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● types of mutations:
○ gene mutations
■ point mutations
■ frameshift mutations
○ chromosomal mutations
GENE MUTATIONS
● produce changes in a single gene
POINT MUTATIONS
● changes in 1 or a few nucleotides
● occur at a single point in the DNA sequence
● substitutions, insertions, deletions
FRAMESHIFT MUTATIONS
● if a nucleotide is added or deleted, groupings of bases
shift for every codon that follows
● shift the “reading frame” of the genetic message
● may change every amino acids that follows the point
of the mutation
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS
● changes in the number or structure of chromosomes
● may change the location of genes on chromosomes,
or even change number of copies of some genes
● deletions, duplications,inversions,translocations
● deletions - loss of all or part of a chromosome
● duplications - produce extra copies of parts of a
chromosome
● inversions - reverse the direction of parts of
chromosomes
● translocations - part of one chromosome breaks off
and attaches to another
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
GENES
● coded dna instructions that control the production of
proteins within the cell
RNA
● contains coded information for making proteins
● disposable copy of a segment of DNA
● differences from DNA:
○ ribose
○ uracil instead of thymine
○ single-stranded
● types:
○ messenger RNA - carries copies of instruction for
assembling amino acids into proteins
○ transfer RNA - transfers each amino acids to the
ribosome during protein synthesis
○ ribosomal RNA - makes up ribosomes
PROTEINS
● made by joining amino acids into long chains -
polypeptides
PROTEINS SYNTHESIS
● phases:
1. transcription
2. translation
3. elongation
EUCHROMATIN - currently inactive genetic material
HETEROCHROMATIN - constantly active genetic material
DNA REPLICATION
TRANSLATION
- decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide
chain
- takes place on ribosomes