Collection Development – a process of identifying the strengths and

weaknesses of a library’s materials collection in terms of patron needs and community resources and attempting to
correct existing weaknesses (Evans, 1995).

-The process of meeting the information needs of the people (a service population) in a timely and economic
manner using information resources locally held as well as from other organization.

Collection Development Processes

Community Analysis or Patron Community – group of persons that the library exist to serve. It refers not only to
the active users, but also include everyone within the library’s or information centers defined service limits.

It can be – a political unit, as a nation, a region, state, province, city or town

– a specialized grouping, as a university, college, school, government agency or
private organization.
– a library that may service a number of patrons, from very few to
millions.

Collection Development Policy (CDP) – a document that represents a plan of action and information used to
guide the staffs’ thinking and decision making. The staff consults the collection development policy when
considering what subject areas to augment and determine how much emphasis to give each area.

Selection – a process of deciding which materials to acquire for a library collection. It is not just a matter of
identifying appropriate materials, but deciding among items that are essential, important, nice or luxurious. It is also
determining quality and value.

Acquisition – the process of securing materials for the library’s collection, whether by purchase, as gifts, or
through exchange programs. Once an item is selected, the acquisition department proceeds with the preparation of
an order form, selection of the vendor, recording the receipt of the material and finally paying the bill.

Deselection or weeding – (in England, it is stock relegation) when a material is no longer of value, the library will
dispose of the item (by selling it, giving it away, or even throwing it away). If the item still has some value for the
library, it may be transferred to a less accessible and less expensive storage location.

Evaluation – completes the collection development cycle and brings one back to needs of assessment activity.
Evaluation places a value or worth on an object or activity as well as quantitative and qualitative values.

Collection development is a universal process for all types of libraries. The size of the library’s service community
has a definite bearing on collection development.
★ As the size of the service community increases, the degree or divergence in individual
information needs increases.
★ As the degree of divergence in individual information needs increases, the need for
cooperative programs of information materials increases.
★ It will never be possible to satisfy all the information needs of any individual or class of
clientele in the service community.

COOPERATIVE COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT

WHAT IS LIBRARY COOPERATION?

*”All libraries are linked in a great chain of access and what each has and does will have
importance for the whole universe in libraries and their users” (David H. Stan)

*He builds in the concept of creation known as the GREAT CHAIN OF BEING – it states
that all existence is defined by plenitude, continuity and graduation.

*These three elements can, as Stan implies, apply to libraries when:

-“plenitude” – abundance of the whole

-“continuity” – uninterrupted connection
-“gradation” – variations between similar and related components

*In 1886, Melvil Dewey listed one of the major needs of the modern library movements as
“a practical means to bringing the enormous benefits of cooperation, which has been the
 watch word of the whole movement, into full play in interests of the libraries”

*Most librarians believe, with Michael Gorman, that “cooperation is as essential to a

library as is water to a fish or air to a mammal”

*It is “the sharing of responsibilities among two or more libraries for the process of
acquiring materials, developing collections, and managing the growth and maintenance
of collections in a user-beneficial and cost-beneficial way”

*RESOURCE SHARING was the umbrella used in the mid-1980s and applied broadly to
cooperative cataloging, shared storage facilities, shared preservation activities,
interlibrary loan (ILL), and coordinated or cooperative collection development.

*Today resource sharing is generally understood to be “the sharing of materials through

ILL”

*Cooperative collection development and management involve an overarching planning strategy that
libraries employ to work together and provide materials and information for their users-something that no
single library can afford on its own.

*The goal of cooperative collection development and management is “to improve access to information and
resources by maximizing the use of those resources and leveraging available funding”.

*Cooperative collection development and management have three interdependent components and can be
thought of as three-leg stool that cannot stand without all three legs. The components are:
-Physical access through resource sharing
-Bibliographic access
-and Coordinated collection development and management

Three components of cooperative collection development and management:

-Intellectual access
-Physical access
-Coordinated collection development and management

INTERLIBRARY LOAN (ILL)

-One of the earliest references dates back from 200 BC when the library in Alexandria is known to have lent
materials to the Pergamum Library

-It was not common in the US until the last quarter of the 19th century

-Ernest C. Richardson, librarian from Princeton University, promoted such cooperative exchanges and called for a
national lending in 1890.

-In the early 20th century, formal process for managing lending and borrowing between libraries was in place in the
US

-In 1917, the Library of Congress issued its first policy governing ILL

-The code was adopted by the American Library Association in 1919

-The 1993 National Interlibrary Loan Code recognized the increased use and important role of ILL by changing the
statement “Interlibrary loan is an adjunct to, not a substitute for, collection development” to “Interlibrary borrowing is
an integral element of collection development for all libraries, not an ancillary option”.

