TheLanguageofI

mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting:

Nor
mal
iz
ing
vs
.Wat
chdog
ging
i
naNat
ivi
stAge
2019
 A
bst
rac
t
Thi
sst
udyhar
nessesj
our
nal
i
sm col
l
ect
ionsatMedi
a
Cl
oud,
apr
ojectoft
heCent
erf
orCi
vi
cMedi
aatt
heMI
T
Medi
a Lab and Har
var
d Uni
ver
sit
y’
s Ber
kman Kl
ein
Cent
erf
orI
nter
netandSoci
ety
,tot
esti
fthel
anguage
used i
nimmi
grat
ionr
epor
ti
ng atf
ouroft
henat
ion’
s
l
argestnewspaper
shaschangedov
ert
hecour
seoft
he
Tr
umpcampai
gnandadmi
nist
rat
ion.Wel
ook
edatt
he
f
requencyofof
fensi
veandi
naccur
atet
ermi
nol
ogyi
n
newsr
epor
ti
ng,pr
imar
il
ytheuseoft
het
erm“
il
legal
i
mmi
grant
,
”fr
om 2014t
o2018.Weal
soex
ami
nedt
he
useofex
tremeant
i-
immi
grantgr
oupsassour
cesi
n
mai
nst
ream r
epor
ti
ngoni
mmi
grat
iondur
ingt
hesame
per
iod.
Inaddi
ti
on,
wel
ook
edatsoci
almedi
ashar
ingof
asegmentoft
hear
ti
clesi
nourDat
aset
.

Ourf
indi
ngsshowani
ncr
easei
ntheuseofdeni
grat
ing
t
ermsi
nrepor
ti
ngandgr
owt
hint
heci
tat
ionofex
treme
ant
i-
immi
grantgr
oups.Cr
it
ical
l
y,weal
sof
oundt
hata
l
argepr
opor
ti
onoft
hegr
owt
hindeni
grat
ingl
anguage
acr
oss medi
a sour
ces st
udi
ed can be f
ound wi
thi
n
quot
ati
onmar
ks,r
aisi
ngi
nter
est
inget
hicalquest
ions
f
ornewsout
let
sfacedwi
thhar
sh,
deni
grat
ingl
anguage
comi
ng di
rect
lyf
rom newsmak
ers, i
ncl
udi
ng t
he
pr
esi
dentoft
heUni
tedSt
ates.

Weof
ferr
ecommendat
ionst
orepor
ter
sformai
ntai
ning
humani
zi
ngl
anguagei
nthef
aceofdeni
grat
ingr
het
ori
c
and har
sh pol
i
cy pr
onouncement
sin an age of
i
ncr
easi
ngnat
ivi
sm,hat
redandv
iol
encei
ntheUni
ted
St
ates.

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 02
 I
ntr
odu
cti
on
Jour
nal
i
stshel
peducat
ethepubl
i
cont
he
mosti
mpor
tantst
ori
esf
aci
ng ournat
ion.
They al
so st
rongl
yinf
luence t
he news
agendai
nthewayt
hatt
heyf
ramepol
i
tical
and soci
alnar
rat
ives t
othei ences1.
raudi
Thewat
chdogr
oleoft
hepr
essgoesback
ov
er a cent
ury
, but si
nce t
he 1960s,
Amer
icans hav
erel
i
ed on news out
let
s,
pr
imar
il
y pr
int newspaper
s, and mor
e
r
ecent
ly
,thei
ronl
i
ne edi
ti
ons,t
o be t
he
“
wat
chdogs”oft
hegov
ernment
,pr
ovi
ding
f
act
ualand unbi
ased account
s ofpol
i
cy
deci
sionsbei
ngmadei
nthecapi
tol
.

I
n 2013, Def
ine Amer
ican and par
tner
adv
ocacy or
gani
zat
ions pet
it
ioned t
he
Associ
ated Pr
ess (
AP) t
o change i
ts
aut
hor
it
ati
ve“
Sty
lebook”t
ost
opusi
ngt
he
t
erm“
il
legali
mmi
grant
.”Thecampai
gnwas
basedont
hef
actt
hatwhi
l
eact
ionscanbe
“
il
legal
,
”peopl
ecannotbei
l
legal
,andt
hat
t
hemedi
ashoul
duset
hemostaccur
ateand
humane t
erms t
oref
er t
o peopl
e.The
Associ
ated Pr
ess agr
eed.Fol
l
owi
ng t
hat
st
yle gui
de change,many medi
a out
let
s
acr
oss t
he U.
S. mov
ed t
owar
d mor
e
accur
ateandhumanel
anguaget
odescr
ibe
i
mmi
grant
s.

1 McCombs,M.E.
,&Shaw,D.L.(
1972)
.Theagenda-
set
ting
f
unct
ionofmassmedi
a.Publ
icopi
nionquar
ter
ly,36(
2),
1
76-
187;Ent
man,R.M.(
1993)
.Fr
ami
ng:Towar
d
cl
ari
ficat
ionofaf
ract
uredpar
adi
gm.
Jour
nalof
communi
cat
ion,43(
4),51
-58.

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 03
 Howev
er,
wehav
erecent
lynot
edat
rendi
ntheot
herdi
rect
ion:
avasti
ncr
easei
nthecov
erage
ofi
mmi
grat
ion-
rel
atedi
ssuessi
ncet
he2016U.
S.pr
esi
dent
ialel
ect
ionhascoi
nci
dedwi
than
i
ncr
easei
ntheuseofdehumani
zi
ngl
anguage— whet
herwi
thi
nthebodyofar
ti
clesori
n
quot
ati
onsbygov
ernmentl
eader
sand pundi
ts— i
ntr
ust
ed newsout
let
ssuch asThe
Washi
ngt
onPost
,TheNewYor
kTi
mes,
TheLosAngel
esTi
mesandUSAToday
.

TheTr
umpadmi
nist
rat
ionopenl
yusesder
ogat
ory
t
ermi
nol
ogy – i
ncl
udi
ng t
he t
erms “
il
legal
i
mmi
grant
” and “
ali
en” – and model
s i
ts
i
mmi
grat
ion pol
ici
es and t
alki
ng poi
nts on t
he
l
anguageusedbyor
gani
zat
ionswhi
chal
lhav
ea
knownhi
stor
yofusi
ngext
remi
st,ant
i-
immi
grant
adv
ocacyasamet
hodofpr
omot
ingpopul
ati
on
cont
rol and soci
al engi
neer
ing. These
or
gani
zat
ionsi
ncl
udet
heCent
erf
orI
mmi
grat
ion
St
udi
es (
CIS)
,the Feder
ati
on of Amer
ican
I
mmi
grat
ion Ref
orm (
FAI
R)and Number
s USA,
JohnTant
onwasanAmer
ican whi
ch wer
efounded and f
unded by t
he l
ate
opht
hal
mol
ogi
st,
whi
tenat
ional
ist eugeni
cistJohnTant
on,anopht
hal
mol
ogi
stwho
andant
i-
immi
grat
ionact
ivi
st. was an open whi
te nat
ional
ist and
ant
i-
immi
grat
ioncat
aly
st.

