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 LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DAVIS

(X K. OGDEN COLLECTION
 CHAMBERS'S

ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY

0F THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

A NEW AND THOROUGHLY REVISED EDITION

EDITED BV

ANDREW FINDLATER, M.A., LL.D.

W. & R. CHAMBERS, Limited

LONDON AND EDINBURGH
IS97

LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DAVIS
 Edinburgh :
Printed by W. & R. Chambers, Limited.
 CONTENTS.

PAGE
PREFACE V
EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT vii
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE WORK viii
THE DICTIONARY I-568
SUPPLEMENTARY GLOSSARY OF OBSOLETE AND RARE WORDS AND
MEANINGS IN MILTON'S POETICAL WORKS 569
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 574
TABLE OF DIVISIONS OF THE ARYAN LANGUAGES 579
GRIMM'S LAW 579
ETYMOLOGY OF NAMES OF PLACES, ETC 5&I
WORDS AND PHRASES FROM THE LATIN, THE GREEK, AND MODERN
FOREIGN LANGUAGES 583
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 589
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES 592
SELECT LIST OF MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES 594
THE METRIC SYSTEM 599
 PREFACE.

In view of the extraordinary progress which has been made in the historical study of
the English Language, it has been found necessary to prepare an entirely New
Edition of this Etymological Dictionary. It is confidently hoped that the improve
ments, which are the result of a careful and exhaustive revision, will greatly increase
its efficiency and popularity. The Vocabulary has been enriched by the insertion
of a multitude of additional words. The definitions of scientific terms have been
carefully verified ; and the pronunciation corrected in accordance with the best
authorities. The changes in Etymology alone are so great as almost to constitute
it a new work. For greater convenience of reference, the arrangement of the words
has been made strictly alphabetical throughout.
The Dictionary is intended as a guide in the study and practical use of the English
Language ; and embraces the Meanings of Words, their Pronunciation, and
Etymology.
The Vocabulary contains every English word sanctioned by good authority,
with the exception of obsolete and very rare words, and terms exclusively technical.
It includes, however, all the obsolete words that occur in the Bible, the Apocrypha,
and the Book of Common Prayer. Owing to the wide diffusion of scientific know
ledge and the application of scientific discovery to the business of every-day life,
many terms that were once purely technical are now entering into the current
speech. From this class of words large additions have been made to the Vocabulary.
In the Definitions the current meaning of a word is usually put first. It is
left to the Etymology to connect the present meaning with the root. But where
the word still retains more or less of its original force, the Editor has endeavoured
to increase the vividness of the definition by indicating the radical idea in italics.
It has been the aim throughout to avoid a distracting multiplicity of definitions—
not to pile up unnecessary distinctions, but to emphasise only the real differences
in the usage of words.
The Pronunciation is exhibited in the simplest possible manner. The correct
sound of every word is given by being written anew phonetically, thus obviating the
use of a confusing array of marks. The accentuation has also been carefully attended
lo, and different pronunciations have been given in cases where authorities are divided.
vi PREFACE.
In the Etymological part ol the w ork the results of the latest philological research 1
are presented, though necessarily in the briefest possible way. Each word is traced
to its origin, whether as belonging to the oldest known form of English, the Anglo-
Saxon, or introduced from some sister Teutonic speech, as the Dutch, or borrowed
from the classical tongues, either directly, or through the French. Cognate words in
other languages, though not in the direct line of descent, are inserted, especially when
light is thereby thrown on the primary sense of the word. In thus tracing words
to their origin, the aim has been to show that the study of language is one of the
greatest interest, that every word has a life of its own, and is not an arbitrary and
meaningless thing, but the result of laws of historic growth. It will be seen also
that words throw no little light on the history of the men that formed and used
them ; and that our vast and complex vocabulary can be traced to a few roots .
expressing the simplest ideas.
In this department full advantage has been taken of the best French and German
works, as also of the labours of the new English school of philologists, who have done i
so much during the last twenty years to promote the historic and scientific study of our
own language. Special acknowledgment of indebtedness is due to Diez, Etymolo-
gisches Wbrtcrbuch der Komanischen Sprachen (4th ed. 1878) ; to Littre's great work ;
to the Deutsche! Worterbuch (3d ed. 1878) ofWeigand, one of the continuators of
Grimm ; and above all to Prof. Skeat, whose Etymological Dictionary is indispensable
to every scientific student of the English language. Great assistance has also been I
obtained from the Etymologisches Wiirterbuch der Englischen Sprache (2d ed. 1878) of
E. Miiller ; from the French Etymological Dictionaries of Brachet and Scheler ; from
Diefenbach's Gothic Dictionary ; from the works of Morris and Trench ; and from
the well-known lectures of Max Miiller. As final authorities in their respective
languages, the following dictionaries have been used, Liddell and Scott's Greek
Lexicon (6th ed.) ; Lewis and Short in Latin ; and the Icelandic Dictionary of Cleasby
and Vigfusson.
The Appendix contains a Glossary of the obsolete and rare words and meanings in 1
Milton's poetical works ; a copious list of Prefixes and Suffixes, with their signification,
derivation, and affinities, as far as ascertained ; a statement of Grimm's Law ; and
many useful lists.
The Publishers have only to add that this Dictionary owes its present form to an
able staff, including the Rev. A. P. Davidson, M.A., under the superintendence of .
the late Dr Andrew Findlater.
W. & K. C.
Edinburgh, 1890.
 EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT.

The Arrangement of the Words.—Every word is given in its alphabttUal

order. Each uncompounded verb has its participles, when irregular, placed after
it. Exceptional plurals are also given. When a word stands after another, with
no meaning given, its meanings can be at once formed from those of the latter, by
adding the signification of the affix : thus the meanings of Darkness are obtained by
prefixing the meaning of ness, state of being, to those of Bark.
The Pronunciation.—The Pronunciation is given immediately after each word,
by the word being spelled anew. In this new spelling, every consonant used has its
ordinary unvarying sound, no consonant being employed that has more than one sound.
The same sounds are always represented by the same letters, no matter how varied
their actual spelling in the language. No consonant used has any mark attached to it,
with the one exception of th, which is printed in common letters when sounded as in
thick, but in italics when sounded as in Men. Unmarked vowels have always their
short sounds, as in lad, led, tid, lot, but, boot. The marked vowels are shown in the
following line, which is printed at the bottom of each page—
fSte, far ; mi, her : mine ; mote ; mute j mSBo.
Where more than one pronunciation of a word is given, that which is placed first is
more accepted.
The Spelling.—When more than one form of a word is given, that which is placed
first is the more usual spelling.
The Meanings.—The current and most important meaning of a word is usually
given first. But in some cases, as in Clerk, Livery, Marshal, where the force of the
word can be made much clearer by tracing its history, the original meaning is first
given, and the successive variations of its usage defined.
The Etymology.—The Etymology of each word is given after the meanings,
within brackets. Where further information regarding a word is given elsewhere, it
is so indicated by a reference. It must be noted under the etymology that whenever a
word is printed thus: Ban, Base, the student is referred to it ; also that the sign —
is always to be read as meaning ' derived from.' Examples are generally given of
words that are cognate or correspond to the English words ; but it must be
remembered that they are inserted merely for illustration. For instance, when an
Vlll EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT.
English word is traced to its Anglo-Saxon form, and then a German word is given,
no one should suppose that our English word is derived from the German. German
and Anglo-Saxon are alike branches from a common Teutonic stem ; and have
seldom borrowed from each other. Under each word the force of the prefix is
usually given, though not the affix. For fuller explanation in such cases, the student
is referred to the list of Prefixes and Affixes in the Appendix.

*.* The student is recommended at once to master the following List of Abbrevia
tions occurring in the work, which will be found to suggest their own meaning.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
according. freq frequentative. pass. .
accusative. gen genitive. pad., .past tense.
adj\ adjective. geol geology. per/., . perfect,
adv adverb. geont geometry. perh. .perhaps.
agri. agriculture. gram. grammar. pers. . . person.
alg. algebra. gun gunnery. p/x.. . prefix.
anat. anatomy. her. heraldry. phii philosophy.
arch architecture. hort horticulture. Pi plural.
aritk arithmetic. in/, infinitive. Poet poetical.
astr astronomy. int interjection. Poss possessive.
B Bible. inten intensive. Pr. Bk. Book of Common
book-k book-keeping, jew jewellery. Prayer.
bet botany. lit literally. Pr.p present participle.
c century. mas masculine. Prep preposition.
cf. compare. math mathematics. Pres present.
ckenr chemistry. meek mechanics. print ■ printing.
cog cognate. meet. medicine. Priv privative.
comp comparative. miL military. Prob. probably.
conj conjunction. min mineralogy. Pron pronoun.
conn connected. mus music. prov provincial.
contr contraction. myth mythology. rhet rhetoric
corr corruption. n., ns noun, nouns. tig signifying.
demons demonstrative. nai. hist natural history. sing singular.
Diet Dictionary. naut nautical. super/ superlative.
dim diminutive. neg. negative. term termination.
dub doubtful. obs. obsolete. Test Testament.
tsp especially. opp opposed. theoi. theology.
ety etymology. opt optics. unk unknown.
fern feminine. orig originally. v.i. verb intransitive.
Jig. figuratively. participle. vd. verb transitive.
Jbl followed. zooI zoology.
fort fortification. Pa.p past participle.

Amer American. Gael Gaelic O. Fr Old French.

At Arabic. Ger German. O. Ger Old German.
A-S Anglo-Saxon. Goth Gothic. Pers. Persian.
Bav Bavarian. Gr Greek. Port Portuguese.
Bohem Bohemian. Heb- Hebrew. Prov Provencal.
Bret. Breton. Hind. Hindustani. Rom Romance.
Celt Celtic. Hun Hungarian. Russ Russian.
Chal Chaldean. Ice. Icelandic. Sans Sanskrit.
Corn Cornish. Ir Irish. Scot Scottish.
Dan Danish. It Italian. Slav Slavonic.
Dut Dutch. L Latin. Sp Spanish.
Ea English. Lith Lithuanian. Sw Swedish,
Finn Finnish. M. E Middle English. Teut Teutonic.
Flem Flemish. Mex Mexican. Turk Turkish.
Fr French. Norm Norman. W Welsh.
Fris Frisian. Norw Norwegian.
 CHAMBERS'S

ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
■t
OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

