7/7/2019 2:37:00 AM

1. Income taxation, Intermediate Acctng1- CFAS

2. Business laws and regulation- Laws
3.
4. Article 1156. An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do or not to
do.
5.
6. Elements of an obligation
1. Passive subject (obligor)
2. Active subject (obligee)
3. Object/ Prestation
4. Efficient cause/ juridical or legal tie

Kinds of obligation
1. Subject matter
a. Real obligation
b. Personal obligation
7.
8. Article 1157. Obligation arises from:
9.
10. Source of obligation
11. Law
12. Contracts
13. Quasi contracts
14. Crime/delicts
15. Quasi delicts

Article 1158. Obligation derive from law are not presumed. Only those
expressly determined in this Code or in special laws are demandable, and
shall be regulated by the precepts of the law which establishes them; and as
to what has not been foreseen, by the provisions of this Book.

Article 1159. Obligation arising from contracts have the force of law between
the contracting parties and should be complied with in good faith.

Article 1160. Obligations derived from quasi-contracts shall be subject to the

provisions of Chapter 1, Title XVII.
Quasi-Contract – Is the juridical relation resulting from lawful, voluntary and
unilateral acts by virtue of which the parties become bound to each other to
the end that no one will be unjustly enriched of benefited at the expense of
another.

Kinds of Quasi-Contracts
1. Negotiorum gestio- voluntary management of the property or affairs of
another without the knowledge or consent of the latter
2. Solutio indebiti- juridical relation which is created when something is
received when there is no rights to demand it and it was unduly delivered
through mistakes.

Article 1161. Civil obligations arising from criminal offenses shall be

governed by the penal laws, subject to the provisions of article 2177, and of
the pertinent provisions of Chapter 2, Preliminary Title, on Human Relations
and of the Title XVIII of this Book, regulating damages.

Scope of Civil liability

1. Restitution
2. Reparation for the damage caused
3. Indemnification for consequential damages

Article 1162. Obligations derived from quasi-delicts shall be governed by the

provisions of chapter 2, Title XVII of this Book, and by special laws

Quasi-delicts- is an act or omission by a person which causes damage to

another in his person, property, rights giving rise to an obligation to pay for
the damage done, there being fault or negligence but there is no pre-
existing contractual relation between the parties.

Crime Quasi-delicts
Criminal or malicious intent Only negligence
Purpose is punishment Indemnification of the offended party
Affects public interest Concerns private interest
Criminal and civil liability
Can not be compromised or settled
by the parties themselves
The guilt of the accused must be
proved beyond reasonable doubt
Only civil liability
Can be compromised as any other
civil liability
The fault or negligence of the
defendant need only be proved by
preponderance of evidence

Article 1163. Every person obliged to give something is also obliged to take
care of it with the proper diligence of a good father of a family, unless the
law or the stipulation of the parties requires another standard of care.

Generic/ indeterminate- refers only to a class or genus to which it pertains

and cannot be pointed out with particularity. The debtor can give anything of
the same class as long as it is of the same kind.

Specific/ determinate- Identified by its individuality. The debtor cannot

substitute it with another although the latter is of the same kind and quality
without the consent of the creditor.

Duties of debtor in obligation to give a determinate thing

1. Preserve the thing
a. Diligence of a good father of a family
b. Another standard of care
c. Factors to be considered
d. Reason for debtor’s obligation
2. Deliver of the fruits of the thing
3. Deliver the accessions and accessories
4. Deliver the thing itself
5. Answer for damages in case of non-fulfillment or breach

Duties of debtor in obligation to deliver a generic thing

1. To deliver a thing which is of the quality intended
2. To be liable for damages
Article 1164. The creditor has a right to the fruits of the thing from the time
of obligation to deliver it arises. However, he shall acquire no real right over
it until the same has been delivered to him.
Different kinds of fruits
1. Natural fruits- are the spontaneous products of the soil, and the young
and other products of animals.
2. Industrial fruits- are those produced by lands of any kind through
cultivation or labor
3. Civil fruits- are those derived by virtue of a juridical relation

Personal Rights Real rights

1. Right or power of a
person(creditor) to demand from
another (debtor), as a definite
passive subject.
2. Binding or enforceable only
against a particular person
1. Right or interest of a person over
a specific thing (mortgage,
ownership, possession) without a
definite passive subject
2. Directed against the whole world.

Article 1165. When what is to be delivered is a determinate thing, the

creditor, in addition to the right granted him by Article 1170, may compel
the debtor to make the delivery. If the thing is indeterminate or generic, he
may ask that the obligation be complied with at the expense of the debtor. If
the obligor delays, or has promised to deliver the same thing to two or more
persons who do not have the same interest, he shall be responsible for
fortuitous event until he has effected the delivery.

Remedies of creditor in real obligation

1. Specific real obligation
a. Demand specific performance
b. Demand rescission or cancellation
c. Demand payment of damages only

Article 1166. The obligation to give a determinate thing includes that of

delivering all its accessions and accessories, even though they may not have
been mentioned.
Accessions- are the fruits of a thing or additions to or improvements upon a
thing (the principal)
Accessories- are things joined to or included with the principal things for the
latter’s embellishment, better use, or completion.