-The Research Libraries Group (RLG), one of the most ambitious and energetic efforts to create a national
cooperative library initiative, was formed in 1973 by Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University and
the New York Public Library.

-The goal of the RLG was to provide the three components of resource sharing : physical access through a good
delivery system and reciprocal borrowing privileges (SHARES program), bibliographic access through a shared
online catalog (RLIN, Research Librarians Information Network) to facilitate coordinated acquisitions and resource
sharing, and a program of coordinated collection development and management.
-RLG was described as “a partnership to achieve planned, coordinated inter-dependence in response to the threat
posed by a climate of increasing economic restraints and financial uncertainty”

-In 2006, RLG merged with OCLC and its online cataloging became part of OCLC’s WorldCat and its programs
joined OCLC Research to become part of OCLC Programs and Research.

COMPONENTS OF COOPERATIVE COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT

A.Resource Sharing
-a system for making requests and providing delivery of information, chiefly
through ILL process

*Interlibrary loan handles both returnable’s (items that must be returned to the lender)
and non-returnables (photocopies or digital transmissions)

*It may be strengthened through agreements among members of the consortium to

expedite service, charge members no ILL fees, or permit on-site use of the collection by
clientele of member libraries.

*Information Power, published by the American Association of School Librarians

recommends that school library media specialists “participate in networks that enhance
access to resources located outside the school”.

*Effective and speedy delivery is central to the success of resource sharing.

*Ross Atkinson explains the quality of access – how well access is provided to achieve –
in terms of time. Users want speedy access to library resources because the user’s time
is a valuable commodity.

*The nature of resource sharing is changing as a result of evolving technologies.

Unmediated ILL, through which a user directly requests the lending of an item from one
library to his or her home library, is a growing trend.

*The increasing availability of e-journal articles through individual library subscriptions,

consortial purchase agreements and state and regional programs is reducing ILL
requests for non-returnables.

B.Bibliographic Access
-the second component of cooperative collection development and management.
-knowing what is available from other sites through online catalogs, printed or
microform catalogs, or bibliographic utilities.

*Bibliographic access to the holdings of other libraries is a critical component of

cooperation.

*In 1901, the first regional union catalog was developed at the California State Library
and the Library of Congress established the National Union Catalog in 1902.

*The development of bibliographic utilities, multi-institutional, state, and regional online

shared catalogs, and web-based access to online catalogs has been a step forward in
bibliographic access.

Examples of Statewide (Online) Catalogs:

*MnLINK – a virtual catalog linked to online catalogs from more than 20

Minnesota library systems representing some 480 libraries

*SUNLINK – an online catalog for K-12 public school library media centers in
Florida

*The OCLC Users Council adopted a resolution in 1999 that stresses the need
for member libraries to contribute to OCLC promptly all current bibliographic and
holdings information representing cataloged items in their collections and to create
 bibliographic records at the fullest possible level in order “to promote shared use
of records and library resources”.

C.Coordinated Collection Development and Management

-the third component, in its ideal manifestation, a coordinated scheme of

purchasing and maintaining collection.

*It aims to build complementary collections on which the cooperating libraries can
draw.

*Joseph J. Branin identifies 3 Elements to Coordinated Collection

Development:

1.Mutual notification of purchasing decisions

2.Joint purchase
3.Assigned subject specialization in building collections

*Coordinated collection development leverages available funds by increasing access to a wider

collection of information sources

*It enlarges the universe of titles available to library users and when properly supported, speeds
the delivery of materials through ILL systems

*It can also be viewed as cost containment through purchase avoidance

*The participating libraries reduce duplication in order to provide a stronger collective collection
and increased user satisfaction

TYPES OF COOPERATIVE COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT

*Several varieties of cooperative collection development have been tried with varying degrees of success. These
include the ff.:

-status quo
-synergistic or coordinated approach
-cooperative funding
-coordinated weeding and retention
-preservation initiative and shared storage

1.STATUS QUO APPROACH

-pioneered by Paul H. Mosher and Marcia Pankake

-This approach presumes that libraries’ total collecting activities will build, on a
national scale, reasonable depth in every area of interest.

-Every title that anyone might want now and in the future will be held somewhere
in the US simply as a result of serendipitous collection development and
management. This assumes that libraries select a certain number of titles that no
other library is adding, though research shows that research libraries in the US are
acquiring fewer unique monographic titles.

-This approach, in which no intentional coordinated collecting activities are

undertaken, is optimistic and increasingly unrealistic, given the financial
constraints most libraries are experiencing.