Whenpr
esent
edwi
thdeni
grat
ingl
anguagef
rom
t
he most power
ful pol
i
tici
ans i
nthe nat
ion,
newsr
ooms f
ace a di
ff
icul
tdeci
sion.They can
adoptt
hel
anguageast
hei
rown,i
ncor
por
ati
ngi
t
i
ntoal
laspect
soft
hei
rrepor
ti
ng.Theycanr
eject
t
hel
anguagei
nthebodyoft
hest
ory
,buthi
ghl
i
ght
t
heuseoft
heder
ogat
oryr
het
ori
cindi
rectquot
es.
Ort
hey can shun t
he use oft
he l
anguage by
par
aphr
asi
ng and r
ely
ing on quot
est
hatdo not
per
pet
uat
ethenegat
iver
het
ori
c.

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 04
 Ourst
udyl
ooksatt
hel
anguageusedt
odi
scuss
i
mmi
grat
ion i
ninf
luent
ialU.
S.newspaper
sfr
om
2014 t
hrough 2018.To i
nvest
igat
ethe obser
ved
t
rend,
Def
ineAmer
icanpar
tner
edwi
thMedi
aCl
oud,
apr
ojectoft
heCent
erf
orCi
vi
cMedi
aatt
heMI
T
Medi
aLabandHar
var
dUni
ver
sit
y’
sBer
kmanKl
ein
Cent
erf
orI
nter
netandSoci
ety
.Medi
aCl
oudt
ookon
t
hewor
kaspar
tofi
tsnewl
ylaunchedI
nter
nat
ional
Hat
eObser
vat
orypr
oject
,whi
chusesi
tsnewsand
soci
almedi
a dat
abase t
o st
udy t
he or
igi
ns and
spr
ead ofdeni
grat
ing and danger
ous speech i
n
di
git
al ecosy
stems. Wi
th Def
ine Amer
ican’
s
ex
per
ti
sei
nident
if
yingdeni
grat
ingl
anguagear
ound
i
mmi
grat
ion and Medi
a Cl
oud’
s ex
per
ience
anal
yzi
ngv
eryl
arget
ext
-baseddat
aset
s,wewer
e
abl
etoi
dent
if
ymaj
orshi
ft
sinj
our
nal
i
sti
clanguage
bet
ween2014and2018.

We saw an ov
eral
lincr
ease i
n cov
erage of
i
mmi
grat
ion bet
ween 2014 and 2018 t
hatl
i
kel
y
r
efl
ect
sthecent
ral
i
tyoft
het
opi
ctoDonal
dTr
ump’
s
candi
dacyand pol
i
cyi
nit
iat
ivesaspr
esi
dent
.We
al
so saw a si
gni
fi
canti
ncr
ease i
nthe use of
deni
grat
ing t
erms t
oref
er t
oimmi
grant
s,wi
th
si
gni
fi
cant di
ff
erences bet
ween t
he pol
i
cies of
i
ndi
vi
dualpubl
i
cat
ions,andanov
eral
ltendencyf
or
r
ight
-l
eani
ng publ
i
cat
ions t
ofeat
ure deni
grat
ing
l
anguage. Mor
eov
er, we f
ound ev
idence t
hat
ant
i-
immi
grat
ion gr
oups,mostnot
abl
y CI
S,wer
e
wi
del
yci
ted i
n di
scussi
ons abouti
mmi
grat
ion –
wi
thouti
mpor
tantcont
extaboutt
hegr
oups’
ori
gins
andpol
i
tical
posi
ti
ons.

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 05
While there were some encouraging results, including indications that news stories with
denigrating language are not necessarily any more v iral than those without, our study reveals a
difficult conundrum for journalists: When public figures use dehumanizing language, how
sh ould the media respond?

We found evidence that journalists are using quotation marks to distance themselves from
denigrating language, suggesting that the language used reflects the opinion of the speaker
and not of the journalist. While this may be less damaging than having journalists directly
adopt the denigrating language used by the president and other politicians and activists,
it still contributes to the overall rise in this language and its increased normalization.

This report explores our findings

and makes recommendations for
course-correction in the news
coverage of immigrants and
immigration-related issues to
generate fair, unbiased reporting
that respects basic human rights.

06
 Me
tho
ds
Wet
est
edt
wohy
pot
hesesi
nthi
swor
k.Thef
ir
st
hy
pot
hesi
s was t
hatmai
nst
ream l
egacy medi
a
out
let
s hav
eincr
eased t
hei
ruse ofdeni
grat
ing
t
ermsar
oundi
mmi
grat
ionov
ert
hel
astf
ivey
ear
s.
The second hy
pot
hesi
s was t
hatt
hese l
egacy
medi
aout
let
shav
eal
soi
ncr
easedt
hei
rci
tat
ionof
speci
fi
cpol
i
ticalpr
essur
egr
oupst
hatar
eknown
t
o pur
por
t ex
tremi
st ant
i-
immi
grant pol
i
cies
wi
thouti
ncl
udi
ngcont
extont
henat
ureoft
hese
gr
oups.

Tot
estt
hesehy
pot
heses,t
heMedi
aCl
oudt
eam
empl
oyed i
ts sui
te of open sour
ce web
appl
i
cat
ionst
hatpr
ovi
debi
gdat
aonnewsmedi
a
cov
erage.Medi
a Cl
oud col
l
ect
sst
ori
esv
ia RSS
f
eeds,i
ngest
ing ov
er60,
000 sour
ceswor
ldwi
de
eachday
.Si
ncei
tsi
ncept
ioni
n2011,t
hesy
stem
has col
l
ect
ed and pr
ocessed ov
erone bi
l
li
on
st
ori
es.To gat
herdat
a,t
he t
ool
srequi
ret
he
sel
ect
ion ofsear
ch dat
es,a medi
a sour
ce or
col
l
ect
ionandaBool
eanquer
y.

Wesear
chedar
ti
clesf
rom 01/
01/
2014t
hrough12/
31/
2018.
Dat
awaspul
l
edatanannual
lev
el.

Weex
ami
nedar
ti
clesf
rom:TheNew Yor
kTi
mes,
TheLosAngel
esTi
mes,
TheWashi
ngt
on
PostandUSAToday
.Wei
dent
if
iedt
hesemedi
aout
let
saswi
del
yreadnewsor
gani
zat
ions
t
hatsett
het
onef
ori
mmi
grat
ioncov
erage.Thesepubl
i
cat
ionshav
elar
geci
rcul
ati
onsand
f
urt
herdi
ssemi
nat
ethei
rnewst
hroughwi
reser
vicesf
ort
housandsofsmal
l
erpubl
i
cat
ions
acr
osst
hecount
ry.

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 07
 Weal
sopul
l
eddat
aforcompar
isonpur
posesf
rom sev
eralcol
l
ect
ionsofdi
ver
sesour
ces
i
nMedi
aCl
oud’
sdat
abaset
hatr
epr
esenthundr
edsofnewsout
let
s:

TheUnitedSt
ates-Nat
ionalcoll
ect
ion,compr
isedof227medi
asour
cesf
rom t
heU.
S.
publ
ishi
ngnewsatanat
ionallev
el.

