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A. Overview of Career Theories e. Social Cognitive Theory- Lent, Brown and Hackett
B. Why Study Theory? i. 3 Building Blocks of SCCT
a. Four Disciplines Where the Career Theory Came ii. SCCT’s Performance Model
C. Career Theories iii.SCCT’s Choice Model
a. Holland Theory of Vocational Type iv. SCCT’s Interests Model
i. Common Themes f. Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad and Herma Theory
ii. 6 Holland Types i. 4 factors influencing one’s vocational choice
iii. Advantages of Holland Types for Career ii. 3 stages of developmental path to career choice
Counselling
iv. Disadvantage of Holland Types for School
Counselling
b. Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
i. Self-Efficacy
ii. Four Most Influential Sources where Self-
Efficacy is Derived
iii. Self Esteem VS. Self-Efficacy
iv. How Self-Efficacy Affects Human Function
v. Efficacy VS. Outcome Expectation
c. Super’s Developmental Self-Concept Theory
i. Stages
ii. Development Tasks
iii. Implications of Super’s Developmental Self-
Concept Theory for Career Counselling
d. Parson’s Trait and Factor Theory
i. Seven stages for a career counsellor to work
through with clients
Overview of Career Development Theories “Theory is a picture, an image, a description, a representation of
reality. It is not reality itself. It is a way we can think about some part
Career Developmentis a “continuous lifelong process of of reality so that we can comprehend it” (Krumboltz)
developmental experiences that focuses on seeking, obtaining and
processing information about self, occupational and educational Holland Theory of Vocational Types
alternatives, life styles and role options” (Hansen, 1976).
This approach gives explicit attention to behavioral style or
This career development process is where an individual personality types as the major influence in career choice
fashions a work identity. development. This is described as structurally interactive.
It is imperative when educating our young people that our
school systems assist and consider the significance of this Common Themes:
responsibility for our youth and their future. Occupation choice is an expression of personality and not
The influences on and outcomes of career development are random
one aspect of socialization as part of a broader process of Members of an occupational group have similar
human development. personalities
Why Study Theory? People in each group will respond to situations an problems
similarly
Theories and research describing career behavior provide the Occupational achievement, stability and satisfaction depends
“conceptual glue” for as well as describe where, when and for what on congruence between one’s personality and job
purpose career counseling, career education, career guidance and environment
other career interventions should be implemented.
6 Holland Types
The process of career development theory comes from four
disciplines: Realistic - work with hands, machines, tools, active,
practical, adventurous
Differential Psychology- interested in work and occupations High traits - practical, masculine, stable
Personality- view individuals as an organizer of their own Low traits - sensitive, feminine, stable
experiences Occupations - construction, farming, architecture,
truck driving, mail carrier
Sociology- focus on occupational mobility Investigative – thought, analytical approaches, explore,
knowledge, ideas, not social
Developmental Psychology- concerned with the “life course”
High traits – scholarly, intellectual, critical
Low traits – powerful, ambitious, adventurous
Occupations – biologist, chemist, dentist, rderly
veterinarian, programmer High traits – stable, efficient, dependable,
Artistic – literary, musical, artistic activities, emotional, controlled
creative, open Low traits – intellectual, adventurous, creative
High traits – expressive, creative, spontaneous Occupations – bank teller, clerk typist, cashier, data
Low traits – orderly, efficient, conventional, social, entry
masculine
Occupations – artist, musician, poet, interior
designer, writer
Social – train, inform, educate, help, supportive, avoid
technical skills, empathy, relationships
High traits – cooperative, friendly, humanistic Advantages of Holland Types for Career Counseling Types
Low traits – ambitious, creative, strong,
Occupations – social work, counseling, police are intuitively appealing and easily shared with students.
officer, LPN Helps students get oriented to the worlds of work that isn’t
Enterprising – verbally skilled, persuasive, direct, leader, overwhelming.
dominant Provides helpful way of understanding varied work
High traits – ambitious, adventurous, energetic environments.
Low traits – intellectual, creative, feminine
Disadvantages of Holland Types for School Counseling Theory
Occupations – lawyer, business executive,
politician, TV producer doesn’t provide insights into how one develops a type or
Conventional – rules and routines, provide order or direct guidance for working with student.
structure, great self control, respect power and status,
p Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
u
The concept of self efficacy is the focal point of Albert Bandura’s
n
social cognitive theory.
c
t By means of the self system, individuals exercise control over their
u thoughts, feelings, and actions. Among the beliefs with which an
a individual evaluates the control over his/her actions and
l,
o
environment, self-efficacy beliefs are the most influential predictor Choices regarding behavior-People will be more inclined to
of human behavior. take on a task if they believe they can succeed. People
generally avoid tasks where their self efficacy is low, but
The level and strength of self-efficacy will determine: engage when it is high.
Motivation- People with higher self efficacy in a task are
whether coping behavior will be initiated
likely to expend more effort and persist longer than with low
how much effort will result efficacy. On the other hand, low self efficacy may provide an
incentive to learn more and prepare better than a person with
how long the effort will be sustained in the face of obstacles. higher self efficacy.
Thought Patterns and Responses- Low self efficacy can lead
Self-Efficacy - the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute people to believe tasks are harder than they actually are. This
the courses of action required to produce given attainments- is leads to poor planning and stress. A person with higher self
constructed on the basis of: efficacy will attribute a failure to external factors, whereas a
Four most influential sources where self-efficacy is derived: person with lower self efficacy will attribute it to low ability.
(Example: Math Test)
Personal Performance - Accomplishments-previous successes or The Destiny Idea- Bandura successfully showed that people
failures (most influential) with differing self-efficacy perceive the world in
fundamentally different ways. People with a high self
Vicarious Experience - Watching others, modeling, mentoring efficacy are generally of the opinion that they are in control
of their own lives: that their own actions and decisions shape
Verbal Persuasion - Verbal encouragement or discouragement
their lives. On the other hand, people with low self-efficacy
Physiological and Emotional Factors - Perceptions of stress may see their lives as somewhat out of their hands and with
reactions in the body fate.
The trait and factor theory operates under the premise that it is
possible to measure both individual talents and the attributes
required in particular jobs.
It also assumes that people may be matched to an occupation
that's a good fit.
Parsons suggests that when individuals are in jobs best suited
to their abilities they perform best and their productivity is
highest.