-the branch of linguistics that examines sounds in a language

Phonetic symbols for past tense

https://www.englischhilfen.de/en/grammar/simple_past_pronunciation_ed.htm

How to pronounce -ed in simple past tense?- depends on the last letter of the
verb.
Example:
1. verbs ending in -ed preceded by a voiceless consonant [p, k, f, ʃ, ʧ, s, θ] → speak [t].
The -e is silent.
Example: I stop – I stopped [stɒpt]

2. verbs ending in -ed preceded by a voiced consonant [b, g, v, ʒ, ʤ, z, ð, l, m, n] or

a vowel → speak [d].
The -e is silent.
Example: I clean – I cleaned [kli:nd]

3. verbs ending in -ed preceded by [t] or [d] → speak [ɪd].

-e changes to [ɪ] (otherwise the ending could not be heard)
Example: I visit – I visited [vɪzɪtɪd]
Note here that the –e is not silent and this final –ed sound adds another syllable to the
end of the verb.

one two
syllable syllables

add add·ed

exit exit·ed

two three
syllables syllables

de·cide de·cid·ed

ob·ject ob·ject·ed

Remember, if the base form of the verb does not end with a d or a t, no extra syllable is
added.

Phonetic symbols for past tense

Regular spelling Pronunciation Singular Plural

when a noun ends with a vowel /z/ bed beds

or voiced consonant with the
exception of
/z/ and / dz / stove stoves

dog dogs

room rooms

when a noun ends with /s/ clock clocks

voiceless consonant with the
exception of:
/s/, /f/ /tf/ cat cats
 roof roofs

month months

when a noun ends with a / iz / gas gases

consonant
/z/, /s/, /f/, /dz/ or /tf/
or when a singular noun ends glass glasses
with
s, ss, sh, ch, z
nose noses

brush brushes

watch watches

judge judges

box boxes

a consonant + -y turns into ies country countries

baby babies

fly flies

lady ladies

a vowel + y takes -s -ay day days

-ey key keys

-oy boy boys

-uy guy guys

 proper nouns Fry the Frys

Kennedy the Kennedys

nouns ending with -f / -fe -ves loaf loaves

wife wives

wolf wolves

half halves

some nouns have double forms -s or -ves hoof hoofs / hooves

scarf scarfs / scarves

wharf wharfs / wharves

nouns which change vowels foot feet

louse lice

mouse mice

woman women

goose geese

man men

tooth teeth

http://www.focus.olsztyn.pl/en-grammar-nouns-pronunciation-plural.html