10/17/2018 Steps to Improve Roads on Black Cotton Soils

Generally, lands with black cotton soils are fertile and very good for agriculture, horticulture, sericulture and
aquaculture. Good irrigation systems exist, rainfall is high and people are affluent in these areas. Though
black cotton soils are very good for agricultural purposes, they are not so good for laying durable roads.
Good road network is a basic requirement for the allround development of an area. Unfortunately, poor road
network is hampering the full fledged development of the otherwise prosperous areas.

For developing a good and durable road network in black cotton soil areas, the nature of soils shall be
properly understood. Black cotton soils absorb water heavily, swell, become soft and lose strength. Black
cotton soils are easily compressible when wet and possesses a tendency to heave during wet condition. BC
soils shrink in volume and develop cracks during summer. They are characterised by extreme hardness and
cracks when dry. The stability and performance of the pavements are greatly influenced by the sub grade
and embankment as they serve as foundations for pavements. On such soils suitable construction practices
and sophisticated methods of design are to be adopted. In the present paper, reasons for poor condition of
roads in B.C soils and measures to be taken for construction and improvement of roads on BC soils are
presented.

Following are some of the important reasons for poor condition of roads in BC soil terrain.
Nature of BC soils
Poor drainage facilities
Use of gravelly soil in base and sub-base
Improper estimate preparations
Plying of overloaded vehicles and iron wheeled tractors trolleys/carts
Damage of roads during collection of materials
Forming roads on canal banks and tank bunds

Nature of Black Cotton Soils

Roads running in black cotton soils are known for bad condition and unpredictable behavior for which the
nature of the soil contributes to some extent. Nature of blackcotton soils is discussed here.
a. BC soils absorb water heavily, swell, become soft, lose strength, easily compressible and has
atendency to heave during wet condition.
b. BC soils shrink in volume and develop cracks during summer. They are chracterised by extreme
hardness and cracks when dry.
c. Soils are called highly expansive when Free Swell Index exceeds 50%. Such soils undergo volumetric
changes leading to pavement distortion, cracking and general unevenness due to seasonal wetting
and drying.
d. BC soils produce a CBR value of 2 to 5% if compacted efficiently
Indian Road Congress’ code IRC: 37-2001, “Guidelines for design of flexible pavements,” suggested the
following in Appendix 4 for pavement on expansive soils.
a. Buffer layer: Providing a non expansive layer of 0.6 to 1m
thick prevents ingress of water into expansive soil layer and
counteracts swelling. It also reduces the harmful effects of
heaving and reduces the stress on expansive layer.
b. Blanket course: A blanket course of at least 225 mm thick
composed of coarse/medium sand or non plastic moorum
with PI less than 6% shall be provided for full width of
formation over expansive sub–grade.
c. Drainage: Appropriate surface drainage and sub–surface
system to prevent ingress and retention of water in the
pavement structure.
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d. Thick BT surfacing: Desirably, 40mm thick BT surfacing shall be provided to prevent ingress of
water.

Poor Drainage Facilities

For Indian roads drainage is a badly neglected aspect. Special publication of Indian Roads Congress, IRC:
SP 42 clearly gives guidelines for providing surface and sub surface drainage systems. The main objective
of road drainage is to prevent early damage of the pavement due to entry of excess of water and preventing
saturation up to a depth of 1 meter belowthe top of sub grade

Various types of damages arising due to inadequate drainage are listed below.
a. Reduction in bearing capacity of sub grade soil
b. Pavement failures like potholes, rutting, waviness and corrugation in flexible pavement
c. Reduction in strength of many pavement materials like stabilised soil, WBM and BT surfacing
d. Damages to shoulder and pavement edges from surface water
e. Considerable erosion of soilfrom sub strata, slopes, cut and hill side due to surface water.
Water enters the pavement structure in one or a combination of the following ways:
a. Ingress of water through berms and porous BT surfacing
b. Seepage water flowing across the pavement structure
c. High water table conditions
d. Capillary rise of water through embankment and sub grade soils
e. Absorption of water during curing of subsequent layers
The importance of drainage arrangements is stressed in the Editorial of Indian Highways, October 2004
edition. Some excerpts are presented here under.

Adequate arrangements to cater for both surface drainage and sub surface drainage are essential to
prevent flooding of roads, weakening of road structure, formation of potholes, stripping of bitumen etc. The
aim of good design should, therefore, be to remove the surface water efficiently and to keep water level well
below pavement. Pavements are damaged more by water than from the effect of large volumes of traffic.
The results of AASHTO road test have clearly indicated that the rate of serviceability loss of pavement
where sub grade soil is saturated was 10 to 40 times higher as compared to those on dry sub grade soils.

