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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the overview of the study, whereas it shows the significance

of the study, its scope and delimitation, and the statement of the problem. It also shows what

inspires the researchers to pursue the said study.

Introduction

Carabaos (Bubalus bubalis carabanesis) have been a staple to most Filipino farmers even before

the Spanish Colonization Period. These Carabaos (water buffalos) have proven vital towards agriculture

in the Philippines. Additionally, they have also been used to pull carts for transportation and farming

purposes alike. To add, this animal has been milked to extract a high protein and calorie supplement.

Adding evidence to the Filipino’s reliance on the species, the radiocarbon date of the fragments that were

found is dated to be alive in 500 BCE. Carabaos are very well adapted to the tropical climate especially in

the areas where there is a constant supply of water such as farms. They often use the water to cool

themselves to reduce the thermal stress that the hot and humid weather gives them. Adding to the

practicality of their use in the field of agriculture, these animals don’t need much to sustain their food

demands. They are herbivores that mostly eat reeds, giant reed, bulrush, sedges, the common water

hyacinth, and rushes.

Carabaos are herbivores which are also known as first consumers in the food chain. This means

that carabaos consume the producers which are known as plants and they take in the highest energy

possible for a non-autotroph. Hence, their feces are mostly composed of indigested fibers and bacteria.

This is often noticed through olfactory means as it is often reported that herbivore feces do not give off a

strong, unpleasant smell. In relation to this, extraction of the pure, grass smelling scent in a liquid form
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through distillation should be possible. Natural additives such as coconut water, strawberry juice, green

tea, etc. To exemplify, a pair of students, Dwi Nailul Izzah and Rintya Aprianti Miki, from Indonesia

performed this experiment on cow manure instead of carabaos’ and have seen success in their endeavors.

The Carabaos’ feces is usually used as fertilizer for plants and various crops, especially in the

field of agriculture and botany, since they do provide the plants with more nutrients and make the soil

healthier. However, with the shifting of farmers toward artificial and/or synthetic fertilizers on the market,

sometimes, the carabao feces simply hardens under the sun and is often disposed of.

A deodorizer is any substance or device used to mask certain odors. The researchers hypothesize

that carabao manure has the potential to be processed into an all-natural fertilizer as it may contain certain

compounds such as “leaf alcochol” and other various compounds that may be extracted that contain

deodorizing properties. Carabao manure has the potential to be used as an ingredient in making an all-

natural fertilizer as it contains no chemicals unlike the commercially made ones on the market.

Distillation is involved in the process to eliminate most of the unwanted and potentially hazardous

compounds that may have resided within the feces.

To add to its potential as a deodorizer, once it finished, it would hypothetically have an herb-like

smell with the combination of the natural juices’ smell that would add to its strength in covering up other

unpleasant smells.

This type of deodorant is healthier as it contains no chemicals that are found in similar products

available on the market, stated in Kimberley Mok’s article in TreeHugger.com.

We may not simply use natural juices such as orange juice as it contains pulp and pieces of fober .

Just like an orange on its own, it rots without processing. These natural juices serve as a fermentation

agent as the goal is to process the manure into a deodorizer.

Furthermore, carabao dung is used because herbivore feces typically consist of partially digested

plant wastes which theoretically contain herbal scents. To back this up, slaughter of carabaos and the
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subsequent extraction of the stomach(s) gives way for some people to produce the dish “papaitan”,

wchich is processed by taking the still-digesting plant matter and washing it numerous times. The

researchers hypothesize that though this is an entirely different process, plant matter still resides within

carabao dung and its deodorizing scent may be extracted.

Statement of the Problem

How is the carabao feces deodorizer’s efficiency compared to the common, commercially

produced deodorizer?

Specifically, it will seek to answer the following questions:

1. What is the potential of carabao manure as biotic deodorizer as to the following characteristics?

1.1 Odor

1.2 Period of Time

2. How efficient is the carabao manure as odor deodorizer as to the following aspects?

2.1 Production Costs

2.2 Manufacturing Time

3. How may the effectivity of the carabao manure odor deodorizer be compared to the commercially

available deodorizer?

