594 JTRENGTH

OFMATERIALS I 'l i l l l '( 'l l ( )N O F B E A MS 595

dM
But sheartorce (Seepage319)
E=r rL
F =E I{z "( 123)
r- 7- i----t
dxt
Differentiating equation (12.4) w.r.t. .r, we ger

t=u t!
dx d_f
dF Fig. 12. 3
But th e ra te o f l oadi ng
,!* = n l l ut B .M. at any sect ion is also given by equat ion ( 12. 3) as
dl, *.v.
w=EI ...( 12.s) M=EI
d-f dxz
Hence the relation between curvature, slope, defl ecti on etc. l:quating the two values of B.M., we get
at a section is given by :
Deflection :y s14!=Y * . . . ( i)
dxz 2
Slope =q On integration,we get
dx
"' dt-T
nr dl =w yla6, . . . ( ii)
B endi n g mo me n t :EI2 z
dxz wlrcrc C1 is the constantof integration.And its value is obtained
Shearing
force =EI + f rorn boundaryconditions.The boundaryconditionis that at x:!,
dx3 2'
/ rlv \
The rateof loading=
EI +. rlopc | ? | =0 (As the maximum deflection is at the centre, hence
CTf - \dxl
Units. In the above equations, rlope at the centre will be zero). Substitutingthis boundary condition
E is taken in N/mmz rn equation (ii), we get
/ is taken in mma
y is taken in mm
M is taken in Nm
o=;'l
w t l- \ z
; j.''
and r is takenin m. y!
()r c l =-
16
I2.4. DEFLECTION OF A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM Substitutingthe value of C1 in equation(ii), we get
CARRYING A POINT LOAD AT THE CENTRE dv Wxz WLz
L^-
I t- - . . . (iii)
4 simply supportedbeam ,48 of length L and carrying a point dx416
load W at the centreis shownin Fig. 12.3. The above equation is known the slope equation. We can find
As the load is symmetricallyapplied the reactionsRa and trre slope at any point on the beam by substituting the values of x.
Slope is maximum at ,4. At A, x=0 and hence slope at ,4 will be
RB will be equal.Also the maximumdeflectionwill be at the cenrre.
obtained by substituting r:0 in equation (iii).
Now Ra:Rs:Y
Considera sectionk at a distancex from A. The bending
.. EI( + \ =4Y*o -1Y!
6
\tu)^,o
moment at this sectionis given by,
Mr=Rnxx | (+j ,, the stopeat / andis represented
by i,al
L \ dt /.,^
_W,.,.
= ;- X,f
(Plus sign is as B.M. for left wLz
z portion at X is clockwise) or EIxi o : -
16
 STRET.ICTHOF MATERIAIS
t rllt.t F.(:noN oF BEAMS

WL,
,n=-T6EI tttettioof the beam (i.e. I) is given as equal to 78x106mma. If E for
The slope at point B will be equal to r,a, since the load is rhr nmterial of the beam=2.Ixld Nlmm2, calculate: (i) deftection
symmetrically applied. tt lltt centre of the beam and (ii) slope at the supports.
. ;-.'- - wL2 Sol. Given :
...( r 2.6) Length
' B-' A- 1 6 EI L=6 m=6x1000=6000mm
Equation (12.6) gives the slope in radians. Point load. IY=50 kN=50.000N
Deflection at any point M.O.L, 1=78x1ff mma
Deflection at any point is obtained by integrating the slope Value of E=2.1x1ff N/mm2
equation (iii). Hence integrating equation (rii), we get Let /c=Deflection at the centre and
ie=Slope at the support.
E r x y =!-Yff,* c , ...(i v) (r) Using equation(12.7) for the deflectionat the centre, we
wher e C2 is a n o th e r c o n s ta n t o f i n te g rati on. A t.4,.r:0 and the P.cl
deflection (y) is zero. .,_wL3
Hence substituting these values in equation (iv), we get
,,- 48EI
EIx0:0-0*Cz 50000x600G
=a8r2l
or Cz=O r 1F;t8" 1ou
Substitutingthe value of C2 in equation (iu), we get =13.736mm. Ans.
(ii) Using equation (12.6) for the slope at the supports, we get
EIxY=Yt -wLz ' x "'(v) wLz
72 16 tB=tA=-
The above equation is known as the deflectionequation, We r6EI
can find the deflection at any point on the beam by substitutingthe
values of -r. The deflection is maximum at centre point C, where = wL2 (Numerically)
r6EI
LL 50000x60002
x:=. Let yc fepresentsthe deflectionat C. Then substituting.r=i radians
l6x2.l x 1Fx78x 10e
and y=y. in equation(v), we get
=0.06868radians

Erxy"=Y(+\'-ry'r!)
n\r)- 16^\T)
1RO
=0.06868xj: deeree
fre

(180\1 radian:? degree

= wL3 wL3 WL3_3WL3 f J
96- !z: 96 =3.935o. Ans.
2WL3 WL3 Problem 12.2. A beam 4 metre long, simply supported at its
96 48 ends, carries a point load W at its centre. If the slope at the ends of
wL3 the beam is not to exceed1", find the deflection at the centre of the
v,- - 4gEI heam.

(Negativesign showsthat deflection is downwards) Sol. Given :

Length, L-4 m-4000 mm
- wL3
Downward deflection,
l,= qgm ...(12.7) Point load at centre=W
Slope at the ends'
hobfem 12.1. A beam 6 m long, simply supported at its '^==tf;]' A Alq,E r:
ends, ts carrying a point load of 50 kN at its centre. The moment of 'ffi=o'otz45radians
598 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS f f l ,l ,l |,('IION OF B EA t\,l S I

Let y,=llsflection at the centre I, 1. I)IIII,ECTTON OF A SIMPLY SUPP'ORTED BEAM WITH AN

Using equation(12.6),for the slopeat the supports,we get I.]CCENTRICPOTNTLOAD
. wLz A simply supportedbeam AB of tength L and carrying a point
te=T6EI (Numerically'i l,,,r,l W at a distanced from support A and at a distance b from
aul,l)r)rt B is shownin Fig. 12.4.
()r O.O1I11,S=Y-!:
16EI
Now using equation (12.7), we get
wL3
V- = -
48EI
WLz L w.b
(.. wL3 wL2 L\
= _ x_ | -: T-
16Er"3 \ 48Er 16Er' 3 i Fig. 12. 4
4ooo
=o.ol745x r '. ' WLz 'fhe reactions at A and B can be calculated by taking moments
J
|L .-=0.01745 fron'
l oc/ nl xrtrl A.

equation(i) i We find that reaction at A is given by

=23.26 mm.Ans.
ne=Vf and
Problem 12,2. (a) A beam 3 m long, simply supported at its ^rY
ends, is carrying a point load W at the centre. If the slope at the ends (a) Now consider a section X at a distance r from .4 in length
of the beam should not exceedt', find the deflectionat the centreol 'l( 'l'he bending moment at this section is given by,
the beam. [AnnamalaiUniversity,1991] M r : R4xx
Sol. Given : Wxb
:--L-*, (Plus sign due to sagging)
Lengt h, L=3 m=3x1000=3000 mm
Point load at centre -w But B.M. at any sectionis also given by equation(12.3) as
Slopeat the ends, i ^ = i t= 1 o ,t2,,
M=EI " t=
1 vr dxz
= .#=0.01745 radians
t6u Equating the two values of B.M., we get
Let yc=Deflection at the centre
Using equation (12.6), we get -.I &v W x b
E
*: , - xx
. wL2
,N:T6fI Integrating the above equation, we get

, , d y_ W x b .x.zx+z,Lnr . . .(i)
0.0174s=
1%
...(i ) "' dr= L
wlrt'rc Cl is the constant of integtation.
Now usingequation(12.7),we get
Integratingthe equation (i), we get
WL' WLz L
y-=-=-A-

48EI 16EI 3
I
EI.t=Y! . !+c,.r+c, . . . ( ii)
=0.01245x*
J ffi*'ot''ot) wlrere C2 is another constant of integration. The values of C1 and
(', lrc obtained from boundary conditions.
:0.0r?45x39F ('.' L=3000 mm) (i) At A, x=0 and deflection y=0
3
:17.45 mm. Ans. Substituting these values in equation (rd), we get
 0l
6m STRET.ICTHOF MATERIAI-S I rl rl.ttl(:lloN oF BEAVIS

0=0+0+Cz lrquatingthe two valuesof B.M., we get

Cz:O *l =w'b
Pr
--dxz'L''-wv-al
Substitutingthe value of C2 in equation (ii), we get
tntegratingthe aboveequation,we get
EI'Y=
ff ."+c,.* . . . (iii) dy .t^_*rr:o),
t-,' E = =w,.b
L'T-- 2
*r,
''
. . . ( vi)

(tt) At C, x=a and slope (Note that value of i6 is wlrcrr'(lt is the constantof integration.
*=,r.
Integrating the equation (vi) again' we get
unknown).
The value of C1 is obtained by substituting these values in EIy=H.+-+++c3x+C4 . . . ( vii)
equation (i). Hence, we get and
wlrcrc C4 is another constant of integration' The values of C3
Ca are obtained from boundary conditions'
EI.ic=Y*
.t*r,
(i) At B, x=L and y=0' Substituting these values in equation
(r,,r), w e get
ct=Erxic-V#
Substitutingthe value of C1 in equation (i) and (iii), we get
*c.xL+co
o=ry+-I.";"r
,, dy _W.b W.b.az .W.b_.Lz ('." L-a=b)
...(iv) -W.b3 +C\.L+C4
-, dr-;.x2+Elxig-? 66
Ery=ff*'*(
o L \z
er.b-U#)- ...(,) c*wlt
66
-*'or'" -cjxL "'(viii)

The equation (iv) gives the slope whereas equation (v) gives (tt) At C, x=aand slope (The valueof i6'is unknown)'
'ax*=,r'
the deflection at any point in section AC. But the value of i6. is
unknown. The value of Cr is obtained by substitutingthese values in
(b) Now consider a section X at a distance x from A in length ctluation(vi).
CB as shown in Fig. 12.5. Here x varies from a to L. The B.M. at Hence, we get from equation (vi)
this section is given by,
EI .ir=w -b:o'-) @- a)z+ c t

=w-l;o'-o*c,
cr="'''r-Yf ...(ix)

Substituting the value of C3 in equation (vfii)' we get

Fig. 12.5 ,*yf _Yy-(r,,,-uff)t

Mr= R a .x -W (x -a )
- .,r.,*V!4
=Y! -w'a-'u
=
w.b
.x-W(x-a)
",
, =ry @z-L\-E,.tr.r*Y!4
B.M. at this sectionis also given by equation (12.3) as
,12.,
*;l - ELL.ic
=ry p,- rry*w'!r'o'
M=E I
 STRENGTH OF MATERIAI . DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
613

