! !

"
#

"$

% →
% &∈ #
• & ⇔ & ( & ""
⇔ " →
→ & & "
⇔ & + " 
→
→& & "
⇔ ∀ε > &' ∃α > &' ∀ ∈ ' − & <α "− & " < ε"
• ) ( " ( & '
!
∀ & ∈ ' ∀ε > &' ∃α > &' ∀ ∈ ' − & <α "− & " < ε"

*" )
"$

+ '
% → ' ⊂ #
) ( ( , #
% ' #
-
" "
⇔∀ & ∈ ' ∀ε > &' ∃α > &' ∀ ∈ ' − & <α "− & " < ε"
."
⇔∀ & ∈ ' ∀ε > &' ∃α > &' ∀ ∈ ' − & <α "− & " < ε"
/"
⇔∀ & ∈ ' ∀ε > &' ∃α > &' ∀ ∈ ' − & <α "− & " < ε"
0 ( ( " ." /" (
( #

% 1
1 4&3.2
 1 4&3 2 ( 1 1 "
, [& 3 ] 4&3 2
$ (
/ ∪

5 6 ' 4&3 2 '

7 , [& 3 ] #

$ (
% 4 ' 2 4 ' 2 < < "'
4 ' 2 4 ' 2 "#
-
• % & ∈[ ' [' & ' 4 ' 2 &
' !
& & " & #+ & " & #
• - ! ! ' #
• & ∈] ' ]' 8 ( #

." % ' 9

: ;
< #
< 1 #
< #
<1 ' ( 1 ' 1 #
+ ( ; "
% → ' #) ( ! (
1 "# % & ∈ # " & → & "# & " ≠ &'

5 & → # & ∈ ' 1=

" & "
#
) 8 ; #

/"

: ;
< ' ( '
#
+
% → ' → ' #
) ( "⊂ ' #

.
 % & ∈ # " & → & "' "  
&"
→ & "" '
& "∈ & "# + "" & → & "" #

>" 9
+ −
% ' #+ '
#
+
1 #
+ + +
∀ ∈ ' "= "'&" = . "+ ""'
' '
#
− −
∀ ∈ ' "= − "'&" = . − "+ ""' (
+
#

"
α
< ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' 5
# "

+" ?

% # <1 5 !
& & &
' "# @ ' " A B C"#

: ;
% 4 ' 2→ ' < #
% " " ! ( "≤ ≤ "
"≤ ≤ "# ∈4 ' 2 ( = "#

: ; . "
<1 1 #

+
• D E! 1( ;
% 5
% ' #D ( " #

/
 % α' β ∈ "# D ( α β "#
α 1 "' ∈
β 1 "' ∈ #
% α β
) ≤ α β "#
∈ ∈ #+ 4 ' 2⊂ #
' 4 ' 2#
+ 1 " ' = ∈4 ' 2 ⊂ ( 1 5 "#
+ ∈ "#
+ " "#
+ " "#
% . 5#
% 4 ' 2→ ' # 4 ' 2" ( 4 ' 2
"# + ( 4 ' 2" 4 ' 2" '
! ( 1 "' = ∈4 ' 2 #
• + ;
% ' ∈ ' ( < #% 4 ' 2→ ' #
% " "#
% "≤ "' "≤ ≤ "#
+ "− ≤&≤ "− #
) 4 ' 2→ #
"−
4 ' 2' "≤&≤ "#
) 1 ! 1 ∈4 ' 2 ( "=&
% "≥ "' 4 ' 2→ ' 8 !
− "
#
D
) " " (
& = &=
∈
+ +
% ≤ &' + = + = '
. .
+
- + = ' + = #
.
' (
"∀ ∈ ' ≤ ≤ ≤
." " ' "
−
/"∀ ∈ ' − =
.
- ' ( >"∀ ∈ ' "≤& " ≥ &#
% ∀ ∈ ' "≤&≤ "#
< " " E #- 8 #

>
 < ! " ≤ ≤ ' ( ∈4 ' 2 #
< ! >"' ( "'
"≤&≤ "' " = & ' 1= 1 ' ; #

$ (
< ; ( 1
"

"
< ; 1 1 9
1 ' (
"#
0 (

"

