CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale of the Study

Dynamo is a device that makes direct current electric power using

electromagnetism. It is also known as a generator, however the term generator

normally refers to an "alternator" which creates alternating current power. Dynamos

and generators work using the wild complex phenomena of electromagnetism.

Understanding the behaviour of electromagnetism, its fields and its effects is a large

subject of study. We will keep things simple to help introduce you to the interesting

subject of power generation.

According to Bert Markgraf (2018) “While an increasing amount of electricity

is produced by solar panels and a small amount is obtained from batteries, most

electricity comes from generators that use magnetic fields to create electricity. These

generators are made up of coils of wire that are either rotated through magnetic fields

or are stationary around a shaft with rotating magnets. In either case, the coils of wire

are exposed to changing magnetic fields created by the magnets. The magnets can

be permanent or electric magnets. Permanent magnets are mainly used in small

generators, and they have the advantage that they don't need a power supply.

Electric magnets are iron or steel wound with wire. When electricity passes through

the wire, the metal becomes magnetic and creates a magnetic field.”

In the Philippines, people keep using electricity. Most people complained of

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high electricity bill. This is the reason why the researchers come up to invent a

magnet as an alternative power source, through this people will reduce the use of

electricity. This will help them financially because their electricity bill will become less.

The main objective of this project is to create alternative ways to produce

electricity without using outlets or any source of energy. It is done by using magnet

and a small asynchronous motor. The researchers want to find a way to produce free

electric energy for charging cellular phones and for other uses that can help the

environment. They want to find out the effectiveness of the dynamo as an alternative

source that generates energy in a cheaper way.

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 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

An Electric generator tranforms mechanical energy by using the interaction of

magnetic fields with current-carrying conductors. The phenomenon of electromagnetic

induction discovered by M. Faraday is actually the basis of electric current generator.

The theory of Michael Faraday which is the theory of Electricity he said that “ the

reverse process is used in electric motors where electrical energy is transformed into

mechanical energy. Since both generators and motors rely on the same principle, an

electrical machine can be designed to operate as generator or motor according to our

needs”. Theory of Electricity(Faraday, 1832)

The theory discussed above is very much connected to our study which is the

Eco-Friendly Cellphone Charger since our study covers the role of electricity as a

means of converting energy from the battery to the energy receiver which is the mobile

phone. In order to make use of the phone charger it really needs source of energy that

can able to convert effectively to the device. Furthermore, this process could then

augment or completely replace reliance on batteries acquire electricity to make it

efficient.

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 Republic Act (RA) 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of

2000, Chapter 6 provides comprehensive list of prohibited acts including littering,

throwing, dumping of waste matters in public places; undertaking activities in violation

of sanitation operation; open burning of solid waste; causing non-segregated waste;

squatting in open dumps and landfills; open dumping, burying of biodegradable

materials in flood-prone areas; unauthorized removal of recyclable material with other

solid waste; establishment or operation of open-dumps; manufacturing, distributing,

using, importing consumer products that are non-environmentally friendly materials;

importing toxic wastes mispresented as “recyclable” or “with recyclable content”;

transporting and dumping bulk in areas other than facility centers; site preparation,

construction, expansion or operation of waste management facilities without an

Environmental Compliance Certificate and not conforming with the land use plan of

LGU’s; construction of establishment within 200 meters from dump sites or sanitary

landfills; and operation of waste disposal facility on any aquifer, groundwater reservoir

or watershed area.

The Republic Act (RA) 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of

2000 is somehow related to our study because it can help in conserving the

environment by not using made up materials, but instead by using recycled materials

to minimize pollution to our environment.

According to the study of Weijian Tu entitled A Study on Wireless Charging for

Prolonging the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks. In this paper, we explore how to

charge sensor nodes through a MC in a wireless rechargeable sensor network to

prolong the network lifetime. Since our MC has limited energy, we theoretically

4
analyze the size of the network that a single MC can serve. We propose a charging

scheme called IPCTS under a given network size to deal with the problem of charging

sequence and the charging time. For the charge sequence problem, we plan the

charging path as a classic TSP problem. For the charging time problem, we guarantee

that the remaining energy of sensor node is greater than a given threshold at any time

and transformed it into an optimization problem. The simulation experiments show that

our charging scheme can significantly prolong the network lifetime.

