Water Treatment Nptel Week 6

27‐08‐2018
WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND RECYCLING

Basics of Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Week 5- Lecture 23
Dr. MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI

SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCES
IIT KHARAGPUR
Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Image Source : http://www.moneycontrol.com/gestepahead/powering/article/state‐of‐ Image Source : http://keranews.org/post/wichita‐falls‐drops‐wastewater‐reuse‐
wastewater‐treatment‐in‐india‐961633‐2.html project
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Objectives of Wastewater Treatment

o Wastewater collected from various communities must be ultimately returned to the
receiving waters or applied to land or reused after making it safe for the purpose,
ensuring no danger to human health or damage to the environment.
o The objective of wastewater treatment is to extract and remove various pollutants and
toxicants including suspended and dissolved materials as well as pathogens present in
the wastewater so that its quality is improved to reach the permissible level of water
to be discharged/reused.
o The degree of treatment required depends on the characteristics of the raw

wastewater and the desired quality of treated water for disposal or reuse, which is
eventually governed by state regulated wastewater discharged standards or water
quality standard for recycling/reuse.
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Wastewater Discharge Standards: The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986
Source : http://cpcb.nic.in/GeneralStandards.pdf
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Wastewater Discharge Standards: Environment (Protection) Amendment Rules, 2017
Source : http://envfor.nic.in/sites/default/files/Sewage%20Treatment%20Plants.pdf
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Wastewater Reuse Standards

US‐EPA/USAID Guidelines
WHO microbiological quality guidelines for wastewater use in agriculture
Source :
WHO (2006), A compendium of standards for wastewater reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
(http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/116515/dsa1184.pdf;jsessionid=0CBE6A6098376FF
9A870FADD88AD6949?sequence=1)
Source : EPA, Process Design Manual: Guidelines for Water Reuse, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1992:
Report No. EPA‐625/R‐92‐004 (cited in) Guidelines and Standards for Wastewater Reuse
(https://cgi.tuharburg.de/~awwweb/wbt/emwater/documents/lesson_d1.pdf)
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Wastewater Reuse Standards: Irrigation

FAO guidelines for trace metals in irrigation water FAO guidelines for interpretation of water quality for irrigation
Source :
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665
/116515/dsa1184.pdf;jsessionid=0CBE6A609837
6FF9A870FADD88AD6949?sequence=1
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Wastewater Treatment Processes

o A typical wastewater treatment plant consists of several treatment steps encompassing
unit operations and unit processes.
o Treatment units (methods) in which the application of physical forces predominate are
called Unit Operations. Here primarily physical separation of the pollutant occurs (e.g.
screening, grit chamber, sedimentation etc.).
o Treatment units (methods) in which chemical or biological reactions predominate are

called Unit Processes. In such units, the pollutant is chemically or biologically
transformed to usually smaller compounds (e.g. biodegradation or chemical
degradation steps).
o Since, the municipal as well as industrial wastewaters contain physical as well as

chemical pollutants, often a combination of several unit operations and unit
processes are needed for the complete treatment of wastewater.
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Municipal Wastewater Treatment: Typical Processes
Preliminary and primary treatment

are grouped under primary treatment
in several references
Image Source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0551e/t0551e0j.gif
(Cited Source) Asano T., Smith R.G. and Tchobanoglous G. (1985)
Municipal wastewater: Treatment and reclaimed water characteristics.
Irrigation with Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater ‐ A Guidance Manual,
G.S. Pettygrove and T. Asano (eds). Lewis Publishers Inc., Mississippi
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Municipal Wastewater Treatment: Stages

Primary Treatment
o Preliminary treatment – for screening of large floating material and removal of grits.
o Primary treatment ‐ the physical settling of insoluble solids from a wastewater

stream, usually called primary settling.
o Secondary treatment ‐ the biological treatment system followed by secondary

clarification for the separation of biological solids from the main wastewater stream
o Tertiary (or Advanced) treatment ‐ Any treatment following secondary treatment,

usually for the removal of nutrients, high TDS, microbial pollutions etc.
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Wastewater Treatment Plants

Nagpur Wastewater Treatment Plant South Bend Wastewater Treatment Plant, Indiana
Image Source: Image Source:
http://vilindia.com/waste‐water/200‐mld‐waste‐water‐treatment‐project‐in‐nagpur/ https://www.southbendin.gov/government/content/treatment‐plant
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Wastewater Treatment Units: Screening
Week 5- Lecture 24

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Screening
o Screening is the first unit operation in a
wastewater treatment plant.
o A screen is a device with openings, generally

of uniform size, used to retain suspended or
floating coarse materials (pieces of cloths,
wood, leaves, plastics, rags, papers etc.) found
in the influent wastewater.
o These materials must be removed at the

beginning of treatment process, otherwise
could damage subsequent process equipment
e.g. pumps, valves, pipe lines, impellers,
thereby reducing overall treatment process Image Source : http://industrialwatertreatments.com/screening/
reliability & effectiveness.

