Open Eng.
2017; 7:279–286
Research Article
Ashish Singh*, Mohammad Aneesh, Kamakshi, and J. A. Ansari
Analysis of Microstrip Line Fed Patch Antenna for
Wireless Communications
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2017-0034
Received August 29, 2016; accepted August 31, 2017
Abstract: In this paper, theoretical analysis of microstrip
line fed rectangular patch antenna loaded with parasitic
element and split-ring resonator is presented. The pro-
posed antenna shows that the dualband operation de-
pends on gap between parasitic element, split-ring res-
onator, length and width of microstrip line. It is found that
antenna resonates at two distinct resonating modes i.e.,
0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz for lower and upper resonance fre-
quencies respectively. The antenna shows dual frequency
nature with frequency ratio 2.0. The characteristics of mi-
crostrip line fed rectangular patch antenna loaded with
parasitic element and split-ring resonator antenna is com-
pared with other prototype microstrip line fed antennas.
Further, the theoretical results are compared with simu-
lated and reported experimental results, they are in close
agreement.
Keywords: Microstrip line fed, parasitic elements, split-
ring resonator (SRR), Dual-band, Microstrip Patch An-
tenna (MSA)
*Corresponding Author: Ashish Singh: Department of Electronics
and Communication University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India-
211002
Department of Electronics and Communication N.M.A.M. Institute
of Technology, Nitte, India-574110, E-mail: ashsin09@rediffmail.com
Mohammad Aneesh: Department of Electronics and Communica-
tion University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India-211002
Department of Electronics Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Tech-
nology for Handicapped, Kanpur, India-208024 E-mail: anee-
shau14@gmail.com
Kamakshi: Department of Electronics and Communication Univer-
sity of Allahabad, Allahabad, India-211002
Department of Electronics and Communication IMS Engi-
neering College, Ghaziabad, India-201009, E-mail: kamak-
shi.kumar21@gmail.com
J. A. Ansari: Department of Electronics and Communication
University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India-211002, E-mail:
jaansari@rediffmail.com
Open Access. © 2017 Ashish Singh et al., published by De Gruyter Open. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License.
Open Access
1 Introduction
Nowadays, microstrip patch antennas are important de-
vice in wireless communication systems. These anten-
nas have been successfully utilized in many communi-
cation systems [1–3] such as satellite communication/
links (vehicular GPS), cellular communication system
(GSM/CDMA), wireless personal area (Bluetooth links),
wireless local area network (Wi-Fi) and synthetic aper-
ture radar (SAR). There are different techniques by which
these antennas can be designed for various wireless ap-
plications such as proximity coupling [4], aperture cou-
pling [5, 6], loading of notches [7], slots [8–10], parasitic el-
ements [11], L-strip fed [12, 13], microstrip line feeding [14–
19]. One of the important techniques is inset feeding by
which patch antenna can be excited to achieve dual-band
and multi-band frequencies for wireless communications.
The various contributions of researchers and scien-
tists on microstrip line feeding are reported such as, anal-
ysis and design of annular patch antenna with electro-
magnetically coupled microstrip feed line [14], crescent-
shaped multiband planar monopole antenna for mo-
bile wireless applications [15], microstrip antenna array
formed by microstrip line fed tooth-like-slot patches [16],
printed wide-slot antenna with a modified L-shaped mi-
crostrip line for wideband applications [17], microstrip
line-fed printed wide-slot antenna with a parasitic center
patch [18], broadband T-shaped microstrip-fed U-slot cou-
pled patch antenna [19]. All the above reported papers are
of microstrip line fed patch antennas which lack theoret-
ical analysis, equivalent circuit diagram and has compli-
cated antenna geometry.
In this view, the main objective of this paper is to
present theoretical analysis, equivalent circuit diagram,
total input impedance and radiating structures of mi-
crostrip line fed rectangular patch antenna with split-ring
resonator (SRR)for wireless communications. Theoretical
analysis of microstrip line fed rectangular patch antenna
loaded with parasitic element and split-ring resonator
has been presented using circuit theory concept based
on modal expansion cavity model. The proposed antenna
structures have been realized with the proto-type radiating
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280 | Ashish Singh et al.