2.SYNERGISTIC APPROACH
-In this approach, different libraries take responsibility for collecting different
publications, according to some coordinated and collaborative plan. This can be
called coordinated collection development because it is intentional with distributed responsibility for
collection development.

-This approach calls for dividing the information universe into core and peripheral
materials and then dividing the periphery among the consortium members. The
 term core are used for two kinds of collections:
1.a collection representing the intellectual nucleus of a discipline
2.and a nucleus of materials that is determined by heaviest use or meets
certain criteria

*Core material in this definition is often considered the 20% of the collection that
satisfies 80% of the library users’ needs.

*Peripheral materials on the other hand, are considered to be research materials

that are not in heavy demand and fall into Conspectus levels 4 (research
collection) and 5 (comprehensive collection)

*According to Ross Atkinson:

“our effort to…distinguish core from non-core materials has been so far singularly
unsuccessful, except through such retrospective methods as citation analysis of
the use of circulation needs. For purposes of planning, budgeting or coordination,
the concept of the core is practically useless”

*The only application of synergistic approach that is both logical and practical is
one in which the library accepts responsibility for collecting in areas that also meet
local needs and reflect local strength.

TWO EXAMPLES OF THIS APPROACH ARE:

1.Agreement between the Research Triangle University Libraries in
North Carolina – has an enviable record of success in leveraging financial resources and
making unique materials available to its membership

2.Farmington Plan – its goal was to increase the nation’s total resources for research. It
designed blanket order profiles that were placed with foreign dealers. Libraries were
expected to accept all materials within the scope of their commitments.

3.One intentional approach to coordinated collection development is the use of a shared

approval plan. Such plans present challenges because of the political and administrative
cost of designing and maintaining them and the need to balance expectations of the larger
group against the requirements of the individual partnering libraries.

4.Shared approval plan must be designed to complement any existing approval plans and
work best when the partner libraries are already using the same approval plan vendor.

3.COOPERATIVE FUNDING

*Sometimes called cooperative acquisition, depends on pool of shared money used to acquire
lesser-used, expensive items. The items purchased are placed either in a central site or in all
library with the highest anticipated local use.

*An example of a successful program in the shared purchase mode is the Center for Research
Libraries (CRL) which is considered as the oldest cooperative research library established in 1949.
It had more than 230 US and Canadian academic and research library members in 2008.

*Part of each library’s annual membership fee goes to purchase materials that the membership
agrees are important. Many materials are purchased through a member nominating and voting
process. It serves as a library’s library – a complementary collection to extend the resources
available to the membership.

Shared Collection and Access Program

-long-term cooperative funding program agreement among libraries of the

University of California that:

*broaden and deepen UC library collections in the service of

research, teaching, patient care, and public service

*Offer economies not available through traditional models of

collection development
 *Enhances access by the research community to important cultural
assets by ensuring persistence over time

*Enable UC Libraries to develop comprehensive research collections

that would otherwise be impossible to build

Oregon Digital Library Consortium

-a group of public libraries and public library federations that offer its patron
Library2Go, a shared digital audiobook collection.

*Collections librarians have a critical role in selecting cooperative

funded resources. Most of the cooperatives that engage in this
activity rely on a group of librarians to propose and select materials
to be jointly acquired.

4.COORDINATED WEEDING AND RETENTION

*These agreements seek to reduce the costs of maintaining collections by

distributing responsibilities and sharing costs

*It involves more than checking in a shared catalog to see that at least one copy is
held elsewhere before withdrawing the local copy

*It relies on taking responsibility for retaining materials in certain areas or of

certain type. Libraries that wish to withdraw materials because of condition issue
or space limitations agree to check first to determine if the item is the last copy in
the consortium or geographic area. This is often called last-copy retention.

5.COORDINATED PRESERVATION INITIATIVES

*Preservation microfilming projects have been some of the more successful

approaches to coordinated preservation and have led to several cooperative
projects. Primarily funded through National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) grants, these
projects have sought to develop a national collection of preserved documents while meeting
agreed-upon archival standards for quality and storage and avoiding duplications.

Examples:
-Through a series of NEH grants, is microfilming important
agricultural publications on a state-by-state basis

-The Library of Congress and NEH are directing the United States
Newspaper Program, a cooperative national effort started in the
early 1980 to locate, catalog, preserve on microfilm, and make
available to researchers newspapers published in the United States
from the 18th century to the present

-The shared mass digitization projects of recent years (e.g. Google

Books Library Project and Open Content Alliance) are cooperative
projects primarily aimed to increase access to resources, but they
have a preservation component as well. Many items that are
scanned are in extremely poor condition and digitization preserves
their content for future generations of users.