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Features of the Screen

o The screening element may consist any of
the following:
 Parallel bars or rods,
 Gratings
 Wire meshes
 Perforated plates
o The openings are usually rectangular or

circular, however could be of any shape.
o Depending on the size of opening, the Image Source : https://www.wateronline.com/doc/wwema‐window‐slots‐vs‐holes‐in‐

preliminary‐treatment‐screening‐0001
screens may be coarse, medium or fine.
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Types of Screens
Screening
Coarse Screens (Bar racks or Bar Screens) Fine Screens Micro Screens

6 to 150 mm < 6mm < 0.5 µm
Hand Mechanically Static wedgewire Drum Step

cleaned cleaned
Chain driven Reciprocating Rake Catenary Continuous Belt
Source : Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, p: 315; Metcalf &Eddy, 2003
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Coarse Screens
o Coarse screens, usually bar screens or bar racks
and sometimes used in conjunction with
comminuting devices, have clear openings
ranging from 6 ‐ 150 mm (0.25 ‐ 6 in).
o They serve more as protective devices,

specifically used to remove rags and large objects
that might damage other appurtenances.
o A bar screen is composed of vertical or inclined

bars spaced at equal intervals with relatively large
openings of approx. 25 mm (may be in the range
of 15 mm to 40 mm) across the channel through
which wastewater flows. Image Sources : https://aosts.com/types‐wastewater‐screening/
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Coarse Screen: Bar Racks
Image Sources : https://www.aboutcivil.org/preliminary‐treatment‐process‐of‐waste‐water.html
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Coarse Screen: Cleaning

o Bar screens are usually hand cleaned, and sometimes
provided with mechanical devices.
o These cleaning devices are rakes which periodically
sweep the entire screen removing the solids for further
processing or disposal. Some mechanical cleaners utilize
chains/cables to move the rake through screen openings.
Screenings are raked to a platform with perforations
which permits the drainage of water back to the unit.
o Hand cleaned racks are set usually at an angle of 450 to
increase the effective cleaning surface.
o Mechanically cleaned racks are generally erected almost
vertically. Such bar screens have openings 25% in excess Image Sources:
of the cross section of the sewage channel. Their area is http://www.astim.web.tr/urunler.php?kat_1=6512bd43d9ca
a6e02c990b0a82652dca&kat_2=c9f0f895fb98ab9159f51fd0
usually half of that required for hand raked screens. 297e236d&kat_3=d3d9446802a44259755d38e6d163e820
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Medium Screens
o Medium bar screens have clear openings of around 12 mm. Bars are usually
10 mm thick on the upstream side and taper slightly to the downstream
side.
o These mechanically raked units are used before all pumps or treatment
units such as the stabilization ponds. The bars used for the screens are
rectangular in cross‐section usually about 10 mm × 50 mm and are placed
with the larger dimension parallel to the flow. A weir on the side of the
screen may be used as an overflow bypass.
Sources : CPHEEO (2012) Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, Part A: Engineering
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Fine Screens
o Fine screens are mechanically cleaned devices
using perforated plates, woven wire cloth or
closely spaced bars with clear openings of
typically less than 6 mm (Commonly available in
the opening size ranging from 0.035 to 6 mm).
o Fine screens are generally used for pre‐treatment

of industrial wastes to remove materials which
tend to produce excessive scum or foam.
o Fine screens are not normally suitable for sewage

because of the clogging possibilities.
o Fine screens may be of the drum or disc type, Image Sources : https://engineeringcivil.org/articles/environmental‐

engineering/wastewater‐screening‐classification‐screens‐complete‐list‐
mechanically cleaned and continuously operated. wastewater‐treatment/attachment/perforated‐fine‐screen‐water‐online/
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Micro Screens
o Not used as preliminary treatment,
but suspended solids are removed
using micro screens from secondary
effluent and stabilizing pond
effluent.
o Not very popular due to

disadvantages including improper
removal of solids and inefficiency in
handling solids fluctuations. Image Sources : http://www.huber.co.uk/products/screens‐and‐fine‐
screens/ultra‐fine‐screens.html
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Comminuting Devices (Grinder)

o A comminuting device is a mechanically
cleaned screen that shred the coarse solid
materials and return these materials into the
wastewater flow.
o These devices cut the retained solids, thus
enabling them to pass along with the sewage.
The solids from the comminuting devices may
lead to more scum in the digester.
o They are recommended for smaller sized STPs Image Sources : https://franklinmiller.com/white‐
papers/grinders‐shredders‐comminutors‐evolving‐technology/
of up to 1 MLD.
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Location and Housing of Screens

