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Development Phase
Pratap Thimaiah
Abalt Solutions
Content
Principle of Superposition
Essentials of Well testing
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Introduction
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– Incompressible fluids
– Slightly compressible fluids
– Compressible fluids
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1V
c
V
p
– In terms of fluid density
1
c
Well Perfo rma nce
p
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1 c p ref p
V Vref
ref
1 c p p
ref
Well Perfo rma nce
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Slightly Compressible
Slightly Compressible
Incompressible
Compressible
Well Perfo rma nce
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– Steady-state flow
Pseudo steady-state flow
– Unsteady-state flow
Unsteady-state flow
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Steady-state flow
p
0
t
i
Well Perfo rma nce
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– Radial flow
– Linear flow
– Spherical and hemispherical flow
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q
q
fracture
q
wellbore
wellbore
q
Well Pe rformance
q
q
fracture
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– Equation of State
Well Perfo rma nce
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Darcy’s Law
q k dp
v
Apparent velocity
A dx
For a radial system
Volumetric flow rate at radius r
Well Pe rformance
q k p Ar 2rh
v r
Apparent velocity at radius r Ar rr
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Darcy’s Law
P1
pe
P2
pre ssu re
pre ssure
x p wf
distance rw r re
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kA p1 p2
q
Field Units
L
Well Pe rformance
[ md] [ft2]
[psia]
0.001127kA
p1 p2
[bbl/day] q
L [cp]
[ft]
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pV pV pscVsc
n
zRT zT Tsc
0.111924 Ak p12 p22
qsc: gas flow rate at standard conditions, [scf /day]
k: permeability, [md]
TLzg
g: gas viscosity, [cp]
A: cross-sectional area, [ft2]
L: total length of the linear system, [ft]
Z and g are a very strong function of pressure. The above equation is v alid for applications when the pressure <2000 psi.
p12 p22
Gas properties must be evaluated at the average pressure defines as: p
2
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0.00708kh 1 c pe pref
qref ln
c ln r 1 c pwf pref
e r
w
Well Perfo rma nce
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Unsteady-State Flow
Infinite acting reservoir
Radius of Investigation (r inv)
A pressure disturbance move from the wellbore at a rate that is
determined by:
– Permeability
– Porosity
– Fluid viscosity
– Rock and fluid compressibilities Q=0
pi pi
Shut in
re Constant q re
p i r4 r3 r2 r1 r1 r2 r3 r 4 pi
t1 t
2 t3 t4
Well Pe rformance
re re
p i r4 r3 r2 r1 r1 r2 r3 r4 pi
t1 t 2
t 3 t4
Constant p wf
pwf
re re
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Unsteady-State Flow
The transient (unsteady-state) flow is defined as “that
time period during which the boundary has no effect on
the pressure behaviour in the reservoir and the reservoir
will behave as its infinite in size”.
Unsteady-state flowing condition Steady-state flowing condition
fluid content of the
porous medium
changes with time
Well Perfo rma nce
“the flow rate into an element of volume of a porous media “same quantity of fluid enters the flow system as leaves it”
may not be the same as the flow rate out of that element”
Time, T
Unsteady-state flow variables
Porosity,
Total compressibility, ct
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Unsteady-State Flow
Basic Transient Flow Equation
– Continuity equation
– Transport equation
– Compressibility equation
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Unsteady-State Flow
(q)r+dr pe
h (q)r
pwf
r
rw
r dr
r+dr
Well Perfo rma nce
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Unsteady-State Flow
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Unsteady-State Flow
– Continuity Equation
1
r
v
rr
t
Well Perfo rma nce
: porosity
: density, [lb/ft3 ]
v: fluid velocity, [ft/day]
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Unsteady-State Flow
– Transport Equation
k: permeability, [md]
v: velocity, [ft/day]
: viscosity, [cp]
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Unsteady-State Flow
1
p
Formation compressibility (c f) cf c f
p t t
Total compressibility (ct) c t c c f If the reservoir contains more than one fluid then
ct co S o cw S w c g S g c f
Assuming permeability and viscosity are constant over pressure, time and distance ranges
2 p 1 p 1
p
Diffusivity Equation
0.000264k Diffusivity constant
r rr
2
t ct
Well Perfo rma nce
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Unsteady-State Flow
– Constant-terminal-pressure solution
– Constant-terminal-rate solution
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Unsteady-State Flow
Generalised solutions to the diffusivity equation:
– Constant-Terminal-Pressure Solution
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Unsteady-State Flow
Generalised solutions to the diffusivity equation:
– Constant-Terminal-Rate Solution
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Unsteady-State Flow
Generalised solutions to the diffusivity equation:
– Constant-Terminal-Rate Solution
70.6 qo o bo 948 o ct r2 p(r,t): pressure at radius r from the well after t hours
p
r, t pi Ei
t: time, [hrs]
kh kt k: permeability, [md]
q o: flow rate, [STB/day]
u
e x x2 x3 948ct r2 x 10.9 E i
x 0
E i x du
ln
x etc x
x
u 1! 2 2! 3 3! kt 0.01 x 3.0 E i x ln
1.781x
Well Perfo rma nce
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Unsteady-State Flow
Generalised solutions to the diffusivity equation:
– Constant-Terminal-Rate Solution
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Unsteady-State Flow
Generalised solutions to the diffusivity equation:
– Constant-Terminal-Rate Solution
p p r, t 0.000264 kt
pD i tD
qo Bo o c trw2
0.00708kh
tD
t D 0.01 p D 2
Well Perfo rma nce
t D 100 ln
p D 0.5
tD
0.80907
For 0.02 < tD <1000 Lee, J., Well Testing, SPE Textbook Series.
