Wastewater Treatment and Recycling in Rivers

20‐08‐2019
WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND RECYCLING

Fate and Transport of Contaminants Discharged in River
Week 4- Lecture 16
Dr. MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI

SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCES
IIT KHARAGPUR
Fate and Transport of Contaminants

What happens when wastewater is discharges in natural environment ?
Pollutants undergo different processes:

 Transport
Advection, Diffusion, Dispersion, Leaching
 Phase Transfer / Relocation
Sorption‐desorption, Volatilization
 Transformation / Degradation
Biotic, Abiotic and Photo degradation
Image Source : http://www.gangaaction.org/actions/issues/industrial‐waste‐management/
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 2
1
20‐08‐2019
Fate and Transport of Contaminants in Rivers

Natural Purification (or Self‐Cleansing) in Rivers
 Always present in surface water and is able to
remove or reduce most of the conventional
pollutants
 A series of physical, chemical and biological
processes takes care of sediments and
decomposable organic waste and relives stream of
its pollution burden.
 This process is known as self purification or natural
purification process.
 The rate and extent with which these processes
occur depend on many variable like flow rate,
turbulence, nature of river bed, type of biota
present, and variations in sunlight and
temperature.
Image Source : https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1995/circ1133/images/fig51.jpeg
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 3
Natural Purification in Rivers

In rivers, solid matters and soluble substances are reduced or changed by:
 Dilution
 Sedimentation
 Filtration
 Adsorption
 Sediment transport
 Hydrolysis
 Biodegradation (oxidation)
Source : http://ngojwg.org/study3‐2‐e.html
 Photodecomposition
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 4
2
20‐08‐2019

Major processes:
Filtration Sediment Transport
Reareation
Image Sources : http://ngojwg.org/study3‐2‐e.html
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 5

Major processes:
Sediment Transport Sorption and decomposition
Image Source : http://ngojwg.org/study3‐2‐e.html
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 6
3
20‐08‐2019
Natural Purification in Rivers: Process Classification

Physical Processes: Purifying effect caused by the hydraulic characteristics of the river water
・Dilution, sedimentation, filtration, aeration, sediment transport
Physicochemical Processes: Purifying effect caused by the flow and the river bed material
・Adsorption, aggregation, (oxidation and reduction)
Biological (or Biochemical) Processes: Purification action arising as microorganisms in water
・Adsorption, oxidation, decomposition and synthesis of organic matter
・Uptake of organic matters and nutrient by plants and sedimentation
Photochemical Processes: Purification action by the sunlight
・Photo‐degradation of organic matter
Image Source : http://ngojwg.org/study3‐2‐e.html
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 7
Factors Affecting Natural Attenuation

 Temperature and Sunlight
 Temperature affects the rates of dilution, sedimentation, chemical and biological activities. It also
influences the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water body. Sunlight regulates temperature as well
as offers photodegradation opportunities.
Hydrography
 The velocity, depth, and surface expanse controls the turbulence, stratification, distribution of
sediments, DO, and microorganism etc. The degree of turbulence governs the re‐aeration rate for
dissolved oxygen, which eventually affects the rate and extent of biodegradation. It also affects
dilution, sediment transport, and high turbulence could retards algal growth.
Nature of River Bed and Biota Present
 These affects the sorption ‐ desorption, nutrient uptake and kinetics and extent of biodegradation of
organic matter incoming with the wastewater.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 8
4
20‐08‐2019

Natural Purification in Rivers: Effects on DO and BOD
Week 4- Lecture 17

IIT KHARAGPUR
Zones of Pollution in a River Stream

1. Clean Zone
2. Decomposition
Zone
3. Septic Zone
4. Recovery Zone
1. Clean Zone Image Source : CC&S, 2005, Figure 18.7. Sources from ‐ https://www.unc.edu/courses/2005fall/envr/051/001/05watpol.htm
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 10
5
20‐08‐2019

1. Clean Zone
 This zone indicates that water body in its original conditions with the DO near its
saturation value. The normal aquatic life prevail. However certain pathogenic
organisms may also be present, especially if it has received waste inflows in the
upstream.
2. Decomposition Zone
 This zone occurs till certain distance just below the wastewater discharge point,
and is usually dark and turbid due to sludge deposits at the bottom. DO is
reduced significantly, while increased CO2 makes this zone more de‐oxygenative.
 This zone is unfavourable for aquatic life; though certain fish species feeding on
fresh organic matter and certain worms (Limondrilus and Tubifex) may occur with
the sewage fungi such as sphaerotilusnatans.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 11