o Screening devices are usually located where they are readily accessible as it
requires frequent inspection and maintenance. Where screens are placed in
deep pits or channels, it is necessary to provide sufficiently wide approaches
from the top and ample working space for easy access and maintenance.
o The screen chamber to house the screening equipment depends on the type
of equipment and the climatic conditions. Screen house (chamber) can be
omitted for hand cleaned screens if climatic conditions are not severe.
o Mechanically cleaned screens generally need suitable housing to protect the
equipment, and ensure proper operation. Ventilation of the housing is
necessary to prevent moisture accumulation and corrosive atmosphere.
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Hydraulics of Screens
o Screens are provided to remove the materials which would impede the flow
in the treatment plant. Hence, continuous cleaning arrangement can keep
the interference of the solid materials to a minimum.
o On the other hand, periodic cleaning arrangements may cause surges of high
flow after cleaning.
o Usually, the base of the screen is placed a few centimeters below the invert
of the base channel and the grade of the influent conduit is steepened
immediately preceding the screen.
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Velocity through the Screens

o The velocity through the screen should be such that maximum amount of
screenings (preferably 100%) are retained without undue deposition.
o Velocities of 0.6 to 1.2 m/s through the open area for the peak flows have
been used satisfactorily. The velocity should not be less than 0.3 m/s to
prevent the deposition of solids.
o A velocity of 0.8 m/s is appropriate for considerable amounts of storm water
while preventing grit decomposition at the bottom of the screen
o A straight channel succeeding the screen assures good velocity distribution
across the screen and maximum effectiveness of the device.
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Head Loss through the Screens

o Head loss depends on the quantity and nature of screenings accumulated.
o Head loss can be calculated using the following formula:
.
where:
is the head loss in meters.
is the velocity through the screens in meters/second.
is the before the screen in meters/second.
The value of is usually 0.15 and should not exceed 0.3 for clogged hand screen.
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o Another approach to determine head loss through a bar rack is by Kirschmer’s equation:
Types of bars/screens Values

of
where:
Sharp edged rectangular bar 2.42
h is the head loss in meters. Rectangular bar with semicircle 1.83
is the bar shape factor. upstream
Circular bar 1.79
is the maximum width of bar facing the flow in meters.
Rectangular bar with both u/s 1.67
is the minimum clear spacing between bars in meters. and d/s face as semi‐circular
is the velocity head of flow approaching rack in meters and is calculated as:
is the angle of inclination of rack with the horizontal. Sources : CPHEEO (2012) Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, Part A: Engineering
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o For fine screens head loss is given by:
where:
• is the discharge in ⁄
• is the coefficient of discharge (usually taken as 0.6)
• is the effective submerged open area in .
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Disposal of Screening
o The quantity of screening varies depending on the type of screen as well as
sewer system and its characteristics. Quantity of screening removed by bar
screen mostly ranges between 0.0035 to 0.0375 m3 / 1000 m3 of wastewater
treated, with an approximate typical value of 0.015 m3/1000 m3 of
wastewater.
o Screenings is usually disposed off along with municipal solid waste on
sanitary landfill. It can also be brought back to the wastewater after passing
it through grinders or disintegrator pumps. Other options include
incinerating (for large sewage treatment plant) or burring at the plant site
(for smaller plants).
Source : Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, p: 315; Metcalf &Eddy, 2003
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Wastewater Treatment Units: Grit Removal and Equalization
Week 5- Lecture 25

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Grit Removal
o Grit chamber is usually the second unit operation intended
to remove grit from the wastewater.
o Grit is the heaviest material in wastewater and includes
substances such as sand, coffee grounds, gravel, cinders etc.
(specific gravity between 2.4‐2.65, much higher than organic solids).
o Grit removal is necessary to protect the moving mechanical
equipment and pump elements from abrasion and abnormal
wear and tear. Removal of grit also reduces the frequency of
cleaning of digesters and settling tanks.
o Grit is non‐putrescible and possesses a higher hydraulic
subsidence value than organic solids, therefore can be
separated from organic solids by differential sedimentation Image Source :
in a grit chamber and sedimentation tank. https://water.me.vccs.edu/concepts/stoverview.html
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Grit Removal
o Both quality and quantity of grit varies depending upon:
Types of street surfaces encountered Relative areas served