LeftandCenterLef
tpart
isanshi
pcollecti
ons,compri
sedof176and123medi asources,
respect
ivel
y,fr
om Media Cloud’
s quinti
le-
based U.
S.part
isanshi
p col
lect
ions.These
coll
ecti
onswerederiv
edbasedonTwi tt
eruserret
weetsofcandidat
esDonaldTrumpor
Hil
lar
yClint
oni
nthe2016elect
ion,andr
etweet
sofnewsmedi
asour
cesi
npr
evi
ouswor
k
conduct
edbyYochaiBenkl
erandteam.

RightandCenterRi
ghtpar
ti
sanshi
pcollect
ions,
compr i
sedof499and105sour ces,
respect
ivel
y,f
rom Medi
aCloud’
squint
il
e-basedU.S.par
tisanshi
pcol
lect
ions.

Fordeni
grat
ingt
ermi
nol
ogy
,wesear
chedf
or:i
l
legali
mmi
grant
(s)
,il
l
egalal
i
en(
s),
il
legal
s,
chai
nmi
grat
ion,
anchorbaby
(s)
,cr
imi
nalal
i
en(
s),
ali
enmi
grant
(s)
,al
i
enent
rant
(s)
,fami
l
y
uni
t al
i
en(
s),i
mmi
grant par
asi
te(
s),f
lood of i
mmi
grant
s/mi
grant
s, sur
ge of
i
mmi
grant
s/mi
grant
s, wav
e of i
mmi
grant
s/mi
grant
s, i
mmi
grant
/mi
grant
i
nvasi
on/
inv
adi
ng,
inv
adi
ngEur
ope,
inv
adi
ngt
heUS/
Amer
ica,
andcat
chandr
elease.

Foror
gani
zat
ions,
wesear
chedf
or:
theCent
erf
orI
mmi
grat
ionSt
udi
es(
CIS)
,Number
sUSA
andt
heFeder
ati
onf
orAmer
icanI
mmi
grat
ionRef
orm(
FAI
R).

Medi
aCl
oud’
stool
sret
urnt
henumberofst
ori
esmat
chi
ngt
hepar
amet
ers,
aful
ll
istofURLsand
met
adat
aformat
chi
ng st
ori
es and sev
eralot
heranal
ysi
s wi
dget
sint
he di
mensi
ons of
at
tent
ion,l
anguage,t
opent
it
iesandi
nfl
uence.Ouranal
ysi
sfocusespr
imar
il
yonv
olumeof
at
tent
ion,
aswel
lasshar
esoft
heseURLsonFacebook.

Wet
est
edourf
ir
sthy
pot
hesi
sbysear
chi
ngt
hesel
ect
edmedi
asour
cesandcol
l
ect
ionsf
or
st
ori
est
hatcont
ainedt
hedeni
grat
ingt
erms,
andr
evi
ewi
ngnor
mal
i
zedper
cent
ageofcov
erage
ov
ert
ime.I
n ourwor
k,i
tbecamecl
eart
hatdeni
grat
ing t
ermsof
ten appear
ed i
n quot
es,
f
requent
lyquot
esf
rom publ
i
cfi
gur
es.

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 08
 Ast
heMedi
aCl
oudsy
stem i
spr
esent
lyunabl
etoaut
omat
ical
l
ydet
ermi
newhet
herat
ermi
s
bei
ngusedi
nsi
deofaquot
einast
ory
,weempl
oyedmanualcodi
ngonar
andom sampl
eof
ar
ti
clesf
rom eachpubl
i
cat
ion(
95%conf
idencel
evel
,conf
idencei
nter
valof10)f
rom 2014and
f
rom 2018t
odet
ermi
net
heper
cent
ageofi
nst
ancest
hatwer
einsi
deofaquot
ati
on.

Wet
est
edoursecondhy
pot
hesi
sbysear
chi
ngt
hesel
ect
edmedi
asour
cesandcol
l
ect
ionsf
or
t
henamesoft
heant
i-
immi
grantgr
oupsandt
hencodi
ngar
andom sampl
e(95% conf
idence
l
evel
,conf
idencei
nter
valof10)oft
hear
ti
clesr
etur
nedt
onot
eifcont
extwaspr
ovi
dedont
he
nat
ureoft
hegr
oupandt
hesent
imentoft
hement
ion(
posi
ti
ve,
neut
ral
ornegat
ive)
.

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 09
 F
ind
ing
s
KeyFi
ndi
ng

Al
lfourl
egacymedi
aout
let
sshowedani
ncr
easef
rom 2014t
o2018i
nper
cent
ageofar
ti
cles
publ
ished t
hatcont
ained one ormor
e oft
he deni
grat
ing t
erms.Howev
er,t
his was
accompani
ed by an i
ncr
ease i
n ov
eral
limmi
grat
ion cov
erage,and an i
ncr
ease i
nthe
pr
opor
ti
on oft
imest
he deni
grat
ing t
erm wasi
nsi
de quot
ati
on mar
ks(
i.
e.,r
epor
ti
ng on
someoneel
se’
suseoft
het
ermr
athert
hanuseddi
rect
lybyt
hepubl
i
cat
ion)
.

Al
lfourpubl
icat
ionsshowedani
ncr
easei
ntheper
cent
ageofst
ori
est
hatcont
ainedatl
east
oneoft
he“
il
legal
”ter
ms:“
il
legal
immi
grant
(s)
,
”“i
l
legal
ali
en(
s)”or“
il
legal
s.
”

Ri
ght&Cent
erRi
ghtmedi
asour
ceshadt
hehi
ghestper
cent
ageofst
ori
eswi
thdeni
grat
ing
t
ermsf
oral
lyear
s.

I
n compar
isons ofi
ndi
vi
dualmedi
a out
let
s,The Washi
ngt
on Postconsi
stent
ly used
deni
grat
ingt
ermsmor
eof
tent
hanTheNew Yor
kTi
mes,LosAngel
esTi
mesorUSAToday
.
Bot
hTheWashi
ngt
onPostandTheNew Yor
kTi
meshadahi
gherper
cent
ageofst
ori
eswi
th
deni
grat
ingt
ermst
hant
hebr
oadcol
l
ect
ionsofU.
S.-Nat
ional
sour
cesorLef
tandCent
erLef
t
sour
ces.

TheLosAngel
esTi
mesconsi
stent
lyhadf
ewerst
ori
eswi
thdeni
grat
ingt
ermst
hanabr
oad
col
lect
ionofnewsout
let
s(t
heU.
S.-Nat
ionalsour
cescol
l
ect
ion)
,andi
nal
lyear
sbut2017,
hadf
ewerst
ori
eswi
thdeni
grat
ingt
ermst
hanacol
l
ect
ionofLef
tandCent
erLef
tpubl
i
cat
ions.

