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Trigonometric Equations

1. Definition : - An equation consisting of the trigonometric functions of a variable angle θ ∈ R is

called a trigonometric equation.
2. sinθ = 0 ⇒θ = nπ, where n ∈ z.

π
3. cosθ = 0 ⇒θ = ( 2 n + 1) , where n ∈ z.
2

4. tanθ = 0 ⇒θ = nπ where n is any integer.

π π
5. The solution of sinθ = k (|k|≤1) lying between − and is called the principle solution of the
2 2
equation.

6. The solution of cosθ = k (|k|≤1) lying between 0 and π is called the principal solution of the equation.

π π
7. That solution of tanθ = k, lying between − and is called the principal solution of the equation.
2 2

8. The general value of θ satisfying cosθ = k (|k| ≤ 1) is given by θ = 2nπ±α where n∈Z.

9. The general value of θ satisfying sinθ = k (|k|≤ 1) is given by θ = nπ + (-1)nα where n∈Z.

10. The general value of θ satisfying tanθ = k is given by θ = nπ + α where n ∈ Z. (in each of the above
cases, α is the principal solution).

11. If sinθ = k, tanθ = k are given equations, then the general value of θ is given by θ = 2nπ + α where
α is that solution lying between 0 and 2π.

12. The equation a cosθ + b sinθ = c will have no solution or will be inconsistent if |c| > a 2 + b 2

13. cos nπ = (-1)n , sin nπ = 0.

14. If sin2θ = sin2α or cos2θ = cos2α or tan2θ = tan2α, then θ = nπ±α; n∈Z.

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PROBLEMS
Very Short answer Questions

1. Solve the following equations

5 +1
(i) cos 2θ = θ ∈[0, 2π ]
4
(ii) tan 2 θ = 1 θ ∈ [ −π , π ]
3
(iii) sin 3θ = θ ∈ [ −π . π ]
2
3
(iv) cos 2 θ = θ ∈ ( 0, π )
4
Solution :
5 +1 π 9π 11π 19π
(i) cos 2θ = ⇒ 2θ = , , ,
4 5 5 5 5
∴θ ∈ [ 0, 2π ] ∴θ ∈ [ 0, 2π ] ⇒ 2θ ∈ [ 0, 4π ]
π 9π 11π 19π
∴θ = , , ,
10 10 10 10
(ii) tan 2 θ = 1 ⇒ tan θ = ± 1 ∴θ = ± π / 4 : ± 3π / 4
−3π −π π 3π
∴θ , , ,
4 4 4 4
3 −5π −4π 2π 7π 8π
(iii) sin 3θ = ⇒ 3θ = , , , ,
2 3 3 3 3 3
−5π −4π π 2π 7π 8π
∴θ= , , , , ,
9 9 9 9 9 9
3 3
(iv) cos 2 θ = ⇒ cos θ = ±
4 2
π 5π
θ= ,
6 6
2. Find the general solution of the following equation
1
(i) 2sin 2 θ = 3cos θ (ii) sin 2 θ − cos θ =
4
(iii) 5cos θ + 7sin θ = 6
2 2

(iv) 3sin 4 x + cos 4 x = 1

Solution :
(i) ( )
2 sin 2 θ = 3cos θ ⇒ 2 1 − cos 2 θ = 3cos θ ⇒ 2 cos 2 θ + 3cos θ − 2 = 0
2 cos 2 θ + 4 cos θ − cos θ − 2 = 0 ⇒ ( 2 cos θ − 1) ( cos θ + 2 ) = 0
1
∴ cos θ = cos θ = − 2 not possible [∵ cos θ ≥ − 1]
2
θ = 2nπ ± π / 3
1
(ii) sin 2 θ − cos θ = ⇒ 4sin 2 θ − 4 cos θ = 1
4
( )
∴ 4 1 − cos 2 θ −4 cos θ = 1 ⇒ 4 cos 2 θ + 4 cos θ −3 = 0
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4 cos θ + 6 cos θ − 2 cos θ − 3 = 0 ⇒ ( 2 cos θ − 1) ( 2 cos θ + 3) = 0
2

