ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ABIRAMI N
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF BCA
 SRI KRISHNA ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE
SRI KRISHNA ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE
COIMBATORE
INDIA
abiramin@skasc.ac.in
Abstract-Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) is a combinational
field whose goal is to automate activities that will be
requiring human intelligence. All the successes in
Artificial Intelligence including computerized medical
reports and non-human things, that automatically
customize hardware to particular user requirements. The
major problem area that has been addressed in A.I. can
be summarized as Perception, Manipulation, Reasoning,
Communication, and Learning. Perception is concerned
with building models of the physical world from sensory
input
1. Introduction
Artificial Intelligence is an approach to make a
computer, a robot, or a product to think how smart human
think. AI is a study of how human brain think, learn, decide
and work, when it tries to solve problems. And finally, this
study outputs intelligent software systems. The aim of AI
is to improve computer functions which are related to
human knowledge, for example, reasoning, learning, and
problem-solving.
It is the simulation of human intelligence processes
by machines, especially computer systems. These
processes include learning (the acquisition of information
and rules for using the information), reasoning (using rules
to reach approximate or definite conclusions) and self-
correction.
2. Basics of AI
The study of computer science that is focused on
creating machines or developing software that exhibit
human intelligence. That’s a simple definition, but there’s
much more to it. The main goals of AI include reasoning,
deduction, knowledge representation, planning, learning,
NLP and the ability to manipulate objects. Long-term
goals are creativity of an AI, social intelligence and
human-level intelligence. AI may be separated into three
main types:
Machine learning - self-teaching software algorithms
that can make predictions about data.
Neural networks - artificial neural networks that take
cues from biological neural networks to process a large
number of inputs.
MOHAMMED THOUFEEQ M
DEPARTMENT OF BCA

