DIESEL ENGINE AND GASOLINE ENGINE

Article
English For Physic

Dosen Pengampu
Dr. Ridwan Abdullah Sani. M. Si.

Disusun Oleh:

Nur Aulia Khairani ( 8176176012 )

PROGRAM STUDI S2 PENDIDIKAN FISIKA

PASCASARJANA UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN
2017
Diesel Engine and Gasoline Engine
A. Diesel Engine
1. Definition
Diesel engines are a kind of internal combustion engine; more specifically, a
compression-trigger engine, in which the fuel is ignited by high-temperature compressed gas,
and not by other energized devices (such as spark plugs). This machine does not use spark
plugs such as gasoline engines or gas engines. Diesel engines in automotive vehicles are
often used in cars that have large engine capacity, as well as large power such as trucks,
tronton, fuso, buses and other large vehicles. This is because diesel engines are suitable for
long-distance use (diesel engines are more heat resistant than gasoline engines) and great
power (due to the construction of a large-capacity diesel engine).

2. Working Principle
How it Works The diesel engine is basically the same engine as the gasoline engine
(reciprocating engine), ie the combustion pressure causes the piston to move up. To generate
power on the diesel engine performed the following steps:
1) Entrance Step
In step entry only open inlet valve. When the piston descends from the point of TMA
only air is channeled from the intake manifold into the cylinder through the inlet valve.

Figure 1. Steps in
2) Compression Step
When the piston rises again from the TMB after the entry step, the inlet valve closes, the
air flow stops. The air in the cylinder is compressed as the piston rises.

Figure 2. Compression step

3) Steps of Injection and Combustion Steps
The compression step ends, the diesel fuel is injected into the combustion chamber
directly under high pressure through the nozzle and the injector to mix with the high-
pressure hot air. The injector ensures that the fuel is split into small grains and spread
evenly. Fuel vapor then lights up due to high compressed air in the combustion chamber.
 The start of this fuel evaporation causes a waiting time during ignition, the sound of
detonation that appears on the diesel engine is when the steam reaches the flame
temperature and causes a sudden rise of pressure on the piston. Therefore, spraying fuel
into the combustion chamber begins when the piston approaches (very close) TMA to
avoid detonation. Spraying fuel directly into the combustion chamber above the piston is
called direct injection while spraying fuel into a special chamber directly related to the
main combustion chamber where the piston is called indirect injection.

Figure 3. Step Injection Figure 4. Burning Step

The description of the burning changes is as follows:
 The fuel particles are heated
 Evaporation begins
 When particles are mixed with high pressure air, the particles can burn so as to speed
up evaporation and mixing the remaining fuel. That's when the perfect combustion
can be done
4) Expenditure Measures
The combustion gases exit the cylinder through the valve as the piston moves to the
TMA, when the incoming step is repeated again and the same cycle is repeated.

Figure 5. Expenditure Measures

3. Advantages
Diesel engines have several advantages over other combustion engines:
1). Diesel engines have the best thermal efficiency compared to internal combustion
engines and other outer combustion, because they have a very high compression
ratio.
2). The diesel engine burns less fuel than the gasoline engine to produce the same work
due to combustion temperatures and higher compression ratios.
3). There is no high power voltage on the ignition system, so it is durable and easy to
use in harsh environments. The absence of coils, spark plug wires, and so on also
eliminates sources of radio frequency interference that can interfere with navigation
and communication equipment, so it is important on aircraft and ships.
 4). The durability of the diesel engine is generally 2 times longer than the gasoline
engine because the parts used have been reinforced.
5). Diesel fuel can be produced directly from petroleum. Distillation does produce
gasoline, but the result will not be enough without the presence of catalytic
reforming, which means additional costs are required.
6). Diesel fuel is generally considered safer than gasoline. Although diesel fuel can
ignite in free air if ignited with axis, but will not explode and produce no large
amount of flammable vapors. Low vapor pressure is particularly advantageous for
marine vessel applications, where fuel blends with explosive air are extremely
dangerous. For the same reason, diesel engines are resistant to vapor locks.
7). For any partial load, the fuel efficiency (mass burned per energy produced) is
almost constant for the diesel engine, while the gasoline engine will be proportional.
8). Diesel engines generate less heat wasted.
9). The diesel engine can receive pressure from a supercharger or turbocharger without
restriction (depending on the strength of the engine components only). Unlike a
gasoline engine that can cause detonation / tapping at high pressure.
10). The carbon monoxide content in the waste gas is minimal, therefore diesel engines
are used in underground mines.