1 3
cos θ = cosθ = − not possible
2 2
θ = 2nπ ± π / 3

(iii) 5cos 2 θ + 7sin 2 θ = 6 ⇒ 5cos2 θ + 7 − 7 cos 2 θ = 6

1
− 2cos2 θ = − 1 ⇒ cos2 θ =
2
π
cos 2 = cos 2 ⇒ θ = nπ ± π / 4
4

(iv) 3sin 4 x + cos 4 x = 1

2 2
⎛ 1 − cos 2 x ⎞ ⎛ 1 + cos 2 x ⎞
( ) + ( cos x )
2 2
2
3 sin x 2
=1 ⇒ 3⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ =1
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
{ }
3 1 + cos 2 2 x − 2 cos 2 x + 1 + cos 2 2 x+ 2 cos 2 x = 4
3 + 3 cos 2 2 x− 6cos 2 x + 1 + cos 2 2 x + 2cos 2 x = 4
4cos 2 2 x − 6cos 2 x + 1 + cos 2 2 x + 2cos 2 x = 4
4 cos 2 2 x − 4 cos 2 x = 0 ⇒ 4 cos 2 x {cos 2 x − 1} = 0
cos 2 x = 0 : cos 2 x = 1
1 − 2sin 2 x = 0 1 − 2sin 2 x = 1
1
sin 2 x = sin 2 x = 0
2
x = nπ ± π / 4 x = nπ n∈ z

3. Find the general solution of the following equations

3 1
(i) sin θ = cos θ = −
2 2
2π
The principal value of θ satisfying the two given equation = α = π − = 2π / 3
3
∴ General solution θ = 2nπ + 2π / 3 n∈ z
1 2
(ii) tan x = − sec x =
3 3
Principal value of x = −π / 6 / 6
π
∴ General solution of x = 2nπ −
6
(iii) cos ecθ = − 2 cot θ = − 3
Principal value of θ = − π / 6
∴ General solution θ = 2nπ − π / 6

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4. If x is acute and sin ( x + 10 ) = cos ( 3x − 68 ) then find x
0 0

Sol. Given sin ( x + 10 ) = cos ( 3 x − 68 )

0 0

⇒ sin( x + 10) = sin ( 90 + 3x − 68)

0

= sin ( 22 + 3x )
0

∴ x + 10 = nπ + ( −1) ( 22 + 3x )
n 0

If n is even, then
x + 10 = nπ + ( 220 + 3 x )
nπ -12
⇒x= which is not acute
2
If n is odd, then
x + 10 = ( 2k + 1) π − ( 220 + 3x ) , n = 2k + 1
π
⇒ x = ( 2k + 1) -80
4
If K=0, then x=370.

5. If Sin (2700 – X) = COS 2920 then find x in (0, 3600)

Sol. Sin (2700 – X) = COS 292

⇒ - cos x = cos180+112)

⇒ - cos x = - cos 112

⇒ cos x = cos 112

⇒ x = 1120or x = 360-112 =2480

6. If x <900 and sin( x+280) = cos (3x – 780), then find x.

sin ( x + 280 ) = cos ( 3x – 780 )

Sol.
= sin ( 900 -3x + 78 ) = sin (1680 − 3 x )
⇒ x + 28 = 168 − 3x + 2nπ
or x + 28 = 1800 − (168 − 3x ) + 2nπ
⇒ 4 x = 140 + 2 nπ or 2x = 16-2nπ
π
⇒ x = 35 + n or 8- nπ
2
⇒ x= 350 or 80

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Short Answer Questions

1. Solve the following equations

(i) 6 tan 2 x − 2cos 2 x = cos 2 x ( )
(ii) 4cos2 θ + 3 = 2 3 + 1 cos θ

(iii) 1 + sin 2 x = ( sin 3 x − cos 3 x )

2
(iv) 2sin 2 x+ sin 2 2 x = 2
Solution :
(i) 6 tan 2 x = 4cos2 x − 1
( ) ( )
6 sin 2 x = cos 2 x 4 cos 2 x − 1 ⇒ 6 1 − cos 2 x = 4 cos 4 x − cos 2 x
4cos4 x + 5cos2 x − 6 = 0 ⇒ 4cos4 x + 8cos2 x − 3cos2 x − 6 = 0
{ } {
4 cos 2 x cos 2 x + 2 − 3 cos 2 x + 2 = 0 }
3 π
cos 2 x = ⇒ cos 2 x = cos 2
4 6
x = nπ ± π / 6
Solution :
(ii) 4 cos 2 θ + 3 − 2 3 cos θ − 2 cos θ = 0
2 cos θ {2 cos θ − 1} − 3 {2 cos θ − 1} = 0