6.SHARED STORAGE

*New England Depository Library – founded in 1942, the oldest shared storage
facility in the US and is used by libraries in the Northeast.

*The CRL opened in the 1951 with the provision of a storage depository as one of
its major goals. Member libraries place lesser-used materials from their own
collection in the CRL central storage building.
 *Steve O’Connor, Andrew Wells and Mel Collier distinguish between cooperative
storage “essentially the sharing of the space within a facility” and collaborative
storage, a “shared approach to the collection in terms of growth, shape,
management and access”.

*Collaborative storage can be seen as coordinated storage because it is planned

and focused on maintaining a coordinated collection. Many libraries are implementing last-copy
policies in their collaborative storage facilities as part of collaborative retention and preservation
planning.

*Several have developed formal shared print journal archiving agreements. According to Lizanne
Payne, JSTOR titles are an easy starting point for shared journal holdings because the titles are
available online and at least 12 university libraries have agreements to consolidate their holdings
of JSTOR volumes in a shared storage facility.

*The North American Storage Trust grew out when in the 1990s librarians began to talk about
creating a formal, large-scale cooperative program for shared print management, including
coordinating the use of shared facilities as last-copy repositories. This initiative aspires to provide a
central registry for libraries to report which volumes they will retain and preserve either in storage
facilities, along with formal agreements that participating libraries may rely on access to preserved
copies if they want to withdraw their own.

*Payne compares this proposed voluntary distributed print retention and

preservation system to LOCKSS (a voluntary distributed system to preserve electronic resources).
She writes that: “by leveraging this collective capacity and building on existing networks of trust
within the library community, we can begin to manage our physical inventories in ways that reduce
unnecessary redundancy while preserving the world’s print heritage as a shared public good”.

*Shared Digital Repository – a recent approach to shared storage. Two examples are being
developed by the CIC and the Colorado Digital Alliance.

*Hathi Trust, the CIC’s shared digital repository, is intended to archive and manage collectively
the full content of public domain works digitized by Google that are held across the CIC libraries
and eventually, other digital content. It operates under the repository administrators Indiana
University and University of Michigan and is housed at the latter.

*Alliance Digital Repositories

-a preservation-oriented consortial digital repository service offered by the Colorado
Alliance of Research Libraries to its member institutions and affiliates.

Purposes:

1.Provide access to digital content by students, faculty, staff,

patrons, researchers and customers of Alliance institutions, as well
as to the world.

2.Host hardware and software infrastructure that supports digital

repository services and functionalities for Alliance institutions and
affiliated partners.

3.Store digital assets created and collected by Alliance libraries,

universities and communities.

Additional Areas of Cooperation

*Other cooperative initiatives directly related to cooperative collection development

and management are library automation and cataloging.

*Many libraries, particularly small libraries, have joined in shared library automation projects to save money through
the implementation of a single system and provide easy bibliographic access to holdings in all participating
libraries.
*Some cooperative initiatives distribute responsibility for cataloging materials according to language or subject.
This often goes along with distributed responsibility for acquiring those materials because intellectual access is an
essential component of cooperative collection building.

Mechanism for Cooperative Collection Development

*Several mechanism exist through which libraries manage cooperative activities. The terms network and
consortium are often used interchangeably. Other terms are cooperative, collaborative, council, federation, and
alliance.

*Consortium is a community of two or more libraries that have formally agreed to coordinate, cooperate in, or
consolidate certain functions. It may be formed on geographic, function, type, format or subject basis.

*Network is the linking of libraries through shared bibliographic utilities or other formal arrangements.

*The National Information Standards Organization makes no similar distinction between networks and consortia,
opting to define a Library Cooperative is as:

-an organization that has a formal arrangement whereby library and information services
are supported for the mutual benefits of participating libraries. It must all the following
criteria:

1.Participants / members are primarily libraries.

2.The organization is a U.S. not-for-profit entity which has its own budget and its own
paid staff.
3.The organization serves multiple institutions that are not under the organization’s
administrative control.
4.The scope of the organization’s activities includes support of library and information
services by performing such functions as resource sharing, training, planning, and
advocacy.

*Bibliographic utilities provide online access to the holdings of member libraries and additional services that may
include shared cataloging, ILL, and group purchasing. OCLC, the largest member-driven bibliographic utilities often
include “network” as part of their name.