A Abhor
A, the indefinite article, a broken-down form of Abba, ab'a, «. in Chaldee and Syriac, afather.
An, and used before words beginning with the Abbacy, ab'a-si, «. the office of an abbot.
sound of a consonant. [Sec An.] Abbatial, ab-ba'shal, Abbatlcal, ab-bat'ik-al, adj.
A, used at one time before participles, as in ' She pertaining to an abbey.
lay a dying." It is now admitted only collo Abbess, ab'es, n. the suj)erior of a religious com
quially. [Short for A.S. an, a dialectic form of munity of women. [Fern, of Abbot.]
on, on, in, at. The same word is often used as Abbey, ab'e, n. a monastery of persons of either
a prefix. See Prefixes.] sex presided over by an abbot or abbess : the
Aback, a-balc', adv. (rtaut.) said of sails pressed church attached to it:—//. Abbeys. [Fr.
backward against the mast by the wind—hence, abbaye—L. abbatia—Abba.]
Taken aback, taken by surprise. [A.S. onbtec. Abbot, ab'ut, «. the father ox head of an abbey.
See On and Back. ) —fern. Abb'esa. [L. abbas, abbatn—Abh^.]
Abacus, ab'a-kus, «. a counting-frame or table : Abbreviate, ab-bre'vi-at, v.t. to make brief ox
(arch.) a level tablet on the capital of a column. short: to abridge. (L. abbrevio, -atum—ab,
[L. —Gr. abax, abakos, a board for reckoning on.] intensive, and brcvis, short. See Brief.]
Abaft, a-baft', adv. orPrep. , on the aft or hind part Abbreviation, ab-bre-vi-a'shun, n. a shortening :
of a ship : behind. [Prefix a, for A S. on, on. and a part of a word put for the whole.
baftau, after, behind—pfx. be, and ct/t. See Aft.] Abbrevlator, ab-brC'vi-iit-ur, «. one who abbre
Abandon, a-ban'dun, v.t. to give up : to desert : viates.
to yield (one's self) without restraint. [O. Fr. Abdicate, ab'di-k3t, v.t. to renounce or give up
batuion, from the Tent, root ban, proclamation, (a high office).—n. Abdica tion. [L. ab, from or
came to mean decree, authorisation, permission ; off. dico, •titum, to proclaim.]
hence a bandon — at will or discretion, aban- Abdomen, ab-do'men, n. the lower part of the
donnrr, to give up to the will or disposal of some belly. [L.]
one. See Ban, Banns ] Abdominal, ab-dom'in-al, adj. pertaining to the
Abandoned, a-ban'dund, adj. given up, as to a abdomen.
vice: very wicked.—n. Abandonment, a-ban'- Abduction, ab-duk'shun, n. the carrying away,
dun-ment, act of abandoning : state of being esp. of a person by fraud or force. [L. ab, from,
given up. duco, dueturn, to draw.]
Abase, a-bas', v.t. to cast down : to humble : to Abductor, ab-dukt'ur, «. one guilty of abduction :
degrade.—«. Abasement, a-bas'ment, state of a muscle that draws away.
humiliation. [Fr. abaisser, to bring low—L. ad, Abeam, a-b€m', adv. (naut.) on the beam, or in a
to, and root of Base, adj.] line at right angles to a vessel's length. [Pfx. a
Abash, a-bash', v.t. to confuse with shame or (—A.S. on, on), on, and Beam]
guilt.—». Abashment, a-bash'ment, confusion Abed, a-bed'. adv. in bed. [Prefix a, on, and Bed ]
from shame. [O. Fr. esbah/r (Fr, 4bahir\ esba- 'Aberrant, ab-er'ant, adj., wandering from the
hissant, to be amazed—L. ex, out, and int. bah, right or straight path. [L. ab, from, erro, to
expressive of astonishment.] wander.]
Abate, a-bat/, v.t. to lessen : to mitigate.—v.t. to Aberration, ab-er-S'shun, n. a wandering from
grow less. [Fr. abattre. to beat down—L. ab, the right path : deviation from truth or rectitude.
from, and batere, popular form of batuere, to Abet, a-bet', v.t. to incite by encouragement or
beat : conn, with Beat ] aid (used chiefly in a bad sense) '.—pr.P. abett'-
Abatement, a-bat'ment, «. the act of abating : ing ; pa.p. abett'ed.— n. Abetment, a-bet'ment.
the sum or quantity abated : {her.) a mark of —n. Abettor, a-bet'ur. [O. Fr. abeter—d f—L.
dishonour on a coat of arms. ad, to), and beter, to bait, from root of Bait.]
Abatis. Abattls, a'bat-is, n. [fort.) a rampart of Abeyance, a-ba'ans, ». a state of suspension or
trees felled and laid side by side, with the expectation. [Fr.—d {—L. ad, to), and bayer,
branches towards the enemy, f Fr. See Abate. ] to gape in expectation, from imitative root ba, to
Abattoir, a-bat-waV, w. a slaughter-house. [Fr. gape.]
See ety. of Abate.] Abhor, ab-hor\ v.t. to shrink from with horror:
A fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mole : mate ; mOOn ; then. 1
 Abhorrence Absorb
to detest : to loathe i—pr.p. abhorring ; pa.p. Abound, ab-ownd', v.i. to overflow, be in great
abhorred'. [L. Sec Horror.) plenty; (with in) to possess in plenty. (L, I
Abhorrence, ab-hor'ens, «. extreme hatred. abuudo, to overflow as a river, from unda, a
Abhorrent, ab-hor'ent, adj. detesting : repugnant. wave.]
Abhorring, ab-hor'ing, n. {B.) object of great About, a-bowt*, prep, round on the out side :
hatred. i around : here and there in : near to : concerning :
Abide, a-bld', v.t. to bide or wait for: to endure : engaged in. —adv. around: nearly: here and
to tolerate.—v.i. to remain in a place, dwell or there.—Bring about, to cause to take place. —
stay :~pa. t. and pa.-p. abode'.—adj. Abiding, Come about, to take place.—Go about, to pre
continual. fcA.S. abtdan—pfx. a = Goth, us = pare to do. [A.S. abuioH—a, on, be, by, utan,
Ger. er, and bidan, to wait.] [i Sam. xxv.J outside.]
Abigail, ab'i-gitl, «. a lady's maid. [From Abigail, , Above, a-buv7, prep., on Mfw/side : higher than :
Ability, a-bil i-ti, n. quality of being able: power: more than. - ativ. overhead : in a higher position,
strength : skill :—pi. Abilities, the powers of order, or power. [A.S. abufan—a, on, be, by,
the mind. [M. E. liability, Fr. habileM—h. u/an, high, upwards, which is an adv. formed
liabilities—habilis, easily handled, fit, apt, able, from uf= up.] [or table : open.
from habeo, to have, hold. See Able.] Above-board, a-buv'-bflrd, adj. above the board
Abject, ab'jekt, adj., cast aivay: mean: worth Abrade, ab-rad', v.t., to scrape or rub off. [L. ab,
less. —adv. Ab'jectly. [L. abjectus—castaway off, rado, rasum, to scrape.]
—abt a.wn.y,jacio, to throw.] Abrasion, ab-ra'zhun, «. the act of rubbing off.
Abjection, ab-jek'shun, Abjectness, ab'jekt-nes, Abreast, a-brest', adv. with the breasts in a line :
«., a mean or law state ; baseness. side by side : \naut.) opposite to. [a, on, and
Abjure, ab-jooV, v.t. to renounce on oath or Breast.]
solemnly.—n. Abjuration, ab-jOor-a'shun. [L. Abridge, a-brij', v.t. to make brief or short: to
ab, from,juro, -aturn, to swear.] shorten : to epitomise. [Fr. abriger—L. abbre-
Ablactation, ab-lak-ta'shun, n. a weaning. [L. vi>ire. See Abbreviate.] [mary.
ab, from, lacto, to suckle—lac, laclis, milk.] Abridgment, a-brij'ment, n. contraction : sum-
Ablative, ab'lai-iv, adj. used as a «. The name Abroad, a-brawd', adv. on the broaii or open
of the 6th case of a Latin noun. [L. ablativus space : out of doors : in another country.
—ab, from, jero, latum, to take ; as if it indi Abrogate, ab'ro-g.U, v.t. to repeal \alaw). [L. ab,
cated taking away, or privation.] away, rogo, -atum, to ask ; because when a law
Ablaze, a-blaz', adv., in a blaze : on fire. was proposed the people were * asked' (to sanc
Able, a'bl, adj. [comp. AT)ler ; superl. AT)lestl, tion or reject it).]
having sufficient strength, power, or means to ; Abrogation, ab'ro-ga'shun, n. act of repealing.
do a thing : skilful. -a^z/. Al)ly. [See Ability.] Abrupt, ab-rupt', adj. the opposite of gradual, as
Ablution, ab-loo'shun, «. act of washing, esp. the ifbroken off: sudden: unexpected.—«. an abrupt
body, preparatory to religious rites. [L, ablutto place.—adv. Abruptly.—n Abrupt'ness. [L
—ab, away, luo = lava, to wash.] abruptus—ab, off, rumpo, mptum, to break.] 1
Abnegate, ab'ne-gat, v.t., to deny. [L. ab, away, Abscess, ab'ses, n. a collection of purulent matter
and nego, to deny. See Negation.] [tion. within some tissue of the body. [L. abscessus—
Abnegation, ab-ne-g;Vshun, «., denial: renuncia- abs, away, cedo, cessum, to go, to retreat.]
Abnonnal, ab-noKmal, adj., not normal or ac Abscond, abs-kond', v.i. [lit.) to hide one's self:
cording to rule : irregular.—«. Abnorlnity. [L. to quit the country in order to escape a legal
ab, away from, NormaLJ process. [L. abs, from or away, condo, to hide.]
Aboard, a-bord', adv. or prep., on board: in a Absence, abs'ens, n. the being away or not
ship. IPfx. a, on, and Board.] present : want : inattention.
Abode, a-bfld' n. a dwelling-place : stay. [Abide.] Absent, abs'ent, adj., being aivay ." not present :
Abode. a-bod, pa.t. and pa.p. of Abide. inattentive. [L. abs, away from, ens, entis, \
AboliBh, ab-ol'ish, v.t. to put an end to: to annul. being—sum, esse, to be. See Entity.]
[Fr. abolir—V,. aboleo, -Hum—ab, from, olo, Absent, abs-ent\ v.t. to keep one's self away.
olesco, to grow—ab here reverses the meaning Absentee, abs-ent-e', n. one who lives away from
of the simple verb.] his estate or his office.
Abolition, ab-ol-ish'un, «. the act of abolishing. Absenteeism, abs-ent-€lzm, n. the practice of a (
Abolitionist, ab*ol-ish'un-ist, n. one who seeks to land-owner living at a distance from his estate.
abolish anything, esp. slavery. Absinth, absinth, «. spirit flavoured with worm
Abominable, ab-om'iii-a-bl, adj. hateful, detest wood. [Fr.—L. absinthium, wormwood—Gr.]
able.—adv. Abominably.—«. Abom inable- Absolute, ab'sol-Gt, adj. free from limits or con
ness. [See Abominate.] ditions : complete : unlimited : free from mix
Abominate, ab-om'in-ut, v.t. to abhor : to detest ture : considered without reference to other
extremely. [L. abominor, -atus—to turn from things: unconditioned, unalterable : unrestricted
as of bad omen. Sec Omen.] by constitutional checks (said of a government) :
Abomination, ab-otn-in-a'shun, n. extreme aver {gram.) not immediately dependent.—adv.
sion : anything abominable. Absolutely.—«. Ab'soluteness. [L. absolutus,
Aboriginal, ab-o-rij'in-al, adj. first, primitive. pa.p. of absolvo. See Absolve.]
Aborigines, ab-o-rij'in-ez, n.pl. the original inha Absolution, ab-sol-u'shun, «. release from punish
bitants of a country. [L. Sec Origin.] ment : acquittal: remission of sins by a priest.
Abort, ab-ort', v.i. to miscarry in birth. [L. Absolutism, ab'sol-ut-izm, «. government where
aborior, abortus—ab, orior, to rise—ab here the ruler is without restriction.
reverses the meaning.] Absolve, ab-zolv', v.t., to loose or set free : to
Abortion, ab-or'shun, «. premature delivery: any pardon: to acquit. [L. ab, from, solvo, solu-
thing that does not reach maturity. tum, to loose. See Solve.]
Abortive, ab-ortlv, adj. born untimely : un Absorb, ab-sorb', v.t., to suck in : to swallow up :
successful : pro lucing nothing.—adv. Abort'- to engage wholly. [L. ab, from, sorbeo, sorp-
ively —n. Abort'iveness. tum, to suck in.] 1
2 fate, far ; mfi, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mCCn ; then.
 Absorbable
Absorbable, ab-sorb'a-bl, adj. that may be ab-
sorbe.l.—«. Absorbability.
Absorbo&t, ab-sorb'entt adj. imbibing : swallow
ing. — n. that which absorbs.
Absorption, ab-sorp'shun, «. the act of absorb
ing : entire occupation of mind. [absorb.
Absorptive, ab-sorpt'iv, adj. having power to
Abstain, abs-tan', v.i. to hold or refrain from.
TFr. absteuir—L. abs, from, teneo, to hold. See
Tenable. ,
Abstemious, abs-teml-us, adj. temperate : sparing
in food, drink, or enjoyments.—adv. Abs
temiously. >:. Abstemiousness. [L. abs-
temius—abs, from, temetum, strong wine.^
Abstention, abs-ten'shun, «. a refraining.
Abstergent, abs-tcri'ent, adj. serving to cleanse.
Abstersion, abs-tershun, n. act of cleansing by
lotions. [L. abstergeo, -tertum, to wipe aw.iy.J
Abstinence, abs'tin-ens, «. an abstaining or re
fraining, especially from some indulgence.
Abstinent, abs'tin-ent. adj. abstaining from :
temperate. [See Abstain.]
Abstract, abs-trakt', v.i*, to draw away: to se
parate : to purloin. [L. abs, away from, traJw,
tracturn, to draw. Sec Trace.]
Abstract, abs'trakt, adj. general, as opposed to
particular or individual : the opposite ot abstract
is concrete : a red colour is an abstract notion,
a red rose is a concrete notion : an abstract noun
is the name of a quality apart from the thing, as
redness.—n. summary : abridgment : essence.
—adv. Abstractly.—«. Abs'tractness. [L.
abstractus, as if a quality common to a number
of things were drawn away from the things
and considered by itself.]
Abstracted, .t^-trakt'ed, adj. absent in mind.—
adv. Abstract edly.—«. Abstract edness.
Abstraction, abs-trak'shun, n. act of abstracting :
state of being abstracted : absence of mind : the
operation of the mind by which certain qualities
or attributes of an object are considered apart
from the rest : a purloining.
Abstruse, abs-trtJos', adj. bidden : remote from
apprehension : difficult to be understood.—
adv. Abstrusely. —«. Abstruse ness. [L. abs-
trums, thrust away (from observation;—trudo,
trumm, to thrust. ]
Absurd, ab-surd', adj. obviously unreasonable or
false —adv. Absurdly. [L. absurdus—ab, from,
surdus, harsh-sounding, deaf.)
Absurdity, ab-surd'i-ti, AbsurdnesS, ab-surd'nes,
«., the quality of being absurd: anything
absurd.
Abundance, ab-und'ans, n. ample sufficiency :
great plenty. [See Abound ] [Abund'antly.
Abundant, ab-und'ant, adj. plentiful.—adv.
Abuse, ab-uY, v.t. to use wrongly : to pervert : to
revile : to violate. [L. ab, away (from what is
right), utor, usus, to use.]
Abuse, ab-Qs', n. ill use : misapplication : reproach.
Abusive, ab-us'iv, adj. containing or practising
abuse.—adv. Abusively.—*. Abuslveness.
Abut, a-but', v.i. to end : to border (on) :—pr.p.
abutting ; fa.p. abutt'ed. [Kr. aboutirt from
bout, the end of anything. See Butt, the end.]
Abutment, a-but'ment, «. that which abuts:
(arch.) what a limb of an arch ends or rc^ts on.
Abysm, a-bizm', n. a form of Abyss. |0. Kr.
abysnte, from Lat. abyssimus, super, of abyssus,
bottomless.]
Abysmal, a-bizm'al, adj. bottomless : unending.
Abyss, a-bis', n. a bottomless gulf: a deep mass
of water. [Or. abyssos, bottomless—a, without,
byssos, bottom.]
f3te, far ; me", her ; mine ;
Accidental
Acacia, a-ka'shi-a, «. a genus of thorny legumin
ous plants with pinnate leaves. [L.—Gr. akakia
—ait, a sharp point.]
Academic, ak-ad-em'ik, n. a Platonic philosopher :
a student in a college. [See Academy.]
Academic, -al, ak-ad-em'ik, -al, adj. of an aca-
demy. —adv. Academically. [academy
Academician, ak-ad-em-ish'yan, «• member of an
Academy, ak-ad'em-i, n. {orig.\ the school of
Plato : a higher school : a socrcty for the pro
motion of science or art. |Gr. Akademia, the
name of the garden near Athens where Plato
taught.]
Acanthus, a-kan'thus, n. a prickly plant, called
bear's breech nr brankursinc : iarch.) an orna
ment resembling its leaves used in the capitals
of the Corinthian and Composite orders. [L.-
Gr. akanthos—ake, a point, attthos, a flower—
the brickly plant. |
Accede, ak-sed', v.i. to agree or assent. [L. ac-
cedo, accessum, to go near to—ad, to, ccdo, to
[.o. Sec Cede.]
Accelerate, ak-sel'er-at, v.t. to increase the speed
of: to hasten the progress of. [L. accelero,
-atum—ad, to, celer, swift. See Celerity.]
Acceleration, ak-sel-er-a'shun, «. the act of
hastening: increase of speed.
Accolerative, ak-sel'er-at-iv, adj. quickening.
Accent, ak'sent, «. modulaiion oi the voice : stress
on a syllable or word : a mark used 10 direct this
stress: in poetry, language, words, or expres
sions in general. [L. accentns, a tone or note—
ad, to, catio, to sing.]
Accent, ak-scnt', v t. to express or note the accent
Accentual, ak-sent'Q-al. adj. relating to accent.
Accentuate, ak-sent'fi-at, v.t. to mark or pro
nounce with accent : to make prominent. — Ac
centuation, ak-scnt-ii-ft'sluin, u. the act ot plac
ing or of pronouncing accents.
Accept, ak-scpt', v.t. to receive : to agree to : to
promise to pay: [B.) to receive with favour.
[L. accipio, acceptum—ad, to, cafio, to take.]
Acceptable, ak-sept'a-bl, adj., to be accepted:
pleading: agreeable.—adv. Acceptably.
Acceptableness, ak-scpr/a-bl-ncs. Acceptability,
ak-sept-a-bil'i-ti, n., quality ofbeing acceptable.
Acceptance, ak-sept'ans. rt. a favourable recep
tion : an agreeing to terms : an accepted bill.
Acceptation, ak-sept-a'shun, n. a kind reception :
the meaning of a word.
Accepter, ak-sept'er, Acceptor, ak-scpt'ur, «. one
who accepts.
Access, ak-ses' or ak'scs, n. liberty to come to,
approach: increase. [Sec Accede.]
Accessary, ak'ses-ar-i, same as Accessory.
Accessible, ak-ses'i-bL, adj., that may be ap
proached.—adv. Accessibly.- «. Accessibil
ity.
Accession, ak-sesh'un, n., a coming to: increase.
Accessory, ak'ses-or-i, adj. additional: contrib
uting to: aiding.— n. anything additional : one
wh'i aids or yives countenance to a crime.—adj.
Accessorial, relating to an accessory.
Accidence, ak'sid-ens, n. the part of grammar
treating of the inflections of words (because
these changes are 'accidentals' of words and
not 'essentials').
Acoident. ak sid-ent, «. that which happens : an
unforeseen or unexpected event : chance : an
unessential quality or property. [L. accido, to
fall to, to hapi-en—ad, to, cadot to (all.]
Accidental, ak-sid-ent'al, adj. happening by
chance: not essential. —n. anything noi essen
tial.—a</V. Accident ally.
mule ; mute ; moon ; then. 3
 Acclaim Achievable
Acclaim, ak-klum', Acclamation, ak-klara-a'shun, | value.—v.i. (with for) to give a reason. [O. Fr.
n. a snout of applause. [L. acclanto—ad, to, accomter—L. ad, to, computare, to reckon.
clamo, -atnm, to shout. Sec Glalm.J See Compute, Count.] [value : sake.
Acclamatory, ak-klam'a-tor-i, adj. expressing Account, ak-kowut', «. a counting : statement :
acclamation. Accountable, ak-kownt'a-bl, adj. liable to ac
Acclimate, ak-kllm'St, Acclimatise, ak-klTm'at-Tz, count : responsible.—adv. Account ably.
v.t. to inure to a foreign climate. [Fr. accli- Accountableness, ak-kownt'a-bl-nes. Account
mater, from <i and clituat. Sec Climate.] ability, ak-kuwnt-a-bil'i-ii, «. liability to give
Acclimation, a^kHm-a'shun, Accllmatation, ak- account. [is skilled in accounts.
kllm-at-a'shun, Acclimatisation, ak-kllm-at-i- Accountant, ak-kownt'ant, n. one who keeps or
zii'shun. «. the act of acclimatising : the stale of Accountantship, ak-kownt'ant-ship, n. the employ
being acclimatised. [The first form oi the word ment of an accountant.
is anomalous, the second is that used in French, Accoutre, ak-kfio'ter, v.t. to dress or equip (esp.
and the third is that most in use in English.] a warrior ' :—pr.p. accuu'tring ; pa.p. accou'tred.
Acclivity, ak-kliv'i-ti, n. a slope upward*, opp. to [Fr. accoutrer—of doubtful origin,]