=ry [bz
- L2+Jaz]-
Er.L.ic The deflection at the point C can also be obtained by
substitutingt=c in equation(u). Hence,we get
=ry [b2-(a+o1za3azJ-Ei.L.i6
(. L= a-rt,l
er'Y,=V#* ( m'"-*r!i"')'"
=# fbz- az- bz -zab+ 3a2l-Er.L.ic
,
wh
EI.L.i g
or ,r=*lo#.t,.,,"-ryi1) ...(R)
O- I2 a 2 -2 a b )-
Equating the two valuesof y6'given by equations(A) and (B)'
= f f * z o g - b ) - E I L .ic we get
w .b.a3w 'a'b
=*{u [a_b]_ErL.k I lw.b.a3
,
- ,. ^ w .b.a3f --ff*i
- t l w .a.a3 @-b)
;1 "# .EL i 6.a- zL E tl
) 6L
'Ihe stope ( ,
point in CB is obtainerlby +ELa.ig-EI.L'icf
\ " #)
arl ", "n,
I
substitt-tingthe value of C3 in equation(r,i).
Hence, we get fronr
equation(vi), or s:w'{'b \o-b)-EI-LJc

t, *=y.,r-!<,-o)z+er.6-!1!4 ..(r) or Et't:r:Y!!1o-A1

The deflection (d.e. y) at any point in
CB is obtained try
substituting the values of C1 and Ca in equation
(vii). Hence, we ger or ,r=ffito-t,l ...(12.8)
from equation (vri),
The above equation gives the value of is (i'e' slope at point
at
EIr=YQ.r'-[ v-ot,*( ,r.,.-U#), C). Substituting this value of i6 in equation (iv), we get the slope
any point in AC. Hence we get from equation (iv),

aY!!1a-b)- Er.L.ic ...(-rD - ut-* ;'Lo

t, *=Y.x2 +EIxffii <o
The deflection at the point C is obtained W.b ^ W.a'b ,. W'b.az
by substituting =zf-.x.+-1L
x=a in the aboveequation.Let ya=1hs deflection \a-D)- 2L
at C. Hence, we
get
=Y 7*r+zog-q-3o21
Err,=Y!4! -({o- o7'
* ( u4-Y!t
), =+: [3f -2ab-azl ...(c)
W.a.b
+---(a-b\- EI.L.ic As the length AC is more than length CB, hence maximum
t slope will be at ihe support A, where.r=0' Let the slope at A is
v.=# I w.u.o3 representedby ir.Hence A*^t e will be equal to f4. Substituting
L"#-,+ELa.ic-Yli
*V.!.! 6-b)_Er.L.icf x=0 in equation (C), we get

_ I w.U.ot w.b.ai w.a.b J EI ( +) =ry9-l3xo-Zab-azl

-EI I
' oL
- +;-(a-b) \d /",a
| 6I; zL
+ EI.a.ic-EI.L.icl or Etil=Y! (?tb-az)
 @4
STRE}JGTH oF MATERIAIS DEFLECTION OF BEAIT'IS 605

or . __W.a.b ^ Substitutingthis value of r in equation(D), we get maxrmum

deflection.
. sign
.[Neeative
",Ji;.g"1j,l]','n",,r"*"", ", ,;"t*,"]
A makesan anglein the anti_clockwir"
oi n"g"tive direction].
w.b | ( a2+2ab\3n ( a2+2ab\1n
rm=utull, @r+zaqf
, /-1, 3 )
Value of Maximum Deflection
w.b | 1az+zab\tn 1az+2ab)3n
=6ErL f
Since .a' is more than .b, hencemaximum
in fengthAC' The deflection deflectionwill be
poi"t-in tengtnAC isgiven by
L-l;6----E-- J
equation(v) as ", ""f =ffi.{o'n2ab)3nt
(
# #]
ELy=Y-b
' 6 L rr +' ( u.r.-Y.b.o'
" '''t-- 2 L \I'- =ffi{or*2ab)tn
H
=#".Luffio-b)-yltl. = --!'b-(az+2s6fn
9{3 EI.L
Negative sign meansthe deflectionis in downward direction.
,,=rowi@-b)rrom.o.
1,r.r;I
| Downward,, +2ab)3n ...(12.10)
=# ".[r y@- b)-w]4:., ^",=##@2
Deflection under the point load
=y ff +2a(a-b)x-3az.x] Let y.=psflection under the point load

=Y The deflection at any point in length AC is given by equation

[xt+ 2az
x - zabx - 3a2
xf (D), as
=+* ff -a2x-2ab4=Y! w.b- .
yr:ffiVt-x(a2+2ab)l
fu3-x(a2+2ab1l .
,=##[r-x@2+2abyr ...(D) The deflection under the point load will be obtained by
substitutingx=a in the above equation.
The deflectionwill be maximumO
#=O t. =ffita-a@2+zab1l
But pxz-(az+zab)l
*=#h =ffi[ot-ot-Zazb]
For maximumdeflecrion
, W.b Wazbz
#=O :TEILX\-/a-D1=-
3EIL

or
':=:fr'*
(
#* rt,r-(a2+zabsl=s

3
w.b
ffi cannot
bezero
)
Negative sign means the deflection is downward.

Downward,
,e## ...(12.11)
Note. The above method for finding the slope and deflection is
very laborious. There is a simple method of finding the slope and
deflection at any point in a beam. This method is known as Macaulay's
method which will be discussedlater on.
,=fo'*uzot Problem 12.3. Determine : (i) slope at the left support,
1t' (ii) dcflection under the load and (iii) maximum deflection of a simply
 606 STRENCTH
OF MATERIAT^\ I fr,l l l ( ll( )N OF BEAtvtS
ffl

A
supported beam of length S m, which is carrying a point load
of S L.t ll.(r. |)F]}'I,ECTIONOF A SIMPLY SUPPORTEDBEAM WITII
at u distance IINIFORMLY DISTRIBUTEDLOAD
?f 3 m lrom the teft end. Taie E=2xrd Nlmiz anti
I : l x 10" m m" . A sirnply supported beam AB of length L and carrying a
rrrrrlormly aisirlUuteaload of w per unit lengthover the entire-length
r,,..lrown tsig.72.a.The reaciionsat A and B will be equal' Also
So!. Given : in
Lengt h , L = 5 m= 5 0 0 0 m m rlrc nlaximurn-deflection will be at the centre' Each vertical
Point load, W=5 kN=500C,N wxL
Distance between point load and left end, r r '; t c l 1 O f l =J

a=3 m=30C|0mm
Ro=P^-II!
b=L-a=5-3=2 m=2000mnr L

Vatue of E=2x1F N/mm2 L EN GTH

M . O.r., 1=1x108mma
Let ie=Slope at the left support,
y6=Deflectionunder the load, and
x
/*=Maximum deflection.
(l) Usingequation(12.9),we ger 2
Fig. 12.6
. W.a.b Consider a section X at a distancer from A'
,e=-dEIZ\a+zD)
rnomentat this sectionis given by,
= __!900:!000x:?OOO x (3000
+2 x 2000)
6x2 x lF x 1Oo
x sooo Mr--Raxx-wxxx:
(radians)
= w.L w.f
= -0.00035 radians. Ans. z' x- z
sign means that the angle made by tangentat,4 is But B.M. at any sectionis also given by equation (12'3)' as
. -Negative
anti-clockwise.
(ii) The deflectionunder the load is given by equation(t\.tt),
M =E I #
AS Equating the two valuesof B.M., we get
w'xz
Waz.bz -- *v w.L
r-i
r *=jx- z
-=- 3EIL Integrating the above equation,we get
= -5mo1?T',1zooo'
=0.6mm. Ans.
3x2x1SxlSx50O0-"
(iii) The maximum deflectionis given by equation(12.10),
as
*-;**',
",*=+
where C1 is a constantof integration.
. . .(i)

w.b Integrating the above equationagain, we get

lnat=_=7_(az+2a6yn
...(rr)
+-i . !+c,r+c,
9,l3EI.L
Erry=wu
5000x2000 of
=ffi(30002 +2x 3000
x 2000)32 where c2 is another constantof integration.Thus two constants
integration (i.e. Cl and C2) are obtained from boundary conditions'
The boundary conditions are :
(9000000+
12000000)32 (d) at x=0, /=0 and (ii) at x=L, Y=0
Substitutingfirst boundarycond[ion i'e' x=0,./:0 in equation
=0.6173mm. Ans. (ii), we get
 f r'1t,1j'('noNOF BEAtvts
STRET.ICTHOF MATERIAIS 6J)
6m (N cga t ive sign m eans
t hat t angent at A m akes an
l l l rrr thc ant i- clockwisedir ect ion) angle wit h
0=0-0+0*Cz
Cz:0
the secondboundaryconditioni'e' at x:L' y=O
l l y symm et r y. io=- WL'
Substituting ,.
24EI ... ( 1 2 . 1 3 )
in equat ion (i i ), w e g e t
L, _y ll,t r trrtttrnDeflection
o
v -:w .L !+ c,.t-' -
4 3 6' 4 llrc maximum deflection is
at the centre of the beam i.e.
(Cz is alreadY zero) at
l
l"'|f rt ( , w her e , =1. Ur y6=def lect ion at
w ,L a w .L 4 ,n t C which is also m axim um
= -t-(-l .L
n- U
wL3 . wL3 =- wL3 ' fr l fr r (rtr.. S u bst it ut ingl=16 and.*= i" t he equat ion ( iv) , we ger
^
c1=--5-+ rL
or 24 a
the valueof C1in equations(i) and (ii)' we get
Substituting Er .y.:!! . ( L t' - y (t \
tz.(zJ_n I L \' _ *L t
E
-, I
dy w .L ..2 n * r-r.\t
.r'- ...(i i i ) \r)_u l\ ;'l I
fr= 4 6r 24 : n. Lo wLa wLa ; *. ; ,
96 3U - - - 384
48

--:s4'EL3
/ c_5wLaSW. r=-3u
i
or Ery=+i-# f-#' "'(iv) (.. w.L=W=Total toad)
Nr.liarivesign indicatesthat deflection
is downwards.
The equation (iii) is known as slopeequation'We can find the I)ownwarddeflection.
I dv \
stope i.e. the value of # any point on the beam by substitut- .,_5 wL3
{ | " 384 ' Er
Y7--
...(12.14)
ing the different values of x in this equation' f'r olrlcm 12.4. A.beam of uniform rectangular
section 200mm
The equation(rv) is known as deflectionequation'We can find ,ri,te rtttrl In mm
deep,k:iygly supported at its ends. It
by
the deflection (i.e. the value of y) at any point on the beam "'ttt"tttllv ri.rtributed road of g'*r,t/rn'*, or", carria a
in equation' tlr"
substitutingthe different valuesof x this tt th' rrltt*f E for the beam material is Ixt01 "ntir"'rpo"';i'; " ^.
(tt ttrt slope at the supports Ut*,*i,;;;:
Slope at the supports and (ii) mori^Vi-.i"yt"rtion.
( dv\ .\ol. Given :
Let ie=Slope at support '4' This is equal to W rrl th, b=200 m m
\d' )^^ l rr' pl l r, d=300 m m
and ia=Slope at suPPortB
f\l () l, ,_b& 200x30G
A t A ,x=o a n d# =rn . '-T=--Ir-=4'5x108 mma
I | ,l I p=9 kN/m=9000N/m
Substitutingthesevaluesin equation (iii)' we get ' .p.l r, L=5 m =5@0 m m
EL;a=!xa-i"o-ff | ' f ;11l1; s61,
\' :rl rrr.o[
W=w. L*=9000x5=45@0
N
E=1X10a Nim m 2
wL, WL2 | ,l
t=lloP: ar the support
=---
24 24 4r,,r yg= Maximum deflection.
('.' w.L=W=Total load)
' ll, r, / rh,rrt<tbe taken,n *:ll:,
wL2 ...(12,12) I ur r r .t l ,r r r r rrrrt r r iur
. t lin ot her calculat !.,]., to..."f"uf.ringiOf f*a,
ia= lonsL is t aken in m m .
24EI
 STRENCTHOF MA]T1l{l '\l

a simply SUpportedlrt '"" i 'F*i tst al l t t I rl l tl A N ,IS 613

The maximum bendingmoment for
load is given by'
carryinlga uniformly distributed It t I l)r'flcction of a Simply supported Beam with an
w.L2 W.L ('.' W=w.L) -..-.+rfrl y,ilt krurl. A simply supported beam ,4.B of length L and
M=-{=-g , . , i i r r s q l '. , r r t l o atl W a t a d i sta n ce 'c'fr o m l e ft su p p o r t a n d a t a
f: f 4rfiF /, lr'lr right support is shown in Fig. 12.7. The reactions
Now using the bending equation'
=! | a r , , l l l , r r 1 g i v en b y,
Mf W. b W. a
-:- ..
/i .r= andRr =- - -
Iy L
fxl 8x/ (.
M=7= i. , -' l f l ' , I' r' rrrl rrrgm om ent at any sect ion bet ween A and C at a
or 16t4 \ i i .r?,... r l r,' rrr z{ is given by,
M
u=Y (t
' =Rnxx
=w .b* *
get
Equatingthe two valuesof B'M'' we
w.L 761 l-
8d

or n=-Lrd _1281
,,,_16x81
=Trd

Now using equation (12't4)' we

5 wL3
Yc= 3g4x- EI
get
... ir,,

l, _L_
L

Fig. t2.7
Ro
" -W--r
I l r r ' ;rl rovs sq ur t ion of B. M. holds good for the values of .r
.ol
I
I

r.E *f r.rr o;111fl ' a' .The B. M . at any sect ion bet ween C and B at a
n=**H"+r ' l a;ti rrrl r l rom A i s given by,
M,= Ra. x- Wx'( x- a)