{2 cos θ ( )
− 1} 2 cos θ − 3 = 0 ⇒ cos θ =
1
2
: cos θ =
2
3

θ = 2nπ ± π / 3 or θ = 2nπ ± π / 6 n∈ z

Solution :
1 + sin 2 x = ( sin 3 x − cos x ) ⇒ 1 + sin 2 x = sin 2 3 x + cos 2 3 x − sin 6 x
2
(iii)
1 + sin 2 x= 1 − sin 6 x ⇒ sin 6 x + sin 2 x = 0
⎛ 6x + 2x ⎞ ⎛ 6x − 2x ⎞
2 sin ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟ = 0 ⇒ sin 4 x . cos 2 x = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
sin 4 x = 0 or cos 2 x = 0
4 x = nπ or 2 x = ( 2n + 1) π / 2
x = nπ / 4 x = ( 2n + 1) π / 4 n∈ z
Solution :
(iv) 2sin 2 x + sin 2 2 x = 2
2sin 2 x + 4sin 2 x cos 2 x − 2 = 0 ⇒ 4sin 2 x cos 2 x − 2cos 2 x = 0
{
2 co x 2 x 2sin 2 x − 1 = 0 }
1
cos 2 x = 0 sin 2 x =
2
π π
x = ( 2n + 1) , x = nπ ± , n ∈ z
2 4

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3
2. If x + y = 2π / 3 and sin x + sin y = find x and y
2
Solution:
x + y = 2π / 3 ⇒ 2π / 3 − x
3 ⎛ 2π ⎞
sin x + sin y = ⇒ sin x + sin ⎜ − x⎟ = 3/ 2
2 ⎝ 3 ⎠
2π 2π
sin x + sin cos x − cos sin x = 3 / 2
3 3
3 1 3
sin x + cos x + sin x =
2 2 2
3 3 3
cos x + sin x =
2 2 2
1 3 3
cos x + sin x =
2 2 2
3
cos ( x − π / 3 ) =
2
π
x − π / 3 = 2nπ ±
6
x = 2nπ + π / 2 : x = 2nπ + π / 6
x + y = 2π / 3
2π
⇒y= − 2nπ − π / 2 or y = 2π / 3 − 2nπ − π / 6
3
y = π / 6 − 2nπ or y = π / 2 − 2nπ

3. Solving the following and write the general solutions

(i) sin 7θ + sin 4θ + sin θ = 0 (ii) sin 3θ − sin θ = 4cos2 θ − 2

(iii) sin x + 3 cos x = 2 (iv) sin 4 x − sin 2 x = 2

Solution :
(i) sin 7θ + sin θ + sin 4θ = 0 ⇒ 2sin 4θ . cos 3θ + sin 4θ = 0
1
sin 4θ {2 cos 3θ + 1} = 0 ⇒ sin 4θ = 0 cos 3θ = −
2
4θ = nπ 3θ = 2nπ ± 2π / 3
nπ 2nπ 2π
θ= θ= ± n∈ z
4 3 9

Solution :
(ii) sin 3θ − sin θ = 4cos2 θ − 2
( )
2 cos 2θ . sin θ − 2 2 cos 2 θ − 1 = 0
2 cos 2θ sin θ − 2 cos 2θ = 0 ⇒ 2 cos 2θ {sin θ − 1} = 0
cos 2θ = 0 : sin θ = 1
2θ = ( 2n + 1) π / 2 θ = nπ + ( −1) π / 2
n

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θ = ( 2n + 1) π / 4 θ = nπ + ( −1) π / 2 n ∈ z
n
:

