ABSTRACT

LoRa stands for Long Range communication. Lo-RAwan is the

specification used for the battery operated and wireless systems. The main aim
of the LoRa is to target the Internet Of Things requirement and also
Bidirectional communication. In order to prove the proof of concept, here we
are creating a smart prepaid electric meter which will consist of LoRa module
along with it. The unit consumption details will be sending to a gateway.
Gateway is the central unit or router which collects all the data from all the
meters and it is connected with the local storage device or PC which will create
the database for all the data, Now this data is again uploaded to the cloud by this
pc to the public network, which can be accessed from any of the place. From
PC/server, Load can be controlled for any particular energy meter attached to
this LoRa network. The most important part of this is that this concept of
communication can be extended to other application in which the data
transmitted bits is less. As a result of this we can overcome the disadvantage of
the 3G/4G GSM modules and low power WAN i.e. LoRa can be used for
communication.

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

An energy meter is a device which is used to measures the consumption of

energy of any residence or other industrial establishment. In Conventional
metering system to measure electricity consumption the energy provider
company hire persons who visit each house and record the meter reading
manually. These meters readings are used for electricity bill calculation and this
bill sent to consumer house by post. In conventionally metering system people
try to manipulate meter reading by adopting various corrupt practices such as
current reversal or CT reverse tampers, partial earth fault condition, bypass
meter, magnetic interference etc . There is a stark amount of revenue loss being
incurred by our country. This metering system becomes very difficult especially
in rainy season. If any consumer did not pay the bill, the electricity worker
needs to go to their houses to disconnect the power supply. It is in efficient way
for measuring power consumption. The electric meter which will consist of lora
module along with it. The unit consumption details will be sending to a
gateway. If the payment is not done the EB will be turned off using the lora
module through gate way. GSM is a digital mobile telephony system that
digitizes and compresses data before sending it. The main advantage of the
GSM is its widespread use throughout the world and the use of subscriber
identity module (SIM) cards to send short message service (SMS) messages.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

1.TITLE : REPLICABILITY ANALYSIS OF PLC PRIME

NETWORKS FOR SMART METERING

APPLICATIONS

AUTHORS : LUIS GONZÁLEZ-SOTRES,CARLOS MATEO,

PABLO FRÍAS, CARLOS RODRÍGUE

Advanced Metering Infrastructures (AMI) represent one of the first steps in

the Smart Grid process, where Power Line Communication (PLC) is emerging
as the most costeffective solution since it allows reusing electric infrastructures
as communication channel. However, the performance of this technology is
highly affected by the characteristics of the existing distribution network. This
article presents a thorough sensitivity analysis to assess the operating limits of
smart metering applications for multiple representative configurations of low
voltage (LV) networks based on a PLC simulation framework that integrates
DLMS/COSEM and PRIME standards. The number of registered nodes and the
time to read all meters have been defined as Key Performance Indicators to
assess the communication performance. The conclusions drawn from this study
provide useful information for the integration of smart meter applications that
take advantage of AMI under different local conditions.

2.TITLE : SYNCRETIC USE OF SMART METERS FOR POWER

QUALITY MONITORING IN EMERGING NETWORKS

AUTHORS : M. ALBU, M. SĂNDULEAC, C. STĂNESCU.

Operation of distribution networks undergoes dramatic changes in the era of

Smart Grids deployment, due to the higher penetration of distributed generation
(usually from intermittent resources), to an ever-increased share of power
electronics mediated energy transfer, but also thanks to advancements in
instrumentation including Smart Meters. In this context, alternative Power
Quality (PQ) monitoring and control, based on a lightweight assessment of
voltage parameters to be implemented in new Smart Meters, would allow
optimal real- time network operation and market-correlated services. To this,

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the authors propose a signal analysis framework for simplified PQ informative
assessment method using the so-called instrumentation values available in most
of today smart meters. It is highlighted that the voltage characteristics made
available with high reporting rates can be efficiently used in deriving
information on quality of the electricity supplied by public electricity networks.
Further applications like smart grid synchro-SCADA observability and voltage
control are also addressed in a novel design of Smart Meters, with negligible
impact on cost.

