Type Method Determination of: Condition Titrant Primary Indicator Observable Change and

Std Reactions
Acid- Carbonate a) NaOH -requires boiling Acidic (i.e. 0.1 Na2CO3 a) Bromocresol a) Blue-Green
base Mixtures/Double- b) Na2CO3 before endpoint for M HCl) green (pH
Indicator Method c) NaHCO3 a sharper color range= 2.3 to
d) NaOH & Na2CO3 change 4.5) b) Pink to colorless
e) Na2CO3 and b)
NaHCO3 Phenolphthalei
n
Precipitat Mohr Chlorides Neutral or slightly 0.1 M AgNO3 NaCl 5% K2CrO4 (Y) Ag+ + Cl-1 ↔ AgCl(s) (white
ion/ basic medium (stored in an ppt)
Argentom (X) if acidic, CrO4= is amber bottle) Ag+(excess) + CrO4= ↔
etric converted to Cr2O7= Ag2CrO4 (s) (reddish brown
or HCrO4=, requiring ppt)
a large excess titrant
(X) if too basic,
AgOH precipitates
out
Volhard Halides Acidic medium Titrant: Ferric ions (YO) Ag+( w/ excess) + Cl-1 ↔ AgCl(s)
AgNO3: Ag+ (excess) + SCN-1 = AgSCN
Back titrant: SCN-1 (excess) + Fe3+ = FeSCN2+
KSCN (bloody red)

Fajans Halides Fluoresceinate Cl-1 (analyte) + Ag+ (titrant)

ions (YG) ↔ AgCl (s)
(adsorption AgCl (s)--Ag+ excess (ads)--
dye) Fluoresceinate (ads) –
appears as a red precipitate;
fluoresceinate ions appear
yellow green when not
adsorbed on the AgCl
precipitate
Complex EDTA Titrations Water Hardness Buffered at pH 8 to Disodium Standard Eriochrome Wine red (initial) to blue
ometric (i.e. Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+ 10 using NH3/NH4Cl EDTA Ca2+ Black T solution (end point)
etc.) expressed as buffer to impart (hexadentate (prepared (requires the
ppm (mg/ liter stability to the ligand) by presence of During titration:
sample) CaCO3 complex formed solution dissolving Mg2+ for Mg-EDTA + Ca-EBT  Mg-
- Amount of CaCO3 in sharper EBT + Ca-EDTA
dissolved HCl endpoint) or Endpoint:
mineral followed Calmagite EDTA + Mg-EBT  MgEDTA
salts of ca by + EBT
and Mg in dilution
water with dist.
water)
Redox Iodometry Strong oxidants: -Indicator is added Sodium K2Cr2O7, freshly- bluish black after (after
before the endpoint Thiosulfate KIO3, prepared starch adding starch near the
Ce4+, Fe3+, Cu2+, to make a sharper (reducing) KBrO3 or (cold) solution endpoint) to clear colorless
As(V), MnO4-1, color change and solution metallic (endpoint) solution to which
Cr2O72-, IO3-1, BrO3- prevent complete copper serves as the endpoint
1, H2O2, HNO2,
hydrolysis of starch (dissolve -the bluish black color is
SeO32-, O3, Cl2, Br2, (under acidic pH) d to give produced upon the reaction
HClO Cu2+) of the triiodide ion with the
helical structured-starch
Iodimetry H2S and Sn2+ Usually performed Iodine in As2O3 freshly- - colorless to bluish black
(acidic) under neutral or excess dissolved prepared starch
SO32-, N2H4, As3+ slightly basic pH (to KI(oxidizing) in NaOH; (cold) solution
(pH 8) increase the solution then
reducing ability of Actual neutralize
iodine) by adding species: I3-1 d
NaHCO3
(X) if too basic,
iodine
disproportionates
(X) if too acidic,
starch is hydrolyzed
 or decomposed; the
iodide produced is
oxidized by
dissolved oxygen in
acid solution

Dichromate Reducing agents K2Cr2O7 Not Diphenylamine

needed sulfonate
for most
cases
Permanganimetry Reducing agents -requires the KMnO4 Na2C2O4 Self-indicator
removal of MnO2 or pure (KMnO4)
from the titrant to electrolyt
avoid catalytic ic Fe
decomposition metal
Cerium(IV) Reducing agents For As(III)=OsO4 or Ce 4+ As2O3, Ferroin for
ICl is used as (oxidizing) Na2C2O4 As(III),
catalyst from or nitroferroin for
(NH4)4Ce(SO4) electrolyt oxalate
For oxalate, the 4•2H2O or ic iron
same catalyst is (NH4)2Ce(NO3
used )6