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ISSN: 2040-7467
© M axwell Scientific Organization, 2009
Submitted Date: July 13, 2009 Accepted Date: July 28, 2009 Published Date: October 20, 2009
Abstract: The moisture-dependent physical properties of agricultural grains are important to design post
harvest equipments of the product. In the current study, various physical properties of two different paddy
cultivars were determined a t five moisture content levels of 8, 11, 14, 18 and 21% (d.b.). In the case of
Alikazemi cultivar, the average length, width, thickness, equivalent diameter, surface area, volume, sphericity,
thousand grain mass and angle of repose increased from 9.83 to 10.05 mm, 2.65 to 2.76 mm, 1.92 to 2.01 mm,
3.72 to 3.85 mm, 39.37 to 42.12 mm 2 , 26.91 to 29.94 mm 3 , 37.51 to 38.04% , 27.63 to 31.20 g an d 35.67º to
41.23º, respectively, as the m oisture content increased from 8 to 21% (d.b.). The corresponding values
increased from 10.20 to 10.25 mm, 2.31 to 2.40 mm, 1.85 to 1.92 mm, 3.53 to 3.63 mm, 36.87 to 38.61 mm 2 ,
23.12 to 25.11 mm3 , 34.53 to 35.27%, 24.43 to 27.80 g and 38.27 º to 44.37º, respectively, for Hashe mi cultivar.
For Alikazem i cultivar, the static coefficient of friction of grains increased linearly against three various
surfaces, namely, glass (0.3168-0.4369), galvanized iron sheet (0.4179-0.4965), and plywood (0.4394-0.5264)
as the moisture content increased from 8 to 21% (d.b.). The corresponding value for Hashemi cultivar increased
from 0.3577 to 0.4650, 0.4629 to 0.5082 and 0.4857 to 0.5452, respectively, against three mentioned surfaces.
Key w ords: Agricultural equipment, moisture content, paddy grain, physical properties and variety
INTRODUCTION
considered as the m illing loss d ue to breaka ge of g rain Samples that their m oisture content should be raised
(Sarker and Farouk, 1989). were moistened with a calculated quantity of distilled
Bulk density, true de nsity, an d porosity (the ratio of water by using the following Eq. (1) and conditioned to
inter granular space to the total space occupied by the raise their moisture content to the desired two different
grain) can be useful in sizing grain hoppers and storage levels (CoÕkun et al., 2005):
facilities; they can affect the rate of heat and mass transfer
of moisture during aeration and drying processe s. Grain
(1)
bed with low porosity will have greater resistance to water
vapor escape du ring the drying proce ss, which may lead
to higher pow er to drive the aeration fans. Cereal grain
whe re Q is the mass of a dded water (kg), W i is the initial
kernel densities have been of interest in breakage
mass of the samp le (kg), M i is the initial moisture content
susceptib ility and hardness studies (Ghasemi
of the sample (%, d.b.) and M f is the final moisture
Varnam khasti et al., 2007).
content of the sample (% , d.b.).
Flow ability of agricultural grains is usually measured
In order to obtain three desired moisture levels below
using the angle of repose. This is a measure of the internal
the initial moisture contents, the samples were kept in an
friction between grains and can be useful in hopper oven at a constant temperature of 43 <C until the desired
design, since the hopper wall’s inclination angle should be moisture contents of the sam ples were obtained (Y ang
greater than the angle of repose to ensure the continuous et al., 2003).