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Unsteady-State Flow
– Constant-Terminal-Rate Solution
The Dimensionless
re pressure drop (Van Everdingen and
reD 1949)
Hurst, rw
For finite-radial reservoir:
p p r, t tD
0.000264kt
pD i
qo Bo o ct rw2
0.00708kh
Chatas (1953) proposed the following mathematical expression for calculating p D:
Well Pe rformance
3 4 ln
0.5 2 tD r reD
2reD 1
2 2
pD 2
eD
2t
If reD ? 1 then, pD 2D ln
reD 0.75
2
red
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Unsteady-State Flow
Total compressibility (ct) c t c c f If the reservoir contains more than one fluid then c t c oS o c wS w c gS g c f
2
m p 1m
p ct m
p
r2 r r 0.000264k t
Well Perfo rma nce
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Unsteady-State Flow
0.000264kt
tD qg : gas flow rate, Mscf/day
ic tirw2
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Unsteady-State Flow
Describing the behaviour of radial flow of compressible fluid
with the diffusivity equation
kh
1.781
p2i p2wf
The values of gas viscosity and deviation factor are evaluated at the average pressure p
2
qg : gas flow rate, Mscf/day
This effectively limit the applicability of the p 2-method to reservoir pressures < 2000 psi
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Unsteady-State Flow
pwf pi
log
kh
1.781
Gas properties are evaluated at the average pressure defined as: pi pwf
p
2
The applicability of the pressure-approximation method is limited to reservoir pressures > 3000 psi
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t1
t2 t3
p vs. r t4 No-Flow Boundary
rw r re
P
Well Perfo rma nce
Pressure
p vs. time
t1 t2 t3 t4 time
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dp 0.23396q
dt c tre2h
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q3 , p 3 , V 3 q4 , p4 , V4
p q2 , p2 , V2
constant
t r
q1 , p 1, V1
p q
the same rate
ri i
Well Perfo rma nce
pr i
q i
i
Reservoir dp
pi p r
average dt t
pressure pVolumetric
r : average reservoir pressure
changing at the
same rate also
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0.00708kh pi p wf
Q
re
B ln 0.5
rw
Q
0.00708kh pr pwf
re
B ln 0.75
Well Pe rformance
rw
– Pseudo steady-state flow occurs regardless of the geometry
of the reservoir.
– Irregular geometries also reach this state when they have
been produced long enough for the entire drainage area to
be affected.
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0.23396QBt 162.6QB 4 A
pwf pi kh log
Ahct 1.781CA rw2
Q
kh pr pwf
4A
Well Perfo rma nce
162.6 B log
1.781C Arw2
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kh
m pr m pwf
Qg
re
1422T
ln 0.75
w
r
Pressure-squared approximation
Pressure-approximation
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kh pr2 pwf2
p p
2
Qg 2
re
r wf
1422T z
ln 0.75
p
2
rw
Well Pe rformance
Qg
kh p r p wf p pwf
p r B g 0.00504
zT
p
r 2
1422B g ln e 0.75
rw
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Skin Factor
Undamaged
Zone
Damaged
Zone
Damaged
Well Perfo rma nce
kskin Zone
Undamaged
Zone
k
rw k k skin
rskin rw
rskin
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Skin Factor
According to Hawkins (1956):
– Permeability in the skin zone is uniform
– Pressure drop across the zone can be approximated
by Darcy’s equation.