Types of inlets and catch basins Climatic conditions
Construction and condition of sewer system Sewer grades
Ground and ground water characteristics Industrial wastes
Amount of storm water diverted through over flows points Social habits
Night soil and other solids admitting to sewers (through dumping chutes or pail depots)
o This is usually limited to municipal wastewater and generally not required for industrial
effluent treatment plant, except some industrial wastewaters which may have grit.
Source : CPHEEO (2012) Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, Part A: Engineering
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Grit Chamber: Types and Classification

o In a Grit Chamber, the wastewater passes into a wide basin, which slows the wastewater's
velocity. The slower flow causes grit to settle out.
o There are various types of Grit Chamber, depending on flow and design:
As per CPHEEO Manual: As per Metcalf &Eddy (2003): As per EPA fact sheet:
i. Velocity controlled V shaped i. Horizontal Flow Grit Chamber‐ i. Aerated Grit Chambers
longish grit channels of rectangular or square ii. Vortex Type (paddle or jet
ii. Square shaped chambers configuration. induced vortex) grit removal
with entry and exit on ii. Aerated Grit Chamber – system
opposite sites and mild selective removal of grit with iii. Detritus tank (short term
hopper spiral flow aeration tank sedimentation basins)
iii. Vortex type conical chambers iii. Vortex Type Grit Chambers‐ iv. Horizontal flow grit chambers
where the centrifugal action cylindrical tank with centrifugal (velocity controlled)
plummets the grit to the and gravitational forces as the v. Hydrocyclones (cyclonic inertial
bottom cause of separation. separation)
Sources : CPHEEO (2012) Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, Part A: Engineering; Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, p: 315; Metcalf &Eddy, 2003;
https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/final_sgrit_removal.pdf
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Design of Grit Chamber

o Variations of sewage on hourly basis and typical values of minimum, average and peak
flows and the flow through velocity are essential for design of grit chambers.
o The Grit chamber can be designed considering it as a sedimentation basin and the grit as
discrete particles settling at their own settling velocities, which depends on the size and
specific gravity of the grit particles and viscosity of the sewage.
o As per CPHEEO Manual, the minimum size of grit is 0.2 mm with a preferable range of 0.10
to 0.15 mm while the specific gravity of the grit particles for design is 2.65.
o The settling velocity for discrete particles is given by the general equation (Transition Law):
, • is the settling velocity in ⁄
• is the Newton coefficient of
.
• is the acceleration due to gravity in ⁄
Drag, approximated as . • is the mass density of the grit particle in ⁄
• is the Reynolds Number (from 1 • is the mass density of the liquid in ⁄
to 1000) • is the size of the particle in
Sources : CPHEEO (2012) Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, Part A: Engineering; Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, p: 315; Metcalf &Eddy, 2003
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o The settling velocity for particles with Reynolds Number < 1 is given by Stoke’s Law:
where,
• is the settling velocity in ⁄
• is the acceleration due to gravity in ⁄
• is the mass density of the grit particle in ⁄
• is the mass density of the liquid in ⁄
= • is the size of the particle in
• is the kinematic viscosity of the sewage in ⁄
• is the specific gravity of the grit particles (dimensionless)
o When particle size exceeds 1 mm and Reynolds number is above 1000, is assumed to be
0.4, and the settling velocity is given by Newton’s Law: . .
o The settling velocity may also be given by Hazen’s modified equation for grit particles in
the transition zone, as: where,
• and are measured in ⁄ and respectively, and
. • T is the temperature in .
Sources : CPHEEO (2012) Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, Part A: Engineering; Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, p: 315; Metcalf &Eddy, 2003
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o The efficiency of an ideal settling basin is expressed as the ratio of the settling velocity of
the particles to be removed ( ) to the Surface Overflow Rate ( ): = /
o The surface overflow rate (SOR, ) is the ratio of the flow of sewage to be treated in an
ideal settling tank to the plan area of the tank, i.e., / and is equivalent to the settling
velocity of the particles removed completely in an ideal settling tank.
o The surface areas for the grit chamber is calculated on the basis of the SOR taken as critical
settling velocity for the desired particle size removal.
Settling velocities and surface overflow rates for ideal grit chamber at 100C
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o In practice, the SOR should be diminished to account for the non‐ideal basin performance
due to turbulence and short‐circuiting resulting from eddy, wind and density currents. For a
real basin with a indicated efficiency of grit removal and basin performance, surface area
could be determined from: where,
• η : Desired efficiency of removal of grit particle
η = 1 – [1+nvs / (Q/A)] -1/n • vs : Settling velocity of minimum size of grit particle to be removed
• Q/A : Design surface over flow rate applicable for grit chamber to be designed
• n : An index which is a measured the basin performance.
[n are 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 and 1 for very good, good, poor and very poor performance]
o To achieve 75% removal efficiency in grit chamber, design SOR (= Q/A) will be 66.67%,
58.8%, 50% and 33.3% of the settling velocity of the grit particles to be removed with very
good, good, poor and very poor tank performance respectively. In practice, values of two
thirds to one half are used in design depending upon the type of the grit chamber.
o Typically, at average flow, detention time in a grit chamber should not exceed 60 seconds.
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o The optimum velocity of flow through the grit chamber also depends on the scouring
process. The critical velocity for scour (vc) beyond which particles of a certain size and
density once settled, may be again placed in motion and reintroduced into the stream, may
be calculated from modified Shields’ formula:
vc = Kc √(g(Ss -1)d) where Kc = 3 to 4.5 (a value of 4.0 is usually adopted for grit particles).
o There should be min. two units of manually cleaned grit chambers, while for mechanically
cleaned chambers, a manually cleaned chamber should be provided as a by pass.
o For velocity controlled grit chambers, head loss varies from 0.06 m to 0.6 m depending on
the device used for velocity control.
o Depending on the interval of clearing, additional depth for storage of grit shall be provided.
Further, a free board of 150 to 300 mm is recommended. Bottom slopes are based on the
type of scraper mechanism used.
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Clearing of the Grit