( ) c= 10m mandt= ;l' wh

:_::.x_W(x _a\
L
l l rt' above eq uat ion of B. M . holds good f or all values of x
5 728xLz
-
--Y 16l r+rr 1 r :O and X = b.
38p--"dxE
llrt' tt.M. for all sectionsof the beam can be expressedin a
s 178xLz= 5 .. 128x5ooo2 = i ,,gl rrrl r;rti on w ri tt en as
cr d-- 384^ to;t;ld
t*'-to*
=347.2 mm:M'72 cm' Ans' M,:ff t ':,-w (x-a) . . . ( i)

Stop at the dotted line for any point in sectionAC. But for
I2,7, MACAULAY'S METHOD
deflection for a sirrrl'I1 4rr l,r)mtin sectionCB, add the expression beyondthe dotted line
The procedure of finding slope and rt
point load as mentioned in A al =,'
support;J 6eam wittr ui "tt"nitit methotl l"r
is a convenient
12.5, is a verY tau-iou'' There lhc ts.M. at any sectionis also given by equation(12.3) as
of the beam subjectedto point 'loatt''
determiningthe deftections
M'H' Macaulayand is ktt"'r" M=Er
# . . . ( ii)
This fnethodwasdevisedby Mr.
meth;' rni' t"lnoa mainly::T1:::-t","t1*::ll"
as Macaulay's "' llcnce equating (i) and (ii), we get
at any section ls €XpIt"""t
*unn", in which the bending moment
l" ,rt" manner in which ihe integrations
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, -w1x-a7 . . . ( iii)
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 STRENCTH OF MATERIALS
fftll l,r'tl()N OF BEAtr,lS
6ll

-E ta2g6=0 ('.' Ct=200' *tll lrt crpral to the angle between the tangents p1
at and e1. Hence
L ffr6.11111'11.l'lctween the lines Cp1 and DO;will be equal to'ag.
or -25x2+200-4
f 'or rhe deflected part ptet of the beam, we have
t 't t u l

or ,=Y '; =2x''/2 m Pt Q t =R'd0

Now substitutingr:2x ''/i i" equation (iii) upto dotted line' l l rrr Pt Q Edx
we get the maximum deflection. dx=R.d0
.'. EIxyn*- -!" P"{ 2f +zoo(zx\/t) ...(r)
= -188.56+565.68
de=4
R
Nmm3
=377 -72kNm3=377.12x1012 llrrt for a loadedbeam, we have

Ans'
upwards' ME^EI
,^^=ffiu=9.428mm 7:R or n=E
\rrlr51i1u1ing
the valuesof R in equation(i), we get
I2.8. MOMENT AREA METHOD
A R E A- M,dr
Fig. 72.17 shows a d-r
nH:-
M dx ...(rr)
beam AB carrYing some ( EI\ EI
t-l
type of loading, and ( q) \M )
hence subjectedto bend- \rrrcc the slopeat point .4 is assumedzero, hence
. total slope
ing moment as shown rt lf t*brained by integratingthe aboveequationbetween
the limits
in Fig. 12.17 (a). Let 8. M.D IA GR A M ll drrrl I
the beam bent into
f L * r .d* |
AQf$
12.17
as shownin Fig.
(b).
e:.oI y#=+l
EI
= rL
u.a,
M.
1D EIJ.
Due to the load ac- t-
(- llut M.dx representsthe area of B.M. diagram
ting on the beam. Let A of length dr.
fL
be a point of zero sloPe f ferrrr' | ,.at
K .\ representsthe area of B.M. diagram between A
and zero deflection. " tt
Consider an ele' rtll lf
ment PQ of small length
x from B. hd0
dx at a distance e=!
- gi tArea of B.M. diagram betweenA and B]
The correspondingPoints \
on the deflectedbeamare o llrrr O=slopeat B=ia
PtQr as shown in Fig. Fig. 12.17 Slopeat B,
12.17(b).
n.ea of n.U. Oiag.a, UetweenA and B
Let R=Radius of curvatureof deflectedpart P:Q: IR=-
EI
dl-Angle subtendedby the arc P1Q1at the centreO ...(12.15)
M=Bending moment betweenP and Q ll tlrc slope at A is not zero then, we have
P1C=Tangentat Point P1 " linil changeof slope betweenB
and A is equal to the area of
QrD=Tangent at Point P1. F N ltusrom betweenB and A dividcd by the
flexural rigidity El,
ThetangentsatPlandQlarecuttingtheverticallinethrough ilr of B.M. ,4 and B
ir,-;r=Area Eltween
B at points C and D. The angle betweenthe normals at P1 and Q1 EI "'(12'1'6)

-#:*.
612 STRENCTHOF MATERIAI .\ tiFl,rll('noNoF BEAI,IS 633
Now the deflection, due to bending of the portion P1Q1 r: 'l'heB.M. diagramis a parabota
. for uniformrydistributedroads.
given by I lrr l,ll'wing propertiesof area and centroidsor paraboraare given
{n
dY=x'do
l .ct BC=d
Substituting the value of d0 from equation (ii), we get
M.d-x AB: b
.
dy=x . ...(rttl
EI In Fig. 12.78,ABC is a parabolaand .4BCD is a surrounding
Since deflection at ,4 is assumed to be zero, hence the total
D

NI
deflection at B is obtained by integrating the above equation betweerr
the limits zero and L.
L t ..\anea Al .\\
f xM'd x-t f ,u.a,
EI EI Jo \\ \\\ d
'=Jo
Rut xxM.dx representsthe moment of area of the B'M
diagram of length dr about point B.
nL A.
LD I
Hence I xM.dx representsthe moment of area of B.M
Jo Fig.12.18
diagram between B and A about B. This is equal to the total area tr'rlitngle.
of B.M. diagrambetweenB and A multipliedby the distanceof tht l.et At=Area of ABC
C.G. of the B.M. diagramarea from B. xr=Distanceof C.G. of A1 from AD
1 -Ax Az=Area of ACD
.. y=_:rA Xr=: . . .(12.11\
'EIEI Iz:Distance of C.G. of A2 from AD
where A=Area of B.M. diagrambetweenA and B Gr=C.G. of areaA1
f :Distance of C.G. of the areaA from B' Gz=C.G. of areaA2
'fhen Ar=Area of parabolaABC
I2.9. MOHR'S THEOREMS
The resultsgivenby equation(12.15)for slopeand (12'17)fo' =t2 bd
deflection are known as Mohr's theorems.They are state as : Az=AreaACD=Area ABCD-Area ABC
I. The changeof slope betweenany two points is equal to
the net area of the B.M. diagrambetweenthesepoints divided by EI
=bxd-^?ua=lua
JJ
\
il. The total deflection between any two Points is equal t,' rt=i b
the moment of the area of B.M. diagram between the two points
about the last point (i.e. B) divided by EL _1
iL=i b.
The Mohr's theoremsis convenientlyusedfor following cases
1. Problemson cantilevers(zero slope at fixed end). II.IO. SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF A SIMPLY SUP.
PORTED BEAM CARRYING A POINT LOAD AT TTTE
Z. Simplysupportedbeamscarryingsymmetricalloading(zer,, CENTRE BY MOHR'S TTIEOREM
slope at the centre).
Fig. 12.19 (a) showsa simply supported beam AB of length
3. Beams fixed at both ends (zero slope at each end)' I- rn<lcarryinga point road w at the centreof the beam i.e. at poinr

.garE-=.-
 T-"qqr'F-

6Y STREI.TCTHOF MATERIAIJ ltlrl.t t,( ll( )N ( )F BEAMS 635

C" The B.M. diagramis shownin Fig. 12.19(b). This is a caseof II I I. SI,OPE AND DEFLECTION OF A SIMPLY SI.JP.
symmetricalloading,henceslopeis zero at the centrei.e. at point C. I{)R'[ED BEAM CARRYING A UNIFORMLY DI$
I'RIIIUTED LOAD BY MOHR'S TTIEOREM
But the deflectionis maximumat the centre.
I ty. 12.20 (a) shows a simply supported beam ,48 of length
I e,,l r.rrrying a uniformly distributed road of w/unit rength over
A
l hr rrrtrrl ' sp an. The B. M . diagr am is shown in Fig. 12. 20 ( D) .
(o ) This
l: rr , rr\r' r[ symmetrical loading, hence srope is zero at the centre
w i t
'rl rr)i l l l C.
T

B. M. DIAGRAM

F i g . 1 2 .1 9
Now using Mohr's theorem for slope, we get
of B.M. diagram between A and C
S lope a t A-" '^rea E.M .OIAGR AM
EI
But area of B.M. diagram between A and C Fig. 12.20
=Area of triangle ACD (r) Now usingMohr's theoremfor slope,we get
= 7 ,L ,WL _W L' S fopc a t A-
22 4 t6
lful area of B.M. diagram between A and C
Slope at A (or ia) :W,*
.'LI =Area of parabola ICD
Now using Mohr's theorem for deflection, we get from )
=jxACxCD
equation(12.17)as
A7 2
l: EI =3^t^L wLz w.L3
=
g 24
where A=Area of B.M. diagram betweenA and C
Slopeat a=!,Lj-
24EI
=--wL2 (r) Now using Mohr's theoremfor deflection.we get
1,6 from
:{u.tton ( 12.17)as
x-=Distanceof C.G of area A from A
u-Ai
2LL 'EI
323 *lrpre /=Area of B.M. diagrambetweenA and C
WLz L w.L3
_v_

16 ^ 3 wLt 24
' v =-

' EI 48EI' mrf r=Distance of C.G. of area A from A

I -=-.*-
 t '*Ee

lfEtrr('tl()N OF BEAMS
6iffi STRENCTH OF MATERIATS
637
(rii) 'fhe section,.
for which B.M. equation
5 .^ 5 L 5L rlr,rrtrt lrc taken in is to be written,
=rxA L =g rt= the Iurt p".t of ill;rn.
te
w.L3 5L 0.
I,or maximumdeflection,
the slope i,
5 w.La
24"16 =3U fr ""ro.
l=---n EI
at pointB if slopeat .4 is zero
,',nrf,,,,1
,* by moment-area
-T;tftff
HIGHLIGHTS ir=At"" of B.M. di"go*
.
t. 'I'he deflection
1. The relation betweencurvature,slope, deflection etc. at by moment area method
is given by
a section is given bY : Ai
Deflection=y .EI
v --

*hrrr ,4 Area of B.M.