Right of creditor to accessions and accessories

The general rule is that all accessions and accessories are considered
included in the obligation to deliver a determinate thing although they may
not have been mentioned.

Article 1167. If a person obliged to do something fails to do it, the same

shall be executed at his cost. This same rule shall be observed if he does it
in contravention of the tenor of the obligation. Furthermore, it may be
decreed that what has been poorly done be undone.

Article 1168. When the obligation consists in not doing, and the obligor does
what has been forbidden him, it shall also be undone at his expense.

Article 1169. Those obliged to deliver or to do something incur in delay from

the time the obligee judicially or extrajudicially demands from them the
fulfillment of their obligation. However, the demand by the creditor shall not
be necessary in order that delay may exist: (1) when the obligation or the
law expressly so declares; or (2) when from the nature and the
circumstances of the obligation it appears that the designation of the time
when the thing is to be delivered or the service is to be rendered was a
controlling motive for the establishment of the contract; or (3) when
demand would be useless, as when the obligor has rendered it beyond his
power to perform. In reciprocal obligations, neither party incurs in delays if
the other does not comply or is not ready to comply in a proper manner with
what is incumbent upon him. From the moment one of the parties fulfills his
obligation, delay by the other begins.

Ordinary delay- is merely the failure to perform an obligation on time

Legal delay/default/Mora- is the failure to perform an obligation on time
which failure constitutes a breach of the obligation.
Kinds of delay or default
1. Mora solvendi- the delay on the part of the debtor to fulfill his obligation
(to give or to do)
2. Mora accipiendi- the delay on the part of the creditor to accept the
performance of the obligation
3. Compensatio morae- the delay of the obligors in reciprocal obligations.

Article 1170. Those who in the performance of their obligations are guilty of
fraud, negligence, or delay and those who in any manner contravene the
tenor thereof, are liable for damages.

Ground for liability

1. Fraud (deceit or dolo)- it is the deliberate or intentional evasion of the
normal fulfillment of an obligation. It implies some kind of malice or
dishonesty and it cannot cover cases of mistake and errors of
judgment made in good faith. It is synonymous to bad faith in that, it
involves a design to mislead or deceive another.
2. Negligence (fault or culpa)- it is any voluntary act or omission, there
being no bad faith or malice, which prevents the normal fulfillment of
an obligation.
3. Delay (mora)
4. Contravention of the terms of the obligation- this is the violation of the
terms and conditions stipulated in the obligation. The contravention
must not be due to a fortuitous event or force majeure.

Fraud
There is deliberate intention to cause
damage or injury
Waiver of the liability for future fraud
is void
Must be clearly proved
Cannot be mitigated or reduced by
Negligence
There is no such intention
Waiver may, in certain sense be
allowed
Presumed from the violation of a
contractual obligation
May be reduced according to the
the courts circumstances

Article 1171. Responsibility arising from fraud is demandable in all

obligations. Any waiver of an action for future fraud is void.

Article 1172. Responsibility arising from negligence in the performance of

every kind of obligation is also demandable, but such liability may be
regulated by the courts, according to the circumstances.

Kinds of negligence according to source of obligation.

1. Contractual negligence- it merely makes the debtor liable for
damages in view of his negligence on the fulfillment of pre-existing
obligations.
2. Civil negligence- negligence which by itself is the source of an
obligation between the parties not so related before by any
preexisting contract.
3. Criminal negligence- negligence resulting in the commission of a
crime.

Article 1173. The fault or negligence of the obligor consists in the omission
of that diligence which is required by the nature of the obligation and
corresponds with the circumstances of the person, of the time and of the
place. When negligence shows bad faith, the provisions of articles 1171 and
2201, paragraph 2 is apply. If the law or contract does not state the
diligence which is to be observed in the performance, that which is expected
of a good father of a family shall be required.

Negligence- is the failure to observe for the protection of the interests of

another person. It is a question of fact, that is, its existence being
dependent upon the particular circumstances of each case.

Factors to be considered:
1. Nature of the obligation
2. Circumstance of the person
3. Circumstances of time
4. Circumstances of the place
Damages signify the money compensation awarded to a party for loss of
injury resulting from breach of contract or obligation by the other.

Kinds of diligence required:

1. That agreed upon by the parties, orally or in writing
2. In the absence of stipulation, that required by law in the particular
case
3. If both the contract and law are silent, then the diligence expected of a
good father of a family.

Article 1174. Except in cases expressly specified by the law, or when it is

otherwise declared by stipulation, or when the nature of the obligation
requires the assumption of risk, no person shall be responsible for those
events which could not be foreseen, or which through foreseen, were
inevitable.

Fortuitous events is any event which cannot be foreseen, or which, through

foreseen, is inevitable.

Fortuitous event distinguished from force majeure

1. Acts of man- an event independent of the will of the obligor but not of
other human wills.
2. Acts of God- those events which are totally independent will of every
human being.

Kinds of fortuitous events

1. Ordinary fortuitous events- events which are common and which the
contracting parties could reasonably foresee.
2. Extra-ordinary fortuitous events- events which are uncommon and
which the contracting parties could not have reasonably foreseen.

