Contents

4.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 2

4.1 Description statistics of the data collection ........................................................... 3

4.2 T-test of the data collection ................................................................................. 12

4.3 Hypothesis testing ................................................................................................ 19

4.4 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................ 22

5.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 23

5.1 Respondent profile ............................................................................................... 24

5.2 Discussion of Findings......................................................................................... 26

5.3 Recommendations ................................................................................................ 27

5.4 Practical Implication ............................................................................................ 28

5.5 Limitation of Study .............................................................................................. 29

5.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 30

Reference ................................................................................................................... 32

Coursework ................................................................................................................ 33

Page 1 of 34
4.0 Introduction

The result of the data analysis. Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning,

transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information,

suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making. Data analysis has multiple

facets and approaches, encompassing diverse techniques under a variety of names, in

different business, science, and social science domains. Aim is report the finding that

we get from the data analysis. In the research, data were analyzed using several methods

such as description statistics of the data collection, T-test of the data collection,

Hypothesis testing and chapter summary.

Page 2 of 34
4.1 Description statistics of the data collection

Table 4.1.1: Age of respondents

Age Frequency Percent

below 18 5 5

19-29 15 15

30-49 30 30

50 and above 20 20

Total 100 100

The result of respondent’s age is shown in table 4.1.1. The table’s shows that 5% of the

respondent (5 respondents) is at the age below 18 years old, followed 15% (15

respondents) of the respondent are in 19-29 years old. For 30-49 years, there are 30%

(30 respondent). Lastly, for 50 and above there are 20 %(20 of respondent).According

to his table the highest respondent are age between 30-49 years old and the lowest are

age between below 18.There are only 5 respondents.

Page 3 of 34
4.1.2: Gender of respondents

Gender Frequency Percent

Male 50 50

Female 50 50

Total 100 100

Table 4.1.2 is the result for the gender of the respondents. The finding shows that the

same respondent male and female. There are 50 respondent of male (50% of

respondent) and 50 female respondents consist of 50% of respondent.

4.1.3: Marital status of respondents

Marital status Frequency Percent

single 16 16

married 75 75

divorce 5 0

other 0 0

Total 100 100

Table 4.1.3 is the result for the marital status of the respondents. The finding shows that

the single, married, divorce and other respondent. There are 20 respondent of single

(20% of respondent), 75 married of respondents consist of 75% of respondent, 5 divorce

respondents consist of 5% of respondent and no other respondent.

Page 4 of 34
4.1.4 Race of respondents

Race Frequency Percent

Malay 20 20

Chinese 75 75

indian 5 5

Other 0 0

Total 100 100

Table 4.1.4 is the result for the race of the respondents. The finding shows that the

Malay, Chinese, Indian and other respondent. There are 20 respondent of Malay (20%

of respondent), 75 Chinese of respondents consist of 75% of respondent, 5 Indian

respondents consist of 5% of respondent and no other respondent.

Page 5 of 34
4.1.5 Religion of respondents

Religion Frequency Percent

Muslim 18 18

Buddhism 50 50

Hindu 3 3

Other 29 29

Total 100 100

Table 4.1.5 is the result for the religion of the respondents. The finding shows that the

Muslim, Buddhism, Hindu and other respondent. There are 18 respondent of Muslim

(18% of respondent), 50 Buddhism of respondents consist of 50% of respondents, 3

Hindu respondents consist of 3% of respondent and 29 other of respondents consist of

29%.

Page 6 of 34
4.1.6 Education level

Education Level Frequency Percent

High school 49 49

Undergraduate degree 35 35

Masters 5 5

PhD or higher 1 1

Total 100 100

Table 4.1.6 is the result for the education level of the respondents. The finding shows

that the high school, undergraduate degree, masters and PhD or higher respondent.

There are 49 respondent of high school (49% of respondent), 35 undergraduate degree

of respondents consist of 35% of respondent, 5 masters respondents consist of 5% of

respondent and 1 PhD or higher respondent consist of 1% of respondent.

Page 7 of 34
4.1.7 Occupation

Occupation Frequency Percent

student 13 13

working 47 47

unemployed 40 40

other 0 0

Total 100 100

Table 4.1.7 is the result for the occupation of the respondents. The finding shows that

the student, working, unemployed and other respondent. There are 13 respondent of

student (13% of respondent), 47 working of respondents consist of 47% of respondent,

40 unemployed respondents consist of 40% of respondent and no other respondent.