On many of our roads there is no drainage system to drain off the water from the road
crust and sub grade. On soaking of the road crust and sub grade the pavement stability
reduces drastically. A drainage layer in the form of coarse graded granular sub base
shall be laid for the full width of formation as shown in the Figure 2. It also acts as a
capillary cut off. At some locations capillary rise of water soaks the sub grade and crust
for which GSB as drainage layer is a good remedy.

In the above table, observed heights of capillary rise in various soils are given. It indicates that the chance
of ground water entering into the road crust is very high in BC soil embankment and sub grade.

Use of Gravelly Soil in Base and Sub-base

The biggest contributor of road damages in the southern states is the use of highly adhesive and plastic
gravelly soil in sub base and base layers. Even today, many highway engineers strongly believe that
adhesive quality is very much required for sub base and blindage materials. A look into the definitions and
specifications prove that this belief is totally wrong.

Definition of sand and gravel as per Code IS: 1490 – 1987: Sand and gravel are defined as Cohesion less
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aggregates of angular, subangular, sub-rounded, rounded, flaky or flat fragments of more or less unaltered
10/17/2018 Steps to Improve Roads on Black Cotton Soils

rocks or minerals. According to the system, gravel is the fraction of the material between 80mm IS sieve
size and 4.75mm IS sieve size. Sand is a fraction of the material between 4.75mm IS sieve size and 75
micron IS sieve size.

Andhra Pradesh Standard Specification 138 for moorum: The moorum shall be composed of well graded
coarse siliceous and gritty to touch and free from dirt and deleterious matter. Material passing 75 micron
shall not exceed 10%. Liquid limit shall not exceed 20% and Plasticity index shall not exceed 6% for sub
base, filler material in surface treated WBM roads and backing for revetment. The above values are 33%
and 6to 9% respectively for filler material in WBM roads.

Fourth revision of Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways (MOSRT&H) specifications for road
and bridge works Clause 401 and IRC: 37 – 2001, specified the following requirements for the materials to
be used in sub-base.
a. Material in mix passing 425 micron sieve shall have liquid limit less than 25% and Plasticity index less
than 6%.
b. Material passing 75 micron sieve shall be less than 10%.
c. Material in the mix shall satisfy specified grading
d. Material in mix shall have 10% fines value more than 50 KN
MOSRT&H 404.2.6 for screenings: Screenings to fill voids in the coarse aggregate
shall generally consist of the same material as the coarse aggregate. However, where
permitted, predominantly non-plastic material such as moorum or gravel (other than
river born material) may be used for this purpose provided liquid limit and plasticity
index of such material are below 20 and 6 respectively and fraction passing 75 micron
sieve does not exceed 10 percent.

MOSRT&H 404.2.7. Binding material: Binding material to be used for water bound
macadam as a filler material meant for preventing raveling, shall comprise a suitable
material approved by the Engineer having a Plasticity Index (PI) value of less than 6

501.2.2: Coarse aggregates for BT courses: Coarse aggregates shall consist of

crushed rock, crushed gravel or other hard material retained on 2.36mm sieve. They
shall be clean, hard, and durable, of cubical shape, free from dust and soft or friable
matter, or other deleterious matter. Where crushed gravel is proposed for use as
coarse aggregate, not less than 90% by weight of the crushed material retained on the
4.75mm sieve shall have at least two fractured faces.

All the above requirements clearly indicate that if the locally available gravel is to be
used in sub-base or in base or as coarse aggregates for bituminous surfacing, the
gravel must be rocky type material not soil type material.

Materials available in various approved gravel quarries throughout Andhra Pradesh

are red earth, clayey gravel or clayey sand but not gravel or moorum as per the
stipulations of Standard Specifications. R&B (Roads & Buildings) Soil Testing Cell,
Vijayawada and R&B Road Research Station, Hyderabad are conducting tests on soils
for the past 35 years. Number of test results on samples from different Districts of
Andhra Pradesh are obtained and enclosed for perusal. Some of the test results
fromvarious Districts are enclosed for perusal. As Executive Engineer Roads and
Buildings Quality Control division, Vijayawada, the author conducted tests on gravel
samples from various gravel quarries in Andhra Pradesh and their results also produced values in the range
shown in Table 2.