o Grits can be removed manually or mechanically, however manual clearing should be
avoided except in the case of very small STPs (< 1 MLD) where velocity controlled channels
can be cleared by the operator using a shovel.
o In mechanical clearing, equipments are provided for collection as well as washing of grit
(mostly by agitation mechanisms), and can be operated on either a continuous or
intermittent basis.
o The settled grit on the floor is collected by scrapper blades or ploughs and elevated to the
ground level by various mechanisms such as bucket elevators, jet pump, screws and air lift.
o In intermittently (normally once or twice a day) operated type, sufficient storage capacity
to hold the grit between intervals of grit elevation should be provided.
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Disposal of Grit
o Clean grit is odourless and may be disposed by dumping
or burying or by sanitary landfill.
o If not washed, grit particles may contain organic matter

which adds odour and is not suitable for disposal.
o However, the ultimate method of disposal depends on

the quantity and other characteristics of the particles
and further on the availability of the land for dumping
or burial.
o The odorous grit particles are preferably buried, unless

washed. Image Source : https://www.evcsl.com/industrial‐
services/cdenviro‐dmax‐mobile‐grit‐screenings‐separation‐unit
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Equalization Tank (Optional)

o For domestic and industrial wastewater streams with significant variations in
wastewater flow and/or characteristics, equalization tank is provided to ensure
consistent flow and quality of influent to the subsequent treatment units, thereby
avoiding hydraulic or organic shock loading.
o It is often not needed when the inflow source and quantity does not vary significantly,
such as large STPs.
o The objectives of providing equalization tank includes:

 to balance fluctuating flows or concentrations,
 to assist self neutralization, or
 to even out the effect of a periodic "slug" discharge from a batch process
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Equalization Tank: Benefits

o Shock loading eliminated or minimized, hence biological processes are enhanced.
o Effluent from biological treatment have better quality and improved thickening.
o Effluent filtration surface area requirements are reduced with improved filter
performance and more uniform filter back‐wash cycles.
o In chemical treatment, chemical feed control and process reliability are improved due
to damping of mass loading.
o Provides protection against higher level of toxic loads.
o Risk of plant failures are reduced.
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Equalization Tank: Design Considerations

o Generally of three types:
o Flow through type
o Intermittent flow type
o Variable inflow/constant discharge type
Image Source : https://www.aireo2.com/en/applications/equalization‐basin/
o The optimum location of the equalization tank varies according to collection system,
wastewater to be handled, land requirements and availability and type of treatment
required.
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Equalization Tank: Design Considerations

o Volume Requirements for the
Equalization Basin are obtained from
an inflow cumulative volume diagram
where cumulative inflow volume is
plotted against the time of the day.
Typical wastewater treatment plant incorporating in‐line flow equalization
Source: Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, Metcalf & Eddy, 2003
o Other factors considered for design
include:
o Basin geometry,
o Basin construction,
o Mixing and air requirements,
o Operational appurtenances and
Typical wastewater treatment plant incorporating off‐line flow equalization
o Pumping systems. Source: Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, Metcalf & Eddy, 2003
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Wastewater Treatment Units: Primary Sedimentation
Week 5- Lecture 26

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Primary Sedimentation in Wastewater Treatment
Image Source : https://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/wwtp‐overview.htm
o After removal of larger floating and suspended materials (through screening) and heavier
grit materials (in grit chamber), the wastewater is typically directed to Primary Clarifier
(Sedimentation) for the removal of suspended organics as well as finer inorganic solids.
o Sedimentation is essentially a phase separation operation for separating liquid and

solids.
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Sedimentation / Settling / Clarification

To settle out the suspended materials due to gravity. Suspended material may be:
o The particles originally present in source waters, such as clay or silts.

