Assignment #1

Ong, Jeremia B. July 1, 2019

BSA-3 Dr. Maria Theresa C. Albufera

1. What is Database?

-A structured set of data held in a computer, especially one that is accessible in various ways.

-A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data, typically stored electronically in

a computer system.

2. What is Program?

-A program is a specific set of ordered operations for a computer to perform.

-Provide (a computer or other machine) with coded instructions for the automatic performance of a task

3. What are the Database Programming? Identify each feature.

-A software that is used to manage data and information structured as fields, records and files.

-It is the heart of a business information system and provides file creation, data entry, update, query and
reporting functions.

Some examples of database software programs:

ADABAS MySQL

IBM DB2 Oracle RDBMS

Microsoft Access Quick Base

Microsoft Excel SAP Sybase ASE

Microsoft SQL Server Teradata

JAVA

-Java is a programming language that produces software for multiple platforms. When a programmer
writes a Java application, the compiled code (known as bytecode) runs on most operating systems (OS),
including Windows, Linux and Mac OS. Java derives much of its syntax from the C and C++
programming languages.

C and C++
-Both C and C++ give you a lower level of abstraction that, with increased complexity, provides a breadth
of access to underlying machine functionality that are not necessarily exposed with other languages.
Compared to C, C++ adds the convenience of a fully object oriented language(reduced development time)
which can, potentially, add an additional performance cost. In terms of real world applications, I see these
languages applied in the following domains:

-Kernel level software.

-Hardware device drivers

-Applications where access to old, stable code is required.

C,C++

-Application or Server development where memory management needs to be fine tuned (and can't be left
to generic garbage collection solutions).

C#

-Provides a managed memory model that adds a higher level of abstraction again. This level of
abstraction adds convenience and improves development times, but complicates access to lower level
APIs and makes specialized performance requirements problematic.

It is certainly possible to implement extremely high performance software in a managed memory

environment, but awareness of the implications is essential.

Blender

-A 3D computer graphics software program for developing animated movies, visual effects, 3D games,
and software. Blender is an open source program, free to anyone for use. It offers many features including
3D modeling, texturing, rigging, skinning, fluid, smoke simulation, animation, rendering, and video
editing.

Python

-An interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language with dynamic semantics. Its high-level
built in data structures, combined with dynamic typing and dynamic binding, make it very attractive for
Rapid Application Development, as well as for use as a scripting or glue language to connect existing
components together. Python's simple, easy to learn syntax emphasizes readability and therefore reduces
the cost of program maintenance. Python supports modules and packages, which encourages program
modularity and code reuse. The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are available in
source or binary form without charge for all major platforms, and can be freely distributed.

Notepad
-Is a generic text editor included with all versions of Microsoft Windows that allows you to create, open,
and read plaintext files. If the file contains special formatting or is not a plaintext file, it will not be able to
be read in Microsoft Notepad.

HTML

-HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

-HTML is the standard markup language for Web pages

-HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages

-HTML elements are represented by <> tags

4. What are the characteristics of the Database?

Stores any kind of data

A database management system should be able to store any kind of data. It should not be restricted to the
employee name, salary and address. Any kind of data that exists in the real world can be stored in DBMS
because we need to work with all kinds of data that is present around us.

Support ACID Properties

Any DBMS is able to support ACID (Accuracy, Completeness, Isolation, and Durability) properties. It is
made sure is every DBMS that the real purpose of data should not be lost while performing transactions
like delete, insert an update. Let us take an example; if an employee name is updated then it should make
sure that there is no duplicate data and no mismatch of student information.

Represents complex relationship between data

Data stored in a database is connected with each other and a relationship is made in between data. DBMS
should be able to represent the complex relationship between data to make the efficient and accurate use
of data.

Backup and recovery

There are many chances of failure of whole database. At that time no one will be able to get the database
back and for sure company will be in a big loss. The only solution is to take backup of database and
whenever it is needed, it can be stored back. All the databases must have this characteristic.

Structures and described data

A database should not contains only the data but also all the structures and definitions of the data. This
data represent itself that what actions should be taken on it. These descriptions include the structure, types
and format of data and relationship between them.

Data integrity
This is one of the most important characteristics of database management system. Integrity ensures the
quality and reliability of database system. It protects the unauthorized access of database and makes it
more secure. It brings only the consistence and accurate data into the database.

Concurrent use of database

There are many chances that many users will be accessing the data at the same time. They may require
altering the database system concurrently. At that time, DBMS supports them to concurrently use the
database without any problem.

5. What are the types of Database Model?

Relational model

The most common model, the relational model sorts data into tables, also known as relations, each of
which consists of columns and rows. Each column lists an attribute of the entity in question, such as price,
zip code, or birth date. Together, the attributes in a relation are called a domain. A particular attribute or
combination of attributes is chosen as a primary key that can be referred to in other tables, when it’s
called a foreign key.

Each row, also called a tuple, includes data about a specific instance of the entity in question, such as a
particular employee.

The model also accounts for the types of relationships between those tables, including one-to-one, one-to-
many, and many-to-many relationships.