structures to obtain dualband characteristics. Variation of Table 1: Design specifications of microstrip line feed patch anten-
dimensions of the proposed antenna for the gap between nasare given as

parasitic element, split-ring resonator, length and width of

microstrip line are discussed in next section. Thickness of dielectric substrate (H) 1.5 mm
Permittivity of Substrate (ε r ) 2.65
Loss tangent of substrate (tanδ) 0.0015
Width of patch and parasitic patch (W) 23 mm
2 Antenna designs Length of patch and parasitic patch (L) 58 mm
Width of microstrip line (Ws ) 4.0 mm
A rectangular patch with SRR and parasitic patch antenna Gap between the feed patch and
4.0 mm
along with similar proto-type microstrip line fed patch an- parasitic patch (G)
tennas are shown in Fig. 1. The Fig. 1(a) shows the side Length of SRR’s (SL ) 25.6 mm
view of antennas. Antenna 1 is shown in Fig. 1(b), con- Width of SRR’s (Sw ) 25.6 mm
ventional microsrtip line fed patch antenna of dimensions Width of both SRR’s arm (Sa ) 12.65 mm
L×W is excited by the 50 Ω microstrip line. Antenna 2 is Length of SRR’s arm (St ) 0.5 mm
shown in Fig. 1(c), it is similar to the Antenna1 except it has Gap between two SRR’s arms (g1 ) 0.5 mm
parasitic element of dimension L×W and gap between the Length of Microstrip line (Ls ) 22.5 mm
fed patch and parasitic patch is G. Figure 1(d)-(e) is the pro-
posed radiating structure with top and bottom view. The
proposed radiating structure is Antenna 3 which has SRR 1
L1 = (3)
on ground plane and parasitic patch is placed parallel to C1 ω2r
the fed patch on same plane at a distance G. A rectangu- Quality factor, √
lar patch of dimension L×W is fed through microstrip line c εe
Q=
fed. The feeding is given at end of microstrip line via coax- 4fH
ial connector of diameter 0.72 mm. Design specification of Where
the antennas are given in Table 1. L- Length of rectangular patch,
Figure 2 shows the current distribution on radiating W- Width of rectangular patch,
structure of the Antenna 3 at lower (0.9 GHz) and upper H- Thickness of the substrate material,
(1.8 GHz) resonance frequencies. From the figure, it has X0 - x coordinates of feed point, i.e.,X0 =Ls,
been observed that proposed radiating structure has two ϵ e - effective permittivity of the medium.
directions of currents flowing on the radiating patch. The The equivalent circuit of the parasitic patch is shown
first is normal to the patch and other current flows due to in Fig. 3(b), its input impedance is represented as Zpp ,
the coupling between the fed patch with parasitic patch where R2 , C2 and L2 can be calculated as R1 , C1 and L1 with
and the radiating patch with SRR. These combine mecha- same equations, here X0 is considered as 0. The equiva-
nism provide dual band operation. lent circuit diagram of the gap between the fed patch and
the parasitic patch Zcc is shown in Fig. 3(c), which is repre-
sented as the combination of capacitances Cg and Cp1 . The
3 Theortical analysis and its expression of gap capacitance Cg and plate capacitance
Cp1 of the microstrip line can be calculated as [22–24]
equivalent circuits (︂ (︂ )︂)︂
G
C g =0.5.H.Q1 exp −1.86
A simple rectangular patch is considered as a parallel com- H
[︃ {︃ (︃ √︂ )︃}︃]︃
bination of resistance R1 , inductance L1 , and capacitance H
1 + 4.09 1 − exp 0.75 (4)
C1 circuit and its input impedance is represented as Zp . W
The equivalent circuit of the rectangular patch is shown
(︂ )︂
in Fig. 3(a), where R1 , C1 and L1 can be defined as [20, 21], Q2 + Q3
C p1 = C L (5)
(︂ )︂ Q2 + 1
LW ε0 ε e πX0
C1 = cos2 (1) Where,
2H L
{︃ (︂ )︂Q4 }︃
Q W
R1 = (2) Q1 = 0.04598 0.03 + (0.272 + ε r 0.07) ,
H
ω2r C1

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 Analysis of Microstrip Line Fed Patch Antenna | 281

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)

Figure 1: (a)Side view microstrip line fed patch antennas(b) Simple microstrip line fed patch (antenna 1), (c) microstrip line fed patch with
parasitic element (antenna 2),(d) Top View and (e) Bottom View of proposed microstrip line fed patch antenna (antenna 3).

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282 | Ashish Singh et al.

(a) (b)
(a)
Figure 2: Current distribution (a) Lower and (b) higher resonance
frequency.