flow of the m aterials by gravity. The static coefficient of After making five levels of mois ture contents, for
friction is used to determine the angle at which chutes both the selected cultivars, the samples w ere poured in
must be positioned in order to achieve consistent flow of polyethylene bags and the bag s sealed tightly. The
materials through the chute. Such information is useful in samples were kept at 5 ºC in a refrigerator for a week to
sizing motor requirements for grain transportation and enab le the moisture to distribute uniform ly throughout the
handling (Ghasem i varnamkh asti et al., 2007). The sample. Before starting of each test, the required
knowledge of physical properties of rice such as quantities of the samples were taken out of the refrigerator
dimension characteristics and determination of milled rice and allowed to warm up to the room temperature for about
quality param eters by image proc essing techniques will 2 h. The rewetting technique to attain the desired mo isture
enab le regular monitoring of milling operation in an content in kernel and grain has frequently been used
objective manner, and thus allow the operator to quickly (CoÕkun et al., 2005; Garnayak et al., 2008; Pradhan
react within a few minu tes to ch anges in m aterial et al., 2008). All the physical properties of the grains w ere
properties (Y adav and Jindal, 2001). determined at moisture levels of 8, 11, 14, 18 and 21 %
Since grain property variation is wide, especially (d.b.) for both the Alikazemi and Hashemi cultivars. Ten
when considering variety difference, rice cannot be replications of each test w ere mad e at each m oisture
content leve l.
considered to have uniform properties. Moreover, the
The length, width, thickness and mass of paddy
moisture content of paddy grain decreases from 22 to 8%,
grains were measured in random ly selected 100 paddy
during harvesting to milling projects. Differences in grain
grains. The length, width and thickness of grains were
moisture content can result in a significant variation in the
measured using vernier calipers to an accuracy of 0.01
processing characteristics of the grain. Hence, the mm.
objective of this study was to determine some physical The thousand grain mass was determined by means
properties of two varieties of paddy, Alikazemi and of a digital electronic balance having an accuracy of 0.00
Hashem i, as a function of moisture content in the range of g. To evaluate the thousand grain mass, 100 randomly
8 to 21% (d.b.) which can help out in the design of selected grains from the bulk sample were averaged.
handling, threshing, de-husking and milling equipment for The equivalent diameter (D p ) in mm considering a
rice production. prolate spheroid shape for a paddy grain, was calculated
using (M ohsenin, 1986):
MATERIALS AND METHODS
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 1(3): 132-139, 2009
(4)
where:
(5)
whe re L is the length, W is the width and T is the With the cylinder resting on the surface, the surface was
thickness of grain, all in mm. raised gradually until the filled cylinder just started to
The angle of repose is the angle with the horizontal slide down (Razavi and Milani, 2006; Ghasemi
at which the material will stand when piled. This was varnamk hasti et al., 2007). The coefficient of friction was
determined by using the appa ratus (Fig. 2) consisting of calculated from the following relationship:
an adjustable plywood box of 140×160×35mm and an
electrical motor to lifting the box. The adjustable box was : = tan" (8)
filled with the sample, and then was inclined gradually by
the electrical motor allowing the grains to follow and whe re : is the coefficient of friction and " is the angle of
assume a natural slope; this was measured as emptying tilt in degrees.
angle of repose. A similar trend has been done by The data were analyzed statistically using SPSS 13
Tabatab aeefar (2003 ). software and analysis of regression using Microsoft Excel
The bulk density was determined by filling a software.
cylindrical container of 500 ml volume with the grains a
height of 150 mm at a constant rate and then weighing the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
contents (Garnayak et al., 2008; Pradhan et al., 2008). No
separate manual compaction of kernels was done. The Grain Dimen sions: Average values of the three principal
bulk density was calculated from the mass of the kernels dimensions of paddy grains at different moisture contents
and the volume of the container. The true density defined are presented in Table 1. As it can be seen, for both the
as the ratio between the mass of paddy grains and the true evaluated cultivars, upon moisture absorption, the paddy
volume of the grains, was determined using the toluene grain expands in length, width and thickness within the
(C 7 H 8 ) displacement method. Toluene was used instead of moisture range of 8 to 21% (d.b.). In the case of
water because it is abso rbed by ke rnels to a lesser extent. Alikazemi cultivar, the average length, width and
The volume of toluene displaced was found by immersing thickness of the 100 grains increased from 9.83 to 10.05
a weighted quantity of paddy grains in the measured mm (P < 0.05), 2.65 to 2.76 mm (P < 0.01) and 1.92 to
toluene (Garnayak et al., 2008). 2.01 mm (P < 0.01), respectively; W hile the
The porosity was calculated from bulk and true corresponding values for Hashemi cultivar increased from
densities using the relationship (Jain and Bal, 1997) as 10.20 to 10.25 mm (P > 0.05), 2.31 to 2.40 mm (P < 0.01)
follows: and 1.85 to 1.92 mm (P < 0.01), respectively, as the
moisture content increased from 8 to 21% (d.b.). The
results also showed that the width and thickness of the
(7) Alikazemi cultivar was greater than those of the Hashemi
cultivar, but the Hashemi cultivar represented higher
length than the Alikazemi cultivar at all moisture content
whe re , is the porosity (% ), D b is the bulk d ensity (kg/m 3 ) levels.
