JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations ISSN NO: 1076-5131

A STUDY ON POWER DISTRIBUTION FOR ELECTRIC

VEHICLES USING WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

N. Preethi Bai, V. Priyatharshini, R. Revathi, A. S. Selsiga, Dr. B. C. Brightlin*

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering

& Technology, Sri Shakthi Nagar, L & T by – Pass, Chinniyampalayam Post,
Coimbatore 641062, Tamilnadu, India.
* Corresponding author: Name: Dr. B. C. Brightlin, Email: brightlinsamuel@gmail.com

Abstract- Our destiny era can have scope for intelligent transport machine; this is through the usage of electric powered
automobile. As the battery power inside the electric powered automobile is confined, the (Wireless Power Transmission) WPT is
used to fee the cars. The various types of electric vehicles have been discussed in this paper. The WPT system charge the electric
vehicles when they are parked or in waiting state at the signals by the charging lanes. WPT transfers limited amount of power over
short distance without physical contact. This system uses induced power transfer (IPT) technique. The electric vehicles critically
assess the research progress developed in this field within the last decade. At last it specifies the research on potential direction in
future regarding the E-vehicles, its applications and its charging techniques.

Keywords: Electric vehicles, WPT, Inductive power transfer.

1. INTRODUCTION

This reviews one of the excitingly important ITS technologies called Electronic Vehicle
Identification (EVI). The study would look at EVI in terms of possible deployment in the urban
and inter-urban scenario [1]. This paper presents an overview of the aging mechanisms and
current models to describe them, the electrochemical approach to the empirical one. In the end,
the possibility of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services is discussed according to the aging models of
the batteries [2]. A brief review of the current trends and future vehicle strategies and the
function of PE (power electronic) subsystems are described. The requirements of electronic
components and electric motor drives for the successful development of these vehicles are also
presented [3]. This paper reviews the technical background of electric vehicle technology and its
applications. A number of important concepts frequently used are explained, and the technical
details, including the theoretical principles, are given alongside practical systems pertaining to
several kinds of electric charging piles [4]. The architecture of smart grid and the interaction
between electric vehicles and renewable energy are depicted in this paper. Then, the impact of

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electric vehicles and renewable energy development is analyzed and according to the specific
problem, the key technique including smart charging, coordinated scheduling and energy
management is investigated [5]. This paper considers electric power systems and provides a
review of the impact of V2G on power system stability. The concept and basics of V2G
technology are introduced at first [6]. In this paper; we model an electronic differential that will
offer the best stability of vehicle in the curved road. The use of electronic differential constitutes
a technological advance of vehicle design along the concept of more electric vehicles [7]-[9].
This paper presents a hierarchical yaw stability controller with direct torque distribution [10].

2. TYPES OF EV:

There are three main types of electric vehicles (EVs); classed by the degree that
electricity is used as their energy source. They are (BEVs) battery electric vehicles, (PHEVs)
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and (HEVs) hybrid electric vehicles.

2.1 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV)

Battery Electric Vehicles, also known as BEVs, and extra regularly called EVs, are
absolutely-electric cars with rechargeable batteries and no gas engine. Battery electric motors
shop energy onboard with high-potential battery packs. Their battery power is used to run the
electrical motor and all onboard electronics. BEVs do not emit any harmful emissions and
dangers because of traditional fuel-powered automobiles. The fig.1 describes the battery
powered electric vehicles.

Fig.1 The picture showing the battery powered electric vehicle.

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BEVs are charged via strength from an external source. Electric Vehicle (EV) chargers are
categorized in step with the speed with which they recharge the EVs battery. The classifications
are Level 1, Level 2, and Level three or DC fast charging. Level 1 EV charging uses a well-
known family (120 V) outlet to plug into the electric car and takes over eight hours to rate an EV
for about seventy five-eighty miles. Level one charging is normally achieved at home or at your
place of job.

Level 1 charger has the functionality to price most EVs available on the market. Level 2
charging requires a specialized station which presents electricity at 240 V. Level 2 chargers are
generally observed at places of work and public charging stations and will take approximately
four hours to price a battery to seventy five-80 miles of variety. Level 3 charging, DC rapid
charging, or virtually rapid charging is currently the quickest charging answer in the EV market.
DC speedy chargers are determined at committed EV charging stations and rate a battery as
much as 90 miles range in approximately 30 minutes.