Article 1175. Usurious transactions shall be governed by special laws.

Simple loan or mutuum is a contract whereby one of the parties delivers to

another, money or other consumable thing, upon the condition that the
same amount of the same kind and quality shall be paid.it may be gratuitous
or with a stipulation to pay interest.

Usury is a contracting for or receiving interest in excess of the amount

allowed by law for the loan or use of money, goods, chattels or credits.

Article 1176. The receipt of the principal by the creditor, without reservation
with respect to the interest, shall give rise to the presumption that said
interest has been paid. The receipt of a later installment of a debt without
reservation as to prior installments shall likewise raise the presumption that
such installments have been paid.

Presumption is meant the inference of a fact not actually known arising from
its usual connection with another, which is known or proved.

Kinds of presumption
1. Conclusive presumption- one which cannot be contradicted, like the
presumption that everyone is conclusively presumed to know the law
2. Disputable (rebuttable) presumption- one which can be contradicted
or rebutted by presenting proof to the contrary, like the presumption
established in article 1176.

Article 1177. The creditors, after having pursued the property in possession
of the debtor to satisfy their claims, may exercise all the rights and bring all
the actions of the latter for the same purpose, save those which are inherent
in his person; they may also impugn the acts which the debtor may have
done to defraud them.

Article 1178. Subject to the laws, all rights acquired in virtue of an obligation
are transmissible, if there has been no stipulation to the contrary.

Article 1179. Every obligation, whose performance does not depend upon a
future or uncertain event, or upon a past event unknown to the parties, is
demandable at once. Every obligation which contains a resolutory condition
shall also be demandable, without prejudice to the effects of the happening
of the event.
Pure obligation is one, which is not subject to any condition, and no specific
date is mentioned for its fulfillment and is, therefore, immediately
demandable.

Conditional obligation is one whose consequences are subject in one way or

another to the fulfillment of a condition.

Condition is a future and uncertain event, upon the happening of which, the
effectively or extinguishment of am obligation subject to it depends.

Characteristic of a condition
1. Future and uncertain
2. Past but unknown

Two principal kinds of condition

1. Suspensive condition (condition precedent and condition antecedent)-
one the fulfillment of which will give rise to an obligation. The
demandability of the obligation is suspended until the happening of the
uncertain event which constitutes the condition. If the first does not
take place, the tie of the law does not appear. The existence of the
obligation is a mere hope.
2. Resolutory condition (condition subsequent)- one the fulfillment of
which will extinguish an obligation (or right) already existing. The tie
of law is consolidated. Its effects flow, but over it hovers the possibility
of termination.

Article 1180. When the debtor binds himself to pay when his means permit
him to do so, the obligation shall be deemed to be one with a period, subject
to the provisions of article 1197.

A period is a future and certain event upon the arrival of which the obligation
subject to it either arises or is extinguished.
Article 1181. In conditional obligations, the acquisition of rights, as well as
the extinguishment or loss of those already acquired, shall depend upon the
happening of the event which constitutes the condition.

Effects of happening of condition

 Acquisitions of rights- in obligations subject to a suspensive condition, the
acquisitions of right by the creditor depends upon the happening of the
event which constitutes the condition. Its efficacy or obligatory force is
subordinate to the happening of a future and uncertain event. If the
suspensive condition does not take place and it is certain that it will no be
fulfilled, the parties would stand as if the conditional obligation had never
existed. The creditor has only a mere hope or expectancy of acquiring of
right.
 Loss of rights already acquired- in obligations subject to resolutory
condition, the happening of the vent which constitutes the condition
produces the extinguishment or loss of rights already acquired.

Article 1182. when the fulfillment of the condition depends upon the sole will
of the debtor, the conditional obligation shall be void. If it depends upon
chance or upon the will of the third person, the obligation shall take effect in
conformity with the provisions of this code.

Classification of conditions.
1. As to effect:
a. Suspensive- the happening of which gives rise to the obligation
b. Resolutory- the happening of which extinguishes the obligation
2. As to form:
a. express- the condition is clearly stated
b. implied- the condition is merely inferred
3. As to possibility:
a. Possible- the condition is capable of fulfillment, legally and
physically
b. Impossible- the condition is not capable of fulfillment, legally and
physically.
4. As to cause or origin
 a. Potestative- the condition depends upon the will of one of the
contracting parties.
b. Casual- the condition depends upon chance or upon the will of a
third person
c. Mixed- the condition depends party upon chance and upon the will
of a third person.
5. As to mode
a. Positive- the condition consists in the performance of an act
b. Negative- the condition consists in the omission of an act
6. As to numbers
a. Conjunctive- there are several conditions and all must be fulfilled.
b. Disjunctive- there are several conditions and only one or some of
them must be fulfilled.
7. As to divisibility
a. Divisible- the condition is susceptible of partial performance
b. Indivisible- the condition is not susceptible of partial performance

Potestative condition- a condition suspensive in nature and which depends

upon the sole will of one of the contracting parties

Where suspensive condition depends upon will of debtor

1. Conditional obligation void.
2. Only the condition void.