Page 8 of 34
4.1.8 Monthly income

Monthlt Income Frequency Percent

below RM1000 20 20

RM1000-RM2999 40 40

RM3000-RM5999 25 25

Other 15 15

Total 100 100

Table 4.1.8 is the result for the monthly income of the respondents. The finding shows

that the below RM1000, RM1000-RM2999, RM3000-RM5999 and other respondent.

There are 20 respondent of below RM1000 (20% of respondent), 40 RM1000-RM2999

of respondents consist of 40% of respondent, 25 RM3000-RM5999 respondents consist

of 25% of respondent and 15 other respondent consist of 15% of respondent.

Page 9 of 34
4.1.9 Living area

Living Area Frequency Percent

City 83 83

Villages 10 10

Outskirt 5 5

Other 2 2

Total 100 100

Table 4.1.9 is the result for the living area of the respondents. The finding shows that

the city, villages, outskirt and other respondent. There are 83 respondent of city (83% of

respondent), 10 villages of respondents consist of 10% of respondent, 5 outskirt

respondents consist of 5% of respondent and 2 other respondent consist of 2% of

respondent.

4.1.10 Do you buy the SME’S product?

SME'S Frequency Percent

Product

yes 100 100

no 0 0

Total 100 100

Page 10 of 34
Table 4.1.10 is the result for the buy the SME’S product of the respondents. The finding

shows that all the respondent have use the SME’S product.

Page 11 of 34
4.2 T-test of the data collection

1. Definition of the t-test is a statistical test that is used to determine if there is a

significant difference between the mean or average scores of two groups.

2. Three types of T-test may be use:

a. One sample

The one-sample t-test is used to determine whether a sample comes from a population

with a specific mean. This population mean is not always known, but is sometimes

hypothesized.

b. Independent groups

A t-test helps you compare whether two groups have different average values (for

example, whether men and women have different average heights).

c. Repeated measures

Used to assess changes over time in an outcome measured serially or to test for

differences in 1 or more treatments based on repeated assessments in the same subjects.

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3. In this research, independent samples test will be used to test whether gender is

significant towards packaging.

Table 4.2.1 Independent samples test between gender and packaging

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable Variable

1 2

Mean 16.9 17.7

Variance 5.193878 7.030612

Observations 50 50

Hypothesized Mean

Difference 0

df 96

t Stat -1.61793

P(T<=t) one-tail 0.054479

t Critical one-tail 1.660881

P(T<=t) two-tail 0.108959

t Critical two-tail 1.984984

The result of t-test is shown in table 4.2.1 above. As shown, the difference in the mean

of 16.9 and 17.7 with standard deviation of 2.279 and 2.65153 for male and female on

Page 13 of 34
the packaging were insignificant. The t value is 0.108959. Because of that we can

concluded that there is no significant different of packaging between male and female

respondents.

Table 4.2.2 Independent samples test between gender and purchase

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable Variable

1 2

Mean 16.9 17.64

Variance 8.663265 9.214694

Observations 50 50

Hypothesized Mean

Difference 0

df 98

t Stat -1.23754

P(T<=t) one-tail 0.109423

t Critical one-tail 1.660551

P(T<=t) two-tail 0.218845

t Critical two-tail 1.984467

Page 14 of 34
The result of t-test is shown in table 4.2.2 above. As shown, the difference in the mean

of 16.9 and 17.64 with standard deviation of 2.94334 and 3.03557 for male and female

on the packaging were insignificant. The t value is 0.218845. Because of that we can

concluded that there is no significant different of packaging between male and female

respondents.

Page 15 of 34
Table 4.2.3 Independent samples test between gender and price

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable Variable

1 2

Mean 16.04 18.12

Variance 10.93714 8.964898

Observations 50 50

Hypothesized Mean

Difference 0

df 97

t Stat -3.29685

P(T<=t) one-tail 0.000684

t Critical one-tail 1.660715

P(T<=t) two-tail 0.001367

t Critical two-tail 1.984723

The result of t-test is shown in table 4.2.3 above. As shown, the difference in the mean

of 16.04 and 18.12 with standard deviation of 3.30713 and 2.994144 for male and

female on the packaging were insignificant. The t value is 0.001367. Because of that we

can concluded that there is no significant different of packaging between male and

female respondents.