Solution :
1 3 1
(iii) sin x + 3 cos x = 2 ⇒ sin x + cos x =
2 2 2

( 3)
2
{by dividing both sides with a 2 + b 2 i.e., 12 + i.e., 2}
sin x sin π / 6 + cos x cos π / 6 = cos π / 4
cos ( x − π / 6 ) = cos π / 4
5π
x − π / 6 = 2nπ ± π / 4 ⇒ x = 2nπ + or x : 2nπ − π /12 n∈ z
12
Solution :
1 1
(iv) sec 4 x − sec 2x = 2 ⇒ − =2
cos 4 x cos 2 x
cos 2 x − cos 4 x = 2 cos 4 x cos 2 x
cos 2 x − cos 4 x = cos 6 x + cos 2 x
⇒ cos 6 x + cos 4 x = 0 ⇒ 2 cos 5 x . x cos x = 0
cos 5 x = 0 or cos x = 0
5 x = ( 2n + 1) π / 2 x = ( 2n + 1) π / 2
π π
x = ( 2n + 1) : x = ( 2n + 1) n∈ z
10 2
2nπ
(or) x = ± π /10 x = 2nπ ± π / 2
5

4. Solve the following equations

(i) tan θ + sec θ = 3 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
3x x
(ii) cos 3 x + cos 2 x = sin + sin
2 2
(iii) cot 2 x − ( )
3+ 1 cot x + 3= 0 ( 0 < x < π / 2 )
(iv) sec x cos 5 x + 1 = 0 0 < x < 2π
Solution:
1 + sin θ
(i) tan θ + sec θ = 3 ⇒ = 3 cos θ − sin θ = 1
cos θ

( 3 ) + ( −1)
2 2
Dividing both sides with i.e., with 2

3 1 1 1
cos θ − sin θ = ⇒ cos θ cos π / 6− sin θ sin π / 6 =
2 2 2 2
cos (θ + π / 6) = cos π / 3
π
θ + π / 6 = 2nπ ±
3
π
θ + π / 6 = 2nπ ± (or ) θ + π / 6 = 2nπ − π / 3
3
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θ = 2nπ + π / 6 or θ = 2nπ − π / 2 n∈ z
∵ 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π θ = π / 6 , 3π / 2
But for θ = 3π / 2 tan θ , sec θ are not defined
∴ θ =π /6
Solution :
3x x
(ii) cos 3 x + cos 2 x = sin + sin
2 2
5x x x
2cos . cos = 2sin x . cos
2 2 2
x⎧ 5x ⎫
2 cos ⎨cos − sin x ⎬ = 0
2⎩ 2 ⎭
x 5x
2 cos = 0 cos = sin x
2 2
x 5x ⎛π ⎞
cos = 0 cos = cos ⎜ −x ⎟
2 2 ⎝2 ⎠
x π 5x
= ⇒ x =π = 2nπ ± (π / 2 − x )
2 2 2
5x 5x
⇒ = 2nπ + π / 2 − x (or) = 2nπ − π / 2 + x
2 2
3x
⇒ 7 x / 2 = 2nπ + π / 2 (or) = 2nπ − π / 2
2
2 2
⇒ x = ( 2n π + π / 2 ) or x = {2nπ − π / 2}
7 3
π
n = 0 ⇒ x = π /7,n = 0: x = − does not in the given domain.
3
5π
n =1 x= n =1⇒ x = π
7
n=2 x = 9π / 7
n=3 x = 13π / 7

Solution :
(iii) cot 2 x − 3 cot x − cot x + 3 = 0

( cot x − 3 ) ( cot x −1) = 0

1
tan x = or tan x = 1
3
x = π / 6 or x = π / 4

Solution :
(iv) sec x cos 5 x+ 1 = 0 0 < x < 2π
cos 5 x cos 5 x + cos x
+1= 0⇒ =0
cos x cos x

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cos 5 x + cos x = 0 ⇒ 2 cos 3 x cos 2 x = 0
cos 3 x = 0 cos 2 x= 0
= π / 6, π / 4, 3π / 4, 5π / 6, 5π / 4, 7π / 6, 11π / 6, 7π / 4