Hypothesis

This study aims to test the null hypothesis:

The Biotic Deodorizer made out of Carabao manure is not an effective alternative to the

commercially made biotic deodorizer.

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Significance of the Study

The study gives way for a natural production and use of a deodorizer that is non-toxic and

offers a natural smell that accompanies it. This is created out of carabao manure and will be

compared to the commercial-grade deodorizer which is available on markets. Additionally, this

may also help in the disposal of excess, unused carabao feces since the modernization of

fertilizers has prompted farmers to switch to commercial, market-grade ones.

To the community, this will help provide safer and cheaper options for a naturally-

fragrant environment. This would also help reduce fecal wastes that have the potential to create

fly outbreaks.

To the homes and schools, this would help deodorize unwanted odors, scenting the

atmosphere with fragrant odor making the environment fresh and pure.

To the parents, teachers and guardians, this study would offer cheap and accessible

deodorizer to the said personnel, which could revolutionize

To the students, this study would help in their studies when dealing with herbivore or

non-autotroph feces and manure. This would help as a reference in case of future experiments

when dealing with some similarities within the variables.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses on making alternative uses out of carabao ordure specifically, making

a biotic deodorizer out of carabao feces by fermentation of the said feces, mixing the manure

with coconut water, and finally, distillation and filtration to remove certain impurities from the
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concoction.

This study will be conducted among carabaos in a selected farm in Abagon, Gerona,

Tarlac. Processing of the waste into the product (biotic deodorizer) will most likely occur in a

residential area in Tarlac City.

The survey will be conducted on senior high school students of Tarlac National High

School.

Water Testing may be substituted for the testing for dangerous microbes.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are used in the study and are defined based on how the terms

are used in the study of the researchers.

Biotic Deodorizer. This refers to a substance or object that masks and suppresses other

odors with its own and is made up from living things.

Carabao. This refers to an animal which is used mostly by farmers to aid their

agricultural activities along with their transportation in some cases. They also excrete the waste

that is used in this paper.

Commercially produced deodorizer. This refers to a deodorizer that is made with the

intention of selling in on the market.

Distillation. This refers to the process that will come in when the researchers will remove

impurities by heating and cooling of the liquid mixture.

Fermentation. This refers to the process of chemical breakdown of the substance in the

carabao manure by bacteria, yeast, or other microorganisms.

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Manure. This refers to the excreted waste of carabao and the material used to extract the

biotic deodorizer.

Natural Juices. This refers to the materials used to aid the biotic deodorizer in giving a

natural and pleasant odor. This will also be used to help in the extraction of the deodorizer from

the manure.

Odor. This refers to the scent or smell given off by the biotic deodorizer.

Odor Neutralizing Capabilities. This refers to the ability of certain agents to remove

pre-existing odors.

Safety. This refers to the minimal quantities of toxic materials and dangerous chemicals

in a certain product.

Sanitation. This refers to the cleaning and antibiotic properties of a certain product to

keep objects free from dirt, infection, diseases, etc.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents related literatures and studies on the utilization of Carabao ordure

as a deodorizer. It includes relevant theories and models that have significant bearing on the

study. The findings, concepts and principles from various sources are then summarized.

Related Literature

In an article written by Sandra Raičević Petrović (2010), a designer, coconut water has an

odor profile of what she describes as lush, sweet, among others in her article “Coconut”. This is

due to the presence of a compound named Gamma-Decalactone (C10H18O2), which according to

an article written on www.worldofchemicals.com (2012) titled: ” Gamma-Decalactone

Properties”, is an aroma compound usually found in fruits and various fermented products. A

few of its uses include: flavorings for beverages, personal care, pharmaceutical, and household

goods. This serves as an additive to the Carabao dung to add an aroma to mask aside from the

compound that will be present from the distillation of Carabao manure.

