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Cylinder
• Process 41 : It is suction process, suction valve is open D Crank
during this process and delivery valve remains closed. S
L
Point ‘1’ is outer most position called as outer dead center IDC ODC
(ODC). So Suction valve
2
VP V1 V3 DL D—Cylinder diameter, L—Stroke
4
p1V1 p2 V2
=
n 1
2. Isobaric delivery process 2–3, area 23ab2 denotes work done in delivery, so
= – p2 V2 (done on system)
3. Isobaric suction process 41, area 41ca4 denotes suction work, so
= + p1 V1 (done by system)
So net work required to run the compressor on compression cycle
p1 V1 -p2 V2
= – p2 V2 +p1 V1
n-1
n
= p1 V1 -p2 V2 ... area 1 2 3 4 1
n-1
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Mechanical Engineering (Study Package) 3
p2
= p V.dp, where pVn const
1
p n
So,
2
= p Vdp =
1
p V –p V
n 1 1 1 2 2
For centrifugal compressor (steady flow)
h1 + q = h2 + w q = 0
–w = (h2 – h1)
Tds dh Vdp, ds 0
h1 h2 Vdp
n 1
n p2 n
Power = RT1
m 1
n 1 p
1
2c P2 2 t 2c 2s 2f
Polytropic with friction (n >
P2 n>
n<
Isentropic (n = )
r
n=1 P1
2t Polytropic without friction (n < )
1
Isothermal (n = 1)
S V
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4 Chapter-1 : Reciprocating Compressor
Process 12t
(Isothermal)—Work done on air = Heat transfer from air to surroundings/coolant change in internal
energy is zero.
Process 12c
Part of work transferred from system to surrounding/coolant as heat and rest remain as increase in
internal energy.
Process 12s
Adiabatic, reversible no heat transfer.
Process 12f
No heat transfer but friction heat stored as internal energy.
(i) The various shaded areas (in figure on right side) denotes the difference of work in various processes
mentioned above.
(ii) So the most efficient process is Isothermal (12t) and highest work consuming is polytropic with
friction (12f)
So the order of magnitude of work involve. w2f > w2s > w2c > w2t.
Based on all these process, the various types of compressor efficiencies are defined as,
(i) Isothermal efficiency:
Work done in compression with isothermal process(1–2t )
nisoth = Actual work done with polytropic process (1–2c )
(ii) Adiabatic efficiency:
Work done in compression with Adia. rev. comp. (1-2S )
nadiab = Work done on comp. with Adia Irrev. compn 1 2f
n 1
n p2 n
w1 = p1 V1 1
n 1 p
1
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Mechanical Engineering (Study Package) 5
n 1
n p2 n
w mRT1 1
n 1 p
1
So the mass sucked is independnet of clearance volume.
NOTE In work expression we have assumed that the index of compression (12) and index
of expansion (34) are same. But it may be different as nc & ne. Most of the time
they are assumed same.
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6 Chapter-1 : Reciprocating Compressor
Volumetric Efficiency
It is the ratio of actual mass of air sucked by compressor to the mass of air which the compressor could
suck if it had handled a volume of air equal to displacement volume. So
Inductedvolume V1 V4 V1 V4
vol = ...(1)
sweptvolume V1 V3 VP
Now we have to find out value of V1 and V4 interms of C and VP (or V1 – V3).
Process 34
1 1
p n p n
V4 = V3 3 VC 2
p4 p1
V1 = Vc + VP
Since clearance ratio,
V1 = Vc + Vc/C
1
p n
V1 – V4 = Vc + Vc/C – Vc 2
p1
V1 V4
v = Vp
1
Vc 1 p2 n V
= 1 C c
Vp C p1 Vp
1
p n
= 1 C C 2
p1
1
vol 1 C 1 (P2 / P1 ) n
V
So vol = 1 C C 4
V3
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