What does the gravel test results shown in the Table-2 indicate?
a. The material available in our gravel quarries is not gravel and it may be called as red earth only.
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10/17/2018 Steps to Improve Roads on Black Cotton Soils

b. It possesses all bad qualities of BC soils such as water absorption,

softening, high plastic nature, expansiveness and easy
compressibility etc., but to a lesser extent.
c. It produces high Maximum Dry Density and useful for use in sub
grade and shoulder construction.
d. Blending gravel with stone dust, sand or flyash will reduce the
harmful effects of gravel to some extent but it is very difficult in the field for proper blending.
e. Blending may be resorted to only for very low traffic roads and no gravel shall be allowed for high
traffic roads in the road crust.

Improper Estimate Preparations

In the estimates prepared for repairs or improvement works the provisions made are
not as per the site requirements. Proper training of the Engineering personnel at the
time of entering into the department and regular refresher courses regarding the latest
development and techniques is a must for any organization to succeed. The
importance of training was not given any in our PWD setup. From Figure 3, it can be
seen that the shoulders, embankment and sub grade were done with black cotton soil.
Sub-base was done with red earth duly considering it as gravel. The base courses
consist of coarse aggregates with red earth blindage.

Both the black cotton soil and redearth absorbs water and becomes soft and
compressible. For these roads, there is huge chance of water entering the
embankment, sub grade, shoulder, sub-base and base and most of the water entering
the pavement is likely to be absorbed by black cotton soil and red earth. If the blindage
gravel in WBM layers is saturated lot of pot holes form on the bituminous surface. If the
so called gravel base or sub grade are soaked sinking type of failures take place.

Plying of Overloaded Vehicles and Iron Wheeled Tractor, Trolleys & Carts

Plying of overloaded vehicles is prevalent in this area and the resultant high vehicle
damage factor causes damage to all categories of roads. Plying of iron
wheeled tractors during agricultural
operations spoils the bituminous surfacing. It
is very difficult for R&B department to control
the unauthorized plying of the vehicles.
Government has to take stringent measures
to prevent the overloaded and iron wheeled vehicles plying on our roads.

Damage of the Roads During

Collections of Materials
Vehicles conveying construction materials to the road site carry very heavy loads, inducing high vehicle
damage factor, damage the sub grade, sub base and base layers. This type of damage is predominant
when Water Bound Macadam layers are constructed. Strict control regarding over loading of vehicles shall
be exercised and collection of materials shall not be allowed during rainy season. During rainy season, sub
grade soils are saturated and are in a plastic state. Plying of heavy loaded vehicles at such times cause
irrepaerable damage to the roads.

Forming Roads on Canal Banks and Tank Bunds

Road network in BC soil areas generally consist of roads running on canal and drain bunds. Inspection4/7
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tracks formed on canal banks are converted as roads (in Guntur District). Maintaining these roads is
10/17/2018 Steps to Improve Roads on Black Cotton Soils

extremely difficult. The durability of these roads depend on the type of soils with which
the bunds are formed. Also these roads are prone to damage during canal draw down
condition and at the times of silt clearance done by Water Users Associations or
Irrigation Department. Lining of canals is the proper solution to improve the durability of
roads but it involves huge expenditure. Reasons for frequent failure of canal slopes:
Most of the canals run on BC soils which are highly plastic and expansive in nature. On
such soils canal slopes shall be formed to 3H: 1V to 4H: 1V so that the slopes are
stable. Otherwise canal lining or retaining walls is necessary to protect the canal
slopes. In most of the cases, the canal (or road) slopes are in the range of 1H: 1V to
1½H: 1V and there is neither lining of canals nor retaining walls at most of the places.
Hence the canal or road slopes are highly vulnerable to damage during canal draw
down condition and silt clearance of the canals.

Figure. 4, canal slopes in stable condition when water is flowing. During drawdown
condition water force on slopes gets removed allowing pore pressures and swelling
pressures push the soil in to the canal.