Plain (or primary) Settling
o The flocs created through coagulation‐flocculation process

Chemical added settling (coagulant assisted settling)
o Biomass produced in biological treatment units (wastewater treatment)

Secondary Settling
Settling is accomplished by decreasing the velocity of water to a point below which it no

longer supports the transport of the particles, therefore gravity removes them from the flow.
47
Types of Settling
o TYPE I ‐ Discrete (or Free) settling: The particles settle without interaction and
occurs under low solids concentration. A typical occurrence of this type of
settling is the removal of sand particles.
o TYPE II ‐ Flocculent settling: This is defined as a condition where particles initially

settle independently, but flocculate in the depth of the clarification unit. The
velocity of settling particles are usually increasing as the particles aggregates.
The mechanisms of flocculent settling are not well understood.
o TYPE III ‐ Hindered (or Zone) settling: Inter‐particle forces are sufficient to hinder
the settling of neighbouring particles. The particles tend to remain in a fixed
positions with respect to each others. This type of settling is typical in the settler
for the activated sludge process (secondary clarifier).
o TYPE IV ‐ Compression settling: This occurs when the particle concentration is so

high that so that particles at one level are mechanically influenced by particles Image Source :
A Numerical Model of Flow and Settling in
on lower levels. The settling velocity then drastically reduces. Sedimentation Tanks in Potable Water
Source : http://www.it.uu.se/research/project/jass/material/sett98.pdf Treatment Plants. Ph.D. Thesis by A. H. Ghawi
48
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Sedimentation Theory
Forces acting on a particle under discrete settling:
FB
Gravity Force = m.g = ρp.(πd3/6) .g FD FD
Buoyancy Force =mw.g = ρw.(πd3/6) .g
Drag Force: =(1/2) ρvs2. CD.A
Force balance (at Steady State):
Gravity Force ‐ Buoyancy Force = Drag Force
For spherical particle under laminar flow conditions (CD = 24/Re , and Re = ρvd/µ): FG

vs = g(ρp‐ρw)d2/18µ
For transition flow conditions (CD = 24/Re + 3/Re1/2 + 0.34):
49
Sedimentation Theory
Ideal settling of discrete particle
Assumptions
 The flow is laminar flow.
 Impurities particles are
evenly distributed on the
whole area of the tank
 The case of entrance and
exit does not affect the
sedimentation efficiency
 The settled particles Image Source : http://www.philadelphia.edu.jo/academics/myounes/uploads/course%20materials/Sanitary/part%20iv.pdf
does not resuspended
50
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Sedimentation Basin Zones

Inlet zone
o The inlet or influent zone should provide a smooth transition of water and should
distribute the flow uniformly across the inlet to the tank.
o The normal design includes baffles that gently spread the flow across the total inlet of the
tank and prevent short circuiting in the tank.
o The baffle could include a wall across the inlet, perforated with holes across the width of
the tank.
Settling Zone
o The settling zone is the largest portion of the sedimentation basin.
o This zone provides the calm area necessary for the suspended particles to settle.
51
Sedimentation Basin Zones

Sludge zone
o Located at the bottom of the tank, provides a storage area for the sludge before it is
removed for additional treatment or disposal.
o High flow velocities near the sludge zone should be minimized.
o Sludge is removed for further treatment from the sludge zone by scraper or vacuum
devices which move along the bottom.
Outlet Zone
o The basin outlet zone or launder should provide a smooth transition from the
sedimentation zone to the outlet from the tank.
o This area of the tank also controls the depth of water in the basin.
o Weirs are set at the end of the tank to control the overflow rate and prevent the solids
from leaving the tank before they settle out.
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Sedimentation Basin Types

Intermittent and Continuous Types:
o The intermittent tanks, also called quiescent type tanks, are those which store water for a
certain period and keep it in complete rest.
o In a continuous flow type tank, the flow velocity is only reduced and the water is not
brought to complete rest as is done in an intermittent type.
Rectangular or Circular Types:

o Settling basins may be either long rectangular or circular in plan.
o Long narrow rectangular tanks with horizontal flow are generally preferred to the circular
tanks with radial or spiral flow.
Source : https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105104102/Lecture%206.htm
53
Sedimentation Basin Types

Intermittently and Continuous Types:
o The intermittent tanks, also called quiescent type tanks, are those which store water for a
certain period and keep it in complete rest.
o In a continuous flow type tank, the flow velocity is only reduced and the water is not
brought to complete rest as is done in an intermittent type.
Rectangular or Circular Types:

o Settling basins may be either long rectangular or circular in plan.
o Long narrow rectangular tanks with horizontal flow are generally preferred to the circular
tanks with radial or spiral flow.
Source : https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105104102/Lecture%206.htm
54
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Wastewater Treatment Units: Primary Sedimentation
Week 5- Lecture 27