Examples:
*NELINET (New England)
*AMIGOS Services (Southwest)
*MINITEX (Minnesota and the Dakotas)
*WILS (Wisconsin)

*The regional networks provide a variety of services that may include:

-OCLC support
-Consulting and training
-Contract cataloging
-Reference service
-Preservation support and disaster assistance
-Regional document delivery
-Cooperative purchase of online resources

*Factors that affect organizational patterns:

1.characteristics of individual members
2.administration of program
3.kinds of cooperative activity
4.sources of funding

-Funding may be through membership fees or contributions, grants, external funds, or a

combination of these. The source of funds often determines the kind of administrative
structure. The common feature of cooperative organization is the use of formal
agreements that provide operating principles and define the goals of the organization.

-The precursor to consortia were library systems in the 1950’s independent public
libraries began to join together into library systems in order to use resources more
efficiently and provide better service to users. The number of library cooperatives has
grown rapidly since the 1960s. A major impetus behind this growth has been the spread
 of library automation and the resulting development of shared bibliographic database.

-The 2201 Bowker Annual Library and Book Trade Almanac lists more than 400
networks, consortia and other cooperative library organizations in the US and Canada.
Formal cooperative collection management relationship with other libraries may be local,
statewide, regional, national or international. The membership may be focused on a
particular type of library or it may serve several types of libraries.

-Funding models and organizational strategies for cooperatives vary from simple to
complex. Some charge a flat membership fee. Others prorate the fee based on library
operating budget or population served. Some statewide consortia are supported by the
state government with members paying fees for additional services.

Examples of state-funded library cooperatives:

-lllinois Library and Information Network (ILLILNET) – formed in 1975 and is

administered by the Illinois State Library with more than 5000 members from public, academic,
special and school libraries. It provide statewide ILL delivery service between libraries.

-OhioLINK – state-funded network of 86 Ohio college, university and technical school libraries and
the State Library of Ohio. It provides access to more than 140 online research databases, more
than 7000 scholarly e-journals, approximately 2000 educational film, thousands of digital images,
collection of e-books, and approximately 14000 e-theses and dissertations from students at the
participating colleges and libraries.

-MINITEX Library and Information Network – a publicly supported network of academic, public,
state and special libraries. It is funded by Minnesota Legislature through Minnesota Office of
Higher Education. It serves as the regional OCLC network and participating libraries pay fees for
OCLC services. It also provides statewide free access to Electronic Library of Minnesota, a suite of
e-resources from Gale Group, OCLC FirstSearch, ProQuest and NetLibrary are made available
through state legislative funding.

Cooperative Acquisition of Electronic Resources

*Sometimes called consortial cost or buying clubs, cooperative acquisition of e-resources is one of the most
successful areas of cooperation. Libraries are joining multiple organizations to gain savings and greater power in
contract negotiations with suppliers of electronic information resources. When assured of a certain number of
purchasers, vendors frequently offer discount pricing. A vendor need negotiate the license only with the
consortium, not with individual libraries and billing is often handled through a single statement sent to the
consortium office.

*Advantages for libraries are access to a greater domain of materials than they can normally afford, the ability to
leverage their acquisitions budget and acquire access to more than they can normally afford, reduced costs and
time on the library side devoted to license negotiations and increased likelihood that the collective clout of the
consortium will be able to negotiate more favorable licensing terms.

*Allocation of costs for products acquired through consortial licenses varies from consortium to consortium. At the
heart of cost allocation is the goal of being equitable to all participants. When member libraries are of similar size,
the cost of the license may be divide equally among those libraries that opt to acquire access.

*Another type of approach is differential pricing – dividing the cost proportionally among participants according to
projected use of the size of the user population, based on enrollment or number of citizen served by the library.

*Douglas Anderson notes that larger institutions may feel disadvantaged by this approach because vendors often
discount their prices progressively according to the size of the user base.

*Additional savings gained by working through a consortium to acquire e-resources can result from having a
centralized staff to negotiate and administer the contracts. Another possible benefit is a multiyear contract that
often guarantees reduced annual price increase.

*Selection of resources is handled differently in each consortium and varies with the electronic content being
considered. In most cases, the proposal (regardless of origin) is reviewed by the collections librarians from the
participating libraries, often through a committee of collection development officers that may include e-resource
librarians. If the library already has access to the content, the collection librarians review the existing terms and
pricing to see if the consortial proposal is more attractive. In general, member libraries are offered the entire
package and cannot elect components according to their local, institutional preferences.

Philosophical Foundations of Collection Development

● Collection development should be geared primarily to identify needs rather than to abstract
standards of quality, however an identified need can be a long term need, not just an
immediate need.

● Collection development to be effective, must be responsive to the total community’s need,

not just to those of the current or the most active users.

● Collection development must be carried out with knowledge of and participation in

cooperative programs at the local, regional, state, national and international levels.