3. Septic Zone
 DO is at minimum level, and hence, fish population is usually absent. Sludge
warms and mosquito larvae are present at significant levels.
4. Recovery Zone
 In this zone the water quality starts improving with the water body trying to
regain its original sate. BOD degrades while DO rises, and the organic matter is
mineralized forming nitrates, sulphates, phosphates and carobnates.
 The presence of algae becomes prominent and protozoa, rotifers, crustaceans and
macroscopic plants like sponges, bryozons reappear. Organisms like tubifex,
mussels and snails flourish at the bottom.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 12
6
20‐08‐2019
Indices of self-purification
 The stages of a river stream can be determined by physical, chemical and
biological analysis of the water with the following usual indices:
a. Physical indices: Colour, Turbidity, and Suspended Solids
b. Chemical indices: DO, BOD, COD and Dissolved Solids
c. Biological indices: MPN, Colony Forming Units (CFUs), different micro and macro organisms.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 13
The DO Deficit of a Polluted River Stream

 The oxygen deficit (D) at any time in
a polluted water body is defined as
the difference between the actual
DO at that time and the saturated
DO at the same water temperature.
Oxygen Deficit (D) =

Saturation DO ‐ Actual DO
 This can also be estimated by

identifying the rates of de‐
oxygenation and reoxygenation.
 For the water body to be clean, the Image Source:

Kumar et al (2015). Impact of Point Source Contamination on Eutrophicated Water Bodies using Streeter Phelps
oxygen deficit has to be near zero. Oxygen Sag ‐ Reaeration Model. International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET) , 6(2), 2015
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 14
7
20‐08‐2019

De‐oxygenation:
 The DO content in a polluted water body goes on reducing due to the breakdown of
organic matter.
 If the amount of organic matter (BOD) present at a given time is Lt, the rate of change
of the BOD can be given by:
Where, KD is the BOD reaction rate constant, which is also known as de‐
oxygenation coefficient (or constant), as consumption of DO is proportional to the
amount of organic matter degraded. KD depends on the nature of organic matter
and temperature.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 15

Re‐oxygenation:
 It is the process by which atmosphere supplies oxygen to the water body. The rate of
re‐oxygenation depends on:
 The oxygen deficit (directly proportional)
 Depth of the receiving water (decreases with the increasing depth)
 Condition of the water body (a running stream has more rate of re‐oxygenation
than a quiescent pond)
 Temperature of water
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 16
8
20‐08‐2019
The DO Deficit Equation (The Streeter-Phelps Equation)
 Where:
o Dt is the DO deficit in mg/L after t days.
o Lo is the ultimate first stage BOD of the mix at the point of waste discharge in mg/L.
o Do is the initial oxygen deficit of the mix at the point of mixing in mg/L.
o KD is the de‐oxygenation coefficient (analogous to the BOD rate constant). The typical values of KD(20) can
be between 0.1 to 0.2, and it can be defined for other temperatures as:
o KR is the re‐oxygenation rate and can be determined from field tests by using the equation:
for a river with the average stream velocity of v m/s and the average stream depth of y m. It can be
defined for other temperatures as:
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 17

BOD and DO Variations in Streams Receiving Wastewater
Week 4- Lecture 18

IIT KHARAGPUR
18
9
20‐08‐2019
DO and BOD post Wastewater Discharge in a River

 The general assumption is that the rate of oxygen consumption (oxygen demand) is
directly proportional to the present concentration of degradable organic matter.
 The amount of oxygen consumed at any point of

time t (BOD exerted) will be equal to the ultimate
BOD (L0) minus existing BOD at time t (Lt).
Therefore,
 BOD exerted = BODt = L0 – Lt = L0 (1 – e‐KDt)

Image Source:
https://www.pdhsource.com/wp‐content/uploads//Introduction‐to‐
 So, 5‐Day BOD i.e. BOD5 = L0 – L5 = L0 (1 – e‐5KD) Water‐Pollution.pdf
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 19

 The DO changes due to de‐oxygenation (proportional to the organic matter present, say
Lt) and re‐oxygenation (proportional to the DO Deficit, say Dt).
 Let’s assume that the saturation value for

DO remains constant [d(DOs )/dt = 0].
 So, the rate of change of DO deficit (Dt) at any time,
or
Image Source:
or + Kannel et al. (2007). Application of QUAL2Kw for water quality modeling and
dissolved oxygen control in the river Bagmati. Env. Monit. Ass. 125. 201‐17.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 20
10
20‐08‐2019

• The equation of the form are typically solved by multiplying
Integration Factors ( ) throughout the equation. Therefore, an
could be used for solving + .
• Multiplying the , the equation converts to
 + )
 +
 
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 21

• The equation could be integrated to obtain:
 
 ‐ 1  1
 1 
 o
o
Lo is the ultimate first stage BOD of the mix at the point of waste discharge in mg/L.
Do is the initial oxygen deficit of the mix at the point of mixing in mg/L.
o Dt is the DO deficit in mg/L after t days.
o KD is the de‐oxygenation coefficient
This is the Streeter Phelps Equation (DO sag equation). o KR is the re‐oxygenation rate
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 22
11
20‐08‐2019
Critical Stretch in a River Receiving Wastewater Discharge