Declivity, a slope downwards, [L. ad, to, Accoutrements, ak-koo'ter-mems, n.pl. dress:
clivus, a slope, from root af c/ino, to slope.] military equipments.
Accolade, ak-ol-ad', tt. blow over the neck or Accredit, ak-kred'it, v.t. to give credit, authority,
shoulder with a sword, given in conferring or honour to. [Fr. accriditer—Y*. ad, to, credo,
knighthood. [Fr.—L. ad, to, collum, neck.] -itum, to trust. See Credit.] [increase.
Accommodate, ak-kom'mod-at, v.t. to adapt : to Accrescence, ak-kres'ens, n. gradual growth or
make suitable: to supply: to adjust. [L. ad, Accrescent, ak-krt.s'eiit, adj., grmving : increas
to, commodus, fitting. See Commodious. J ing. [L. ad, in addition, cresco, to grow.]
Accommodating, ak-kom'mod-iit-ing, p. adj. Accretion, ak-kre'shun, «. a growing to : increase.
affording accommodation : obliging. Accrue, ak-krOo', v.i. to spring, come. [Fr. accro-
Accommodation, ak-kom-mod-S'shun, «. conveni ttrc, pa.p. accru - L. ad, to, cresco, to yrow.]
ence : fitness : adjustment : a loan of money. Aocumbent, ak-kumb'ent, adj., lym-< dtnvn or
Accommodative, ak-kom'mod-at-iv, adj furnish reclining on a couch. [L. ad, to, cumbo, to lie.]
ing accommodation : obliging. Accumulate, ak-kum'ul-iit, v.t., to heap or pile
Accompaniment, ak-kum'pan-i-mcnt, «. that up: to amass.—v.i. to increase greatly. [L.
which accompanies : instrumental music along —mi, to, cumulus, a heap.]
with a song. Accumulation, ak-kum-ul-a'shun, n. a heaping
Accompanist, ak-kum'pan-ist, n. one who accom up : a heap, mass, or pile.
panies a singer on an instrument. Accumulative, ak-kum ul-at-iv, adj. heaping up.
Accompany, ak-kum'pan-i, v.t. to keep company Accumulator, ak-kum'ul-at-ur, «. one who ac
with: to attend. [Fr. accompagner. See Com cumulates.
pany.] Accuracy, akTciir-a-si, «. correctness : exactness.
Accomplice, ak-kom phs, n. an associate, esp. in Accurate, ak'kur-iit, adj. done ivithcare l exact.—
crime. [L. ad, to, compUx, -icts, joined.] adv. Ao'curately.—«. -ness. [L.ad,cura, care.]
Accomplish, ak-kom'plish, v.t. to complete: to Accursed, ak-kurs'ed, adj. subjected to a curse:
effect: to fulfil: to equip. [Fr. accomplir— L. doomed : extremely wicked. [L. a*i, and Curse. J
ad, to, compico, -plcre, to fill up. See Complete.] Accusable, ak-kflz'a-bl, adj. that may be accused.
Accomplishable, ak-kom'plish-a-bl, adj. that may Accusation, ak-kuz-ashun, n. the act of accusing :
be accomplished. the charge brought against any one.
Accomplished, ak-kom'plisht, adj. complete in Accusative, ak-kuz'a-tiv, adj. accusing.—n.
acquirements, especially graceful acquirements : [gram.] the case of a noun on which the action
polished. of a verb lalls in English, the objective).
Accomplishment, ak-kom'plish-ment, «. com Accusatory, ak-kuz'a-tor-i, adj. containing ac
pletion : ornamental acquirement. cusation.
Aooord, ak-kord', v.i. to agree : to be In corre Accuse, ak-kflz/, v.t- to bring a charge against : to
spondence.—?/./, to grant. [Fr. accorder—L. blame. IL. accuso—ad, to, causa, cause.]
ad, to, cor, cordis, the heart,] Accuser, ak-kuz er, «. one who accuses or brings
Accord, ak-kord', «. agreement : harmony : (with a charge against another.
own) spontaneous motion. [forniity. Accustom, ak-kus'ttim, v.t. to make familiar by
Accordance, ak-kord'ans, n. agreement : con- custom : to habituate. [Fr. accoututucr. See
Accordant, ak-kord ant, adj. agreeing: corre Custom.] [habituated.
sponding. Accustomed, akkus/tnmd,/.(i(//. usual: frequent:
According, ak-kord'ing, p.adj. in accordance : Ace, 5s, n. the one of cards and dice. [Fr. —L. ./a,
agreeing. —According as, an adverbial phrase unity—as, Tarentine Doric form of Gr. heis, one]
= in proportion. —According to, a prepositional Acerbity, as-er'bi-ti, n. bitterness : sourness :
phrase ~ in accordance with or agreeably to. harshness : severity. [L. acerbus, harsh to the
Accordingly, ak-kord'ing-li, adv. in agreement taste—acer, sharp- root ak, sharp.]
(with what precedes). Acetate, as'et-at, n. a salt of acetic acid which is
Accordion, ak-kord'ion, n. a small keyed musical the sour principle in vinegar.
instrument with bellows. [From Accord. Acetic, as-et'ik, adj., of vinegar: sour. [L.
Accost, ak-kost', v.t. to speak first to : to address. acetum, vinegar—aceo, to be sour.]
[Fr. accoster—L. ad, to, casta, a side.] [affable. Acetify, as-et'i-fi. v. t. or v.i., to turn into vinegar.
Accostable, ak-kost'a-bl, adj. easy oi access: — ft. Acetiflcatlon, a^-et-i-n-ka'shun. [L. acetum,
Accouchement, ak-koosh'mong, «. delivery in vinegar, and facio, to make.]
child-iW. [Fr. d, and conche, a bed. SeeCouch.] Acetous, as-fi'tus, adj. sour.
Accoucheur, ak-kGO-sher\ n. a man who assists Ache, ak, n. a continued pain. —v.i. to be in
women in childbirth.—-fern. Accoucheuse, ak- continued pain :—pr.p. "ich'ing ; pa.p. ached'
kSo-shcz'. [Fr.] [A.S. ece, arce ; M. E. akt.\
Account, ak-kownt', v.t. to reckon : to judge, Achievable, n-chcVa-hl, adj. that may be achieved.
ftUe, far ; m£. her ; m.ne ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Achieve Acumen
Achieve, a-chcV, v.t.t to bring to a head or end : Acquirement, ak-kwlr'ment, «. something learned
to perform: to accomplish : to gain, win. [Fr. or got by effort, and not a gift of nature.
achtver—chef, the head. See Chief.] Acquisition, ak-kwiz-ish'un, n. the act of acquir
Achievement, a-cheVment, n. a performance : an ing : that which is acquired.
exploit : an escutcheon. Acquisitive, ak-kwiz'it-iv, adj. desirous to acquire.
Achromatic, a-krom-at'ik, adj. transmitting light —n. Acquisitiveness.
without colony as a lens. [Gr. a, priv., and Acquit, ak-kwit', v.t. to free : to release : to
chrdma, colour.] [achromatic. declare innocent :—pr.p. acquitting : fa.p.
Achromatism, a-krom'at-izm, «. the state of being acquitt'ed. [Fr. acquitter—L. ad, quiet-, rest
Acicular, as-ik'fi-lar, adj., needle-shaped: slender —to give rest from an accusatign. See Quit.]
and sharp-pointed. [L. acicula, dim. of acus, a Acquittal, ak-kwit'al, n. a judicial discharge from
needle—root ah, sharp.] an accusation.
Acid, as'id, adj., sharp: sour.—n. a sour sub Acquittance, ak-kwit'ans, «. a discharge from an
stance : (chew. I one of a class of substances, obligation or debt : a receipt.
usually sour, which turn vegetable dyes to red, Acre, alter, «. a measure of land containing 4840
and combine with alkalies, metallic oxides, &c. to sq. yards. [AS- acer, Ger. acker, L. ager, Gr.
form salts. [L. aceo, to be sour—root ah, sharp.] agios, Sans, ajra, a field.]
Aci&ifiable, as-id'i-fT-a-bl, adj. capable of being Acreage, a'ker-aj, «. the number ofacres in a piece
converted into an acid.—«. Acidifica tion. of land.
Acidify, as-id'i ft, v.t., to make acid: to convert Acred, aTcerd, adj. possessing acres or land.
into an acid :—pr.p. acid'ifying ; pa.p. acid'ified. Acrid, ak'rid, adj. biting to the taste : pungent :
[L. audits, sour, and/ado, to make.] bitter. [L. acer, acris, sharp—root ak, sharp.]
Acidity, as-idl-ti, Acidness, as'id-nes, ». the Acridity, a-krid'i-ti, AcridnesS, ak'rid-nes, «.
quality of being acid or sour. quality of being acrid : a sharp, bitter taste.
Acidulate, as-id o-lat, v.t to nuke slightly acid. Acrimonious, ak-ri-mon'i-us, adj. sharp, bitter.
Acidulous, as-id'u-lus, adj. slightly sour : subacid : Acrimony, ak'ri-mun-i, n. bitterness of feeling or
containing carbonic acid, as mineral waters. [L. language. [L. acrimonia—acer, sharp,]
acidulus, dim. of acidus, sour. See Add.] Acrobat, ak'ro-bat, n. a rope-dancer : a tumbler :
Acknowledge, ak-nol'ej, v.t. to own a knowledge a vaulter.—adj. Acrobatic. [Gr. akrobated,
of : to admit : to own ? to confess. [Pfx. a{— to walk on tiptoe—akron, the top, and baind,
A S. on. on), and Knowledge.] to go. ]
Acknowledgment, ak-nol'ej-meni, n recognition : Acrogen, ak'ro-jen, «. a plant that grows at the
admission : confession : thanks : a receipt. tofi chiefly, as a tree-fern.—-adj. Acrog'enous.
Acme, ak me, n. the top or highest point : the ' [Gr. akron, extremity, top, gen-, to generate.]
crisis, as of a disease. [Gr. akmi—ake, a point. ) , Acropolis, a-kro'pol-is, n. a citadel, esp. that of
Acne, ak'ne, «. a small pimple on the face. [Gr.] Athens. [Gr. akropolis—akros, the highest,
Acolyte, ak'o-lTt, Acolyth, ak'o-lith, «. an inferior Poll's, a city.]
church officer. [Gr. akolouthos, an attendant.] Across, a-kros', Prep, or adv., crow-wise : from
Aconite, ak'o-nTt, «. the plant wolf's-bane or side to side. [Pfx. a {—A.S. on, on), and Cross.]
monk's-hood: poison. [L. aconitum—Gr. ako- Acrostic, a-kro'stik, n. a poem of which, if the first
niton.] or the last letter of each line be taken in succes
Acorn, aTcorn, *. the seed or fruit of the oak. sion, they will spell a name or a sentence. [Gr.
—adj. A'corned. (A.S. arcem came to be , akros. extreme, and stichos, a line.]
spelled ac-cem, acorn, from supposing it com Act, akt, v.i. toexen force or influence : to produce
pounded of oak and kern or corn, seed : acem an effect : to behave one's-self. —v.t. to perform :
may be the dim. of dc, oak, as Ger. ticket, is of to imitate or play the part of.—«, something
eicke ; but it is more probably derived from acer done or doing : an exploit: a law : a part of a
or aker, a field (see Acre), and meant primarily play. [L. ago, actum, Gr. agd, to put in
1 the fruit of the field.' (Skeat).J motion ; Sans, aj, to drive.]
Acotyledon, a-kot-i-le'dun, n. a plant without Acting, akt'ing, n. action : act of performing an
distinct cotyledons or seed-lobes.—adj. Acotyle'- assumed or a dramatic part.
donous. [Gr. a, neg., and kotyted&n. See Actinism, ak'tin-izm, «. the chemical force of the
Cotyledon.] sun's rays, as distinct from light and heat. [Gr.
Acoustic, a-kowsr/ik, adj. pertaining to the sense aktis, aktinos, a ray.]
of hearing or to the theory of sounds. [Gr. Action, ak'shun, n. a state of acting : a deed :
akoustikos—akoud, to hear.] operation : gesture : a battle : a lawsuit.
Acoustics, a-kowst'iks, n. the science of sound. Actionable, ak'shun-a-bl, adj. liable to a lawsuit.
Acquaint, ak-kwant'. v.t. to make or let one to Active, akt'iv, adj. that acts : busy : nimble :
know: to inform.—p.adj. Acquaint ed. [O. Fr. (gram.) transitive.—adv. Actively. —ns. Activ'
accointer, Low L. accognitare—L. ad, to, cog- Ity, Aot'iveness.
nitus, known.] Actor, akt'ur. n. one who acts : a stage-player.
Acquaintance, ak-kwant'ans, n. familiar know Actress, akt'res, n. a female stage-player.
ledge : a person whom we know.—Acquaint'- J Actual, akt'u-al, adj. real : existing in fact and
anceship, «. familiar knowledge. now, as opp. to an imaginary or past state of
Acquiesce, ak-kwi-es', v.i., to rest satisfied or things, —tuiv. Act ually.—n. Actuality.
without making opposition : to assent. [L. Actualise, akt'u-al-Iz, v.t. to make actual.
acquiesco—ad, and quies, rest.] [submission. I Actuary, akt'u-ar-i, n. a registrar or clerk : one
Acquiescence, ak-kwi-cs'ens, n. quiet assent or who makes the calculations connected with an
Acquiescent, ak-kwi-cs'ent, adj. resting satisfied : i insurance office. [L. actnanus [scriba), an
easy : submissive. [acquired. amanuensis, a clerk.]
Acquirable, ak-kwlra-bl, adj. that may be Actuate, akt'Q-at, to put into or incite to
Acquire, ak-kwlr', v.t. to gain : to attain to. [L. action : to influence. [L. actus, action. See Act.]
acquiro, -quisitum—ad, to, and quarot to seek Acumen, ak-u'men, «., sharpness: quickness of
—as if, to get to something sought.} perception : penetration. [L. See Acute.]
fate, far ; mfi, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOon ; Men. 5
 Acupressure Administrator
Acupressure, ak-u-presh'Qr, «. a mode of arrest Adequateness, ad'e-kwat-nes, Adequacy, ad'e-
ing hemorrhage from cut arteries, by inserting kwa-si, n. stale of being adequate : sufficiency.
m needle into the flesh so as to press upon the Adhere, ad-heV, v.t., to stick to: to remain fixed
mouth of the artery. [L. acus, a needle, and ; or attached. [L. ad, to, Aatreo, ha*sum, to stick.]
Pressure.] Adherence, ad-her'ens, n. state of adhering :
Acupuncture, ak-ii-pungkt'Qr, «. an operation for steady attachment.
relieving pain by puncturing the flesh with Adherent, ad-hcVent, aiij. sticking to.—«. one
needles. [L. acus, a needle, and Puncture.] who adheres : a follower : a partisan.
Acute, ak-ftt', adj., j/mr/-pointed : keen: opp. Adhesion, ad-he'zhun, «. the act of adhering or
of dull : shre\*d : shrill.—OOP. Acutely, ak-ut'li. sticking to : steady attachment. [See Adhere.]
—h. Acute noss Acute angle, an angle less Adhesive, ad-hes'iv, adj. sticky : apt to adhere.
than a right angle. —Acute disease, one violent — adv. Adhes ively.—n. Adhesiveness.
and rapid, as opp. to Chronic. [L. acidus, pa.p. Adieu, a-du', adv. ;1 commend you) to Cod: fare
of acuo, to sharpen, from root ah, sharp.] well.—«. a farewell. [Fr. a Dieu, to God.]
Adage, ad'aj, n. an old saying: a proverb. [L. Adipose, ad'i-pOz, adj. fatty. [L. ade/s, adipis,
adagium, from ad, to, and root of aiot to sayj soft faL]
Adamant, ad'a-mant, «. a very hard stone : the Adit, ad'it, n. an opening or passage, esp. into a
diamond. [L. and Gr. adamas, -autos—a, ncg., mine. [L. adUus—ad, to, eo, itut/t, to go.]
and damad, to break, to tame. Sec Tame.] Adjacent, ad-jas'ent, adj., lying near to: con
Adamantine, ad-a-man'tinr adj. made of or like tiguous. — u. Adjacency, ad-jas'en-si. — adz\
adamant : that cannot be broken or penetrated. Adjae'ently. [L. ati, to, jaceo, to lie.]
Adapt, ad-apt', v.t., to make apt or fit : to accom Adjective, ad'jekt-iv, «. a word added to a noun,
modate. [Fr., L. aiiaptare—ad, to, and ap/o, to quality it, or, rather perhaps, that adds some
to fit.] property to a noun. —adv. Ad'jectively.—adj.
Adaptable, ad-apt'a-bl, adj. that may be adapted. Adjectival. [L. adjectivum .nomen), an added
—m. Adaptability. (noun]—adjicio, -jectum, to throw to, to add —
Adaptation, ad-apt-;Vshun, ft, the act of making ad, to, jacio, to throw.)
suitable : fitness. Adjoin, ad-join', v.t. to He next to. [See Join.]
Adays, a-duz', adv. nowadays : at the present Adjoining, ad-join'ing, adj. joining to : near :
time. [Pfx. a, on, and Days.] adjacent.
Add, ad, v.t. to put [one thing) to (another) : to Adjourn, ad-jurn', v.t. to put off to another day :
sum up : with to, to increase. [L.—addo—ad, to postpone. [Fr. ajourncr—ad, to, and jour,
to, do, to put.] day. See Journal.]
Addendum, ad-den'dum, n. , a thing to be added : Adjournment, ad-jurn'mcnt, «. the act of
an appendix.—pi. Adden da- [L. See Add.] adjourning : the interval it causes.
Adder, ad'er, «. a kind of serpent. [A.S. f/ardre; Adjudge, ad-juj', v.t. to decide. [See Judge.]
Ger. atter is for natter. An adder came by Adjudicate, ad-ju(5'di-kfit, 7j.i. to pronounce
mistake into use for a nadder; the reverse mis judgment.—ns. Adju'dlca'tion, Adjudicator.
take is a newt for an ewt or e/t.] [See Judge.]
Addict, ad-dikt', v.t., to give (one's-sclf) up to Adjunct, ad'junkt, adj., joined or added to.~n.
(generally in a bad sense). [L. addico, addic- the thing joined or added. [L. See Join.]
tutn—ad, to, dico, to declare.] Adjunctive, ad-junkt'iv, adj. joining.—Adjunct-
Addicted, ad-dikt'ed, adj. given up to.—ns. Ad- ively, ad-junkt'iv-li, AdjUUCtly, ad-junkt'li,
dict'odness. Addiction. adv in connection with.
Addition, ad-dish'un, n. the act of adding: the Adjuration, .id-joor-a'shun, u. the act of adjur
thing added : the rule in arithmetic for adding ing : the charge or oath used in adjuring.
numbers together : title, honour. Adjure, ad-jo~oV, v.t. to charge on oath or
Additional, ad-dish'un-al, adj. that is added. solemnly. [L.—ad, to, jnro, -aturn, to swear, j
Addle, ad'dl. Addled, ad'dld, adj. , diseased : Adjust, ad-just', z>.t. to arrange properly : to
putrid : barren, empty. —Addle-headed, Ad..lie - regulate : to settle. [O. Fr. ajouster. Low L.
pated, having a head or pate with addled brains. adjuxtare, to put side by side—L..jujcta, near;
(A.S. adl, disease, orig. inflammation, from a//, from root jug, seen in L. juugo, to join. E. Yoke.]
a burning ; akin to Lat. atstus, a glowing heat ; Adjustment, a 1 iu Vment, «. arrangement.
Gr. aithos, a burning.] Adjutancy, ad'joot-ans-i, «. the office of an
Address, ad-dres', v.t. to direct: to speak or | adjutant : assistance.
write to: to court : to direct in writing.—n a Adjutant, ad'joot-am, n. an officer who assists the
formal communication in writing : a speech : I commanding officer of a garrison or regiment : a
manners: dexterity: direction of a letter:-//. large species of stork or crane found in India. —
Address'es, attentions of a lover —To address Adjutant-general, an officer who performs
one's-self to a task, to set about it- [Fr. similar duties for the general of an army. [L.
adresser See Dress, Direct.] adjuto = adjuvo—ad, to, juvo, to assist.]
Adduce, ad-dus', v t. to bring forward : to cite or Admeasurement, ad-mezh'ur-mcnt, «. the same
quote. [L. adduce—ad, to, and duco, to bring.] as measurement.
Aaducible, ad-dus'i-bl, adj. that may be adduced. AdmlniBter, ad-min'is-ter, v.t. to act as server or
Adductor, ad-dukt'ur, «. a muscle which draws minister in a performance : to supply: to con
one part towards another. [See Abductor ; duct. [L. ad, to, and Minister.]
Adept, ad-ept' or ad'ept, adj. completely skilled. Administration, ad-min-is-tnl'shun, n. The act
—n. a proficient. [L. adeptus [artern), having of administering; the power or party that ad
attained an art), Pa.p. of adtpiscor, to attain— ministers, [ministers.
ad, to, and apiscor, Sans. ap, to attain.] Administrative, ad-min'is-tra-tiv, adj., that ad-
Adequate, ad e-kwSt, adj., equal t <: propor Administrator, ad-mm-is-tra'titr, n. one who
tionate : sufficient.—adz: Adequately. [L, manages or directs : he who manages the afl'.iirs
adaquatus, made equal—ad, to, and wquus, of one dying without making a will. —fern.
equal.] Administra trix, n. Adminlstra'torshlp.
fate, far ; m£, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then.
 Admirable Advertise
Admirable, ad'mir-a-bl, adj. worthy of being ad Adulteration, ad-ult-er-5'shun, H. the act ofadult
mired. - adv. Ad'mirably. —n. Ad'mirableness. erating : the state of being adulterated.
Admiral, ad'mir-al, «. a naval officer of the high Adulterer, ad-ult'er-er, n. a man guilty of adult
est rank. [Fr. amiral, from Ar. amir, a lord, ery.—fem. Adult eress.
a chief.] Adulterine ad-ult'er-in, adj. resulting from adult-
Admiralty, ad'mir-al-ti, «. the board of commis cry : spurious.—n. the offspring of adultery.