3.TITLE : AN EXTENSION APPROACH FOR

NON-INTRUSIVE LOAD DISAGGREGATION

WITH SMART METER DATA.

AUTHORS : WEICONG KONG, ZHAO YANG DONG,

JINMA,DAVID J.HILL,JUNHUA ZHAO.

Appliance-level load models are expected to be crucial to future smart grid

applications. Unlike direct appliance monitoring approaches, it is more flexible
and convenient to mine smart meter data to generate load models at device level
non-intrusively and generalise to all households with smart meter ownership.
This paper proposes a comprehensive and extensible framework to solve the
load disaggregation problem for residential households. Our approach examines
both the modelling of home appliances as hidden Markov models (HMMs) and
the solving of non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) based on segmented
integer quadratic constraint programming (SIQCP) to disaggregate a household
power profile into the appliance level. Structure of our approach to be
implemented with current smart meter infrastructure is given and simulations
are performed based on public datasets. All data are down-sampled to the rate
that is consistent with the Australia Smart Meter Infrastructure Minimum
Functionality. The results demonstrate that our approach is able to work with
existing smart meters to generate device level load model for other smart grid
research and applications.

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4.TITLE : DIFFERENTIALLY PRIVATE SMART

METERING WITH FAULT TOLERANCE

AND RANGE-BASED FILTER.

AUTHORS : JIANBING NI; KUAN ZHANG, KHALID

ALHARBI, XIAODONG LIN, NING ZHANG,

XUEMIN SHERMAN, KUAN ZHANG.

Smart grid enables two-way communications between operation centers and

smart meters to collect power consumption and achieve demand response to
improve flexibility, reliability and efficiency of electricity system. However,
power consumption data may contain users’ privacy, e.g., activities, references
and habits. Many smart metering schemes have been proposed utilizing
homomorphic encryption for users’ privacy preservation. Unfortunately, some
abnormality of smart meter reading, e.g., caused by electricity theft, cannot be
discovered since data is encrypted. Meanwhile, operation centers could become
curious in reality. To address the above issues, we propose a new privacy-
preserving smart metering scheme for smart grid, which supports data
aggregation, differential privacy, fault tolerance and range-based filtering
simultaneously. Specifically, we extend Lifted ElGamal encryption to aggregate
users’ consumption reports at the gateway to reduce communication overhead,
while supporting fault tolerance of malfunctioning smart meters effectively. We
also leverage zero-knowledge range proof to filter abnormal measurements
caused by electricity theft or false data injection attacks without exposing
individual measurements. In addition, our scheme can resist differential attacks,
by which the curious operation center can violate users’ privacy through
comparing two aggregations of the similar data set. Finally, we discuss the
properties of the proposed scheme and evaluate its performance in terms of
security and efficiency

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5.TiTLE : A SMART POWER METER TO MONITOR ENERGY

FLOW IN SMART GRIDS

AUTHORS : R. MORELLO, C. DE CAPUA, S.C. MUKHOPADHYAY.

This paper aims to describe the role of advanced sensing systems in the
electric grid of the future. In detail the project, development and experimental
validation of a smart power meter are described in the following. The authors
provide an outline of the potentialities of the sensing systems and IoT to
monitor efficiently the energy flow among nodes of electric network. The
described power meter uses the metrics proposed in the IEEE Standard 1459-
2010 to analyse and process voltage and current signals. Information concerning
the power consumption and power quality could allow the power grid to route
efficiently the energy by means of more suitable decision criteria. The new
scenario has changed the way to exchange energy in the grid. Now energy flow
must be able to change its direction according to needs. Energy cannot be now
routed by considering just only the criterion based on the simple shortening of
transmission path. So, even energy coming from a far node should be preferred
if it has higher quality standards. In this view, the proposed smart power meter
intends to support the smart power grid to monitor electricity among different
nodes in an efficient and effective way.