It is connected to our study because it is built and used for the mobile phone to

be charged without harming the environment. It is an Eco-Friendly charger it can

benefit humans and the environment. People won’t have to worry about where to find

a charging outlet that could harm the environment by using electricity. We used this as

a guideline for our study, in order to help not just the human beings but also our

nature. We can use this study as the preference for our study so that as we recycled

materials, we are also reducing the pollution in our world as we create an alternative to

electricity.

During any energy conversion there will be losses in going from one form to

another. The magnitude of those losses is what dictates the practicality of any type of

wireless charging. Magnetic or inductive charging, in particular has been effectively

used for some time to power various kinds of biomedical implants. Presently it is the

safest enduring methods to accomplish the job of transferring power to the inside of

the body. In these systems, oscillating current in an external coil of wire generates a

charging magnetic field which induces a voltage inside an implanted coil. The current

5
resultant from this voltage can charge a battery or power the device directly.While a

moving magnet might just a well be used to external generate the field, an external coil

is simply more practical. Apple has just field a patent for hardware which could make

the shake to charge concept a reality, at least in theory. They claim a unique design

incorporating internal moveable magnets, and a flat printed circuit board coil. Current

chip efficies will however preclude practical implementation of this scheme for some

time. Many smartphone users will be wondering whether their near field

communication (NFC) chip can be used to harvest power from a dedicated external

source, or perhaps an ambient electromagnetic source like WIFI. In theory it is

possible such systems are on the market already, however not NFC chip would be up

to the task. To achieve maximum efficiency, the system should be optimized for a use

at a particular separation distance, angle of incidence, phase, and frequency such that

it is in a resonant condition.

A motor turns electrical energy into motion. A motor is made from a magnet with

a wire trapped around it. Electricity moving through the wires spins the magnet around.

Electric motors use two different types of electricity to run. The kind of electricity that

flows into houses through the plug on the wall is most likely alternating current or AC.

The other type of electricity is called direct current or DC. DC motors are found in

many places as well. Some motors are especially designed to run on either type of

electricity. (Microsoft Encarta)

An electric circuit consist of a source of energy a load or resistance wires of

conductors and a switch for a continous flow of electrons.

6
There must be a complete circuit with no gaps. A gap is usually provided by an

electrical switch that can be opened or closed to either cut off or allow electrons to

flow. (Ferrer, 2010)

A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy,

generally using electromagnetic induction. The reverse conversion of electrical energy

into mechanical energy is done by a motor. An electric generator or electric motor that

uses field coils rather than permanent magnets will require a current flow to be present

in the field coils for the device to be able to work. In the event of a severe widespread

severe outage where islanding of power stations has occurred, the stations may need

to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators, in order to

restore customer power service. (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

A generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. The French

scientist Hyppolyte Pixii was created for having made the first electric generator in

1832. A simple alternating current generator or AC generator consist of the following

parts: Armature, two slip rings, an electromagnet or permanent magnet to provide the

magnetic field and two brushes. (Silverio,2004)

According to Bert Markgraf (2018) “While an increasing amount of electricity is

produced by dynamo and a small amount is obtained from batteries, most electricity

comes from generators that use magnetic fields to create electricity. These generators

are made up of coils of wire that are either rotated through magnetic fields or are

stationary around a shaft with rotating magnets. In either case, the coils of wire are

exposed to changing magnetic fields created by the magnets.

7
The magnets can be permanent or electric magnets. Permanent magnets are mainly

used in small generators, and they have the advantage that they don't need a power

supply. Electric magnets are iron or steel wound with wire. When electricity passes

through the wire, the metal becomes magnetic and creates a magnetic field.”

8
 THE PROBLEM

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of this research is to develop an Eco-Friendly cell phone charger for

the benefit of the community. At this stage in the research, the effectiveness of the

eco-friendly cell phone charger will be determined. This study investigates how

effective the dynamo can generate electricity compared to the direct electricity. The

researcher also studies how they use coping strategies and resources to respond to

the given questions.

1. What kind of effectiveness does dynamo do in producing electricity?

2. How effective is the commercial charger?

3. Is there a significant difference between the eco-friendly charger and

commercial charger?

