Electric shop

Electrical engineering is a technical discipline concerned with the study, design and
application of equipment, devices and systems which use electricity, electronics,
and electromagnetism.

Electric shop is a place where we deal with electronic equipments or electronic machines and
electronic tools under the supervision of a teacher.

Electric shop tools:

● Pliers
● Electric battery
● Screw driver
● Hammer
● Tester
● Cutter knife
● Measuring tape
● Digital multi meter
● Adjustable wrench
● Electric cable

Pliers: Pliers are a tool with two handles at one end and two hard, flat, metal parts at the
other. Pliers are used for holding or pulling out things such as nails, or
for bending or cutting wire.

Types of pliers: Combination plier, Nose plier, Cutter diagonal plier.

● Combination pliers: Combination pliers are multi-purpose pliers, combining

gripping jaws with wire cutters. They can be used for gripping, compressing, bending,
 twisting, extracting and cutting various materials. They are used in many different
industries, as well as by hobbyists and Dyers.

● Nose pliers: Pliers are useful tools that are commonly found in home tool boxes;
needle-nose pliers have distinct characteristics that set them apart from the other kinds
of pliers. They're long and narrow, with pointy, curved or angled tips that have a
strong grip. Needle-nose pliers are made of steel, with insulated plastic or rubber-
coated grip handles that are easy to grasp and, if specifically noted as such, also
provide protection from electric shock. They have sharp, thin blades, and they come
in various sizes.

● Cutter diagonal plier: Diagonal pliers (or wire cutters or diagonal cutting
pliers or diagonal cutters or side cutting pliers) are pliers intended for
the cutting of wire (they are generally not used to grab or turn anything). The plane
defined by the cutting edges of the jaws intersects the joint rivet at an angle or "on a
diagonal", hence the name.
Electric battery: A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external
connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars.
When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative
terminal is the anode.The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that will flow through
an external electric circuit to the positive terminal. When a battery is connected to an external
electric load, a redox reaction converts high-energy reactants to lower-energy products, and the
free-energy difference is delivered to the external circuit as electrical energy. Historically the term
"battery" specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells, however the usage has evolved
to include devices composed of a single cell.

Screw driver: A screwdriver is a tool, manual or powered, for screwing and unscrewing
(inserting and removing) screws. A typical simple screwdriver has a handle and a shaft,
ending in a tip the user puts into the screw head before turning the handle. The shaft is
usually made of tough steel to resist bending or twisting. The tip may be hardened to resist
wear, treated with a dark tip coating for improved visual contrast between tip and screw—or
ridged or treated for additional 'grip'. Handles are typically wood, metal, or plastic and
usually hexagonal, square, or oval in cross-section to improve grip and prevent the tool from
rolling when set down.

Flat blade screw driver

A "slotted flat blade screwdriver" is a long standard hand-tool dating back to the 1500s. It has
a flat bladed tip used to turn, fasten or loosen screws and bolts. The flat blade screwdriver is
an extremely versatile tool and is used for fasteners of all sizes, providing significant
leverage.

Driver head Phillip

There really is a Phillips! Henry F. Phillips, of Portland, OR, invented the X-shaped socket
head screw for car makers who needed a screw that could be driven with more torque and
that would hold more tightly than slotted screws. Car makers also needed a screw that would
center quickly and easily, and could be used efficiently on an assembly line. The invention
was initially rejected, but eventually accepted by the American Screw Co., who in 1936
persuaded General Motors to use the Phillips head screw in manufacturing Cadillac’s.
Adjustable wrench: Adjustable wrenches have a rightful place in every toolbox if you only
occasionally need to tighten or remove hexagonal bolts or nuts and if, moreover, the bolt size
is unknown or likely to vary. An adjustable wrench saves you the trouble of lugging around a
whole set of open-end spanners. In view of this, we always specify the weight of the
adjustable wrenches we have on offer.

Hammer: a tool with a heavy metal head mounted at right angles at the end of a handle, used
for jobs such as breaking things and driving in nails.

A modern day hammer is a tool consisting of a weighted "head" fixed to a long handle that is
swung to deliver an impact to a small area of an object.