diagram between A
slope=9
' dr rrtl r l)isrance of -of
C.G.
and B
,r., from B.
s . y . = e !r EXERCBE 12
s.F.=EI
4I
dx"
Theoreticareuestions
. I r)crive ,tn,
trl' i'f,f rr rrrr ,,, ^" tne slopeand deflection
n=gt of a beam
d-f ";ii.;;';tJl;tJltJ#;
l. f'rove that the relation
that
2. Slopeat the supportsof a simplysupportedbeam carrying
a point load at the centre is given by : t4=Et d'l
wLz *hrt e ,tt tlcnding .no."f'
IA = IB= _
,;
,I.ilfl''modurus
1 6 EI
where W= Point load at the centre
L= Length of beam
E= Young's modulus
.,rf,F,,'
1.,
r s',t,|j'j'i'J.1",:jl.J,if.. supports
ofasimpry
I= M.O.l . a ",i,ill
f 'r.ve that rhe d_efl.ection ;l J,i:
,i ,i. .nrre. of a simply
||}Bt||||l||v|||,lapointlo'a.'i.t-r,".l"il^.:,[!,u.nuy
3. The deflection at the centre of a simply supported beam supported
carrying a point load at the centre is given by
wL3 ',.:WL'
-
4 8 EI
ihrrr ll l ''rr r r l o a d
Yc= -EEI
I l . cr r g th o f b e a m .
4. The slope and deflection of a simply supported beam,
.r9,' srope d.l:"jion the
carrying a uniformly distributedload of rylunitlength over the entire
rnfrrr ,"'i,",..ifii:f,".,fr'Lj;13.1"#.?".;,""..
3g1*,,.,,"1,,1,,.i.1ffi1t::'19t ..11d_ :,;r.X.or a simpry
iJr,".,io*.,
span, are given bY,
wLz
ta=tg=EEI
*: :n
al:f I .ll i:"
I,rrrtrre
lfrts
:ii'^?
lt'ngth
:',ff.*f, T,ffitl[;1, r,of*,y
c toacl
are grven by
su
pported
w per unit
bea
m length
and ,r*ry Str,fx.
ar .uROo.tr=_ff,
5. Macaulay'smethod is used in finding slopesand deflec- "nO
tions at any point of a beam' In this method : | )t.ltcction at cent.e=_S . I/L.
(i) Brackets are to be integratedas a whole. **g l r l l l , r r r r l 1 r .<l .w xL . 3 8 4 EI
(ri) Constantsof integrationsare written after the first term'

^Eh---
 --"-€

l rl ,f II( i l ()N ()1. IJ F,.A MS 639

638 OF MATERIAI5
STRENGTH
l .rl r / I .106 N /mm2 and /= 1* ' 109 mm4.
7. What is a Macaulay'smethod ? Where is it used ? Fino r.
expressionfor deflectionat any sectionof a simply supportedbeam with ar' [Ans. (0 10.3 mm and 10.6 downwards, (rj) 11 mm]
eccentricpoint load, using Macaulay'smethod. e A rrt'amof length 6 m is simply supported at its ends. It carries
8. What is moment-areamethod ? Where is it convenientlyused ' 4 r f f r f, 'r r r r l Yr l r sl r i b u te dl o a d o f l 0 kN /m a s sh o w n i n Fi g . 1 2 .2 1 . D e te r m i n e
Find the slopeand deflectionof a simplysupportedbeamcarryinga (i) pcin. t h r , l ' t t , r l r , r r .f th e b e a m a t i ts m i d - p o i n t a n d a l so th e p o si ti o n a n d th e
load at the c€ntreand (u) uniformlydistributedload over the entire lenst; ilta.rrtilrilr,lt.llt.t.lron.

usingmoment-areamethod.

(B) Numericel Problems

I. A wooden beam 4 m long, simply supportedat its ends, r-
carryinga point load of 7.25kN at its centre.The cross-section of the bea'r:
is 140m m wid e a n d 2 4 0 m m d e e p .l f E fo r the beam = 6' l 0r N /mmt,fi n,l
the deflectionat the centre. [A"s. 10 mm, Fig. 12.21
| . r L r . / ./.4 .- 5 x- l 0 8N /m m :,
2, A beam5 m long, simplysupportedat its ends,carriesa point
Ioad W at its centre. If the slopeat the endsof the beamis not to excee{ [,L n s, - 2 .5 1 5 m m , x=2 .9 m , l m a t=- 2 .5 g 2 m m ]
1", find the deflectionat the centreof the beam. [Ars. 29.08mml ftt. A beam ABC of length 12 metre has one support at the left
3. Determine: (i) slopeat the left support,(ii) defiectionunder t r , l , l r , l r r t l r t . r su p p o r t a t a d i sta n ce o f 8 m fr o m th e l e ft- e n d . Th e b e a m
the load and (rii) maximumdeflectionof a simply supportedbeam of lengt!-. , 4 r r r r , r l r r r r r l l o a d o f 1 2 kN a t th e r i g h t e n d a s sh o w n
i n Fi g . 1 2 .2 2 .
10 m, which is carrfng a point load of l0 kN at a distance6 m from the
left end.
T ak e E = 2 x 1 0 t N /mm' a n d /= 1 x l 0 8 m m ' .
[A"s. 0.00028rad., 0.96 mm and 0.985mm]
4. A bema of uniform rectangularsection 100 mm wide and 240
mm deep is simply supportedat its ends, It carriesa uniformly distributed Fig. 12.22
load of 9.125kN/m run over the entire spanof 4 m. Find the deflectionat
the slopes over each support and at the right end. Find also
the centre if E=1 .1x'l 0' N/mmz. IAos. 6.01 mm] .lrrrrl
t f * r L l h . r . t r o r rl t th e r i g h t e n d .
5. A beam of length 4.8 m and of uniform rectangularsection is t , r k c I : . 2 x1 0 5 N /m m 2 a n d l =5 xl 0 E m m o .
simply supported at its ends. It carries a uniformly distributed load of
9.375 kN/m run over the entire length. Calculat-ethe width and depth of f Ans. ia:6.tX)364. r;=-0.00128, ic:-0.00224, yc:-7.68 mml
the beam if permissiblebendingstressis 7 N/mm' and maximum deflection
is not to exceed0.95 crn. IL An overhanging beam ABC is toaded as shown in Fig. 12.23.
I rFtrI lrr(. lhc rlcflection of the beam at point C.
Take E for beam material=1.05x10'
N/mm2.
[Aos. b=240 mm and d=336.8mml
6. Solve problem 3, using Macaulay'smethod.
7. A beam of length l0 m is simply supported at its ends and
carries two point loads of 100 kN and 60 kN at a distanceof 2 m and 5 m
respectivelyfrom the left support.Calculatethe deflectionsunder eachload. Fig. 12.23
Find also the maximum deflection. t , r L r . / . 2 xl 0 s N /m m 2 a n d /=5 x1 0 8 m m a .
[An s. yc=_ 4 .1 6 m m ]
Take I=18x10t mmoand E=2x105N/mm2.
A l--:rm of span 8 m and of uniform flexural rigidity E/=40 MN_m2,
[Ans. (t -4.35 mm (lr) -6.76 mm QD y^'=-A.78 mm] li- rlurl'lv rrrP;xrrtcrl at its entls. lt carries a uniformly distributed load of 15
t. A beam of length 20 m is simply supported at its ends and lN4tr rurr ovct lltt'cntirc span. lt is also subjectedto a clockwisemoment of
carries two point loads of 4 kN and 10 kN at a distanceof 8 m and 12 m lFlt lN'r :rr :r rhst;rrrce .f
_J
m. fr.m the left srpport. Calculatethe slope of the
from left end respectively. Calculate : (i) Deflection under each load E *r r u r r 'r ' l x r r rr r.f a p p r r ca ti .n.r f th c m o m e n i .
(ir) maximum deflection. l An s. 0 .( x) 6 1 r a d .l

, **=
 luF

I flrl I t r 't t( )N ( )F C:AN.nLEVER5

13 l r r l r . l i r :r l i o r r a g a i n , w e
get
{*l

Deflection of Cantilevers tr y:_ w L :+ Y l ' _ + c,.+ c.-

-
...1.t/
,;;.
s.lrrr, { , ;rntl C, .on*u.1i of integrations.
,'l rt,rrrrr.rl l rrrn r ?f Their valuesare
13.T. INTRODUCTION boundary c ondi ti ons , w hi c h are: (i ) at x = 0, r,= (i
Cantilever is a beam whoseone end is fixed and other end is l rtl | (,. = ()
free. In this chapter we shall discussthe methods of finding slope ttr

and deflectionfor the cantileverswhen they are subjectedto various lAr rlrc fixed end, deflectionand slopesare
zero]
types of loading. The important methodsare (i) double integration tr) lly sul-rstituting y=0 in equition
(ii), wJ get
method (ii) Macaulay'smethodand (iii) Moment-area-method. These 0:0+0+0+- {=0, Cr=il
methodshave also been usedfor finding deflectionsand slope of the (r) lly suhstitutinq
simply supportedbeams. _ .r:0. 4=0 i.
... o
-quatron(i), we ger
dx
0=0*0*Cr C,=0
13.2. DEFLECTION OF A CANTILEVER WITH A POINT LOAD 'r r l r r , 1 j 11 1 1 i nth
g e va l u e - o f
C 1 i n e q u a ti o n ( i ) , w e g e t
AT TTTEFREE END BY DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
A cantileverAB of length L fixed at the point ,4 and free at
t t'1.'=-gryrlYt
(t{ 2
the point B and carrying a point load at the free end B is shown in
Fig. 13.1. =- "wl lu - t ) "'(tit)
2 )
rl r. r' tl tr at ion( ir l) is known
as slope equat ion.we can f ind
6frri r' i rr t he
' rrrv Jr . int on t he . "nt it "u"t l- f lur r st it ut i'g
t he var ue
--1 f
I' e' r'rL.tl
q' rrrr'
<ief lect ionar e m axim um
;rrrrr by
rurrrt.tl
at t he f r ee end. These can
subst it ut ing. r =L in t t "se equat ions.
of x.

' rrrtrsl 111; 1ing t he values of C1 and C2 in

y8 iquat ion ( ii) , we get
- -
------ \ t tr, -wt!*V! ( ci=o'
F i g . 1 3 .1
\BT G=o)
Consider a section X, at a distance x from the fixed end ,4.
*r'!;5-
t-a I ...ri,)
The B.M. at this section is given by,
I (iu)
f f rr. r.1111;11i11n i3 kn'own as deflection equation.
M,=-W(L-x) (Minus sign due to hogging) | ,l r, ,sl<lpeat the free end
a'anJ
But B.M. at any sectionis also given by equation(12.3) as t'n l)eflection at the free
end B
,t2,,
*,/< (rrf\rrt^tiruring
ia for
M=EI x=L inequation
(iii), we get
ft ^na
Equatingthe two valuesof 8.M., we get t t , , ,-w(, , -+ )= _*_T
rfL,,
EI x)= -wL+w.x
;i= -w(L- tt' wLz
...( 13.1)
2rr
Integratingtire above equation, we get t' rrl ' i rrr' r' silr r shows
t hat t angent at B m akes an
rri ti r f,,, I rrr,.r ,lr r t . t . t ion angr e in t he
wit h AB
u, +c, ...(i )
*=-wrx+w{z wt.)
" ...(13.1A)
640
.,1..'
I
r r . r ', , i 1 '. t r tu l ,n l i t,
1 f<>r y a n d x=L i n e q u a ti o n ( r v) , w e g e t