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NULL HYPOTHESIS

Is there a significant difference between the eco-friendly charger and

commercial charger? Eco-Friendly cellphone charger and the commercial charger had

a significant difference like the materials used in the study. The source of its energy or

electricity is different. The eco-friendly cellphone is helpful to the environment by not

using the powerplant most people use today in generating electricity. Meanwhile the

commercial charger uses the electricity from the powerplant through sockets.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This study focuses on how to develop an eco-friendly cellphone charger for the

benefit of the community. The data collection will be formed from the 25 % of the

grade 11 STEM students in Holy Name University in the school year of 2018-2019.

This study will not cover the factors that are not considered as related to the study

about the eco-friendly cellphone charger. The students which do not fall as part of the

25 % of the Grade 11- stem students are not within the scope of this research. The

study will be done through the utilization of questionnaires to the students as a survey

and reference. By this strategy, the researchers will be able to know how effective this

eco-friendly cellphone charger is.

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 Research Methodology

Research Design

To provide and gather as much informative and relative evaluation, true

experimental method is used. This method includes the use of questionnaire and

comparison of significant difference and similarities. The researchers compared the

commercial product with their product and indicate its relation and significant

differences. The researchers aimed to study the relations of the Eco Friendly Cell

phone Charger with most of the commercial chargers commonly used today.

Research Environment

The study will be conducted at Holy Name University since the chosen

respondents are students in the university. The researchers assume that it will be an

advantage for them, considering the fact that Holy Name University is a private, co-

educational school run by the Divine Word Missionaries (SVD) and a Philippine

Accredited Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities (PAASCU) level II

accredited university. The researchers also believed that the chosen locale will not

complicate nor disrupt their study for it has found out that the university has an

excellent background in terms of values, instruction and education. Furthermore, the

Commission on Higher Education (CHED) acknowledges the university’s contribution

in the growth and prominence tertiary education in the Asia Pacific. Ultimately, the said

university is the premiere catholic university in the province of Bohol.

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Research Participants

The participants in this study are the grade 11- STEM students of Holy Name

University. The researchers specifically chose the STEM students because the study

is related to engineering. The individuals in the strand have the background of the

engineering subject.

The sampling technique used in this study is convenience sampling. The

researchers chose this technique because of their convenient accessibility and

proximity. There are 8 sections in the grade 11-STEM of Holy Name University and the

researcher will randomly give the questionnaires to 5 males and 5 females to each

sections in grade 11- STEM. The basis of the researchers selection of the respondents

is the number of students per room and their perspective of the subject science and

engineering.

STEM SECTIONS MALE FEMALE

11-STEM A 5 5
11-STEM B 5 5
11-STEM C 5 5
11-STEM D 5 5
11 STEM E 5 5
11-STEM F 5 5
11-STEM G 5 5
11-STEM H 5 5
TOTAL: 40 40

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Research Instrument

The instrument used in the study is the researcher-made questionnaires in the

gathering of data for the performance of the eco-friendly cell phone charger. It was

made with the method of likert scale where the participants are already given the

choices of their responses. The questions were based on the information gathered to

provide a meaningful data analysis. The researchers consulted an engineer to check

the content of the validity of the study and also referred to their research adviser’s help

for the face validity of the researchers study. The researchers submitted a transmittal

letter to the school principal of HNU to get the permission to conduct a study on the

performance of the eco-friendly cell phone charger. It was pre-tested to twenty

participants and the results of their responses was analysed by a statistician as a

result 65% of the study have approved the performance of the eco-friendly charger.

The questionnaires were made in such a way that research participants will not have a

hard time analysing the items but simply check their responses for the reliability of the

researchers study.

Gathering of Data

In the process of conducting the study, the researchers will ask permission to

the principal through a letter that he will sign in order for the researchers to conduct

the survey. The research solicits the support of the grade 11-STEM PR (Practical

Research) Teacher, this study collects data through the use of the researcher made

questionnaires. The researchers will conduct a survey using convenience sampling to

the students of grade 11-STEM. The researchers will chose 5 boys and 5 girls in each

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section of grade 11-STEM to answer the survey. The questionnaires were distributed

with the guidelines and instructions clearly. Moreover, they were encourage to ask

questions if there are any items said in the questionnaires that are not clear to them.

The researchers will ask the respondents to answer the survey sincerely to get

the possible outcomes that is needed for the study. Then after, the result of the survey

is calculated by the PR teacher so as to have valid and reliable information. The data

will be tailed, analysed and interpreted according to the specific problems set forth.