Foral
lyear
sinquest
ion,
USAT
odayhadal
owerper
cent
ageofst
ori
escont
aini
ngdeni
grat
ing
t
ermst
hant
heLef
tandCent
erLef
tsour
ces,
thel
owestoft
hebenchmar
kingcol
l
ect
ions.

14% oft
he t
op 100 shar
ed ar
ti
cles on Facebook per
tai
ning t
oimmi
grat
ion cont
ained
deni
grat
ingt
erms.Wedi
dnotf
indev
idencet
hatst
ori
eswi
th deni
grat
ingt
ermswer
emor
e
l
ikel
ytobewi
del
yshar
edonFacebook.

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 1
0
 TheCent
erf
orI
mmi
grat
ionSt
udi
es(
CIS)wasment
ionedi
nal
lfourpubl
i
cat
ionseachy
ear
,and
ment
ionsi
ncr
easedi
nTheNewYor
kTi
mes,
TheWashi
ngt
onPostandUSAToday
.Ov
er90%of
t
het
imet
hatCI
Swasment
ioned,
itwaswi
thoutcont
ext
ual
inf
ormat
ionast
othenat
ureoft
he
gr
oupori
tst
iest
otheTr
umpadmi
nist
rat
ion.

Deni
grat
ingTer
ms

Al
lfourl
egacymedi
aout
let
sshowedani
ncr
easef
rom 2014t
o2018i
nper
cent
ageofal
lar
ti
cles
publ
i
shedt
hatcont
ainedoneormor
eoft
hedeni
grat
ingt
erms.

Per
centofst
ori
eswi
thanydeni
grat
ingt
erms(
fi
g.1)

TheNewYor
kTi
mes TheLosAngel
esTi
mes TheWashi
ngt
onPost USAToday

Att
hesamet
ime,
all
fourpubl
i
cat
ionsal
soi
ncr
easedcov
erager
elat
edt
oimmi
grat
ion,
asev
idenced
byasear
chf
oranyst
ori
escont
aini
ngwor
dsst
emmi
ngf
rom i
mmi
gra*(
i.
e.,
immi
grat
ion,
immi
grant
,
i
mmi
grant
s).Thi
simpor
tantcont
ext
ualf
act
ormayi
nfl
uencet
heobser
vedi
ncr
easei
ndeni
grat
ing
t
erms.
Thebargr
aphbel
owshowst
heov
eral
li
ncr
easei
nimmi
grat
ioncov
eragecompar
edwi
tht
he
i
ncr
easei
nthedeni
grat
ingt
ermsf
rom 2014t
o2018:

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 1
1
 Changei
nimmi
grat
ioncov
erageandchangei
nuseofdeni
grat
ingl
anguage
(
2014t
o2018)(
fi
g.2)

TheNewYor
kTi
mes TheWashi
ngt
onPost TheLosAngel
esTi
mes USAT
oday

Si
mil
arl
y,al
lfourpubl
i
cat
ionsal
sohadani
ncr
easei
nthepr
opor
ti
onoft
imest
hedeni
grat
ingt
erms
appear
ed i
nsi
dequot
ati
on mar
ks(
ver
suswi
thoutquot
ati
on mar
ks)f
rom 2014 t
o 2018.Thi
s
cont
ext
ual
fact
ori
ndi
cat
est
hat
,al
thought
het
ermsar
eshowi
ngupmor
efr
equent
ly
,iti
snotsi
mpl
y
at
tr
ibut
abl
eto nor
mal
i
zing useoft
heset
erms.Theuseoft
ermsi
n quot
ati
onswasbot
hto
accur
atel
yrepor
toni
nfl
uent
ialpeopl
e’
sremar
ks(
namel
y,Pr
esi
dentTr
umpandhi
spol
i
ticalal
l
ies)
andal
sot
oref
ert
opol
i
cyt
ermssuchas“
chai
nmi
grat
ion”or“
cat
chandr
elease,
”thatar
eal
so
deni
grat
ing.
Thephr
ases“
wav
e/f
lood/
sur
geofi
mmi
grant
s/mi
grant
s”account
edf
ort
hemaj
ori
tyof
t
ermsf
oundout
sidequot
es.

Pr
opor
ti
onofdeni
grat
ingt
erm usagef
oundi
nsi
dequot
ati
onmar
ks(
fi
g.3)

TheNewYor
kTi
mes TheWashi
ngt
onPost TheLosAngel
esTi
mes USAT
oday

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 1
2
 Pr
opor
ti
onofdeni
grat
ingt
erm usagef
oundout
sidequot
ati
onmar
ks(
fi
g.4)

TheNewYor
kTi
mes TheWashi
ngt
onPost TheLosAngel
esTi
mes USAT
oday

USATodayhadt
hegr
eat
esti
ncr
easei
ndeni
grat
ingt
ermsof150%,
al
thoughi
tst
art
edandendedwi
tht
hesecondl
owestper
cent
ageof
st
ori
eswi
tht
hedeni
grat
ingt
erms(
0.10% i
n2014t
o0.
25% i
n2018)
.
TheNew Yor
kTi
meshadt
hesecondhi
ghesti
ncr
easei
ndeni
grat
ing
t
erms,
73%,
buti
ncr
easedov
eral
li
mmi
grat
ioncov
erageatar
ateal
most
doubl
ethat
:139%.The Los Angel
es Ti
mes had an i
ncr
ease i
n
deni
grat
ingt
ermsof56%ov
ert
hef
oury
ear
s,buti
tsst
art
ingandendi
ng
per
cent
ageofst
ori
eswi
tht
hedeni
grat
ingt
ermswast
hel
owestofal
l
f
ourpubl
i
cat
ions(
0.9% i
n2014t
o0.
14% i
n2018)
,andi
tsi
ncr
easei
n
i
mmi
grat
ioncov
eragewast
hehi
ghestov
eral
l(160%)
.

TheWashi
ngt
onPosthadt
hel
owestov
eral
lincr
easei
ndeni
grat
ing
t
erms at53%,butt
he gr
eat
estper
cent
age of st
ori
es wi
tht
he
deni
grat
ing t
erms f
oreach y
earex
ami
ned (
0.64% i
n 2014,and
ul
ti
mat
ely0.
98%i
n2018)
,andt
hesmal
l
estdi
ff
erencebet
weenov
eral
l
i
ncr
easei
nimmi
grat
ioncov
erageandi
ncr
easei
ndeni
grat
ingt
erms.
Onepossi
bleex
planat
ionf
ort
hesef
indi
ngsi
sTheWashi
ngt
onPost
’
s
st
rongf
ocusonU.
S.gov
ernmentandpol
i
tics— i
fwear
eex
per
ienci
ng
ashar
pincr
easei
nuseofdeni
grat
ingl
anguaget
odi
scussi
mmi
grat
ion
wi
thi
npol
i
tical
cir
cles,
wewoul
dex
pectt
oseet
hosedi
scussi
onsmost
di
rect
lyr
efl
ect
edi
nthegov
ernment
-f
ocusedTheWashi
ngt
onPost
.The
r
aw numberofst
ori
es cont
aini
ng deni
grat
ing t
erms and t
he r
aw
numberofst
ori
esmat
chi
ngt
hesear
ch“
immi
gra*
”fort
hest
art
ingand
endi
ng y
ear
s f
or each publ
i
cat
ion i
s pr
ovi
ded f
or cont
ext
i
nthet
abl
ebel
ow:

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 1
3
 Tabl
e1

TheWashi
ngt
on
Post

TheNewYor
k
Ti
mes

USAT
oday

TheLosAngel
es
Ti
mes

Thef
oll
owi
ngt
ermsappear
edi
neachoft
hesour
cesl
esst
han0.
01% oft
het
imet
hroughoutt
he
t
imeper
iod,
meani
ngt
hatf
oreachpubl
i
cat
ion,
fewert
hanf
ivest
ori
escont
ainedt
het
erms;
inmost
cases,
nost
ori
eswer
efound:

Al
ienmi
grant
(s)

Al
ienent
rant
(s)

Fami
lyuni
tal
ien(
s)

I
mmi
grantpar
asi
te(
s)

I
nvadi
ngEur
ope

I
nvadi
ngt
heUS/
Amer
ica

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 1
4
 Al
loft
hesour
ceshad atl
east0.
01% ofcont
entacr
ossal
lst
ori
espubl
i
shed,cont
aini
ng t
he
f
oll
owi
ngt
ermsdur
ingt
het
imeper
iod:

I
ll
egali
mmi
grant
(s) Fl
oodofi
mmi
grant
s/mi
grant
s

I
ll
egalal
ien(
s) Sur
geofi
mmi
grant
s/mi
grant
s

I
ll
egal
s Wav
eofi
mmi
grant
s/mi
grant
s

Chai
nmi
grat
ion I
mmi
grant
/mi
granti
nvasi
on/
inv
adi
ng

Anchorbaby
(s) Cat
chandr
elease

Cr
imi
nalal
ien(
s)

Addi
ti
onal
l
y,al
lsour
cesot
hert
hanTheLosAngel
esTi
meshadatl
east0.
01%ofst
ori
escont
aini
ng
t
hek
eywor
ds“
immi
grant
/mi
granti
nvasi
on/
inv
adi
ng.
”Ther
angewasf
rom 0.
01%(
sev
enst
ori
esi
na
publ
i
cat
ion)t
o0.
66%(
1135st
ori
esi
napubl
i
cat
ion)
.

Ter
mswi
thi
ncr
easi
ngusage

Al
lfourpubl
i
cat
ionsshowedani
ncr
easei
nper
cent
ageofst
ori
est
hatcont
ainedatl
eastoneoft
he
“
il
legal
”ter
ms:“
il
legali
mmi
grant
(s)
”,“
il
legalal
i
en(
s)”or“
il
legal
s.
”TheLosAngel
esTi
meshadt
he
gr
eat
esti
ncr
easeat60%,buthadt
hel
owestst
art
ingandendi
ngper
cent
agesofal
lpubl
i
cat
ions
(
0.05%i
n2014,
0.08%i
n2018)
.TheNewYor
kTi
mesandUSATodaybot
hshoweda50%i
ncr
ease,
but
TheNew Yor
kTi
meshadt
hesecondhi
ghestst
artandendpoi
ntsf
rom 0.
28% i
n2014t
o0.
42% i
n
2018,
whi
l
eUSATodayhadt
hesecondl
owestf
rom 0.
07%i
n2014t
o0.
14%i
n2018.
TheWashi
ngt
on
Posthadat
otal
incr
easeofj
ust1.
7%,
from 0.
58%i
n2014t
o0.
59%i
n2018;
howev
er,
TheWashi
ngt
on
Posthadt
hehi
ghestper
cent
ageofar
ti
cleswi
th“
il
legal
”ter
msbynear
lyaf
act
oroft
woov
erThe
NewYor
kTi
mes,
thenexthi
ghestpubl
icat
ion.Mor
eov
er,
TheWashi
ngt
onPosthadaspi
kei
n2016
t
o0.
74%bef
orer
etur
ningt
oal
owerl
evelby2018.

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 1
5
 Per
centofst
ori
eswi
th“
il
legal
”ter
ms(
fi
g.5)

TheNewYor
kTi
mes TheLosAngel
esTi
mes TheWashi
ngt
onPost USAToday

Thet
abl
ebel
owpr
ovi
desabr
eak
downbypubl
i
cat
ionf
oreachoft
hespeci
fi
c“i
l
legal
”ter
msf
ound
asaper
cent
ageoft
otal
immi
grat
ionst
ori
es:

Tabl
e2

USAT
oday

TheLosAngel
es
Ti
mes

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 1
6
Thet
erms“
chai
nmi
grat
ion”and“
cat
chandr
elease”al
sobot
hshowedacl
eari
ncr
easeov
ert
ime
acr
osst
hepubl
i
cat
ions.Ast
heTr
umpadmi
nist
rat
ionusest
heset
ermswhendi
scussi
ngi
mmi
grat
ion
pol
i
cy,t
hei
rincr
easeov
ert
imei
snotpar
ti
cul
arl
ysur
pri
sing.“
Chai
nmi
grat
ion”appear
edi
nlesst
han
0.
01%ofst
ori
esf
rom t
hesepubl
i
cat
ionsf
rom 2014t
o2016,
atal
evel
great
ert
han0.
01%i
nal
loft
hem
i
n2017,andi
ncr
easedi
nal
lfr
om 2017t
o2018.“
Cat
chandr
elease”appear
edi
nlesst
han0.
01% of
st
ori
esi
n2014and2015i
nUSAToday
,TheLosAngel
esTi
mesandTheNewYor
kTi
mes;
by2018,
the
t
erm waspr
esenti
nal
lpubl
i
cat
ionsandt
her
efor
eincr
easedov
ert
ime.TheWashi
ngt
onPosthasused
i
tsi
nce2014,
incr
easi
ngf
rom 0.
01%i
n2014t
o0.
09%i
n2018.

Per
centofst
ori
eswi
th“
chai
nmi
grat
ion,
”2017-
2018(
fi
g.6)

TheNewYor
k
Ti
mes

TheLosAngel
es
Ti
mes

TheWashi
ngt
on
Post

USAT
oday

Fi
nal
l
y,t
het
erm“
anchorbaby
(s)
”hadacl
earepi
sodi
cincr
easeacr
ossal
lpubl
i
cat
ionsi
n2015t
hat
r
etur
nedt
obasel
i
nel
ow l
evel
sby2017.Thi
sseemst
obeduet
othedi
scour
sear
oundt
het
ermt
hat
emer
geddur
ingt
heRepubl
i
canpr
esi
dent
ial
pri
mar
iesi
n2015.