"
< ; 1 (
! ( 1 ; 1
"#

!
: ;
<1 1 #
+
% 4 ' 2→ ' < #D ( = 4 ' 2"
#
+ E!' ' ( 4 ' 2 #
D ( 5 #
% α' β ∈ #) ( α'β ∈ ( !
( 5 "
D β 8 α"
+ E!' β ∈ "
+ β 1 "∈ 1 #
( ∈ ' ∈4 ' 2 ( = "# < " ∈

5 #) " ∈ = ϕ "" ∈ ( #
% = ϕ " # ∈4 ' 2 ∀ ∈ ' ≤ ϕ " ≤ "#
+∞

ϕ " " ∈ ' 1 β' 1 "

∀ ∈ ' ϕ " = ϕ " "' #
+ β= "#+ β∈ #
+ 8 'α∈ #
+ #

F
$ ( "
) 5 ( 1 1 5
5 "#
H 5 5 #

( ;
% 4 ' 2' 5
5 #

'
1 1 5 1 E 5
"= ]&3 [ ' ]&3 [" = ] '+∞[ #
<1 1 1 E
"= [ '+∞[ ' [ '+∞[" = ]&3 ]
<1 1 1 E
"' " = 4− 3 2
) .
]− 3 [ ' ]− 3 [" = [&3 [
<1 1 5 1 E 5 "
<1 1 1 E
- 4&' π 2 ∪ 4/π '>π 2

"< ;

: ;
% #

" , 5E #
." <1 1 ;
? ' < #
< α'β (
% ∈ 'α= " α∈
% 'α= α∉
+ 8 β
−
/" < 5E ( →

: ; .
D8 ; ( α β' β
α "
+
" + E!' E #
+ 1 → " 5E ( 1 E! E '
"
1 5 1 ! 1 "

G
 - ; ' = " ' 1=
; #
." % ∈ ' ∀ ∈ ' "≤ "# + "
{ "' ∈ }= ' ( ∈ #+ α∈ α= "
% ∉
% 1 ' α = −∞ # D ' 1 '
= −∞ = α ( "
% ' α= "# D ' α 1
( "= 1 ; ; "# + ' α∉
∈ ( α= & & " "'
∀ ∈ ' &" ≤ " ' 1= ∀ ∈ ' & ≤ ∈ ( & >
&" > " ( "# '
& "' ( #
) 8 #
−
/" #-
% ' ∈ ( < #
− − − −
"< "' "≥ "' '
− −
"" ≥ "" ≥ ( 5 #
−
D ( #
− −
% & ∈ #D ( & ' ! ( "
&
− −
& "= & ' ( ∀ ∈ & "' ∃ ∈ & "' ∀ ∈ ∩ ' "∈ #
% ∈ & "#
°
& ∈ # + ∩ ∈ &"' 4 ' . 2
< & < . #) = " . = ."# )

< &" < . ' < & < .# '4 ' . 2 & '
−
' . ∈ # ' =4 ' . 2' ∀ ∈ ∩ ' "∈ #
- ∩ = = 4 ' .2# + ( ≤ ≤ .'
− −
"≤ "≤ − . " −
"# + −
" ∈ 4 ' . 2 ∈ # +1 =
' ( 5 & ∈ #
;
. & ' & = "# ∩
4 ' & 2 < & # = "# < & "'
! < & "# ( ' = [ '+∞[ & #
−
∀ ∈ ∩ ' "∈ # -
− − −
∈ ∩ ' ≥ ' "≥ " "
− − − −
"≤ & "∈ & = "# + " ∈4 ' . 2⊂ '
& #
) 8 & 1 #
−
+ #

I
 < ; . '
' ( ; ! J
#
+ 5E
+ 5E ! {− ' ∈ }' 1= " ."#
−
− → 1 ( 1 − → ' 1 = /"# -
− "− − "
∈− ' ∈ ' (
−
= "⇔ "= ⇔− "=− ⇔ = − "− − " #