Failure of canal slopes during draw down condition: When the canal runs full the
water force exerts pressure on the slopes. After saturation of soil in the slopes pore
pressure develops and the water force is countered resulting in the equilibrium state.
During draw down condition the water force acting on the slopes is suddenly removed
and there is no opposing force to the force developed in soil of slopes. It results in the
pushing of soil slices into the canal. This causes damage to the road formation.
Sudden shutdown of canals causes extensive damage to road and canal slopes.
During Ognee Cyclone several Irrigation canals were shut down resulting in extensive
damages to R&B roads and canal
slopes. Failure of canal slopes during silt
clearance: Water Users Associations or
Irrigation engineers take up silt clearance on
canals to increase the cross section area of
the canal or channel to allow sufficient flow of water. Actually, due
to steep slopes, the canal slopes are very close to critical state.
The grass grown on the berms and slopes and accumulated silt act asstabilising forces to some extent
.Once, the chunks of soil and grass along this are removed, the stabilising moments are reduced causing
the failure of canal or road slopes. More soil falls into the canal nullifying the effort of Irrigation people and
extensive damage to the road running on the canal.

Recommendations for Improvement of Roads in

BC Soil Areas
1. Drainage layer in the form of Granular Sub Base with crushed aggregates, up to the formation edge
shall be provided in all new road constructions. In widening works GSB as a drainage layer shall be
extended up to the edge of formation
2. Base widths shall be more than BT surfacing width by 150mm to 200mm on either side to prevent
accumulation of water below BT surfacing and to protect BT edges.
3. Multi layer base constructions shall be restricted to places where required machinery is not available.
Wet Mix Macadam or Crusher Run Macadam is cheaper than WBM at many places.
4. Use of natural gravel, which is highly plastic, shall not be allowed in sub base or base layers.
5. Earthwork excavations near the toe of formation shall be prohibited. Only selected earth required as
per clause 305 of MOSRT&H Specifications for road and bridge works shall be allowed duly ignoring
the cost criteria.
6. Shoulder and sub grade are the most neglected items in the road construction. Equal
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be given to these items as specified in the above mentioned clause.
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7. For recently done roads, drainage chutes 300mm×450mm with drainage material
using HBG crushed aggregates confirming to type A grading of table 300-4 shall
be provided from the bottom edge of sub base to the edge of formation. They
shall be spaced at 25m on both sides.
8. Necessary steps shall be taken to prevent the unauthorized plying of iron
wheeled vehicles and overloaded vehicles.
After analyzing the various reasons for the poor condition of roads in the coastal
Districts where the soils are black cotton, an effort was made to improve the condition
of R&B roads in Guntur District. An opportunity came in the shape of Kala Chakra
function in January’ 2006 at Amaravathi in which some remedial measures suggested
are implemented. The results are very good as observed after one and half years.

For improving the road connectivity to the pilgrim town of Amaravathi in Guntur District
on the occasion of “Kalachakra Initiation - January 2006,” several R&B roads are
widened and improved to facilitate smooth flow of traffic.

In all, 10 roads for a length of 62.28 Km are widened and strengthened and 4 roads for
a length of 24.16 Km are improved in less than 6 months time. The main reason for the
early completion is the use of fully mechanized Granular Sub Base and Wet Mix
Macadam. If the old specifications are adopted, it would have taken 2 years time.

The existing roads are with 150 to 200mm thick gravel base (done with gravelly soil or
red earth), 200mm to 250mm thick WBM with gravelly soil blind age and a thin
bituminous surfacing. Such roads are widened with the provisions shown in the figure
5.

The remedial measures implemented in Kala Chakra works are:

a. Providing GSB with HBG crushed aggregates as sub base up to the edge of
formation.

a. Providing Wet Mix Macadam in base layers.

b. Providing suitable soils for the shoulders.
c. Improving road geometrics wherever necessary.
d. Badly damaged stretches are recycled by fully picking the
crust, removing the gravelly soil, sectioning the picked
metal, rolling, applying stone dust as screenings and binder. By this way the sunken roads are
converted as new WBM surfaced roads. Further, GSB is proposed in low lying stretches and overall
WMM followed by BM and SDBC. This process was adopted for strengthening and improving two
problematic roads namely Tadikonda Kantheru road and Mangalagiri and Neerukonda roads in Kala
Chakra works.
The performance of all the above roads is very good after the rainy season in which the rainfallis very high.
No undulations or sunken portions are noticed as has been the case with the old methods. Several
problematic roads are improved in R&B circle Guntur during the last two years. District Administration is
very happy with the condition of roads.

References
1. Ministry of Road Transport & Highways Specifications for Road and Bridge Works – 2001.
2. Ministry of Rural Development Specifications for Rural Roads- 2004.
3. Bhavanna Rao D.V (2005)," Adverse effects of using natural gravel in sub base, base and Water
Bound Macadam.” Indian Road Congress’s Indian Highways –February (2005).
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NBMCW September 2007

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