According to the researchers C. M. Sathya Priya, S. Archana, A. Bichu Albert, A. D.

Deeraj , with
development in the fiber content, the free swell index value of reinforced soil declines to zero at 1% of
fiber. Due to increase in the fiber content, the liquid boundary of reinforced soil increases due to the
auxiliary of soil grains by fiber. The concentrated dry density of the soil increases with the accumulation
of fiber content up to 1% of fiber and then declines with the accumulation of 1.5% fiber. This is due to
the circumstance that the dry unit weight of fiber is more than that of the soil. In view of growth in the
fiber content, the UCC values of reinforced soil surges up to 1% fiber and declines with the accumulation
of 1.5 % fiber. From this examination, it is clearly shown that the free swell index value of the reinforced
soil lessened radically which means that the soil is not exposed to any volumetric changes with the
accumulation of fiber. Hence accumulation of 1% of stabilizer was taken as the finest percentage of PP
fiber for stabilizing the soil. Also the strength of the clayey soil was enhanced due to fiber accumulation
and can be determined that PP fiber can be used efficiently for the stabilization of clayey soil.
(Stabilization of Clayey Soil using Polypropylene Fiber, C. M. Sathya Priya, S. Archana, A. Bichu Albert,
A. D. Deeraj (April 2017), International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology)

According to S.K. Singh, the raw material of polypropylene is derived from monomeric C3H6
which is only hydrocarbon. Its approach of polymerization, its high molecular weight and the method
it is administered into fibers conglomerate to give polypropylene fibers very beneficial properties as
explained:

1.There is a sterically regular atomic procedure in the polymer molecule and great crystallinity. Due to
even structure, it is known as isotactic polypropylene.

2.Chemical dryness makes the fibers resilient to most chemicals. Any chemical that will not dose the
concrete constituents will have no consequence on the fiber either. On exchange with more
aggressive chemicals, the concrete will always depreciate first.

3.The hydrophobic surface not being damp by cement paste helps to avoid split fibers from balling
effect during mixture like other fibers.

4.The water demand is nil for polypropylene fibers.

5.The positioning leaves the film fragile in the lateral course which facilitates fibrillations. The cement
matrix can therefore infiltrate in the mesh structure between the specific fibrils and create a
mechanical union between matrix and fiber.

The fibers are contrived either by the carting wire procedure with circular cross section or by
extruding the plastic film with quadrangular cross-section. They seem either as fibrillated rolls, mono
filament or microfilaments. The fibrillated polypropylene fibers are molded by expansion of a plastic
film, which is parted into strips and then slit. The fiber bundles are cut into quantified lengths and
fibrillated. In monofilament fibers, the accumulation of buttons at the ends of the fiber surges the pull
out load. Further, the maximum load and stress transmission could also be completed by twisting
fibers. (Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Concrete : An Overview, S. K. Singh (December 2011), Central
Building Research Institute)

According to Babafemi, A.J., Šavija, B., Suvash, C.P. & Anggraini, V., it is expected that the
auxiliary of natural aggregates with waste plastic aggregates will affect the flexural, tensile, and fracture
properties of concrete. The study reports a steady shrinkage of flexural tensile strength with cumulative
proportion of waste plastic aggregates. A steady reduction in the flexural strength of PVC diverse
concrete was testified as the percentages of PVC content improved from 2.5% to 20%. At 120 days of
testing, about 19% and 96% lower flexural strength were observed for concrete with 2.5% and 20% PVC,
correspondingly, when associated with the control mixture. The study further exposed that for concrete
samples having 20% of PVC, the surface quality was reduced. The concrete sample surface crushed with
higher content of PVC as a result of poor strength. It also testified a drop in flexural/bending strength.
The eventual splitting and flexural strength of concrete steadily lessened as the replacement level of the
PVC powder increased in concrete. This was mostly accredited to the same factors causing a decrease in
compressive strength with waste aggregate plastic accumulation, mainly the poor bond between the
aggregates and the cement matrix. After reaching the decisive strength, most plastic particles in the
concrete conditions do not fail but are debonded from the cement paste, which is supplementary
evidence of the week bond. (Properties of Concrete with Waste Recycled Plastic: A Review, Babafemi,
A.J., Šavija, B., Suvash, C.P. & Anggraini, V.(2002), Review Engineering)

According to A. S. Soğancı ,the optimal moisture content does not display a significant change by
accumulation of polypropylene fiber whereas extreme dry density reduces as fiber content surges in
compaction tests. This can be described by the lessening of average unit weight of solids in the
combination of soil and fiber. The addition of fiber within unreinforced and reinforced soil caused a
surge in the unconfined compressive strength of expansive soil. Increasing fiber content had improved
the peak axial stress and lessened the loss of post-peak strength. For example, released compression
strength improved from 202 MPa to 285 MPa for samples reinforced with 1% fiber. The fiber reinforced
soil displays more malleable behaviour than unreinforced soil. Swell percentage was reduced as the
fiber augmented. One dimensional swell decreased significantly with 1% fiber addition. For example it
reduced from 11,60% for unreinforced samples to about 5,3% for reinforced examples with 1% fiber.
The stabilization method with polypropylene fiber is a very beneficial method for ground development.
It can be used very simply than the other stabilization approaches in many fields of geotechnical
engineering. (The Effect of Polypropylene Fiber in the Stabilization of Expansive Soils, A. S. Soğancı
(2015), World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology)

According to researchers Nangia, A., Nigam, S., Kumar, D.,& Tiwari, S., a valuation of the behaviour of
soil mass using casually distributed PP fibre is made to develop the stability and safe operational of
structures through a series released compression strength test, and Shear strength tests. Shearing
stresses are prompted in the soil through loaded structural members of building and when these
stresses reach their limiting assessment, deformation starts which indicates to failure of the soil mass.
The shear strength of a soil is its conflict to the deformation caused by the shear stresses acting on the
laden soil. The shear strength of a soil is one of the most significant characteristics. The shear resistance
presented is made up of three parts: The structural resistance to the soil movement caused due to the
soil particles getting interconnected; the frictional resistance at the interaction point of particles, and
Cohesion / adhesion between the faces of particles. In case of cohesion fewer soils, the shear strength is
entirely reliant on upon the frictional opposition, while in others it comes from the internal resistance as
well as the cohesion. There are several tests which are used to regulate shear strength such as Direct
Shear Test (DST) or UCS etc. (Effect of Polypropylene Fibre on the Strength Characteristics of the Soils
along the Yamuna River Bank in Delhi City, Nangia, A., Nigam, S., Kumar, D.,& Tiwari, S. (May 2015),
International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research)