sioners for the administration of naval affairs. Adulterous, ad-ult'er-us, adj. guilty of adultery.
Admiration, ad-mir-a'shun, «. the act of admir Adultery, ad-ult'er-i, ». violation of the marriage-
ing : {obs. } wonder. bed. [See Adulterate.)
Admire, ad-mlr', v.t. to have a high opinion of; Adumbrate, ad-umbr'at or ad'-, vj- to give a faint
to love. —adv. Admir'ingly. [Fr. admirer— sliadtmi of: to exhibit imperfectly. —«. Ad-
L. ad, at, miro*-y to wonder. J umbra'tlon. [L. ati, to, umbra, a shadow.]
Admirer, id-mTr'er, «. one who admires: a lover. Advance, ad-vans', v.t. to put forward, or to the
Admissible, ad-niis'i-bl, atij. that may be admitted van : to promote to a higher office : to encourage
or allowed.—?/. Admissibility. the progress of: to propose: to supply before
Admission, ad-mish'un, Admittance, ad-mit'ans, hand. —v.t. to move or go forward : to make
«. the act of admitting : leave to enter. progress : to rise in rank.—n. progress : improve
Admit, ad-mit', v.t. to allow to enter: to let in: ment : a giving beforehand. —In advance, be
to concede : to be capable of:—pr.p. admitting ; forehand. [Fr. avancer—Prov. avant, abans,
pa.p. admitt'ed. [L. admitto, ~missum—ad, before—I., ab ante, from before.]
to, mitto, to allow to go. ] Advancement, ad-vans'ment, ». promotion : im
Admixture, ad-miks'tur, n. what is added to the provement : payment of money in advance-
rhief ingredient of a mixture. Advantage, ad-vant'aj, n. superiority over an
Admonish, ad-mon'ish, v.t. to warn : to reprove other: gain or benefit. —v.t. to benefit or profit.
mild'y. [1* ad, to. and moneo, to put into the [Fr. avantage. It. vantaggio—Fr. avant, be
mind, akin to Oer. ?nahntn. to remind ; Gr. fore. See Advance.]
meno\\ spirit, mind; Sans, man, to think.] Advantageous, ad-vant-;Vjus, aiij. of advantage :
Admonition, ad-mon-ish'un, «. kind reproof: useful.—adv. Advanta'geously.—«. Advanta
counsel : advice. geousness.
Admonitory, ad-mon'i-tor-i, adj, containing ad Advent, ad'vent, «.. a comingor arrival : the first
monition. or the second coining of Christ: the four weeks
Ado, a-dOo', n. a to do: bustle: trouble. [Contr. before Chri-.tmas. [L. advtrtttus—ad, to. venio,
of at do, a form of the inf. borrowed from the to come.]
Scandinavian.] , Adventitious, ad-vent-ish'us, adj. accidental :
Adolescence, ad-o-les'ens, «. the period of youth. Adventual,foreign.—adv. Adventi'tiously. [See Advent.]
Adolescent, ad-o-lcs'ent, adj., growing to man Adventure, ad-vent'u-al, adj. relating to Advent
hood. [L. ad, to, and olcsco, to grow, allied to markable incident: ad-vent'Qr, n. a risk or chance : a re
alo. to nourish.] an enterprise.— v.i. to at
Adopt, ad-opt', v.t. to choose : to take as one's tempt or dare. —v.t. to ri*k or hazard. [O. Fr.
—L. adventurus, about to come or happen,
own what is another's, as a child, &c. [L. fnt.p. of advenio. See Advent. ]
adopto—ad. to. and opto, to wish, choose-]
Adoption, ad-op'shun, n. the act of adopting: the Adventurer,
hazardous
ad*vent'ur-6r, «. one who engages in
enterprises.—-/em. Advent'uress.
state of being adopted.
Adoptive, ad-opt'iv,a*//. that adopts or is adopted. Adventurous, ad-vent'Qr-us, Adventuresome,
Adorable, ad-OrVbl, adj. worthy of being adored. ad-vent'ur-sum, adj. enterprising.—adv. Ad-
vent'urously —«. Advent urousness.
—ar'v. Adorably.—n. Ador'ableness.
Adverb, ad'verb,
Adoration, ad-Gr-ashun.w. divine worship: homage. jective, or other adverb «. a word added to a verb, ad
Adore, ad-oV, z\t. to worship: to love intensely. to express some modi
— adv. Adoringly. [L. ad, to, ore, to speak, fication of the meaning or an accompanying
to pray. See Oracle.] circumstance. [L. adverbium—ad, to, verbum,
Adorer, ad-Or'er, «. one who adores : a lover. a word. It is so called, not because it is added
Adom, ad-om', v.t. to deck or dress. [L. ad, to, to a verb, but because it is a word verbum)
orno, to deck ; Sans, varrta, colour.] [tion. joined to, or supplemental of, other words.]
Adornment, ad-orn'ment, ». ornament : decora- Adverbial, ad-verb'i-al, adj. pertaining to an
Adown, a-down', adv. and prep. down. [A.S. of- adverb.—adv. Adverbially.
dune—of, from, dun, a hill. See Down, a bank.] Adversary, ad'vere-ar-i, n. an opponent : an
Adrift, a drift', adj. or adv. floating as driven (by enemy.—The Adversary, Satan. [L. advef-
the wind) : moving at random. [Lit. 'on drift,' sarius. See Adverse.]
a representing A.5. on, on. See Drift.] Adversative, ad-vcrs'a-tiv, adj. denoting opposi
Adroit, a-droit', adj. dexterous: skilful.— adv. Adverse, tion, contrariety, or variety. (See Adverse.]
Adroitly. a-droitU—«. Adrolt'ness. [Fr. d, ad'vers, adj. acting in a contrary direc
droit, right—L. directum, straight. See Direct.] tion : opposed to : unfortunate.—adv. Ad'-
AdsciMtiOUS, ad-sit-ish'us, adj., nddedor assumed: versely.—«. Ad'verseness. [L. adversus—
additional [L. adscisco, -scitatm, to take or ad, to. and verto, versum, to turn.]
assume—ad, to, scisco, to inquire —scio, to know.] Adversity, ad-vers'i-ti, «. adverse circumstances :
Adulation, ad-u-la'shun. «. fawning: flattery. Advert, affliction : misfortune.
fL. adulor, adulatus. to fawn upon.] ad-vert', v.i. (used with to) to turn the
Adulatory, ad'Q-la-tor-i, adj. flattering. mind (to) : to regard or observe. [L. ad, to,
Adult, ad-ult', adj., grown : mature.—n. a grown and verto, to turn.]
up person. [L. adultits—adoUsco, to grow. Advertence, ad-vert'ens, Advertency, ad-vert'-
See Adolescent.] cn-si, «. attention to: heedfulness: regard.
Adulterate, ad-ult'er-at, v.t. to corrupt: to Advertise, ad-vert-Iz' or ad'-, v.t., to turn atten
make impure (by mixing). [L. adultero—ad, to, tion to: to inform: to give public notice of.
alter, other ; as if, to make other than genuine.] [Fr., from L. See Advert.]
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOon ; Men. 7
 Advertisement Affluence
Advertisement, ad-vertTz-ment, «. the act of Affable, af'fa-bl, adj. condescending : easy to
advertising or making known : a public notice in speak to.—adv. Affably.—us. Affability,
a newspaper or periodical AffablenesS. [Fr.— L. affahilis—affari, to
Advertiser, ad-vcrt-Tz'er, «. one who advertises: speak to—ad, to, andfori, to speak.]
a paper in which advertisements are published. Affair, af-far', «., that which is to be don*l
Advice, ad-vis', n, counsel : in intelligence. business : an engagement or battle of minor
[O. Fr. advis, Fr. avis—L. ad visum, accord importance :—-//. transactions in general : public
ing to what is seen or seems best.] Concerns. [Fr. affaire, O. Fr. afaire—a and
Advisable, ad-vlz'a-bl, adj. that may be advised fturt—L. ad, andfasere, to do. Of. E. Ado.]
or recommended : prudent: expedient. —adv. Affect, af-fekt', v.t., to act upon: to produce a
Advis'ably.—«j. Advisability, Advis'able- change upon : to move the feelings. [L. officio,
ness. affectum—ad, to, facio} to do.]
Advise, ad-vlz', v.t. to give advice or counsel to : Affect, af-fekt', v.t. to strive after : to make a show
to inform.—v.t. (— With.) to consult :—pr.p* or pretence of: to love: \B.) to pay court to.
advising \ Pa.p. advised'. [O. Fr. adviser, from [L. affecto, frcq. officio. See Affect above.]
advis or avis. See Advice.] Affectation, af-fekt-a shun, n. a striving after
Advised, ad-vTzd' adj. deliberate : cautious. — or an attempt to assume what is not natural or
adv. Advis edly. —». AdvlBedness, ad-vized- real : pretence.
nes, deliberate consideration : prudent procedure. Affected, al-fckt'ed, adj. touched with a feeling
Adviser, ad-vlz'cr, tu one who advises or gives (either for or against): full ofaffectation : feigned.
advice. [See Advocate.] —adv. Affect7edly. —n. Affect'edness.
Advooacy, ad'vo-ka-si, «. a pleading for : defence. Affecting, af-fekt'ing, adj. having power to move
Advocate, ad'vo-kat, «. one who pleads the cause the passions : pathetic—adv. Affect ingly.
of another csp. in a court of law.—v.t. to plead Affection, af-fek'shun, «. kindness or love : attach
in favour of. —n. Advoca'tion. [L. ativocatus— ment : an attribute or property. [L. See Affect.]
advoco, -aturn—ad, to, voco, to call : to call in Affectionate, af-fek'shun-at, adj. full of affection :
'another to help, as in a lawsuit or in sickness).] loving —adv. Affectionately.—«. Affec'tion-
AdVOWSOD., ad-vow'zun, «, the right of patronage ateness.
or presentation to a church benefice. [O. Fr. Affectioned, af-fek'shund, adj. {B.) disposed.
—Low L. advocatio, right ol the patron—L. Afferent, affer-ent, adj. (anal.) bringing to, ap
advocates, a patron.] plied to the nerves that convey sensations to the
Adz, Adze, adz, «. a carpenter's tool consisting of nerve centres. [L. afferens—ad, to, and Jero,
a thin arched blade with its edge at right angles to carry.]
to the handle. [A.S. adesa.) Affiance, af-fJ'ans, n., faith pledged to .* marriage
JEdile, e'dil, «. See Edile. contract : trust.—v.t. to pledge faith : to betroth.
8, e'jis, n. [orig.) a shield given by Jupiter to [O. Fr. affiance. It. ajjidanza, confidence—L.
inerva : anything that protects. [L.—Gv.aigis.] ad, \otfides, faith.]
iEneid, S'nC-id, n. an epic poem written by Virgil, Affidavit, af-fi-da'vit, «. a written declaration on
the hero of which is sEneas. [L. sEneis, -idos.] j oath. [Low L. affidavit, 3d pcrs. sing. perf. of
JEolian, c-o'li-an, adj. pertaining to or acted on aftido, to pledge one's faith.]
by the wind. [AloIhs, the god of the winds.] Affiliate, af-fil'i-at, v.t. to receive into a family as
.Son, C'on, n. a period of time, an age or one of a son, or into a society as a member. [L. ad,
a series of ages, eternity. [Gr. aidrt.] to, ftlitis, a son.]
Aerate, a'er-at, v.t. to put air into : to supply Affiliation, af-fil-i-a'shun, n. act of receiving into
with carbonic acid. [L. nfr, air.] a family or society as a member: {laiv) the
Aeration, a-er-a'shun, «. exposure to the air. assignment of an illegitimate child to its
Aerial, a-eVi-al, adj. belonging to the air: in father.
hibiting or existing in the air : elevated, lofty. Affinity, af-fin'i-ti, ft. nearness of kin, agreement,
Aerie, s'n or f'ri, «. See Eyry. or resemblance : relationship by marriage, op
Aerilorm, aer-i-form, adj. having the form or posed to consanguinity or relationship by blood :
nature of air or gas. [L. aer andforma] {chew.) the peculiar attraction between the
Aerolite, a'er-o-llt, «. a meteoric stone. [Gr. aer% atoms of two simple substances that makes them
air. liihos, a stone.] combine to form a compound. [L. affimtas—
Aerometer, a-er-om'e-ter, «. an instrument for affinis, neighbouring—tzd, at, finis, boundary.]
measuring the density of air and gases, [Gr. Affirm, af-ferm', v.t. to assert confidently or posi
aer, and Meter] tively. [Y..ajffirmo—ad.Jirutus,K\x\x\. See Finn, j
Aeronaut, 9 er-o-nawt, «. one who ascends in a Affirmable, af-fcrm'a-bl, a<ij. that may be affirmed.
balloon. |Gr. airt air, nautes, sailor.] —n. Affirm'ant.
Aeronautics, a-er-o-nawtiks, «. the science or Affirmation, af-fer-m.Vshun, «. act of asserting:
art of navigating the air in balloons. that which is affirmed : a solemn declaration.
Aerostatics, 5-er-o-stat'iks, n. the science of the Affirmative, af-fcrm'at-iv, adj. or u. that affirms
equilibrium ofair or ofelastic fluids : the science or asserts.—adv. Affirm'atively.
of raising and guiding balloons. [Gr. aer, air, Affix, af-fiks', v.t., to fix to: to add : to attach.
statikos, relating to equilibrium. See Statics.] [L. affigOf -fixum—ad, to, figo* to fix. See
Aerostation, a-er-6-sta'shun, «. the art of raising Fix]
and guiding balloons, Affix, af'fiks, «. a syllable or letter put to the end
bathetic, es-thet'ik, JEsthetlcal. es-thet'ik-al, of a word, called also Postfix. Suffix.
adj. pertaining to aesthetics.—adv. .fflsthet'ic- Afflatus, af-flii'tus, «. inspiration. [See Inflation.]
ally. Afflict, af-flikt'f v.t. to give continued p.iin, dis
^Esthetics, es-thet'iks, «. the feeling of beauty in tress, or grief. [L. ad, lo.fligo, to dash—to the
objects, the science of taste : the philosophy of ground.]
the fine arts. [Gr. aisthetikos, perceptive— Affliction, af-flik'shun, «. distress or its cause.
aisthanotnai, to feel or perceive.] [Far.] Afflictive, af-flikr/iv, adj. causing distress.
Afar, a-faV, adv., at afar distance. [Pfx. a, and j Affluence, aPflo"o-ens, n. abundance : wealth.
8 fate, far; me, her; mine; m5te ; mute; moon ; then.
 Affluent
Affluent, aff!<5o-ent, adj. abounding: wealthy.—
«. a stream flowing into a river or lake. [L.
affiuo—ad, to, ffno, to flow.]
Afford, af-ford', v.t. to yield or produce: to be
able to sell or to expend. [M, E. aforthen,
from A. S. geforthian orforthian, to further or
cause to come forth.]
Affray, af-frii', «. a fi^ht causing alarm : a brawl.
[Fr. effrayer, to frighten ; 0- Fr. esfrefr, to
freeze with terror—Low L. exfrigidare, to chill.
See Frigid.J
Affright. af-frTt', v.t., to frighten, —n, sudden
fear. [A.S. a/yrhtan. See Fright]
Affront, af-frunr, v.t. to meet front to front:
to insult openly. — n. contemptuous treatment.
fFr. affronter—L. ad, to,front-, the forehead.]
Affusion, af-fQ'zhun, n. the act of pouring upon
or sprinkling. [L. ad, to, fundo, fusum, to
pour]
Afield,
Afloat, a-feld', adv., orto,,■::'/
a riot', adv. in, orfloating
on thefield.
: at sea : un
fixed.
Afoot, a-foot'. adv., onfoot.
Afore. a-f6V./nr/. (ops.) before.
Aforehand, a-fortiand, adv. before the regular
time of accomplishment : in advance.
Aforesaid, a-fSr'sed, adj., said or named Before.
Aforetime, a-foVtlm, adv., in former or past
times. [root of Affray.]
Afraid, a-frad', adj. struck with fear : timid. [ From
Afresh, a-fresh', adv. anew, [a, on, and Fresh.]
Aft, aft. adj. or adv. behind : near or towards the
stern of a vessel. [A.S. teft, which is short for
after.)
After, aft'er, adj. behind in place : later in time :
more toward the stern oi a vessel.—prep, behind,
in place : later, in time : following, in search of:
in imitation of: in proportion to: concerning.
—adv. subsequently: afterward. [A.S. after,
comp. of af, or of, the primary meaning l>eing
more off, further away, -ter as a comparative
affix is seen in 1.. al-ter, E. o-ther. See Of.]
Afteract. aft'er-akt, «. an act after or subsequent
to another.
Afterbirth, aft'er-berth, n. the placenta and mem
branes which are expelled from the womb after
the birth.
Aftercrop, afVer-krop, n., a crop coming after
the first in the same year.
Aftermath, aft'er-math, «. a second crop of
grass. [See Mow, Meadow.]
Aftermost, aft'er-mflst, adj. hindmost. [A.S.
aftemest ; Goih. afluma, -tuma, being equiv.
to L. -turnus in op-tumus, best. Goth, lias also
af-tum-isfs = A.S. af-tem-est, which is thus a
double superlative. In aftermost, r is intrusive
and -most is not the adv. most.) [and evening.
Afternoon, aft'er-nGon, «. the time between noon
Afterpiece, aft'er-pes, «. a farce or other minor
piece performed after a play.
Afterward, aft'er-ward. Afterwards, afr*er-
wirdz, adv. in after-time : later: subsequently.
[A.S. after, and ward, towards, in direction
of]
Aga. a'ga, ». a Turkish commander or chief
officer. [Turk, agha, Pers. ah, aha, a lord.]
Again, a-gen', adv. once more : in return : back.
[A.S. on-gean, again, opposite; Ger. ent-gegen.]
Against, a-genst', prep, opposite to : in opposition
to : in provision for. [Formed from again, as
whilst from while.]
Agape, a-giip', adj. or adv. gaping from wonder,
expectation, or attention. I Lit. on gape,' from
prefix a (for A.S. on, on), and Gape ]
fate, far ; m£, her ; mine ;
Agility
Agate, ag/5t, «. a precious stone composed of
Tayers of quartz, of different tints. [Gr. achates,
said to be so called because first found near the
river Achates in Sicily.]
Age, aj, «. the ordinary length of human life : the
time during which a person or thing has lived or
existed: mature years: legal maturity (at 21
years) : a period of time : a generation of men : a
century.—v.t. to grow old :—pr^p. ag'ing ; Pa.p.
aged. (Fr. age, O. Fr. edage— l^a,tas—o\d L.
arn'tas -L. a*vum, age; cog. with E. Ever. J
Aged, yj'cd, adj. advanced in age : having a cer
tain age.—n.pl. old people.
Agency, aj'ens-i, «. the office or business : opera
tion or action of an agent
Agenda, aj-end'a, ft., things to bi done : a memo
randum-book : a ritual. [L. agemius, fut p.
pass, of ago, to do.]
Agent, Sj'ent, «. a person or thing thnt acts or
exerts power : one intrusted with the business
of another. [L. ago, to do. See Act.]
Agglomerate, ag-glom'er-at, v.t. to make into a
ball: to collect into a mass. —v.L to grow into
a mass. | L. glomus, glomeris, a ball. See
Clew, Globe ]
Agglomeration, ag-glom-er-a'shun, #1. a growing
or helping together : a mass.
Agglutinate, ag-glGut'in-at, v.t. to cause to ad
here by glue or cement. [L, agglntino—ad, to,
gt'utrn, glue. Sec Glue.]
Agglutination, ag-glGCt-in-ashun, «. the act of
uniting, as by glue : adhesion of parts.
Agglutinative, ag-gl{R5t'in-at-iv, adj. tending to
or having power to cause adhesion.
Aggrandise. ag'grand-Tz, v.t., to mahe great or
larger : to make greater in power, rank, or
honour. [Fr., from L. ad, to, and grandis,
large.]
Aggrandisement, ag-grand-Tz'ment, «. act of
aggrandising : state of being aggrandised.
Aggravate, aggrav-at, v.t. to make worse: to
provoke. [L. ad, to, gravis, heavy. See
Grave J
Aggravation, ag-grav-a'shun, «. a making worse:
any quality or circumstance which makes a
thing worse.
Aggregate, ag'greg-at, v. t. to collect into a
mass: to accumulate. [L. aggrego, -atum, to
bring together, as a flock—ad, to, grex, greets,
a flock.]
Aggregate, ag*greg-at, adj. formed of parts taken
together —«. thesumtotal.—tuiv. Aggregately.
Aggregation, ag-greg-a'shun, n. act of aggreg
ating : state of being collected together : an
aggregate.
Aggression,
or injury. ag-gresh'un, «. first■grcssus—ad,
act of hostility
(L. aggredior, to,
gradior, to step.]
Aggressive, ag-greslv. ad/, making the first
attack.—n. Aggressiveness.
Aggressor, ng-gres'ur, «. one who attacks first.
Aggrieve, a^-grfiv', v.t. to press heavily upon:
to pain or injure. [O. Fr. agrever, Sp. agraritir
—L. ad, to, and gravis, heavy. "See Grief,
Grieve.]
Aghast, a-gast', adj. stupefied with horror.
[Properly agasl ; M. E. agasten, to terrify:
A.S. intens. pfx. a, and gastan, to terrify. The
primary notion of the root gees- 'Goth, gat's-) is
to fix, stick; to root to the spot with terror.
Sec -Gaze.]
Agile, aj'il, adj., active: nimble. [L. agilis—
ago. to do or act.] [ness.
Agility, aj-il'i-ti, «. quickness of motion : nimble
