chinese administrations held power.
The Edo time frame from 1600 to 1868 in Japan is viewed as the early present day time frame. Then
again, in Korea, the period from the ascending of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong is
alluded to as the early present day time frame.

In the Americas, Native Americans began a colossal and unmistakable human progress which
incorporated the Aztec Empire and coalition, the Inca development, the Mayan Empire and urban
communities, and the Chibcha Confederation. Be that as it may, in the west, the European kingdoms and
developments were in a development of reconstruction and extension. Russia advanced toward the Pacific
coast in 1647. It proceeded to combine the authority over the Russian Far East in the nineteenth century.

Increasingly About Modern World History

The religious patterns of this period saw the ascent of the Muslim people group and the Muslim world.
Christians and Christendom saw the part of the arrangement. Religious Unity under the Roman Church
reached an end. Additionally, in this period, the Inquisitions and Protestant reorganizations likewise
occurred.

Likewise during the early present day time frame, individuals saw the time of revelation and exchange.
This occurred because of the aggregate exertion of the Western European countries. Portugal, Spain, the
Netherlands, the United Kingdom and France went on a pioneer extension. These countries claimed
terrains and set up states in Africa, southern Asia, and North and South America. Turkey proceeded to
colonize Southeastern Europe, and parts of the West Asia and North Africa. Russian then again, took
ownership in Eastern Europe, Asia, and North America.

The real changes saw in the hundreds of years before the nineteenth were predominantly connected with
the thoughts, religion or military victory, and innovative headways. Be that as it may, every one of these
things had a next to no effect on the material abundance of the standard individuals.

A merger of the principal Industrial Revolution and the Second Industrial Revolution occurred in 1850.
This occurred because of the innovative and financial advancement that occurred as a result of the
improvement of steam-fueled boats and railroads. The dispatch of the inner burning motor and the electric
power age tailed it.

A few advancements occurred in the substance, electrical, oil, and steel businesses. Some particular
advancements incorporated the presentation of an oil-terminated steam turbine and interior burning driven
steel dispatches, the improvement of the plane, the handy commercialization of the vehicle, large scale
manufacturing of customer merchandise, the flawlessness of canning, mechanical refrigeration and other
sustenance protection systems, and the innovation of the phone.
Philippine Inventions
Thomas Edison has consistently been an individual I have appreciated. So much virtuoso stuck inside a
normal human life. What else would he be able to have developed in the event that he could have lived
more than two life expectancies? I was viewing an unscripted TV drama on the BBC, a challenge for
creators to showcase their items, and I got to deduction: What regular things were imagined in the
Philippines or by Filipinos? Regardless of all the exposure about work and employments, etc, there
MUST have been a few Filipinos who, through their very own creativity, developed items to fill a need.

All things considered, the appropriate response is that there have been MANY Filipino innovations, the
vast majority of which have demonstrated critical, either to history or personal satisfaction. I have
restricted this rundown to the eleven I feel most significant… You may dissent, or, it would be ideal if
you share on the off chance that you imagine that I've left something off. I left off the "Water Car" and
Fluorescent bulb since they are contested. These are the folks that each Filipino or outsider living here
ought to recollect at whatever point they hear those worn out old adages.

1. Karaoke: Invented in 1975 by Roberto del Rosario. I truly thought this was a Japanese innovation, in
spite of its prominence here, and I was totally off-base. A splendid person, he developed numerous other
melodic gadgets, however Karaoke will consistently be recognized as his most noteworthy triumph (or
bane to mankind, contingent upon your perspective.)

2. Therapeutic Incubator: Invented in 1941 by Fe del Mundo. She was the main Asian understudy in
Harvard's School of medication. Incalculable youthful lives were spared by her innovation and virtuoso.

3. Moon Buggy: Invented in 1968 by Eduardo San Juan. He was the venture head for NASA in the
carriage improvement: An underfunded and overlooked building achievement. This one has unique
essentialness to me, because of my Grandfather working at the Cape in the early space program. The
moon carriage permitted more prominent investigation of the Moon, yet Eduardo San Juan's commitment
has been consigned to a great extent to status as a commentary.

4. Erythromycin: Invented (Discovered) by Dr. Abelardo Aguilar in 1949. He sent an example to Eli
Lilly, who speedily took the thought and protected it, and later advertised it effectively. Keep in mind
kids, this is the reason the extraordinary designers consistently go to lawyers first… He never got a
solitary peso from his item, that spared a huge number of lives (Thank him in the event that you are
hypersensitive to penicillin!).

5. Yoyo: Invented as a chasing weapon by the antiquated Filipinos, most likely in the Visayas. "Found"
when Magellan landed.
6. Video Phone: Invented by Gregorio Zara, in 1955 no less! At the point when James Bond was
utilizing one in Dr. No, it had just been in presence various years. This is the forerunner of the camera in
your portable!

7. PC Microchips: Many sorts were designed by Diosdado Banatao, starting with the world's initial 16-
piece contribute 1972, which he developed while working at Commodore. This prompted the
improvement of GUI (what makes the illustrations on this page… ). For what reason would it be
advisable for you to mind? Without GUI, you would now take a gander at a page loaded up with only a
lot of ones and zeroes.

8. Separated Rice Breeds: In 1966, Dr. Rodolfo Aquino confined nine explicit types of rice for the
International Rice Research Institute. His disclosures anticipated starvation in a lot of Asia, and were
about exclusively in charge of Thailand and Vietnam turning into the world's driving rice makers (A spot
once exclusively involved by the Philippines.).

9. Medication Detection: Dr. Enrique Ostrea built up the strategy for identifying medication use by
pregnant females by distinguishing follows in the child's stools. His strategy is utilized by specialists
worldwide in diagnosing drug reliance in babies.

10. Jeepney: Immediate post-war, and the most well-known type of transportation in the nation today. A
Filipino innovation, however conceived from need, creativity, and frugality.

11. Patis: Love it or loathe it, I was amazed that it has just been around throughout the previous 60 years!
Moreover, the Filipino Patis was the reason for the Vietnamese and Thai fish sauce enterprises, and not
the a different way. It was created by Tantay Food and Sauces after they found that their dried fish were
transforming into fluid when put away with salt in earthen containers.
References:

http://www.historydiscussion.net/world-history/sumerian-civilization-notes-on-the-contributions-of-the-
sumerian-civilisation/1899

http://www.historydiscussion.net/essay/contributions-of-the-babylonian-civilization/1897

http://www.historydiscussion.net/world-history/contribution-of-the-egyptian-civilization-to-the-world-
civilization/1844

https://ancientcivilizations-rome.weebly.com/contributions.html

http://www.historydiscussion.net/history/chinese-civilization-and-its-characteristics/1909

https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages5917

https://www.toppr.com/guides/general-knowledge/world-history/modern-world-history/

https://liveinthephilippines.com/11-filipino-inventions-and-their-inventors/