Per
centofst
ori
escont
aini
ng“
anchorbaby”or“
anchorbabi
es”(
fi
g.7)

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 1
7
 Benchmar
kingwi
thnat
ionalandpar
tisanshi
pcol
lect
ions

Togai
nadeeperunder
standi
ngofhowt
hesef
ourl
egacymedi
aout
let
sbenchmar
kwi
tht
hewi
der
U.
S.medi
alandscapei
nter
msoft
hei
rusageofdeni
grat
ingt
erms,
wepul
l
edcompar
isondat
afr
om
sev
eralofMedi
aCl
oud’
slar
germedi
acol
l
ect
ions:Uni
tedSt
ates-Nat
ional
,compr
isedof227
medi
asour
cesf
rom t
heU.
S.publ
i
shi
ngnewsatt
henat
ional
lev
el;
Lef
tandCent
erLef
tpar
ti
sanshi
p
col
l
ect
ions,compr
isedof176and123medi
asour
ces,r
espect
ivel
y;andRi
ghtandCent
erRi
ght
,
compr
isedof499and105sour
ces,r
espect
ivel
y(met
hodol
ogyder
ivedf
rom Har
var
dBer
kman
2016el
ect
ionst
udy
).

Per
centofst
ori
eswi
thanydeni
grat
ingt
erms(
fi
g.8)

TheNewYor
kTi
mes TheLosAngel
esTi
mes TheWashi
ngt
onPost USAToday

Ri
ghtandCent
erRi
ghtmedi
asour
ceshadt
hehi
ghestper
cent
ageofst
ori
eswi
thdeni
grat
ingt
erms
f
oral
lyear
s,wi
th The Washi
ngt
on Postconsi
stent
lyi
n second and The New Yor
k Ti
mes
consi
stent
lyi
nthi
rd.

Bot
hTheWashi
ngt
onPostandTheNew Yor
kTi
meshadahi
gherper
cent
ageofst
ori
eswi
th
deni
grat
ingt
ermst
hant
heU.
S.-Nat
ionalsour
cesorLef
tandCent
erLef
tsour
ces,
whi
cht
rack
ed
cl
osel
ywi
thoneanot
heraf
ter2014.

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 1
8
 TheLosAngel
esTi
meswasconsi
stent
lyl
essl
i
kel
ytohav
est
ori
eswi
thdeni
grat
ingt
ermst
hant
he
U.
S.-
Nat
ional
sour
ces,
andi
nal
lyear
sbut2017f
ell
bel
owLef
tandCent
erLef
taswel
l
.Foral
lyear
s
i
nquest
ion,USATodayhadal
owerper
cent
ageofst
ori
escont
aini
ngdeni
grat
ingt
ermst
hant
he
Lef
tandCent
erLef
tsour
ces,
thel
owestoft
hebenchmar
kingcol
l
ect
ions.

Shar
ingonsoci
almedi
a

Ourr
esear
cher
s al
so assessed whet
herst
ori
es abouti
mmi
grat
ion i
ssues t
hatcont
ained
deni
grat
ingt
ermswer
eshar
edmor
eorl
essf
requent
lyonsoci
almedi
a.Todoso,wepul
l
edal
l
st
ori
esf
rom t
hesel
ect
edpubl
i
cat
ionsf
rom 2014t
o2018t
hatcont
ainedanywor
dof
foft
hest
em
“
immi
gra”(
i.
e.,
immi
grant
,immi
grant
s,i
mmi
grat
ion,
immi
grat
ing)
,andsel
ect
edt
het
op100most
shar
edst
ori
esonFacebookf
rom t
hatset
.Wet
hencompar
edt
hatl
i
stagai
nstal
i
stofal
lst
ori
es
f
rom anyoft
hepubl
i
cat
ionsi
nthesamet
imef
ramet
hatcont
ainedanyoft
hedeni
grat
ingt
erms.

We f
ound t
hat14 (
14%)oft
he t
op 100 i
mmi
grat
ion st
ori
esbyFacebookshar
escont
ained
deni
grat
ingt
erms.Noneoft
het
op10shar
edst
ori
escont
aineddeni
grat
ingt
erms;t
wooft
het
op
20di
d,buti
nbot
hinst
ances,
thet
erm wasi
nquot
ati
ons:

#12,“
Trump ey
eing ex
ecut
ive or
dert
o #13,“
‘These chi
l
dren ar
e bar
efoot
.In
endbi
rt
hri
ghtci
ti
zenshi
p,amov
emost di
aper
s. Choki
ng on t
ear gas.
’
,
” The
l
egalex
per
tsandt
opHouseRepubl
i
can Washi
ngt
on Post
,11/
26/
2018. Ex
cer
pt:
sayr
unsaf
ouloft
heConst
it
uti
on,
” The “
‘Thi
sisy
etanot
herofsev
eralTr
ump
Washi
ngt
onPost
,10/
30/
2018.Ex
cer
pt: at
tempt
stochangewhathedi
spar
agi
ngl
y
“
Trump,who has l
ong decr
ied ‘
anchor cal
l
sthe pol
i
cy of ‘
cat
ch and r
elease
’
babi
es,
’sai
d he has di
scussed endi
ng wi
thoutoragai
nstl
egal
aut
hor
it
y,
’sai
dYal
e
bi
rt
hri
ght ci
ti
zenshi
p wi
th hi
s l
egal Law School
’
s Har
old Hongj
u Koh,l
egal
counsel and bel
i
eves i
t can be adv
isert
otheSt
ateDepar
tmentdur
ingt
he
accompl
i
shed wi
th ex
ecut
ive act
ion,a Obamaadmi
nist
rat
ion.
”
v
iew atoddswi
tht
heopi
nionsofmost
l
egal
schol
ars.
”

Whi
l
eweneedt
oinv
est
igat
emor
edeepl
yandcompar
etheset
sofst
ori
eswi
thandwi
thout
deni
grat
ingspeechmor
ecl
osel
y,i
tdoesnoti
nit
ial
l
yappeart
hatst
ori
eswi
thdeni
grat
ingt
erms
wer
emor
eli
kel
ytobewi
del
yshar
edonFacebook.

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 1
9
 Ci
ti
ngofext
remeant
i-i
mmi
grantgr
oups