In relation to the previous statements, Elena Vosnaki (2012), in her article titled:”A Short

Guide to Extraction Techniques and Aromatic Materials Rendered”, It is written that

distillation, is used to extract Essential Oils from various plants which give different kinds of

odors. From this, we can infer that distillation may play a part in adding aroma to the deodorizer

from the leftover plant material that is present within carabao dung.
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Additionally, an article on www.experience-essential-oils.com (2012) that is

titled:”Methods of Extracting Essential Oils”, states that in steam distillation, the steam is used to

rupture the oil membranes in the plant. In the study, this further supports the claim on the

previous paragraph.

According to Kaye Wagner (2011), a writer on eHow.com, in his article titled: “Can

Ammonia Be Used to Rid a Home of a Smoke Smell?” Ammonia (NH3, and NH4+ for

Ammonium) is commonly used in homemade cleaning solutions and is usually used to remove

acidic stains such as lemon juice or vinegar stains. According to him, it also works to remove

smells from the air and suggests that ammonia be places a middle of a room to evaporate and

spread and warns to not mix the compound with bleach as it create toxic gas. From this, we can

infer that Ammonia may be used to neutralize smells in the air, effectively masking them and

rendering the previous odor unnoticeable to human olfactory senses.

Based on an article written by Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Development

(2015) titled, “ The Properties of Manure”, it directly states that soluble components such as

Sodium (Na), Chloride (Cl), ammonium-N and Potassium (K) tend to be in the liquid phase and

are less susceptible to settling out. This suggests that the liquid part of manure may be extracted

and cleansed of impurities in order to take ammonium for cleansing purposes as stated in the

previous paragraph.

In relation to Ammonia, an article titled: “The Most Common Ammonia-based Cleaning

Products” published by the group named 1st Class Cleaning (2013) on the site

1stclasscleaningnyc.com, it states that Ammonia is more prevalent than one thinks in our

everyday lives. First, it states that Ammonia is often used as a glass cleaner and an all-around or

as the article defines it, a Multi-purpose cleaner component. It exemplifies commercially made
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products such as Mr. Clean, Proctor, and Gamble, among others. It warns that Ammonia in these

products is meant to be diluted in water as it can be surprisingly corrosive. Other uses of

Ammonia, based on the article, are as Toilet Bowl Cleaners, Shining Waxes, as well as Oven and

Drain Cleaners. The article again warns of the dangers of too much Ammonia contact through

various means. With this, we can infer that it may be used in a way that masks odors due to the

way it is used from the statements above. However, this would mean that the level of Ammonia

in a deodorizer would need to be minimized as to reduce the risk of infection and as well as it

needing more masking agents such as coconut water, (referring to its smell) or any other non-

toxic pleasant smelling additive that may be used.

According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s PubChem Compound

Database (2016) in his article titled: “3-Hexen-1-OL, (3Z)-” states that a compound named cis-3-

Hexen-1-ol also known as “leaf alcohol” has a very high odor threshold. To define, the odor

threshold is the lowest concentration of vapor in the air which can be detected by smell, this

usually denoted by the unit “ppb” or “Parts per Billion” when expanded. In the same article, it

states that cis-3hexenal is the key aroma substance when grass is cut and when other types of

vegetation are damaged. Relative to the article, it has a very low odor threshold of 0.25 ppb yet is

unstable, and tends to rearrange to the more stable trans-2-hexenal compound, also known as

“leaf aldehyde”. Going back, leaf alcohol or cis-3-hexen-1-ol has an odor threshold of 70ppb and

it is used in perfumes, making it the easiest to smell among its variants (hence the usage of the

compound in perfumes). This ties in with an experiment performed on cow dung instead of

carabao’s wherein in various articles, it is stated that they had made a liquid air freshener with a

herbal aroma from digested cow food. Cows, as well as carabaos, only eat plant material and as

stated in the paragraphs above, when grasses are mowed or in general, harmed, the secrete
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compounds similar or exactly like “leaf alcohol” to protect the plants from bacteria and in turn,

allowing the cut ends to heal. To wrap up, the article states that 3-Hexen-1-ol is a very important

aroma compound that is used in fruit and vegetable flavors and in perfumes. The yearly

production is about 30 tons. In the experiment’s case, since the material is then ingested by the

herbivores, in this case relating to the study, the carabaos, it would make sense to assume that

within their waste or dung contains traces of the compound mentioned above.

