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International Journal of Modelling and Simulation

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A numerical method of calculation of total stress in

reinforced plates with pressurized hole
a a b
Saeed Daryazadeh , Gennadi I. Lvov & Seyed Rahim Kiahosseini
a
Department of engineering physics, National Technical University, Kharkiv Polytechnic
Institute, Kharkiv, Ukraine
b
Department of Engineering, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
Published online: 20 Aug 2015.

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of total stress in reinforced plates with pressurized hole, International Journal of Modelling and Simulation

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 International Journal of Modelling and Simulation, 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02286203.2015.1073890

A numerical method of calculation of total stress in reinforced plates with pressurized

hole
Saeed Daryazadeha, Gennadi I. Lvova and Seyed Rahim Kiahosseinib
Department of engineering physics, National Technical University, Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute, Kharkiv, Ukraine; bDepartment of Engineering,
a

Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

The aim of this study was to compute the total stress concentration in reinforced composite plate with Received 12 February 2015
circular hole with respect to the volume ratio of the component materials in composite. The contour of the Accepted 12 July 2015
circular hole and its dependency on the structure of plates were calculated in order to study the behaviours KEYWORDS
of macro- and micro-stresses. In this article, the stress around a circular hole was calculated by orthotropic Composite plate;
fibre-reinforced plates dependent upon the volume ratio of the component materials in the composite. unidirectional reinforced;
Downloaded by [Saeed Darya zadeh] at 12:25 20 August 2015

Stress distribution using a finite elements method was calculated. Also this problem is analysed with the numerical method; stress
finite element method by package ANSYS. In this two-tiered approach, a numerical method for solving the concentration
micro-stress for the composite plates with a circular hole is used, where on the edge of the hole there is a
uniform normal pressure. The results demonstrated the macro- and micro-stresses and behaviour of the
orthotropic plate with a circular hole calculated for two different structures.

1. Introduction
The stress concentration behaviour in composite plates with holes
is always one of the important issues in solid mechanics. Com-
posite materials which consist of two or more constituent materi-
als are commonly used in advanced structural applications, e.g. in
the marine and aerospace industry. This is because of appropriate
mechanical properties such as high specific strength and stiffness,
low density and high resistance to corrosion. However, the lim-
ited understanding of the composite material behaviour requires
more research. This is further complicated by the fact that the
behaviour of these materials is dependent on lay-up, loading
direction, specimen size and environmental effects such as tem-
perature and moisture. The design of fibre composites which
originated from the principles of micromechanics can be further
modified to provide desired performances of composite struc-
tures. Holes in composites plate will create stress concentration
and hence will reduce the mechanical properties. The solution
of the elastic plate theory by complex functions allows for the
solution of isotropic and anisotropic plates with holes. The use of
complex variables was first introduced by Muskhelishvili [1]. The
functions used for the problems will satisfy the desired bound-
ary conditions. The purpose of this research was to compute the
stress concentration around the hole in a composite plate based
on the theory of elasticity of anisotropic materials by applying
complex functions after Lekhnitskii and Savin [2,3]. Through this
method, the boundary conditions of normal pressure are distrib-
uted and the stress concentration is calculated around the hole
in orthotropic plates. Greszczuk studied the stress concentration
factors around the hole in orthotropic plate. In his research, stress
was applied in one of the principal material directions. Further-
more, the circumferential stress around the hole for an isotropic
material and several unidirectional composite materials is plot-
ted.[4] In the literature (for instance in [5–7]), analytical solution
for the calculation of composite plates with holes for various
cases of load conditions can be found based on the fundamental
works of Lekhnitskii. Experimental results of the tensile strain
field around circular hole in a composites plate by Toubal et al. [8]
were compared with the predictions of a theoretical model pre-
viously developed by Lekhnitskii and a finite element study. For
a plate containing a hole that is subjected to uniaxial tension or
out-of-plane bending, the sensitivity of the stress and strain con-
centration factors to plate thickness as well as the Poisson’s ratio
or moment ratio were done by Yang et al. [9,10] and Yang [11].
Rhee et al. Moreover,[12,13] examined extensive experimental
and numerical studies for determining the stress concentration
around circular, elliptical holes in composite infinite plate sub-
jected to arbitrary uniaxial and biaxial loading at infinity using
finite method obtained in works.[14–18] The study will be using
complex functions to determine the effective elastic coefficients
of the plates as presented by Vanin [19]. Subsequently, the stress
around a circular hole in an orthotropic fibre-reinforced plate
is calculated with respect to the volume ratio of the component
materials in composite.[20] Great number of micromechanical
models have been proposed for predicting various mechanical
properties of composite materials.[21–28] Next, the micro-stress
is calculated around the hole in the plate in the case of a uniform

CONTACT  Saeed Daryazadeh  s_daryazadeh@yahoo.com

© 2015 Taylor & Francis
 2    S. Daryazadeh et al.