Battery Electric Vehicles Examples that can charge on DC Level 3 Fast Chargers

 BMW i3
 Ford Focus Electric
 Hyundai
 Tesla Model S
 Tesla X
 Tesla Model 3
 Toyota Rav4
 Volkswagen e-Golf

2.2 Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV)

The PEV is shown in the below diagram. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles or PHEVs
can recharge the battery via each regenerative braking and “plugging in” to an external supply of
electrical power. While “widespread” hybrids can (at low velocity) cross approximately 1-2
miles before the fuel engine turns on, PHEV models can go anywhere from 10-40 miles before
their gas engines provide help.

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Fig. 2 Picture showing the plug-in electric vehicle.

Plug-in Electric Vehicles Examples

 Chevy Volt
 Mercedes C350e
 Mercedes S550e
 BMW 330e
 BMW i8
 BMW X5 xdrive40e
 Fiat 500e
 Hyundai Sonata
 Volvo XC90 T8

2.3 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)

HEVs are powered by means of both fuel and power. The electric powered energy is
generated with the aid of the car’s very own braking device to recharge the battery. This is
known as ‘regenerative braking’, a method where the electrical motor facilitates to sluggish the
vehicle and uses a number of the power usually transformed to warmth through the brakes.

HEVs start off using the electric motor, then the gasoline engine cuts in as load or speed rises.
The two motors are forced by an internal computer, which ensures the best economy for the
driving conditions.

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HEV Examples

 Toyota Hybrid
 Honda Civic Hybrid
 Toyota Camry Hybrid
2.3.1 Series Hybrid Vehicles :

Fig.3 The figure showing the series hybrid vehicle configuration

A collection hybrid car is largely an electric vehicle with an onboard supply of strength for
charging the batteries. In popular, an engine is coupled to a generator to provide the electricity to
charge the batteries. It is likewise viable to layout the system in the sort of manner that the
generator may want to act as a load-leveling tool that offers propulsion power. In this case, the
scale of the batteries could be reduced, but the sizes of the generator and the engine need to be
accelerated. The strength digital additives for a standard series hybrid automobile system are: 1)
a converter for converting the alternator output to dc for charging the batteries and a couple of)
an inverter for converting the dc to ac to power the propulsion motor. A dc–dc converter is
required to charge the 12-V battery in the car as properly. In addition, an electric air-conditioning
unit wishes an inverter and related manipulate systems. The series hybrid vehicle is shown in the
above diagram.

2.3.2 Parallel Hybrid Vehicles :

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Fig.4 The figure showing parallel hybrid vehicle configuration

Parallel hybrids can provide the bottom price and the choice of the usage of the existing
manufacturing capability for engines, batteries, and automobiles. However, a parallel hybrid
automobile wishes a complex control system. There are diverse configurations of parallel hybrid
motors, relying on the jobs of the electric motor/generator and the engine. In a parallel hybrid
vehicle, the engine and the electrical motor can be used one after the other or together to propel a
vehicle. The Toyota Pries and the Honda Insight are a few examples of parallel hybrid structures
that are commercially available.

3. TYPES OF CHARGING

3.1 Level One Charging (120 Volts)

Level 1 charging makes use of the same one hundred twenty-volt modern determined in
general household shops and can be completed the usage of the strength wire and system that
maximum EVs come with. Making this kind of charging to be had to your enterprise assets is as
simple as installing dedicated a hundred and twenty volt stores for your enterprise automobile
parking space.

3.2 Level Two Charging (240 Volts)

Level 2 charging uses 240 volt electricity to allow quicker regeneration of an EV’s
battery system. Providing this sort of charging requires installation of an EVSE unit and
electrical wiring able to coping with better voltage energy.

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3.3 DC Fast Charging (480 Volts)

DC speedy charging offers well matched motors with an 80% fee in 20-30 minutes by
converting high voltage AC electricity to DC electricity for direct storage in EV batteries.
Automakers currently have 3 specs for DC rapid charging plugs, the SAE Combined Charging
System, and Tesla Supercharger requirements. Nissan and Mitsubishi automobiles use whilst
many current and upcoming motors from US and European producers have SAE CCS ports.
Tesla's Supercharger equipment is most effective compatible with Tesla Model S or later motors,
even though they were developing an adapter. Several EVSE manufacturers are developing
gadget with each SAE CCS port connectors to growth compatibility.

4. WIRELESS CHARGING SYSTEM FOR EV

In the TX (transmitter) phase, the AC current will increase a copper wire that creates a
magnetic discipline. Once an RX (Receiver) coil is located near to the magnetic discipline, then
the magnetic field can set off an AC contemporary within the receiving coil. Electrons in the
receiving tool, converts the AC current back into DC current that will become running energy.

5. WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER CIRCUIT WORKING

The wireless strength transmission can be defined as the energy can be transmitted from
the transmitter to a receiver through an oscillating magnetic field.

Fig.5 Figure showing the wireless power transfer technology

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To accomplish this, electricity supply (DC current) is changed into excessive frequency AC
(Alternating Current) via specifically designed electronics erected into the transmitter. The AC
boosts a copper cord coil in the transmitter, which produces a magnetic subject. The different
charging method is shown in the fig.5. When the receiver coil is positioned in proximity of the
magnetic area, the magnetic discipline can make an AC (alternating modern) in the receiving
coil. Electronics in the receiving coil then alters the AC again into DC which becomes running
energy. This is all about wireless power transmission, wireless power transfer circuit working
and it is applied in include simple electronic devices like mobile phones, mobile chargers, etc.

6. WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER METHODS

6.1 Capacitive wireless power transfer

The capacitive coupling WPT electricity transmission machine is built via vertically
positioning sets of asymmetric electric powered dipoles, with lively and passive electrodes at the
transmitting side and lively and passive electrodes on the receiving facet. Power is transmitted
via a brought about electric field generated through coupling those two sets of asymmetric
electric powered dipoles. This configuration contributes to high-efficiency WPT electric
transmission traits with position freedom. The transmitting side has transmission module and a
transmission electrode, and the receiving side has reception module and a reception electrode.

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Fig. 6 Figure describing the capacitive charging transfer.

The transmission module converts the power to AC and is sent to the receiving side through a
capacitor that has transmission and receiving electrodes. A stable direct current is supplied to the
batteries and the equipment by the receiving module which consists of the rectifier circuit. The
capacitive power transfer system is shown in above picture.

6.2 Inductive power transmission

As the name implies, an inductive coupling between two circuits is used in an inductive power
transmission system as the basis of its operation. It consists of two transformers, the primary one
present in the power supply side and the secondary one is present in the batteries that are to be
charged. To increase the magnetic field of the circuits the primary and secondary are in the form
of coils.

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Fig.7 shows the inductive power transmission

In this manner, a magnetic field is generated in the transmitter coil. A voltage is induced in the
secondary or receiver coil when there is a change in the primary current of transmitter which is
coupled to the secondary coil. The inductive power transmission is shown in fig.7. The voltage
which is induced in the secondary coil is used to drive a battery charger or other circuitry as
required.

7. CONCLUSION

Wireless charging is convenient and highly efficient, but there was no longer been sufficient
studies performed to boom performance and distance vital between the device and the charger.
Currently, electric powered toothbrushes and mobile phones need to keep in contact with the
charger's floor. This makes it simpler to price and saves some seconds fiddling with cords, but
the tool remains basically plugged in and immobile where as having an extended cord would
allow use and charging on the same time. The destiny for wireless charging will include longer
ranges between the device and charging mechanism as well as a better efficiency over an
extended distance. At a few factor, it is able to be feasible to fee more than one device
successfully and properly from some other room of a constructing fixing the problem of battery
existence.

REFERENCES

[1] Ong Ghim Yeow Gary., “Electronic Vehicle Identification in the Intelligent City”.

[2] M. Scarfogliero, S. Carmeli., F. Castelli-Dezza., M. Mauri, M. Rossi., G. Marchegiani., “Lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles: A review
on aging models for V2G services”.

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[3] Ali Emadi, Young Joo Lee., and Kaushik Rajashekara., (2008)” Power Electronics and Motor Drives in Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Plug-
In Hybrid Electric Vehicles”.

[4] Fan Zhang., Xu Zhang, Min Zhang., Abigail S.” journalism Review of Electric Vehicle Technology and its Applications “.

[5] Jianzhuo Dai., Ming Dong., Rixin Ye., Ao Ma and Wenyu Yang., (2016)” A Review on Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Synergies in
Smart Grid “.

[6] B.W. Zhou., T. Littler., H.F. Wang,” The Impact Of Vehicle-To-Grid On Electric Power Systems: A Review “.

[7] Azeddine Draou., (2013)” Electronic stability control for Direct-Drive Electric Vehicle “.

[8] Fan Zhang, Xu Zhang, and Min Zhang., Abigail S. “RFID and Electronic Vehicle recognition in Road Transport“.

[9] João C. Ferreira., Vítor Monteiro., João L. Afonso., Alberto Silva.,” Electronic Differential Speed Control for Two in-wheels Motors Drive
Vehicle “.

[10] Yin Dejun, Shan Danfeng, Bo-Chiuan Chen., (2016)”A torque distribution approach to electronic stability control for In-wheel motor
electric vehicle“.

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