and D t is the true density (kg/m 3 ).
The static coefficient of friction of paddy grains Equivalent Diameter: The equivalent diameter of the
against three different surfaces, namely, glass, galvanized paddy cultivars was calculated by using Eq. (2). As shown
iron sheet and plywood was determined using a cylinder in Fig. 3, for both the evaluated cultivars in this study, the
of diameter 75mm and depth 50m m filled w ith grains. equivalent diameter of paddy grain increased linearly w ith
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 1(3): 132-139, 2009
Tab le 1: P rincip al dim ens ions of p add y gra in va rieties a t diffe rent m oistu re co nten ts
Va riety Alikazemi Hashemi
M ois ture co nte nt, (% , d.b .) Principal dimensions (mm)
------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------
Len gth W idth Thickness Len gth W idth Thickness
8 9.83 (0 .34) a 2.65 (0 .08) a 1.92 (0 .04) a 10.20 (0.43) a 2.31 (0 .05) a 1.85 (0 .03) a
11 9.85 (0 .39) a 2.67 (0.08) bc 1.94 (0 .04) b 10.21 (0.44) a 2.32 (0.05) ab 1.86 (0.02) ab
14 9.88 (0 .41) a 2.69 (0 .07) c 1.96 (0 .03) c 10.22 (0.37) a 2.36 (0.08) bc 1.87 (0 .02) b
18 9.96 (0.45) ab 2.73 (0 .07) d 1.99 (0 .03) d 10.23 (0.37) a 2.38 (0.17) cd 1.89 (0 .04) c
21 10.05 (0.42) a 2.76 (0 .06) e 2.01 (0 .03) e 10.25 (0.42) a 2.40 (0 .17) d 1.92 (0.05) d
Figu res in pare nthe sis are stand ard d evia tion. V alue s in th e sam e co lum ns fo llow ed b y diff eren t letters (a –d) are sig nifica nt (P < 0.05 ).
135
Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 1(3): 132-139, 2009
True Density: The variation of true density w ith moisture (P< 0.01) w ith increasing m oisture content. Although the
content for both varieties of p addy grain s is shown in results were similar to those reported by Bart-Plange and
Fig. 9. True density of paddy grains at different moisture Baryeh (2003) for C ategory B cocoa beans, CoÕkun et al.
levels varied from 1405.17 to 1454.93 kg/m 3 and 1328.65 (2005) for sweet corn seed, Selvi et al. (2006) for linseed
to 1364.96 kg/m 3 for Alikazemi and Hash emi varieties, and Pradhan et al. (2008) for karanja kernel, a different
respectively. The effect of moisture content on true trend was reported by Sacilik et al. (2003) for hemp seed
density of paddy grains showed a significant increase and Yalçin et al. (2007) for pea seed.
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 1(3): 132-139, 2009
Fig 9: Effect of moisture content on true density of paddy grain. Fig. 10. Effect of moisture content on porosity of paddy grain.