Figure 1. Illustrates (a) the unidirectional reinforcement plate with a circular hole and normal pressure P distributed along the edge of hole and (b) the quarter plate with
a circular hole meshed with PLANE182 element.

Table 1. Illustrates the mechanical properties of the matrix and reinforcement of the composite plate.
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Number’s materials Ga/Gm Em (Mpa) Gm (Mpa) vm Ea (Mpa) Ga (Mpa) va

I 2.49 100,000 38,100 0.31 250,000 94,760 0.32
II 20.6 4,200 1,500 0.4 74,800 31,000 0.2
III 28.4 2,500 947 0.32 70,000 26,900 0.3
IV 68.48 3,500 1,320 0.32 235,000 90,400 0.3

Table 2. Mechanical characteristics of the orthotropic plates when ξ = 0.488.

Number’s materials E1 (Mpa) E2 (Mpa) G12 (Mpa) v21

I 173,500 156,900 53,790 0.32
II 38,380 11,190 2,800 0.3
III 35,420 6,350 1,780 0.31
IV 116,400 9,220 2,540 0.31

normal pressure P on the edge of a circular hole. The purpose
of this article was to present computational analysis method of
micromechanics of strength of materials and to demonstrate its
applications to various micromechanical problems. In this work,
the results of the numerical calculations were presented for total
stress concentration of different materials in orthotropic plates
for square and hexagonal structures with respect to the volume
ratio of the component materials in composites. The software
package ANSYS was used to calculate the results of the numerical
stress distribution.
2.  Stress distribution in orthotropic plate with one
circular hole during the uniform normal pressure on
hole border – finite elements method
A composite infinite plate with a circular hole and the ­Cartesian
coordinates system are considered. The system coordinate in
point O (the centre of hole) and angle to be on axle x are assumed.
The reinforcing fibres in an orthotropic plate are aligned uni-
directional. It is assumed that the main axis of elasticity is the
x-axis. A uniformly distributed vertical pressure P is applied on
boundary of the hole (Figure 1(a)). The infinite plate problem
with a circular hole is evaluated using ANSYS while applying
uniform normal pressure on the hole border. PLANE182 element
was selected. This is a triangular element with four nodes and
two degree of freedom in each node. The four-node element is
defined by four nodes having two degrees of freedom at each
node: translations in the nodal x and y directions. This element
can be used either as a plate element (in plane strain and plane
stress) or as an axisymmetric problems. This element is used
in flat problems and the models with symmetrical stress mode.
One of the important characteristics of this element is that the
orthotropic material axle is consistent with the direction of the
coordinate system of the element. This element is of the general
type. Given the symmetry condition, Figure 1(b) demonstrates
the quarter plate with a circular hole being meshed with 2896
elements.[14,29] The calculation was carried out for ξ = 0.488
when a uniform normal pressure was distributed along the edge
of circular hole. In this case, where the hole boundary is normal
vertical pressure therefore, the boundary conditions: ux (x = 0,
y) = 0 and uy (x, y = 0) = 0.
For numerical calculations, four types of composite plates
were examined including 1-carbon fibre plate with aluminium–
iron matrix and high-strength carbon fibres, 2-fibreglass plate
with epoxide matrix and glass fibres, 3-epoxide resin matrix and
epoxide reinforcement, and 4-carbon fibre plate with carbon
fibre and epoxide resin matrix. Table 1 classifies the mechanical
properties of the matrix and reinforcing fibres of plates consid-
ering the reinforcement to the matrix shear modulus ratio of the
composite plate.[30]
The effective elastic coefficients for a square orthotropic plate
are calculated using formulas of Vanin [19] for unidirectionally