Non- relational model

A non-relational database is modeled by means other than the tabular system used in the relational
database. A major advantage of the non-relational database is that it can easily incorporate and store all
kinds of Big Data, including unstructured and semi-structured data. However, a non-relational database
just stores data without structured mechanisms to link data from different tables, and the design is
generally less complex.

Hierarchical model

The hierarchical model organizes data into a tree-like structure, where each record has a single parent or
root. Sibling records are sorted in a particular order. That order is used as the physical order for storing
the database. This model is good for describing many real-world relationships.

Network model

The network model builds on the hierarchical model by allowing many-to-many relationships between
linked records, implying multiple parent records. Based on mathematical set theory, the model is
constructed with sets of related records. Each set consists of one owner or parent record and one or
more member or child records. A record can be a member or child in multiple sets, allowing this model
to convey complex relationships.

Object-oriented database model

This model defines a database as a collection of objects, or reusable software elements, with associated
features and methods. There are several kinds of object-oriented databases:

A multimedia database incorporates media, such as images, that could not be stored in a relational
database.

A hypertext database allows any object to link to any other object. It’s useful for organizing lots of
disparate data, but it’s not ideal for numerical analysis.

The object-oriented database model is the best known post-relational database model, since it incorporates
tables, but isn’t limited to tables. Such models are also known as hybrid database models.

Object-relational model

This hybrid database model combines the simplicity of the relational model with some of the advanced
functionality of the object-oriented database model. In essence, it allows designers to incorporate objects
into the familiar table structure.

Languages and call interfaces include SQL3, vendor languages, ODBC, JDBC, and proprietary call
interfaces that are extensions of the languages and interfaces used by the relational model.

Entity-relationship model

This model captures the relationships between real-world entities much like the network model, but it
isn’t as directly tied to the physical structure of the database. Instead, it’s often used for designing a
database conceptually.

Here, the people, places, and things about which data points are stored are referred to as entities, each of
which has certain attributes that together make up their domain. The cardinality, or relationships between
entities, are mapped as well.

A common form of the ER diagram is the star schema, in which a central fact table connects to multiple
dimensional tables.

Inverted file model

A database built with the inverted file structure is designed to facilitate fast full text searches. In this
model, data content is indexed as a series of keys in a lookup table, with the values pointing to the
location of the associated files. This structure can provide nearly instantaneous reporting in big data and
analytics, for instance.

Flat model

The flat model is the earliest, simplest data model. It simply lists all the data in a single table, consisting
of columns and rows. In order to access or manipulate the data, the computer has to read the entire flat file
into memory, which makes this model inefficient for all but the smallest data sets.

Multidimensional model
This is a variation of the relational model designed to facilitate improved analytical processing. While the
relational model is optimized for online transaction processing (OLTP), this model is designed for online
analytical processing (OLAP).

Semi structured model

In this model, the structural data usually contained in the database schema is embedded with the data
itself. Here the distinction between data and schema is vague at best. This model is useful for describing
systems, such as certain Web-based data sources, which we treat as databases but cannot constrain with a
schema. It’s also useful for describing interactions between databases that don’t adhere to the same
schema.

Context model

This model can incorporate elements from other database models as needed. It cobbles together elements
from object-oriented, semi structured, and network models.

Associative model

This model divides all the data points based on whether they describe an entity or an association. In this
model, an entity is anything that exists independently, whereas an association is something that only
exists in relation to something else.

The associative model structures the data into two sets:

A set of items, each with a unique identifier, a name, and a type

A set of links, each with a unique identifier and the unique identifiers of a source, verb, and target. The
stored fact has to do with the source, and each of the three identifiers may refer either to a link or an item.

No SQL database models

In addition to the object database model, other non-SQL models have emerged in contrast to the relational
model:

The graph database model, which is even more flexible than a network model, allowing any node to
connect with any other.

The multi value model, which breaks from the relational model by allowing attributes to contain a list of
data rather than a single data point.

The document model, which is designed for storing and managing documents or semi-structured data,
rather than atomic data.

6. What are the hierarchy of Data? Give Examples.

Data Hierarchy
refers to the systematic organization of data, often in a hierarchical form. Data organization involves
fields, records, files and so on.

•BIT

All data is stored in a computer's memory or storage devices in the form of binarydigits or bits. A bit can
be either 'ON' of 'OFF' representing 1 or 0.

•BYTE

is a group of 8 bits. One byte can represent one character or, in different contexts,other data such as a
sound, part of a picture etc.

•FIELD

is a group of characters. e.g. data held about a person may be split into many fieldsincluding ID Number,
Surname, Initials, Title, Street, Town, etc

•RECORD

is a group of fields holding all the information about one person or item

•FILE

a collection of records. A stock file will contain a record for each item of stock, andso on.

•DATABASE

may consist of many different files, linked in such a way that information can be retrieved from several
files at once.

References:

https://www.oracle.com/database/what-is-database.html

https://whatisdbms.com/characteristics-of-database-management-system/

https://www.lucidchart.com/pages/database-diagram/database-models

https://squagoals.weebly.com/hierarchy-of-data/hierarchy-of-data

https://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/definition/program

https://www.quickbase.com/articles/database-software-basics

https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/n/notepad.htm://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/blender.htm