7.

Power System Planning

 
7.1 Methods of power system planning
 The steps taken in the method of power system planning studies are
1. Forecast of annual energy and power demand 
2. Load modelling 
3. Generation and choice of mixing the various types of generating stations  
4. Optimization of power plant characteristics 
5. New substations; their capacity and location 
6. New power plants and their subdivision in the main areas 
7. Network expansion 
8. Optimization of equipment characteristics

7.2 Types of forecast of power system planning
 The forecast may be three Type
1. Long term forecast
2. Medium term forecast
3. Short term forecast

(1) Long term forecast
 Long‐term forecasts time period varies from 15 to 20 years of studying the energy
problems.
 It takes four to six years for the construction, installation and maintenance of the
equipment in power‐stations.
 Long term forecast indicates the sales and purchase of the equipment.
 Long term forecast indicates the energy policies.
(2) Medium term forecast
 Medium‐term forecasts time period varies from 5 to 6 years of planning and size of the
power station.
 Medium term forecast indicates the transmission and distribution losses.
 Medium term forecast indicates the sales and purchase of the energy.
 Medium term forecast indicates the Energy conservation.
(3) Short term forecast
 Short‐term forecasts of 1 to 2 years are mainly of value in deciding operating procedures
and preparing budget estimation.
 Short term forecast indicates the sales and purchase of the power.
 Short term forecast indicates the development of distribution networks.

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 7. Power System Planning
 
7.3 Forecasting load and energy requirements
The following methods are used for forecasts or estimates of future demand of electrical energy
1. Load‐survey methods
2. Methods of extrapolation
3. Mathematical methods
4. Energy consumptions.
(1) Load‐survey methods
 This method the area under consideration existing and future load requirements are
forecast.
 The consumer groups are classified into residential consumers, domestic consumers,
commercial consumers and industrial consumers.
 This method consider the load forecast of next four to six years for the loads increment
in the various categories.
 This method is consider the characteristics of the load
 Load survey method distribution loss is 10 to 15%.
(2) Methods of extrapolation
 This method involves the study of the data collected from various records and is used in
the comparison of trends of increase in demand and energy consumption during past
periods comparable with the periods of the forecasts.
 Extrapolation methods rates are then used for the future estimates of the forecasts.
 In the statistical method of prediction of future load and future possible energy
consumption, the curve of load (kW) against years and the curve of energy consumed (kW
h) against years should be plotted.
(3) Mathematical methods
 This method curves are plotted with the data of the energy consumption for past years.
 This method uses the linear and exponential curve fitting techniques.
 This method is applicable where adequate statistical data over a sufficient long period on
the past consumption is available.
(4) Energy Consumptions
It is observed that the specific yearly power consumption depends on the economic factor
in the country.
 Changes in demand for various types of energy by economic sectors.
 Balance between the demand for commercial energy and the various activity of the
economy.
 Efficiency of the commercial sources in the economic sectors.
 Cost of energy in relation to the rate of growth of the economy.
 Energometric indices for the per capita consumption of the commercial energy, non‐
commercial energy, electricity, etc.
 Capital investment in energy in relation to the investment of total energy.

Jay Dhol, EE Department Power System Planning (2180903) 2

 
 7. Power System Planning
 
7.4 Generation planning
 The power generation planning should be check the availability of the source of energy
and also check the characteristics of the source of energy.
 The adequate reliability will depend on the size, type of power plant, quality of
generation.

The following factors for selection of generating station planning.
1. Site and location of the generating plant.
2. Availability of the fuel and fuel cost.
3. Cost of land.
4. Economical distribution and the lowest cost of power.
5. Power station should be locate centre of the load area.
6. Reduce the cost per kWh generation.
7. Increase the efficiency of the power plant.

Jay Dhol, EE Department Power System Planning (2180903) 3

 
 7. Power System Planning
 
7.5 Transmission system planning
 A basic problem in transmission line planning is economics and reliability of
transmission system.
 Generation expansion pattern are consider in transmission system planning.
 The adequacy of the transmission network is examined using conventional ac load‐
flow methods.
 The economic generation schedule should be included in the examination of
transmission system adequacy under both the peak‐load and off‐load conditions.
 Transmission planning is shown in the fig. 7.1
Start

Read data of power system

Read generating capacityand forecast of the load during year

Find economic generation schedule

Perform load flow analysis

Are the bus voltages satisfactory?

Yes
No
Select the bus with maximum percent below the desired voltage.

Any overloads on transformer and line?

No
Yes
Check and solve overload of transformer and line

any other load in lines and transformer?

No
Yes
Check generation schedule and check the operating condition

Perform reliability of electrical power system.

Any bus risk level are acceptable value?

No
Yes
Perform reliability of electrical power system.

Find the cost of power system planning

Is the power system Planning complete?

No
Yes
Stop
Figure 7. 1 Flow diagram of transmission planning system

Jay Dhol, EE Department Power System Planning (2180903) 4

 
 7. Power System Planning
 
7.6 Distribution planning
 The Distribution planning is one portion of the distribution system is closely related
to design of other parts of the system e.g. distribution voltage, arrangement of other
equipment etc.
 It is advantageous of the step by step expansion planning.
 Investment is a major point in the distribution planning.
 Check the existing distribution system data.
 Analyzed the load pattern.
 Distribution planning is shown in the fig. 7.2

Read data of Distribution system

Existing Forecasts of Types of load Policies of the

Distribution System Distribution system Distribution System

Forecasts of
Distribution system

Distribution system expansion and design

Perform reliability of electrical power system.

Cost of Expantion
Reliability of the distribution system
check the all data of distribution planning  
Figure 7. 2 Block diagram of Distribution planning system

7.7 Reliability of electrical power systems

 Reliability of electrical power system is the basic function of an electric power
generation to satisfy the system load requirements.
 The reliability of the system will success combinations for a given period of time.
 Reliability is expressed as a probability function, with time and environment as
variables.
 Reliability is in terms of an average time between failures and an average repair time.
 When the component is new so the rate of failure system will decreasing.
 When the component operates as per design, the failure rate is relatively small.




Jay Dhol, EE Department Power System Planning (2180903) 5
 
 7. Power System Planning
 
7.8 Methods of measuring power system reliability
 Measures of reliability which are  
F = average number of service interruptions
R = average customer restoration time
H = average total interruption time
 
Number of customers interruption per year
F
Number of customers served

Number of customers interruption hours during year

    R  
Number of customers interruption during year

Number of customers interruption hours during year

H
Number of customers served
   

Jay Dhol, EE Department Power System Planning (2180903) 6