IIT KHARAGPUR
55
Rectangular Sedimentation Basin
Image Source : http://www.thewatertreatments.com/wastewater‐sewage‐treatment/zones‐
sedimentation‐basin/
Image Source : http://www.orazio.it/index.php/sedimentation‐tank‐design‐parameters/
Image Source : Fair and Geyer, Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal, McGraw Hill, 1964
56
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Circular Sedimentation Basin
Image Source : http://www.thewatertreatments.com/wastewater‐sewage‐treatment/zones‐
sedimentation‐basin/
Image Source : https://theconstructor.org/environmental‐engg/types‐of‐sedimentation‐
tank/14711/
Image Source : Fair and Geyer, Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal, McGraw Hill, 1964
57
Settling Model
Consider a particle of dia d, which is just removed with a settling velocity of vs. in a settling
basin of size V = l*b*h. In that case:
vs = h/t = h/(V/Q) = (h*Q)/(l*b*h) = Q/(l*b) = Q/A
where:
t = detention time = V/Q
A = surface area of the basin = l*b
vs = settling velocity of the particle
The volume of water flowing in a unit time per unit surface area of the settling basin is
known as Surface Overflow Rate (or Overflow Rate). Flow Rate (m3 / s)
OverflowRate 
vo = Q/A (m3/m2/s). settling surface area (m2 )
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Settling Model
o If a particle is settling with vertical speed vs, its vertical fall over the
length of the tank will be: h = vs*t
o Further, a Critical Settling Speed (vc) can be defined for which all
particles of specific diameter get just collected. So, the vertical fall (h)
in time t would be equal to the depth of the settling basin (H).
vc = H/t = H/(V/Q)= Q/A = vo (equal to overflow rate)
o For the particle selling with speed vs faster than vc, h ≥ H and all such
particles get collected leading to 100% collection efficiency.
o For particles settling with speed vs slower than vc, h < H and particle
may or may not hit the bottom, depending on the level at which it
enter the basin. In such case, the collection efficiency = h/H (= vs/vc).
Image Source : http://www.dartmouth.edu/~cushman/courses/engs37/Settling.pdf
59
Settling Velocity Distribution

o The sizes of the numerous particles present in the wastewater is not essentially same, and a large gradation of
particle sizes are typically observed in the most wastewater suspensions. In order to determine the removal
efficiency of sediments, it is necessary to consider entire range of particles having different settling velocities.
o The distribution of settling velocity for a water or wastewater

suspension can be determined from a column settling test, and
a velocity settling curve may be constructed based on the data.
o For a given flow rate Q, particles having vs ≥ vc (= Q/A, or vo)

will be completely removed, while remaining particles will be
removed in the ration of vs / vc .
o The total fraction of particles removed η

where, is fraction of particles with vs ≥ vc
And, is removed fraction of particles with vs < vc Source : Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, p: 315; Metcalf &Eddy, 2003
60
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Discrete or Flocculent Settling

o For real settling basins, the assumptions of ideal discrete
particle settling may not hold true, as suspended particles in
water or wastewater exhibit a natural tendency to
agglomerate. Particularly in wastewaters, the suspended
solids are not usually discrete particles and various light and
small particles agglomerate and grow in size as they come
in contact. Such flocculation leads to Flocculent or Type II
sedimentation where the mass of the particles increases
and they settle faster. Due to the flocculated settling, the
sediments removal efficiency is increased.
o However, the models to describe such settling

mathematically, are absent. Settling-column analysis is
usually performed to determine the settling characteristics
of flocculated particles. Source : http://kuliah.ftsl.itb.ac.id/wp‐content/uploads/2016/10/Sedimentasi.pdf
61
Settling Basin Efficiency

o Similar to that of Grit Chamber, the efficiency of real settling basin is reduced to account
for the non‐ideal basin performance due to turbulence and short‐circuiting resulting from
eddy, wind and density currents. The efficiency of a real basin is given as:
where,
η = 1 – [1+nvs / (Q/A)] -1/n • η : Desired efficiency of removal of sediment particle
• vs : Settling velocity of minimum size of particle to be removed
• Q/A : Design surface over flow rate for the sedimentation basin
• n : An index which is a measured the basin performance.
o The value of n is chosen as 0 for the best possible performance, 1/8 for very good
performance, 1/4 for good performance, 1/2 for poor performance and 1 for very poor
performance.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 62
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27‐08‐2018
Factors Affecting Sedimentation

o Shape, Size, Density and Nature of particles
o Viscosity, density and temperature of water
o Surface overflow rate
o Velocity of flow
o Inlet and outlet arrangements
o Detention period
o Effective depth of settling zone
63
Design of Primary Clarifier

 Step 1: Compute critical settling velocity (for the smallest size particle to be removed).
 Step 2: Equate critical settling velocity to overflow rate incorporating basin efficiency,
and compute surface area.
 Step 3: Fix the dimensions (length and width, or dia), and select an appropriate
depth/detention time.
 Step 4: Checks for the adequacy of design criteria (overflow rate, depth detention time,
solid loading rate, weir loading, scouring velocity etc.).
 Step 5: Design inlet, outlet and sludge withdrawal arrangement.
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Recommended Design Parameters
Source: CPHEEO (2012) Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, Part A: Engineering
65
Recommended Dimensions of Sedimentation Basin