Representation of positive
and negative skin effects
Pressure Profile
Improved
k
p in skin zone p in skin zone
pskin = -
Well Pe rformance
p > 0 Reduced
k
rw
rskin
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Qo Bo o k r
p skin 141.2 s s 1ln skin
kh s kin rw
k
Well Perfo rma nce
p
pideal
actual
pskin p p p p
i wf pactual
i wf ideal skin
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Skin Factor
Steady State Radial Flow
0.00708kh pi p wf
Qo
re
o Bo
ln s
rw
Unsteady State Radial Flow
1037QgT z kt
pwf2 pi2
log 2 3.23 0.87 s
kh ic tirw
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Skin Factor
Qo
0.00708kh pr pwf
re
o Bo
ln 0.75 s
rw
– For compressible fluids:
Well Perfo rma nce
kh pr2 pwf2
Qg
re
1422T z
ln 0.75 s
rw
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Non-Darcy Flow
Not always laminar flow conditions are observed during
flow.
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Unsteady-State Radial
Flow
1637QgT
m pwf
kt
m pi log
3.23 0.87 s 0.87 DQg
ic tirw
2
kh
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Introduction
Vertical Oil Well Performance
– Vogel’s method
– Wiggins’ Method
– Standing’s Method
– Fetkovich’s Method
– The Klins-Clark Method
Horizontal Oil Well Performance
– Method I
Well Pe rformance
– Method II
– Horizontal Well Productivity under Steady-State Flow
– Horizontal Well Productivity under Semi-Steady-State
Flow
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Introduction
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Qo vs. p relationship
index is constant:
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IPR below p b
Well Perfo rma nce
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– Vogel’s method
– Wiggins’ Method
– Standing’s Method
Well Perfo rma nce
– Fetkovich’s Method
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Plotted the dimensionless IPR curves for all the reservoir cases
and arrived at the following relationship:
Well Pe rformance
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i.e.
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pressure:
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The maximum oil flow rate (Q o max or AOF) occurs when the bottom-hole flowing pressure
is zero, pwf = 0, which can be determined from the above expression as:
Note:When the IPR is linear and:
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2. Calculate Qob
Well Pe rformance
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1. Calculate from:
2. Using the new calculated value of (Qomax )f and (pr )f generate the
IPR by using:
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Data from a stabilized flow test on the well must be available in order
to determine (Qo )max and (Qw)max
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– P < pb
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– Case 1:
– Case 2:
Well Perfo rma nce
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but
Well Perfo rma nce
: performance coefficient C
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– The length of the horizontal well can provide contact with multiple
fractures and greatly improve productivity.
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– Method I:
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– Method II:
“Both methods give different values for the drainage area A and suggested
Well Pe rformance
assigning the average value for the drainage of the horizontal well”
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– Flowing conditions:
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Borisov’s Method
The Giger-Reiss-Jourdan Method
Joshi’s Method
The Renard-Dupuy Method
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Introduction
Flow capacity of a Gas Well: Flow Regime and
Determination Process conditions of flow in reservoir
Proper solution of
Darcy’s equation
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Introduction
Normalisation of flow of a Gas Well, right after production has been initiated
Gas Well
Shut In
Pressure drops at
the drainage boundary
of the well
Pseudo-steady state
flow condition
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p 1
:
g z g Bg
Well Perfo rma nce
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1.88
1010
k 1.470.53
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Pratap Thimaiah
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Content
Introduction
Tubing Size Selection
Flowline Size Effect
Effect of Stimulation
Well Pe rformance
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Introduction
General procedure for applying total system or
nodal analysis to a producing well.
Well Perfo rma nce
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Introduction
The system analysis procedure requires first
selecting a node and calculating the node
pressure, starting at the fixed or constant
pressure existing in the system.
points are:
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Introduction
Location of various nodes
Well Perfo rma nce
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Introduction
– Inflow:
– Outflow:
Well Pe rformance
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Introduction
In most cases:
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Introduction
The intersection of the inflow and outflow curves occurs
at the rate that satisfies the requirement that the inflow
rate equals the outflow rate.
This rate will be the producing capacity for the system for
a particular set of components.
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Introduction
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Once the first well has been drilled, enough data will be
available to plan other wells in the field.
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– Inflow:
Well Perfo rma nce
– Outflow:
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If the small tubing were run from the surface the producing
capacity would be too low, especially if the well is deep.
– The inflow will then include the reservoir and the lower section of
the tubing.
– The outflow will include the flowline and the upper section of
tubing.
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Tampered strings
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However, a small quantity of free gas mixed with oil and/or water
create considerably more complicated flow conditions which require
empirical correlations.
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The equation for vertical flow of dry gas (Katz) can only be
used for dry gas.
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– Figures will be prepared for the full range of pipe sizes, liqui d rates,
and water fractions expected to occur in the field under
consideration.
– The average flowing temperature and fluid properties can be
selected from fluid samples taken in the field.
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(GOR)
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– The rate-intake pressure points are then plotted to form the tubing
performance curve.
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Effect of Stimulation
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