This can be, for example, to drive nails into wood, to shape metal, or to crush rock.
Hammers are used for a wide range of driving, shaping, and breaking applications.
Measuring tape: A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler and used to measure
distance. It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fiber glass, or metal strip with linear-
measurement markings. It is a common measuring tool. Its design allows for a measure of
great length to be easily carried in pocket or toolkit and permits one to measure around curves
or corners. Today it is ubiquitous, even appearing in miniature form as a keychain fob,
or novelty item. Surveyors use tape measures in lengths of over 100 m.

Digital multi meter: Digital multi meter (DMM) is a test tool used to measure two or more
electrical values principally voltage (volts), current (amps) and resistance (ohms).

It is a standard diagnostic tool for technicians in the electrical/electronic industries.

Digital multi meters long ago replaced needle-based analog meters due to their ability to
measure with greater accuracy, reliability and increased impedance.
Cutter knife: A cutting tool or cutter is any tool that is used to remove material from the work
piece by means of shear deformation. Cutting may be accomplished by single-point or multipoint
tools. Single-point tools are used in turning, shaping, planning and similar operations, and
remove material by means of one cutting edge.

Tester: Electricians use a variety of testers to check a wide range of electrical properties. First
of all, there are many different types of electrical testers and many possible tests. Electrical
testers are used to check both AC and DC voltage and amperage as well as basic circuit
characteristics like continuity, shorts and open circuits, and polarity, among others. The most
important tester for any DIY electrical work is a voltage tester, and there are several testers
that can check for voltage.
Electrical cable: An electrical cable is an assembly of one or more wires running side by side
or bundled, which is used to carry electric current. Electrical cables are used to connect two
or more devices, enabling the transfer of electrical signals or power from one device to the
other. Cables are used for a wide range of purposes, and each must be tailored for that
purpose. Cables are used extensively in electronic devices for power and signal circuits.
Long-distance communication takes place over undersea cables. Power cables are used for
bulk transmission of alternating and direct current power, especially using high-voltage cable.
Electrical cables are extensively used in building wiring for lighting, power and control
circuits permanently installed in buildings.

Classification:

According to core:

● Single core cable: A single core wire is a cylindrical strand of metal. In single core
wire there is only a single core of metal is present, mostly copper or aluminum.

Single core wires or cables are widely used Domestic purpose. They are mainly used in
electrical appliances; these wires can take a good load that is why they are more preferred in
domestic uses.

Single core cables are very high ambient wires; these cables are a good conductor of
electricity as well as heat. These cannot melt or burn easily.
 ● Double core cable: This cable connects the consumer unit (fuse box) to the power
outlet sockets and carries the electricity to appliances which are plugged in to the
circuit. The cable has three cores, a live core, a neutral core and the earth core. The
live and neutral cores are insulated and carry the current to and from the outlet socket.
The earth or earth continuity conductor (ECC) is not insulated, except for the outer
sheath, and provides a path for the current to flow to ground should a fault develop.

● Triple core cable: 3-Core & Earth Cable. Three core and earth cable has three
conductors which are color coded, black grey and brown as well as the earth. One of
the main applications for this cable is when two way lighting is required; it provides
the additional conductor between two switches operating the same light fitting.

According to insulation:
● Vulcanized insulation rubber: Natural rubber is the coagulated latex of certain
species of trees. Vulcanized rubber is posse's high insulating qualities, but the
material absorbs moisture and deteriorates by rapidly oxidizing into a resinous
substance. It has a good mechanical strength, dependent upon its degree of
vulcanization.

Polyvinyl chloride: PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) is widely used in electrical cable

construction for insulation, bedding and sheathing. It was the 1950s when PVC started to
replace rubber insulated and sheathed cables in general household wiring due to its ease
of processing. PVC is cost-effective and also has excellent ageing properties and typically
exceeds a 25 to 30 year service life. It’s considered to be one of the most versatile of the
common thermoplastics due to the fact that its properties can be easily modified -
although PVC is inherently hard and rigid it is easily modified with plasticizers,
stabilizers, lubricants and various other ingredients and fillers that aid processing and
enhance various properties.