Description Dimensions
Range Typical
______________________________________________________
Rectangular
Depth, m 3-5 3.5
Length, m 15-90 25-40
Width, m 3-24 6-10
Circular
Diameter, m 4-60 12-45
Depth, m 3-5 4.5
As per CPHEEO Bottom Slope, mm/m 60-160 80
______________________________________________________
Rectangular: Tank dimensions: L:B = 3 to 5:1.
Length = 30 m (common) maximum 100 m; Width= 6 to 10 m.
Circular: Diameter not greater than 60 m. generally 20 to 40 m.
Depth: 2.5 to 5.0 m (3 m).
Bottom Slopes: Rectangular 1% towards inlet and circular 8%.
Source: CPHEEO (1999) Manual on Water Supply and Treatment Systems
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Inlet and Outlet Arrangements

Typical Inlet Designs Typical Outlet Designs
Sources: CPHEEO (1999) Manual on Water Supply and Treatment Systems; https://esemag.com/wastewater/improving‐wastewater‐optimization‐through‐flow‐distribution/ ;
http://www.orazio.it/index.php/sedimentation‐tank‐design‐parameters/
67
Alternates to Sedimentation Tanks

Plate and Tube Settlers (Lamella Clarifier):
 Water flows up through slanted tubes or along slanted plates,
and particles settles out in the tubes or plates and drifts back
down into the lower portions of the sedimentation basin.
 Clarified water passes through the tubes or between the plates

and then flows out of the basin.
 These are compact units and therefore usually requiring only 65‐
80 % of the area of conventional clarifiers. Also energy inputs
are lower due to absence of mechanical or moving parts.
 High chances of clogging, and therefore regular maintenance is

needed.
Image Source: http://www.thewatertreatments.com/wastewater‐sewage‐treatment/clariflocculator/
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Plate and Tube Settlers
Image Sources: https://www.pvccoolingfill.com/products/lamella‐clarifier‐inclined‐tube‐settler.html; https://www.brentwoodindustries.com/water‐wastewater‐
products/tube‐settlers/; https://www.ovivowater.com/fr/application/municipal/municipal‐drinking‐water/clarification‐sedimentation‐2/inclined‐plate‐separator/
69
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 70
35

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27‐08‐2018

WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND RECYCLING

Dr. MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI

Municipal Wastewater Treatment

Objectives of Wastewater Treatment

o The degree of treatment required depends on the characteristics of the raw

Wastewater Discharge Standards: The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986

Wastewater Discharge Standards: Environment (Protection) Amendment Rules, 2017

Wastewater Reuse Standards

Wastewater Reuse Standards: Irrigation

Wastewater Treatment Processes

o Treatment units (methods) in which chemical or biological reactions predominate are

o Since, the municipal as well as industrial wastewaters contain physical as well as

Municipal Wastewater Treatment: Typical Processes

Preliminary and primary treatment

Municipal Wastewater Treatment: Stages

o Primary treatment ‐ the physical settling of insoluble solids from a wastewater

o Secondary treatment ‐ the biological treatment system followed by secondary

o Tertiary (or Advanced) treatment ‐ Any treatment following secondary treatment,

Wastewater Treatment Plants

WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND RECYCLING

Dr. MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI

o A screen is a device with openings, generally

o These materials must be removed at the

reliability & effectiveness.

Features of the Screen

o The openings are usually rectangular or

o Depending on the size of opening, the Image Source : https://www.wateronline.com/doc/wwema‐window‐slots‐vs‐holes‐in‐

Coarse Screens (Bar racks or Bar Screens) Fine Screens Micro Screens

Hand Mechanically Static wedgewire Drum Step

Chain driven Reciprocating Rake Catenary Continuous Belt

o They serve more as protective devices,

o A bar screen is composed of vertical or inclined

Coarse Screen: Bar Racks

Coarse Screen: Cleaning

o Fine screens are generally used for pre‐treatment

o Fine screens are not normally suitable for sewage

o Fine screens may be of the drum or disc type, Image Sources : https://engineeringcivil.org/articles/environmental‐

o Not very popular due to

Comminuting Devices (Grinder)

Location and Housing of Screens

Velocity through the Screens

Head Loss through the Screens

Head Loss through the Screens

Types of bars/screens Values

Head Loss through the Screens

WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND RECYCLING

Dr. MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI

Types of street surfaces encountered Relative areas served

Grit Chamber: Types and Classification

Design of Grit Chamber

Design of Grit Chamber

Design of Grit Chamber

Design of Grit Chamber

Design of Grit Chamber

Clearing of the Grit

o If not washed, grit particles may contain organic matter

o However, the ultimate method of disposal depends on

o The odorous grit particles are preferably buried, unless

Equalization Tank (Optional)

o The objectives of providing equalization tank includes:

Equalization Tank: Benefits

o Provides protection against higher level of toxic loads.

vs = h/t = h/(V/Q) = (hQ)/(lbh) = Q/(lb) = Q/A