• The most critical point in a river would be where DO is minimum. This can be obtained by setting up first
derivative of the Streeter Phelps Equation to zero. This leads to:
 =0
And the critical (max.) oxygen deficit is:
 10
Image Source:
Kumar et al (2015). Impact of Point Source Contamination on Eutrophicated Water
The constant is called self‐purification constant (f). Bodies using Streeter Phelps Oxygen Sag ‐ Reaeration Model. International Journal of
Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET) , 6(2), 2015
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 23
The Self-Purification Constant of Various Water Bodies
Value of KR(20) Value of self‐purification
Sl. No. Types of water body
per day constant f
1 Small ponds and back waters 0.05‐0.10 0.5‐1.0

2 Sluggish streams, large lakes and impounding reservoirs 0.10‐0.15 1.0‐1.5
3 Large streams of low velocity 0.15‐0.20 1.5‐2.0

4 Large streams of normal velocity 0.20‐0.30 2.0‐3.0
5 Swift streams 0.30‐0.50 3.0‐5.0
6 Rapids and waterfalls Over 0.5 Over 5.0
Source: Sewage Disposal and Air Pollution Engineering, S.K. Garg, Khanna Publishers
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 24
12
20‐08‐2019
Application and Limitations of the Streeter Phelps Equation

• The Streeter Phelps Equation aims at formulating working principles to describes how the DO
varies in a stream with distance (or time) from the source by the degradation of organic matter.
• The classical Streeter Phelps equation assumes that a single BOD input is distributed evenly at the
cross section of a stream and that it moves as plug flow.
• Only carbonaceous BOD is considered as DO sink, while only re‐aeration is taken as DO source.
• Further, the factors such as the removal of BOD by sedimentation, conversion of suspended BOD
to soluble BOD, sediment oxygen demand, and algal photosynthesis and respiration are not
included.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 25
Attenuation of Pollutants on Land or Subsurface Application

• The contaminants discharged along with wastewater on soil surfaces (for irrigation or disposal purpose) or
groundwater meet various fates similar to surface stream disposal.
• The adsorption becomes much more prominent for contaminates applied to land, while transport processes
such as advection, diffusion & dispersion becomes less effective. Rather, leaching and subsurface transport
becomes more Pertinent. However, surface runoff during rain/floods could transport the contaminates to
the surface water bodies.
• The decomposition of organic matter also depends on the availability of microbial consortia and the bio‐
availability of organic matter present in the waste.
• The wastewater disposal in groundwater has relatively lower mobility and much lesser chances of natural
transformations compared with that disposed in surface waters.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 26
13
20‐08‐2019

Natural Purification: Practice Problems
Week 4- Lecture 19

IIT KHARAGPUR
27
Practice Problem: Dilution

 The sewage of a town is to be discharged into a river stream. The quantity of sewage produced per day is 9
million liters, and its BOD is 350 mg/L. If the discharge in the river is 250 L/s and BOD is 6 mg/L, find out the
BOD of the diluted water.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 28
14
20‐08‐2019
Practice Problem: Dilution

 The sewage of a town is to be discharged into a river stream. The quantity of sewage produced per day is 9
million liters, and its BOD is 350 mg/L. If the discharge in the river is 250 L/s and BOD is 6 mg/L, find out the
BOD of the diluted water.
(9  10 ) 6
o Sewage Discharge Q   104.167l / s

24  60  60
S
o BOD of sewage = C  350mg / L

s
o Discharge of the river = Q  200l / s

R
o BOD of the river = C  6mg / L

R
CS QS  C R QR (350  104.167)  (6  200)

o BOD of the diluted mixture = C    123.81mg / L
QS  QR 104.167  200
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 29
Practice Problem: DO Deficit

 A city discharges 1500 L/s of sewage into a stream whose minimum rate of flow is 6000 L/s. The
temperature of sewage as well as water is 20°C. The DO content of sewage is zero, and that of stream is 90%
of the saturation DO. Find the initial DO deficit. Assume instantaneous mixing of the sewage and stream.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 30
15
20‐08‐2019
Practice Problem: DO Deficit

 A city discharges 1500 L/s of sewage into a stream whose minimum rate of flow is 6000 L/s. The
temperature of sewage as well as water is 20°C. The DO content of sewage is zero, and that of stream is 90%
of the saturation DO. Find the initial DO deficit. Assume instantaneous mixing of the sewage and stream.
o DO of the stream = 90% saturation DO at 20°C  Saturation DO at 20°C = 9.17 mg/L