Page 16 of 34
Table 4.2.4 Independent samples test between gender and customer loyalty

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable Variable

1 2

Mean 16.56 17.22

Variance 8.945306 8.42

Observations 50 50

Hypothesized Mean

Difference 0

df 98

t Stat -1.11992

P(T<=t) one-tail 0.132742

t Critical one-tail 1.660551

P(T<=t) two-tail 0.265484

t Critical two-tail 1.984467

The result of t-test is shown in table 4.11 above. As shown, the difference in the mean

of 16.56 and 17.22 with standard deviation of 2.88882 and 2.9017 for male and female

on the packaging were insignificant. The t value is 0.265484 and. Because of that we

Page 17 of 34
can concluded that there is no significant different of packaging between male and

female respondents.

Page 18 of 34
4.3 Hypothesis testing

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to compare the difference between more than

two means at a same time. Before conducting ANOVA, the necessary assumption must

be met. The assumptions for ANOVA are the same as those t-test. The two assumption

of concern are:

A) Population normality-population from which the samples have been drawn should be

normal. Check this for each group using normality statistics such as skewers and

Shapiro-Wilk

B) Homogeneity of variance- the scores in each group should have homogeneous

variances.

Page 19 of 34
Table 4.3.1 one way ANOVA between age, race, religion, education level, occupation

and income with packaging.

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY

Groups Count Sum Average Variance

Column 1 7 125 17.85714 231.8095

Column 2 7 264 37.71429 571.9048

Column 3 7 111 15.85714 238.8095

Column 4 7 75 10.71429 151.2381

Column 5 2 25 12.5 112.5

ANOVA

Source of

Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Between

Groups 3064.929 4 766.2321 2.633074 0.058081 2.75871

Within Groups 7275.071 25 291.0029

Total 10340 29

Page 20 of 34
The result of ANOVA is shown in Table 4.3.1. The F value is 2.633074. This F value is

not significant at the level 0.058081. This means that there is no significant different

between packaging

In this one Way ANOVA testing we can concluded that there is no significant

relationship between age, race, religion, occupation, income and also living area. This is

because all the significant value is more than 0.05.

Page 21 of 34
4.4 Chapter Summary

The three hypotheses proposed earlier already tested in this chapter. Using a sample of

100 respondent, data was obtained from customer in area Austin. The questionnaire was

distributed randomly .The primary objective was to determine the effect of new

packaging toward customer loyalty, price and customer purchase decisions. Two level

of statistical analysis were conducted in two different steps. The first level involved the

use of the demographic data. This level of analysis was not intended for hypothesis

testing, but rather to enable us to obtain a glance of the basic characteristics of the data.

Test level two involved two main statistical analysis; analysis of different (t-test and one

way ANOVA) and analysis of relationship and influence (Correlation).

We can conclude that, based on the test conducting, there are 2 hypotheses were

rejected and 1 hypotheses were acceptable. There are relationship between purchase

decisions and customer loyalty with packaging. But for price there are no relationship.

From this research shows that only purchase decisions and customer loyalty will

affected if there are a new packaging to the SME’s product.

Page 22 of 34
5.0 Introduction

Processes (such as cleaning, drying, and preserving) and materials (such as glass, metal,

paper or paperboard, plastic) employed to contain, handle, protect, and/or transport an

article.

Whether you’re getting ready to create packaging for a product you’re selling or you’re

considering changing the packaging of an existing product, you may be wondering if

the appearance of a product’s package is important. Many product providers may think

that the product and its performance is more important than what the packaging looks

like, but the product packaging can play a role in the success or failure of the sales of

the product.

This study explores the effect of the new packaging for the SMEs product. This research

looks the effect in term of customer purchase decision, price and consumer loyalty. This

study was held at area Austin, Johor. A survey of the consumer around Austin was

conducted to determine the significant and the effect of the packaging to the consumer

purchase decision, consumer loyalty and also price. A total 100 questionnaire were

distributed at Austin area. The finding shows that purchase decisions and customer

loyalty are affected by the new packaging. Customer will react on these two variables if

SME's products have a new packaging. But the others variables namely price, is not

affected. Customer is willing to pay more even the prices increases after the new

packaging. Since the result shows that consumer loyalty and purchase decision will

affected after a new packaging, SME's manufacturers must alert about it.