1
5. If tan (π cos θ ) = cot (π sin θ ) then prove that cos (θ − π / 4 ) = ±
2 2
Solution:
⎛π ⎞
tan (π cos θ ) = tan ⎜ − π sin θ ⎟ ⇒ π cos θ = nπ + π / 2 − π sin θ
⎝2 ⎠
⎧ 1⎫
π {cos θ + sin θ } = π ⎨ n + ⎬
⎩ 2⎭
1 1 2n + 1
cos θ + sin θ =
2 2 2 2
2n + 1
cos (θ − π / 4 ) =
2
1
For n = 0 cos (θ − π / 4 ) =
2
3
for n = 1 cos (θ − π / 4 ) = >1
2
Not possible
∴for n = 2, 3……… cos (θ − π / 4 )
Has no value
1
For n = -1 cos (θ − π / 4 ) = − for n = -2, -3, -4,……..
2
cos (θ − π / 4 ) < − 1 Which is not possible
1
∴ cos (θ − π / 4 ) = ±
2

6. Find the range of θ if cos θ + sin θ is positive

1 1
Solution: cos θ + sin θ > 0 ⇒ cos θ + sin θ > 0
2 2
sin (θ + π / 4 ) > 0
0 <θ +π /4 <π
π π
− <θ < 3
4 4
π π
2nπ − < θ < 2nπ + 3
4 4
⎛ π π⎞
θ = ∪ ⎜ 2nπ − , 2nπ + 3 ⎟ , n ∈ z
⎝ 4 4⎠

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Long Answer Questions

1. Solve sin x + sin 2 x + sin 3 x = cos x + cos 2 x + cos 3x

Solution:
sin x + sin 3 x + sin 2 x = cos x + cos 3 x + cos 2 x
2sin 2 x .cos x + sin 2 x = 2 cos 2 x. cos x+ cos 2 x
2 sin 2 x {2 cos x + 1} − 2 cos 2 x ( 2 cos x + 1) = 0
2 cos x + 1 = 0 sin 2 x = cos 2 x
−1
cos x = tan 2 x =1
2
nπ
x = 2nπ ± 2π / 3 x= + π /8 n∈ z
2

12. If sin 3x + sin x + 2 cos x = sin 2 x + 2cos2 x find the general solution
Solution:
sin 3x + sin x + 2cos = sin 2 x + 2cos2 x
( 2sin 2 x + 2 cos x ) = 2sin cos x + 2 cos 2 x
2sin 2 x cos x− 2sin x cos x + 2cos x − 2 cos 2 x = 0
2 cos x {sin 2 x − sin x + 1 −cos x} = 0
3x x x
cos x = 0 2 cos . sin + 2sin 2 = 0
2 2 2
x ⎧ 3x x⎫
cos x = 0 2 sin ⎨cos + sin ⎬ = 0
2 ⎩ 2 2⎭
x 3x x
sin = 0 cos = − sin
2 2 2
x 3x
n = ( 2n + 1) π / 2 = nπ cos = cos (π / 2 + x / 2 )
2 2
3x
x = 2nπ = 2nπ ± (π / 2 + x / 2 )
2
3x x 3x x π
− = 2nπ + π / 2 : + = 2nπ −
2 2 2 2 2
x = ( 2n + 1) π / 2 ; x = 2nπ ; x = 2nπ + π / 2 ; x = nπ − π / 4 n ∈ z

3. If α , β are solutions of the equation a cos θ + b sin θ = c where a, b, c ∈ R and if

a 2 + b2 > 0 cos α ≠ cos β and sin α ≠ sin β then show that
2bc 2 ac
(i) sin α + sin β = (ii) cos α + cos β =
a + b2
2
a + b2
2

c2 − b2 c2 − a2
(iii) cos α cos β = (iv)_ sin α sin β =
a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2
Solution:
a cos θ + b sin θ = c ⇒ ( b sin θ ) = ( c − a cos θ )
2 2

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{ 2
}
b 1 − cos θ = c + a cos θ − 2ac cos θ
2 2 2 2

(a 2
) (
+ b 2 cos 2 θ − 2ac cos θ = c 2 − b 2 = 0 )
Since α , β are solutions cos α , cos β are roots of above equation
2 ac
∴sum of roots = cos α + cos β = 2 Hence (ii) is proved
a + b2
c 2 − b2
Product of roots = cos α cos β = (iii) is proved
a 2 + b2
a cos θ = c − b sin θ ⇒ ( a cos θ ) = ( c − b sin θ )
2 2