) ; ( " ."#
-
% K→ # D ( 1( "=&
+
−>
K#
+
& > +∞
" −

+∞ +∞
"
>"
>" = > − >" < & >> #
]&3>] &
= +∞ # +
5E ]&3>] ] >"'+∞] # >" < & ' & ∈ ] >"'+∞] '
( ]&3>] ' ! ( 1 (
∈ ]&3>] ( "=&#
+ 8 ' [>'+∞[ '
( ∈ [>'+∞[ ( "=&#
>" ≠ & ' ∈ ]&3>[ ∈ ]>'+∞[ ' ≠ #
+ 1( "=& #

H
) 1 1 ; '
1 #

"
"+

% #% → #) (
( ∀ε > &' ∃α > &' ∀ ∈ ' ∀ ∈ ' − <α "− " < ε"

% → #% ' #
 +
$
"
⇔ ∀ε > &' ∃α > &' ∀ ∈ ' ∀ ∈ ' − <α "− " < ε"
."
⇔ ∀ ∈ ' ∀ε > &' ∃α > &' ∀ ∈ ' − <α "− " < ε"
"." (
% "
% ∈ 'ε > &
% "' α >& (
∀ ' ∈ ' − <α "− " < ε"#
- ' = M 5 "
∀ ∈ ' − <α "− " < ε"
+ ∀ ∈ ' ∀ε > &' ∃α > &' ∀ ∈ ' − <α "− " < ε" #

< ( #-
. +
1 ' #
D ( 1 ε >& (
∀α > &' ∃ ' ∈ + ' − <α "− " ≥ ε"
ε=
% α > &# % ∈ K ( <α

) = ' = +

) − = <α ' .
− .
= . + " = .+ .
≥ε
8 ε = ."

% B ' #
+
% B #
% ∈ K+ ( ∀ ' ∈ ' "− "≤ − "
ε
% ε >&' α= #

− <α ' − <ε' ! "− "≤ − <ε #

< (
1 B 4&3 2 ' #

*" : ; N

: #

L
 +
% =4 ' 2 ' < #
% → ' #
D ( ∀ε > &' ∃α > &' ∀ ' ∈ ' − <α "− " < ε" #
% ( 1 ' ! ( 1 ε >& (
∀α > &' ∃ ' ∈ ' − <α "− " ≥ ε" #

( ∈ K' ' ∈ ( − <

"− " ≥ ε"#

+ " ∈ K 5 1 # +1 ; ;
* B JO ' ϕ "" ∈ K (

∈ #
)' ∈ K' ≤ ≤ ' ! ' ≤ ≤ ' !
( ∈ #
+ ' ϕ " − ϕ " " ∈ K ' − " ∈ K ' &
( − "∈ K &#
+ ϕ " = ϕ " + ϕ " − ϕ " +∞#
→ →&

)' ' ϕ " "→ " ϕ " "→ "#

+ ϕ " "− ϕ " " → &#
ϕ " "− ϕ " " ≥ε ∈ K'

ϕ " "− ϕ " " ≥ ε > &#

→ +∞

+ 4 ' 2#

#$ % ! &' ! "
(
" $
"% ∈ K#
% → #) 5 (
% ' 5E #
+ +
% ' 5E #
' ( '
# ∈ ' 1 ( ∈ ( "=
+
' ( '
+ +
# ∈ ' 1 ( ∈ ( "= #
." ) ( ∈ K+ ' ∈ ' ∈ K ∈ K
= # ' ( #) ,
#

&
 ,
1 ( > &#
G
−." = > > &
. G

/
−. <&
) −." . , G −." , /
) >& ∈ #
) ( ' ' > &' ' ∈
+
=
−
=
&
=
" =
-( ' > &' K#
+

<&' K#
+

= &' ! "
/" ) (
> &' α∈ " ∈ ∈ ( α'
" ∈ ( ( α " ∈ #
α
) = ( α∈ "
→ +∞

) ( α K' α > &'

+
α < &#
) ( ' ' > &' α' β ∈
&
=
α β α +β
=
α
"β = αβ

−α
= α

"α = α α

α α
) ( α > &' =& = +∞
& +∞

>" % ∈ K+ # ) 1 ! ' #
) ( ' > '
= ' <
) ( = + + + ### + '
.P /P P
∈ Q ( . < < /#
−
) ( 
& → # <
' # # > . > "#
F" < 5E
]&'+∞] # % ( ' ' #