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MTS2013-0321
NFPA Marine Fire Protection Codes and Standards – An Overview
Guy R. Colonna, P.E.
National Fire Protection Association
Quincy, MA 02169 USA
ABSTRACT
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) develops consensus codes and
standards for fire and life safety for a wide array of occupancies, including the maritime
industry. With documents originating in the early 1920’s, NFPA maritime safety standards
reflect current practices in vessel design and operations, new hazards, and new technology.
These documents include safe practices associated with confined space entry and hot work
operations during construction, maintenance, and repair; shipyard fire protection safety
management; and suppression system design, installation, and testing/maintenance. This
presentation highlights those consensus standards contributing to safety management within
the maritime industry.
INTRODUCTION
NFPA’s mission is “to reduce the worldwide burden of fire and other hazards on the
quality of life by providing and advocating consensus codes and standards, research, training,
and education.” Our consensus codes and standards trace their origins to the nineteenth
century development of automatic sprinkler systems. Though immediately effective in their
performance as extinguishing devices, the systems were initially installed in so many ways that
their reliability was uncertain. So, in 1895 the key stakeholders from sprinkler and insurance
interests met in Boston to discuss the different approaches utilized for design and installation
of systems. Their product from that meeting became today’s NFPA 13, Standard for the
The first marine fire protection standards date from the early 1920’s and today, NFPA
has 6 standards specifically applicable to marine vessels or facilities. Two of those are focused
on the pleasure boating domain – NFPA 302, Standard for Pleasure and Commercial Motor Craft
and NFPA 303, Standard for Marinas and Boatyards – and will not be featured in this treatment
of the NFPA marine fire protection standards. In addition to the standards applicable to vessel
and facility fire protection, NFPA also offers standards on specific suppression systems for
which vessel applications have been developed and emergency response standards for fires and
spills involving marine vessels. Before describing the specifics of each of the standards, a
review of the NFPA codes and standards consensus development process would be helpful.
NFPA STANDARDS PROCESS
NFPA is one of many consensus standards development organizations that adhere to
the essential requirements of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for
development of their standards. The NFPA standards are prepared through the efforts of over
200 technical committees, comprised of over 5000 volunteers. NFPA utilizes its Standards
Council to administer the standards development process. It is the Council that approves the
standards development committees and that appoints the volunteers to serve as members of
specific technical committees.
The consensus process requires a balance of interests to be represented on the
committees so that there is a lack of dominance by any single interest. NFPA achieves that
balance by defining nine categories of membership interest and by requiring that no single
interest category can make up more than one‐third of the total voting membership. For
example, the interest categories include the owner/operators of vessels or marine facilities (like
shipyards), insurers, manufacturers (like suppression equipment or instrumentation),
installer/maintainers of systems, consultants, and regulators or enforcers (like the Coast Guard
or OSHA). The NFPA staff and Standards Council manage the committee makeup to ensure that
membership by those interest categories does not exceed one‐third of the total size of the
committee, which is typically limited to a maximum of thirty principal voting members. In
addition to the balance, consensus requires a basis for agreement on specific issues in order to
develop or change the requirements. NFPA recognizes that consensus has been achieved on a
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Though NFPA is a membership organization, anyone can apply and be appointed to a
technical committee. In addition, all committee meetings are open to the public. In
accordance with the ANSI provisions, NFPA codes and standards are revised at least every five
years. If it is not feasible to apply and serve on a committee, it is possible to monitor the status
of the various committees and their respective documents using the NFPA web page and the
specific document information page (or doc info page for short) established for each document.
Anyone, using the doc info page, can submit proposed changes or comments on changes to a
specific standard during the revision cycle. Each revision cycle requires approximately two
years from the point at which notice is given that proposed change recommendations are being
solicited to the point at which the Standards Council issues the new edition complete with its
revisions. The diverse segments of the marine industry are well represented on the various
NFPA committees that are responsible for the six, marine‐specific committees as well as on
those committees that include marine‐related provisions (for example, the water mist fire
protection system committee).
NFPA documents, like other documents developed by consensus standards developers,
are referred to as voluntary, consensus standards. NFPA does not enforce its codes and
standards; instead, NFPA promotes the adoption and enforcement through state or local fire or
building codes. In some cases, however, NFPA documents are incorporated by reference into
federal agency standards, like those of the US Coast Guard, Department of Homeland Security,
and OSHA. NFPA works closely with the adopting jurisdictions at the state and local levels to
assist their implementation of the documents into their fire and building codes by offering free
training. NFPA also recognizes the importance of the enforcing official voice within the various
committees, and for that reason began reimbursing the travel expenses for attendance and
participation at technical committee meetings. As a strategic goal since 2010, NFPA realizes
that adoption is important but each adoption must be complemented with enforcement and
compliance in order for the mission of NFPA to be achieved.