{ }
a 2 1 − sin 2 θ = c 2 + b 2 sin 2 θ − 2bc sin θ

(a 2
) (
+ b 2 sin 2 θ − 2bc sin θ + c 2 − a 2 = 0 )
Since α , β are solution sin α , sin β are roots

2bc c2 − a2
sin α + sin β = sin α sin β =
a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2

4. Find the common roots of the equation cos 2 x + sin 2 x = cot x and 2cos 2 + cos 2 2 x = 1
Solution:
2cos 2 x + cos 2 2 x − 1 = 0 ⇒ 2cos 2 x − 1 + cos 2 2 x = 0
cos 2 x + cos 2 2 x = 0 ⇒ cos 2 x {cos 2 x + 1} = 0
cos 2 x = 0 ; cos 2 x = − 1
cos x
cos 2 x + sin 2 x =
sin x
cos 2 x.sin x + sin 2 x.sin x = cos x
2 cos 2 x sin x + 2 sin 2 x sin x = 2 cos x
sin 3 x− sin x + cos − cos 3 x = 2 cos x
sin 3 x − cos 3 x = cos x + sin x
Squaring on both sides
1 − sin 6 x = 1 + sin 2 x
sin 2 x + sin 6 x = 0
2sin 4 x .cos 2 x = 0 ⇒ cos 2 x = 0 sin 4 x = 0
∴ Common solution is cos 2 x = 0 ⇒ 2 x = (2n + 1) π / 2

5. Solve the equation 6− cos x + 7 sin 2 x + cos x = 0

Solution:
6 −cos x + 7 sin 2 x = − cos x
Squaring on both sides
6 − cos x + 7sin 2 x = cos2 x

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6 − cos x + 7 − 7 cos x = cos x
2 2

8cos 2 x + cos x − 13 = 0

−1 ± 1 + 104
cos x = This is not possible
16
∵ sin x cos x > 1 (or )
cos x < − 1 in this cos x
Hence equation has no solution

1
6. If | tan x | = tan x + and x ∈ [ 0, 2π ] find the values of x
cos x
Solution:
cos (1) suppose tan x > 0
1 1
∴ tan x = tan x + ⇒ = 0 not possible
cos x cos x
Case (ii) Suppose tan x < 0
1 1
∴ − tan x = tan x + ⇒ − 2 tan x =
cos x cos x
1
− 2sin x = 1 ⇒ sin x = −
2
x Lies in (iii) or (iv) quadrant
But tan x < 0
∴ x= − π / 6 (or ) 11 π / 6
But x ∈ [ 0, 2π ]
∴ x = 11 π / 6

2. Solve cos 3θ = sin 2θ

θ = ( 4 n + 1) π /10 ⎫⎪
Ans: ⎬ n∈ z
( or ) θ = ( 4 n − 1) π /10 ⎪⎭

3. Solve 7sin 2 θ + 3cos 2 θ = 4

Ans: θ = nπ ± π / 6 n ∈ z

4. Solve 2 cos 2 θ − 3 sin θ + 1 = 0

Ans: θ = nπ + ( −1) π / 3 n ∈ z
n

5. Find all values of x in ( −π , π ) satisfying the equation

81 + cos x + cos2 x + ……. ∞ = 34
Ans: π / 3 or − π / 3

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6. Solve tan θ + 3cot θ = 5sec θ
Ans: θ = nπ + ( −1) π / 6
n

7. Solve 1 + sin 2 θ = 3sin θ cos θ

Ans: θ = nπ + π / 4 n ∈ z

8. Solve 2 ( sin x + cos x ) = 3

5π
x = 2nπ + or
Ans: 12
x = 2nπ + π /12

9. If θ1 , θ2 are solutions of the equation a cos 2θ + b sin 2θ = c then find the value of
(i) tan θ1 + tan θ2 (ii) tan θ1 tan θ2

10. Solve 4sin x sin 2 x sin 4 x = sin 3 x

nπ π
Ans: x = ±
3 9

1
11. If 0 < θ < π then solve cos θ cos 2θ cos 3θ =
4
π π 3π 5π 2π 7π
Ans: , , , , ,
8 3 8 8 3 8

12. Solve sin 2 x − cos 2 x = sin x − cos x

Ans: x = {2nπ / n ∈ z} u {2nπ − π / 6 / n ∈ z}

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