Page 23 of 34
5.1 Respondent profile

This chapter will discuss about the result of the finding in the research. To make it easy

to understand about this discussion, this chapter will be divided into three parts namely,

introduction, recommendations and conclusion.

The main objective of this study is to look the effect of Packaging to SME’s Product. In

order to achieve this objective, three specific objections on this study have been

formulated as follows:

(i) To determine whether the new packaging of the SME will affect the consumer

loyalty on that product.

(ii) To examine whether consumer are willing to pay more the SME product after a

new packaging

(iii) To test purchase decisions when the SME product have a new packaging.

Page 24 of 34
5.1.1

In every research, respondent are very important to make sure that the researcher can

get the data from them to completing their research and also to their objectives. In this

research the main objective is to examine the effect of Packaging to SME’s Product.

Respondents of this study consist of 100 respondents from Austin.

Who are the respondents? Researchers are categorized the demographic data according

to the respondents are divided into two. The male consists of 50 people. The female

consists of 50 people. In the research, 5% of the 100 respondent which is 5 people are

from the age of below 18 year old. Because in group is formed by student, so that no

ability to buy.

Page 25 of 34
5.2 Discussion of Findings

In this research, the figure of the analysis regarding to people from age below 18 years

old shows 5% weak purchase ability. The analysis regarding to people from race in

Austin area is more Chinese respondents. The analysis regarding to people from

monthly income range in RM1000-RM2999 is more respondent. The analysis regarding

to people from religion in Austin area is more Chinese respondents, so the Buddhism is

more. The analysis regarding to people from education level is high around here have

more school.

Page 26 of 34
5.3 Recommendations

There are several recommendations from this study. The first goes to the packaging

itself. The innovation infrastructure is essential above all for SMEs which, as they do

not possess the necessary resources for development, need different age, race, religion,

education level, occupation and income and other services to support their operations. In

this regard, as shown by the experience of developed countries, the more developed an

infrastructure is, the greater the possibilities created for innovation development of

SMEs.

An infrastructure appropriate to specific conditions of economic development becomes,

in the opinion of specialists, the catalyst for the long-term generation of the innovation

growth of SMEs.

Page 27 of 34
5.4 Practical Implication

Overall, from the results of the study the researchers can identify a number of methods

to improve the marketing of SME products in the study area, which is selling at

wholesale to retailers so that the cost of warehousing, transportation and packaging can

be saved by the SME operators. Packaging is the art and technology of enclosing or

protecting products for distribution, storage, and sale. Packaging design is a creative

communication with the form, structure, materials, color, typography and image. The

aim of this research is to research on the issue that relates to the SME product packing.

If we see from the newspapers and websites, many have expressed that one of the main

problems SME products are facing is their packaging and its promotions. This problem

exists due to the lack in knowledge and low capital among SME entrepreneurs.

Unattractive packaging limits the progressing of SME products. This research is to help

SME entrepreneurs in learning more about the factors that drives the promotion of a

packaging and give them a guideline that relates to the product packaging based on

customer’s demands. Besides that, this research helps in identifying factors of effective

layout packaging design in order to increase better market penetration worldwide. In

addition, the aim also to propose better packaging layout design for the SME product so

to meet the local market requirements, and widen product exposure throughout the

world.

Page 28 of 34
5.5 Limitation of Study

Only specify on one area. Receive this project limited time only 4 month to research. In

the event process have some respondent in cooperation.

Page 29 of 34
5.6 Conclusion

Processes (such as cleaning, drying, and preserving) and materials (such as glass, metal,

paper or paperboard, plastic) employed to contain, handle, protect, and/or transport an

article.

Whether you’re getting ready to create packaging for a product you’re selling or you’re

considering changing the packaging of an existing product, you may be wondering if

the appearance of a product’s package is important. Many product providers may think

that the product and its performance is more important than what the packaging looks

like, but the product packaging can play a role in the success or failure of the sales of

the product.