= 0.9x9.17 = 8.25 mg/L
o Discharge of the stream = 6000 liters/sec
o DO of the sewage = 0 mg/L
o Discharge of sewage = 1500 liters/sec
(DO Q )  (DO Q ) (8.25  6000)  (0  1500)
stream stream sewage sewage
  6.6 mg/L
o DO of the mix at start point (i.e., at t =0) = Q Q 6000  1500
stream sewage
o Dₒ = Initial DO deficit = [Saturation DO – DO of the mix] = 9.17 – 6.6 = 2.57 mg/L

MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 31
Practice Problem: BOD estimation

 The ultimate BOD (L0) of a wastewater sample is estimated as 87% of COD. The COD of this wastewater is
300 mg/L. Considering first order BOD reaction rate constant k (use natural log) = 0.23 per day and
temperature coefficient θ = 1.047, what will be the BOD value (in mg/L, up to one decimal place) after three
days of incubation at 27oC for this wastewater. (GATE Civil Engineering, 2018).
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 32
16
20‐08‐2019

 The ultimate BOD (L0) of a wastewater sample is estimated as 87% of COD. The COD of this wastewater is
300 mg/L. Considering first order BOD reaction rate constant k (use natural log) = 0.23 per day and
temperature coefficient θ = 1.047, what will be the BOD value (in mg/L, up to one decimal place) after three
days of incubation at 27oC for this wastewater. (GATE Civil Engineering, 2018).
Assuming the data is given for temperature at 20°C,
1
300 /
0.87 300 261 27 1
.
261 1
20 0.23
261 0.614 160.254
1.047
27
 0.23 1.047 0.317
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 33
Practice Problem: BOD rate constant estimation

 For a wastewater sample, the three−day biochemical oxygen demand at incubation temperature of 20° C
(BOD3, 20°C) is estimated as 200 mg/L. Taking the value of the first order BOD reaction rate constant as 0.22
day−1 , the five−day BOD (expressed in mg/L) of the wastewater at incubation temperature of 20° C (BOD5,
20°C) would be ________ (GATE Civil Engineering, 2016).
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 34
17
20‐08‐2019

 For a wastewater sample, the three−day biochemical oxygen demand at incubation temperature of 20° C
(BOD3, 20°C) is estimated as 200 mg/L. Taking the value of the first order BOD reaction rate constant as 0.22
day−1 , the five−day BOD (expressed in mg/L) of the wastewater at incubation temperature of 20° C (BOD5,
20°C) would be ________ (GATE Civil Engineering, 2016).
3 20 200
20 0.22
Since, 1  200 1 . 0.483
200
414.078 414
0.483
5 20 1 414 1 . . /
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 35

 Two waste streams A and B, having identical ultimate BOD are getting mixed to form a stream C. The
temperature of the stream A is 20°C and the temperature of the stream C is 10°C. It is given that:
• The 5−day BOD of stream A measured at 20°C = 50 mg/L
• BOD rate constant (base 10) at 20°C = 0.115 per day
• Temperature coefficient = 1.135
• The 5−day BOD of the stream C at 10°C, is _____ (GATE Civil Engineering, 2017).
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 36
18
20‐08‐2019

 Two waste streams A and B, having identical ultimate BOD are getting mixed to form a stream C. The
temperature of the stream A is 20°C and the temperature of the stream C is 10°C. It is given that:
• The 5−day BOD of stream A measured at 20°C = 50 mg/L
• BOD rate constant (base 10) at 20°C = 0.115 per day
• Temperature coefficient = 1.135
• The 5−day BOD of the stream C at 10°C, is _____ (GATE Civil Engineering, 2017).
For stream A, Since both A and B streams have same ultimate BOD, the
resulting mixture C, should also have the same ultimate BOD.
5 20 50 /
0.115 10 For stream C,
1.135 10
1.135 0.0324
1 10
5 10
 50 1 10 .  68.12 1 10 68.12 1 10 .
.
(while considering base 10) . /
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 37

 The 2−day and 4−day BOD values of a sewage sample are 100 mg/L and 155 mg/L, respectively. The value
of BOD rate constant (expressed in per day) is _________ (GATE Civil Engineering, 2016).
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 38
19
20‐08‐2019

 The 2−day and 4−day BOD values of a sewage sample are 100 mg/L and 155 mg/L, respectively. The value
of BOD rate constant (expressed in per day) is _________ (GATE Civil Engineering, 2016).
Assuming the temperature to be same and taking the BOD rate constant as k,
2 1
4 1
Dividing the above two equations,
Solving above, . .
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 39

Engineered Treatment of Wastewater: Concept of Mass Balance
Week 4 - Lecture 20

IIT KHARAGPUR
40
20
20‐08‐2019
Engineered System for the Treatment of Wastewater

 Due to excessive increase in the pollution load from municipal and industrial wastewater discharges,
the natural purification is not turning effective for the self‐purification of rivers or other
environmental mediums. This is leading to the pollution of the rivers in India as well as may parts of
the world.
River Ganga River Yamuna River Damodar River Gomati
 Therefore, there is a need to put through an engineering system that can remove or reduce the
pollutants before the wastewater is released in the environment or reused.
 This is usually done through a set of processing units which treats the wastewater and produces the
clean (or less polluted effluent). Image Sources: http://kanigas.com/10‐most‐polluted‐rivers‐of‐india/
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 41
Engineered System for the Treatment of Wastewater

