Mechanics of Solids I

CV211
Course Instructor
Engr. Rabinder Kumar
RA/Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering
Email. rabinder.kumar@giki.edu.pk

This course deals with the relations between externally

applied loads and their internal effects on bodies.

1
 Course Outline
Chapter 1: Simple Stresses and Strain
Lecture 1-2 Introduction, Stress, Strain, Types of Stresses, Analysis of Internal
Forces , Numerical
Lecture Elasticity and Elastic Limits, Stress Strain Diagram, Material
3-4 Properties, Hook’s Law, Young’s Modulus, Factor of Safety, Analysis
Week
of bars due to its own weight, Problems
1-3
Lecture 5-6 Analysis of bars of Uniform Strengths, Analysis of bars of varying
sections, Analysis of bars of composite sections, Thermal Stresses
Lecture 7-8 Longitudinal strain, lateral strain, Poisson’s ratio, Volumetric strains,
bulk modulus, relation between bulk modulus and young’s modulus
Lecture 9 Illustrative Problems
Chapter 2: Strain Energy and Impact Loadings
Lecture 10- Introduction, Strain energy stored in body when the load is applied
11 gradually, Problems
Week Lecture Strain energy stored in body when the load is applied suddenly,
4-5 12-13 Problems
Lecture 14 Strain energy stored in body when the load is applied with impact,
Problems
Lecture 15 Illustrative Problems
2
 Course Outline (cont.…)
Chapter 3: Shear and Moment in Beams
Lecture 16 Introduction, Types of loads, Types of beams, Shear and
Moment, Interpretation of vertical shear and bending
moment
Lecture 17-18 Shear force and bending moment diagram for cantilever
Week 6-8
beam with point load, UDL and UVL
Lecture Shear force and bending moment diagram for simply
19-20 supported beams with point load, UDL and UVL
Lecture 21-22 Shear force and bending moment diagram for overhang
beams with point load, UDL and UVL, Point of contra flexure
Lecture 23 Relation among load , shear and bending
Chapter 4: Bending Stresses in beams
Lecture 24-25 Pure bending and simple bending, Theory of Simple
bending, Derivation of flexure formula, Neutral axis and
moment resistance,
Week 9-10
Lecture 26-27 bending stresses in symmetrical sections, Section modulus,
section modulus of various shapes of beam sections,
bending stresses in unsymmetrical sections
Lecture 28-29 Composite beams, Illustrative Problems
3
Course Outline (cont.…)
Chapter 5: Columns and Struts
Lecture Introduction, failure of columns, Euler’s column theory,
30 long columns and short columns, End conditions for
long column
Lecture 31-32 Bulking and crippling load, expression for crippling load
when both ends are hinged
Lecture 33 Expression of crippling load when one end is fixed and
Week 11-13
other is free
Lecture Expression of crippling load when both ends are fixed
34-35 and one end is fixed and other is pin
Lecture 36 Effective Length, Limitations of Euler’s formula, Rankin’s
Formula, Straight line formula
Lecture 37-38 Factor of safety, columns with eccentric load, columns
with initial curvature, strut with lateral load
Week 14 Lecture 39-41 Chapter 6: Torsion and Springs
Lecture 42-45 Chapter 7: Special Topics
Week 15
Stress concentration, theories of failures, Fatigue

4
Course Learning Outcomes

5
Prerequisite Knowledge
You need to have basic concepts of “Introduction to
Engineering Mechanics” in order to be successful in this
course.