In relation to the previous statement above, Rajiv Angrish (2016) , in his answer to the

the community article with the question and title “What is the chemical composition of cow

dung?” states that the composition of Herbivore Cow/buffalo dung is predominantly fibre or

cellulose. That is why dried cow dung cakes are used as fuel in the Indian Subcontinent.

Alternatively Methanogen bacteria can digest this cellulose leaving behind farm yard manure and

methane (fuel generated in Gobar Gas/bio gas plants). For the same reason cow/buffalo fecal

matter does not decay with the stink human etc fecal matter decays and that cow content shall

contain Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl etc minerals. To relate this with the study, this gives the proof of the

possibility of extracting the leafy smell through distillation along with the dung’s state (in a

liquid state when mixed with coconut water) since as we know, plant matter is mainly made up

of cellulose, a material that is mainly eaten and consumed by herbivores for their ability to digest

the compound.

To support the claim that cow dung has traces of plant matter, an article written by

Atulesh (2011) titled: “Cow Dung: A Composted fertilizer” states that cow dung can be described

as the waste product of bovine animal species. These species also include domestic cattle

(“cows”), bison (“buffalo”), yak and water buffalo (Carabao). The article says that cow dung,

along with its variants listed above, is the undigested residue of plant matter which has passed
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through the animal’s gut and alimentary canal (the whole passage along which food passes

through the body from mouth to anus. It includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines). It is

also stated in the article that the grass and grain which they eat is not easily digested and remain

up to some extent in their residue. This supports the claim in the paragraphs above that cow dung

and its variants do have plant material within them. And in addition, the article also claims that

cow dung is rich in Ammonia, which further supports the claims in the previous paragraphs.

To exemplify a successful experiment similar to the proposed one, an article written by

Kimberley Mok (2013) on treehugger.com, titled: “Fermented cow dung air freshener wins two

students top science prize”, states that two students named Dwi Nailul Izzah and Rintya Aprianti

Miki made an air freshener out of cow dung and won a gold medal at Indonesia's Science Project

Olympiad (ISPO) in which they fought over 1000 other competitors for the medal. The article

states that they extracted the water from the manure that was fermented for three days and mixed

it with coconut water. The concoction was then distilled to eliminate impurities and the product

was a liquid air freshener with a herbal aroma from digested cow food. Apparently, the process

took seven days. Dwi Nailul Izzah, one of the students who perforemed the experiments, directly

states in the article that: “Our air freshener is not supplemented with chemicals to smell fragrant,

it’s pure and smells like the natural plants fed to cows. It’s also healthier because it doesn’t

contain harmful ingredients such as benzo acetan, like most other air-fresheners on the market.”

This previous experiment should serve as proof that a similar one, but with carabao feces and

other small variations, is possible

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Related Studies

Foreign

In the study of N. A. Amenaghawon (2014) entitled " Modelling the Kinetics of Steam

Distillation of Essential Oils from Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon Spp) ", it states that loose packing

of the plant material within the steam distillation equipment improved oil yield and drying the

plant material prior to distillation did not reduce the quantity of oil available for recovery. In

relation to the study, since the plant material will be within the herbivore’s feces and will be

mixed with coconut water, it will be in a sense, loosely packed. The research also states that

distillation based recovery processes such as steam and vacuum distillation are preferred for the

extraction of essential oils from plant materials. This is because these processes are flexible,

versatile, do not lead to the decomposition of the essential oils and provide the possibility of

operating with small volumes.

