Chapter 1 - Section A - Mathcad Solutions

1.4 The equation that relates deg F to deg C is: t(F) = 1.8 t(C) + 32. Solve this
equation by setting t(F) = t(C).

Guess solution: t := 0

Given t = 1.8t + 32 Find ( t) = −40 Ans.

F
1.5 By definition: P= F = mass⋅ g Note: Pressures are in
A gauge pressure.
π 2 2
P := 3000bar D := 4mm A := ⋅D A = 12.566 mm
4
m F
F := P⋅ A g = 9.807 mass := mass = 384.4 kg Ans.
2 g
s

F
1.6 By definition: P= F = mass⋅ g
A
π 2 2
P := 3000atm D := 0.17in A := ⋅D A = 0.023 in
4
ft F
F := P⋅ A g = 32.174 mass := mass = 1000.7 lbm Ans.
2 g
sec

1.7 Pabs = ρ ⋅ g⋅ h + Patm

gm m
ρ := 13.535⋅ g := 9.832⋅ h := 56.38cm
3 2
cm s

Patm := 101.78kPa Pabs := ρ ⋅ g⋅ h + Patm Pabs = 176.808 kPa Ans.

gm ft
1.8 ρ := 13.535⋅ g := 32.243⋅ h := 25.62in
3 2
cm s

Patm := 29.86in_Hg Pabs := ρ ⋅ g⋅ h + Patm Pabs = 27.22 psia Ans.

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 gm m
1.10 Assume the following: ρ := 13.5 g := 9.8
3 2
cm s
P
P := 400bar h :=
ρ⋅g h = 302.3 m Ans.

1.11 The force on a spring is described by: F = Ks x where Ks is the spring

constant. First calculate K based on the earth measurement then gMars
based on spring measurement on Mars.
On Earth:
m
F = mass⋅ g = K⋅ x mass := 0.40kg g := 9.81 x := 1.08cm
2
s
F N
F := mass⋅ g F = 3.924 N Ks := Ks = 363.333
x m
On Mars:
−3
x := 0.40cm FMars := K⋅ x FMars = 4 × 10 mK
FMars mK
gMars := gMars = 0.01 Ans.
mass kg

d M⋅ P d M⋅ P
1.12 Given: P = −ρ ⋅ g and: ρ= Substituting: P= − ⋅g
dz R⋅ T dz R⋅ T

P z
⌠ Denver 1 ⌠ Denver ⎛ M⋅ g ⎞
Separating variables and integrating: ⎮ dP = ⎮ −⎜ dz
⎮ P ⎮ ⎝ R⋅ T ⎠
⌡P ⌡0
sea

⎛ PDenver ⎞ −M⋅ g
After integrating: ln ⎜ = ⋅ zDenver
⎝ Psea ⎠ R⋅ T

Taking the exponential of both sides ⎛ − M⋅ g ⋅ z ⎞

⎜ Denver
⋅ e⎝ ⎠
and rearranging: R⋅ T
PDenver = Psea

gm m
Psea := 1atm M := 29 g := 9.8
mol 2
s

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 3
cm ⋅ atm
R := 82.06 T := ( 10 + 273.15)K zDenver := 1⋅ mi
mol⋅ K

M⋅ g
⋅ zDenver = 0.194
R⋅ T

⎛ − M⋅ g ⋅ z ⎞
⎜ Denver
⋅ e⎝ ⎠
R⋅ T
PDenver := Psea PDenver = 0.823 atm Ans.

PDenver = 0.834 bar Ans.

1.13 The same proportionality applies as in Pb. 1.11.

ft ft
gearth := 32.186⋅ gmoon := 5.32⋅ ∆lmoon := 18.76
2 2
s s
gearth
∆learth := ∆lmoon⋅ ∆learth = 113.498
gmoon

M := ∆learth⋅ lbm M = 113.498 lbm Ans.

wmoon := M⋅ gmoon wmoon = 18.767 lbf Ans.

5.00dollars hr 0.1dollars hr
1.14 costbulb := ⋅ 10 costelec := ⋅ 10 ⋅ 70W
1000hr day kW⋅ hr day

dollars dollars
costbulb = 18.262 costelec = 25.567
yr yr

dollars
costtotal := costbulb + costelec costtotal = 43.829
yr Ans.

ft
1.15 D := 1.25ft mass := 250lbm g := 32.169
2
s

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 π 2 2
Patm := 30.12in_Hg A := ⋅D A = 1.227 ft
4
3
(a) F := Patm⋅ A + mass⋅ g F = 2.8642 × 10 lbf Ans.

F
(b) Pabs := Pabs = 16.208 psia Ans.
A
3
(c) ∆l := 1.7ft Work := F⋅ ∆l Work = 4.8691 × 10 ft⋅ lbf Ans.

∆PE := mass⋅ g⋅ ∆l ∆PE = 424.9 ft⋅ lbf Ans.

m
1.16 D := 0.47m mass := 150kg g := 9.813
2
s
π 2 2
Patm := 101.57kPa A := ⋅D A = 0.173 m
4
4
(a) F := Patm⋅ A + mass⋅ g F = 1.909 × 10 N Ans.

F
(b) Pabs := Pabs = 110.054 kPa Ans.
A

(c) ∆l := 0.83m Work := F⋅ ∆l Work = 15.848 kJ Ans.