4. Disadvantages
Despite its advantages, diesel engines also have some drawbacks. The shortcomings
include:
1). The initial start to trigger the engine life is more severe, thus requiring a larger battery.
2). The engine sounds bigger.
3). Works at high pressure, so it has a larger vibration on the machine.
4). Engine prices are generally more expensive because it requires the construction of extra-
thick combustion chamber to withstand enormous pressure.
5). More risk of damage if it runs out of fuel.

5. Types of Diesel Engine

The diesel engine is developed in two-stroke and four stroke versions. on the diesel
engine is also known term 2 engine and 4 stroke engine. Let us first get surgery on the
difference of diesel engine 2 tak and 4 tak following:
1) Diesel Engine 2 Step (2 Tak)

Figure 6. Diesel engine 2 step (2 Tak)

 Diesel engine 2 step (2 tak), the four cycles are divided into two steps: step 1 (suction
/ intake cycle and compression cycle) and step 2 (explosive / power cycle, and exhaust cycle).
In 2-stroke diesel engine, there are some differences compared to diesel engines that use 4
stroke. The difference lies in its crankshaft crankshaft. Where on the 2nd diesel engine is not,
in completing the cycle only 1 time only (360 degrees). In addition to the other difference is
on 2-stroke diesel engine, it does not use valve and noken as / camshaft as in 4 stroke engine,
both functions will be replaced by a membrane located after the carburetor. There are several
advantages of 2-stroke diesel engine compared to 4 stroke diesel engine. In addition to more
responsive, 2-stroke diesel engine is great power generated larger than 4-stroke diesel engine.
However, because the power generated is greater, the use of fuel on the 2-stroke diesel engine
is certainly larger too, especially during high phase / RPM. In addition, the fuel from this
machine is not just one type, but it needs to be done with special oil pengliter who often we
call the side oil. That's why the 2 diesel engines do not generate smoke (due to the process of
side oil combustion)

2) Diesel Engine 4 Step (4 Tak)

Figure 7. Diesel engine 4 step (4 tak)

Diesel engine 4 step (4 tak) every step done in each step. For a four-stroke diesel
engine, in completing its cycle, it requires two rounds of crankshaft (720 degrees). The
advantage of diesel engine 4 stroke compared to 2-stroke diesel engine is on this engine fuel
used more efficient and certainly more environmentally friendly (because there is no side oil
combustion process). But because the process of operation is longer than 2-stroke diesel
engine certainly makes it less responsive and the power generated by the RPM / RPM tends
to be lower than 2-stroke diesel engine. The other difference lies in the 4-stroke engine
having a valve driven by a noken as it is not owned by a 2-stroke engine.

6. Application of Diesel Engine

Usage This machine was originally used as a substitute for steam engines. Since the
1910's, this machine began to be used for ships and submarines, followed by locomotives,
trucks, power plants and other heavy equipment. In the 1930s, diesel engines began to be
used for cars.
B. Gasoline Engine
1. Definition
Gasoline engine or Otto engine is a type of internal combustion engine that uses spark
plug for combustion process, designed to use gasoline or similar fuel.

2. Working Principle
Different petrol engines with diesel engines in the method of mixing fuel with air,
because gasoline engines always use the ignition of the spark plug for the combustion
process. In gasoline engines, in general air and fuel are mixed before entering the combustion
chamber, a small portion of modern gasoline engines applying direct fuel injection to the
combustion chamber including a 2-stroke gasoline engine to obtain environmentally friendly
exhaust emissions. The mixing of air and fuel is carried out by the carburetor or injection
system, both of which progress from the manual system to the addition of electronic sensors.
Fuel Injection System in otto motors occurs outside the cylinder, the goal is to mix air with
fuel sepororsional possible.
In order to generate the power of motion, the gasoline engine performed the following
stages of the process:
1) Gas suction (gasoline and air mixture) into the cylinder when the piston moves down.
2) Compression inside the combustion chamber when the piston moves up. At the end of
this compression is ignited by the spark plugs, so that the gas burns.
3) The work of moving the piston down because pressed by the gas of combustion with
temperature and high pressure.
4) Disposal, ie removing the residual gas of combustion to the outside of the cylinder
The working principle of a 2-stroke engine is an internal combustion engine that has
two processes for the sustainability of the system. Machine 2 stroke, it takes only one crank
turn to generate power. So that can be said, the working principle of two-stroke engine is a
machine that produces power through a single crank. This means that when the piston moves
from TDC to BDC, it will perform two processes at once. Machine 2 has no more closed
construction. Crank and combustion chamber are connected through a pipe so there is no
valve mechanism inside 2-stroke engine. So that the workings of gasoline engine 2 can not be
said more simple
Almost the same as a 2-stroke engine that utilizes the movement up and down the
piston, but the 4-stroke engine has no more phase. The working principle of the 4 stroke
engine is an internal combustion engine that generates power through two revolutions of the
crank in each phase.

