Fundamentals

Opera:ng Systems

Dr. P. Sateesh Kumar

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 Few Ques:ons…
•  What are the components of the System?
Fundamentals

–  Hardware
–  Opera:ng System
–  Applica:ons
–  Users

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 Few Ques:ons…
•  What is a soSware? Types??
Fundamentals

– Applica:on
– System

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 Few Ques:ons…
•  Give some examples of Applica:on SoSware?
Fundamentals

•  MS – Office
–  Word, Power Point, Databases, U:li:es etc
•  Adobe Photoshop
•  Railway Reserva:on
•  Bank Transac:ons (online)
•  and MANY MORE…

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 Few Ques:ons…
•  Give some examples of System SoSware?
Fundamentals

•  Opera/ng Systems
•  Assembler
•  Compiler
•  Interpreter
•  Linker
•  Loader etc.

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 Few Ques:ons…
•  Why study Opera:ng Systems?
Fundamentals

•  Build, modify, or administer an opera:ng

system
•  Understand system performance
–  Behavior of OS impacts en:re machine
–  Tune workload performance
–  Apply knowledge across many areas
•  Computer architecture, programming languages, data structures
and algorithms, and performance modeling

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 Opera:ng Systems

Fundamentals

Applica/ons
----------------- (Logical Interface)
Opera/ng System
----------------- (Physical Interface)
Hardware

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 Role..
•  Role #1: Provide standard Library (i.e., abstract
resources)
Fundamentals

•  What is a resource?
–  Anything that has iden:ty
•  (e.g., CPU, memory, disk)
•  Advantages of standard library
–  Allow applica:ons to reuse common facili:es
–  Make different devices look the same
•  Challenges
–  What are the correct abstrac:ons?
–  How much of hardware should be exposed?
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 Role..
•  Role #2: Resource coordinator (I.e., manager)
Fundamentals

•  Advantages of resource coordinator

–  Virtualize resources – so, mul:ple users or
applica:ons can share
–  Protect applica:ons from one another
–  Provide efficient and fair access to resources
•  Challenges
–  What are the correct mechanisms?
–  What are the correct policies?
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 OS Components
•  Kernel: Core components of the OS
–  Program Execu:on (Process Management)
Fundamentals

–  Interrupts
–  Modes
–  Memory Management
–  Virtual Memory
–  Mul:tasking
–  Disk access and File Systems
–  Device Drivers
•  Networking
–  Enables processes to communicate with one another
•  Security
–  Authen:ca:on, Authoriza:on (Access Controls)
•  User Interface
–  Shell ( CLI or GUI)
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 Func:ons…
•  Depends on
Fundamentals

–  User Expecta:ons
–  Technology Changes

•  Should adapt both
•  Change abstrac:ons provided to users
•  Change algorithms to implement those abstrac:ons
•  Change low-level implementa:on to deal with hardware

•  Lead to Evolu:on of Many Opera:ng Systems

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 Evolu:on of the OS
•  Two dis:nct phases of history
Fundamentals

–  Phase 1: Computers are expensive

•  Goal: Use computer’s :me efficiently
•  Maximize throughput (I.e., jobs per second)
•  Maximize u:liza:on (I.e., percentage busy)
–  Phase 2: Computers are inexpensive
•  Goal: Use people’s :me efficiently
•  Minimize response :me

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