DEVELOPMENT AND UNDEVELOPMENT

Mochammad Irfan (NIM: I72217070)

Abstract

The developed country and developing country has many deference in our sight. The gap
always increase everytimes. Karl marx dividing two class in capitalism system that are
bourgeois and proletarian. Dependency keep increase in everytimes.

Keywords : developed country, developing country, gap, dependency

A. INTRODUCTION
Developed countries are country have high life standard. Some of them has anvanced
industries and high tecnology for their economic activity. And then developing counties are the
country have low life standard. Most their economic activity are farming, fishing, and mining.
Developing countries always depend their economy activity to developed country.Are which
have low per capita GNPs and which rely heavily on the export of a single commodity for
foreign exchange earnings. As foreign investments are conducted to a larger extent on the
developing country and governments as well as corporations from the Western world are
profiting from the countries’ resources, cases of exploitation of vulnerable groups are likewise
being observed.
B. DISCUSSIONS
a. Neo-Marxism
Marxism is the economic understanding and political and economic socialization of
Karl Marx and Frederich Engels. Marxism is a system of socialism in which the
dominant interests are in public ownership, namely production, distribution and
marketing. Economy is more highlighted in this understanding and politics is in the
second position because politics is largely determined by the socio-economic context, so
that the dominant social class in the economy is also automatically dominant in politics.
The nature of its economic relations is conflictual, whereby between countries can seek
each other maximum profit and are allowed to overthrow other countries. 1 And the Neo-

1
Jackson, R., &. Sorensen, G. (1999). Introduction to International Relations, Oxford University Press.
 Marxism is an understanding that refers to the critical revival of Marxist theory. Marxism
look capitalism from economy side and Neo-Marxism look capitalism from culture and
ideology side. It cause bourgeouis people dependency thought to proletarian if owner can
do anything to labor and labor need owner for help them to life better.
b. Dependency Theory
Dependency theory critically analyzes economic development of both industrial and
developing countries and shows that neither can be understood unless their global
interdependence is taken into account. Dependency theory focuses on the economic
relationship between developed and less developed countries, also defined as dominant
states/core countries/metropoles, and dependent states/periphery countries/satellites. The
relation is characterized by an extraction of wealth, for example of natural resources,
from periphery to core, which also explains the underdevelopment of the poor countries
and the development of the rich ones. Some countries develop because other
underdevelop, and vice versa. Additionally, the concept of core and periphery is also
valid within nations, where the national core is take over the country’s economic
surplus.2

c. World System
The World System theory can be seen as a development of Lenin’s Imperialism and
the Dependency Theory. History has always been marked by the rise and fall of world
systems. All systems and institutions in the modern world are continually being created
and re-created, meaning, no country stays as a permanent core, semi-periphery and
periphery. The world system is historically bounded and will always have a beginning,
middle and an ending. In the case of the World Systems theory, it consists of a relation
between the core, semi-periphery and periphery. The semi-periphery is an authoritarian
government that exports ‘mature’ manufactures and raw materials and at the same time
imports manufactures and raw materials from both core and periphery. In other words,
the semi-periphery can be exploited and at the same time exploits as it contributes to
stabilize the system.3

2
Larrain, Jorge, 1992. Theories of development. Cambridge: Polity Press.
3
Abanto Keow, IS 208.1 Development Theories & Strategies, July 12, 2011
 d. Constructivism
Constructivists refer to the “co-constitution” of agents and structures, because the
actions of states (agents) can alter the institutions and norms of international life, and the
institutions and norms (structures) can alter the ways in which a state defines it self and
its situation in the world. Constructivismquestions the rationalism and materialism of the
traditional IPE perspectives, and it is also an important tool for studying IPE.
Constructivists such as Alexander Wendt focus on normative elements such as ideas,
values, and rules and examine how actors formulate preferences and the processes by
which they make and implement decisions. Instead of assuming that an actor’s
preferences reflect rational choices, constructivists examine the beliefs, traditions, roles,
ideologies, and patterns of influence that shape preferences, behavior, and outcomes. 4
e. Feminism
Feminist studies came much later to IR than to some other academic disciplines,
partly because IR specialists after World War II focused on the “highpolitics”of
diplomacy,war,and state craft.Scholars simply assumed that the political and military
leaders and soldiers involved in high politics were male. Feminist scholars argue that the
main IPE perspectives largely ignore the role of women. 5
C. CONCLUSION
Developed country and developing country are only designation about gap among of
them. The theory dependency is only show us if developing country always depending to
developed country for their economy activity. and world system is divide country in
three groups by their economic power. And for to be a developed country we must
besiding gender problem and more appreciate for deferences.

4
H. Cohen Theodore, Global Political Economy Sixth Edition, Ch.5,Critical Theory, p.114.
5
H. Cohen Theodore, Global Political Economy Sixth Edition, Ch.5, Critical Theory, p.117