LESSON 0: Greek Mythology
Oral Tradition – is the manner in which
information is passed from one generation to
the next in the absence of writing or recording
medium.
Myth – an ancient story created to explain
natural events. Stories about Gods and
Goddesses, and heroes passed from one
generation to another.
Greek Gods and Goddesses:
Apollo - god of music, poetry, art, archery,
medicine, sun, light
Ares - God of War
Aphrodite – Goddess of love and beauty
Artemis – Goddess of wild hunt
Demeter – Goddess of agriculture, fertility, and
harvest
Dionysus – God of Wine
Eros – God of sexual desire, and attraction
Hades – God of the Underworld
Hera – Goddess of marriage, women, and
Queen of the Gods
Hestia – Goddess of Hearth, home, and
architecture
Hephaestus – God of Fire and Metal Working
Hermes – Messenger of the Gods. God of
thieves
Pan – God of nature
Poseidon – God of the sea
Persephone – Goddess of Vegetation and
Spring. Queen of the underworld
Zeus – God of the sky, lightning, and King of the
Gods
The Nine Muses:
Calliope – the muse of epic poetry
Clio – the muse of history
Erato – the muse of lyric poetry
Euterpe – the muse of music
Melpomene – the muse of tragedy
Polyhymnia – the muse of sacred poetry
Terpsichore – the muse of dance and chorus
Thalia – the muse of comedy
Urania – the muse of astronomy
Titans:
Cronus – Titan of time. Father of the major gods
Mnemosyne – Titaness of Memory and
Remembrance
Rhea – Titaness of Fertility and motherhood.
Mother of the major gods
Atlas – Titan of endurance
Helios – Titan of the sun
Leto – Titaness of modesty and motherhood
Gaia/Gaea – personification of the earth
Tartarus – the deep abyss that is used as a
dungeon of torment suffering for the wicked
and as the prison of the Titans.
Erebus – Personification of the deep darkness
and shadows.
Nyx – Personification of the night.
The Cyclopes – one-eyed giants.
Lesson 1: DAEDALUS AND ICARUS
Nick Pontikis – English author of Daedalus and
Icarus
Daedalus – means “skilled worker”
–a famous architect, inventor, and master
craftsman.
Athens – Daedalus’ homeland
Alcippe, Merope, and Iphinoe – all mentioned
different times as Daedalus’ mother
Metion – Daedalus’ father
– Son of Erectheus
Icarus – Daedalus’ son
– Flew too close to the sun god
– Fell to his death, drowning in the sea
Perdix – Daedalus’ apprentice
– His sister’s son
– an apt scholar
– invented the saw and the compass
– killed by Daedalus by tossing him from the hill
of Acropolis
Talos – said to be Daedalus’ apprentice and
nephew according to other sources.
Areiopagus – ancient greek court
Crete – the place where Daedalus went after
being banished from Athens.
Queen Pasiphae and King Minos – the king and
queen of Crete
Knossos – the palace of Queen Pasiphae and
King Minos
Ships – built by Daedalus for the navy of Minos
Wooden Cow – constructed by Daedalus for
Queen Pasiphae to satisfy her amorous longings
for the white bull
White Bull – Sent by PoseidonMinotaur – Half -
man, Half-bull. Born to Queen Pasiphae and the
white bull
Labyrinth – built by Daedalus to contain the
minotaur.
– the place where King Minos imprisoned
Daedalus and his son, Icarus
King Minos’ son – was accidentally killed while
he was visiting Athens.
Theseus – Athenian Hero
– He killed the Minotaur
– Princess Ariadne’s lover
Princess Ariadne – daughter of King Minos and
Queen Pasiphae
– Theseus’ lover
– she asked Daedalus to help Theseus.
Flaxen Thread – what Daedalus gave Theseus to
help him escape the labyrinth.
Artificial wings – built by Daedalus to help him
and his son escape.
Wax and Feathers – materials used to build the
artificial wings
Helios – the sun god who was pulling the sun
behind his chariot high in the sky
The Icarian Sea – the sea where Icarus fell to
this death
– was named after him
Heracles – Gave Icarus a proper burial
Camic us in Sicily – where Daedalus went after
Icarus died. Kingdom of King Cocalus
Island’s south coast – where Daedalus built a
temple for Apollo
Threading the Spiral Seashell – the challange
given by King Minos in pursuit of Daedalus
Cocalus’ court – the place where Daedalus
stayed and where the challange was presented
Ant – used by Daedalus to thread the shell. The
string was tied to the ant.
Cocalus’ daughters – the murderer’s of King
Minos. They killed him by pouring boiling hot
water on him while he was taking a bath.
Sardinia – Daedalus eventually left Camicus and
ended up in Sardinia
Iolaus – Nephew of Heracles
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns – are words ending in -
self or -selves that are used when the subject
and the object of a sentence are the same.
Intensive Pronouns – is almost identical to a
reflexive pronoun, but their functions differ.
Intensive pronouns are used to add emphasis to
the subject or antecedent of the sentence.