Units
This course will use both the English (Imperial) system of
units and the International System (SI) (metric) system of
units

6
Instructions

• Respect
• Be honest & punctual
• Be attentive
• Take down additional notes
• Avoid using mobile phones
• Hard copies of lectures are not alternate to books

7
Books

1. Strength of Materials by A. Pytel and F.L. Singer

2. Mechanics of Solids by E.P. Popov and T.A. Balan

3. Strength of Materials by R. Subramanian

4. Strength of Materials by R.S. Khurmi

5. Strength of Materials by William A. Nash

8
“Mechanics of Solids”

9
 Mechanics of Solids
Foundation for all structural
and machine design

Stresses

Engineering External Internal forces Structural

structure loads and moments performance
• Axial Strains • deformations/Deflections
• Torsional (Twisting) • Yield/fracture
• Transverse/Flexural/ • Success/Failure
Bending
• Combined Loading

10
What is Stress?
Stress is defined as the internal resisting force developed in a
body when it is deformed under external force. This is
magnitude of internal resisting force per unit area.

where σ = Stress developed in the body

P = Internal resisting force set up by
the body
A = Cross-sectional area resisting the
external force

11
Units

In SI system, stress is measured In FPS system, stress is measured

in N/m2 and this unit is in lb/in2 and this unit is generally
specifically called Pascal (Pa). written as psi (p for pound & “si”
for square inch).
A bigger unit of stress in SI is the
mega Pascal (MPa). A bigger unit of stress in FPS is
kilo-pound per square inch (ksi) ( k
1 Pa = 1 N/m ,
2
for kilo-pound & “si” for square
1MPa = 10 N/m
6 2
inch).
= 1 N/mm 2

1 ksi = 1000 psi

12
Types of Stresses
Tensile Stresses
The force which tends to stretch or elongate the body is known
as tensile force. The tensile force per unit area is known as
tensile stress

σt= (internal resisting force at x-x)/(resisting area at x-x)

=P/A

-A man pulling the box with

rope and the Rope is in tension
Types of Stresses
Compressive Stress

The force which tends to shorten the body is known as

compressive force. The compressive force per unit area is known
as compressive stress
σc= (internal resisting force at x-x)/(resisting area at x-x)

=P/A
Types of Stresses

Shear Stress

The force which tends to shear off the body is known as shear
force. The shear force per unit area is known as shear stress.
This is also known as tangential stress.
Shear stress examples
Types of Stresses

Bearing Stress

The bearing stress is the contact pressure between two separate

surfaces.
Types of Stresses

Normal or Direct Stresses

When the stress acts at a section or normal to the plane of the

section, it is called a normal stress or a direct stress. It is a
term used to mean both the tensile stress and the
compressive stress.
Types of Stresses
Volumetric Stress

Three mutually perpendicular like direct

stresses of same intensity produced in a
body constitute a volumetric stress. For
example consider a body in the shape of a
cube subjected equal normal pushes on all
its six faces. It is now subjected to equal
compressive stresses σc in all the three
mutually perpendicular directions. The
body is now said to be subjected to a
volumetric compressive stress p.
Volumetric stress produces a change in
volume of the body without producing any
distortion to the shape of the body.
Types of Stresses
Simple and Pure Stresses

The stress developed in a body is said to be

Simple tension,
Simple compression and
Simple shear

when the stress induced in the body is

(a) single and
(b) uniform

If the condition (a) alone is satisfied, the stress is called pure

tension or pure compression or pure shear, as the case may be.
Stress Analysis

21
Stress Analysis

P P

V
N
P

N
P
P V
22
 Stresses on an Inclined
N section/plane
P
P V

Force per unit area

perpendicular to the cut surface

Assume Uniformly
Distributed

( + ) Tension
( - ) Compression

23
Stresses on an Inclined section/plane

N
P
P V

Force per unit area parallel to

the cut surface

Assume Uniformly
Distributed

24
Worksheet:
A flat steel alloy bar has a thickness of 10 mm and a width of 60 mm.
It is subjected to an axial centric load in tension of 60 kN.
Determine the normal stress and shear stress in the bar on both the
transverse plane and inclined plane.

P 3
P

25
Worksheet Solution:

26
Maximum Normal and Shear Stress on
inclined planes for uniaxial loadings
(For uniaxial loading structural member is
subjected to simple tension or compression)

Solve by similar triangles and find

relationship between A and At

27
Maximum Normal and Shear Stress on
inclined planes for uniaxial loadings

= 𝒕

28
29