According to the study of Yu Da Wei and his team (2011) entitled "Study on acute

toxicity test of an environment-friendly high-performance delayed-release deodorizer and its

irritating effect on broken skin.", a test was done to determine the toxicity of an environment-

friendly high-performance delayed-release deodorizer on a broken skin. The experiment was

done on mice. There were no apparent toxic symptoms or death in the observation period

following a gastric administration. No skin irritating symptom was exhibited. As the biotic

deodorizer made from carabao manure and coconut milk, it is environment-friendly as it is made

from natural materials would show no harm or irritation to humans.

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Based on the study of Liu Wei and his team (2010) entitled "Effect of Microbial

Deodorant on Improving the Air Quality of Layer House", a microbial deodorizer was sprayed in

a 36-week-age layer house and determined concentrations of harmful air, dust and airborne

microbes, in order to confirm deodorized effect of this deodorant on chicken manure. The results

showed that the concentrations of NH3, H2S, CO2 and dust reduced significantly. The

percentages were 41.12% (P0.05), 54.56% (P0.01), 31.94% (P0.01) and 31.59% (P0.01),

respectively, compared with that of the preparing period. The numbers of airborne microbes also

changed significantly. The pencentages of Salmonella, E.coli and aerobic microbes decreased

77.78% (P0.01), 61.11% (P0.01) and 3.6% (P0.05), respectively. Lactic acid bacteria and yeast

increased 11.84% (P0.05) and 17.65% (P0.05).

Suggested by K. Urabe and his team (2009) in their study "Deodorizing effects of wild grass

extracts against methanethiol.", that substances originating from plants are promising for

possible deodorant applications. Deodorizing effects of hot-water extracts of samples of 26

species of wild grasses against methaneiol (CH3SH) were investigated and compared with the

methanol extracts of the samples. The result was determined by the amount methaneiol

remaining, and it showed that the hot-water and methanol extracts of samples of 12 and 11

species. This study can support ours since carabaos are herbivores and eats mostly wild grass.

The study of Wenrui Ma and his team (2012) also presented another process of deodorizing

manure in their study entitled "Effect of Oxygen Exposure Method Deodorize Flushing Slurry on

Anaerobic Gas Production". By using the oxygen exposure method, the flushing slurry can be

deodorized but will increase the flushing slurry dissolved oxygen. This could give our study

another process on how to make manure into a biotic deodorizer by exposing it to oxygen and

water.
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Local

In a study titled, “The Effectiveness of Lemon Grass” by J.D.P. Gumban (2012), it states

that like other steam distilled plants, lemon grass oil also produced the same aromatic goodness

and also functions quite the same with the betel leaves, but repels insects instead. In the study,

we extract the scent of the undigested cellulose fibers within the carabao feces. In the paper,

there lies an improvised, alternative way for various compounds to undergo steam distillation.

The researcher simply put a pot in the middle of the container to be exposed to heat underneath

surrounded by the compounds (in the paper’s case plants) to be distilled and had ice on top to

exhibit condensation.

A study by Huynh K. P. Ha (2008) titled, “Essential Oil from Lemongrass Extracted by

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Steam Distillation” compared Supercritical Fluid Extraction

System (SFE), a process that uses extracts essential oils through Carbon Dioxide , to steam

distillation and found the former of the methods more effective yet rarely done. The article states

that the overall yield of the researchers’ SFE method was greater than steam distillation but not

much research was put into it. This only proves that in the study, steam distillation, though not as

effective as the method of the researchers in the study, is still a viable method for extracting

various compounds and cleansing impurities.