● CTS: Copper Tape Shielded Power Cables (CTS Cables) 300 volt dry or damp
application indoor and outdoor use Cables used to be responsible for spreading fire.
 The CU-XLPE-CTS-PVC cable is flame retardant. This means that this cable is
designed in a way that it will not spread fire. Cables with these advantages are often
used in buildings and at locations where people live, work and travel / move.
The purpose of the copper tape screen is to prevent cables from spreading
electromagnetic fields. This will prevent the cable from affecting other cables or
equipment in the direct surroundings of the CU-XLPE-CTS-PVC cable. The copper
tape screen is also used as a grounding system for the cable.

● LS: LS Cable & System has world-class technology in power cables. It is capitalizing
on its world-best technology to produce submarine cables and super-conductivity
cables, and provides various ultra-voltage cables that meet customer needs. Also, to
build efficient power grids, it is introducing various joints and real-time monitoring
systems.

● WP: The abbreviation Wp stands for watt peak capacity [Wp (1,000 Wp = 1 kWp)].
This is the nominal capacity, or the capacity which is realized under certain test
conditions (see kWp). Wp is not the regular power output, but instead the maximum
capacity of a module under optimal conditions.
 ● ELECTRIC WIRING: Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling

and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets, and light fittings
in a structure. Wiring is subject to safety standards for design and installation.
Allowable wire and cable types and sizes are specified according to the circuit
operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restrictions on the
environmental conditions, such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and
exposure to sunlight and chemicals.

● Types of wiring:

1. Cleat wiring

2. Capping casing wiring

3. Batten wiring

4. Conduit wiring

● Cleat wiring

Cleat Wiring System is a temporary wiring system. In this system of wiring, wires are taken
from one place to the other with the help of Cleats. The cleats are mainly made up of two
parts: Upper Cleat and Lower Cleat. There are grooves in cleats for passing wires through
them. The lower cleat is fitted to the wall surface with the aid of a screw. The wires are
passed through the groove in between the cleats and then upper cleat is screwed to the lower
cleat.
 ● Casing and capping wiring

it is one of the simplest forms of electric wiring systems. PVC insulated wires are placed in
the plastic casing and covered with a cap, hence the name 'Casing Capping'. Casing is a
rectangular strip where the cables run through it having grooves. This is one of the simple
forms of electric wiring systems. This is little bit old/conventional wiring system. Now days
we very often use this cashing capping electric wiring system. As the name referred in this
wiring, PVC insulated wires are placed in plastic cashing and covered with cap.

● Batten wiring

Batten Wiring System In this wring system wooden batten is used. All the cables wiring are
installed on the smooth batten with steel clips and steel clips are installed on the surface
of batten to equal. The wooden batten is installed on the walls with the help of 1.5 inch
screws. Single core or double core or three core TRS cables with a circular oval shape cables
are used in this kind of wiring. Mostly, single core cables are preferred. TRS cables are
chemical proof, water proof, steam proof, but are slightly affected by lubricating oil. The
TRS cables are run on well-seasoned and straight teak wood batten with at least a thickness
of 10mm.
 ● Conduit wiring

An electrical conduit is a tube used to protect and route electrical wiring in a building or
structure. Electrical conduit may be made of metal, plastic, fiber, or fired clay. Most conduits
is rigid, but flexible conduit is used for some purposes. Conduit is generally installed
by electricians at the site of installation of electrical equipment. Its use, form, and installation
details are often specified by wiring regulations, such as the US National Electrical
Code (NEC) and other building codes.

Single way switch: One way switches are regular switches widely used for commercial
purpose. The light switch of your room is a one way switch i.e. the light can be switched on
or off from that particular switch only. A one way switch is a basic electrical device used to
operate any household electrical or electronic equipment.
Bell push: A button that is pushed to ring a bell. A button that is pushed to ring a bell.

TWO WAY SWITCH: Two way switching means having two or more switches in different
locations to control one lamp. They are wired so that operation of either switch will control
the light.

Two pin shoe: 2-pole means that the device plug is not earthed and it normally has two
pins that transmit electricity. Originally, all electrical devices were fitted with 2-pole plugs,
which mean that the devices were not earthed and that all mains sockets were constructed for
2-pole plugs.