 These engineered treatment processes mainly works following standard
physicochemical and/or biochemical principles (filtration, adsorption,
biodegradation etc.) and utilizes engineered controls to drive these processes (or
reactions) at enhanced/optimum rates to the extent desired.
 The mass of contaminants present in the water is either physically removed, or
chemically / biochemically transformed to some non‐toxic forms/species.
 Varity of treatment units have been devised which focus on the treatment of either
general or specific type of contaminants present in water / wastewater.
 The various treatment units are often some sort of tank where treatment
process/reaction takes place. The reaction units are usually mentioned as Reactors.
 These engineered treatment systems are often designed based on the Concept of
Mass Balance.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 42
21
20‐08‐2019
Concept of Mass Balance

 Mass Balance is an application of conservation of mass: mass can neither be
produced nor destroyed.
 The accounting of all mass in a process/system confined under a control volume is
referred as mass (or material) balance.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 43
Concept of Mass Balance

 The mathematical way of describing the mass balance is with mass conservation
equations which state/assume that
“what goes into the system must either come out of the system somewhere else, get
used up or generated by the system, or remain in the system and accumulate.”
Mass accumulation = Mass Input – Mass output + Mass generation – Mass consumption
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 44
22
20‐08‐2019
Principle of Conservation of Mass

or degraded
dm/dt = mf (in) – mf (out) ± dm/dtreaction

Source: (Adopted from) http://www.cee.mtu.edu/~reh/courses/ce251/251_notes_dir/node3.html
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 45
Concept of Mass Balance: Control Volume

 A mass balance is only meaningful in terms of a specific region of space usually
called the Control Volume, which has boundaries across which the terms mass flux
in and mass flux out could be determined.
 For the transformation reactions, the mass of contaminants present in the control
volume, at any given time, is considered as the amount of that substance available
for reaction.
 In wastewater treatment systems, usually the volume of specific reactor units (tank
sizes) are considered as control volume.
 With‐in the control volume, the flow of the mass could follow a completely mixed
flow model or the plug‐flow model.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 46
23
20‐08‐2019

Mass Balance: Application in Specific Cases
Week 4- Lecture 21

IIT KHARAGPUR
47
Specific Conditions for the Mass Balance

 Flow conditions
 Batch processes
 Continuous flow
 Mixing conditions
 Completely mixed systems
 Plug flow systems
 Type of contaminant
 Conservative
 Non-conservative
 Changes with respect to time

 Steady State
 Unsteady State
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 48
24
20‐08‐2019
Batch Reactors vs Continuous Flow Reactors

 In batch reactors, a batch of reactants are loaded and
thereafter allowed to stay till the pre‐fixed reaction times. In
between, no mass/material is added or withdrawn. Therefore,
there is no mf (in) or mf (out) in mass balance equation.
Zero (0)
 In continuous flow reactors, there is a continuous inflow to and Inflow Outflow
outflow from control volume. Therefore, the rate of mass flux Continuous
Q m3/s Q m3/s
in and out has to be considered in mass balance.
Image Source: (adopted and modified) http://cyberfrogdesign.uk/test/amtech/what‐is‐continuous‐process‐and‐why‐is‐it‐important/
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 49
Completely Mixed vs Plug Flow Systems

 In completely mixed reactors, the content within the control volume remains in
completely mixed (homogeneous) state. Such system often needs a stirring device to
ensure the mixing in the reactors and are commonly known as Continuous Stirred
Tank Reactor (CSTR). CSTRs are simply well‐mixed tanks which are used to model
well‐mixed environmental reservoirs. In CSTRs, the concentration of a substance in
outflow remains equal to that in the reactor.
 In plug flow reactors (PFRs), the fluid is mixed in the radial direction, but mixing does
not occur in the axial direction. PFRs are analogous to pipes, typically used to model
rivers, canal etc. in which fluid is not mixed in the upstream‐downstream direction.
In PFRs, each plug of fluid is considered a separate entity, and time passes as the
plug flows downstream. Therefore, there is an implicit time dependence even in
steady‐state PFRs. However, time and downstream distance are interchangeable as
usually the velocity of the fluid in the PFR is constant.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 50
25
20‐08‐2019
Completely Mixed vs Plug Flow Systems
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) Plug Flow Reactors (PFR)
Source: http://www.cee.mtu.edu/~reh/courses/ce251/251_notes_dir/node3.html
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 51
Conservative vs Non-Conservative Contaminants