To relate the previous articles, an excerpt from a study by Joseph J. Brophy (2008) titled:

“The Steam-Volatile Oil of Commercial “Almaciga” Resin (Agathis philippinensis Warb.) from

the Philippines”, directly states that Water distillation of the resinous exudate of Agathis

philippinensis Warb. known as Almaciga resin as well as Manila copal, yielded an essential oil
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rich in limonene (72 %). Minor constituents, present in amounts greater than 1 % included α-

pinene, p-cymene, terpinen-4-ol and α-terpineol. Recent views on the synonymy of species from

which Almaciga resin (Manila copal) is obtained are included. The researchers may relate this to

their study by taking into consideration once again that steam distillation is a viable way to

extract certain compounds with the added factor of removing impurities.

Another research by Karimi, A. (2014) titled: “Characterization and antimicrobial

activity of Patchouli essential oil extracted from Pogostemon cablin [Blanco]

Benth.[lamiaceae]” states that in their experiments,dried leaves of the Patchouli plant are

steam-distilled to obtain the commercial "oil of patchouli." The research paper also states that

according to Zhao et al, Patchoulic oil is the volatile oil of Pogostemon cablin [Blanco] Benth.

And the Chinese crude drug Herba Pogostemonis is widely used in the cosmetic and oral hygiene

industries. The paper’s data claims that Patchoulic oil is one of the most important base materials

used in perfumery with its strong fixative property. Thus, the strong-smelling oil taken from the

leaves is used in perfumes, incense, detergents, and hair conditioners. It has been used in some

cultures to prevent diseases. Aside from providing alluring oriental notes, patchouli oil imparts

tenacity to the perfume. Patchouli oil is equally indispensable in soaps, cosmetics, and incense.

This relates to the study of the extraction of the herbal scent from the cow dung through

distillation and mixing of coconut water. This also proves that steam distillation is a viable

method for the latter statement above.

Relating to essential oils, a study conducted by Julienne Mae Potonia (2014) titled:

“Calamansi (Citrofortunella Microcarpa) Fruit Extract as Perfume” states that essential oils

have a lot to do with scent. The experiment conducted was on what Filipinos commonly know as

“Kalamansi” and the fair ease of extraction of its oil along with the degree of intensity of its
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scent make it an example that essential oils do contribute a lot to what we describe and feel

through olfactory senses as “natural” or “fruit” and even “green” smell. This relates to the

researchers’ study on carabao dung since they will be extracting what remains of the undigested

remains in the manure along with the adding and cleansing of the coconut water to amplify what

we describe as a “natural” or “herbal smell”

To sum up, both the studies and the literatures stated in previous paragraphs provide

evidence that the extraction of an herbal smell through steam distillation is possible as it is

exemplified in various essential oils. Since carabao dung still contains plant matter, it is inferred

that the making of a deodorizer is possible due to the example of the scientist pair in India who

made one in previous years is stated above. Additionally, with steam distillation, impurities are

rid of, giving a clean biotic deodorizer.

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Conceptual Framework

Input Process Output

Carabao dung, Mixture, distillation A biotic deodorizer

Coconut Water and a and filtration of made out of carabao

distillation setup compounds along dung and coconut

accompanied by a with the conducting water through

survey to test of a degree-measuring distillation without

efficiency survey to see how the use of any

effective is the biotic synthetic chemicals

deodorizer compared along with results on

to a common, its effectiveness based

commercially on the survey forms.

available one.

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

The conceptual framework of the study uses input-process-output model. Here, the study

will test the experimental deodorizer made out of carabao dung which will be mixed with

coconut water and distilled to extract a fresh and odor-masking smell that will serve to freshen

the air. Its practicality and quality compared to the commercially available one will be tested by a

survey on senior high school students of Tarlac National High School.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODS OF STUDY AND SOURCES OF DATA

In this section, the researchers intend to provide methodological and logistical issues of

the study. This includes the research approach, target population and data collection techniques.