6.TITLE : ELECTRICITY METER SENSITIVITY AND

PRECISION MESUREMENTS AND RESERCH

ON INFLUENCING FACTORS FOR THE METER

MESUREMENTS.

AUTHORS : PETERIS APSE- APSITIS, KRISTAPS VITOLS ,

EDGARS GRINFOGELS, ARMANTS SENFELDS.

Methodology, equipment, precision, immunity to electromagnetic emissions

and reliable measurement results are important questions for electrical energy
measurements. Widely used smart energy meters show good results under
laboratory tests and in ordinary applications, but are not very suitable for
industrial digital electrical energy supply environment. A different method and
inexpensive equipment are used to overcome the above mentioned. The
measured power balance between 15 robotized manufacturing cell measurement

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points (only power losses not measured are the ones in cables) varies in a range
of 1,8% (measurement data rate- 20ms), despite the high level of
electromagnetic emissions inside and outside of electric cabinets created by
power converters.

7.TITLE : SMART METER DATA PRIVACY: A SURVEY

AUTHORS : MUHAMMAD RIZWAN ASGHAR, DANIELE

MIORANDI , IMRICH CHLAMTAC.

Automated and smart meters are devices that are able to monitor the energy
consumption of electricity consumers in near real-time. they are considered key
technological enablers of the smart grid, as the real-time consumption data that
they can collect could enable new sophisticated billing schemes, could facilitate
more efficient power distribution system operation and could give rise to a
variety of value-added services. at the same time, the energy consumption data
that the meters collect are sensitive consumer information; thus, privacy is a key
concern and is a major inhibitor of real-time data collection in practice. in this
article, we review the different uses of metering data in the smart grid and the
related privacy legislation. we then provide a structured overview,
shortcomings, recommendations and research directions of security solutions
that are needed for privacy-preserving meter data delivery and management. we
finally survey recent work on privacy-preserving technologies for meter data
collection for the three application areas: billing, operations and value-added
services including demand response

8.TITLE : SMART METER PRIVACY: EXPLOITING THE

POTENTIAL OF HOUSEHOLD ENERGY STORAGE

UNITS.

AUTHORS : YANAN SUN, LUTZ LAMPE, AND VINCENT W.S. WONG

The Internet of Things (IOT) extends network con- nectivity and computing
capability to physical devices. however, data from iot devices may increase the
risk of privacy violations. in this paper, we consider smart meters as a
prominent early instance of the iot, and we investigate their privacy protection
solutions at customer premises. in particular, we design a load hiding approach

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that obscures household consumption with the help of energy storage units. for
this purpose, we leverage the opportunistic use of existing household energy
storage units to render load hiding less costly. we propose combining the use of
electric vehicles (EVs) and heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC)
systems to reduce or eliminate the reliance on local rechargeable batteries for
load hiding. to this end, we formulate a markov decision process to account for
the stochastic nature of customer demand and use a q-learning algorithm to
adapt the control policies for the energy storage units. we also provide an
idealized benchmark system by formulating a deterministic optimization
problem and deriving its equivalent convex form. we evaluate the performance
of our approach for different combinations of storage units and with different
benchmark methods. our results show that the opportunistic joint use of ev and
hvac units can reduce the need of dedicated large-capacity or fast-charging-
cycle batteries of load hiding.

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 CHAPTER 3

EXISTING SYSTEM

In the existing system, electricity meter reading for electricity usage and
billing is done by human workers from home to home and building to buildings.
This requires huge number of workers and long working time to achieve
complete area data collection and billing. Human workers billing are prone to
reading error as sometime the houses electric meter is placed where it isn't
easily accessible. Labor billing job is sometime also restricted and slowed down
by bad environmental condition. Paper billing has the tendency of losing in the
post box. The increased development of residential housing and industrial
buildings in the developing country such as for example, India require more
human workers and longer working hours to complete the usage reading task.
These increases the energy provider operation costs for meter reading.