f.*
 T""w*-

&2 STREI.ICTHOF MATERI A I ..' ftpi{ 5r f filN { tl.('ANIII^EVERS w

( L.+-+
EL1,u=-v,2 6 jl=-wf+-g6) ) f,rf t,a 1 i a.(L-a)
\ \2 Wut . Wa2 . .
...(13.4)
tt,t*-zet \L-a)
:-W-E 1
lfrrrfrlr.rrrlJ.l. A cantileverof length 3 m is carrying a point
rrtr 3
f I L
| ':t,t trl ='t AN rrr the free end. If the moment of inertia of the beam= 108
...( l J ,rr,rr'n,r,l ,,tlttr of Ii=2.lxtd
.YB-- ffi
JLT
Nlmmz, Tind-(i) slope if the cantilever
(Negative sign showsthar deflection is downwards) +t thr ltrr r.tttl ond (ii) deflection at the free end.
i nl ( ir vcn :
- wL3 I nryt lr . L: 3 m : 3000 m m
Downwarddeflection,
yo= ...(13.2A
lif l ' ,,tr r t l'; r r l, W=25 kN=25000 N
I3.3. DEFLECTIONOF A CANTILEVER WITH A POINT LOA[) f\f rr l l=108m m a
AT A DISTANCE'a' tr'ROMTHE FD(ED END \' ,rhr . . l E=2. 1x1d N/ m m 2
A cantileverAB of lengthL fixed at point A and free at poirrr l rf ' ,1, r ; r 1'; rtthe f r ee end is given by equat ion ( 13. 1 A) .
B and carryinga point load l7 at a distance'a' from the fixed enrl , wL,
,u=_zE
,.4,is shownin Fig. 13.2.
25000x30002
:--
2x2.7x1Sx 108
=0.005357rad. Ans.
flf l,r.flt.ction
at the free end is givenby equation(13.2A),
I{L3_ 25000x300S
T u._
I 3EI 3x2.1x1dx108
:10.71 mm. Ans.
I
_t f'l nlrfr,rrr1J.2. A cDntilever
of length3 m k carryinga point
F i g . 13.2
),:ailttl 1r,AN 4/ a distanceof 2 m from thefixed end. If I=108 mma
[ .e t ic=Slope at point C sttl | = )' nt\ h[tmm',1ind (i) slopeat thefiee end and (ii) d.eflection
)' c = D e fi e c ti o n a t p o i nt C l t t h c l t t t t'ttr t.
( irvcn :
)a = D e fl e c ti o n a t p o i nt B ftrl
I r . r r1 '1,1 1 [- =3 m =3 0 0 0 m m
Th e p o rti o n AC < ,f th e c a n ti l ever may be taken as si mi l ar r,,
I 'r r t r r t h xr r l , W:5 0 kN =5 0 0 0 0 N
a c ant i l e v e r i n Art. 1 3 .1 (i .e . l o a d at the free end).
ltrctrrr( t. trslv/ssn the load and the fixed end.
. IVar a=2 m=2000mm
i r-+ tz h [In e q u ati on (i 3.1 A ) change L to ,
N r)1 , /-108 mma
Wa3 \' rrl r r cul E=2x1f f N/ m m 2
y r= Ifi [In e q u ati on (13.2 A ) change L to ,
l rt' ,1, r p1. r r tt he f r ee end is given by equat ion ( 13. 3) as
The beanr lr.ill benci only tretween r{ and C, but from C tr . Wa2 50000x20002 ^
it *. ill re rn a i n s tra i g h t s i n c e B .M . betw een C and B i s zero. iB= rad' Ans'
zEI= zx2xrorxro.=0'005
S i n c e th e p o rti o n C B a f th e canti l ever i s strai ght. there!,) l rrt llr 'llt 't 't ion at t he f r ee end is given bv equat ion ( 13. 4) as
Wa3 , Waz
S i o p e a t (-= s i o p e a t i i
',r tti ..t+i * &- a)
or ,-=in=Y E - . . . r; ,s(XX)Ox2ffi03 50000x20002
).EI ( 3oc '- 2oi ) o)
r " .t;1or x 1os * z " z
N r-rv fro
,' n F i g . 1 3 .2 , w e h a ve 6 67+-5.0:11.67
mm. Ans.
 T.'€F-

ffi STRENCTHOFMATERIAI tsEflFr |lilN ( )l; (:ANTILEVEI{S &7

Problem 13.3. A cantilever of length 2.5 m caries a unifonn; Es*rrri ttutt'in order tg produce a deflection of 5 mm at the ftee
',,t
distributed load of 16.4 kN per metre length over the entire lengh ' .i i ,l ' l ,t\r I . '00 G Nlm '. ( Annam alai Univer sit y, 1991)
the moment of inertia of the beam=7.95x10' mm- and valur ' hrl ( ;tv c n :
E:2xld Nlmmz, determine the deflection at the free end. W rrl tl r. b=120 m m
Sol. Given : l f r ptl l . 11=200m m
Len g th , L = 2 .5 m m = 2 5 00 mm I r np.tl r , I . =2. 5 m =2. 5 x 1000=25011
mm
U. d .l ., w = 1 6 .4 k N /m l tr fl r.rl r on at f r ee end, yn=5 6p
T o ta l l o a d " W= w XL \',rlrrl ot' Ii:200 GN/m2
=16.4x2.5=41kN=41000N =200x10eN/mz ('.' G=Giga=10e)
Value of I=7.95x107mma 200x10eN
==__=---- t'. 1 p2=(1000mm)21
Value of E=2x10s N/mm2 (1000)2mm2
Let "/a:Deflectionat the free end, =2xlff N/mrn2
Using equertion(13.6),we get
WL3 41000x250S i r,,rrrr. r r<, f iner t ia, , =! #=t r o; : *: 8x107 mma
8EI 8x2x1Sx7.95x107 I rI n, rrrriformly distributed load per m length in N
= 5 .0 3 6 m rn . A ns.
tV 'l'otal load
Pnoblern 13.4. A cantilever of length 3 nt carries a tinijor' wx. L ( Her e I - is in m et r e)
dktributed load over thc entire length. If the deflection at tiic fr<'t wy. 2. 5
is 40 mm, find the slope at the free end. l. 5r w N
Sol. Given : I r,,l rl , t . r lr r at ion( 13. 6) , we get
[-ength, L=3 m=3000 nt wl,3
t r,
Def l e c ti o n a t fre e e n d , y r= 4 9 r n* " t lEl
Let is=siopc ;ri the free eir'.] . 2. 5wx25AF
Lls i n g e q u a ti o n (1 3 .6 ), w e g e t t t x2x1Sx8x107
wL3 5x8x2x1$sx8x107
)r' =163M N/nr
gEl
'"t-
16.384kNln:. Ans.
or iu=w!?L=wt1:ie)o
8EI 8E/
ui 1.2 4-0x 8 II I I'Ii}'I.I,](''I'ION OF A CANTII,EVER WITH A UNIFORMLY
^t
Et 3000 | tthtR tBt r TED LO AD FO R A DI STANCE , a' FRO M THE
Siope at the free end is given by equation (13.5), l l xt' :t) l: NI )

iB=-H=-ry"I A , rrrrtrlcvcrAB of length L fixed at the point A and free at

tlre 1''irrr ll rrrrrlcarrying a uniformly distributed load of wlm length
fi i l e rl trt' rrr,c'a'f r om t he f ixed end, is shown in Fig. 13. 4.
40x8 1
_-x-
3000 6 , I lr, lrr..rrrrwill bend only between A and C, but from C to B
it rtll t rrrrrrrrsrr?ight since B.M. between C and B is zero. The
l- -tsromequatton(r)' wLz = 40" ;frif'.tsrl rlrl;rc of the cantilever is shown by AC'B' in which portion
| rt 3cxx,
L
t h at tt r rrrl', lr t
0.47777rad,. Ans. I rt i,.=Slope at C,
Problem 13.4 (A) A cantilever|20 mm wide and 200 r, )',:Deflection at point C, and
deep is 2.5 m long. rMhatis the uniformly distributed load which yr,=Deflection at point B.

i'.**r-- ,
,l

STRENCTH OF MATERIAI..\ Ii E Fi tl t II( IN ()I; (' A N TILE V E R S &9

d /U N IT L EN GTHI^
.#D
w /m L E N GTH

I
F i g . 1 3 .4 ,',,
f'l uJlUNl'TLENGTH

T he p o rti o n A C o f th e c a n ti l e v er mav be taken as si mi l ar tr

a c ant ilev e r i n A rt. 1 3 .4 .

'c- 6EI [In equati on (13.5) put L= t'

and ,^=n'oo [In equati on (13.6) put L= rz,

8EI
S inc e th e p o rti o n C ' B' o f th e c a n ti l everi s strai ght, thereforc
r , l 'i
slope at C=slope at B
iF . (d/
J/U N IT
uNt T LLENG
EN GTHTT
or i c = i a -y a 3 , . . (1 3 . ; I| Fig. 13. - s
6 EI
Now from Fig. 13.4, we have l ti r l ,1. l l ., tr()n at B=Deflection due to downward uniform load
over the whole length-deflection due to
" =':;t:;To,', *n, , . .( 1 3s. upward uniform load from A to C.
q E I, ," U I
6 E tr trrt Nrrw slope ai B due to downward uniformly distributed
l ,.arl ,l r.r tl rc wh<t lelengt h
T3.6. DEFLECTION OF A CANTILEVER WITH A UNIFORMLY
wL3
DISTRIBUTED LOAD FOR A DISTANCE 'a' FROI\I THE =
6EI
F'REE END
11,I' rl ogr c: r t B or at C due t o upwar d unif or m ly dist r ibut ed
A cantilever AB of length L fixed at the point .4 and free at f ,rqrfrrrr.r tl rr. lt . ngt h ( L- a)
the point B and carrying a uniformly distributed load of w/m length _w ( L- a\ 3
for a distance 'a' from the free end is shown in Fig. 13.5 (a). 6EI
l l r.n, r' rr cl slope at B is given by,
The slope and deflection at the point B is determined bv
considering :
. w L3 w (L-a\3
iu=ilft-ffi ...(13.e)
! 11

I lr,' rlownw?rd deflection of point B due to downward

(i) the whole cantilever AB loaded with a uniformly distributeri
:l i :l rtl l rl r,l l ,,. r t lover t he whole lengt h AB
load of w per unit length as shown in Fig. 13.5 (b).
wL4
=
(rf) a part of cantilever from A to C of length (L-a) loaded 8EI
with an upward uniformly distributed load of w per unit length as llri rrgrw:rrrldcflection of point B due to upward uniformly
shown in Fig. 13.5 (c). .l l rtri l ,rrl .,l l r,. r t l : r ct ing on t he pO r t ion / C=upwar d def leCt iO n of
i r :1,'I1 ,rt ( .(' /l
T'hen slope at B= Slope due to downward uniform load over
w1l, - a14 w. ( L- a\ 3
.the whole length-slope due to upward * *o ( '. ' CB: aj
uniform Ioad from A to C 8EI 6EI
 II:.ffi
f

650 STRENGTH OFMATERIALS

irFa.ilrril('N ()F CANTILEVERS 651
Net downwarddeflectionof the free end B is given by I r't ia=Slope at the free end and
wLa I w(L-ata w(L-at3 I /a=Deflection at the free end.
l t=E E I- .- 6Er *o ..( 13.1( t'
l _ S rl I (r) tl sing equat ion ( 13. 9) , we get