● Collection development should consider all information formats for inclusion in the collection.

● Collection development was, is and always will be a subjective, biased work. A periodic
review of the selector’s personal biases and their effects on the selection process is the best
check against developing a collection that reflects personal interests rather than customer
interest.

● Collection development is not learned entirely in the classroom or from reading. Only through
practice, taking risks, and learning from mistakes will a person become proficient in their
process of developing a collection.

Elements of Collection Development Policy

Overview – consists of a clear statement of overall institutional objectives of the library.

1. A brief description of the service community (town, country, school or business)

2. Specific identification of the service clientele (Who are the primary clients? Does it include all local citizen, all
staff, and students of the educational institution?)

3. A general statement regarding the parameters of the collection. (In what subject areas will the library collect? Are
there limitations on the type of format to be acquired? Printed materials such as books and serials or also included
are audiovisual formats.

4. A detailed description of the types of programs or patron needs that the collection must meet. (Will the collection
support the educational needs? Will it support the recreational needs? Will the collection be for circulation or on-
site reference only?)

Patrons
» Preschool children
» School age children
» Young adults
» Adults
» Teaching faculty
» Undergraduate students
» Graduate students
» Postgraduate students
» Alumni
» Physically disabled (blind, visually impaired, persons who use wheelchairs)
» Shut-ins and persons in institutions (hospitals, prisons, residential care)
How Shall They Select?

Selection Guideline Statements

-Select items useful to clients.

-Select and replace items found in standard lists and catalogs.
-Select only those items favorably reviewed in two or more selection aids.
-Do not select items that received negative review.
-Try to provide both, or all points of view on controversial subjects.
-Do not select textbooks.
-Do not select items of a sensational, violent, or inflammatory nature.
-Select only items of lasting literary or social value.
-Avoid items that, through useful to a client, are more appropriately held by
another library.

Selection Aids

Current sources for print materials

Catalogs, flyers, and announcements
Current reviews
National bibliographies
Recommended, best, and core collection lists
Subject list
Online catalogs
Microform

General Categories of Selection Aids/Tools

1.Current sources for in-print books

Books in other languages
Books of the month
Forthcoming books
Books in Print
British Books in Print

2.Current Review Sources

Booklist
Bookseller
Choice
Horn Book
Kirkus Services
Library Journal
Publishers Weekly
New York Times
School Library Journal
Wilson Library Bulletin

3.Best Books – Recommended List/Core Collection

Public Library Catalog (Wilson)
Books for Secondary School Libraries (Bowher)
Books for College Libraries (ALA)

4.National Bibliographies
Philippine National Bibliography
British National Bibliography

5.Subject Bibliographies
McGraw Hill Education

6.Trade Catalogs of Publishers

Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Van Nostrands Reinhold
Osborne Media Group
Emerald Information Resources Collection
Gale International Catalog
 Gulf Publishing Company

TYPES OF LIBRARY MATERIALS

PRINT

1.Non-fiction – literary works based on facts

2.Fiction – imaginative writing which usually take the forms of various genre – short story,
poems, novels, et al.

3.Serials – any publication in any medium issued in successive parts bearing numerical or
chronological designations and intended to be continued indefinitely

4.Edition – in the case of books and booklike materials, all those copies of a bibliographic item
produced from substantially the same type image

5.Translations –a literary composition from one language into another

6. Pamphlets – non-periodical publication of at least five but not more than 48 pages exclusive
of the cover pages

NON-PRINT

1.Slide – a transparent positive image (usually photographic) on film or glass, intended for
projection on a slide viewer or projector

2.Videorecording – a generic term for a material on which both pictures and sound are
recorded and which can be played back electronically to reproduce both pictures and sounds using a
television receiver or monitor. Includes both videotapes and videodiscs.

3.Filmstrip - a length of film that represents a sequence of related still pictures for projection
one at a time. Most filmstrip are on 35mm, but some are 16mm.

4.Audiorecording – a generic term for material on which are stored (recorded) sounds only,
which can be reproduced (played back) mechanically and/or electronically. Includes
audiocards, audiodiscs, audiotapes, audioslides, and audiopages.

5.Microforms – a general term applied to all forms of microreproduction on film or paper. e.g.
microfilm, microfiche, microopaque

a.Microfilm – photographic film containing microimages. The term normally refers to a

roll film sufficiently long to be placed on reels, cartridges, or cassettes and retrieved by manual or
automatic means.

b.Microfiche – a flat sheet of photographic film usually 4X6 in. or 3X5 in., containing
microimages arranged in a grid pattern.

c.Microopaque – a sheet of opaque material bearing one or more microimages.

