ASSISI CONVENT SCHOOL

FILE created by: Prashant

Pandey

CLASS: XII-A

Roll No.:
 INDEX
S.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1 Certificate of Excellence 1

2 Acknowledgement 2

3 Aim Of Project 3

4 Introduction 4

5 Theory 5-6

6 Materials Required 7

7 Procedure Followed 8

8 Diagram 9

9 Conclusion 10

10 Precautions 11

11 Bibliography 12
 Certificate of
excellence
This is to certify that Prashant Pandey,student
of class XII-A has successfully completed the
project work under the guidance of Mrs.Kavita
Joshy in partial fulfilment of physics practical
examination conducted by CBSE in the year
2019-20.It is further certified that the project is
the individual effort of the candidate.

Signature of Teacher Signature of principal

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 Ackowledgement
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it
would not have been possible without the kind
support and help of many individuals and
organizations. I would like to extend my sincere
thanks to all of them.
Primarily, I would thank god for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I
would like to thank my principal Sr. Sheeba and
physics teacher and mentor Mrs.Kavita Joshy,
whose valuable guidance has been the ones
that helped me patch this project and make it
full proof success, her suggestion’s and her
instructions has served as the major
contribution towards the completion of the
project.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my
colleague in developing the project and people
who have willingly helped me out with their
abilities.

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 Aim of project
To measure the Numerical Aperture (NA) of
the Given Optical Fibre.

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 Introduction
An optical fiber (or fibre) is a glass or plastic
fiber that carries light along its length. Fiber
optics is the overlap of applied science and
engineering concerned with the design and
application of optical fibers. Optical fibers are
widely used in fiber-optic communications,
which permits transmission over longer
distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates)
than other forms of communications.
Fibers are used instead of metal wires
because signals travel along them with less
loss, and they are also immune to
electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also
used for illumination, and are wrapped in
bundles so they can be used to carry images,
thus allowing viewing in tight spaces. Specially
designed fibers are used for a variety of other
applications, including sensors and fiber lasers.

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 Theory
Numerical aperture accounts for the light
gathering ability of the fibre and it amounts the
light accepted by the fibre. NA refers to the
maximum angle at which the light incident on
the fibre end is totally internally reflected and is
transmitted properly along the fibre. NA
depends only on the refractive indices of the
material of the core and the cladding.
Mathematically, NA is defined as sine of
angle of acceptance. Thus, if θ0 is the angle of
acceptance then:-
NA = sin (θ0)
or NA = (n12 – n22)1/2/n0
NA is also called the figure of merit of
optical fibre. The cone formed by the rotation of
angle of acceptance along the axis of the fibre is
the cone of acceptance of the fibre. The light

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should strike the fibre end within its cone of
acceptance else it is refracted out of the fibre.
For short length of straight fibre, light ray
incident at angle θ at the input end and must
come out at same angle from the output end.
So, at the output end of the fibre also a cone of
the same angle appears. Hence, NA can be
determined by making measurements on the
cone at the output end for fibre.
therefore NA = W / (4L2 + W2)1/2
where W = diameter of circular spot formed
on the screen
L = distance between output end of the fibre
and screen.

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 Materials
required
1. Scale
2. LED (Light Emitting Diode)
3. Optical fibre
4. Screen

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 Procedure
1. Connect the power to the board.
2. Connect one end of the fibre cable to the
outut socket of the emitter and other end to the
numerical aperture measurement jig.
3. Hold the white screen facing fibre such that
its cut face is perpendicular to the axis of the
fibre. Hold the white screen with two concentric
circles (0.8cm & 1.6cm diameter) vertically to a
suitable distance to make the red spot coincide
with small circle.
4. Record the distance of the screen from the
fibre end and the diameter of the spot.
5. Compute NA from the formula given above.
6. Vary the distance between the screen and the
fibre optic cable so that the sot coincides with
the bigger circle. Note the distance of the
screen from the fibre end.

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Diagram

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 Conclusion
The numerical aperture of an optical fibre
can be found by a simple materials.
The numerical aperture of optical fibre is
found to be directly proportional to the square
root of difference in squares of n (refractive
index of core) and squares of n (refractive index
of clad).
Otherwise if we don’t know the refractive
index of any one of them so we can find it by the
above experiment easily by the formula
NA = W / (4L2 + W2)1/2

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 Precautions
1. Optical source should be properly aligned
with the cable.
2. Distance of the launch point from
cable should be properly selected to
ensure that maximum amount of optical
power is transferred to the cable.
3. The Optical Fibre provided should be
handled carefully so as to prevent cracks.

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 Bibliography
 BOOKS:
1. Physics (Part 1&2) – Textbook for
Class XII; National Council of
Educational Research and Training
2. Encyclopedia
 Websites:
1. www.Scribd.com
 Image Courtesy:
1. www.google.com/images
2. www.wikipedia.org

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