Problem 13.5. Determine the slope and deflection of the frec

end of a cantilever of length 3 m which is carrying a uniformlr
,*H-t#{
distibuted load of l0 kNlm over o length of 2 m from the fixed ena _ 10x300tr_109q9:?qryI
6x2x1ffx108 6x2x1ffx108
T a k e I:td m m a a n d E= 2 x td N l mmz. =0.00225-0.000083 \
=0.002167rad. Ans.
Sol. Given :
Length, L=3 m=3000 m (r) Llsingequation(i3.10),we get
U. d .l ., ry = l C k N /m = 1 0 0 0 0 N /m
wLa i w(L-a\a w(L-a\i I
1000t) v^ =- - i + Xl r
= Nifilrn=10 Nimm BEr L 8E/ 6 F., i
I
1000-
Length of u.d.l. frorn fixed end,
a = 2 m= 2 0 0 0 mm.
10x30004
- I tollooo-zorrolo
Value of 1 =108 mrna
8x2x105x108 L Sxrxlotxlot
!'alue of E =2x105 Nr'mm2 ,1oQ@z@)rrzmo
Let ir=Slope of the free end and - 6*2r.*trrt I
]
)o=Deflection at the free end. =5.0625
- [0.0625
+0.1667]
(i) Using equation(13.7),we have =4.8333mm. Ans"
' wa3=r t9"1,*t,-=o.ooo66.
ta = 6 EI Ans. I'roblem 13.7. A cantileverof length 3 m carriestwa point
6 x 2 x l G' x i (tr
( ii) U s i n g e q u a ti o n (1 3 .8 ), w e get Itu,l1 ,,J 2 kN at the free end.and 4 kN at a distanceof I m from
w a a . w ,o 3 .. tht ltrr tnd. Find the defieclionat the free end.
f t= g EI* I'akeE=Zxld I'llmm2and tr=l.08mma.
6 E I(L -a l
10x200# 10x200G .Sol. Given :
=---+ x (3000-2otlcr
8 x 2 x l ffx 1 0 8 6x2xldx108 l.cngth, L=3 m=3000mm
l.oad at free end, Wi=f ft|.f=1000N
=1+0.67=L67 mm. Ans.
l.oad ai a distanceone m from free end,
Problem 13.6. A cantileverof length 3 m carries a uniformi.,, !1'2=4ft|il={ffiQ 1[
distributedload of l0 kNlm a length of 2 m from the free enC. l)istanceAC, a=2 m=2000mm
If I=l0E mma and E=2xld -over Nlmm2;find: (i) slopeat the free enr' Value of E =2x 1G5N/mm2
and (ii) deflection at the free end. Value of / = 108m m a
Sol. Given : l.ct )1 =Deflection at the free end due to load 2 kN alone
Length, L=3 m=3000mm the free end due to load 4 kN alone.
)'z=Deflection at
U.d.l., w=10 kN/m=10000N/m
2 kN
=ffi N/mm=10
N/mm
Length of u.d.l. from free end,
o=2 m=2000mm
Value of I = 108mml
Value of E =2x1U N/mm2
Fig. 13. 6
 T --"-'

| )t:t'tl,( I t( )N OF CANTILEVERS 65"1

STRENCTH OF MATERIALS
652
at the free enci
Downward deflection due to load 2 kN alone

is *givenbY equation(13'2A) as - a"srru/m

wL3
'f | 3EI
2!00I30qq-=0.e
=l F rtff*l o s-" '-'. mm. -f
- \J
-

(i'e'
free end due to load 4 kN Fig. 13. 7
Downward deflection at the (13'a)
* ftt* fixed end is given by (r)Now
4000 N) aione at dit;;;;"J the downward deflection at the free end due to point
" l n . r 1 l , r 1 1 kN (or 10t|0 N) at the free end is given by equation (13.2
as
A) us
Wa3 . Waz ,,
n=fi+ ro \L-a) /I
wL3
3 EI
+OOOxZOOS 4000x20002 (3000-2000)
=--ot
tot tt ic" 1000x200G
* io6*t-z' =1.929mm.
=0.54+0'ztO=0.94 rnnt 3x 10ax1.3824x108
(ii) The downward deflection at the free end due to uniformly
Total deflection at the free end
= v r * Vr rlistributed load of 2.5 N/mm on a length of 1.25 m (or 1250 mm)
=0.9+0.94=1'84mm' Ans' rs given by equation (13.8) as
a untformty waa w.a3
Problem l3'E' A canrtleverof length2 m caries ! r = gEI n ( L- a)
run fo'r a length of I '25 from the
m 6EI
distributedload of 2'5'ki; 2.5x't2504 2.5x't25F
irl'at thefrei end' Find the dellection
fixed ettd and a pointL"a "it 24 cm
at the free end if is lectangular!2 cm wide and 8x104x1.3824x1086x104x1.3824x108
'n'72"i' University' 1990) (2000- 1250)
deepand E=l x t0' N;'t ' lAnnamalai
=0.5519+0.M15=0.9934
Sol. Given :
I-ength, L=2 m=2000 mm Total deflection at the free end due to point load and
Nim
w=2'5 kN/m:2'5x l0C)0 u.d.l.
U.d.l.'
looo =lr*lz
-2'5x N/mm=2'5 N/mm
1000 :I.929+0.9934=2.9224mm. Ans.
N
Point load at free end' W=1 kN=1000
m=1250 mm Problem 13,9. A cantileverof length 2 m carries a uniformly
DistanceAC, a=1'25
Width, b=72 mm distibuted load 2 kNlm over a length of I m from the free end, and
d=24 mm a point load of I kN at the free end. Find the slope and deflection
Depth,
. b& 12x24t at the free end if E=2.lxtd Nlmmz and I=6.667x107mma
Value of o=T=--i- Sol. Given : (SeeFig. 13.8)
=13824 cma Length, L=2 m=2000mm
=13824x1S mma w=2 kNlm l kN
=7'3824x1ff mma
Value of E=1x108 N/mm2 B
free end due to Point load
Let h = Deflection at the
1 kN alone
yr=il"n"Jti* at the free end due to u'd'l^ on Fig. 13.8
'length AC.
 a

lr Its J
rOv
xo
t.-
x)< t= c)e !
tr-cgsJ
q=

* lx | .,
3 -\ cct
F-----l
^lF\ -l l- - /\E- rl G=X
xtq Ol e
= lto
o
XI\O
lr O
4
C(q
e:
..:c)aO
F b:
rlx
(a
xl x r'/ tl (.r> 6()F
Fq
x la - E o .= ,i e
)< IF llF 'E - *
3bo\" /o
o.rlx
vl QI X
E [E IT
F # '2 b o - oO
"i,
i
Nl . XIF y ------
s t6 l c.l I O.l :_: r !
ll *
=
X lx
l€
xill\ox ooc lt : F ; H ;A il=:-
oj -& ;.F':
n tl
e
^l
:It \ tt,\
I
r*
a 6 3 €F'E II 8 : i 3 "? s I
'_ lry
\.1 l\o CN ='E .2 O ic 10 e
F
C.l
3 p 3 El€ ll
XeF; its -i -
vl

+ X A . i2- *t ii .9 II a;
s ;E :
sl t-r
\o 'r q) + Z =2
rl bb : I d'Eg€
YI\
\o rn
@ E x,
; E = eE\ iJ.
;E
e jlH
)< .d r- \J 6oF
E j d -PgHF:- i
X
:A ?= < ;o- ,
IIl >l
C\
-NX A c -s.+
i**
'.F ri* r Eo a) trFc
I F< = ,,,
4 {
El =':
Lo+:u Fo ''0t
X I
r\ ...^ -<.0'59 '; ar e) b c: E il il*)
ra
(,) A + f-;-
\ 3 5 E sX;=
g e e = A i {i .,alI . l ^
'-
r'rt\ c.i 00 J c xoo 42 E-
2 *J lk) X C.l ir
t:! O ll ll ll (J11
E
L
O
G
U-C
O
: = #
d ilco € c )_ F (, l*-
'. ll
t l rl G J 2 9 Y .=
7. ti|r ' ;d' " gX A | | | |
z : J> q- = '=- =l ! l l l l l l l
'

-:
v4
t<
a><l=
:* :
,t;5 ris s
v
F
?= t
?
=
=

a & ..i: E F p ,D. ;q ' g; il e;

Fr : Et : * :.-l = ; : Ee
?
;E FE
-0 :
I E I- [A|$ E € ;:-:o r 'i Eg
; :H Yl; j
, E; X 5t - El 6 E e
- . s -E i d EE
3i: *li d :i
F

7^tr
d" t r
az
c'l a
;ea a {
lp ;- l
? r
e€
I H
q :;
E ;i E ;;E l:;s' 1= ? E e
.s tbooo
l l Ne
E9 .o g
-o .lh; : lE
'E e E E
l it :
6 ;: ll* E E
E E ,7 = =
-F4F>
ts-_>
C l :l :
Rl- =
2 e Ezb YYh
T I
F
x ici: i id;t.r-BlEg-* HIEq E.:;i-
=lH! 12 " Q
xlEtrrr-Y €=E I:-,r= l;i; 5t El l { i €:
* i E_Er! a il6*t
i t?Bi?-Fl:I; il*^liEE
Nl

$iEi rEfiFg?
$ Y
l l l l l l t-t r l -
(l>

:
*
'!J+H\ ^
r,\ .P o c oE.E
l-,n.;?qrI
*p=ir
iE .5
qP il
Bt s
il il il;ll ll s ll ll.
.9'E ll rr
1 {
flE
!oE*AAA
-
' $! 5gf ' { E E;
E !^
=*:9 9
F'=?E
Jn :>>
: ; - ;*i
; =;
IE : *s n g ii
-€
u i' 3 a
 STRENCTIIOF MAi! iii FERS III IN ()I; (:ANTIT.EVERS 657

: _ ewI { t _ _ } ) . . I lre=r.rprltion (iii) is known as slopeequation and equation (iv)

rr J=fl-'ttttti r.luolion. The slope and deflection at the free end (i.e.,
Bu t B .M . a t a n v s e c ri o ni s al sc.gi ven by equati on {i 2.,1,r piriirt ff l r nrr lrc obtained by substitutingx=L in these equations.
I rt ro Skrpe at the free end B and
M=E I\4 t,n l)cflection at the free end B.

Eq u a ti n g th e tw o v a i u e s o f B .M., w e get f ,rl \rrh slit ut ingx=L and 9=ia in equat ion ( lii) , we get

, , fr)' --| | ,/ -* rji nt irh ( L - L ) A- Y! ,

" ' ,tt' - 6L'" ^
wL3
In te g ra ti n g th e a b o v e e q u a t i on, w e get =-
24
Er+=-:
"'dx !-:-.n:(-rr+c, ,u=-#radians.
6L 4 ...(13.11)
w
= llrl \rrlrstituting
x:L andy:yn in equation(iu), we get
AL (L .-x \o * C r
In te g ra ti n g a g a i n , w e g e t I..tyr=-# u-Us-."!3 t*#
w (L -x )5 ^ wLa wLa
E Iy = 1 -1 1 + C 6+ C 2 - ( l__+_
-
UL 24 120
5wL4+wL4 wLa
:-# w =- =-
- 1L-xys+C6+ C2 r2o 30
where C1 and C2 are constantof integrations.'fheir v?lues,rr, yr=-i'^!-, (Minus sign meansdownward
obtainedfrom boundaryconditions,which are : 30EI
deflection)
l).wrrwarddeflectionof B is given by
(i) at x:0, 1l=0 and (ii) at .r=0, !=0. wLa
dx
Yu= 3oEI ...(13.12)
(t) By substitutingx=0 and /=0 in equation(ii), we get
Fr ofrferrr lJ.10. A cantilever of length 4 m carries a uniformly
0=--i:
- tL-0;5+C' x0+C2
t20L' rltifrff 1,,il,1rtl ztro intensity at the free end, and 50 kNlm at the
wLa Rse:le,t,l
or c'=Tzo'
ll , } o' lTt Nlmm2 and l=ld mmo, Tind the slope and
(ii) By substitutingx=0 and 4=0 in equation(i), we get *flee llt,n ttt llrr frce end,
" d-x t tl , ( ilvcr r :
0==Y=
- (L-0)4+C,
-' I r' l gtl r, L=4 m =4000 m m
24L'-
I l rrrl rrl lr xct i end,
y ! - - g24
c l = - 24L
rv=50kN/m=w=50 N/mm
Substitutingthe valuesof C1 and C2 in equations(i) and ( tt )
get V l l t t e ' ol ' E=2x1ff N/mm2
-- dy w (L-x).- wL3
Et:dx=24L ,( tttt
\ 'e l t t c oI 1= 108 mma
U | *.1 ia=Slope at the free end and
w \< wL3 . wLa
and LI)'=-1r0 (L-x)"- r* .( tt ) /a:Deflection at the free end.
24 1,20 l rl I l '.1 11;'cr luat ion ( 13. 11) , we get
 STRENGfi OF MAIEI(I ,\'I l .E l l trt tl ttN ( )l ('ANTILEVERS 659

. wL3
',=-iH=-t#ffi*
=0.00667rad. Ans-
' 6EI
25 x 2tYJtP
(Here i t=i a , a n d w ='.1 5 )

(ii) Usingequation(13.12),we get 6x1x1f f x108

wLa l l r, '. 1. 1; gat t he f r ee end due t o t r iangular load of int ensit y
) t' 30EI ,,f r,l l rrrr ( r . r '. x, =50 N/ m nr ) is given by equat ion ( 13. 11) as
-r
-- x t4000
= 50 tr
' " --=27.33rnm A ns. wL3
30:z2x1Sx10E
l-
. --