ELECTRONIC RESOURCES

1.Database – an organized collection of computer records, standardized in format and content,

that is stored in any of a variety of computer-readable modes.

2.CD-ROM (Compact-disk Read Only Memory) – a computer-based information storage and

retrieval medium based on laser technology and a strong, highly resistant 4.75 (4 3/4 in. diameter disk, that
can hold the equivalent of about 250,000 typewritten pages or 500,000 catalogue cards.

3.Internet – the meta-network, or network of network, which links up a global agglomeration of

computer resources for public access

4.Online – In LIS, a means or remote access to information, often bibliographic databases

Editions

Edition - All the copies of a work published in a typographical format, printed from the
same type of plates, and issued at one time or at intervals. An edition may
comprise a number of impressions.

Abridged edition - An edition in which the author’s text is reduced in length; a summary of the
original text of a work.

Autograph edition - An edition of a work, copies of which are signed by the author.

Deluxe edition - An edition of a book in which especially good materials and fine workmanship
have been used.

Expurgated edition - An edition with those parts left out that might be objected by moral or other
grounds.

Facsimile edition - An exact copy of a book made photographically, by xerography, or by an offset

process.

Limited edition - An edition, printed on special paper and often with a special binding, which is
printed in limited numbers (seldom more than 1500 copies, usually about 200 or
500, but as often as few as 10) and sold at a higher price. Sometimes copies are
signed by the author.

New edition - An issue of a book in which misprints noticed in an earlier edition has been
corrected; there has been substantial change: content has been altered in a way
that might make a customer complain that this was not the product that was
expected. Or, text has been changed to add a new feature, such as a preface or
appendix or additional content. Or, content has been revised. Or, the book has
been redesigned.

Re-issue - A republication at different price or in a different form, of an impression, or edition

which has already been issued, usually from standing type or plates.

Reprint - copy of a book made from the same type, or stereotype as the
original, is identical except for possibly a new title-page and a
note on the verso of the title page of the number and date of
reprinting and the correction of minor errors; more copies are being
printed with no substantial changes. Perhaps a few typos have been fixed.

Revised edition - a new edition of a book in which errors have been corrected and possibly new
materials added.

Unauthorized edition - issued without the consent of the author, his or her representative or the original
publisher. Involves copyright infringement.

Unexpurgated edition - full text is given, including any objectionable material which normally would be
omitted.

PUBLISHING

Pros and Cons for Print / Digital Formats:

*increasing machine-searchable text projects

i.e. Project Gutenberg, Pandora, Google Books
*having journals available online
*digital, at present, is very good for quick information
*print, is still the format of choice for study and reading
*costs, are long-term concern for digital formats
*some people are uncomfortable with technology-based information sources
*books provide the least expensive means of distributing large quantities of timely
information
Category of Information Producers:
1.Those who produce printed matter: books, periodicals, newspapers
2.Those who produce audiovisual materials

6 Functions of Publishers
1.Tap sources of materials
2.Raise and supply capital to produce salable products
3.Aid in the development of the material
4.Contract for the manufacturing (duplication, packaging, etc.) of the product
5.Distribute materials, including promoting and advertising
6.Maintain records of sales, contracts, and correspondence relating to the production
and sale of the materials

TYPES OF PUBLISHERS

1.Trade Publishers - produce a wide range of titles both fiction and non- fiction

Ex. Harper Collins Macmillan

Alfred A. Knoff Little Brown
Doubleday Random House

Markets – bookstores, libraries and wholesalers

Divisions – children’s textbooks, paperback, technical, reference

2.Specialty Publishers – restrict output to a limited area, subject or format. Audiences are
smaller and more critical than those of trade publishers.

Ex. Gale Research

Categories: Textbook (Elementary, HS, College)
Paperback
Children’s
Music
Cartographic

3.Textbook Publishers - targets primary and secondary schools. They develop a line of
textbooks for several grades.

Ex. Social Studies Series

Preparation requires large amount of time, energy and money.
Printing costs are higher because most school text feature expensive color-plates
and other specialized presswork.

4.Subject Specialty Presses - have small markets that are easy to identify and have limited
number of buyers

Ex. Art - Harry N. Abrams

Medical - W.B. Saunders
Music - E.C. Schirmer
Scientific - Academic Press

5.Vanity Presses - differ from other publishers in that they receive most of their operating funds
from authors whose works they publish. They always have a profit and they never lack material to
produce. They offer free editing assistance, and they print as many copies of the book as the
author can afford. Book distribution is the author’s chore.