Def
ine Amer
ican i
dent
if
ied t
he Cent
er f
or The Cent
er f
or I
mmi
grat
ion St
udi
es was
I
mmi
grat
ionSt
udi
es(
CIS)
,Number
sUSA and ment
ionedi
nal
lfourpubl
i
cat
ionseachy
ear
t
he Feder
ati
on f
or Amer
ican I
mmi
grat
ion f
rom 2014t
o2018,
andment
ionsi
ncr
easedi
n
Ref
orm(
FAI
R)ast
hreeex
tremeant
i-
immi
grant TheNewYor
kTi
mes,
TheWashi
ngt
onPostand
gr
oups t
hatseemed t
o hav
e an i
ncr
eased USA Todayov
ert
hest
udyper
iod (
ment
ions
pr
ofi
l
einmai
nst
ream medi
arepor
tsi
nrecent wer
est
abl
einTheLosAngel
esTi
mesbet
ween
y
ear
s.We ar
e par
ti
cul
arl
y concer
ned t
hat t
hest
artand end dat
es)
.Number
sUSA was
t
hesegr
oupsar
ebei
ngci
tedwi
thoutpr
ovi
ding ment
ionedi
nfewert
han0.
01%ofst
ori
esi
nthe
cont
extast
othenat
ureoft
hei
ror
gani
zat
ional f
our publ
i
cat
ions f
rom 2014 t
o 2016. I
t
mi
ssi
ons,nort
othei
rgr
owi
ngt
iest
oof
fi
cial
s appear
edi
nal
lfourpubl
i
cat
ionsi
n2017ata
wi
thi
nthei
mmi
grat
ionagenci
es.Forex
ampl
e, l
evelof0.
01-
0.02% and r
emai
ned st
eadyor
al
lthr
eeor
gani
zat
ionswer
efoundedbyJohn decr
eased i
n 2018.F
AIR appear
ed i
n USA
Tant
on,
whodecr
iedaper
cei
veddecl
i
neoft
he Todayi
n2014atal
evelof0.
01%,buti
nless
powerofwhi
tepeopl
eandt
ookf
undi
ngf
rom a t
han0.
01%i
ntheot
herpubl
i
cat
ionsunt
il2015.
pr
o-eugeni
csf
oundat
ion.Formanyy
ear
s,CI
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om 2015t
o2018,i
tappear
edatal
evelof
andF
AIRwer
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emai
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eased
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hemai
nst
ream medi
a.Tot
estt
his t
hroughoutt
heper
iod.
hy
pot
hesi
s, Medi
a Cl
oud r
esear
cher
s
sear
ched f
orst
ori
esf
rom t
he f
oursel
ect
ed
medi
a out
let
sthati
ncl
uded t
he names of
t
hesegr
oupsf
rom 2014t
o2018.

Per
centofst
ori
eswi
thant
i-
immi
grantgr
oups,
allf
ourpubl
icat
ions(
fi
g.9)

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 20
 Tot
estwhet
hert
hei
ncl
usi
onofagr
oupi
nst
ori
eswaswi
thorwi
thoutcont
ext
,andt
he
sent
imentoft
hei
ncl
usi
on,
theMedi
aCl
oudt
eam codedar
andom sampl
eofst
ori
es
ment
ioni
ngCI
Sforeachy
earoft
het
imeper
iod.
Thecodi
ngf
oundt
hatf
ort
hey
ear
s2014t
o
2017,
over90%oft
het
imeCI
Swasment
ioned,
itwaswi
thoutcont
extast
oei
thert
heex
tremi
st
nat
ureoft
hegr
oupori
tst
ieswi
tht
heTr
umpadmi
nist
rat
ion.Ov
er90%oft
het
imewhenCI
S
wasment
ioned,
itwaswi
thneut
ralsent
imentasani
nfor
mat
ionaut
hor
it
y,of
tenf
orexper
t
opi
nionordat
a.I
n2018,
thi
simpr
ovedsl
i
ght
ly
,wi
thcont
extmi
ssi
ngonl
y82%oft
het
ime,
andwi
thanegat
ivesent
imentupt
o13%.

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 21
 Di
scus
sio
nand
re
commenda
ti
onsf
orme
dia
I
nAugust2019,
aft
erawhi
tenat
ional
i
stki
l
led Al
thoughi
thasnoty
etpr
ompt
edasweepi
ng
atl
east22peopl
eataWal
mar
tinElPaso, changeofnewsout
let
s’i
n-housest
ylebooks,
Tex
as,
themedi
aqui
ckl
yli
nkedl
anguagei
nthe wedi
dnot
iceacl
earshi
ftt
o“undocument
ed”
shoot
er’
s mani
fest
oto Pr
esi
dent Tr
ump’
s acr
ossmai
nst
ream medi
ausage.Nowwesee
ant
i-
immi
grantl
anguage,par
ti
cul
arl
yhi
suse ev
idencet
hatt
hischangemayber
ever
sing,
oft
heconceptof“
inv
asi
on”i
nspeechesand t
hatl
anguage r
efer
ri
ng t
oimmi
grant
s who
t
weet
s,andt
ohi
sgener
aldi
sdai
nformi
grant
s. l
ackcer
tai
npaper
wor
kas“
il
legal
”isont
he
Medi
aout
let
sincl
udi
ngTheNew Yor
kTi
mes r
iseagai
n.
hav
erepor
ted onf
requentuseof“
inv
asi
on”
nar
rat
ivesi
nconser
vat
ivemedi
asour
cesl
i
ke By anal
yzi
ng a l
arge setofdat
a ov
ert
he
FoxNews,butf
ew pundi
ts hav he cour
e made t seoff
ivey
ear
s,weseet
rendst
hatar
e
connect
ion t
o i
ncr
easi
ng ant
i-
immi
grant di
ff
icul
ttodet
ectf
rom t
heper
spect
iveofa
r
het
ori
cinmai
nst
ream newssour
cesaswel
l
. si
ngl
enewsr
oom.Reader
sofnewspaper
sar
e
encount
eri
ng deni
grat
ing speech about
Thi
s st
udy shows t
hatf
ouroft
he l
argest i
mmi
grant
sin gr
eat
erv
olume t
han i
n past
newspaper
sint
heU.
S.hav
emov
edt
owar
d y
ear
s.Thi
sincr
easemaybeat
tr
ibut
edi
npar
t
mor
einhumane l
anguage t
hrough use of t
o pol
i
tici
ans’i
ncr
easi
ng use ofdeni
grat
ing
deni
grat
ing t
erms t
hrough mor
efequent t
r erms.Wesawashar
pincr
easei
ndeni
grat
ing
quot
ing ofant
i-
immi
grantnewsmaker
s and t
ermsappear
ingi
nquot
es,
inpar
ti
cul
ar.I
fthe
ext
remeant
i-
immi
grantgr
oups,andpossi
bly l
anguagear
oundi
mmi
grat
ionusedbypubl
i
c
t
hrough t
he sheer i
ncr
ease i
nv ume of f
ol igur
es has shi
ft
ed — and t
her
e ar
e many
i
mmi
grat
ion r
epor
ti
ng dr
iven by a deepl
y i
ndi
cat
orst
hatPr
esi
dentTr
umpi
smor
eaptt
o
r
est
ri
cti
oni
stpol
icyagenda. use deni
grat
ing l
anguage t
han hi
s
pr
edecessor
s— t
his pr
esent
s a di
sti
nct
I
nApr
il2013,
whent
heAssoci
atedPr
ess(
AP) chal
l
enge f
ornews or
gani
zat
ions.Do t
hey
i
nfor
medAPSt
ylebookuser
sthati
tnol
onger adoptt
ermsusedbypubl
i
cfi
gur
esanduse
sanct
ioned t
he t
erms “
il
legali
mmi
grant
”or t
hem t
hroughout t
hei
r cov
erage? Do t
hey
“
il
legal
”tor
efert
opeopl
e,wehopedt
hatmuch acknowl
edge deni
grat
ing t
ermi
nol
ogy but
oft
her
epor
ti
ngacr
osst
rust
ednewssour
ces par
rott
hel
anguage,
separ
ati
ngt
hemsel
vesby
woul
dfol
l
ow. usi
ngquot
ati
onmar
kst
omak
ecl
eart
heydo
notendor
set
hef
rami
ng?