24EI
Problem 13.l l. A cantileverof length2 m carriesQ uni.f"r''' 5ox2oos (Hete w=5o
(Here w=50 N,'nrm)
Nimm)
varyinp, load of 25 kNlm at the free end to 75 klllrn at the fixed lr I
-E:lxtd Z4xtx1ffx108
If l,tlmm2 and I=108 mma, determine the slope ,;'" =0.ffi167rad.
deflection of the canlilever at the free end. lor:rl slop€at the free end
Sol. Given : =irliz
L e n g th , L = 2 m =2000 mm =0.0033+0.00167
Load at the free end =25 kNim =0.00497. Ans.
?5 x 1(KK)
= --::.--:-:,-:. =25 Nhm
1(ruO I t f t f r e l l r 'r t t r ttl 1 1 1
th e fr e e e n d
Load at fixed end = 7 5 kN i m= 75 N i mm
I r' l r,1 l) ef lect ion at t he f r ee end due t o u. d. l. of 25 N/ m m
Vaiue of E = Ix .1 05 N /mm2
r',, I)eflection at the free end due to triangular load.
Vaiue of 1 :1 0 8 mnra.
I rcrrt ' t 'r pr at ion( i3. 11) , we get def lect ionat t he f r ee encl due
T h e l o a d a c ti n g o n th e c a n ti l everi s show n i n Fi g. 13.10, Il ' r l fi ui l l
load is equivalent to a uniformly distributed load of 25 kNim (t't '
wLa 25x200U
N/ m m ) o v e r th e e rrti rel e n g th a n d a tri angul ar l oad of zero i ntei r' rl \ =5 mm
8EI 8x1x1Sx10t
at f r ee e n d a n d (7 -5 -2 5 = 5 0 k N i m or 50 N /nrm) 50 N /mm at the fr' " 1
end. l rqrrr |'r . r luat ion( 13. 12) , we get deilect ion at t he f r ee end t o
grrfl l rrrrl l r' , r r vir 1!load of zer o at t he f r ee end and 50 N/ m m at t he
fl l cC rrr,l
wLa
I 30EI
25kN,"'
j-I -s0x20001 :2.6'l mm
I
30x1x1Sx108
denectfi;{=;
',ta'
F i g . 13.10
:".:' Ans.
(i) Slope at the free end
lf l ilFr't,t,:("t'toN AND SLopE oI. A CANTILEVER By
L e t i t= 5 1 e p e a t fre e e n d d ue to u.d.l . of 25 N /mm III ItIII.]N'I'AREA METHOD
i z = Sl o p e a t fre e e n d d u e to tri angul arl oad of i nten' rl i
l lrt rrronrclttarea method is discussedin Art. 12.8, where this
N/mm at fixed end.
=i=iil'l x,r',:rpplied to a simply supported bearn. Let us apply this
The slope at the free end due to u.d.l. of 25 n-/nrnr = = rl " ' l rr, ;1r , 1111ilgver .
Accor ding t o t his m et hod t he changeof slope
w= 25 N /m m ) i s g i v e n b y e q u a ti on (13.5) as E ;r= ee' !rr\ t w( ) p<lint sis equal t o t he net ar ea of t he B. M . diagr am
ffi STRENCTH OF MATERIAI .\ ffiFl tlt I r )N ( )ti CANTILEVERS 61

between these two points divided by EL If one of the points is havirrlr 1 l)istance of C.G. of area of B.M. diagram from B
zero slope, then we can obtain the slope at the other point. ) 1,
Similarly if the deflection at a point A is zero, then tht' l
deflection at the point B according to this method is given by w.L2_2L
) ^z W.L3
u -A i yu=_EI ,= .
'EI 3EI
where A=Area of B.M. diagrambetween1 and B, and I l.fl.2. Cantilever carrying a uniformly distributed load. Fig.
I:Distance of C.G. of the areaA from B. f l l J l rr) s lr owsa cant ileverof lengt h L f ixed at end, 4 and f r ee at
f3.8.f. Cantilevercarrying a point load at the free end. Fig thr rrrrl /l lt carries a uniformly distributed load of wlunit length
13.11(a) showsa cantileverof length L fixed at end A and free at l rct tl rr. r. r r t ir elengt h.
the end B. It carriesa point load W at B. W/U N ITL EN GTH
A
I rt | |

I t, )
| ,
ri ll

I B. M . D IAGR AM

Fig. 13. 12
F i g . 1 3 . 11 n'!
I lrc lt .M . will be zero atB and will b"
at .4 . The variation
T h e B.M. w i l l b e z e ro a t B a n d w i l l beW .L at A . The vari ati oi r
d H M l)(.lwcen A and B is parabolic as shown in Fig. ,13.12(b).
of B . M . b e tw e e n / a n d B i s l i n e a r a s show n i n Fi g. 13.11 (b).
dt the frrctl cnd.4, the slope and deflection are zero.
At the fixed end A, the slope and deflection are zero.
Let in:Slope at B and A rcl of B. M . diagr am ( ABC) ,
)a:Deflection at B 1 w. Lz
u=3'L', =iw. L3
Then according to moment area method, 2
lirrl tlre rhstanceof the C.G. of the B.M. diagram from B,
Area of B.M. Diagrambetween/ and B
t B: 3L
EI
4
)xABxAC I r'l ia=Slopeat B and
=z_ (A rea of tri angl e ,48(
EI ys:Deflection at B.
lxLxW.L wlz I lrr.ni|ccrlrdingto momentarea method,
- L_
EI 2EI . Area of B.M. diagram wL3
.Ai 'o=-=6EI
a nd ... (t t
la= ' ; Ax
LI
rnrl y B---=;
LI
where A=Area of B.M. diagram between A and B
w. Lj 3L w. La
,,:w 'L ' 6EI 4 gEI '
2
lJ['
'll
I 62 STRENCTFIOF MATEI{IAI I,

f3.8.3. Cantilevercarryinga uniformlydistributedload upt,'

IFC ililN ('t,( ANTI-E\€RS

Frrfrfcrrr l-1.t2. A cantilever of length 2 m carries a point

I a length'a'from the fixed end. Fig. i3.13 (a) showsI cdn'rilcr.r l.'=J 'tl :t, AN u! the free end and another load of 20 kN at its centre.
i of lengthL fixed at end,4 and freeat the end ts. It carriesa uniforn'1, tl F ltt' Nt,trrrr)and I=108 mmo 7o, the cantilever then determine
i distributedloadof w/unitlengthovera length'c'from ghsfixedcrr,t 51 tsi,'rlr,,,r ttrtn ntethod, the slope and deflection of the cantilever at
* = h., ,,r,!
W/UNIT LE N 6TH
lll (;rvcn :
I r rry,l ,l r L=2 m
| ,,,rrl,tl f r ee end, l7r =20 kN
=20000N
| ' ,,rrl.tl ccnt r e, lVz=20 kN
=20000N
\' ,rl rrr,r'l E: 1N N/ m m z
\' rl rrc o l l- 108 m m a
I trst rl r; r w t he B. M . diagr am ,
D l l N l i l lJ -0
Fig.r3.r3
ff t\{ i rr ( ' =- 20x1 =- 20 kNm
The B.M. will be zero at B and C. But B.N{. at A will l, =- 20x1Ct 3x1S Nm m
w.e 2 =- 20r 7- 20x2= - €r 0 kNm
:-. T'he variationof B.M. betweenC and ,r'.will be paraboiic , fl tl l ,tt A
L
-60x 1fI3x 103 Nmnr
s hown in F i g . 1 3 .1 3 (b ). At th e fi x ed end the sl ope and defl ectr -
are zeto.
A re a o f B.M. d i a g ra m A
l el I

I
o=j'o'
w .a z w .a 3
z
=
6
ll
l- lm I lm

and the distance of the C.G. rrf B.M. diagram from B,

y=1 L _ a 1 +l
II
I
t*'
,:;,"

Let in=Slope at B anC I B.M. DIAGRAM

Fig. 13. 14
I
)a=Deflection at B.
f l [.1 rl r ir l'. r am
is shown in Fig. 13. 14 ( b) .
Then according to moment area method,
f ,r l rrrrl( hc ar ea of B. M . diagr am , divide t he Fig. 13. 14 ( b)
E i l n l i i l l rl rrrrg'lcs
and O ne r eCt angle.
iu:!=\'r?t=
EI 6EI hi l W r tt( 'i l A1=ix. 62yf f ( : \ r 2Ax7
fr =10 kir {m z=10xlt Fx 106Nm m z
lu: E!
( '. ' m 2: 106 r nm 2)
= w.a3 | (L-a)+-3a 1| =1010Nm m z
6Frx | al
'- ' ti rrri l ,rr f l: r r r ': r At =CDXAC=20X1=20 kNm 2
= w. a3 G-a)+
.. . w. e 4
6E I gE r' i" l !r e* 211: l; . 'FDx EF=ix ! x40=20 kNm 2
 STRENCTH OF MATF,I{I,\I ltl'l'l lr( ll( ,N ()l: CANTII-EVERS 65

Total area of B.M. diagram, 1 - . when it carries a uniformlY

- w. L' dist r ibut ed load over a dis-
- w. \ L- al'
^=i;ii;ii'3=50
kNmz
I
^=-
6EI 6EI tance
,d' from the free end
= 5 0 x 1 F x 1 ff N mm2 (' .' m2= Lff nr," when it carries a gradually varying load
. wL3 ar thefreeendto w/mrunar
Slope and deflection at the fixed end is zero. irffi
Let ia:Slope at the free end B. ifr::r;
Then according to the moment area method, *ftr'r, W l'oint load.
- Area of B.M. diagram
,D=T n' (Jniformly distributed load,
l. l . en g th o f b e a m ,
50xl(Fx10o
:-ffi=o'oo5radians'
I Moment of inertia. and
Ans' l, Young's modulus.
Let /s=Deflection at the free end B. 2. 'l'he deflection of a cantilever of length L, at the free end
Then according to moment area method, ll glvlrr lry,
Ax
Y":EI " ' {r' wL3
yu=w when the point load is at the free end
Now let us find i or A7.
Then total momentof the bendingmomentdiagramabout /t when the point load is at a
wa3 waz - distance of 'a' from the
is given by f a=,O+ rO (L-al
fixed end
A.i= ArTt+A.ziz+A3x3
=1ox (ix 1)+20x(1+|)+20x(1+ix 1) wLa when it carries a uniformly distributed
f u= load over the whole length
8EI
:f *:o*$=70 kNm3 when it carries a uniformly
nao *.at
=70x1Gx10eNmm3 (' ,' m3:109 mrrr' l -
lr= gEI* 6EI (L-a) distributed load over a
=7x1013Nmm3 length'a'from the fixed end.
-l
Substitutingthis value in equation(i), we get wLa I wtL-ala w(L-al3
7 x 1013 l'= 8EI- x"
y8:m5x1os=7 mm. Ans. L 8E/-. 6EI )
when it carriesa uniformly distributed load
over a length'c'from the free end
HIGHLIGHTS when it carriesa graduallyvarying load
wLa
)'B=3oEI from zero at the free end to w/m run at
l. The slope of a cantilever at the free end is given by, the fixed end.
. wL7 .t. Iror a cantilever,at the fixed end slope and deflections
rn= when the point load is at the free en.l
2EI arF ,r'r.). Hence moment area method can be easily applied for
tlnrltrrp.skrpc and deflectionsof cantilevers.The slope (da) and
Wa2 when the point load is at a distarrtt'
ta=tc= deflrrtrorr(ya) at the free end is given by,
ZEI of 'c' from the fixed end
Area of B.M. diagrambetweenfree end and fixed end
. w.Lz when it carries a uniformly distribrrtc,l 't t EI
tn=-6EI load over the whole length
. f t r f', l . r , , , .
when it carries a uniformly tlr'. t;i
no3
t B= t c 1- 6EI tribut6dload over a length 'a' frtnn *fur.rr .'l Ar<:a of B.M. Diagram and
the fixed end. r l)istance of C.G. of B.M. diagram from free endi

h
l 4. Area of B.M, diagram sometimesis found easil-'-1,r
splittingthe combinedareasinto trianglesand rectangles
STRENGTHOF MATEI{iIl ." t*Fi lrr il|lN ( )tr CANTILEVERS