mOte ; mute ; moon ; then.
 Agio Alb
Agio, a'ji-o, «. the difference in value between All, 5.1, v.t. to give pain : to trouble.—v.i. to feel
metallic and paper money : discount. [It. aggio, pain : to be in trouble.—n. trouble : indisposi
agio, rate of exchange, same as i?/w, ease, con tion. [A.S. eglan, to pain. See Awe.]
venience.] Ailment, al'mem, ft. pain : indisposition: disease.
Agitate, aj'i-tftt, v.t. to keep moving : to stir Aim, am, v.i. {with at) to point at with a weapon :
violently : to discuss. [L. agito, freq. of ago, to direct the intention or endeavour.—v.t. to
to put in motion. See Act.] point, as a weapon or firearm. —u. Lhe pointing
Agitation, aj-i-ta/shun, «- commotion : perturba of a weapon : the thing pointed at : design : in
tion of mind : discussion. [commotion. tention. [O. Fr. esnter, to reckon—L. astintare,
Agitator, aj'ftst'ur, «. one who excites public to estimate. See Estimate.] _
Aglow, a-glo', adj. very warm : red-hot. [See Aimless, iim'les, adj. without aim.
Glow.J Air, ar, h. the fluid we breathe : the atmosphere :
Agnate, ag'nut, adj. related on the father's side : a lii;ht breeze : a tune : the bearing of a person :
allied.—«. a relation by the father's side. [L. —//. affectation. —v.t. to expose to the air: to
—ad. to, nascor, to be born. See Cognate.] | dry : to expose to warm air. [Fr.—L. air Gr.]
Agnostic, aj^-nos'tik, n. one who holds that we Air-bed, ar'-bed, «. a bed for the sick, inflated
kno-v nothing of the supernatural. —n. Agnos'- with air.—Air-cell, aV-sel, «, a cavity contain
tlclsm. [a, privative, and Gr. gndstikos, good ing air.—Air-CUShion, iir'-koosh'un, «. an air
at knowing. See Gnostic | tight cushion, which can be inflated.—Air-
Ago, a-go', Agone, agon', adv., gone: past: engine, ar'-cn'jin, «. an engine put in motion by
since. [Pa.p. of A.S. agatt, to pass away— air expanded by heat.—Air-gun, ar'-gun, «. a
inten. pfx. a, and gan, to go.] gun which discharges bullets by means of" com
Agog. a-gog\ adj. or adv. eager. [Ety. doubtful.] pressed air. —Airiness,
airy : openness aVi-nes, n. stateaiding,
: liveliness.—Airing, of being
«.
Agoing, a-go'ing, adv., going on : current.
Agonise. ago-nTz, v.t. to struggle, suffer agony. exposure to the air or fire : a short excursion in
Agonising, ag'O-niz-ing, adj. causing agony.— the open air. —Air-jacket, ar'-jak'et, «. a jacket
ad~j. Agonisingly. with air-tight cavities, which being inflated ren
Agony, ag'o-ni, «. a violent struggle : extreme ders a person buoyant in water.—Airless, aVles,
suffering. [Gr. —agon, contest.] adj void of air: not having free communication
Agrarian, ag-ra'ri-an, adj. relating to land: with the open air. — Air-pump, ar'-pump, «. an
applied especially to Roman laws for the equal instrument for pumping the air out of a vessel.
distribution of the public lands- [L. agrarius— —Air-tight, ar'-tlt, adj. so tight as not to admit
ager, a field. See Acre.] [of'lands. air.—Air-vessel, aV-ves'el, «. a vessel or tube
Agrarianlsm, ag-ra'ri-an-izm, n. an equal division containing air.
Agree, a-grS*, v.i. to be of one mind : to concur: Airy, aVi, adj. consisting of or relating to air :
(fol. by to) to assent to: (fol. by with) to open to the air : like air : unsubstantial : light
resemble, to suit :—/«./. agreed'. [Fr. agrier, of heart : sprightly.—adv. Airily.
to accept kindly—L. ad, to, and grains, pleas Aisle, il, ?i. the wing or side of a church : the
ing.] [adv. Agree'ably. side passages in a church. [Fr. aile, O. Fr.
Agreeable, a-grc'a-bl, adj. suitable : pleasant. — aisle—h. axilla, ala, a wing.]
Agreeableness, a-grS'a-bl-ncs, «. suitableness : Aisled, Tld, adj. having aisles.
conformity : quality of pleasing. Ajar. a-jaY, adv. partly open. [Lit. ' on the turn,
Agreement, a-gr€'ment, w. concord : conformity : A.S. on, on, cyrr, a turn. See Char, work.)
.» bargain or contract. [agriculture. Akimbo, a-kim'bo, adv. with hand on hip and
Agricultural, ag-ri-kuli'Gr-al, adj. relating to elbow bent outward. [Pfx. a, Celt, cam,
Agriculture, ag'ri-kult-Qr, «. the art or practice crooked, with superfluous E. Bow.]
of cultivating the laud. [L. agricultura —agcr, Akin, a-kin', adj., ofkin: related by blood : hav
a field, cuitura, cultivation. See Culture.] ing the same properties. [Of and Kin ]
Agriculturist, ag-ri-kult'ur-ist, ». one skilled in Alabaster, al'a-bas-ter, «. a semi-transparent kind
agriculture. [on, and Ground.] ofgypsum or sulphate of lime : the fine limestone
Aground, a-grownd', adv. stranded. [Prefix a, deposited as stalagmites and stalactites.—adj.
Ague, a'gtt, n. a fever coming in periodical fits, made of alabaster. [Gr. alabastros, said to be
accompanied with shivering : chilliness. [Fr. derived from Alabastron, a town in Egypt.]
aigu, sharp— L. acutns. See Acute.] Alack, a-Iak', int. an exclamation denoting sorrow.
Aguish, a'gu-i«h, adj. having the qualities of an [Prob. from M. E. /ak, loss. See Lack.}
ague : chilly : shivering. Alack-a-day. a-Iak'-a-da, int. an exclamation of
Ah, 3, int. an exclamation of surprise, joy, pity, sadness. [For, 'ah! a loss to-day.']
complaint, &c [Fr.—L. ; Ger. ack.\ Alacrity, a-lak'ri-ti. «. briskness : cheerful readi
Aha, a-ha', int. an exclamation of exultation, ness: promptitude. [L. alacris, brisk.]
pleasure, surprise, or contempt. Alamode, a-la-mOd', adv., according to the mode
Ahead, a-hed', adv. further on : in advance : or fashion. [Fr. d la mode.}
headlong. [Prefix a, on, and Head.] Alarm, a-larm', «. notice of danger : sudden sur
Ahoy, a-hoi', int. a nautical term used in hailing. prise with fear : a mechanical contrivance to
[Form of mi*. Hoy.] arouse from sleep.—v.t. to call to arms : to give
Ahull, a-hul', adv. {naut.) with sails furled, and notice ofdanger : to fill with dread. [Fr. alarm*
helm lashed, driving^ before the wind, stern fore —It. all' arme, to arms—L. ad, to, arma, arms.]
most, [a, on (—A.S. on), and Hull.] Alarmist, a-larm'ist, ». one who excites alarm :
Aid, 5d, v.t. to help, assist.—«. help : assistance: one given to prophesy danger.—adj. Alarmist,
an auxiliary : subsidy.—adj. Aidless, [Fr. aider alarming, -adv. Alarmingly.
—L. adjutarg—ad, and juz'o, jutnm, to help.] Alarum, a-lar'um, «. and z'.t. Same as Alarm.
Aide-de-camp, ud'-de-kong, n. a military officer Alas, a-las', int. expressive of grief. [Fr. kilos—
who assists the general:—//. Aides-de-camp. L. lassus, wearied.]
[Fr., assistant of the camp.] Alb, alb, «. a white linen vestment reaching to
Aider, ad'er, n. one who brings aid : a helper. the feet, worn by priests. [L. aibus, white.]
Cite, far ; mfi, her ; mine : mOte ; mute ; mOOn ; then.
 Albatross All
Albatross, al'ba-iros, «. a large, long-winged, \ Alga, al'je, «. {bot.) a division of plants, cmbrac-
web-footed sea-bird, in the Southern Ocean. j ing sea-weeds. [L., pi. of alga, sea-weed.]
fCorr. from. Span alcatraz, a white pelican.] Algebra, al je-bra, « the science of calculating
Albeit, awl-be'it, miv. although : notwithstand by symbols, thus forming a kind of universal
ing. [Be it all. J i arithmetic. [Sp. from Ar. al-jabr, the resetting
Albino, al-bi'no, «. a person or animal whose of anything broken, hence combination.]
skin and hair arc unnaturally white, and pupil Algebraic, -al, al-je-bru'ik, -al, adj. pertaining to
of the eye red :—//. Albinos. [It. albino, | algebra.—Algebraist, n. one skilled in algebra,
whitiah-L. albus, white.] j Algum, al'gum. Same as Almug.
Album, al'butn, n. among the Romans, a white ' Alias, ali-as, adv. otherwise.—«• an assumed
tablet or register : a book lor the insertion of name. [L. alias, at another time, otherwise—
portraits, autographs, &c. [L. albus, white.] alius, Gr. alios, other.]
Albumen, al-bu'men, «., the white of eggs : a Alibi, al'i-bT, n. the plea, that a person charged
like substance found in animal and vegetable with a crime was in another place when it was
bodies. [L.—albus, white.] committed. [L.—alius, other, ibi, there.]
Albuminoid, al-bu'min-oid, adj. like albumen, Allen, iTyen, adj. foreign : different in nature :
fAlbumen and Gr. eidos, form.] [albumen. adverse to.—«. one belonging to another coun
Albuminous, al-bu'min-us, adj. like or containing try : one not entitled to the rights of citizenship.
Alburnum, al-burn'um, n. in trees, the white and [L. alienus -alius, other.]
soft parts of wood between the inner bark and Alienable, aTyen-a-bl, adj. capable of being
the heart-wood. [L. —albus% white.] transferred to another. —«. Alienability.
Alcalde, al-kafda, «., ajudge, [Sp.—Ar. al-kadi Alienage, al'yen-Sj, «. state of being an alien.
—kadaj, to judge, j Alienate, al'ycn-ut, vd. to transfer a right or title
Alchemist, alTcem-ist, «. one skilled in alchemy. to another : to withdraw the affections : to mis
Alchemy, Alchymy, al'ki-mi, «. the infant stage apply.—adj. withdrawn: estranged. —n. Aliena'-
of chemistrv, as astrology was of astronomy. A tfon. [L. Sec Alien.]
chief pursuit of the alchemists was to transmute Alight. a-lTt', v.i. to come down [as from a horse) :
the other metals into gold, and to discover the to descend: to fall upon. [AS. atihtan, to
elixir of life. [Ar. al — the ; Gr. duo. to pour, come down. See Light, vd.]
to melt, to mix ; hence chymeia or chemeia, a Alight, a-lit', adj. on fire : lighted up. [a. on,
mixing, and thymic or dumic, applied to the and Light. Sec Light, ».]
processes of the laboratory. See Chemistry.] Align, a-lin', v.t. to regulate 1 y a line: to arrange
Alcohol, alTco-hol, «. pure spirit, a liquid gener in line, as troops. [Fr. alignet—L. ad, and
ated by the fermentation of sugar and other tinea, a line.]
saccharine matter, and forming the intoxicating Alignment, a-Iin'mcnt, «. a laying out by a line :
element of fermented liquors. [Ar. ai-kokl—al, the ground-plan of a railway or road.
the, qochl, fine powder.] Alike, a-llk', adj. like one another: having re
Alcoholic, al-kO-hollk. adj. of or like alcohol. semblance.—adv. in the same manner or form :
Alcoholise, al'ko-hol-Iz, v.t. to convert into similarly. [A.S. oulic. See Like.]
alcohol: io rectify- Aliment, al i-mcnt, «., nourishment : food. [L.
Alcoholometer. ai-k5-hol-om'c-tcr, n. an instru alimentum—alo, to nourish.]
ment for ascertaining the strength of spirits. \ Alimental, al-i-ment'al, adj. supplying food.
[Alcohol and Meter.] [article prefixed. Alimentary, al-i-ment'ar-i, adj. pertaining to
Alcoran, alTcO-ran, n. Koran with the Arabic j aliment: nutritive.—n. Alimentation, al-i-mcn-
Alcove, alTcov or al-koV, «. a recess in a room : 1 ta'shun, the act or state of nourishing or of being
any recess: a shady retreat. [It. alcova; Sp. nourished.—n. [phren. Allmentlveness, al-i-
alcoba. a place in a room railed off to hold a mcnt'iv-nes, desire for foud or drink.
bed—Ar. al-gobah, a tent.] Alimony, aff-mun-i, «. an allowance for support
Aider, awl'dcr, «. a tree usually growing in moist made to a wife when legally separated from her
gr.nrnd- [AS. alor; Ger. euer, h. alnus.] husband.
Alderman, awl'dcr-man. n. now a civic dignitary Aliquot, al'i-kwot, a ■'/ such a part of a number
next in rank to the mayor.—adj. Alderman'iC. as will divide it without a remainder. [L.
[AS. ealdor ^from eald, old), senior, chief: aliquot, some, several—alius, other, quot, how
ea'.lor-man, ruler, king, chief magistrate.] many.) \Hft.\
Aldern, awl'dcrn, adj. made of alder. Alive. a-lTv', adj. in life: susceptible. [\.S. on
Aldlne. al'dni, adj. applied to huoks printed by Alkali, al'ka-H or -IT, n. clu-m.) a substance which
Aldus Manutius of Venice, in i6thc. combines with an acid and neutralises it, forming
Ale, al, m. a strong drink made from malt : a a salt. Potash, soda, and lime are alkalies ;
festival, so called from the liquor drunk. —Ale- they have an acrid taste (that of soap', and
berry, a beverage made from ale. —Ale-house turn vegetable blues to green. Sec Acid:—fl.
a house in which ale is sold. [A.S. ealu; Ice. Alkalies. [Ar. alkali, ashes.]
Hi; Gael, ol, drink.] Alkalimeter, al-ka-lim'e-ter, n. an instrument for
A*ee, a-le\ atiz'.. on the /f^-side. [See Lee ) measuring the strength of alkalies.
Alembic, al-em'bik, «. a vessel used by the old Alkaline, alTca-lin or -tin, adj. having the pro
chemists in distillation. [Ar. al, the. anbiq— perties of an alkali.—n. Alkalinity.
Gr. atnbiks, a cup.] Alkaloid, al'ka-loid, n. a vegetable principle pos
Alert, al-ert', adj. watchful : brisk.—Upon the sessing in some degree alkaline properties.—adj.
alert, upon the watch.—n. Alert'ness. [It. pertaining to or resembling alkali. [Alkali and
air erta, on the erect—crto, L. erectus, erect.] Gr. eidos, form or resemblance.)
Alexandrian, al-egz-an'dri-an, adj., relating to Alkoran, «. same as Alcoran,
Alexandria \n tgypt : relating to Alexander. All, awl, attj. the whole of: every one of.—adv.
Alexandrine, alegz-an'drin, «. a rhyming verse wholly: completely: entirely.—«. the whole:
of twelve syllables, so called from its use in an everything.—All 111 all, everything desired.—
old French poem on Alexander the Gre.it. All '8 one, it is just the same.—At all, in the least
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOOn : then. 11
 Allah Aloe
degree or to the least extent. [A.S. eal, Ger. in portions : to parcel out :—Pr.p. allotting :
all, Gael, ttt'l; \V. oil.} pa.p. allott'ed. [L. ad, to, and Lot.]
Allah, al'la, «. the Arabic name of the one God. Allotment, al-lot'ment, the act of allotting :
(Ar. al-ilah, 'the worthy to be adored.'J part or share allotted.
Allay, al-l.V, v.t. to lighten, relieve : to make quiet. Allotropy, al-lot'ro-pi, n. the property in some
[O. Fr, aleger—L. alleviare—ad, and Irvis, elements, as carbon, of existing in more than one
light, confused with A.S. a-lccgan, 10 lay down.] form. [Gr. alios, another, and tropos, form.]
Allegation, al-le-gashun, «. an assertion. Allow, al-low7, v.t. to grant: to permit: to ac
Allege, al-lej', v.t. to produce as an argument or knowledge: to abate. [Fr. allouer, to grant —
ple.i : to assert. [L. alle^o, to send one person L. a*i, to, and loco, to place.—Allow, in the
to another ro confer with him: to mention or sense of approve or sanction, as used in B. and
bring forward—ad, to, and lego, -alum, to send.] by old writers, has its root in L. laudo, to praise.)
Allegiance, al-lej'i-ans, m. the duty of a subject Allowable, al-low'a-l>l, adj. that may be allowed :
to his liege or sovereign. [L. ad, to, and Liege.] not forbidden : lawful.—adv. Allowably.—«.
Allegoric -al, al-le-go?ik, -al, adj. in the form of Allow'ableness.
an allegory : figurative.—adv. Allegor lcaUy. Allowance, nl-low'ans, n. that which is allowed:
Allegorise, al'lc-gor-lz, v.t. to put in form of an a stated quantity : abatement.
allegory.—v.i. to use allegory. Alloy, al-loi', v.t. to mix one metal with another:
Allegory, alle-gor-i, «. a description of one thing to reduce the purity of a metal by mixing a
under the image of another. [Gr. alios, other, baser one with it.—«. a mixture of two or more
and agoreud, to speak.] metals (when mercury is one of the ingredients,
Allegro, al-le'grO, adv. and n. [mux. ) a word it is an Amalgam) : a baser metal mixed with a
denoting a brisk movement. [It.—L. alacer, finer : anything that deteriorates. [Fr. aloi,
bri-k.] [leluiah. standard of metals, aloyer, It. allegare, to alloy
Alleluia, Allelulah, al-le-loo'ya. Same as Hal- — L. ad legem, according to law.]
AlleTiate, al-lev'i-iit, v.t. to make light; to miti All-saints'-day, awl-sants'-dft, n. November i,
gate.—u. Alleviation. [L. ad, levis, light.] i a feast of the Roman Catholic Church in
Alley, al ii, it. a walk in a garden : a passage in a honour of alt the saints. [See All-hallOWS. ]
city narrower than a street pi. Alreys. [Fr. All-soulS'-day, awl-sfllz'-da, «. the second day of
aliie, a passage, from aller, to go, O. Fr. aner, November, a feast of the Roman Catholic
from L. adnare, to go to by water. Cf. AlTiVO.] Church held to pray for all souls in purgatory.
All fools'-day, awl-fo75lz'-da, «. April first. [From Allude, al-lfld', v.i. to mention slightly in passing :
the sportive deceptions practised on that day.} to refer to. [L. ad, at, ludo, tusum, to play.]
All-fours, awl-fOrz', tt.fil. ^preceded by oh) on J Allure, al-Iur', v.t. to draw on as by a lure or
four legs, or on two hands and two feet. I bait : to entice. [L. ad, to, and Lure.]
All-hail, awl-hfd', int., nil health, a phrase of Alluring, al-lur'ing, adj. enticing.—adv. Al
s ilutation. [See Hall, int.] luringly.—n. Allure ment.
All-hallow, awl-hal'lo, All-halloWS, awl-hall5z, Allusion, al-Iu'zhun, n. an indirect reference.
«. the day of all the Holy Ones. See All- Allusive, al-lus'iv, adj. alluding to: hinting at :
salnts. [All and Hallow. 1 referring to indirectly, —adv. Allusively.
Alliance, al-ll'ans, «. state of being allied : union Alluvium, al-lu'vi-um, «. the mass of water-borne
by niarriage or treaty. [Sec Ally.] matter deposited by rivers on lower lands :—
Alligation, al-li-ga'shun, «. (arit.'i.) a rule for //. Alluvia.—atlj. Alluvial [h.—atluo, to
finding the price of a compound of ingredients wash to or on—ad, and luo = lavo, to wash.]
of different values. [L. atligatio, a binding Ally, al-li', v.t. to form a relation by marriage,
together—ad, to, and ligo, to bind. ] friendship, treaty, or resemblance : — pa.p*
Alligator, al'li-ga-tur, «. an animal of the croco allied'. [Fr.—L. alligo, -are—oil, ligo, to bind.]
dile family found in America. [Sp. el lagarto Ally, al-lT't n. a confederate: a prince or state
—L. lacerta, a lizard.] united by treaty or league :—pi. Allies'.
Alliteration, al-lit-er-;Vshun. n. the recurrence of Almanac, al'ma-nak, n. a register of the days,
the same tetter at the beginning of two or more weeks, and months of the year, &c. [Fr.—Or.
words following close to each other, as in 'fipt almenichiaka in Eusebius), an Egyptian word,
alliteration's artful rtid.' [Fr.—L. ad, to, and prob. sig. 'daily observation of things.'
litem, a letter.] [alliteration. Almighty, awl-mltl, adj. possessing all might or
Alliterative, al-lit'cr-3-tiv, adj. pertaining to power: omnipotent.—The Almighty, Goa.
Allocate, allo-kat, v.t., to place: to assign to Almond, ii'mund, it. the fruit of the almond-tree.
each his share. [L. ad, to, and locus, a place ] [Fr. amande—L. amygdalum—Gr. amygdali.]
Allocation, al-lo-ka'shun, n. act of allocating : Almonds, a'mundz, n.pl. the tonsils or glands of
allotment: an allowance made upon an account. the throat, so called from their resemblance to
Allocution, al-lo-ku'shun, n. a formal address, the fruit of the almond-Xx^.