Antecedent – Subject of the sentence
Republic Act No. 10627 – Anti-Bullying Act of
2013
Bullying – any severe, or repeated use by one or
more student of written verbal or electronic
expression, or a physical act or gesture, or any
combination thereof, directed at another
student that has the effect of actually causing
reasonable fear of physical or emotional harm.
Physical Bullying – Any unwanted physical
contact between the bully and the victim like
punching, pushing, shoving, inflicting school
pranks, etc. And the use of available objects as
weapons.
Verbal Bullying – Any slanderous statement or
accusation that causes the victim undue
emotional distress
Cyber-bullying – any bullying done through the
use of technology or any electronic means.
Social Bullying – refers to any deliberate,
repetitive, ad aggressive social behaviour
intended to hurt others.
Gender-based bullying – refers to any act that
humiliates or excludes a person on the basis of
perceived or actual sexual orientation and
gender identity (SIGO)
Sexual Orientation – is how one thinks of
oneself in terms of to whom one is romantically
or sexually attracted.
Gender Identity – is the personal sense of one's
own gender.
Bully – refers to any student who commits the
acts of bullying.
Bullied or Victim – refers to any student who
experiences the acts of bullying or retaliation.
Lesson 2: THE GORGON’S HEAD
Anne Terry White – the English author of the
Gorgon’s head.
– translator of Russian Literature.
Acrisius – King of Argos
– Danae’s father
– Perseus’ grandfather
Oracle of Delphi – the place where the king
received the dreadful oracle.
Oracle – "No son shall be born to you, but you
will have a grandson and by his hand, you shall
die"
Danae – King Acrisius’ only daughter
– Impregnated by Zeus by transforming himself
into golden rain and landing on her lap
– The mother of Perseus
Perseus – the son of Danae and Zeus
– he was the one to kill the Gorgon Medusa
Medusa – a female Gorgon known for turning
anyone who looked at her to stone.
House of Bronze – the place where Danae was
shut away by her father.
Great Chest – Danae and little Perseus were
thrown in the great chest and set them adrift
upon the sea.
Seraphos – the chest was carried to the island
of Seraphos. Perseus also grew up in the island
Dictys – the fisherman who helped and took
care of Danae and Perseus
– Brother of the king
– After Polydectes died Perseus made him the
king of Seraphos
King Polydectes – King of Seraphos
– Fell in love with Danae and made her his wife
– Perseus turned him to stone
Gorgons – terrible winged monster who lived
alone on a island. Had teeth like the tusks of a
boar, hands of brass, and snakes instead of hair.
Hermes – took Perseus to the Gray Women and
gave Perseus a magnificent curved sword
Athena – she gave the shield to Perseus
Gray Women – they have one eye shared
among the three.
– they told Perseus the way to the Nymphs of
the North
The Nymphs of the North – gave Perseus the
winged shoes, the helmet that would make him
invisible, and the magic wallet.
Stheno and Euryale – the sisters of Medusa
Pegasus and Chrysaor – the sons of Medusa and
Poseidon. They were born by coming out of
Medusa’s neck stump.
Andromeda – daughter of Queen Cassiopeia.
– She was chained to a cliff by the sea
– Perseus’ wife
King Cepheus and Queen Cassiopeia – the rulers
of Ethiopia
Queen Cassiopeia – Andromeda’s mother who
vaunted herself fairer than the daughter of
Nereus.
Phineas – Andromeda’s Uncle
– Andromeda was promised to be his bride.
– Perseus turned him to stone
Larissa – where the games were being held
Discus Throw – the game Perseus participated
in and accidentally killed Acrisius, fulfilling the
oracle.

Lesson 3: ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE
Alice Low – English author of Orpheus and
Eurydice
Muses – Born out of Zeus and Mnemosyne,
each muse was presided over a different art or
science
Calliope – inspiration of poets and musicians.
– She was the mother of Orpheus
Orpheus – the son if Calliope and a mortal. He
was talented in playing his lyre, he can charm all
things on earth.
– Eurydice’s husband
– he visited the underworld to convince Hades
to release Eurydice.
Eurydice – Orpheus’ wife
– she was bitten by a snake sometime after
their marriage
Cave – this cave led to the underworld
River Styx – is a principal river in the Greek
underworld.
Charon – The ferryman who carries newly
deceased souls across the River Styx
Cerberus – The three-headed dog that guarded
the gates to the underworld.
– when he heard the music from Orpheus’ lyre
he laid down and went to sleep
Sisyphus – he had been condemned to roll a
rock uphill forever
Tantalus – had been sentenced to stand in a
pool of receding water.
Ixion – was tied to a wheel as punishment
Persephone – Queen of the underworld who
pleaded to her husband, Hades, to release
Eurydice
The Condition – “she (Eurydice) must follow
you, and you must not look back at her until
you are on earth”
Sad Songs – these were the songs Orpheus sang
when he longed for the time he would die and
be reunited with his beloved Eurydice.
Maenads – They were the female followers of
the God Dionysus.
– they were the ones who killed Orpheus.
Lesson 4: ARACHNE
Olivia Coolidge – translator of Arachne
Arachne – a maiden who became famous
throughout Greece because of her talent in
weaving and embroidery.
– She competed against Athena to prove which
one of them is the best. She was later turned
into a spider.