I A c:tntileverof length 3 m carries a uniformly distributed load

6'r

, : r i r r h r , r r t r r r 'l cn g th . If th e sl o p e a i th e fr e e e n d i s 0 .0 1 7 7 7 r a d i a n s, fi n d
th: rl el L r l l rr, ;rt the free end. [ Anr . 39. 99m m ]

EXEITCISET3 i I l)r'tcrmine the slope and deflection at the free end of a

{atilrrrr r,l lcngth 4 m which is carrying a uniformly distributed-load of
(A) Theoretical Questions i i | 1 r , , , , , , v , 'r ; r l cn g th o f 3 m fr o m th e fi xe d e n d . Ta ke Et=2 x1 0 '' N /m m t'
1. What is a cantilever ? Wtat are the different methods of fintiir:r [An s. 0 .A0 2 7 r a d ', 8 .7 7 5 m m l
of slope and deflection of a cantiiever ?
r A cantilever of length 3 m carries a uniformiy distributed load
2. Derive an expressionfor the slope and deflection of a cantilev,r'
of length L, carri,ing a point load l,I/ at the free end by double irrtegralr,'r, { l i l t t , , , , o vcr a l e n g th o f 2 m fr o m th e fr e e e n d . l f 1 :1 0 8 m m o a n d
me tho d. l t t , r ' N t u r r r r r ,fi n d :
lil '.loPc at the free end and (u) deflection at ihe free end.
3. Solve questior, 2, by moment area methoci.
[A"s. 0.00326 rad., ?.25 mm]
4. Prove that the slope and deflection of a cantilever carri'in,r
uniformly distributed load over the whole length are given bv, t A cantilever of length 2 m carries a loaC of ?0 kN at the free
,nL' wL" FC l,'l ll) [N rrt a distance1 m from the end. Find the slope and def]ection
i ,--
ano Yn= g E t 'l 'a ke E=2 .0 x1 0 r N /m m t a n d /=1 .5 x.1 0 8m n r ''
6Et i l t . 1 , , , r 'r r rl
wh ere rv:Unif or m ly dis r r ibut c d load and 0 .0 0 1 8 3 r a d ., 2 .6 m m ]
l Attt.
E/= Fiex ur ai r igir lit y .
5. Find the expressionfor the slope and deflection of a cantilev,' I l)t'tcrmine the deflection at the free end of a cantilever which
of le ng th L ' whic h c ar r ies a unif or m ly dis t r i b u t e d l o a d o v e r a l e n g t h 'a 'f i o r , r p hrrrg,rrrrlcarries a point load of 9 kN at the free end and a uniforml-v"
the fir,ed end by lhulr,l l,,,rrlof 8 kN/m over a length of 1 m from the fixed end.
(i) Double integration method and f a h r r ,1 .2 5 x1 0 'm m ' a n d E=2 ,2 x1 0 t N /m i :r t. 6 .- 5 4n r m ]
[Ar s.
(li) Moment area method.
6. Prove that the slope and deflection of a cantilever length 1. t A (':rntileverof length 2 m carries a uniformly varying load of
-E=2x10'
which carries a giaduaiiy varying load from zero at the free en<l to p/m iu , Eh lnltsfrrrtv;rr the free enrt, ind 45 kN/m at the fixed end. If
at the fixed end are gi'.'enby : trb6,t u,,,1/ l{}' mm', find the slope and deflection of the fiee end.
io=*'Lt and u^=-Yl . [Aos. 0.fi])75 rad., ; 1.2 mml
" 24Er " iAEr
whe re € /= Flex ur al r igidit y . llf A c:rntileverof length 2 m carries a point load.gf 30 kN at thc
l# *l , l , r l , l , r r r o tl te rl o a d o f 3 0 kN a t i ts ce n tr e . l f Ef =1 0 " N /m m 'fo r th e
(B) Numerical Problems *lil.tur thr'n (lctermine by moment area method, the slope and deflection
l. A cantilever of length 2 m carries a point load of 30 kN at th, fl th fu,r r.rrrl'f cantilever. [Ars. 0.0075 rad. ; 10.50 rnm]
free en d. If m om ent of iner t ia / = 10t m m t a n d v a l u e o f E =2 x 1 0 5 N / m n r .
then find : fl A r :r r r ti l e ve ro f l e n g th 'L 'ca r r i e s a U .D .L . o l w p e r u n i t l o r a
.I
(i) slope of the cantilever at the free end and p;th '. 1,,,,,,the fixed end. Determine the sloPe and deflection at the
(il) deflection at the free end. ',1
[An.. (t 0.003 rad., (il) 4 mrrr; *E =r , *ir r r r n Llr ( 'u m o m e n t m e th o d . ( Bangalore University, I 990)

2.

I u,,,,
A cantilever cf length 3 m carries a point load of 6O kN at , I
S t'c Article 13.8.3 on page 662. Here a= Hence slope
clistan ceof 2 m f r om t he f ix ed end. lf E= 2 x 1 0 5 a n d / =1 0 8 , f i n d :
(i) slope at the free end and (u) deflection at the free end.
t
( L \3
rrx I - |
[Ans. 0 , 0 0 5 r a d . . i 4 i n r ', r \2 )
A'"o
ll l t:: err,f rrr --_:i!-=y:!. And deflection at free encl,
3. A cantilever of length 30 m carries a uniformly distributcd lr;rr,, 61,.1 6EI 48EI
of 24 kN/m length over the entire length. If moment of inertia of the be:r;r
r4
:i0 'mrnt a nd v alue of E= Zx 16t N/ m m 2, de t e r m i n e t h e s l o p e a n d d e f l e c t i , , r w ^a- - w>a
vt (L-a)+
at the free cnd. 0.0054rad.; 12.1-5 rr;' O, f,
[A ns.
 OF MATEruNI ''
STREI{GTH

ly
/ L \3
"^\x zl-): - | wxl;
t L\4
I t
L4
\z t wxL' L w,tl

6EI
t
I
l\ "
L\
I- - - l L- =- - X- +-
2 )' lEI 48EI 2 r2ttt t Conjugate Beam Method,
_ w x L 4 , w L4 _w xL1 f l __l _ \= yl
4+ 3 i Propped Cantileversand Beams
96EI I28EI EI \ 96 I28 ) EI tZa
" .,
wL4 w xL4
- .7 --7
EI 384 384 EI
A " r. l la I rN'|'RODUCTION
I
llrr skrpes and deflections of beams and cantilevers may be
i*lctlnl from various methods like double integration method,
Frtrterrl iuc:t method, Macaulay's method, etc. But these methods
kr,lnu lnlxrrious, when applied to beams whose flexural rigidity
ff r llrc prrxluct of E and / is known as flexural rigidity) is not
lfllfrtrrr tlrroughout the length of the beam. The slopes and
*flrr tf,rrrsof such beams can be easily obtainedby conjugate beam
Itlhrrrl

II T I.(INJI.IGATE BEAM METHOD

llelotc describing the conjugate beam method, let us first
*hle , orrjrrgatebeam.
I orr;ugatebeam is an imaginary beam of length equal to that

il thu on;qinal beam but for which the load diagram is the 4
EI
fr;ulr' (r.r. the load at any point on the conjugate beam is equal
lf, h M nl that point divided by EI).
I lrc slopesand deflection at any section ofa beam by conjugate
F:anr lrr,'tlr,xl as given by :
| ['hc slope at any section of the given beam is equal to the
*t lr',rr a( the correspondingsection of the coniugate beam.
I Iltc deflection at any section for the given beam is equal
[3 ffte lrr'rrrlrtgmoment at the correspondingsection of the conjugate
lrrt
llotrr'c hefore applying the conjugate beam method, conjugate
*anr tr I on\rructed. The load on the conjugate beam at any point
F :quel to thc B.M. at that point divided by 81. Hence the loading
S lhs r orrlrglrt€ beanr is known. Then the shear force at any point
t*l lhe rrrrluf{:rt€ beam gives the slope at the corresponding point of
Gltal lrr'rrrr. And the B.M. at any point on the conjugate beam
, l. ll". , ion
l i e. tl , , , h" . o*"r p
",
' I rliagram is a diagramwhich showsthe variation of MIEI over
i F==l el E t L^l/l
,rl l he beam.
 T"w

64,1 STRENG]H OF MAIi-,i. lfEa- Ft f t rN r ('ANnLEVERS

't.
I3.4. I}E}LT]CTTOI{OF A CANTILEVER WITH A I.JNTi.'{}N|.
DTS'IRTBEJTED LOAD - wf Lt i+ c '
A cantileverAR of lengthL fixed at the point A and l:. (, wl,a
the point B and carryinga uniformly distributedload of w pi, '24
length over the whole length, is shownin Fig. 13.3. itt
tii,) lly srrb5,1i1u1ing
x:0 and 1=0 in equation(i), we get
ax
{) - ( L - 0 ) 3 + c r
w

W/ U N I TL E N G T H {r
I -F
wL3
,- * C r
1 wLl
h

,B
:-

I 't 6
, r l " . r r r u tr n g th e va l u e s o f C 1 a n d C , i n e q u a ti o n ( r ) a n d ( i i ) ,
-l
F i g . 1 3.3 rc::l
,ty
Consider a section X, at a distance x from the fixed enri I
T he B . M. a t th i s s e c ti o n i s g i v e n b y,
tl
,l t i rr-9'-r!1 . . . ( iii)

M ,= -w (L -x ).|
t I - vr
(Mi nus si gn due to hoggi rr r i ,i tf I tt, -io&-'ir-+*# . . . ( iv)

B u t B .M . a t a n y s e c ti o n i s a l so gi ven by equati on (12.3) r. f lr. ,,l,r,rrron (iii) is known as slope equation and equation (ir,.)
:ts rlpflr' tt,rt t',1tr,t,1rrn. From these equations the slope and deflection
M=Er
2 =l,r l!€ trl,r.rr('(l :rt any sections.To find the stope and deflection at
Equatingthe two valuesof B.M., we get Ffirt t, rlt r,.rlrtcof x=L is substizutedin these equations.
w - | -r ttt Slr pe at t he f iee end B and
--*v
Er
7i=-, tL-xtz lrr l)cflcction at the free end B.
Integratingthe aboveequation,we get I r,l r r.r ; u; r t ion( ir i) , we get slope at B as

t,#:-;g+(-1)+c, l l t,, '' "' (l --t,3-w

rr
r' L3
1"-
6
=f,{r-x)3+c, wl. r
{r
ln te g ra ti n g a g a i n , w e g e t r r '/ . \ wI 2
ttt ( . ' W=Tot al load: w. L)
=Y I L lj)or - 1)* c, x + c r
. . . ( 13. t
E Iv , r ir t : - ept
'64 I r.r,r ,r1 r . t ( r ( ) n( iv) , we get t he def lect ion at B as
= -# (L -x \a + C 6 +C 2 ...(tt) w wL3
t t tn ( L- L) o- ixL+; - wLa
.,0
where C1 and C7 are ponstant of integtations. Their values ar(
wl, a . wLa 3 wLa
obtained from boundary conditions, which are : (i) at x=0, )=0 arr,l -,
itt
6*24=- ; ilwL- =- 8
(ii) at x=0, ii=0 (as the deflectionand slope at fixed end A ar, wl.a WL3
(a l'n'
" ('"' W:w.L)
qt..t 8EI
zero).
I t r r w n w l l ( l d e fl e cti o n a t B,
(r) By substitutingx:0, y:0 in equation(ii), we get
x'l .a WL '
o=-! (L-q4+Ctxo+c2 lrr
...(13.6)
24 r{I., {EI

' I=geeL- _
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