∆EP := mass⋅ g⋅ ∆l ∆EP = 1.222 kJ Ans.

m
1.18 mass := 1250kg u := 40
s
1 2
EK := mass⋅ u EK = 1000 kJ Ans.
2
Work := EK Work = 1000 kJ Ans.

mass⋅ g⋅ ∆h
1.19 Wdot = ⋅ 0.91⋅ 0.92
time
m
Wdot := 200W g := 9.8 ∆h := 50m
2
s

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 Wdot
mdot := kg
g⋅ ∆h⋅ 0.91⋅ 0.92 mdot = 0.488 Ans.
s

1.22 25.00
ton
a) cost_coal := −1
MJ cost_coal = 0.95 GJ
29⋅
kg
2.00
gal
cost_gasoline := −1
GJ cost_gasoline = 14.28 GJ
37⋅
3
m

0.1000
cost_electricity := −1
kW⋅ hr cost_electricity = 27.778 GJ

b) The electrical energy can directly be converted to other forms of energy

whereas the coal and gasoline would typically need to be converted to heat
and then into some other form of energy before being useful.

The obvious advantage of coal is that it is cheap if it is used as a heat

source. Otherwise it is messy to handle and bulky for tranport and
storage.

Gasoline is an important transportation fuel. It is more convenient to

transport and store than coal. It can be used to generate electricity by
burning it but the efficiency is limited. However, fuel cells are currently
being developed which will allow for the conversion of gasoline to electricity
by chemical means, a more efficient process.

Electricity has the most uses though it is expensive. It is easy to transport

but expensive to store. As a transportation fuel it is clean but batteries to
store it on-board have limited capacity and are heavy.

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 1.24 Use the Matcad genfit function to fit the data to Antoine's equation.
The genfit function requires the first derivatives of the function with
respect to the parameters being fitted.
⎛ A− B ⎞
⎜
f ( T , A , B , C) := e⎝
T+C ⎠
Function being fit:

First derivative of the function with respect to parameter A

f ( T , A , B , C) → exp ⎛⎜ A −
d B ⎞
dA ⎝ T + C⎠

First derivative of the function with respect to parameter B

−1
⋅ exp ⎛⎜ A −
d B ⎞
f ( T , A , B , C) →
dB T+C ⎝ T + C⎠

First derivative of the function with respect to parameter C

⋅ exp ⎛⎜ A −
d B B ⎞
f ( T , A , B , C) →
dC ( T + C)
2 ⎝ T + C⎠

⎛ −18.5 ⎞ ⎛ 3.18 ⎞
⎜ ⎜
⎜ −9.5 ⎟ ⎜ 5.48 ⎟
⎜ 0.2 ⎟ ⎜ 9.45 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 11.8 ⎟ ⎜ 16.9 ⎟
⎜ 23.1 ⎟ ⎜ 28.2 ⎟
t := ⎜ ⎟ Psat := ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 32.7 ⎟ ⎜ 41.9 ⎟
⎜ 44.4 ⎟ ⎜ 66.6 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 52.1 ⎟ ⎜ 89.5 ⎟
⎜ 63.3 ⎟ ⎜ 129 ⎟
⎜ ⎜
⎝ 75.5 ⎠ ⎝ 187 ⎠

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 T := t + 273.15 lnPsat := ln ( Psat)

Array of functions used by Mathcad. In this case, a0 = A, a1 = B and a2 = C.

⎡ ⎛ a1 ⎞ ⎤
⎢ exp ⎜ a0 − ⎥
⎝ T + a2 ⎠ Guess values of parameters
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎛ a1 ⎞ ⎥
⎢ exp ⎜ a0 − ⎥ ⎛⎜ 15 ⎞
⎝ T + a2 ⎠
F ( T , a) := ⎢ ⎥ guess := ⎜ 3000 ⎟
⎢ −1 ⎛ a1 ⎞ ⎥ ⎜ −50
⎢ T + a2 ⋅ ⎜ −
T + a2 ⎠ ⎥ ⎝ ⎠
exp a0
⎢ ⎝ ⎥
⎢ a1 ⎛ a1 ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ⋅ ⎜ −
T + a2 ⎠ ⎥
exp a0
⎣ ( T + a2) ⎝
2
⎦
Apply the genfit function

⎛⎜ A ⎞ ⎛⎜ A ⎞ ⎛⎜ 13.421 ⎞
⎜ B ⎟ := genfit ( T , Psat , guess , F) ⎜ B ⎟ = ⎜ 2.29 × 103 ⎟ Ans.
⎜C ⎜C
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎜⎝ −69.053 ⎠
Compare fit with data.

200

150

Psat
100
f ( T , A , B , C)

50

0
240 260 280 300 320 340 360
T

To find the normal boiling point, find the value of T for which Psat = 1 atm.

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 Tnb := ⎛⎜ − C⎞ ⋅ K
B
Psat := 1atm Tnb = 329.154 K
⎜ A − ln ⎛⎜
Psat ⎞
⎝ ⎝ kPa ⎠ ⎠
Ans.
Tnb − 273.15K = 56.004 degC
1.25
dollars
a) t1 := 1970 t2 := 2000 C1 := 0.35 i := 5%
gal
t2 − t1 dollars
C2 := C1⋅ ( 1 + i) C2 = 1.513
gal
The increase in price of gasoline over this period kept pace with the rate of
inflation.
dollars dollars
b) t1 := 1970 t2 := 2000 C1 := 16000 C2 := 80000
yr yr
C2 t2 − t1
Given = ( 1 + i) i := Find ( i) i = 5.511 %
C1

The salary of a Ph. D. engineer over this period increased at a rate of 5.5%,
slightly higher than the rate of inflation.

c) This is an open-ended problem. The strategy depends on age of the child,

and on such unpredictable items as possible financial aid, monies earned
by the child, and length of time spent in earning a degree.

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only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.