 Conservative (Non‐degradable / Non‐reactive) Pollutants, normally do not
transformed to other substances in the receiving water, and tend to be stable and
long‐lived (persistent). These include, but are not limited to, salts and metals. Since
these compounds do not undergo transformation, (dm/dt)reaction becomes zero.
Zero (0)
 Non‐Conservative (Degradable /Reactive) Pollutants, are transformed to other
substances (generally smaller compounds) through physical, chemical, or biological
processes in the receiving water. The rate of transformation depends on the
physical, chemical, and biological conditions occurring within the receiving water
environment. These primarily include organic matters.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 52
26
20‐08‐2019
Conservative vs Non-Conservative Contaminants
Knowledge of the conservative or non‐conservative nature of a pollutant can be

important, especially when determining reaction fate of the contaminants
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 53
Steady vs Unsteady State

 In steady state, conditions do not vary with time. Therefore rate of change of mass
with respect of time becomes zero.
Zero (0)
 Steady state does not mean that reactions involving mass transformation
(degradation) are not occurring, therefore (dm/dt)reaction term still remains valid,
and contaminant could be degraded with progressing time within the control
volume, however, the contaminant concentration (mass) does not change with
respect to time in inlet or outlet, or at any given point in control volume.
 In unsteady state, conditions could vary with time at same (fixed) location in the
control volume. Therefore, the term dm/dt is not taken as zero.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 54
27
20‐08‐2019
Reaction Kinetics in Steady/Unsteady State

 Irrespective of whether the system is in unsteady (transient) or steady state, the
transformation reactions occur for degradable (reactive) compounds and their mass is
reduced with the progressing times. The rate at which reaction occurs (dC/dt) depend on
the reaction kinetics.
 When this net rate of contaminant mass reduction becomes equal to the contaminant mass
inflow, the net mass of the contaminant becomes stable (constant), and the reactor is said
to have achieved Steady state.
 The rate of reaction for nth order of reaction kinetics is expressed as dC/dt = k.Cn, where C is
the concentration of contaminant and k is the rate constant.
 The first order kinetics (dC/dt = k.C) is one of the most popular model for rate estimation in
environmental chemistry.
 A few other kinetic models (e.g. Monod kinetics) are also used depending on the type of
reaction and nature of the contaminants.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 55
Steady vs Unsteady State

 Continuous flow reactors usually operate under steady stated conditions, except
during start‐up when the parameters changes with time (transient state) and tries
to attain equilibrium. If flow and inflow contaminant concentration do not change
much over the time, the continuous flow reactors will eventually attain steady state
and could be operated in the steady state for long.
 On the other hand, batch reactors are intended to operate under kinetic conditions,
and are stopped as soon as equilibrium is achieved. As there won’t be any further
mass transfer or decay post equilibrium in a batch reactor (due to lack of reactants
or physicochemical limitations), it is of no use to run it longer.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 56
28
20‐08‐2019
Mass Balance of Contaminates in Reactors

V, C
Qin, Cin Qout, Cout
dm/dt = mf(in) – mf(out) ± dm/dt|reaction

Measuring total mass is difficult in environmental systems. Working with concentrations (C) is more feasible.
o Rate of change of mass: dm/dt = d(C.V)/dt =V.dC/dt [considering V constant]
o Mass Flux in: mf(in) = ∑Qin.Cin = Qin.Cin
o Mass Flux out mf(out) = ∑Qout.Cout = Qout.Cout
o Nate Rate of Reaction dm/dt|reaction = V.dC/dt|reaction
Substituting above terms in mass balance equation: V.dC/dt = Qin.Cin ‐ Qout.Cout ± V.dC/dt|reaction
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 57

Mass Balance in Reactors: Application and Practice Problems
Week 4- Lecture 22

IIT KHARAGPUR
58
29
20‐08‐2019
Mass Balance: In a Continuously Mixed System

V, C
Qin, Cin Q, C
In a CSTR with same rate of inflow and out flow (Qin=Qin=Q), the Cout = C.
If the order of reaction is n and rate constant is k, then dC/dt|reaction= kCn
Final mass balance equation  V.dC/dt = Q.Cin ‐ Q.C ± V. kCn
o Steady State; Ist Order decay at rate constant k: C = Cin . 1/[1+kV/Q]
o Unsteady State; Conservative Pollutant; Initial conc. zero: C = Cin .[1-exp{-(Q/V)t}]
o Unsteady State; Ist Order decay at rate constant k, No inflow concentration: C = C0 .exp[-{(Q/V)+k}t]
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 59
Mass Balance: In a Plug Flow System

dx
A
Q, Cin Q, Cout
x x+dx
Mass balance for the plug shown above: V. dC/dt = QC(x) – QC(x+dx) ±V. dC/dt|reaction
In Steady State [dC/dt = 0]: QC(x+dx) – QC(x) = ±V. dC/dt|reaction
Q[C(x+dx) – C(x)] = ±A.dx. dC/dt|reaction
[C(x+dx) – C(x)]/dx = ±(A/Q). dC/dt|reaction
dC/dx= ±(A/Q). dC/dt|reaction
o Steady State; Ist Order decay at rate constant k: dC/dx= -(A/Q). kC
dC/C= -(kA/Q). dx
C = Cin . exp(-kV/Q) = Cin . exp(-kt)
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 60
30
20‐08‐2019
Mass Balance: In a Batch Systems