COIMBATORE
INDIA
thoufeeq6262@gmail.com
Deep learning - ability to model high-level abstractions
about what a given set of inputs may combine to do.
3. Applications of AI
AI is important because it can help solve
immensely difficult issues in various industries, such
as entertainment, education, health, commerce,
transport, and utilities. AI applications can be grouped
into five categories:
• Reasoning: The ability to solve problems
through logical deduction. e.g. financial
asset management, legal assessment,
financial application processing,
autonomous weapons systems, games
• Knowledge: The ability to present
knowledge about the world. e.g. financial
market trading, purchase prediction, fraud
prevention, drug creation, medical diagnosis,
media recommendation
• Planning: The ability to set and achieve
goals. e.g. inventory management, demand
forecasting, predictive maintenance,
physical and digital network optimization,
navigation, scheduling, logistics
• Communication: The ability to understand
spoken and written language. e.g. real-time
translation of spoken and written languages,
real-time transcription, intelligent assistants,
voice control
• Perception: The ability to infer things about
the world via sounds, images, and other
sensory inputs. e.g. medical diagnosis,
autonomous vehicles, surveillance
Here is an infographic by Mckinsey that shows the
extent to which AI can be used end-to-end in the retail
industry from identifying customers to personalizing
promotion to inventory management.
4. Works of AI
AI automates repetitive learning and discovery
through data. But AI is different from hardware-driven,
robotic automation. Instead of automating manual tasks,
 AI performs frequent, high-volume, computerized tasks
reliably and without fatigue.
AI adds intelligence to existing products. In most
cases, AI will not be sold as an individual application.
Rather, products you already use will be improved with
AI capabilities, much like Siri was added as a feature to a
new generation of Apple products. Automation,
conversational platforms, bots and smart machines can be
combined with large amounts of data to improve many
technologies at home and in the workplace, from security
intelligence to investment analysis.
AI adapts through progressive learning
algorithms to let the data do the programming. AI finds
structure and regularities in data so that the algorithm
acquires a skill: The algorithm becomes a classifier or a
predictor. So, just as the algorithm can teach itself how to
play chess, it can teach itself what product to recommend
next online. And the models adapt when given new data.
Back propagation is an AI technique that allows the
model to adjust, through training and added data, when
the first answer is not quite right.
AI analyzes more and deeper data using neural
networks that have many hidden layers. Building a fraud
detection system with five hidden layers was almost
impossible a few years ago. All that has changed with
incredible computer power and big data. You need lots of
data to train deep learning models because they learn
directly from the data. The more data you can feed them,
the more accurate they become.
AI achieves incredible accuracy through deep
neural networks – which was previously impossible. For
example, your interactions with Alexa, Google Search and
Google Photos are all based on deep learning – and they
keep getting more accurate the more we use them. In the
medical field, AI techniques from deep learning, image
classification and object recognition can now be used to
find cancer on MRIs with the same accuracy as highly
trained radiologists.
• Graphical processing units are key to AI because they
provide the heavy compute power that’s required for
iterative processing. Training neural networks requires
big data plus compute power.
• The Internet of Things generates massive amounts of
data from connected devices, most of it unanalysed.
Automating models with AI will allow us to use more of
it.
• Advanced algorithms are being developed and
combined in new ways to analyse more data faster and at
multiple levels. This intelligent processing is key to
identifying and predicting rare events, understanding
complex systems and optimizing unique scenarios.
• APIs, or application processing interfaces, are portable
packages of code that make it possible to add AI
functionality to existing products and software packages.
They can add image recognition capabilities to home
security systems and Q&A capabilities that describe data,
create captions and headlines, or call out interesting
patterns and insights in data.
5. Problems with AI
Reasoning, problem solving
Early researchers developed algorithms that
imitated step-by-step reasoning that humans use when
they solve puzzles or make logical deductions. By the late
1980s and 1990s, AI research had developed methods for
dealing with uncertain or incomplete information,
employing concepts from probability and economics
Knowledge Representation
Knowledge representation are central to classical AI
research. Some "expert systems" attempt to gather
together explicit knowledge possessed by experts in some
narrow domain. In addition, some projects attempt to
gather the "commonsense knowledge" known to the
average person into a database containing extensive
knowledge about the world
Natural language processing
Natural language processing (NLP) gives machines
the ability to read and understand human language. A
sufficiently powerful natural language processing system
would enable natural-language user interfaces and the
acquisition of knowledge directly from human-written
sources, such as newswire texts. Some straightforward
applications of natural language processing
include information retrieval, text mining, question
answering[111] and machine translation
6. Advantages
The foremost idea to create an artificial intelligence
is to make the lives of humans easier. Researchers of
artificial intelligence want to bring in the emotional
quotient to the machines along with the general
intelligence. Artificial intelligence is complex in nature. It
uses very complicated mixture of computer science,
mathematics and other complex sciences. Complex
programming helps these machines replicate the cognitive
abilities of human beings.
Error Reduction
Artificial intelligence helps us in reducing the
error and the chance of reaching accuracy with a greater
degree of precision is a possibility. It is applied in various
studies such as exploration of space. Intelligent robots are
fed with information and are sent to explore space. Since
they are machines with metal bodies, they are more
resistant and have greater ability to endure the space and
hostile atmosphere.
Difficult Exploration
Artificial intelligence and the science of
robotics can be put to use in mining and other fuel
exploration processes. Not only that, these complex
machines can be used for exploring the ocean floor and
hence overcome the human limitations.
Daily application
Computed methods for automated reasoning,
learning and perception have become a common
phenomenon in our everyday lives. We have our
lady Siri or Cortana to help us out.
Digital Assistance
Highly advanced organizations use ‘avatars’
which are replicas or digital assistants who can actually
interact with the users, thus saving the need for human
resources.
No Breaks
Machines, unlike humans, do not require frequent
breaks and refreshments. They are programmed for long
hours and can continuously perform without getting bored
or distracted or even tired.
7. Disadvantage
High Cost
Creation of artificial intelligence requires huge
costs as they are very complex machines. Their repair and
maintenance require huge costs.
No Replacing Humans
Intelligence is believed to be a gift of nature. An
ethical argument continues, whether human intelligence is
to be replicated or not.
No Improvement with Experience
Unlike humans, artificial intelligence cannot be
improved with experience. With time, it can lead to wear
and tear. It stores a lot of data but the way it can be
accessed and used is very different from human
intelligence.
8. Types Of AI
Arend Hintze, an assistant professor of integrative
biology and computer science and engineering at
Michigan State University, categorizes AI into four types,
from the kind of AI systems that exist today to sentient
systems, which do not yet exist. His categories are as
follows:
• Type 1: Reactive machines. An example is Deep
Blue, the IBM chess program that beat Garry
Kasparov in the 1990s. Deep Blue can identify pieces
on the chess board and make predictions, but it has
no memory and cannot use past experiences to
inform future ones. It analyses possible moves -- its
own and its opponent -- and chooses the most
strategic move. Deep Blue and
Google's AlphaGo were designed for narrow
purposes and cannot easily be applied to another
situation.
• Type 2: Limited memory. These AI systems can
use past experiences to inform future decisions.
Some of the decision-making functions in self-
driving cars are designed this way. Observations
inform actions happening in the not-so-distant future,
such as a car changing lanes. These observations are
not stored permanently.
• Type 3: Theory of mind. This psychology term
refers to the understanding that others have their own
beliefs, desires and intentions that impact the
decisions they make. This kind of AI does not yet
exist.
• Type 4: Self-awareness. In this category, AI
systems have a sense of self, have consciousness.
Machines with self-awareness understand their
current state and can use the information to infer
what others are feeling. This type of AI does not yet
exist.
What's the difference between AI and cognitive
computing?
Examples of AI technology
AI is incorporated into a variety of different types of
technology. Here are seven examples.
• Automation: What makes a system or process
function automatically. For example, robotic process
automation (RPA) can be programmed to perform
high-volume, repeatable tasks that humans normally
performed. RPA is different from IT automation in
that it can adapt to changing circumstances.
• Machine learning: The science of getting a 10. Conclusion
computer to act without programming. Deep
learning is a subset of machine learning that, in very
simple terms, can be thought of as the automation of Jack Ma, the founder of Alibaba, warned the
predictive analytics. There are three types of machine audience at the World Economic Forum 2018 at Davos
learning algorithms: that AI and big data were a threat to humans and would
disable people instead of empowering them. However,
o Supervised learning: Data sets are labelled so given the sweeping real-world applications of AI and
that patterns can be detected and used to label ML and the constant advancements in the field, it is
new data sets more likely that the technology will transform the way
we work—enabling faster, more informed decisions,
o Unsupervised learning: Data sets aren't labelled increasing operational efficiency, and innovating new
and are sorted according to similarities or products and services. AI has increased understanding
differences of the nature of intelligence and provided an impressive
array of application in a wide range of areas. It has
o Reinforcement learning: Data sets aren't
sharpened understanding of human reasoning, and of the
labelled but, after performing an action or
nature of intelligence in general.
several actions, the AI system is given feedback