[︂ ]︂ (︂ )︂3.23 (︂ )︂1.05
W G G
Q2 =0.107 +9 + 2.09
H H H
[︃ ]︃
1.5 + 0.3( W
H)
+
1 + 0.6( W
H)
(b)
Q3 = exp(−0.5978) − 0.55
Q4 = 1.23
CL is the terminal capacitance of the open circuited con-
ductor is given as,
√
ε eff
C L = C ll
z0 c
where Cll is the conductor extension length, ϵ eff is effective
dielectric constant.
[︃ ]︃
(ε e + 0.3)( W
H + 0.264)
C ll = 0.412
(ε e − 0.258)( W
H + 0.8) (c)

Z0 is characteristic impedance of the patch, c is the velocity

of light.
The microstrip line of the rectangular patch is con-
sidered as combination of L and C. The equivalent cir-
cuit of the microstrip line rectangular patch is shown in
Fig. 3(d), where LL and CL are inductance and capacitance
of strip [22, 23].
(d)
√︀
L L = 100.H(4 W s /H − 4.21)nH (6)
Figure 3: Equivalent Circuits diagram of (a) Simple patch (Zp ) (b)
parasitic patch (Zpp )(c) Gap between two patch (Zcc ) (d) Microstrip
line patch (ZL )
C L = W s {(9.5ε r + 1.25)W s /H + 5.2ε r + 7.0}pF (7)
Resonance frequency of the microstrip line antenna is
given as,
√
f = c/2L es ε re (8)
where

ε re = 1/2[(ε r + 1) + (ε r − 1)(1 − 12.H/W s )−1/2 ],

Les = LS +∆LS ,
ε re - Effective dielectric constant,
Les -Effective increase in length of strip,
Figure 4: Equivalent circuit diagram of the antenna.
(ε re + 0.3)(W s /H + 0.264)
∆L s = H.0.412 ,
(ε re − 0.258)(W s /H + 0.8)

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 Analysis of Microstrip Line Fed Patch Antenna | 283

ϵ r -Dielectric constant, theoretical and reported experimental results of the mi-

The characteristic impedance of microstrip line [20–
22],
1 observed that the antenna shows dual frequency behav-
Z L = jωL L + 1
(9)
jωC L + jωL L
Therefore, the total input impedance (Zin ) of antenna
can be calculated by equivalent circuit diagram Fig. 4 as
1
Z in = Z L + 1
(10)
1
+ Z1p + Z pp
1
+ Z1cc
jωC c + 1
jωL c
where Lc and Cc is the inductance and capacitance of SRR’s
can calculated as [24].
Now using equation (10) the total input impedance of
the proposed antenna is calculated. Their various antenna
parameters such as reflection coefficient, VSWR and return
loss are calculated as:
Reflection Coefficient
Z − Z in
Γ= ,
Z + Z in
where
Z is the input impedance of the microstrip fed (50 Ω).
1+Γ
VSWR = , resonance frequency whereas slight shifting is observed
1−Γ
and RL=20 log |r|
4 Discussion of results
The antennas 1, 2, and 3 have been simulated using soft-
ware IE3D based on Method of Moments. Figure 5 presents
the variations of reflection coefficients for different radi-
ating structures. Antenna1 is resonating at 4.1 GHz below
−10 dB offer a bandwidth of 139 MHz (3.94-4.12 GHz) which
can be utilized for satellite communication. Antenna 2 is
resonating at three distinct frequency modes 3.144 GHz,
3.252 GHz and 3.804 GHz. In theses frequency bands only
3.804 GHz frequency has efficient bandwidth of 441 MHz
(3.696-3.864 GHz) that can be utilized for down link in
satellite communication. Antenna 3 resonates at two dis-
tinct frequencies modes 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz below −10 dB
and meets the requirement of mobile communication. It
is observed that on incorporating parasitic elements and
SRR resonating frequencies shift toward lower side. This
is due to the increase radiation resistance of the proposed
antenna. There is a dip at 1.5 GHz in proposed antenna,
this is observed because gap between the parasitic patch
and fed as well as gap between SRR arms.
Figure 6 shows the variation of reflection coefficient
with frequency for the proposed antenna. The simulated,
crostrip line fed rectangular patch antenna with parasitic
element and SRR are in close agreement. From figure it is
ior with frequency ratio 2.0 (Simulated) and 2.12 (theoret-
ical). Theoretical results are based on circuit theory con-
cept based on cavity model whereas simulated results are
obtained using IE3D software that is based on Method of
Moments. Further, analysis of the antenna 3 is shown in
figures 7 to 10 which are based on circuit theory concept
are described below.
From Figure 7, it is observed that on decreasing the
substrate thickness (H=1.5 mm to 0.5 mm) frequency ratio
decreases from 2.0 to 1.27 whereas on increasing the sub-
strate thickness (H=1.5 mm to 2.5 mm) frequency ratio in-
creases to 2.96. This happens because on increasing and
decreasing the height of the substrate equations (1), (4)
and (6) are effected which is responsible for variation in
resonance frequency of the radiating patch.
Figure 8 shows the variation of reflection coefficient
with frequency on decreasing (Ws =4 mm to 2 mm) and in-
creasing (Ws =4 mm to 6 mm) the width of microstrip line,
there is no change in the frequency ratio of upper to lower
on both upper and lower resonance frequencies. This is
due to the capacitance CL which is directly proportion to
width of microstrip line Ws , from equation (7).
From Figure 9, it is observed that on increasing the
length of the microstrip line (Ls =21.6 mm to 29.6 mm),
lower and higher resonance frequencies shift towards
lower resonance side whereas there is no change in the fre-
quency ratio of upper to lower resonance frequency. This
affects the equation (8) as resonance frequency of the mi-
crostrip line f is inversely proportional to the length mi-
crostrip line Ls .
Figure 10 shows that on decreasing gap between the
fed patch and parasitic patch (G=4 mm to 3 mm), the
upper and lower resonance frequencies shift towards the
lower side. Further, on increasing G=4 mm to 7 mm, upper
and lower resonance frequencies shift towards higher side.
This happens because the gap capacitance Cg is affected
on increasing and decreasing the gap between fed patch
and parasitic patch G i.e., from equation (4), Cg changes
exponentially on variation of G. Thus, there is no huge
variation on varying G.
From Figure 11, shows the radiation pattern at lower
(0.9 GHz) and higher (1.8 GHz) resonance frequency and
antenna shows circular polarization. The 3 dB beam width
at lower resonance frequency for Etheta , phi=0∘ is 130.33∘
and Etheta , phi=90∘ is 88.92∘ whereas at higher resonance