esp of the Pope to his clergy. [L. ad, to, and Almoner, al'mun-er, «. a distributer of alms.
loquor, loaitus, to speak.] Almonry, al'mun-ri, «. the place where alms are
Allodial, al-10'di-al, adj. held independent of a distributed. [and Most ]
superior : freehold :—opposed to Feudal. Almost, awt'must, ad7>, nearly. [Prefix al, quite,
Allodium, al-lO'di-um, «. freehold estate : land Alms, amz, «. relief given out of pity to the poor.
held in the possession of the owner without being [A.S. alnuesse, through late L.t from Gr. elei-
subject to a feudal superior. [Low L. allodium, mosyfti—eleos, compassion.]
most prob. from Ice. aldr, old age, and otlial, Alms-deed, amz'-ded, «. a charitable deed.
a homestead ; alda-othal, a property of ages.] Alms-house, amz'-hows, «. a house endowed for
Allopathy, al-Iop'a-thi, «. a name given by the support and lodging of the poor.
homeopathists to the current or orthodox Almug, al'mug, n. a tree or wood mentioned in
medical practice.—adj. Allopath ic. —n. Allop/- the Bible, kind uncertain. [Heb.]
athist. (See Homeopathy.] Aloe, al'6, n. a genus of plants with juicy leaves
Allot, al-lot', v.t. to divide as^j- lot : to distribute yielding the gum called aloes. [Gr. aloi.]
12 fate, tar ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mtSon : then.
 Aloes Amazedness
Aloes. al'Oz, u. a purgative drug, the juice of Although, awl-Mi*', conj. admitting al! that :
several species of aloe. notwithstanding that. [See Though.]
Aloft, a-loft', ativ. on high : overhead : (ttaut.) Altitude, alt'i-tud, «., height. [L. attitudo—
above the deck, at the mast-head. [Prefix a alius, high.]
( —A.S. on , on, and Loft.] Alto, alt'o, n. [orig.) the highest part sung by
Alone. al-On', adj. single : solitary.—atlv. singly, males: the lowest voice in women. [It.—L.
by one's self. [Al (for All), quite, and One.] alius, high.]
Along, a-long', adv. by or through the length of : Altogether, awl-too-geM'cr, adv., all together;
wholly : completely : without exception.
lengthwise : throughout: onward: (foL by with) Alto-relievo,
in company of. —prep, by the side of: near. Alto-rllievo, alt'o-re-Fe'vo, «., high
[A.S. anMang—prefix and-, against, and Long] relief: figures projected by at least half their
Aloof, a-lGoT, adv. at a distance : apart. [Prefix thickness from the ground on which they are
a (—A.S. oh, on, and Loof. Sec Loof, Luff.) sculptured. [It. alto, high. Sec Relief]
Aloud, a-lowd', adv. with a loud voice : loudly. Altruism, al troo-ism, n. the principle of living
[From A.S. oh, on, and hlyd, noise, Ger. laut. I and acting for the interest of others. [L. alter;
See Loud.] another.]
Alow, a-lo', adv. in a low place :—opp. to Aloft. Alum, al'um, n. a mineral salt, the double sul
Alp, alp, n. a high mountain:—//. Alps, specially phate of alumina and potash. [L. aluttren.]
applied to the lofty mountain-ranges of Switzer Alumina, at-G'min-a, Alumine, al'u-min, u. one
land. [L.—Gael, alp, a mountain : allied to L. of the earths : the characteristic ingredient of
albus, white—white with snow.] common clay. Alumina is a compound of
Alpaca, al-pak'a, n. the Peruvian sheep, akin to Aluminous, aluminium and oxygen. [L. alumeu, alum.]
the llama, having long silken wool : cloth made al-u'min-us, adj. containing alum, or
of its wool. [Peruvian.] alumina.
Alpen stock, alo'n-stok, n. a long stick or staff Aluminum, al-u'min-um, Aluminium, al-Q-
used by travellers in climbing the Alps. [Ger. ] min'i-um, u. the metallic base of alumina, a
Alpha, al'fa, n. the first letter of the Greek alpha metal resembling silver, and remarkable for its
bet : the first or beginning. [Gr. alplia—Heb. lightness.
aUph, an ox, the name of the first letter, which Alumnus, al-um'nus, n. one educated at a college
in its original figure resembled an ox's head.] is called an alumnus of that college :—pi.
Alphabet, alTa-bet, «. the letters of a language Alum ni. [L. from alo, to nourish.]
arranged in the usual order. [Gr. alplta, beta, Always, awl'waz, Alway, awl'wa, adv. through
the first two Greek letters.] all ways : continually : for ever.
Alphabetic, -al, al-fa-bet'ik, -al, adj. relating to Am, am, the first person of the verb To be, [A.S.
or in the order of an alphabet.—adv. Alpha torn I Gr. eimi ; LaL sum for esum; Sans.
bet ica11y asmi—as, to be.]
Alpine, alp'in or alp'In, adj. pertaining to the Amain, a-miin', adv., with main or strength :
Alps, or to any lofty mountains : very high. with sudden force. [Pfx. a and Main. ]
Already, awl-red'i. adv. previously, or before the Amalgam, a-mal'gam, u. a compound of mercury
time specified. with another metal : any solt mixture. [L. and
AlBO, awl'so, adv. in like manner: further. [All, Gr. malagma, an emollient—Gr. vtalasso, to
quite, just : so, in that or the same manner.] soften.]
Altar, awlt'ar, «., a high place on which sacri Amalgamate, a-mal'gam-at, v.t. to mix mercury
fices were anciently offered : in Christian I with another metal : to compound.—v.i. to unite
churches the communion table: (Jig.) a place | in an amalgam : to blend.
of worship. [L. altare—alius, high.] Amalgamation, a-mal-gam-a'shun, «. the blend
Altarpieoe, awlt'ar-pc"s, h. a painting or decora- ing of different things. ✓
lions placed over an altar. Amanuensis, a-man-ii-en'sis, w. one who writes
Alter, awl'ter, v.t. to make other or different : to dictation: a copyist: a secretary. [L. —ab,
to change.—v.i. to become different: to vary. from, and manus, the hand.]
(L. alter, other, another—al (root of alius, Amaranth, -US, a'mar-anth, -us, w. a genus of
other), and the old comparative suffix -ter — plants with richly coloured flowers, that last
K.-/her.] long without withering, as Love-lies-bleeding,
Alterable, awl'tcr-a-bl, adj. that may be altered. [Gr. amamnios, unfading—a, neg.. and root
—adv. Al terably. war, to waste away ; allied to Lat. tuori, to
Alteration, awl-ter-a'shun, n. change. die.]
Alterative, awl'ter-at-iv, adj. having power to Amaranthine, a-mar-anth'in, adj. pcruining to
alter. — «. a medicine that makes a change in amaranth: unfading.
the vital functions. Amass, a-mas", v.t. to gather in large quantity :
Altercate, al'ter-kat, v.i, to dispute or wrangle. to accumulate. [Fr. amasser—L. ad, to, and
[L. aitercor, -catus, to bandy words from one massa, a mass*]
to the other [alter). J [troversy. Amateur, am-al-ar/, «. one who cultivates a par
Altercation, al-ter-ka'shun, «. contention : con- ticular study or art for the love of it, and not
Altemate. al'ter-nat or al-ter'nat, v.t. to cause professionally. [Fr.—L. amator, a lover—amo,
to follow by turns or one after the other.—v.i. to love.]
to happen by turns : to follow every other or Amative, arn'at-iv, adj., relating to love: amor
second time. [L. alter, other.] ous. [From L. amo, -atum, to love.]
Alternate, al-ter'nat, adj., one after tne ot/ier: Amatlveness. ani'at-iv-nc-, «. propensity to love.
by turns.—,w/t\ Alter nately. Amatory, am'at-or-i, adj., relating to, or causing
Alternation, al-ter-na'&hun, «. the act of alter l<-ve; affectionate.
nating : interchange. Amaze, a-tniiz', v.t. to put the mind in a maze;
Alternative, al-ter'nat-iv, adj. offering a choice to confound with surprise or wonder.— «. aston
of two things.—n. a choice between two things. ishment: perplexity. [Prefix a, and Maze J
-adv. Alternatively. Amazedne33, a-maz cd-ncs, Amazement, a-maz'-
futc, far ; me, her ; mine : mote ; mute : moon ; Men l.;
 Amazing Amice
ment, w. a feeling of surprise mixed with building intended for walking in, as the aisles
w onder. of a church.
Amazing, a-m'iz'ing, p.adj. enming amazement: Ambuscade, amlnisk-fid, «. ft hiding to attack by
astonishing.—adv. Amazingly. surprise : a body of troops in concealment. [ Fr.
Amazon, am'az-on, «. one ot a fabled nation of embiiscade—It. imboscare, 10 lie in ambush—
female warriors : a masculine woman : a virago. im, in, and bosco, a wood, from root of Bush.]
[Ely. dub., perhaps from Gr. a, priv., mazos, Ambush, am'boosh. ». and v. same meanings as
a breast ; they were said to cut oft" the right Ambuscade. [O. Fr embusche, bee Ambus
breast that they might use their weapons more cade.]
freely.] 9 Ameer, a-meV, «, a title of honour, also of an
Amazonian, am-az-fln'ian, adj. of or like an independent ruler in Mohammedan countries.
Amazon: of masculine manners: warlike. [Ar. amir. See Admiral.]
Ambassador, am-bas'a-dur, n, a diplomatic Ameliorate, a-m€l'yor-at, v.t., to make better ;
minister of the highest order sent by one sove to improve.—v.i. to grow better. —adj. Amel'-
reign power to another.—-/em. Ambassadress. iorativo. Amelioration. [L. ad, to, and
—adj. Ambassadorial [It. ambasciadore, L. welter, better.]
ambactus, derived by Grimm from Goth, and- Amen, 5. men', a men', int. so let it be I [Gr.—
bahts, a servant, whence Gcr. amt, office.] Hcb. amen, firm, true.]
Amber, am'ber, «. a yellowish fossil resin, used in Amenablo, a-mc'11'a-bl, adj. easy to be led or
making ornaments. [Fr.—Ar. aubar.] governed : liable or subject to.—adv. Ameu'-
Ambergris, am'bcr-grCs, «. a fragrant substance, ably.—us. Amenability, Amen'ableness.
of a gray colour, found on the sea-coast of warm [Fr. amener, to lead—a — L. ad, and me>rert
countries, and in the intestines of the sperma to lead—Low L. tninare, to lead, to drive (as
ceti whale. [Amber and Fr. gris, gray.] cattle)—L. minari, to threaten.]
Ambidexter, ambl-deks'ter, «. one who uses Amend, a-mend", v.t. to correct: to improve. —
both hands with equal facility : a double-dealer. v.i. to grow or becomi better.—adj. Amend
—adj. Ambidex'trous. [L.ambo, both, dexter, able. [Fr. amtnder for emender—L. emends,
right hand.] -arc, to remove a fault—e, ex, out of, and mertdat
Ambient, aml/i-ent, adj., going -round: surround ft fault.] [provement.
ing : investing. [L. ambi, about, tens, ientis, Amendment, a-mend'ment, tt. correction : im-
pr.p. of eo, to go.] Amends, a-mendz'( n.pl. supply ol a loss : com
Ambiguity, amb-ig-iYi-ti, Ambiguousness. amb- pensation.
ig'u-us-nes, n. uncertainty or doubieness of Amenity, am-en'i-ti, «. . pleasanttress, as regards
meaning. situation, climate, manners, or disposition. [ Kr.
AmblgUOUB, amb-ig'O-us, adj. of doubtful signi amc'nite'—L. ama'nitas—amatnus, pleasant, from
fication : equivocal, —adv. Ambiguously. [L. root of amo, to love.]
ambiguns—ambigo, to go about—ambi, about, Amerce, a-mers', v.t. to punish by a fine. [O.
ago, to drive. ] Fr. amercier, to impose a fine— L. mert.es,
Ambition, amb-ish'un, «. the desire of power, wages, fine.]
honour, fame, excellence. [L. ambiiio, the Amercement, a-mers'ment. n. a penalty inflicted.
going about, i.e., the canvassing for votes prac American, a-mer'ik-an, adj. . pertaining to Auier-
tised by candidates for office in Romc-aww, tea, especially to the United States.—«. a
about, and eo, itum, to go.] native of America. [From America, so called
Ambitious, amb-ish'us, adj. full of ambition : accidentally from Amerigo Vespucci, a navigator
desirous of power: aspiring: indicating ambi who explored part of the continent after its
tion.—adv. Ambi tiously.—«. Ambi'tiousness. discovery by Columbus.] [American.
Ambld, am'bl, v.i. to move as a horse by lifting Americanise, a-mcr'ik-an-Tz, v.t. to render
both le^s on each side alternately : to move Americanism, a-mer'ik-an-izm, n. a word, phrase,
affectedly.—n. a pace of a horse between a trot or idiom peculiar to Americans.
and a walk. [Fr. ambler—h. ambulo, to walk, Amethyst, a'meth-ist, «. a bluish-violet variety
about.] of quartz of which drinking-cups used to bo
Ambler, ampler, tt. a horse that ambles. made, which the ancients supposed prevented
Ambrosia, am-brozhi-a, «. the fabled food of the drunkenness.—adj. Amethyst ine. [Gr. amc-
gods, which conferred immortality on those thystos—a, neg., metAyo, to be drunken—met/iu,
who partook of it. [L-—Gr. ambrosios — wine, Eng. mead, Sans, madhu, sweet.]
ambrotos, immortal—a, neg., and brotos, Amiability, Sm-i-a-bil'i-ti, Amlableness, aml-a-
mortal, for mrotos. Sans, mrita, dead —mri bl-nes, w. quality of being amiable, or of exciting
(T,. mori , to die.] [—adv. Ambro'sially. love.
Ambrosial, am-bru'zhi-al, adj. fragrant : delicious. Amiable, aml-a-bl, adj.. lovable', worthy of Inve.
Ambrosian, am-bro xhi-an, adj. relating to am —adv. A'miably. [Fr. amiable, friendly— L.
brosia : relating to St Ambrose, bishop of amicabilis, from amicus, a friend ; there is a
Milan in the 4th century. Confusion in meaning with Fr. aimable, lovable
Ambry, am'bri, n. a niche in churches in which «—L. amabilis—amo, to love.]
the sacred utensils were kept: a cupboard for Amianthus, a-mi-anth'us, «. the finest fibrous
victuals. [O. Fr. armarie, a repository for variety of asbestos ; it can be made into cloth
arms; Fr. armoire, a cupboard—L. armarium, which when stained is readily cleansed by fire.
a chest lor arms—antra, arms. ] [Gr. amiantos, unpollutable—a, neg., and
Ambulance, am'bul-anK, «. a carriage which ntiaittb", to soil.]
serves as a movable hospital for the wounded Amicable, am'ik-a-bl, adj., /n'etidlv.—adv.
in battle. [Fr.—L. attrbularrs, -atitis, pr.p. of Amicably. —us. Amicability, Amlcableness.
ambulo, to walk about.] (L. amicabilis—amo, to love.]
Ambulatory, am'bul-at-or-i, ailj. having the Amice, amis, M, a flowing cloak formerly worn
power or faculty of walking : moving Irom place by priests and pilgrims: a linen garment worn
to place, not stationary.—«. any part of a by priests about the shoulders while celebrating
11 fate, fir ; me, her ; nilue ; mOte ; mute ; inoun ; //ien.
 Amid Analyse
mass. [O. Fr. amis, amid—L. amictits — i Amputate, am'pflt-at, v.t. to cut off, as a Itmb of
amicio, to wrap about—amb, about, and jacio, an animal.—«. AmpUta'tlon. [L. amb, round
to throw.J about, puto, to cut.]
Amid, a mid'. Amidst, a-midst', frep., in t/te Amuck, a-muk', adv, wildly: madly. [Malay,
middle ox midst: among.—adv. Amidships, amok, intoxicated or excited to madness.]
half-way between the stem and stern of a ship. Amulet, am'Q-let, «. a gem, scroll, or other
[Prefix a, on, in, and A.S. mid, middle.] object carried about the person, as a charm
Amir, a-meV. Same as Ameer. against evil. [L. amulitum, a word of unknown
Amiss, a-mis', adj. in error: wrong. —adv. in a origin ; curiously like the mod. Ar. him&lah.-at,
faulty manner, [a, on, and Ice. missa, a loss. lit. 'a carrier,' often applied to a shoulder-belt,
See MISS.] by which a small Koran is hung On the breast.]
Amity, am'i-ti, *., friendship: good-will. [Fr. muse, a-muY, v. t. to occ upy pleasantly : to
tzmitte —ami—L. amicus, a friend. See Amic beguile with expectation. [Fr. amuser.]
able.] Amusement, a-muz'ment, «. that which amuses:
Ammonia, am-mun'i-a, n. a pungent gas yielded pastime. [entertaining.—adv. Amus ingly.
by smelling-salts, and by burning feathers, &c. Amusing, a-miizing, adj. affording amusement :
[From sal-ammoniac, or smelling-salts, first Amyloid, am'il-oid, «. a half-gelatinous substance
obtained near the temple of Jupiter Amnion.] like starch, found in some seeds. [Gr. amylon,
Ammoniac, -al, am-mon'i-ak, -t'ak-al, adj. per the finest flour, starch ; lit. ' unground '—a, neg.,
taining to, or having the properties of ammonia. tnyli, a mill, and eidos, form.]
Ammonite, am'mon-Tt, n. the fossil shell of an An, an, adj., one: the indefinite article, used
extinct genus of mollusks, so called because before words beginning with the sound of a
they resembled the horns on the statue of vowel. [A.S. an. See One.]
Jupiter Amman, worshipped as a ram. An, an, conj. if. [A form of And.]
Ammunition, am-mun-ish'un, «. anything used Ana, u na, a suffix to names of persons or places,
for munition or defence : military stores, csp. denoting a collection of memorable sayings, as
powder, balls, bombs. &c. [L. ad, for, munitio, Johnsoniana, sayings of Dr Johnson. (The
defence—munio, to defend.] neuter plural termination of L. adjectives in
Amnesty, am'nest-i, n. a general pardon of ■anus = pertaining to.]
litical offenders. [Gr. a-mnestos, not remem- Anabaptist, an-a-bapt'ist, «. one who holds that
r. red.J baptism ought to be administered only to adults
Amoeba, a-mSb'a, n. a microscopic animal cap (by immersion', and therefore that those bapt
able of undergoing many changes of form at ised in infancy ought to be baptised again.
will :—fi. Amoeb'aB. [Or. ameibo, to change.] - u. Anabaptism. [Gr. ana, again, bapitzd%
Among, a-mung', Amongst, a-mungst', prep. to dip in water, to baptise.]
of the number of: amidst. [A.S. on-gemang— Anachronism, an-a'kron-izm, «. an error in
ma*ngan, to mingle.] regard to time, whereby a thing is assigned to
Amorous, am'or-us, adj. easily inspired with love : an earlier or to a later age than what it belongs
fondly in love: relating to love.—atW. Am'or- to.—adj. Anachronistic. [Gr. ana, back
ously.—«. Am'orousness. [L. amor, love.] wards, chronos. time.]
Amorphous, a-morf'us, adj. without regular shape, Anaconda, an-a-koii'da, n. a large snake, a
shapeless. [Gr. a, neg., and morpke, form.] species of boa, found in South America.
Amount, a-mownt', v.i. to mount or rise to: to Anacreontic, an-a-kre-ont'ik, adj. after the
result in.—n. the whole sum: the effect or manner of the Greek poet Anacrean: free.
result- [O. Fr. amonter, to ascend—L. ad, to, Anasmla, an-e'm'i-a, n. a morbid want of blood:
moms, a mountain.] the condition of the body after great loss of
Amour, am-OoY, «. a love intrigue. [Fr.—L. blood. [Gr. a, an, neg., haima, blood.]
amor, love.] Anmsthetic, an-fs-thet'ik, adj. producing insensi
Amphibia, am-fi'bi-a, Amphiblals or Amphi bility.—«. a substance, as chloroform, that pro
bians, n.pl. animals capable of living both duces insensibility. [Gr. a, an, neg., aistkisis,
under water and on land.—adj. Amphi'blous. sensation—aisthanomai, to feel.]
[Gr. amphi. both, bios, life.] Anaglyph, an'a-glif, «. an ornament carved in
Amphictyonic. am-fik-ti-on'ik, adj. The Amphic- relief.—adj. Anaglypt'lc. [Gr. ana, up, glyphd,
tyonic Council was an old Greek assembly com to carve.]
posed of deputies from twelve of the leading Anagram, an'a-gram, «. a word or sentence
state*. [Gr. amphiktyones, orig. dub.] formed by retvriting [in a different order, the
Amphitheatre, am-fi-the'a-ter, «. an oval or cir letters of another word or sentence : as * live'—
cular edifice having rows of seats one above 'evil.'—adj Anagrammat'lc, -al. [Gr. ana,
another, around an open space, called the again, grapho, to write.]