Figure 2. The stress distribution (a) σx and (b) σy in plate with a hole for material №: II when ξ = 0.488 and p = 100.
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Figure 3. Stress concentration around the hole as a function of ζ. 1, 3, 5 and 7: the
charts for materials I, II, III and IV for the square arrangement, 2, 4, 6 and 8: the
charts for materials I, II, III and IV for the hexagonal arrangement.
reinforced plates when the volume ratio of the components
ξ = 0.488 by Maple. Table 2 shows the results.
The stress concentration value around the edge of circular
hole in the orthotropic plate with a circular hole was calculated.
Figure 2 shows the resultant distribution of normal stress σx and
stress σy for a fibreglass plate (material №: II) when p = 100 as
calculated. The circumferential and radial stresses could then be
directly obtained using the system of equations [31]:
{
𝜎x = 𝜎r cos2 𝜃 + 𝜎𝜃 sin2 𝜃
(1)
𝜎y = 𝜎r sin2 𝜃 + 𝜎𝜃 cos2 𝜃
Obviously, the stress concentration at point A is (Figure 1):
𝜎𝜃 (Max)
K1 = . (2)
P σθ (Max)was applied on it, while the change in the arrangement of
where σθ – circumferential stress.
Figure 3 shows values for stresses concentration on the edge
of circular hole vs. the volume ratio of the components (ζ).
The eight charts for the orthotropic plates are composed of the
different materials with the properties listed in Table 2 for two
arrangements. The stress concentration increased from 1 (which
indicates the micro-stress concentration in an isotropic plate)
International Journal of Modelling and Simulation   3
with an increase in the volume ratio of the components. The
stress concentration in the square arrangement is smaller than
the hexagonal arrangement.
3.  Micro-stress concentration while applying uniform
normal pressure on the boundary of a circular hole in
an orthotropic plate – finite element modelling
The micro-stress concentration exerted on the plane will be
examined. The internal structure of the composite plate was
considered and the cells were examined. The arrangements of
the cell of the plate on the contour hole at the point where macro
stress existed was considered as well. Also, the micro-stress con-
centrations in the orthotropic plates were calculated, considering
the boundary conditions.[5,8–12] The results were dependent
on the internal shape of the plate and the volume ratio of the
components. In this section, the finite element modelling and
analysis of micro structure for a composite plate with a circular
hole for unidirectional fibres using ANSYS is discussed. The unit
cell was meshed with PLANE182 elements by 5641 elements.
[4,5] Because of the symmetry for this solution, only the quarter
models or cell models were considered and illustrated in Figure
4(a).[14]
A regular two-dimensional arrangement of fibre in a matrix
was adequate to describe the overall behaviour of the composite
and was modelled as a regular uniform arrangement, as illus-
trated in Figure 4(b). This model assumed that the fibre was a
perfect cylinder of radius �0.79, in a �square (1 × 1) for the square
√
array and for a hexagonal 1 × 3 of the matrix. It is assumed
that the geometry, material and loading of the unit cell are sym-
metrical with respect to y–z coordinate system as shown in
Figure 4(b). Therefore, 48.8% volume fraction fibres were inserted
into the square matrix uniformly as illustrated in Figure 4(b).
In this case, assuming an element is at point A and a stress
the element is studied in both square and hexagonal arrange-
ments (Figure 1(a) and 4(b)). The element on the edge of the plate
at point A is considered. Following the exerted pressure, stress,
σx = σθ (Max), and stress, σy√ = −P, given the arrangement of the
plate, the lines y = 1 or y =  3 will decrease along the y-axis by v0,
while z = 1 will increase along the z-axis by w0. While applying a
uniform normal pressure on the contour of the c­ ircular hole, the
 4    S. Daryazadeh et al.