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 CHAPTER 4

PROPOSED SYSTEM

In this proposed provides awareness about the billing method of TNEB to the
people. It makes reduction of EB cost and also saving the electricity. Hence the
requirement of generation can be reduced in future. The automatic load control
also helps to save electricity. The main advantage of this is using GSM (Global
system for Mobile communication) and LoRA which makes this project as user
friendly. The unit consumption details will be sending to a gateway. Gateway is
the central unit or router which collects all the data from all the meters and it is
connected with the local storage device or PC which will create the database for
all the data, Now this data is again uploaded to the cloud by this pc to the public
network, which can be accessed from any of the place. From PC/server, Load
can be controlled for any particular energy meter attached to this LoRA network

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 CHAPTER 5

SOFTWARE

Embedded C

Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming

language by the C Standards Committee to address commonality issues that
exist between C extensions for different embedded systems. Embedded C
programming requires nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to
support exotic features such as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory
banks, and basic I/O operations. In 2008, the C Standards Committee extended
the C language to address these issues by providing a common standard for all
implementations to adhere to. It includes a number of features not available in
normal C, such as fixed-point arithmetic, named address spaces and basic I/O
hardware addressing. Embedded C uses most of the syntax and semantics of
standard C, e.g., main() function, variable definition, data type declaration,
conditional statements (if, switch case), loops (while, for), functions, arrays and
strings, structures and union, bit operations, macros, etc.

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS PROGRAMMING

Embedded systems programming is different from developing
applications on a desktop computers. Key characteristics of an embedded
system, when compared to PCs, are as follows:
 Embedded devices have resource constraints(limited ROM, limited
RAM, limited stack space, less processing power)
 Components used in embedded system and PCs are different;
embedded systems typically uses smaller, less power consuming
components. · Embedded systems are more tied to the hardware.
Two salient features of Embedded Programming are code speed and code
size. Code speed is governed by the processing power, timing constraints,
whereas code size is governed by available program memory and use of
programming language. Goal of embedded system programming is to get
maximum features in minimum space and minimum time.

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Embedded systems are programmed using different type of languages:
 Machine Code
 Low level language, i.e., assembly
 High level language like C, C++, Java, Ada, etc.
 Application level language like Visual Basic, scripts, Access, etc.

Use of C in embedded systems is driven by following advantages

 It is small and reasonably simpler to learn, understand, program and
debug.
 C Compilers are available for almost all embedded devices in use today,
and there is a large pool of experienced C programmers.
 Unlike assembly, C has advantage of processor-independence and is not
specific to any particular microprocessor/ microcontroller or any system.
This makes it convenient for a user to develop programs that can run on
most of the systems.
 As C combines functionality of assembly language and features of high
level languages, C is treated as a ‘middle-level computer language’ or
‘high level assembly language’
 It is fairly efficient
 It supports access to I/O and provides ease of management of large
embedded projects.

Many of these advantages are offered by other languages also, but what sets C
apart from others like Pascal, FORTRAN, etc. is the fact that it is a middle level
language; it provides direct hardware control without sacrificing benefits of
high level languages.

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 Table 1.1
C EMBEDDED-C
C is a very high level language
It has free program coding format
For functioning operating system
is necessary
It is used for desktop computer
applications
It does not care about resources
of memory because the whole
memory is available in CPU
During running application it also
supports the various types of
other programming languages by
indirectly or directly
Table 1.1
13
It is only the extension of C
language and nothing more
It has source code format that
depends upon the kind of
microcontroller or
microprocessor that have been
being used
Through embedded c high level
optimization can done
It is used in microprocessor or
microcontroller applications
It has limited resources for used,
mean the embedded system have
only memory location
In embedded c only pre-define
program can run