Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Answers to EOCQs
Chapter 3 d i subshells shown in correct order, i.e. 2s, 2p,
3s, 3p [1]
1 a The energy needed to remove one electron[1] ii two electrons as arrows in each box for 2s,
from each atom in a mole of gaseous atoms 2p and 3s orbitals; [1]
[1] electrons shown as arrows in opposite
to form a mole of gaseous 1+ ions. [1] direction in 2s, 2p and 3s orbitals; [1]
b The first three electrons are easy to remove, 1 electron as arrow in each of the 3p
so these are in the outer shell / energy level; orbitals with arrows pointing in same
[1] direction[1]
large increase in ionisation energy between e value less than 494 (ignore lack of units) [1]
third and fourth electrons removed; [1] Total = 14
so fourth electron in next shell towards
nucleus;[1] 3 a Region of space outside the nucleus where
fourth to eleventh electrons in same shell as there is a likelihood of finding an electron /
only gradual increase in ionisation energy;[1] two electrons. [1]
large increase in ionisation energy between b i sphere / circle drawn; [1]
11th and 12th electrons removed; [1] ii correct shape of p orbital (hourglass /
so 12th and 13th electrons in shell close to propeller shape) with two lobes [1]
nucleus.[1] c i d block [1]
c Al+(g) → Al2+(g) + e–[2] ii 10[1]
[1 mark for balancing, 1 mark for state
iii 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8[1]
symbols]
iv 4p[1]
d 1s2 2s2 2p6[1] Total = 7
Total = 12
4 a C;[1]
2 a Increase in number of protons / increased
there is big decrease in ionisation energy
nuclear charge; [1]
between B and C; [1]
electrons added go into the same outer shell
the outer electron in C is in the next quantum
/ quantum level; [1]
shell.[1]
so same amount of shielding; [1]
greater force of attraction across period b D[1]
between (positive) nucleus and (negative) c Increase in number of protons / increased
electrons.[1] nuclear charge; [1]
b Outermost electron of aluminium is in electrons added go into the same outer shell
p subshell;[1] / quantum level; [1]
outermost electrons of magnesium in so same amount of shielding; [1]
s subshell (of same quantum level as p); [1] greater force of attraction across period
outermost electron of aluminium in subshell between (positive) nucleus and (negative)
with higher energy (or further from nucleus) electrons.[1]
/ outermost electron of magnesium in lower d above 1250 [1]
energy sublevel (or nearer the nucleus / more but below 2050 [1]
shielding of p electron); [1] e The first seven electrons removed are in the
greater force of attraction between nucleus outermost energy level / quantum level; [1]
and s electron than p electron (or reverse there is a big jump in energy required when
argument).[1] the eighth electron is removed; [1]
c 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6[1]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry © Cambridge University Press 2014

 Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry Answers to end-of-chapter questions

the eighth and ninth electrons are in the next b There is a big increase in ionisation energy
energy level (nearer the nucleus). [1] from the 3rd to the 4th electron removed. [1]
Total = 13 c Correctly labelled axes; [1]
gradual increase in ΔHi for the first 5
5 a i The energy needed to remove one electron
electrons removed; [1]
[1]
sudden increase in ΔHi between the 5th and
from each atom in a mole of gaseous
6th electrons removed; [1]
atoms[1]
gradual increase between 6th and 13th
to form a mole of gaseous 1+ ions. [1]
electrons removed; [1]
ii The energy required to remove one sudden increase in ΔHi between the 13th and
electron[1] 14th electrons removed; [1]
from each ion in a mole of gaseous 2+ ions gradual increase between the 14th and 15th
[1] electrons removed. [1]
to form a mole of gaseous 3+ ions. [1] Total = 12
+ –
b i Mg(g) → Mg (g) + e [2]
[1 mark for balancing, 1 mark for state 8 a The energy needed to remove one electron[1]
symbols] from each atom in a mole of gaseous atoms;
ii Mg2+(g) → Mg3+(g) + e–[2] [1]
[1 mark for balancing, 1 mark for state to form a mole of gaseous 1+ ions. [1]
symbols] b Correctly labelled axes; [1]
c i 4th ionisation energy of magnesium [1] gradual increase in ΔHi for the first 7
electrons removed; [1]
ii 6th ionisation energy of aluminium [1] sudden increase in ΔHi between the 7th and
Total = 12
8th electrons removed; [1]
6 a They are in the outermost energy level / gradual increase in ΔHi between electrons
subshell;[1] 8th and 15th electrons removed; [1]
greatest shielding by inner electrons; [1] sudden increase in ΔHi between the 15th and
least attractive force from nucleus on the 16th electrons removed; [1]
outer electrons. [1] gradual increase between the 16th and 17th
electrons removed. [1]
b Third electron is in the next main energy level
/ principal quantum shell further in; [1] c The first 7 electrons are easiest to remove,
closer to the nucleus; [1] as they are in the outermost energy level; [1]
less shielding (by inner shells of electrons).[1] the steady increase shows that each electron
is attracted more strongly by a more positive
c There are 2 electrons in the outermost energy
ion.[1]
level / quantum shell; [1]
There is a big jump in energy required from
the next 8 electrons are in the energy level
the 7th to the 8th electrons; [1]
quantum shell further in; [1]
this is because the 8th electron is in the next
there are 2 electrons in the innermost energy
energy level; [1]
level / quantum shell. [1]
4+ 5+ –
which is closer to the nucleus and the
d Mg (g) → Mg (g) + e [2] electrons in it are less shielded. [1]
[1 mark for balancing, 1 mark for state There is a large jump from the 15th to the
symbols] 16th electrons because the 16th electron is in
Total = 11
a new energy level. [1]
Total = 15
7 a
A is in Group 14. [1]
B is in Group 2. [1]
C is in Group 1. [1]
D is in Group 14. [1]
E is in Group 13. [1]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry © Cambridge University Press 2014