Figure 4. Illustrates (a) the quarter model for an embedded cell meshed with PLANE2 finite element and (b) representative cell model for square and hexagonal fibre
arrangement.
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Figure 5. The stress distribution (a) σy, (b) σz and (c) σMises on the cell consisting of matrix-reinforcement for material №: II.

conditions (3) and (4) should be established due to the symmetry √ case as well as the boundary conditions on the lines y = 1,
In this
and the boundary conditions: y =  3 for the square arrangement and hexagonal arrangements
Therefore, on the lines y = 0: v0 = 0 and z = 0: w0 = 0. are as follows:
In plane yoz: σx = σθ (Max). 1
Subsequently, the boundary conditions are conditions of the
∫
⟨ ⟩
periodicity of mechanical fields in view of the deformation. The
𝜎y = 𝜎y dz = −P (4)
boundary conditions on the line z = 1 for the square and hexag- 0

onal arrangements: √ Now, the micro-stress concentration is obtained using Equation

1 3
(4):
∫ ∫
Mises
� �
𝜎z =
� �
𝜎z dy = 0 and 𝜎z = 𝜎z dy = 0 (3) 𝜎(Max)
K(Micro) = . (5)
0 0
𝜎𝜃 (Max)

Figure 6. Stress concentration (a) micro and (b) total. 1, 3, 5 and 7: the charts for materials I, II, III and IV for the square arrangement, 2, 4, 6 and 8: the charts for materials
I, II, III and IV for the hexagonal arrangement.
In this case, Figure 5 shows the calculation of the resultant stress
σy, the stress σz and the von mises stress (σMises) on a cell for a
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fibreglass plate (material №: II) with a square arrangement using
finite element method when ξ = 0.488 and p = 100.
4.  Total stress concentration on the boundary of a
circular hole in an orthotropic plate
Macro- and micro-stress concentrations around of the circular
hole in an orthotropic plate were investigated. The total stress
concentration is the product of macro- and micro-stress concen-
trations. Thus, the total concentration is obtained using Equa-
tions (2) and (5):
Mises
𝜎(Max)
(6)
⌢
K = K1 . K(Micro) =
P
. bution of stresses in thin-walled structural elements by 2D unit
Figure 6 shows the micro-stress concentration and total stress
concentration while applying uniform normal pressure on the
edge of the hole vs. ζ. The charts for four orthotropic plates
listed on Table 2 and both square and hexagonal arrangements.
The eight charts of the micro-stress concentration near a hole
decrease with an increase in vs. ζ. It will tend to 1. On the other
hand, the micro-stress concentration and total stress concen-
tration in the square arrangement is higher than the hexagonal
arrangement.
The influence of the fibres filling degree on micro- and macro-
concentration has a different character. With the reduction
of the filling degree, the elastic properties of composite verge
towards those of the isotropic binder. Therefore, the coefficient
of macro concentration tends asymptotically to 1. At the same
time, with the reduction of the filling degree, the coefficient
micro-­concentration increases continuously. This is due to the
fact that fibres undertake more load because of greater rigidity.
Stress intensity in the most dangerous point is determined by the
product of stress concentration factor of micro and macro levels.
5. Conclusion
In this article, a two-tiered approach to the study of stress con-
centration in composite plates with circular holes is developed.
The feature of the proposed approach is to analyse the stress
International Journal of Modelling and Simulation   5
concentration at two levels. The analysis of the concentration of
macro-level composite is, however, considered as a homogeneous
orthotropic material. Analysis of micro-stress concentration is
made at the level of the minimal repetitive structure of the com-
posite. For square and hexagonal fibre reinforcement representa-
tive, cell is allocated and boundary conditions are formulated for
simulating the stress state of the cell as part of a homogeneous
material. Stress intensity in the most dangerous point is deter-
mined by the product of stress concentration factor of micro and
macro levels. This work simplifies and speeds up the numerical
calculation for the implementation of the boundary calcula-
tion by finite element method, which displacements satisfy the
stress-imposed boundary calculation over planes of the unit cell.
Finally, the developed approach makes provision for the
determination of the allowable load based on the actual distri-
cell which are made of composite materials.
Notes on contributors
Saeed Daryazadeh has a PhD in Dynamics and Strength of Machines
from the Department of Engineering Physics, National Technical
University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute,” 61002, 21, Frunze str, Ukraine,
Kharkiv.
Gennady. I. Lvov is a Doctor of Technical Sciences, professor in the
Department of Engineering Physics, and Head of the Department of
Dynamics and strength of machines at National Technical University
“Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute,” 61002, 21, Frunze str, Ukraine, Kharkiv.
Seyed Rahim Kiahosseini is from the Department of Engineering in
Islamic Azad University of Damghan branch in Iran. He has obtained his
PhD in materials science and engineering from Islamic Azad University –
Tehran science and research branch.
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