Research Methodology

Effectivity of
Control
Commercial
Deodorizer

Respondents
Comparison
Effectivity of of
Experimental
Researchers’ Effectiveness
Deodorizer

Figure 2. Research Design Representation

The respondents have influence on both the control and experimental groups. This is to

ensure that a person may compose and contrast the two deodorizers each to his/her own

preference and judgment. After values have been obtained on each deodorizer’s effectiveness, a

comparison will take place with the researchers conducting a t-test. The effectiveness of the

deodorizer is based on the forms which contain various criteria. To ensure that the respondents

smell the same scent over the same period of time, temperature will be measured and

respondents that will be chosen will have had similar activity through the day
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Locale of the Study

The study will be conducted in the vicinity of Tarlac National High School (TNHS) that

is located in San Roque, Tarlac City. This is because the school in the latter sentence is the

proximate and convenient location for the researchers to conduct study

Respondents of the Study

The study used respondents from TNHS and more specifically, the subjects were given

survey forms will be Senior High School students with a number not more than 30. The students

that were given forms were random but will still be in the grade and range of Senior High

School.

Materials of the Study

The study will use carabao ordure and coconut water as the main components of the

concoction. To distill the said concoction, an improvised steam distillation setup will be used.

This is composed of a stainless steel pot with metal wiring to tie in a bowl, which will serve as

the distillate’s collector. To complement the steam distillation’s condensation stage, ice will be

placed at the top of the setup. Finally, to ensure that other dirt and unwanted sediments keep out

the way, Filter paper will be used.

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Sampling Design

The study will use a Simple Random sampling design. Since all the random students will

be given the same set of samples and asked to answer the same survey provided by the

researchers. To justify, there will be no benefit to creating a system or pattern I selecting subjects

to answer the survey forms.

Data Gathering Instrument

The data was gathered by creating survey forms which will then be answered by the

chosen respondents. The created surveys will include questions pertaining to how much more

effective or ineffective is the researchers’ product compared to the commercially available ones

on the market. The questionnaires will not be simply yes or no questions but will apply degree

based questions (Strongly Agree, Strongly Disagree, etc.) in terms of how long the product lasts,

how the products color is, how the product smells, it’s strength and if it hurts the senses, etc.

One of the survey forms does not compare the product with another. It simply records an

approval rating of how much the subjects rate the said product.

Data Gathering Procedure

To start, the researchers need to have already created their survey forms along with their

biotic deodorizer, and have obtained two other samples of deodorizers. Next, samples will be

presented to the respondents and will each be handed a survey form, if both the respondents and
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the researchers’ teachers consent and give permission respectively. Lastly, the data will be

compiled and analyzed by the researchers.

Statistical Treatment/ Data Analysis

The researchers utilized a t-test statistical treatment to recognize the importance of the

survey and experiment’s result. The group of respondents would be opted to smell the sample of

the researcher’s product and the commercially available product to see the difference between

their fragrances.
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CHAPTER 4

RESULTS OF THE STUDY

The researchers utilized the Carabao feces as a biotic deodorizer. Animal feces such as

the cow’s is commonly used as a fertilizer, but to further push its possibilities in terms of

utilization, the researchers decided to make use of the water buffalo’s ordure into deodorizer

given that the specie of buffalo only consumes green plants which hypothetically should produce

an organic odor.

Two Group Posttest Only design was then applied in order to compare the researched

product and the commercially available product. The subjects were opted to smell the product

and rate the deodorizer through a questionnaire. To prove that the carabao ordure deodorizer is

better in terms of the given characteristics below than the commercial products, their difference

will be tested using One-way Analysis of Variance.

The subjects of the research (both from comparison and experimental groups) are

students of Tarlac National High School.

Findings of the Study

1. Potential of Carabao Manure as Biotic Deodorizer as to its Odor

The subjects of the research rated the biotic deodorizer as a whole from 1-10 and chose a

more preferable deodorizer (whether the researcher’s or commercial).

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Table 1. Ratings of subjects as to the odor.