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Definition of Terms

The following terms have been defined operationally the purpose of providing the

readers a common understanding about the contents of this paper.

1. Eco - Friendly Cell phone Charger- Refers to our product that benefits human

also the environment by reducing pollution in terms of saving electricity.

2. Modified Dynamo – compared to traditional dynamos, the dynamo used in our

products is made out of recycled materials and is proven to deliver better

performance

3. Modified Wire- Electrical wires that are made of recycled metals.

4. Electricity – refers to the one moving through the wires and spins around the

magnet.

5. Alternator – refers to the other name for generator.

Eco-Friendly- Refers to the energy efficiency and lesser synthetic material used by a

certain product.

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 Bibliography

Michael Faraday (1832) “Theory of Electricity”

https://www.brighthubengineering.com/power-generation-distribution/125554-
electricity-and-electromagnetism-theory-and-applications/
Weijan Tu “A study on wireless charging for prolonging the lifetime of wireless sensor
networks”
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5539798/
Republic Act (RA) 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=153&print=1
Bert Markgraf (2018) “How Are Magnets Used to Generate Electricity?”
https://sciencing.com/magnets-used-generate-electricity-6665499.html
Silverio (2004) “A generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy…”
https://prezi.com/wxmrfsuhkxut/the-use-of-dynamo-as-an-alternative-source-of-
energy-using-c/
Microsoft Encarta “A motor turns electrical energy into motion…”
https://study.com/academy/lesson/electric-motors-generators-converting-
between-electrical-and-chemical-energy.html
Ferrer (2010) “An electric circuit consist of a source of energy a load or resistance
wires of conductors and a switch for a continuous flow of electrons”
www.uplifteducation.org/cms/lib01/TX01001293/.../273/4.%20CURRENT-IB.ppt
Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia “ A generator is a device that converts mechanical
energy to electrical energy…”
https://www.extremetech.com/electronics/137729-how-wireless-charging-works

16
 ECO-FRIENDLY CELLPHONE CHARGER

An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to The Faculty of Senior High School
Holy Name University
Tagbilaran City

In Partial Fulfillment
Of The
Practical Research 2

By:
Agas, Francis Erwin Fuertes, Cielo Patrice
Apale, Jotham Michael Mejoy, Jane Marriane
Rebosura, Jypsy Regalado, Kristelle Joy
Talucod, Conrad Kit Sarmiento, Ria Paula
Torres, Nathanael

i
 DEDICATION

To our beloved parents

For all those times they shared our hopes, aspiration and dreams as if they were their

very own. For all those continuing sacrifices understanding and struggles in supporting

our financial problems.

To our brothers and sisters, relatives and friends,

For their encouragement which served as our own beacon of light for the fulfillment of

our academic achievements. For their unselfish love and support, tenderness and

understanding

Above all, to our Almighty God

Our Shelter, comfort and consolation in times of great trials. For the graces, blessings

and enlightenment.,

We humbly dedicate this simple piece of work.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

With grateful recognition and heartfelt appreciation, the researchers of this

study, would like to express our gratitude to the following people who, in one way or

another, have contributed and supported for the success of our research study.

Mr. Ace P. Uy, our Practical Research 2 Teacher, for his time, effort and above

all patience, in imparting and sharing his knowledge in the conduct of a quantitative

research and also for not giving up on us throughout this journey.

Our fellow researchers, who intensively spent their time and effort intended for

the success of this study and their perseverance to complete this piece of work.

Our beloved parents, who have given us, full guidance and support, both

financial and emotional, which became great contributions for the completion of this

work.

iii
 Table of Contents

Page

Title Page…………………………………………………………………………. i

Dedication………………………………………………………………………… ii

Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………. iii

Chapter 1

The Problem and its Scope…………………………………………………… 1

Rationale…………………………………………………………………….. 1-2

Theoretical Background of the Study…………………………………….. 3-8

The Problem…………………………………………………………………….. 9

Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………. 9

Null Hypothesis…………………………………………………………….. 10

Scope and Limitations of the Study……………………………………… 10

Research Methodology………………………………………………………. 11

Research Environment……………………………………………………. 11

Research Participants…………………………………………………….. 12

Research Instruments…………………………………………………….. 13

Research Procedures…………………………………………………….13-14

Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………… 15

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………16