arena, in which public spectacles were exhib Anal, 5n al, adj. pertaining to or near the anus.
ited: anything like an amphitheatre in form. Analogical, an-a-loj'ik-al, adj having, or accord
[Gr. amphi, round about, theatron, a place for ing to, analogy.
seeing—theaomai, to see.] Analogous, an-a'log-us, adj having analogy :
Ample, am'pl. adj. spacious : large enough : bearing some resemblance to : similar.
liberal.—adv. Amply.—n. Am'pleneas. [ L. Analogue, an'a-lug, n. a word or body bearing
amphts, large.] analogy to, or resembling another: (anat.) an
Amplification, am'pli-fi-krt'shun, «. enlargement. organ which performs the same function as
Amplify, am'pli-fl, v.t. to make more copious in another, though differing from it in structure.
expression: to add to. [L. amplus, large, and [See Homologue.]
facia, to make-] Analogy, an-a'15-ji, n. an agreement or corre
Amplitude, am'pli-tud, n. largeness : the distance spondence in certain respects l>etwcen things
from the east point of a horizon at which a otherwise different : relation in general : like
heavenly body rises, or from the west point at ness. [Gr. ana, according to, ana logos, ratio.]
which it sets. Analyse, an'a-lTz, v.t. to resolve a whole into its
fete, far ; me, her : mTne ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Analysis Anguish
etements: to separate into component parts.— used for if [A. S., and in the other Teut. lang.:
adj. Analys'able. [Gr. ana, up, lyd, to loosen.] prob. allied to L. ante, Gr. anti, over against ]
Analysis, an-a'lis-is, «. a resolving or separating Andante, an-dan'te, adj., going easily : moder
a thing into its elements or component parts :— ately slow : expressive. [It. — andare, to go.]
//. Analyses. [See Analyse. ] Andiron, and'T-urn, /;. the iron bars which support
Analyst, an'al-ist, «. one skilled in analysis. the ends of the logs in a wood-fire, or in which
Analytic, -al, an-a-lit ik, -al, adj. pertaining to a spit turns. [Ety. dub.]
analysis: resolving into first principles.—adv. Anecdotal, an'ek-dot-al, Anecdotlcal, an-ek-
Analytically. dot'i-kal, adj., in theform ofan anecdote.
Anapest, an'a^>est, «. (in verse] a foot consisting Anecdote, an'ek-dot, n. an incident of private
of three syllables, two short and the third long, life : a short story. [Gr., not published—a, an,
or (in Eng.) two unaccented and the third neg., and ekdotcs, published—irk, out, and
accented, .is ap-pre-hend'. [Gr. anapaistos, diddmi, to give.]
reversed, because it is the dactyl reversedj, Anele, an-Sl', v.t. to anointwith^/7.- to administer
AnapestlC, -al, an-a-pest'ik, -al, adj. pertaining extreme unction. [A.S. on-elan—on, on, and
to or consisting of anapests. [anarchy. eU, oil.]
Anarchist, an'ark-ist, n. one who promotes Anemometer, a-nem-om'ct-er, n. an instrument
Anarchy, an'ark-i, k. the want of government in for measuring ihe force of the wind. [Gr.
a state : political confusion.—adjs. Anarch'lc, anemos, wind, and Meter.]
Anarchical. [Gr. a, an, neg., archc, govern Anemone, a-nem'o-ne, «. a plant of the crowfoot
ment.] family. [Said to be from Gr. anemos, wind,
Anathema, an-a'them-a, n. [orig.) an offering because some of the species love exposed situa
made and set uf> in a temple : an ecclesiastical tions.]
curse : any person or thing anaiheniaiised. Aneroid, an'e-roid, adj. noting a barometer by
[Gr. ana, up, tithemi, to set.] [accursed. which the pressure of the air is measured with
Anathematise, an-a'them-at-Tz, v.t. to pronounce out the use of liquid or quicksilver. [Gr. a,
Anatomic, -al, an-a-tom'ik, -al, adj. relating to neg,, neros, wet.]
anatomy. Aneurism, an'Qr-izm, ». a soft tumour, arising
Anatomise, an-a'tom-Tz, v.t. to dissect a body: from the widening up or dilatation of an artery.
\jig.\ to lay open minutely. [From Anatomy.] [Gr. aiienrisma—ana, up, eurys, wide. J
Anatomist, an-a'tom-ist, n. one skilled in ana Anew, a-nii', adv. afresh : again. [M. E. ofnew
tomy. —A.S. of, Of, and New.]
Anatomy, an-a'tom-i, ». the art of dissecting any Angel. Sn'jel, «. a divine messenger: a minister
organi>ed body : science of the structure of the ing spirit: an old E. coin=ios., bearing the
body learned by dissection. [Gr. ana, up, figure of an angel.—aiijs. Angelic, an-jcl'ik,
asunder, temnd, to cut.] Angelical.—adv. Angelically. [Gr. angelos,
Anbury, an'ber-i, «. a disease in turnips, in which a messenger.]
the root becomes divided into a number of parts Anger, ang'ger, «. a strong passion excited by
—hence the popular name Fingers and T068. injury.—v.t. to make angry. [Ice. augr; allied
I From A.S. amprc, a crooked swelling vein.] to Anguish.]
Ancestor, an'ses-tur, //. one from whom a person Angina, anj-i'na, n. applied to diseases in which
has descended : a forefather. —Jem. An'cestresS. a sense of tightening or suffocation is a pro
—adj. Ances tral. [O. Fr. ancestre—Y.. ante minent symptom. [L. See Anguish. ]
cessor—ante, before, redo, cessmn, to go.] Angle, ang'gl, n. a corner: the point where two
Ancestry, an'scs-tri, «. a line of ancestors : lines meet : [geom. ) the inclination of two
lineage. straight lines which meet, but are not in the
Anchor, angk'nr. «. a hooked iron instrument same straight line. [ Fr. —L. angulus ; cog.
that holds a ship by sticking into the ground : with Gr. angkylos ; both from root angk, ak, to
1 fig.) anything that gives stability or security. bend, seen also in Anchor, Ankle.]
—v.t. to fix by an anchor: to fasten.—v.t. to Angle, ang'gl, «., a hook or bend: a fishing-rod
cast anchor : to stop, or rest on. [Fr. ancre— with line and hook. —v.i. to fi>h with an anije.
L. ancora—Gr. angkyra, from angkos, a bend —v.t. to entice : to try to gain by some artifice.
—root angk, bent. Conn, with Angle.] [A.S. angel, a hook, allied to Anchor.]
Anchorage, arigk'ur-aj, u. ground for anchoring : Angler, ang'gler, «. one who fishes with an angle.
duty imposed on ships for anchoring. —Angling, ang'gling, n. the art or practice of
Anchoret, ang'kor-et, Anchorite, anglcor-It, «. fishing with an angle. [English. J
one who has withdrawn from the world : a her Anglican, angglik-an, adj., English. [See
mit. [Gr. anachdretes—ana, apart, clidreo, to Anglicanism, ang'^lik-an-izm, «. attachment to
go.] English institutions, esp. the English Church:
Anchovy, an-cho'vi, «. a small fish of the herring the principles of the English Church.
kind from which a sauce is made. [Sp. and Anglicise, ang'glis-Iz, v.t. to express in English
Port, anclwva; Fr. anchois. Of doubtful ety.] idiom. [peculiarity of language.
Ancient, iin'shent, atij. old : belonging to former Anglicism, ang'glis-izm. «. an English idiom or
times.—n.pl. An'clentS, those who lived in re Anglo-, ang'glo, pfr., English—used in composi
mote times : in B., elders.—adv. An ciently — tion : as Anglo-Saxon, Sec.
«. An'cientness. [Fr. ancicn — Low L. an- Anglomania, ang'glo-miin'i-a, «., a mania for
tianus, old—L. ante, before, prob. conn, with what is English : an indiscriminate admiration
And. See Antique ] of English institutions.
Ancient, an'shent, «. {obs.) a flag or its bearer: Anglo-Saxon, ang'glo-saks'un. adj. applied to the
.in ensign. [Corr. of Fr. enseigne. See Ensign.] earliest form of the English language ; the term
Ancillary, an'sil-ar-i, adj. subservient. (L. Old English is now preferred by some.
ancilla, a maid-servant.] Angry, ang'gri, adj. excited with anger: in
And, and, conj. signifies addition, and is used to flamed.—Angrily, ang'gri-li, adv.
connect word* and sentences: in M.E. it was Anguish, ang'gwish, n. excessive pain of body or
lu' tale, far ; me", her ; mine ; mate ; mute ; 111Son ; then.
 Angular Answerable
mind: agony. [Fr. angoisse—L. angustia, a to put out of existence. [L. ad, to, nihil,
strait, straitness—ango, to press tightly : to nothing.]
strangle. See Anger.J Annihilation, an-nT-hil-a'shun, n, state of being
Angular, ang'gQ-lar, cuij. having an angle or reduced to nothing : act of destroying.
corner: {Jig.) stiff in manner: the opposite of Anniversary, an-ni-vers'ar-i, adj., returning or
easy or graceful.—n. Angularity. happening every year; annual.—«. the day of
Anights, a-nits', adv., ofnights, at night. the year on which an event happened or is cele
Anile, an'Tl, adj. old - womanish ; imbecile.— brated. IL. annus, a year, and verto, versum,
Anility, an-Ui-ti, «. [L. anus, an old to turn.]
woman.] Annotate, an'not-St, v.t., to maJm notes upon.
Aniline, an'il-in, «. a product of coal-tar, exten [L. annoto—ad, to, ttoto, -atum, to mark.]
sively used in dyeing. [Anil, an indigo plant, Annotation, an-not-a'shun, n. a note of explana
from which also it is made.]
Animadversion, an-im-ad-vcryshun» n. criticism, Annotator, tion : comment. [commentator.
an-not-5t*ur, n. a writer of notes: a
censure, or reproof. Announce, an-nowns', v.t. to declare: to give
Animadvert, an-im-ad-vert*, v.i. to criticise or public notice of.—/;. Announcement. [Fr.
censure. [L,, to turn the mind to—animus, aunoncer, L. annunciare—Oil, to, nuncio, -are,
the mind, ad, to, and verto, to turn.] to deliver news.]
Animal, an'im-al, n. an organised being:, having Annoy, an-noi', v.t. to trouble : to vex : to tease :
life, sensation, and voluntary motion : it is dis —pr.p. Annoying ; pap. Annoyed'. [Fr.
tinguished from a plant, which is organised and ennuyer, It. annoiare—L. in odio esse, to be
has life, but not sensation or voluntary motion ; hateful to.]
the name sometimes implies the absence of the Annoyance, an-noi'ans, n. that which annoys.
higher faculties peculiar to man.—adj. of or Annual, an'nu-al, adj., yearly: coming every
belonging to animals: sensual. [L.—anima, year: requiring to be renewed every year.—«.
air, life, Gr. anemos, wind—ad, aemi, Sans, an, a plant that lives but one year : a book pul>-
to breathe, to blow.] lisned yearly.—adv. Annually. [L. annualis
Animalcule, an-im-aKkul, «., a small animal, —annus, a year.]
esp. one that cannot be seen by the naked eye Annuitant, an-nu'it-ant, n. one who receives an
— Animal'cules, or Animal'cula. [L. ani- annuity. [yearly. [L. annus, a year.]
malculum, dim. oX animal.\ Annuity, an nu'i-ti, n. a sum of money payable
Animalism, an'im-aMzm, u. the state of being Annul, an-iiul', v.t. to make null, to reduce to
actuated by animal appetites only : sensuality. nothing: to abolish :~pr.p. Annulling ; pa.p.
Animate, an'im-at, v.t. to give life to : to enliven Annulled'. [Fr. annuler—L. ad, to, nullus,
or inspirit.—adj. living : possessing animal life. none.]
[See Animal.] Annular, an'nul-ar, adj. ring-shaped. [L. annu-
Animated, .in'im-at-ed, adj. lively : full of spirit lus or anulus, a ring—dim. of anus, a rounding
Animation, an-im-a'shun, «. liveliness: vigour. or ring. ] [into rings. [L. See Annular. ]
Animism, an'im-izm, n. theory which regards the Annulated, an'nul-at-ed, adj. formed or divided
belief in spirits, thatappear in dreams, &c, as the Annunciation, an-nun-si-;Vshun, u. the act of
germ of religious ideas. [L. anirna, the soul.] | announcing.—Annunciation-day, the anniver
Animosity, an-im-os'i-ti, w. bitter hatred : enmity. sary of the Angel's salutation to the Virgin
[L. animositas, fullness uf spirit. Sec Animal.] Mary, the 25th of March. [L. Sec Announce.J
Animus, an'im-us, n. intention : spirit: prejudice Anodyne, an'o-dln, u. a medicine that allays pain.
against. [L. animus, spirit, soul, as dist. from [Gr. a, an, neg., and odyne, pain.]
anima, the mere life. See Animal.] Anoint, an-oint', v.t., to smear with ointment or
Anise, an'is, n. aromatic plant, the seeds of which oil: to consecrate with oil. [0. Fr. enoindre—
arc used in making cordials. [Gr. anison.] L. inungo, inunctum~in, and ungo, to smear.]
Anker, angk'er, «. a liquid measure used on the Anointed ithe), an-oint'ed, n. the Messiah.
continent, formerly in England, varying from Anomalous, an-orn'al-us, adj. irregular : deviat
about seven to nine gallons. [Dut.] ing from rule. [Gr. andmalos—a, an, neg., and
Ankle, angk'l, «. the joint between the foot and Iwmalos, even—homos, same ]
leg, forming an angle or bend. [A.S. ancleow, Anomaly, an-om'al-i, ». irregularity : deviation
cog. with Ger. enkel, and conn, with Angle.] from rule. [See Anomalous.]
Anklet, angk'let, n. an ornament for the ankle. Anon, an-on', adv., in one (instant) : immediately.
Anna, an'a, ». an Indian coin worth ltd. sterling. Anonymity, an-on-im'i-ti, «. the quality or state
Annalist, an'al-ist, n. a writer of annals. of being anonymous.
Annals, an'alz, tt.pl. records of events under the Anonymous, an-on'im-us, adj. , tvanting a name ;
years in which they happened : year-books. not having the real name of the author.—adv.
[L. annales—annus, a year.] Anon ymously. [Gr. andnymos—a, an, neg.,
Anneal, an-eT, v.t. to temper glass or metals by an<! ouoma, name.]
subjecting them to great heat and gradually Another, an-uM'er, adj. not the same : one
cooling: to heat in order to fix colours on, as more: any other. [AS. an, one, and Other.]
glass.—», Annealing. [A.S. anarlan, to set on Anserine, an'ser-In or -in, adj., relating to the
hre—alan, to burn.] goose or goose-tribe. [L. anser ; cog. with E.
Annelida, an-ell-da, n. a class of animals having OOOSe (Which see), Sans, hamsa.]
a long body composed of numerous rings, as Answer, an'ser, v.t. to reply to: to satisfy or
worms, leeches, &c. [L. annellus, dim. of an- solve : to suit.—v.i. to reply : to be accountable
nuhts, a ring.] for: to correspond.—w. a reply: a solution.
Annex, an-nekV, v.t. to add to the end : to affix. [Lit. 'to swear against,' as in a trial by law,
—n. something added. [L.—ad, to, neclo, to from A.S. and-, against, rwerian, to swear.]
tic] Answerable, an'ser-a-bl, adj. able to be answered :
Annexation, an-neks-'i'shun, n. act of annexing. accountable: suitable: equivalent.—adv. An-
Annihilate, an-nl'hil-at,:/./. to reduce to nothing: swerably.
B fate, far ; me", her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; Men- 17
 Ant Antiquated
Ant. ant, n. a small insect : the emmet.—n, Ant'- his relation to the brutes, the different races,
hlll, the hillock raised by ants to form their &c- adj. Anthropological. [Gr. anthropos,
nest. [A contr. of Emmet— A.S. a^mete.] man, and logos, discourse—<eg&, to say.]
Antacid, ant-ns'id, n. a medicine which counter Anthropomorphism, an-lhrop-o-murl 'izni, w. the
acts acidity. [Gr. anti, against, and Acid.] representation of the Deity m theform of man
Antagonism, nni-<ig/on-izm, n., a contending; or or with bodily parts : the ascription to the Deity
struggling against : opposition. [Gr. anti, of human affections and passions. —adj. An
against—-agdn, contest. See Agony. 1 thropomorphic [Gr. anthropos, man, morphe,
Antagonist, ant-ag'on-ist, «., one who contends or form.]
struggles c \ another; an opponent. [Gr. Anthropophagi, an-throp-nf'aj-i, n.pl., man-eat
antagonist**. See Antagonism. ers, cannibals.—Anthropophagous, an-throp-of
Antagonist, ant-ag'on-ist, Antagonistic, ant- ag-us, atij. [Gr. anthropos, man, phage, toeat.J
ag-on-ist'ik, adj. contending against, opposed to. Anthropophagy, an-throp-ofaj-i, «. cannibalism.
Antarctic, ant-arkt'ik, adj., opposite t/te Arctic: Antic, ant'ik. adj. odd : ridiculous.—«. a fantastic
relating to the south pole or to south polar figure: a buffoon: a trick. [Fr. antique—L.
regions. [Gr. anti, opposite, and Arctic. 1 antiquus, ancient—ante, before. Doublet of
Antecedent, an-tc-sSd'ent, adj., going bffore in Antique.]
time : prior.—n. that which precedes in time : Antichrist, an'ti-krTst, n. the great opposcr of
(grain.) the noun or pronoun to which a relative Christ and Christianity. [Gr. anti, against, and
pronoun refers. —//. previous principle*, con Christ.)
duct, history. sc.—adv. Antecedently —n.
Anteoed'ence. [L. ante, before, cedens, -entis; Antlchrlstlan, an-ti-krist'yan, adj. relating to
Antichrist : opposed to Christianity.
pr.p. of cedo, cestnm, to go.] [room.] Anticipate, an-tis'ip-at, v.t. to be beforehand
Antechamber, an'te-cham-ber, «. [Sec Ante- with (another person or thing), to forestall or
Antedate, an'te-dat, v.t., to date before the true preoccupy : to foresee. [L. anticifio, -atum—
time : to anticipate. [L. ante, before, and ante, betore, cap/o, to take.]
Date] Anticipation, an-tis-ip-a'shun, n. act of anticip
Antediluvian, an-te-di-lu'vi-an, adj. existing or ating: foretaste: previous notion : expectation.
happening before the Deluge or the Flood.— —adj. Anti'cipatory.
«. one who lived before the Flood. [See Anticlimax, an-ti-klim'aks, »., the opposite of
Deluge.] climax: a sentence in which the ideas become
Antelope, an'te-lflp. n. a quadruped intermediate less important towards the close. [Gr. anti,
between the deer and goat. [Kty. dub.] against, and Climax.]
Antemeridian, an-te-mc-ri'di-an, adj., before Anticlinal, an-ti-klln'al, adj., sloping in opposite
mid-day or noon. [See Meridian.] directions.—n. (geol.) the line from which the
Antennas, an-ten'C, n.pl. the feelers or horns of strata descend in opposite directions. [Gr. anti,
insects. [L. antenna, the yard or beam ot a sail.] against, klind, to lean.]
Antenuptial, an-te-nupsn ml, adj., b*forc nuptials Antidote, an'ti-dot, «. that which is given against
or marriage. [L. ante, before, and Nuptial.] anything that would produce bad effects: a
Antepenult, an-te-pen-ult', «. the syllable before counter-poison : (fig*) anything that prevents
the penult or next ultimate syllable of a evil. —adj. An'tidotal. [Gr. antidotes—anti,
word : the last syllable of a word but two.—adj. against, duiomi, to give.]
Antepenultimate. [L. ante, before, and Antimony, an'ti-mun-i, «.a brittle white-coloured
Penult] metal much used in the arts and in medicine.—
Anterior, an-te"'ri-or, adj., before, in time, or adj. Antimsn lal. [Ety. dub.]
place: in front. (L., comp. of ante, before.] Antinomian, an-ti-nOm'i-an. n. one who holds
Anteroom, an'te-roTSm, n.,a room before another : that the law is not a rule of life under the
a room leading into a principal apartment. [L. Gospel. —adj. against the law : pertaining to the
ante, before, and Room.] Antinomians.—». Antinom ianism. [Gr. anti,
Anthelmintic, au-thel-mint'ik, ad/., destroying against, nomas, a law.]
or expelling worms. [Gr. anti, against, and Antipathy, an-iip'ath-i, n. dislike: repugnance:
helmins, helmintos, a worm.] opposition. —adj. Antipathetic. [Gr. anti,
Anthem, an'them, «. a piece of sacred music sung against, pathos, feeling.]
in alternate parts : a piece of sacred music set to Antiphlogistic, an-ti-floj-i*t'ik, adj., acting