In batch systems, the rate of inflow and out flow is zero (Qin=Qin=0). Substituting the terms:
V.dC/dt = Qin.Cin ‐ Qout.Cout ± V.dC/dt|reaction
The mass balance equation reduces to: V. dC/dt = ±V. dC/dt|reaction
o For nth Order decay at rate constant k: dC/dx= -kCn
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 61
Application of Mass Balance in Wastewater Treatment

 The wastewater treatment essentially targets the removal of the mass of various
contaminants present in it, so that there concentrations could be lowered to the level of
desired limits. It is important to have an understanding on how the contaminants mass is
getting removed (transported or transformed) and where is it going. This can be obtained
with a detailed mass balance for any specific contaminant considering all of it’s fate and
transport processes.
 The concepts of mass balance is widely used for the design and optimization of various
treatment units.
 It is also used to predict the degree of treatment or final effluent concentrations of the
various pollutants being treated in a unit with specific process and dimensions.
 The mass balance concepts can also be used for assessing the extent of pollutant removal
and accumulation of intermediate or by‐products of chemical or biological transformations.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 62
31
20‐08‐2019
Practice Problem: First Order Rate Constant

 A pollutant is following first order decay in the lake water and its half−life was determined to be 120 days.
Calculate the rate constant and the time required to achieve 10% of its initial concentration.
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 63
Practice Problem: First Order Rate Constant

 A pollutant is following first order decay in the lake water and its half−life was determined to be 120 days.
Calculate the rate constant and the time required to achieve 10% of its initial concentration.
Let’s consider the lake as batch system as no inflow and outflow information is provided.
For first Order decay at rate constant k: dC/dx= -kC  C= C0e-kt
Half life is 120 days, i.e. C remains C0/2 in t=120 days. C0/2= C0e-k(120)
1/2= e-k(120)
ln (1/2)= -k (120)
k= - ln(0.5)/120 = -(-0.693)/120 = 0.693/120
Rate constant, k= 0.00577 d-1
Time required for achieving 10% of its initial concentration (C= 0.1C0) is say t. 0.1C0= C0e-0.00577(t)
t = - ln(0.1)/0.00577 = 399 days
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 64
32
20‐08‐2019
Practice Problem: Decay in Steady State CSTR & PFR

 A 400 m3 CSTR receives water from a single inlet at 40 m3/h flow containing 20 mg/L of total Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbon (TPAHs). Determine the steady state TPAHs concentration in the single exit stream,
if TPAHs are degraded at first−order kinetics with k=0.27 h−1. What should be the volume of a
corresponding plug flow channel if the same degree of pollutant reduction is needed (with unchanged flow
rate and ‘k’).
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 65

 A 400 m3 CSTR receives water from a single inlet at 40 m3/h flow containing 20 mg/L of total Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbon (TPAHs). Determine the steady state TPAHs concentration in the single exit stream,
if TPAHs are degraded at first−order kinetics with k=0.27 h−1. What should be the volume of a
corresponding plug flow channel if the same degree of pollutant reduction is needed (with unchanged flow
rate and ‘k’).
Generic mass balance equation: V.dC/dt = Qin.Cin ‐ Qout.Cout ± V.dC/dt|reaction
For a Steady State, CSTR (Cout = C) with first order decay dC/dt|reaction= -kC; 0 = QCin – QC – V.kC
(Q+kV)C = Q.Cin
C= Cin {Q/(Q+kV)}
C= Cin {1/(1+kV/Q)}
The Steady State TPH conc. C = 20mg/L. {1/(1+0.27 h-1*400 m3/40 m3h-1)}
= 20mg/L. (1/3.7) = 5.4 mg/L
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 66
33
20‐08‐2019

 A 400 m3 CSTR receives water from a single inlet at 40 m3/h flow containing 20 mg/L of total Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbon (TPAHs). Determine the steady state TPAHs concentration in the single exit stream, if TPAHs are degraded
at first−order kinetics with k=0.27 h−1. What should be the volume of a corresponding plug flow channel if the same
degree of pollutant reduction is needed (with unchanged flow rate and ‘k’).
For a Steady State, PFR with first order decay dC/dt|reaction= -kC; 0 = QCin – QCout – V.kC
Cout= Cin e‐kV/Q
For the same degree of treatment (i.e. Cout = 5.4 mg/L); ln(Cout/Cin) = ‐kV/Q
V = ‐Q/k.ln(Cout/Cin)
Volume of the PFR Required = - (40 m3h-1/0.27 h-1) ln (5.4/20)
= 194 m3
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 67
Practice Problem: Start-up of a CSTR