7 8 8 9 8 9 6 8 6 6

8 7 7 7 1 7 5 6 7 -

Average Rating: 6.84

16 subjects preferred the researcher’s 3 subjects preferred the commercial deodorizer

deodorizer

2. Efficieny of Carabao Manure as Odor Deodorizer as to the following aspects:

2.1 Production Costs

Expenditures per 100mL bottle (in Php)

Transport
24 40
Buko
22
Spray Bottle

46 60 Ice
Diesel

Figure 3. Expenses in manufacturing the product

In manufacturing the biotic deodorizer, the researchers spent about Php 192 to produce 1

bottle of the product. The expenditures above do not include the equipment used as it can be

reused again for production. The carabao ordure is also not included since it is free due to its

owners not really having any benefit from it.

 24

2.2 Manufacturing Time

Preparation, mixing of ingredients, evaporation and condensation, filtration, and

distillation altogether took 60 minutes to create one 100mL bottle of the carabao biotic
deodorizer.

3. Effectivity of the Carabao Manure Odor Deodorizer Be Compared to the Commercially

Available Deodorizer

Table 2. Ratings of Subjects to its Effectivity as Odor Deodorizer

Subject Researcher’s Commercial 14 7 5

No. Product Product
15 5 2
1 9 5
16 4 2
2 8 4
17 8 5
3 6 8
18 8 10
4 6 5
19 5 2
5 8 6
Average 6.37 5.58
6 7 6

7 7 6

8 7 6

9 1 10

10 7 6

11 5 6

12 6 7

13 7 5
 25

The subjects rated both the researcher’s and the commercial products from 1 to 10 (1
being the lowest).

Ho : Odor rating researcher′s ≤ Odor rating commercial

Ha : Odor rating researcher′s > Odor rating commercial

Level of significance: 0.05

Statistical tests: t-test dependent samples

Formulas:

𝑑̅
𝑡=
𝑠𝑑 /√𝑛

𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1

𝑑 = ∑ 𝑥 /𝑛

∑(𝑑 − 𝑑̅ )2
𝑠𝑑 = √
𝑛−1

Critical Region: -2.101

Critical Region (shaded area)

𝑑̅
𝑡=
𝑠𝑑 /√𝑛

Given 𝑛 = 19, 𝑑̅ = 0.68, 𝑠𝑑 = 2.98

0.68
𝑡= = 0.968
2.98/√18
 26

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter shall present the summary of findings, conclusions, and

recommendations of the study which utilizes the carabao’s ordure as a biotic deodorizer.

Summary of Findings

1. Potential of Carabao Manure as Biotic Deodorizer as to its Odor

The results show the ratings of 19 subjects as to the odor of the researchers’

deodorizer. The mean rating of the subjects of the said product is 6.84. The rating

indicates that the odor is accepted as a good deodorizer.

2. Efficieny of Carabao Manure as Odor Deodorizer as to the following aspects:

2.1. Production Costs

The researchers’ expenses have been calculated to be about 192 Php to produce a

1 bottle of the product. The transportation fees and the gasoline used to make the product

are also within the said amount. The researchers excluded expenses that are not extremely

significant to producing the product.

2.2. Manufacturing Time

The process of manufacturing the product took about 60 minutes. This includes

the filtration after distillation.

 27

3. Effectivity of the Carabao Manure Odor Deodorizer Be Compared to the

Commercially Available Deodorizer

The data gathered from the researchers’ surveys of their subjects were compared

using the t-test statistical treatment. The results show that the researchers’ deodorizer has

a significant difference- with a t-value of 1.729. Therefore, the researchers state that the

carabao manure deodorizer is more effective than the commercial deodorizer.

Conclusion

The results show that the carabao manure deodorizer has a significant difference

compared to the commercially produced deodorizer. Therefore, the researchers’ conclude

that the product that they produced is effective and efficient as an alternative all-natural

biotic deodorizer that can be sold with an acceptable price with a passable quality with

herbal essence.

Recommendations

The researchers recommend that for future researches relating to, testing, and/or

verifying their study that they conduct a laboratory test for the produced product. The

researchers also recommend to follow a safe, clean, and organized process in making the

deodorizer.
 28

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