137
Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 1(3): 132-139, 2009
Tab le 2: Static c oefficien ts of friction of pad dy gr ain va rieties on variou s surfac es at diffe rent m oisture c onten ts
Va riety A l ik az em i H a sh em i
M oistu re co nten t, (% , d.b.) Static coefficient of friction
------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------
Glass Galvanized ironsheet Plywood Glass Galvanized iron sheet Plywood
8 0.3168 (0 .0106) a 0.4179 (0 .0084) a 0.4394 (0 .0127) a 0.3577 (0 .0159) a 0.4629 (0 .0085) a 0.4857 (0 .0178) a
11 0.3529 (0 .0074) b 0.4377 (0 .0098) b 0.4608 (0 .0128) b 0.3859 (0 .0088) b 0.4766 (0.0097) bc 0.5087 (0 .0091) b
14 0.4008 (0 .0127) c 0.4520 (0 .0168) c 0.4788 (0.0167) bc 0.4315 (0 .0114) c 0.4886 (0.0078) cd 0.5282 (0 .0132) c
18 0.4179 (0 .0171) d 0.4694 (0.0205) cd 0.5013 (0 .0160) c 0.4515 (0 .0068) d 0.4982 (0.0126) cd 0.5398 (0 .0144) c
21 0.4369 (0 .0087) e 0.4965 (0 .0141) d 0.5264 (0 .0124) d 0.4650 (0 .0055) e 0.5082 (0 .0096) d 0.5452 (0 .0094) d
Figu res in p arenth esis are sta ndard devia tion. V alues in the sam e colu mn s follow ed by differen t letters (a–d ) are sign ificant ( P < 0.05).
from 8 to 21% (d.b.), the average length, width, Baümler, E., A. Cuniberti, S.M. Nolasco and I.C.
thickness, equivalent diam eter, surface area, volume, Riccobene, 2006. Moisture dependent physical and
sphericity, thousand grain mass and angle of repose compression properties of safflower seed. J. Food
increased for both the Alikazemi and Hashemi Eng., 72: 134-140.
varieties. CoÕkun, M.B., I. Yalçin and C. Özarslan, 2005. Physical
C The bulk and true densities of the both evaluated properties of sweet corn seed (Zea mays sacchara ta
varieties in this study were observed to increase as Sturt.). J. Food Eng., 74(4): 523-528.
the moisture content of grains increased from 8 to Dutta, S.K., V.K. Nema and R.K. Bhardwaj, 1988.
21% (d.b.). Physical properties of gram. J. Agric. Eng. Res., 39:
C The porosity of the bo th varieties of paddy grains 259-268.
decre ased with increase in moisture content. FA OS TA T., 2007. Rice production. Available from
C The static coefficient of friction of both varieties of
http://faostat.fao.org
paddy grains increased linearly with moisture content
Garnayak, D.K., R.C. Pradhan, S.N. Naik and N.
irrespective of surfaces emplo yed. At all moisture
Bhatnagar, 2008. Moisture-dependent physical
contents, the static coefficient of friction was the
properties of Jatropha seed (Jatropha curcas L.).
highest for both varieties on plywood and the least
Indian J. Crops. Products., 27: 123-129.
for glass.
Ghasemi Varna mkhasti, M., H. M obli, A. Jafari, A.R.
ACKNOW LEDGMENTS Keyhani, M. Heidari Soltanabadi, S. Rafiee and K.
Khe iralipour, 2008. Some physical properties of
The autho rs wo uld like to thank the Rice Research rough rice (Oryza Sativa) grain. J. Cereal Sci., 47:
Institute of Iran and Universities of Tehran and Urmia for 496-501.
providing the laboratory facilities and financial suppo rt Irtawange, S.V., 2000. The effect of accession on some
for this project. The authors are also grateful to Hamed physical and eng ineering properties of African yam
Tavakkoli and Kav eh M ollazadeh for their helps. bean. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Department of
Agricultural Engineering, University of Ibad an.,
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