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284 | Ashish Singh et al.

Figure 7: Variation of reflection coeflcient (dB) with frequency on

Figure 5: Comparisons of proposed antenna 3 with antennas 1 and varying height of the substrate(H).
2.

Figure 6: Comparison between theoretical, experimental [25] and

simulated [26] results.
Figure 8: Variation of reflection coeflcient (dB) with frequency on
varying width of microstrip (Ws ).

frequency for Etheta , phi=0 is 165.83∘ and Etheta , phi=0 is

83.7∘ .

5 Conclusion
From the above analysis it is inferred that theoretical re-
sults are in close agreement with simulated and reported
experimental results for inset fed rectangular patch an-
tenna loaded with parasitic element and split ring res-
onator. The frequency ratio of the proposed antenna de-
pends on microstrip length and width, thickness of dielec-
tric substrate and gap between parasitic patch. The pro-
posed antenna has frequency ratio 2.0 and maximum gain
1.8 dBi. The proposed antennas can be utilized for wire-
less communications such as mobiles and down linking Figure 9: Variation of reflection coeflcient (dB) with frequency on
for satellite communications. varying length of microstrip (Ls ).

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 Analysis of Microstrip Line Fed Patch Antenna | 285

Figure 10: Variation of reflection coeflcient (dB) with frequency on

varying gap between fed patch and parasitic patch.
(a)

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pleted his D.Phil. degree from Dept. of
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[24] J. D. Baena et al., “Equivalent-Circuit Models for Split-Ring Patch antenna, Neural Network, and Optical communica-
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[26] Zeland, IE3D simulation software, Version 14.05, ZelandInc.,
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the B.Sc. and B.Tech. degrees in Electron-
Ashish Singh received his B.Tech degree
ics and Telecommunications from Univer-
in Applied Electronics and Instrumenta-
sity of Allahabad, Allahabad, India. The
tion from the Uttar Pradesh Technical
M.Tech. degree in Communication Sys-
University, India, in 2007. He completed
tems from the Institute of Technology, Ba-
his M.Tech. and D.Phil. degrees in Com-
naras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi,
munication Technology from Department
India, in 1991 and the Ph.D. degree from
of Electronics and Communication, Uni-
Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishvavidyalaya,
versity of Allahabad in 2009 and 2015 re-
Chitrakoot (Satna), India, in 2000. He has published 100
spectively. He has published more than
research papers in different national and international
40 research papers in different national
journals and conference proceedings. His current area of
and international journals and conference proceedings.
research is microstrip antenna, millimeter wave, and fiber
His are of interests are Patch Antenna, Millimeter waves,
optics. He is presently working as a Professor with the De-
Optical communication and Bio-medical Instrumentation.
partment of Electronics and Communication, University of
He worked as an Assistant Professor in Raghu Engineering
Allahabad, Allahabad, India.
College, Visakhapatnam. Presently, he is working at same
designation in NMAMIT, Nitte India.
Kamakshi received her B.Tech. degree in
Electronics Engineering from the Institute
of Engineering and Rural Technology Al-
lahabad, U.P., India in 2007. She com-
pleted her M.Tech. and D.Phil. degrees
in Communication Technology from De-
partment of Electronics and Communica-
tion, University of Allahabad in 2009 and
2017 respectively. She has published more

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