EL7047: Risk and reliability in

Electrical Energy Systems

Introduction
Prof. Rodrigo Moreno
Dept. Ing. Eléctrica, Universidad de Chile

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 Contents
1. Conventional versus smart electrical energy systems
(in this ppt)
2. Basic concepts in optimisation (in this ppt)
3. Basic concepts and models in electrical energy
dispatch, planning and tariffs
4. Frequency and voltage control (AC power flow)
5. Reliability and security modelling
6. Modelling flexible electrical components
7. Advanced topics in operation and planning:
uncertainty, risk, robustness and algorighms
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1. Conventional and “smart” electrical
energy systems

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Electricity system (1/2)
Conventional electricity system (2/2)

Generación

Transmisión

Distribución

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Smart grids (1/2)
Smart grids (2/2)

Control

Control

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2. Optimisation fundamentals

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 How is optimisation useful for actual
electrical energy systems ? (1)
Minimise:

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 How is optimisation useful for actual
electrical energy systems ? (2)
Maximise:

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 Examples
• Optimisation is broadly used in power system control,
operation and planning.

Interesting applications :
• Least-cost electricity operation
• Renewables integration and new technologies
(including energy storage)
• Smart grids
• Investment under uncertainty
• Electricity network security and robustness
• Contracts, markets
• Energy management systems
• Many others….
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 Mathematical optimisation
• Mathematical optimisation or mathematical
programming refers to the selection of a best
element (with regard to some criteria) from
some set of available alternatives

• Generally speaking, optimisation includes

finding "best available" values of some
objective function given a defined domain
(defined by a set of constraints)

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Problem:

Local optimum:

1st O. condition: ( )

f(x,y)
2nd O. condition: Hessian is
Positive-definite

f = (x-4)^2+(y-4)^2
(4,4) is optimum

Intro.mws 13
Newton’s fundamentals

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 Cauchy’s fundamentals

Scalar!

f(x,y)

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Constrained optimization (1)

Min f = (x-4)^2+(y-4)^2
s.t.
x+y <= 5
x,y >= 0

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Constrained optimization (2)

Min f = (x-4)^2+(y-4)^2
s.t.
(4,4) x+y <= 5
x,y >= 0

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Constrained optimization (3)
Min f = (x-4)^2+(y-4)^2
s.t.
x+y <= 5
x,y >= 0

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 KKT conditions

Problem:

KKT:

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KKT: equality constraints

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 Shadow prices, dual variable or
marginal costs

• This is very useful for sensitivity analysis on parameters in the

right hand side of the problem
• Indicates biding constraints at the optimum solution (in
convex problems)
• In many countries including EU, this is used to determined
prices of electricity
• Market’s marginal cost is the derivative of cost wrt volumes of
production which is usually in the right hand side (when
demand is a parameter – inelastic)
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 Homework
Research about:
• Simplex
• Branch and bound
• Usage of Newton-Raphson method for load
flow analysis (how different is this application
of the Newton’s method from that shown
previously in our class?)

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