REVIEW

CHAPTER 2+3+4
May 2018
 CHAPTER 2
• The first law of thermodynamics:

ΔEint = Eint,f − Eint,i = Q − W

• Adiabatic processes: Q = 0 ⇒ ΔEint = −W

• Constant-volume (isochoric) processes: W = 0 ⇒ ΔEint = Q

• Cyclical processes: ΔEint = 0 ⇒ Q = W

 CHAPTER 2
• Work done by the gas:

• Expansion: W > 0

• Compression: W < 0

• Energy transferred as heat Q

• To the gas (receiving): Q > 0

• From the gas (releasing): Q < 0

 CHAPTER 3
• Avogadro’s Number: NA
m
• Number of moles: n =
M

• Ideal gas law: pV = nRT or pV = NkT

p (Pa); V (m3); n: number of moles of gas; N: number of
molecules; k = 1.38 × 10-23 J K-1; R = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1; T (K)
 CHAPTER 3
• Calculate work done by the gas:

Vf
W = � pdV
Vi

• Isochoric (V = constant): W = 0

• Isobaric (p = constant): W = p(Vf – Vi)

Vf
• Isothermal (T = constant): W = nRTln
Vi
 CHAPTER 3
nMv2rms
• Pressure of an ideal gas: p =
3V

3RT
• Root-mean-square speed: vrms =
M

3
�
• Translational kinetic energy: K = kT (of a single
2

molecule)
 CHAPTER 3
1 kT
• Mean free path: λ = N =
2πd2 V 2πd2 p

λ
• Mean free time (average time between collisions): t =
v

• Calculate 3 types of speeds:

3RT
• RMS speed: vrms =
M

8RT
• Average speed: v� =
πM

2RT
• The most probable speed: vP =
M
 CHAPTER 3
3
• Internal energy of monatomic gas: ΔEint = nRΔT
2

• At constant volume: Q = nCV ΔT

• At constant pressure: Q = nCp ΔT

f
CV = R
2
Cp = CV + R
 CHAPTER 3
• Adiabatic expansion: Q = 0
• pV γ = constant
• TV γ−1 = constant

Cp
•γ=
CV

• Free expansion: ΔEint = Q = W = 0 ⇒ Ti = Tf

 CHAPTER 4
• Entropy: S (J/K)
f dQ
• Change in entropy: ΔS = Sf − Si = ∫i T ≥0
Method: Replace irreversible process with any reversible process that
has the same initial and final states. Calculate ΔS for each process
and make a sum to compute total change in entropy.

• Free expansion: dQ = 0 but dS > 0 (irreversible)

• Adiabatic process: dQ = 0 and dS = 0 (reversible)

Vf Tf
• State function: ΔS = nRln + nCV ln
Vi Ti
 CHAPTER 4
f dQ
• ΔS = Sf − Si = ∫i T ≥0
Temperature change: Q = cmΔT
f f
dQ cmdT Tf
ΔS = � =� = cmln
i T i T Ti
Phase change: Q = LFm or Q = LVm
f
dQ Q Lm
ΔS = � = =
i T T T
Free expansion (treated as isothermal process): Ti = Tf
f
dQ Q
ΔS = � =
i T T
Vf Vf
Q = W = nRTln ⇒ ΔS = nRln
Vi Vi
 SAMPLE
QUESTIONS
A gas undergoes the cyclic process as shown in
Figure 1. The net heat absorbed during the complete
cycle is 1030 J. Find the work done by the gas for the
process c to a.

June 2013

Figure 1.
An ideal monatomic gas is taken from state A to state
B along the straight line path as shown in Figure 1.
What is the change in the internal energy of the gas
for this process?
February 2012

Figure 1.
Calculate the average translational kinetic energy of
one mole of oxygen in a volume of 1.0 m3 at a
pressure of 2.6 × 103 Pa.

June 2014
One mole of a monatomic ideal gas with an RMS
speed of 485 m/s is contained in a box that has a
volume of 0.16 m3. Determine the gas pressure if the
molar mass of the gas is 0.032 kg mol-1.
January 2015
The RMS speed of the molecules of a gas increases
from 400 m/s to 490 m/s if the temperature of the
gas is increased by 103 K. Determine the molar mass
of the gas, in g/mol (R = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1).
January 2016
An ideal gas (γ = 1.40) expands slowly and
adiabatically. If the final temperature is one third the
initial temperature, by what factor does the volume
change?
January 2014
Three moles of an ideal gas undergo a free
expansion from an initial volume of 6 L to 10 L. Find
the change in entropy of the gas.

January 2018
A student immerses one end of a copper rod in
boiling water at 100°C and the other end in an ice-
water mixture at 0°C. The sides of the rod are
insulated. After steady-state conditions have been
achieved in the rod, 0.160 kg of ice melts in a certain
time interval. For water, latent heat is 3.34 × 105
J/kg. For this time interval, find:
(a) the entropy change of the boiling water;
(b) the total entropy change of the entire system.
March 2010
A 100-g block of ice at -5°C is placed in 300-g of
liquid water at 100°C.
(a) Calculate the total change in entropy of the ice
and the liquid water. (ΔS = ΔSice + ΔSwater)
(b) Explain the physical meaning of the result.
(cw = 4190 J kg-1 K-1; cice = 2220 J kg-1 K-1; LF = 333 kJ
kg-1)
(Hint: Determine the final temperature of the
mixture of the ice and the liquid water, then
calculate the change in entropy of the ice and the
liquid water)
January 2017