Engineering Electromagnetics

Chapter 0
Introduction

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302

 Engineering Electromagnetics

What is Electromagnetics?

Electric field
Produced by the presence of
electrically charged particles,
and gives rise to the electric
force.

Magnetic field
Produced by the motion of
electric charges, or electric
current, and gives rise to the
magnetic force associated
with magnets.
Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302
 Engineering Electromagnetics

What is Electromagnetics?

 An electromagnetic field
is generated when charged
particles, such as electrons,
are accelerated.
 All electrically charged
particles are surrounded by
electric fields.
 Charged particles in motion
produce magnetic fields.
 When the velocity of a
charged particle changes,
an electromagnetic field is
produced.

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302

 Engineering Electromagnetics

Why do we learn Engineering Electromagnetics?

 EEM is the study of the underlying laws that govern the
manipulation of electricity and magnetism, and how we use
these laws to our advantage.
 EEM is the source of fundamental principles behind many
branches of electrical engineering, and indirectly impacts many
other branches.
 EM fields and forces are the basis of modern electrical
systems. It represents an essential and fundamental
background that underlies future advances in modern
communications, computer systems, digital electronics, signal
processing, and energy systems.

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302

 Engineering Electromagnetics

Why do we learn Engineering Electromagnetics?

 Electric and magnetic field exist nearly everywhere.

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302

 Engineering Electromagnetics

Applications
 Electromagnetic principles find application in various disciplines
such as microwaves, x-rays, antennas, electric machines,
plasmas, etc.

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302

 Engineering Electromagnetics

Applications
 Electromagnetic fields are used in induction heaters for melting,
forging, annealing, surface hardening, and soldering operation.
 Electromagnetic devices include transformers, radio, television,
mobile phones, radars, lasers, etc.

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302

 Engineering Electromagnetics

Applications

Transrapid Train

• A magnetic traveling field moves the

vehicle without contact.
• The speed can be continuously
regulated by varying the frequency of
the alternating current.

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302


AGM-88E Anti-Radiation
Guided Missile
• Able to guide itself to destroy a
radar using the signal transmitted
by the radar.
• Destroy radar and intimidate its
operators, creates hole in enemy
defense.
• Unit cost US$ 284,000 – US$
870,000.
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Engineering Electromagnetics
Applications
E-bomb (Electromagnetic-
pulse bomb)
• Designed to attack people’s
dependency on electricity.
• Instead of cutting off power in an
area, an e-bomb would destroy
most machines that use
electricity.
• Generators, cars,
telecommunications would be
non operable.
Rommel Anacan ECE302
 Engineering Electromagnetics

Chapter 1
Vector Analysis

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302

 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

Scalars and Vectors

 Scalar refers to a quantity whose value may be represented by
a single (positive or negative) real number.
 Some examples include distance, temperature, mass, density,
pressure, volume, and time.

 A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a direction in

space. We especially concerned with two- and three-
dimensional spaces only.
 Displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force are examples of
vectors.

• Scalar notation: A or A (italic or plain)

→
• Vector notation: A or A (bold or plain with arrow)

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302

 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

Vector Algebra

AB BA

A  (B + C)  ( A  B) + C

A  B  A  ( B )
A 1
 A
n n
AB  0  A  B

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302

 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

Rectangular Coordinate System

• Differential surface units:
dx  dy
dy  dz
dx  dz

• Differential volume unit :

dx  dy  dz

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302

 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

Vector Components and Unit Vectors

R PQ ?

r  xyz
r  xa x  ya y  za z
a x , a y , a z : unit vectors
R PQ  rQ  rP
 (2a x  2a y  a z )  (1a x  2a y  3a z )
 a x  4a y  2a z

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302

 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

Vector Components and Unit Vectors

 For any vector B, B  Bxa x  By a y + Bz a z :

B  Bx2  By2  Bz2  B Magnitude of B

B B
aB   Unit vector in the direction of B
Bx2  By2  Bz2 B

 Example
Given points M(–1,2,1) and N(3,–3,0), find RMN and aMN.
R MN  (3a x  3a y  0a z )  (1a x  2a y  1a z )  4a x  5a y  a z
R MN 4a x  5a y  1a z
a MN    0.617a x  0.772a y  0.154a z
R MN 4  (5)  (1)
2 2 2

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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Dot Product

 Given two vectors A and B, the dot product, or scalar product,
is defines as the product of the magnitude of A, the magnitude
of B, and the cosine of the smaller angle between them:
A  B  A B cos  AB

 The dot product is a scalar, and it obeys the commutative law:

A B  BA

 For any vector A  Axa x  Aya y + Az a z and B  Bxa x  By a y + Bz a z ,

A  B  Ax Bx  Ay By + Az Bz

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302

 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Dot Product

 One of the most important applications of the dot product is that
of finding the component of a vector in a given direction.

