CE 133-2

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN

FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

 Flexural Analysis
 Given: concrete and steel section
magnitude and line of action of effective prestress force
 Check: permissible loads and stresses

 Flexural Design
 Given: permissible loads and stresses
 Check: concrete and steel section
magnitude and line of action of effective prestress force
FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

 LOAD STAGES TO CONSIDER IN ANALYSIS AND DESIGN PROBLEMS

 Initial Prestress Force, Pi

 Pi + Self-Weight

 Pi + Full Dead Load

 Pe + Full Service Loads (DL + LL)

 Pe + Ultimate Load
FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

 NOTATIONS

 Stress and Strain:(+) tension (-) compression

 Strains: subscript 1 – top strain subscript 2 – bottom strain

 Eccentricity:

e = (+) positive; measured downward from concrete centroid

e = (-) negative; measured upward from the concrete centroid

FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

In developing elastic equations for flexural stress,

the effects of prestress force, dead-load moment,
and live-load moment are calculated separately, and
the separate stresses are superimposed.
FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

The stresses due to prestressing alone are

generally combined stress due to the action of
direct load and bending resulting from an
eccentrically applied load. The stresses in
concrete are evaluated by using the well
known relationship for combined stresses used
in the case of columns.
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED BEAMS

IN THE ELASTIC RANGE

The figure shows the:

 (a) beam profile and section

 (b) forces acting on concrete
 (c) force equilibrium polygon
 (d) anchorage and curvature
forces replaced by
resultant
 (e) beam with transverse loads
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED BEAMS

IN THE ELASTIC RANGE

 For a statically determinate beam,

consequence of prestressing is a
compressive resultant force that
acts at the location of the steel
centroid at any section
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 ELASTIC STRESS

 As long as the beam remains uncracked, and both

steel and concrete are stressed only within their elastic
ranges, then concrete stresses can be found using
familiar equations of mechanics
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 ELASTIC STRESS
Initial Prestress Force

 If the member is subjected only to the initial prestressing force Pi

placed at eccentricity e, then ensuing stresses at midspan is:

ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 ELASTIC STRESS
Initial Prestress Force

 Substituting the radius of gyration , the equations can

be written as:
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 ELASTIC STRESS
Initial Prestress Force

 The resulting stress distribution is:

ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 ELASTIC STRESS
Initial Prestress Force Plus Self-Weight
 The dead load of the beam will cause moment Mo to be
superimposed immediately.
 Consequently, immediately after transfer of prestress force, the
stresses at mid-span in the concrete are:
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 ELASTIC STRESS
Initial Prestress Force Plus Self-Weight
 The resulting stress distribution is:
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 ELASTIC STRESS
Effective Prestress Force Plus Full Service Loads (DL + LL)
 When the effective prestress Pe acts with the moments resulting
from self-weight (Mo), superimposed dead load (Md) and
superimposed live load (Ml) the resulting stresses are:
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 ELASTIC STRESS
Effective Prestress Force Plus Full Service Loads (DL + LL)
 The resulting stress distribution is:
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 CALCULATION OF SECTION PROPERTIES

For post-tensioned construction, tendons may pass through ducts of

considerable size. In calculating the properties of the concrete
cross-section to be used in the previous equations, the following
should be noted:

 Before tendons are grouted, stresses in the concrete should be

calculated using the net section with holes deducted
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 CALCULATION OF SECTION PROPERTIES

 After grouting, the transformed section is used, holes may be

considered filled with concrete and steel replaced with its
transformed area of equivalent concrete, i.e.
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 CALCULATION OF SECTION PROPERTIES

 In practical cases, although the hole deduction may be significant,

use of the gross concrete section after grouting rather than the
transformed section will normally be satisfactory.

 In many cases, as in the case of unbonded wrapped tendons with

ducts, gross concrete section can be used.
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 CROSS SECTION KERN OR CORE

 KERN POINTS: limiting points inside the section to which the

prestress force can be applied to cause
NO TENSION in the section
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 CROSS SECTION KERN OR CORE

 To find the lower kern dimension, the concrete stress at the top
surface is set equal to zero:

 Solving for the particular eccentricity e = k2, the lower kern limit is:
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 CROSS SECTION KERN OR CORE

 Similarly, the upper kern limit is found by setting the expression for
the concrete stress at the bottom surface equal to zero:

* The minus sign confirms that the limit dimension is measured upward
from the concrete centroid
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 EXAMPLE
The simply supported I-beam shown in figure is to carry a uniformly distributed
service dead and live load totaling 0.55 kips/ft over the 40-ft span, in addition to its
own weight. Normal concrete having density of 150 lb/ft3 will be used.

The beam will be pretensioned using multiple seven-wire strands; eccentricity is

constant and equal to 5.19 in. The prestress force Pi immediately after transfer
(after elastic shortening loss) is 169 kips. Time-dependent losses due to shrinkage,
creep and relaxation totals 15 percent of the initial prestress force. Find the
concrete flexural stresses at midspan and support sections under initial and final
conditions.
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 SAMPLE PROBLEM

Note:

For pretensioned beams using stranded cables, the difference between

section properties based on the gross and transformed section is usually
small. Accordingly, all calculations will be based on properties of the gross
concrete section. Average flange thickness will be used as shown in the
figure.
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Cracking Load
 The cracking load represents the limit of validity of
those equations for elastic stresses in the concrete
that are based on the homogeneous cross section.

Pe  ec2  M cr
f 2   1  2    fr
Ac  r  S2
  r2 
M cr  f r S 2  Pe   e 
c 
 2 

The safety factor relative to cracking is expressed as

M cr  M o  M d
Fcr 
Ml
Example

 Calculate the cracking moment and find the

factor of safety against cracking for the I-beam
considered in Example 1. The modulus of rupture
of the concrete is 350psi. Assume that the
entire superimposed load of 0.55 kip/ft is a live
load.