Ex. Exposition Press

6.Private Presses - Most are owned by individuals who enjoy fine printing and experimenting
with type fonts and design. Only a few copies are printed. In most instances, owners don’t sell their
products, but instead give them away.

Ex. Henry Morris, Bird, Poull Press

7.Scholarly Publishers - part of non-profit organizations. They receive subsidies. Most are part of an academic
institution.

Ex. University of California Press

UST Publishing House

8.Government Presses - are the world’s biggest publishers. Annual output of government publications.

Ex. International - UNESCO

National - U.S. Government Printing Office

9.Paperback Publishers - produce 2 types of work: (a) quality trade paperbacks and (b) mass-market paperbacks.

Quality Trade Paperbacks – paperbound version of a hardbound ed.

Mass-market Paperback – reprints are the only editions issued.

NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL PUBLISHERS – a different kind of publisher

*They depend on persons outside their organization to prepare materials they published
*They retain reporters or writers as members of their staff
*Most scholarly periodicals consist of articles written by persons not employed by the
organization that publishes the journal
*Supplying current information is the primary objective of newspaper and journal publishers

FUNCTIONS OF PUBLISHING

1.Administration – deals with overseeing the activities, ensuring the coordination, and making certain there are
adequate funds available to do the desired work.

2.Editorial – publishing houses decide what to produce. Acquisition and managing editors discuss and review
ideas for books or articles.

3.Production – consider issues such as page size, typeface, number and type of illustrative materials and cover
design, as well as typesetting, printing and binding. Decisions made from the basis of the physical form of the item
determine how much the title will cost.

4.Marketing – responsible for promoting and selling the product. Provides input about sales potential of the title.
Decides the number of review copies to distribute and to what review source.

5.Fulfullment – activities needed to process an order as well as those connected with the warehousing of the
materials produced.

THE BOOK WHOLESALER (JOBBER)

Jobber – procures books from a publisher at a discount, stores them in a large warehouse and then sells them to
bookstores and libraries. A large jobber has books from several thousand publishers. Some specializes on certain
types of books. Ex. Textbooks, tradebooks, technical or special jobbers for periodicals and non-print materials.

REASONS WHY LIBRARIANS PREFER JOBBERS:

1.Saves writing individual orders to individual publishers
2.Jobber places orders follows up problems that may arise
3.Speedy delivery
4.Quicker and more accurate in reporting out-of-stock/out-of-print books
5.Discounts because of volume/bulk orders

WHAT LIBRARIANS EXPECT FROM JOBBERS:

1.Large inventory titles
2.Prompt and accurate order fulfillment
3.Personal service at reasonable price
WHAT JOBBERS EXPECT FROM LIBRARIANS:
1.Time to know library needs
2.Cooperation in placing orders
3.Keeping paperwork to a minimum
4.Prompt payment of services

STANDARD NUMBER

ISBN / International Standard Book Number

The purpose of the ISBN is to coordinate and standardize the use of identifying numbers so that each ISBN is
unique to a title, edition of a book, or monographic publication -- braille, microform, and electronic publications, as
well as audiobooks, educational/instructional videos/DVDs and software -- published or produced by a specific
publisher or producer.

ISBN – 10
-a unique ten digit number divided into four parts which must be printed on the verso of the title page or any other
prominent position.

Group number — the first part of the ISBN identifies a country, area, or language group participating in the
system. Group numbers are allocated by the International ISBN agency. 971 is for the Philippines.
Publisher Prefix — the second group of digits which identifies a particular publisher within a group. The publisher
prefix, which usually permits the exact identification of the publisher and its address, is assigned by national or
regional ISBN agencies around the world. The National Library in the case of the Philippines.

Title number — the third group identifies a specific publication of a given publisher.

Check digit — the final digit which consists of one character only and may be any number from 0 to 10, number 10
is represented by the capital letter X.

ISBN – 13

Since Jan. 1, 2007, 13-digit ISBNs have been used because of increased demand and the inevitable exhaustion of
10-digit ISBNs.

The ISBN-13 consists of thirteen digits separated into the following parts:
• Prefix of "978" converts existing ISBN-10 to the ISBN-13 system (three digits) - When the "978" prefix is
exhausted a "979" prefix will be used and these numbers will not have an ISBN 10 counterpart.
• Group or country identifier, national or geographic grouping of publishers (one digit)
• Publisher or producer identifier (four digits)
• Title identifier, particular title or edition of a title (four digits)
• Check digit, for ISBN-13 validation (one digit)

The proper reference for the ISBN is for these five parts to be separated out by a space or hyphen, and preceded
by the letters ISBN.

ISSN / International Standard Serial Number

-a unique eight digit number to each serial title published