Arachne’s Father– Her father was a dyer of
wool known for the bright scarlet color
produced from shellfish.
Athena/ Athene – the goddess of wisdom and
crafts
– she was the one who turned Arachne into a
spider
Nymphs – they would watch Arachne working
by peeping through the dark doorway.
Old Woman – the form Athena took to give
Arachne a warning about comparing herself
with the gods.
Athena’s Embroidery – border of twined
branches of the olive. In the middle showed
herself competing with Poseidon for possession
of the city Athens. In the four corners, were
mortals who tried to strive with gods and
pictures of their awful fate.
Arachne’s Embroidery – scenes which showed
evil or unworthy actions of the gods, deceived
fair maidens, resorted to trickery, and how they
would appear on earth from time to time in the
form of poor and humble people.
The curse – Arachne was cursed to become the
first spider, all the spiders descended from her.
Conjunctive Adverbs – A conjunctive adverb or
subordinating adverb connects two
independent clauses or sentences. Ex. also,
besides, finally, however, next, then, etc.
Lesson 5: HOW ODIN LOST HIS EYE
Catherine F. Sellew – retold the story of How
Odin Lost His Eye
Odin – the god of wisdom, death, and poetry in
Norse Mythology.
– The King of Asgard
– Sacrificed his eye to save his kingdom
Asgard – the kingdom Odin ruled.
– one of the Nine Worlds and home of the gods
Two black ravens – Memory and Thought
they rest on Odin’s shoulder.
Elves – they had promised to Odin to help his
children of the earth.
– were tiny people who lived between heaven
and earth.
– they painted the flowers and made the beds
for the streams.
Ugly Dwarfts – lived in the heart of the
mountains
– they forged iron and metals, made tools and
weapons.
– dug gold and silver, and beautiful jewels out
of the earth.
Frost Giants – the ones who brought cold and
ice to the world and shook earth in anger.
– they hated Odin and all the works of the gods.
The Well – close by the great evergreen tree,
was a well full of clear water. In it one could see
pictures of the past and the future
Mimir – means “memory”
– He sat besides the well
– Only Mimir could give the magic drink
The Price – the price of the drink must be a
great sacrifice
– Odin sacrificed one of his bright blue eyes
Horn – used by Mimir to give Odin some water
from the well
The Pictures – Odin had seen both sorrow and
death as well as joy after drinking the water.
Odin’s Eye – It is resting in the bottom of the
well. It is there to remind men and women of
the great sacrifice Odin made for them.
Modals – is a type of verb that is used to
indicate modality – that is: likelihood, ability,
permission, request, capacity, suggestions,
order and obligation, advice, etc. Ex. Can, could,
may, might, must, shall, should, will, would.
– always appear in the first position at the
beginning of the verb phrase.
Lesson 6: FROM THE ANALECTS
Confucius – Author of From the
Analects.
– a Chinese philosopher
Arthur Waley – the translator
 “To learn and at due times to
repeat what one has learnt, is that
not after all a pleasure? Those
friends should come to one from
afar, is this not after all delightful?
To remain unsoured even though
one’s merits are unrecognizable by
others is that not after what is
expected of a gentlemen?”
 “A young man’s duty is to behave
well to his parents at home and to
his elders abroad, to be cautious in
giving promises and punctual in
giving them, to have kindly feelings
towards everyone, but seek the
intimacy of good. If, when all that
is done, he has any energy to
spare, and then let him study the
polite arts.”
 “The good man does not grieve
that other people do not recognize
his merits. His only anxiety is lest
he should fail to recognize theirs.”
 “He who rules by moral force is like
the Pole star, which remains in its
 place where all the lesser stars do would ensue should be himself fail
homage to it.” to keep pace with them.”
 “If out of three hundred songs I  “A gentleman covets the
had to take one phrase to cover all reputation of being slow in word
my teaching, I would say, Let there but prompt in deed.”
be no evil in your thoughts.”  “In old days, men studied for the
 “Govern the people by regulations, sake of self-improvement;
keep order among them by nowadays men study to impress
chastisements, and they will flee other people.”
from you, and lose all self-respect.  “A gentleman is ashamed to let his
Govern them by moral force, keep words outrun his deeds.”
order among them by ritual, they  “He who will not worry about what
will keep their self-respect and is far off will soon find something
come to you of their own accord.” worse than worry close at hand.”
 “Behave in such a way that your  “To demand much from oneself
father and mother have no anxiety and little from others is the way
about you, except concerning your for (for a ruler) to banish
health.” discontent.”
 “ A gentlemen can see a question
from all sides without bias. The
small man is biased and can see a
question only from one side.”
 “You, shall I teach you what
knowledge is? When you know a
thing, to recognize that you know
it, and when you do not know a
thing, to recognize that you do not
know it. That is knowledge.”
 “High office filled by men of
narrow views, ritual performed
without reverence, the forms of
mourning observed without grief–
these are things I cannot bear to
see!”
 “In the presence of a good man,
think all the time how you may
learn to equal him. In the presence
of a bad man, turn your gaze
within!”
 “In old days, a man kept hold on
his words, fearing the disgrace that