3. Advantages
Gasoline engines have several advantages including:
1) To accelerate the engine is much more responsive, so to precede other vehicles can be
more easily achieved.
2) The sound generated when the engine starts to start to accelerate sounds smoother.
3) The level of pollution alias air pollution is lower.
4) Technical specifications of the machine are easy to understand. That is, if the machine or
parts of damaged machine components can be known symptoms. In terms of regular
maintenance is much easier and cheaper.

4. Disadvantages
1) In addition to having advantages, gasoline engines also have shortcomings, namely:
Require the use of high-octane fuel above 91. Because, if wearing under 91 will
experience the symptoms of knocking (knocking) of the engine that affects the engine
performance is decreased.
2) Usually maximum torque can be obtained at high engine spin rate.
3) The nature of the gasoline fuels is more flammable, and this becomes dangerous if there
is a leak in the gas hose, fuel tank or carburetor.
4) Has a complicated component specification. For example by adopting the VTEC
technology (valve regulation system) as it is in Honda. In addition, some components
also need maintenance, such as spark plugs that must be replaced every age of certain
usage.
5) Gasoline engines are more susceptible to water or flooding because of the large number
of electrical components such as platinum, distributor, spark plugs or on the Engine
Control Unit (ECU) type vehicles are also susceptible to water spray. Because of these
factors, gasoline engines are considered less resilient to water hammer than diesel
engines.

5. Types of Gasoline Engine

The types of gasoline engines based on the combustion process cycle are:
1) Two-stroke engine, requires two piston steps in one cycle of combustion process.
2) The four-stroke engine requires four piston steps in one cycle of combustion process.
3) The six-stroke engine requires six piston steps in one cycle of combustion process.
4) Wankel engine (rotary engine / wankel engine). requires a full rotation of the rotor in one
combustion cycle.

6. Application of Gasoline Engine

Gasoline engines are often used in:
1) Motorcycle
2) Car
3) Aircraft
4) Machine for lawn mower
5) Machines for speedboat and so on

7. Differences Diesel Engine and Gasoline Engine

Both gasoline engines or diesel engines are both types of internal combustion engines.
The principle is also the same, because the diesel engine also has a two-stroke version. But in
the process and performance, these two machines are very different.
1) Diesel engines use diesel as fuel, while gasoline engines of course use gasoline. Solar is
actually safer than gasoline, because unlike gasoline, diesel is usually more resistant to
high heat. Fire would not immediately grab the diesel fuel as fire grabbed. Another solar
property that benefits the wearer is when the engine works, diesel does not produce as
much steam as gasoline. Thereby reducing the possibility of burning due to high heat. As
a result, the use of diesel fuel is safer than gasoline.
2) Engine Resistance When compared to gasoline engines, diesel engines are much more
powerful. Diesel engines are already designed to be off road, meaning that diesel can
produce high torque at low rpm, making it suitable for use in areas with tracks away from
the word smooth.
3) Diesel engines that do not have electrical components such as spark plugs will not cause a
short circuit like that often happens in gasoline cars.
4) Machine Treatment More complex diesel engines require extra maintenance that costs
more money while the gasoline engine maintenance is very easy and not as complicated
as diesel engine maintenance when damaged.
5) Engine Efficiency Diesel engines tend to be much more efficient than gasoline engines.
When compared to the use of the same fuel, diesel engines use 40% less fuel than
gasoline engines.