• Machine vision: The science of allowing computers
to see. This technology captures and analyses visual
information using a camera, to digital conversion and
digital signal processing. It is often compared to
human eyesight, but machine vision isn't bound by
biology and can be programmed to see through walls,
for example. It is used in a range of applications from
signature identification to medical image analysis.
Computer vision, which is focused on machine-
based image processing, is often conflated with
machine vision.

• Natural language processing (NLP): The

processing of human -- and not computer -- language
by a computer program. One of the older and best-
known examples of NLP is spam detection, which
looks at the subject line and the text of an email and
decides if it's junk. Current approaches to NLP are
based on machine learning. NLP tasks include text
translation, sentiment analysis and speech
recognition.

• Robotics: A field of engineering focused on the

design and manufacturing of robots. Robots are often
used to perform tasks that are difficult for humans to
perform or perform consistently. They are used in
assembly lines for car production or by NASA to
move large objects in space. Researchers are also
using machine learning to build robots that can
interact in social settings.

• Self-driving cars: These use a combination of

computer vision, image recognition and deep
learning to build automated skill at piloting a
vehicle while staying in a given lane and avoiding
unexpected obstructions, such as pedestrians.
9. Goals of AI

The main AI goals are mentioned below

Creating expert systems: The systems which are

mentioned here should have the ability to display
intelligent behaviour, learn, demonstrate, explain, and
provide the users with best advices.

Implementing Intelligence in machines: This intends to

develop systems which can understand, think, learn, and
behave like humans.