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p of centrifuge
g
modeling
Introduction
Modern day geotechnical engineer uses
the following
g methods in design:
g
For simple problems
Empiricall or S
Semi-empiricall methods
Semi- h d
Closed form solutions
If No, ???
Dense
Sand
Shear
Stres Loose Sand
s
τ
Strain
Shear
Stress
τ Loose Sand
Prototype behaviour
at large stresses
and when large
Prototype
behaviour at
strains are
large stresses mobilised
Model behaviour at
small stresses and
strains
Shear Strain γ
We need to create prototype stresses and strains in our models !!!
Centrifuge Modelling Technique
Consider, for simplicity, we have a block structure of dimensions
L × B × H sitting on a horizontal soil bed.
1g
Ng
3
H/N M/N
H M
B/N
L/N
B
L
Mg M × Ng
σ = δL σ = N3 =
Mg
ε=
δL / N
=
δL
ε = L × B LB
L/ N L
LB L N N
Centrifugal Acceleration:
The easiest way to create high gravity is by spinning our soil models
in a centrifuge.
centrifugal acceleration = r × ω2
We wish to match this centrifugal acceleration to be the same factor
as the one we used to scale down our prototype by ie ‘N’
(geometrical scaling factor).
⇒ N × g = r × ω2
For example, the Sudarshan Centrifuge at IIT, Bombay will
be doing;
⇒ ..RPM ≅ 145
Various centrifuges around the world
T
Turner B
Beam Centrifuge
C t if – 10 m diameter
di t and
d 150 g-ton
t capacity
it
University of Cambridge
University of California, Davis
IFSTTAR / LCPC Centrifuge - Nantes
Parameter Model/Prototype
Stress 1
St i
Strain 1
Length
g 1/N
/
Area 1/N2
Volume 1/N3
Mass 1/N3
Acceleration N
Scaling law for force
By definition Force = Mass X
Acceleration
Using
Us gddimensional
e s o a analysis:
a a ys s
Fprototype = M × 1 × a
= 3 × (N × a )
M
Fmod el
N
Fmodel 1
= 2
Fprototype N
Suppose we have a situation in the field where we are expecting
cap.
a 200 ton load on a pile cap
Then:
Fprototype = 200t = 2 MN
2 × 10 6
Fmod el = 2
= 200 N
100
Thus we only need to apply 200 N or 20 kg(f) in the model
Scaling law for energy
By definition energy = work done = Force
X distance
Using
Us gddimensional
e s o a analysis:
a a ys s
E prototype = F × d
F ⎛ d ⎞ F ×d
E mod el = 2 ×⎜ ⎟ =
N ⎝N⎠ N3
Emodel 1
= 3
E prototype N
Let us suppose
pp an explosion
p from a g
given device is
anticipated to yield 1 TJ of energy
p
If we model this explosion in a 100g
g centrifuge
g test,, then
E prototype = 1×
1 10 J 12
1 × 1012
Emod el = 3
= 1000.kJ
100
Thus,, we would need a much smaller explosion
p in the
centrifuge test, that can be produced by few grams of
TNT !!!
t
Tv = C v . 2
d
We wish to achieve the same degree of consolidation in the
centrifuge model as that has occurred in the field
t prototype
(Tv ) prototype = (Cv ) prototype .
(d )
2
prototype
t t
In the model:
(d )
mod el
2
prototype
(Cv )mod el
=1
(Cv ) prototype
Therefore, the time of consolidation in the model and the
prototype are related by:
2
t mod el ⎛ d mod el ⎞ 1
=⎜ ⎟ = 2
t prototype ⎜d ⎟ N
⎝ prototype ⎠
Let
L us suppose that
h a 10m
10 llayer off Marine
M i clay
l takes
ff M about
b i 10
h
years to reach 95% consolidation
10 × 365 × 24 × 60 × 60
t mod el = 2
s
100
t mod el = 31536 s = 8 . 8 . hours