This study explores the effect of the new packaging for the SMEs product. This research

looks the effect in term of customer purchase decision, price and consumer loyalty. This

study was held at area Austin, Johor. A survey of the consumer around Austin was

conducted to determine the significant and the effect of the packaging to the consumer

purchase decision, consumer loyalty and also price. A total 100 questionnaire were

distributed at Austin area. The finding shows that purchase decisions and customer

loyalty are affected by the new packaging. Customer will react on these two variables if

SME's products have a new packaging. But the others variables namely price, is not

affected. Customer is willing to pay more even the prices increases after the new

packaging. Since the result shows that consumer loyalty and purchase decision will

affected after a new packaging, SME's manufacturers must alert about it.

Page 30 of 34
It is hoped that this study will act as a guide to such studies to be conducted by other

researchers. Other aspects such as marketing methods in different locations or study the

factors that influence the problems faced in the area can be done to increase the

collection and complement the research on this topic.

Packaging is very important element in marketing mix. The objectives and goals of

packaging are many. Mostly good packaging enhance product sale. But if packaging is

not done with planning or care then it can sabotage all the effort. Because mostly

packaging is done for the safety of the product and its transportation purposes. Suppose

if the box or carton in which a perishable product is enclosed it leaks then what will be

the impression of that product on customers. It will defame the product and company or

brand.

Page 31 of 34
Reference

1. http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=T-Test

2. https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-tutorials/one-sample-t-test-using-spss-

statistics.php

3. http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/117/9/1238.full

4. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition

5. http://ir.unikl.edu.my/

Page 32 of 34
Coursework

Despite the criticism of rational, analytical approaches to strategy formulation by Henry

Mintzberg and others, the approach of this book is to emphasize analytic approaches to

strategy formulation. This is not because I wish to downplay the role of intuition,

creativity and spontaneity—these qualities are essential ingredients of successful

strategies. Nevertheless, whether strategy formulation is formal or informal, whether

strategies are deliberate or emergent, systematic analysis is a vital input into the strategy

process. Without analysis, strategic decisions are susceptible to power battles,

individual whims, fads and wishful thinking. Concepts, theories, and analytic tools are

complements not substitutes for experience, commitment and creativity. Their role is to

provide frameworks for organizing discussion, processing information and opinions and

assisting consensus. This is not to endorse current approaches to strategy analysis.

Strategic management is still a young field and the existing toolbox of concepts and

techniques remains woefully inadequate. Our challenge is to do better. If existing

analytical techniques do not adequately address the problems of strategy making and

strategy implementation under conditions of uncertainty, technological change and

complexity, we need to augment and extend our analytical toolkit. In the course of the

book you will encounter concepts such as real options, tacit knowledge, hyper

competition, complementarity, and complexity that will help you address more

effectively the challenges that firms are facing in today’s turbulent business

environment. We must also recognize the nature of strategy analysis. Unlike many of

the analytical techniques in accounting, finance, market research, or production

Page 33 of 34
management, strategy analysis does not generate solutions to problems. It does not yield

rules, algorithms, or formulae that tell us the optimal strategy to adopt. The strategic

questions that companies face (like those that we face in our own careers and lives) are

simply too complex to be programmed.

The purpose of strategy analysis is not to provide answers but to help us understand the

issues. Most of the analytic techniques introduced in this book are frameworks that

allow us to identify, classify and understand the principal factors relevant to strategic

decisions. Such frameworks are invaluable in allowing us to come to terms with the

complexities of strategy decisions. In some instances, the most useful contribution may

be in assisting us to make a start on the problem. By guiding us to the questions we need

to answer and by providing a framework for organizing the information gathered,

strategy analysis places us in a superior position to a manager who relies exclusively on

experience and intuition. Finally, analytic frameworks and techniques can improve our

flexibility as managers. The analysis in this book is general in its applicability; it is not

specific to particular industries, companies, or situations. Hence, it can help increase our

confidence and effectiveness in understanding and responding to new situations and

new circumstances. By encouraging depth of understanding in fundamental issues

concerning competitive advantage, customer needs, organizational capabilities, and the

basis of competition, the concepts, frameworks and techniques in this book will

encourage rather than constrain innovation and flexibility.

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