The document revision process involves two major steps: first, is the receipt of proposed
changes from the public (now called Public Input), and second, is the receipt of comments from
the public addressing specific proposed changes (now called Public Comment). Following the
Public Input submittal, the committee reviews and acts on the proposed changes and develops
the First Draft, which incorporates the proposed changes that have been accepted by the
committee. The committee approves its First Draft by a written letter ballot that again, must
achieve at least a two‐thirds affirmative vote to confirm all the proposed revisions to the
document. The public may then submit comments to the First Draft to recommend changes to
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MARINE STANDARDS OVERVIEW
Over ninety years ago, cargo vessels returning from the First World War were being
converted to carry larger cargo parcels on longer voyages. Shipbuilding activity, specifically
repair and conversion, contributed to an increase in the number of fires and explosions within
US shipyards. Vessel owners, shipyard owners, and insurance underwriters expressed their
concern to the NFPA and its Marine Committee. In 1922, NFPA’s Marine Committee adopted a
series of standards known as the Regulations Governing Marine Fire Hazards. Appendix A of
those regulations addressed the control of gas hazards on vessels during repair activities, and
would eventually become today’s NFPA 306, Standard for the Control of Gas Hazards on
Vessels.
With the adoption of the specific standards of practice for safeguarding entry and work
on vessels during shipbuilding, repair, and conversion, the maritime industry needed technically
knowledgeable and skilled individuals who could ensure that those fire prevention
requirements were implemented. One of the industry stakeholders that approached NFPA was
the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), whose role was to establish and maintain minimum
standards for construction and operation of ship and offshore structures. ABS already had a
cooperative relationship with ship owners and shipyards, and they agreed to initiate
procedures for certifying specialists (then called gas chemists), who would apply and essentially
enforce this new NFPA standard within the shipyards on a daily basis. The first 25 gas chemists
became certified by ABS in 1922. By the early 1960’s, ABS was seeking a successor to manage
the program and NFPA assumed that role in 1963; a duty it continues to oversee to this day.
Today, NFPA manages the certification and recertification of Marine Chemists through the
Marine Chemist Qualification Board. The Board applies the rules for certification and
recertification that are approved by the NFPA Board of Directors. Today there are nearly 100
Marine Chemists operating in ports throughout the United States, applying the provisions of
NFPA 306, which complements the OSHA Shipyard Employment regulations found in 29 CFR
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Shipyard fire safety is the focus of another standard, NFPA 312, Standard for Fire
Protection of Vessels during Construction, Conversion, Repair, and Lay‐up. This document
originated in 1933 and provides the fundamental requirements necessary for managing the
potential fire hazards associated with construction, conversion, and repair operations. This
includes establishing hot work safety procedures, fire watch duties and training requirements,
inspection of fixed extinguishing systems, and fire brigade duties and organization. Vessels in a
lay‐up status pose unique hazards due to their non‐operational condition and limited crew
resources. This standard provides the minimum requirements to be followed when placing a
vessel into a lay‐up status and when monitoring a vessel during lay‐up.
Another standard focused on the facility fire protection is NFPA 307, Standard for the
Construction and Fire Protection of Marine Terminals, Piers, and Wharves. NFPA 307 began as
two separate standards, NFPA 87, Standard for the Construction and Protection of Piers and
Wharves, and NFPA 307, Recommendations for the Operation of Marine Terminals, that were
combined in 1980 to form today’s NFPA 307. NFPA 87 was first adopted in 1925 following a
development process that took nearly 10 years, while NFPA 307 was first adopted in 1951.
Today, the standard addresses the construction of pier and wharf structures and terminal
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NFPA 301, Code for Safety to Life from Fire on Merchant Vessels, demonstrated how the
NFPA codes and standards development process works in response to a request to address a
new or unique situation. In 1993, the Coast Guard approached the NFPA Standards Council
with a request to form a new committee that would develop a consensus standard on fire
protection of merchant vessels, similar in format to the NFPA 101, Life Safety Code®. The basis
for this request was a Coast Guard initiative known as Maritime Regulatory Reform. One aspect
of maritime regulatory reform involved greater use of industry standards in lieu of detailed
design requirements contained in the Code of Federal Regulations. By shifting development
and maintenance of regulations to standards‐making organizations, the regulators (in this case
the Coast Guard) would be assured of dynamic standards that were regularly updated. The
marine industry benefits through increased input into the rules it would subsequently be
required to follow. Similar efforts will be discussed in this paper involving the addition of
marine‐specific criteria to existing fire protection system standards, such as automatic
sprinklers, water mist extinguishing systems, foam, carbon dioxide, and clean agent
extinguishing systems. NFPA 301 provides minimum requirements for the design, operation,
and maintenance of merchant vessels for safety to life from fire and similar emergencies. The
document establishes occupancy classifications and then provides requirements for design and
construction, access and egress, and fire protection. The document applies to passenger
vessels, towing vessels, and cargo vessels.
Marine specific chapters for the design and installation of suppression systems were
incorporated into NFPA 11, 12, 13, 750, and 2001 beginning in the late 1980’s. In 1998, NFPA
11, Standard for Low‐, Medium‐, and High‐Expansion Foam, established requirements for low‐
expansion foam systems for marine applications. Like NFPA 11, a marine specific chapter was
incorporated in NFPA 12, Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems, in 1998. NFPA 13,
Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, provides a marine specific chapter that details
the deletions, additions, and modifications for designing and installing an automatic sprinkler
system for a marine vessel application. Passenger ferry engine rooms were among the first
application for testing water mist fire protection systems during the 1940’s. NFPA 750,
Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems, was first issued in 1996 due to renewed
interest in the technology possibly resulting from the phasing out of halon. A factor
contributing to its early use on marine vessels is its potential as a fire safety system for spaces
where the amount of water that can be stored or that can be discharged is limited. Like NFPA
13, NFPA 750 offers a marine specific chapter for designing and installing water mist fire
protection systems. NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, is the last
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