 A 500 m3 size CSTR pre− filled with clean water started receiving water from a waste stream containing a
100 mg/l of a conservative pollutant at a flow rate of 50 m3 /day. An outflow channel was also started
simultaneously to ensure the passage of extra water in the pond. Calculate the pollutant concentration in
the outflow as a function of time after start?
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 68
34
20‐08‐2019
Practice Problem: Unsteady State

 A 500 m3 size CSTR pre− filled with clean water started receiving water from a waste stream containing a
100 mg/l of a conservative pollutant at a flow rate of 50 m3 /day. An outflow channel was also started
simultaneously to ensure the passage of extra water in the pond. Calculate the pollutant concentration in
the outflow as a function of time after start?

For a CSTR (Cout = C) with conservative pollutant dC/dt|reaction= 0; V.dC/dt = QCin ‐ QC
dC/(Cin‐C) = (Q/V).dt
ln(C‐Cin) = - (Q/V).t + I
Initial condition: at t=0, C= 0; ln(0‐Cin) = - (Q/V).0+ I  I = ln (‐Cin) ln(C‐Cin) – ln (‐Cin) = - (Q/V).t
ln(C‐Cin/‐Cin)= - (Q/V).t
C‐Cin/‐Cin= e(Q/V).t
C‐Cin = ‐Cin e(Q/V).t
C= Cin(1‐ e(Q/V).t) = 100 (1‐e0.1t)
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 69
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
IIT KHARAGPUR 70
35

Wastewater Treatment and Recycling in Rivers

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Wastewater Treatment and Recycling in Rivers

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

20‐08‐2019

WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND RECYCLING

Dr. MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI

Fate and Transport of Contaminants

Pollutants undergo different processes:

Fate and Transport of Contaminants in Rivers

Natural Purification in Rivers

Natural Purification in Rivers

Natural Purification in Rivers

Natural Purification in Rivers: Process Classification

Factors Affecting Natural Attenuation

WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND RECYCLING

Dr. MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI

Zones of Pollution in a River Stream

1. Clean Zone Image Source : CC&S, 2005, Figure 18.7. Sources from ‐ https://www.unc.edu/courses/2005fall/envr/051/001/05watpol.htm

Zones of Pollution in a River Stream

Zones of Pollution in a River Stream

The DO Deficit of a Polluted River Stream

Oxygen Deficit (D) =

 This can also be estimated by

 For the water body to be clean, the Image Source:

The DO Deficit of a Polluted River Stream

The DO Deficit of a Polluted River Stream

 The oxygen deficit (directly proportional)

 Depth of the receiving water (decreases with the increasing depth)

The DO Deficit Equation (The Streeter-Phelps Equation)

WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND RECYCLING

Dr. MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI

DO and BOD post Wastewater Discharge in a River

 The amount of oxygen consumed at any point of

 BOD exerted = BODt = L0 – Lt = L0 (1 – e‐KDt)

DO and BOD post Wastewater Discharge in a River

 Let’s assume that the saturation value for

 So, the rate of change of DO deficit (Dt) at any time,

DO and BOD post Wastewater Discharge in a River

Integration Factors ( ) throughout the equation. Therefore, an

could be used for solving + .

• Multiplying the , the equation converts to

DO and BOD post Wastewater Discharge in a River

Critical Stretch in a River Receiving Wastewater Discharge

And the critical (max.) oxygen deficit is:

The Self-Purification Constant of Various Water Bodies

1 Small ponds and back waters 0.05‐0.10 0.5‐1.0

3 Large streams of low velocity 0.15‐0.20 1.5‐2.0

Application and Limitations of the Streeter Phelps Equation

Attenuation of Pollutants on Land or Subsurface Application

WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND RECYCLING

Dr. MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI

Practice Problem: Dilution

Practice Problem: Dilution

o Sewage Discharge Q   104.167l / s

o BOD of sewage = C  350mg / L

o Discharge of the river = Q  200l / s

o BOD of the river = C  6mg / L

CS QS  C R QR (350  104.167)  (6  200)

Practice Problem: DO Deficit

Practice Problem: DO Deficit

o DO of the stream = 90% saturation DO at 20°C  Saturation DO at 20°C = 9.17 mg/L

o Dₒ = Initial DO deficit = [Saturation DO – DO of the mix] = 9.17 – 6.6 = 2.57 mg/L

Practice Problem: BOD estimation

Practice Problem: BOD estimation

Practice Problem: BOD rate constant estimation

20°C) would be ________ (GATE Civil Engineering, 2016).