• The scalar component of B in the direction

of the unit vector a is Ba
• The vector component of B in the direction
of the unit vector a is (Ba)a

B  a  B a cos  Ba  B cos  Ba

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302

 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Dot Product

 Example
The three vertices of a triangle are located at A(6,–1,2),
B(–2,3,–4), and C(–3,1,5). Find: (a) RAB; (b) RAC; (c) the angle
θBAC at vertex A; (d) the vector projection of RAB on RAC.
B
R AB  (2a x  3a y  4a z )  (6a x  a y  2a z )  8a x  4a y  6a z

R AC  (3a x  1a y  5a z )  (6a x  a y  2a z )  9a x  2a y  3a z

 BAC
C
R AB  R AC  R AB R AC cos  BAC A

R R (8a x  4a y  6a z )  (9a x  2a y  3a z ) 62
 cos  BAC  AB AC    0.594
R AB R AC (8)  (4)  (6)
2 2 2
(9)  (2)  (3)
2 2 2
116 94

  BAC  cos1 (0.594)  53.56

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302

 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Dot Product

 Example
The three vertices of a triangle are located at A(6,–1,2),
B(–2,3,–4), and C(–3,1,5). Find: (a) RAB; (b) RAC; (c) the angle
θBAC at vertex A; (d) the vector projection of RAB on RAC.

R AB on R AC   R AB  a AC  a AC
 
(9a x  2a y  3a z )  (9a x  2a y  3a z )
  (8a x  4a y  6a z ) 
 (9) 2  (2) 2  (3) 2  (9)  (2)  (3)
2 2 2
 
62 (9a x  2a y  3a z )

94 94
 5.963a x  1.319a y  1.979a z

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302

 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Cross Product

 Given two vectors A and B, the magnitude of the cross product,
or vector product, written as AB, is defines as the product of
the magnitude of A, the magnitude of B, and the sine of the
smaller angle between them.
 The direction of AB is perpendicular to the plane containing A
and B and is in the direction of advance of a right-handed
screw as A is turned into B.
A  B  a N A B sin  AB ax  a y  az
a y  az  ax
 The cross product is a vector, and it is az  ax  a y
not commutative:
(B  A )  ( A  B )

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302

 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Cross Product

 Example
Given A = 2ax–3ay+az and B = –4ax–2ay+5az, find AB.

A  B  ( Ay Bz  Az By )a x  ( Az Bx  Ax Bz )a y  ( Ax By  Ay Bx )a z
  (3)(5)  (1)(2)  a x   (1)(4)  (2)(5)  a y   (2)(2)  (3)(4)  a z
 13a x  14a y  16a z

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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Cylindrical Coordinate System

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302

 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Cylindrical Coordinate System

• Differential surface units: • Relation between the

d   dz rectangular and the cylindrical
coordinate systems
 d  dz
d    d x    cos    x2  y 2
1 y
• Differential volume unit : y    sin    tan
x
d    d  dz zz zz

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302

 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Cylindrical Coordinate System

?
A  Ax a x  Ay a y + Az a z  A  A a   A a + Az a z
az az
A  A  a 
 ( Axa x  Ay a y + Az a z )  a 
a
 Axa x  a   Ay a y  a  + Az a z  a 
ay  Ax cos   Ay sin 
a
ax A  A  a
 ( Axa x  Ay a y + Az a z )  a
• Dot products of unit vectors in  Axa x  a  Ay a y  a + Az a z  a
cylindrical and rectangular
coordinate systems
  Ax sin   Ay cos 

Az  A  a z
 ( Axa x  Ay a y + Az a z )  a z
 Axa x  a z  Ay a y  a z + Az a z  a z
 Az
Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302
 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Spherical Coordinate System

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302

 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Spherical Coordinate System

• Differential surface units:

dr  rd
dr  r sin  d
rd  r sin  d
• Differential volume unit :
dr  rd  r sin  d
Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302
 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Spherical Coordinate System

• Relation between the rectangular and
the spherical coordinate systems

x  r sin  cos  r  x2  y 2  z 2 , r  0
z
y  r sin  sin    cos 1
, 0    180
x y z
2 2 2

y
z  r cos    tan 1

• Dot products of unit vectors in spherical and

rectangular coordinate systems

Technological Institute of the Philippines Rommel Anacan ECE302

 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Spherical Coordinate System

 Example
Given the two points, C(–3,2,1) and D(r = 5, θ = 20°, Φ = –70°),
find: (a) the spherical coordinates of C; (b) the rectangular
coordinates of D.

r  x 2  y 2  z 2  (3) 2  (2) 2  (1) 2  3.742

z 1
  cos 1
 cos 1
 74.50
x y z
2 2 2 3.742

y 2
  tan 1  tan 1  33.69  180  146.31
x 3
 C (r  3.742,  74.50,   146.31)

 D( x  0.585, y  1.607, z  4.698)

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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

Homework 1
 D1.4.
 D1.6.
 D1.8. All homework problems from Hayt and Buck, 7th Edition.

 Due: Monday, 15 April 2013.

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