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 22
 Ordot
heyr
esi
stdeni
grat
ingl
anguagebysi
mpl
y
av
oidi
ngi
t,choosi
ngi
nst
eadt
oomi
torr
ephr
ase?

Jour
nal
ist
shav
eachoi
cei
nwhi
ch Ourr
esear
chsuggest
sthatnewsor
gani
zat
ionsar
e
quot
es t
hey i
ncl
ude i
n t
hei
r of
tenchoosi
ngt
hemi
ddl
epat
h.Whi
l
ether
eisa
r
epor
ti
ngandt
hedat
afr
om TheLos r
isei
ntheabsol
utenumberoft
imesdeni
grat
ing
Angel
es Ti
mes suggest
s t
hat t
ermsar
eusedi
nst
ori
esabouti
mmi
grat
ion,t
her
e
newsr
oomscanmakeaconsci
ous i
sadr
amat
icchangei
nthecont
extf
ort
heset
erms.
choi
cenott
ouset
heset
erms. Theyar
efarmor
eli
kel
ytoappeari
nquot
esi
n2018
t
hant
heywer
efi
vey
ear
sear
li
er.Jour
nal
i
stshav
ea
choi
ce i
n whi
ch quot
es t
hey i
ncl
ude i
nthei
r
r
epor
ti
ngandt
hedat
afr
om TheLosAngel
esTi
mes
suggest
sthatnewsr
oomscanmak
eaconsci
ous
choi
cenott
ouset
heset
erms.Theuseoft
hese
t
ermsi
nTheLosAngel
esTi
mes– acompanywi
th
si
mil
arst
yle gui
de r
est
ri
cti
onst
othe AP – has
decr
easedf
rom 2014t
o2018,
evenast
her
e’
sbeen
ani
ncr
easei
nimmi
grat
ioncov
erage.
Simi
l
arl
y,USA
Todayhasmai
ntai
nedmor
eofast
eadypacei
nit
s
wor
dchoi
ces.

Ourwor
ksuggest
sthatnewsor
gani
zat
ionscoul
d
moni
tort
hei
rown l
anguage usage pat
ter
nsand
hav
e mor
eint
ernalconv
ersat
ions abouthow t
o
handl
echangesi
nlanguage.

We r
ecommend a l
arger conv
ersat
ion about
i
mmi
grat
ioncov
erage,
quest
ioni
ngwhet
hergr
oups
t
hat woul
d be t
radi
ti
onal
l
y char
act
eri
zed as
“
ext
reme”ar
ebei
ngnor
mal
i
zedasr
epr
esent
ati
ve
conser
vat
ivev
oices.Att
his momentofshi
ft
ing
medi
aandpol
i
cyst
rat
egi
es,wecal
lonschol
ars
andj
our
nal
i
stsal
i
ket
ochal
l
enget
heseobser
ved
t
rendsandt
ocont
inuet
odef
inewhatweconsi
der
t
he wi
del
y accept
ed st
andar
ds f
or shar
ing
i
nfor
mat
ion.

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 23
 Et
hicalst
andar
dsofr
epor
ti
ng,
atmi
nimum,
incl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1 Focusont
hepeopl
emostaf
fect
edbypol
i
cypr
escr
ipt
ions.

2 Av
oid deni
grat
ing t
erms,whi
ch onl
yser
vet
oinaccur
atel
ylabeland per
pet
uat
ethe
dehumani
zat
ionofpeopl
e.

3 Sethi
ghst
andar
dsf
orwheni
t’
snecessar
ytoquot
enewsmak
ersusi
ngdeni
grat
ingt
erms
aswel
l
.Whi
l
ethegener
alpubl
i
cdoesunder
standt
hedi
ff
erencebet
weenquot
edand
unquot
ed l
anguage,newsmedi
a shoul
d notuse t
hei
rpl
atf
ormst
o pr
omot
e hat
eful
speech.

4 Donotquot
eex
tremeant
i-
immi
grant
,nat
ivi
standwhi
tesupr
emaci
stgr
oupswi
thout
pr
ovi
dingcont
extast
othei
rhi
stor
y,mi
ssi
on,
fundi
ngandt
iest
ogov
ernmentof
fi
cial
sand
agenci
es.

5 Cont
inuet
owor
ktowar
dsdi
ver
sif
yingnewsr
oomssot
hatal
lcommuni
ti
esar
ecov
ered
wi
thdept
handnuance,
wit
hli
ngui
sti
cfl
uencyandwi
thcul
tur
alknowl
edge.

6 Est
abl
i
sht
hesest
andar
dsi
nst
ylegui
desandshar
ethem wi
tht
hepubl
i
c.

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 24
 F
urt
her
res
ear
ch
Def
ineAmer
icanandMedi
aCl
oudpl
ant
oex
pandont
hisr
esear
chi
ncol
l
abor
ati
onwi
tht
he
Danger
ousSpeechPr
oject–ani
nvest
igat
ionoft
hewayt
hatcer
tai
nonl
i
nespeechmay
cat
aly
zei
nter
groupv
iol
ence,
basedatt
heBer
kmanKl
einCent
erf
orI
nter
netandSoci
etyat
Har
var
d.Nex
tst
epsf
ort
hisr
esear
chwi
l
lincl
ude:

Label
i
ngoft
ermsbyt
heDanger
ousSpeechPr
oject
’
scl
assi
fi
cat
ionofdanger
ousspeech
andcompar
isonofchangesi
nfr
equencyofdeni
grat
ingv
ersusdanger
oust
erms.

Det
ail
edmodel
i
ngoft
heshar
ingofi
mmi
grantst
ori
es,
consi
der
ingt
hepr
esenceof
deni
grat
ingspeechasani
ndependentv
ari
abl
e.

Anal
ysi
sofl
anguageassoci
atedwi
thi
mmi
grant
/i
mmi
grat
ionst
ori
est
hatusedeni
grat
ing
t
ermsi
nquot
es,
stor
iest
hatuset
ermsunquot
edandt
hoset
hatdonotusedeni
grat
ing
t
erms.

Tr
acki
ngofnewt
ermsandhasht
agst
hatar
ebasedi
nsoci
almedi
adi
scour
se,
bui
l
dingon
wor
kdoneatHar
var
d’sShor
enst
einCent
er.

Compar
isonofpat
ter
nsi
nnon-
newsspeechdur
ingsi
mil
art
imeper
iods,
compar
ingj
our
nal
i
sti
c
cov
erageofi
mmi
grat
iont
odi
scussi
onsonpubl
i
cfor
umsl
i
keReddi
t.

I
ncl
usi
onofmaj
ort
elev
isi
onnewsor
gani
zat
ionsandwi
reser
vices.

I
ncl
usi
onofaddi
ti
onal
ext
remi
st,
ant
i-
immi
grantor
gani
zat
ions

Anal
ysi
sofsour
cingandl
anguageusebynewsor
gani
zat
ionst
hathav
eimpr
ovedt
hei
r
st
ylegui
descompar
edt
othoset
hathav
enot
.

TheLanguageofI
mmi
grat
ionRepor
ting 25