a passage from Scripture. [A.S. antefen—Gr. against heat, or inflammation. [Gr. anti,
antiphon t—anti. in return, p on?, the voice.] against, phlogiston, burnt—phlegO, to bum.]
Anther, an'ther, n. the top of the stamen in a Antiphon. an'tif-on, Antlphony, an-tif'on-i,
flower, which contains the pollen or fertilising j alternate chanting or sinking. [Gr. anti, in
dust. [Gr. anthiros, flowery, blooming, j return, and phdne. voice. A doublet oI Anthem. ]
Ant-hill. See under Ant. Antiphonal, an-tirOn-al, adj. pertaining to an-
Anthology, an-thnl'oj-i, n. (lit) a gathering or tipnony. —«. a book of anliphons or anthems.
collection of flowers: a collection of poems or Antipodes, an-tip'od-ez, n.fl. those living on the
choice literary extracts.—adj. Antholog'lcal. other side of the globe, and whose fret arc thus
[Gr. anthos, a flower, legd, to gather. 1 opposite to ours.—adj. Antip odai. [Gr. anti,
Anthracite, an'thras-Tt, «. a kind of coal that opposite to, ports, podos, a foot.]
burns without flame, &C. [Gr. anthrax, coal.] Antipope, an'ti-pup, n. an opposition pope : a pre
Anthrax, aii'ihraks «• a malignant boil : a tender to the papacy. [Gr. anti, against, and
splenic fever of sheep and cattle. [U—Gr. an- Pope. ]
tkrax, coal.] Antiquary, an'ti-kwar-i, n. one who studies or
Anthropoid, an'throp-oid, adj., in the form of collects ancient things: one skilled in antiqui
or resembling man. [Gr. anthrdfos, man, ties, —adj. Antiquarian, an-ti-kwaVi-an.—».
eir'os, form.] Antiquar'lanlsm. [ From Antique.]
Anthropology, an-throp-nl'oj-i, n. the natural Antiquated, an'ti-kwat-ed, adj., grown old, or
history oi man in its widest sense, treating of out "f fashion : obsolete.
IS fate, far: m6, her; mine; mftte ; mute ; mCOn ; then.
 Antique
Antique, an-teV, adj. ancient : old-fashioned.—
«. anything very old : ancient relics. —n. An-
ttque'ness. [Fr.—L. antiquus, old, ancient —
ant*, before.]
Antiquity, an-tik'wi-ti, «., ancient times; great
age : a retic of the past.
Antisabbataxlan, an-ti-sab-at-ii'ri-an, n. one
who opposes the observance of the Lord's day
with the strictness of the Jewish ■Sabbath. [Gr.
and, against, and Sabbatarian.]
Antiscorbutic, an-ti-skor-but'ik, adj. acting
against scurry. —n. a remedy for scurvy. [Gr.
anti, against, and Scorbutic ;
Antiseptic, an-ti-septlk, adj. and «., counteract
ingputrefaction. [Gr. anti, against, and stp&,
to make putrid.]
Antistropho. an-tis'trof-e, n. [Poet. ) the stanza of a
song alternating with the strophe. [Gr. anti,
against, and Strophe. J
Antithesis, an-tith'c-sis, n. a figure in which
thoughts or words are set in contrast : opposi
tion:—//. Antitheses, %cz.—adj. Antithet ic
-al. —adv. Antlthet ically. [Gr. -anti, against,
tithemi, to place.]
Antitype, an'ti-tTp, «. that which corresponds to
the type: that which is prefigured by the type.
(Gr. anti, corresponding to, and Type ]
Antler, ant'ler, «. the branch of a stag's horn.
—adj. Antlered. [Ety. dub.]
Anus, an'us, n. the lower onncc of the bowels.
[L., for as-H/ts, 'sitting part,' from root as, to sit.]
Anvil, an'vil, «. an iron block on which smiths
hammer metal into shape. [A.S. anjiit, onJilt
— on fillan, to strike down or fell. See Fell, v.t.]
Anxiety, ang-zl'e-ti, «. state of being anxious.
Anxious, angk'shus, adj. uneasy regarding some
thing doubtful : solicitous.---w. An xiousness —
adv. An'xiOUSly. [L. anxitts—ango, to press
tightly. See Anger, Anguish.]
Any, en'ni. adj., one indefinitely: some: who
ever.—adv. Anything (/>.), at all.—An'ywise,
in any way. [A.S. wnig—an, one.]
Anywhere, en'ni-hwiir, adv. in any place.
Anywhither, cn'ni-hwiM-er, adv. to any place.
Aonian, a-G'ni-an, adj. pertaining to Aonia in
Greece, or to the Muses supposed to dwell there.
Aortst, A'or-ist, n. the name of certain tenses in
the Greek verb expressing indefinite time.—
adj. indefinite : undefined. [Gr. aoristos, in
definite—a, priv., and horos, a limit.]
Aorta, a-or'ta, «. the great artery that rises up
from the left ventricle of the heart. —adjs.
Aor tal. Aor tic. [Gr. aorte—aeird, to raise up.J
Apace, a-pas', adv. at a quick pace: swiftly : fast.
[Prefix a, and Pace.]
Apart, a part', adv. separately : aside. [Fr.
aparte—X*. a parte, from the part or side.]
Apartment, a-part'ment, n. a separate room in a
house. [Fr. appartement, a suite of rooms
forming a complete dwelling, through Low L.,
from L, ad, and partire, to divide—pars, a part.]
Apathy, ap'ath-i, n., want offeeling: absence of
passion . indifference.—aaj. Apathet ic. [Gr.
a, priv., pathos, feeling ]
Ape, ap, n. a tailless monkey: a silly imitator.—
v.t. to imitate, as an ape. [A.S. apa Ger. a^e.\
Apeak, a-peV, adv. {naut.) the anchor is apeak
when the cable is drawn so as to brin^ the
ship's bow directly over it. [a, on, and Peak. |
Aperient, a-pe'ri-ent, adj., opening: mildly pur
gative.—n. any laxative medicine. [L. aperio,
to open.] apert-ur, an opening: a hole. [1*
Aperture,
apertura—aperio, to open, j
fate, far; m£, her: mine;
Apotheosis
Apex, A'peks, n., the summit or point.—pi.
Apexes, S'peks-ez, Apices, api-sez. [L.]
Aphelion, ai-eTyun, «. th^.- point of a planet's
orbit farthest away from the sun. [Gr. apo,
from, hilios, the sun,]
AphereslS, af-e're-sis, n. the taking of a letter or
syllable from the beginning ol a word. [Gr.
—apo, frt'in. haired, to take.]
Aphorism, af'or-izm, «. a brief pithy saying : an ■
adage. [Gr. aphorizd, to mar.* off by boun
daries—apo, from, and hnros,*a limit.]
Aphoristie, -al, af-or-ist'ik, -at. adj. in the form of
an aphorism. —adv. Aphorist ically.
Apiary, ap'i-ar-i, n. a place where bees are kept.
[L. apiarium—apis, a bee. J
Apiece, a-ptV, adv., in piece ; to each.
Apish, ap'ish, adj. Hkc an ape : imitative: foppish.
—adv. Aplshly,—«. Aplshness.
Apocalypse, a-pok'at-:ps, «. the name of the last
book of the New Testament—adj. Apocal
yptic, -al. [Gr., a revelation, an uncovering -
apo. from, kahpid, kalypsd, to cover.]
Apocope, a-pok op-€, n., the cutting offof the last
letter or syllable of a word. [Gr. apo, off, koptd,
to cut.)
Apocrypha, a-pok'rif-a( n. certain boo*s wnoae
inspiration is not admitted.—adj. Apoc'ryphal
[Gr., ' things hidden'—apo, from, kryptd, to hide. J
Apogee, ap'o-j5, n. the point in the moon's orbit
furthest away from the earth. [Gr. apo, from,
ge, the earth.)
Apologetic, -al, a-pol-oj-et'ik, -al, adj. excusing :
said fir written in defence.—adv. Apologetically.
Apologetics, a-pol-oj-et'iks, n. branch of theoloj^y
concerned wiih the defence of Christianity.
Apologise, a-pol'oj-Tz, v.i. to make excuse.
Apologist, a-pol'oj-ist, n. one who makes an
apology : a defender.
Apologue, a'pol-og, n. a moral tale : a fable. [Fr.
—Gr. apologas, a fable—apo, from, logos, speech.J
Apology, a-pol'oj-i, n. something spoken to ward
off an attack : a defence or justification : an
excuse. [Gr.—apo, from, logos, speech.]
Apophthegm, a'po-them, «. a form of Apothegm.
Apoplectic, -al. a-po-plekt'ik, -al, adj. of or pre
disposed to apoplexy.
Apoplexy, a'po-plcks-i, «. loss of sensation and of
motion by a sudden stroke. [Gr. apoplixia—
apo, from, away, and plessd, to strike.]
Apostasy, Apostacy, a-post'a-si, n. abandonment
of one's religion, principles, or party. [Gr. 'a
standing away' apo, from, stasts, a standing !
Apostate, a-posl'St, n. one guilty of apostasy : a
renecaile.—tfrf/. false: traitorous: fallen.—
Apostatise, a-post'at-Tz, v.i. to commit apostasy.
Apostle, a-pos'l, « one sent to preach the Gos|km :
specially, one of the twelve disciples of Christ.
—ApOStleshlp, a-pos 1-ship, n. the office or dig
nity of an apostle.—Apostolic, -al, a-pos-tol'ik,
-al, adj. [Gr , one sent away, apo, away, stcli<<,
to send.] a-post'rof-e, n. [rhet.) a sudden
Apostrophe,
nirning away from the subject to address some
person or object present or absent : a mark { ' )
shewing the omission ol a letter. [Gr apo,
from, and Strophe, a turning.] [apostrophe.
Apostrophise, a-post'rol-Iz, v.t* to address by
Apothecary, a-poth'ek-ar-i, n. one who dispenses
u edicine. [Gr. apothiki, a storehouse—apo,
away, and tithemi, to place.]
Apothegm, a'po-them, n a terse pointed re
mark : an aphorism. [Gr. apo, from, out,
phthenzomai, to speak plainly.]
Apotheosis, a-po-thc" o-sis, n. deification. [Gr.,
mote : mute : mfinn ; Men 19
 Appal Approach
a setting aside as a god—apo, away from what word is found in all the Teutonic tongues, in
he was theos, a god. J the Celtic and the Slavonic. ] [used.
Appal, ftp-pawl, v.t. to terrify : to dismay.—/r./. Appliance, ap-plT'ans, n. anythingapplied : means
appall ing : Pa.p. appalled'. [Acc. to Skeat, Applicable, ap'plik-a-bl, a*ij. that may be applied:
from Celtic Pail, to weaken, and not from O. suitable.—adv. Ap'plicably.—tts. Applica-
Fr. apa/ir, to grow pale.] bil'ity, Applicableness.
Appanage, ap'pan-fy, tt. a provision for younger Applicant, ap'plik-ant, n. one who applies : a
sons: aliment. [Fr. apanage—L. ad, and pant's, petitioner.
bread.] 0 Application, ap-plik-a'shun, n. the act of apply
Apparatus, ap-par-at'us, n. things prepared or ing ; the thing applied : close thought or atten
provided ; set of instruments or tools. [L. ad, tion : request : solicitation.
to, paratus, prepared.] Apply, ap-plT', v.t. to lay or put to: to employ:
Apparel, ap-paKcl, tt. covering for the body : to fix the mind on.—v.i. to suit or agree : to
dress, —v.t. to dress, adorn :—pr.p, appar'clling have recourse to : to make request :—Pr.p.
or appareling ; Pa.p. appar'elled or appareled. applying ; Pa.p. applied'. [O. Fr. aplicr, L.
[Fr. appareil—pareiller, to put like to like, to applico, -are—ad, to, ptico, -aturn, to fold.]
assort or suit—pareil, like—L. Par, equal, like.] Appoint, ap-point', v.t. to fix : to settle : to name
Apparent, ap-paVcnt, adj. that may be seen : to an office : to equip. [O. Fr. apointer, Prov.
evident : seeming.—adz: Apparently.— «. Ap- apuntar, Low L. appunctare—h. ad, to, puttc-
par outness. [L. apparens. See Appear.] tum, a point.]
Apparition, ap-par-ish'un, «., an appearance. Appointment, ap-point'mcnt, n. settlement :
something only apparent, not real: a ghost. — situation : arrangement ;—//. equipments.
adj. Appari tlonal. [Sec Appear.] Apportion, ap-poVshun, v.t., to portion out . to
Apparitor, ap-par'it-or, n. an officer who attends divide in just shares. [L. ad, to, and Portion,]
on a court or on a magistrate to execute orders. —n. Appor tionment.
[L.—root of Appear.] Apposite, ap'poz-It, adj. adapted: suitable.—
Appeal, ap-pel', v.i. to call upon, have recourse a*iv. Ap'positely.—«. Ap'positeness. [L.
to : to refer ,to a witness or superior authority). appositus, pa.p. of appono, to put to—ad, to,
—v.t. to remove a cause (to another court). —tt. Potto, to put. J
act of appealing.—adj. Appeal ablo [L. Apposition, ap-poz-ish/un, n. the act of adding :
appello, ~atutn, to address, call by name.] state of being placed together or against :
Appear, ap-peV, v.i. to become visible : to be , {gram.) the annexing of one noun to another,
present : to seem, though not real. [L. appareo in the same case or relation, in order to explain
—ad, to, pareo, paritum, to come forth.] or limit the first. [See Apposite.]
Appearance, ap-peVans, n. the act of appearing : Appraise, ap-pra/, v.t., to set a price on; to
the thing seen: apparent likeness: arrival: value with a view to sale. [Fr. appricier, O.
show. Fr. apreiser, L. apfretio, -are—ad, to, preHum,
Appease, ap-p£z', v.t, to pacify: to quiet: to price. ]
allay.-W/. Appeasable. [Fr.a/awr-L. ad, Appraisement, np-pr5z'mcnt, «. a valuation.
to, Pax, pneisr peace.] Appraiser, ap-prizer, ». one who values pro
Appellant, ap-pei'ant, tt. one who appeals. perty.
Appellate, ap-pel'iit, adj. relating to appeals. Appreciate, ap-pre"shi-5t, v.t. 'lit.) to set a price
Appellation, ap-pel-ashun, n. that by which on: to estimate justly—used figuratively.—adj.
anything is called: a name. [Sec Appeal.] Appre ciable.—adv. Appreciably. [L. appre-
Appellative, ap-pel'at-iv, «. a name common to tiatus, pa.p. ofappretio. See Appraise.]
all of the same kind, as distinguished from a Appreciation, ap-pre-shi-it'shun, «. the act ot
proper name.—adj. common to many: general. setting a value on : just estimation.
Append, ap-pend', v.t., to hang one thing to Appreciative, ap-pre'shi-at-iv, Appreciatory,
another : to add. [L. to, pendo, to hang.] I ap-pre'shi-at-or-i, adj. implying appreciation.
Appendage, ap-pend'aj, tt. something appended. Apprehend, ap-pre-hend', v.t., to lay hold of: to
Appendix, ap-pend'iks, tt. something appended or seize by authority : to catch the meaning of: to
added : a supplement :—pi. Append ixes, -iks-ez, understand : to fear.—adj. Apprehens ible. [L.
Append'lces, -is-ez. apfrrchtndo—ad, to, prcAendo, -hensum, to lay
Appertain, ap-p6r-t;1n', v.i., t to belong to. [Fr. hold of, from pro* and root hend, which is for hed,
from L. ad, to, pertineo, to belong. See the n being intrusive, and this akin to English
Pertain.] Compare Gr. chattdand—root cluid, to hold.]
Appetence, ap'pet-ens, Appetency, ap'pct-ens-i, Apprehension, ap-prc-hen'>hun, n. act of appre
n., a see^/ng after: desire, especially sensual hending or seizing : arrest : conception : fear.
desire. [L. ad, io,peto, to seek.] Apprehensive, ap-prc-hcns'iv, adj. fearful: sus
Appetise, ap'pet-Tz, v.t. to create or whet ap picious.—n. Apprehens iveness.
petite. Apprentice, ap-prent'is, tt. [lit.) a learner: one
Appetiser, ap-pet-Iz er, n. something which whets oound to another to learn a trade or art. —
the appetite. to bind as an apprentice. [Fr. apprenti, O. Fr.
Appetite, ap'pet-Tt, «. natural desire: desire for apprcntis—apprendre—L. apprehcttdere, to
food : hunger. [Fr., from L. appetitus— appeto. leam. See Apprehend.]
Sec Appetence ] Apprenticeship, ap-prent'is-ship, ». the state of
Applaud, ap-plawd', v.t. to praise by dapping an apprentice.
the hands : to praise loudly : to extol. [L. Apprise, ap-pn/, v.t. to give notice : to inform.
applaudo—ad, to, piaitdo, plausum, to clap. [Fr. apprendre, pa.p. appris, to instruct, from
See Explode.] root of Apprehend J
Applanse, ap-plaw/, tt. praise loudly expressed : Approach, ap-proch', v.i., to dram near: to
acclamation.—adj. Applausive. approximate.— to come near to: to re
Apple, ap'l, «. the fruit of the apple-tree.—The semble. —«. a drawing near to: access: a path
apple of the eye, the eye-ball. IA.S. ttpl; the or avenue.—adj. Approachable. [Fr. ap-
2i> fate, far; me, her; mine; mute ; mute; mOOn ; Men.
 Approbation Arcadian
prother, Low L. appropiare—L. ad, to, prope, Aquarius, a-kwa'ri-us, the water-bearer, a
near] [Approve.] sign of the zodiac. [L.—aqua, water.]
Approbation, ap-prob-a'shun, n. approval. [See Aquatic, a-kwat'ik, adj., relating to water: living
Appropriate, ap-pro'pri-iit, v.t. to take to one's or growing in water.—Aquatics, a-kwat'iks, «.
self as one's own; to set apart for a purpose. — amusements on the water, as boating, &c.
adj. set apart for a particular purpose : peculiar : Aqua-vitae, a'kwa-vi'te, «. ( it.) water of life, a
suitable.—adv. Appropriately. —«. Appro pri name given to ardent spirits. [L. aqua, water,
ateness. [L. approprio, -atutn— ad, to, pro- vita', of life—vita, life.]
prius, one's own. See Proper.] Aqueduct, ak'we-dukt, n. an artificial channel
Appropriation, ap-pro-pri-a'shun, «. the act of lor conveying water. [L. aquaj water—duco,
appropriating : application to a particular pur dueturn, to lead.] [water.
pose. Aqueous, a'kwc-us, adj. watery: deposited by
Approval, ap-prOoVal, «. the act of approving : Aquiline, ak'wil-in or -In, adj. relating to the
approbation. eagle; hooked, like an eagle's beak. [L. aqnila.)
Approve, ap-prSoV, v.t. [lit.) to esteem good; to Arftb, ar'ab, n. a native of Arabia : a neglected
be pleased with: to commend: to sanction. or homeless boy or girl, usually Street Arab.
—attz'. Approvingly. [Fr. approuver, Prov. Arabesque, ar'ab-esk, adj. after the manner of
aprobar, L. approbo, -atum—ad, to, and probo, Arabian designs.—n. a fantastic painted or
to test or try—frvbus, good.] sculptured ornament among: the Spanish Moors,
Approven, ap-proov'n, old pa.p. of Approve. consisting of foliage and other parts of plants
Approver, ap-prfSoVer, «. one who approves : curiously intertwined. [Fr.—It. arabesco ;
(law) an accomplice in crime admitted to give -esco corresponding to Eng. -ish.]
evidence against a prisoner. Arabian, ar-iib'i-an, adj. relating to Arabia. —«.
Approximate, ap-proks'im-iit, adj., nearest or a native of Arabia.
next : approaching correctness.—v.t. to bring Arabic, ar'ab-ik, adj. relating to Arabia, or to its
near.—v.t. to come near, to approach.—adv. language.—n. the language of Arabia. [L.
Approximately. [L. approximo, -atum—ad, Arabicus.]
to, proximus, nearest, superlative ofprate, near. Arable, ar'a-bl, adj. fit /or ploughing or tillage,
See Approach.. ] [proach. [L. arabilis—aro ; cog. with Gr. arod, to plough,
Approximation, ap-proks-im-ii'shun, w. an ap- A.S. erian, E. Ear, v./.. It. araim.]
Appurtenance, ap-pur'ten-ans, w., that which Aramaic, ar-a-mii'ik, Aramean. ar-a-m3'an, adj.
appertains to : an appendage.—adj. Appur'- relating to Aramtea, the whole of the country
tenant. TFr. appartenance, O. Fr. apurten- to the N.E. of Palestine, or to its language, a
aunse, from root oi Appertain.] branch of the Semitic
ApriCOCk. a'pri-kok, n. old form of Apricot. Arbiter, ar'bit-er, «. one chosen by parties in
Apricot, apri-kot, w. a fruit of the plum kind. controversy to decide between them : a judge
[O.E. apricftck. Fr. abrkot. The Fr. abricot was having absolute power of decision : an umpire :
from Port, aibricoqtte — Ar. al-harquq. But —fern. ArTaltreSS. [L.— ar — ad, to, AXidbito
btxrquq is a corruption of Low Gr. praikokion, (cog. with Gr. bai-tio), to go or come ; sip. one
which is simply the L. prweoquum or pmcox, who comes to look on, a witness, a judge.]
early ripe. See Precocious J Arbitrament, ar-bit'ra-ment, «. the decision of an
April, 5'pril, «. the fourth month of the year, arbiter: determination: choice,
when the earth opetts to bring forth fruits, &c. i Arbitrary, ar'bitr-ar-i, atij. depending on the will
[L. Aprilis — aperilis—aperio, to open.] (as of an arbiter) : not bound by rules : des
Apron, a'prun, n. a cloth or piece of leather worn potic : absolute. —adv. Arbitrarily. — «. Ar
before one to protect the dress.—adj. A'proned bitrariness, [to determine.—//. Arbltra tion.
[O. E. and Fr. naperon—Fr. nappe, cloth, table Arbitrate, iir'bitr-at, v.i. to act as an arbiter;
cloth, Low L. napa, L. mappa, a napkin.] Arbitrator, rtr'bi-tra-tur, «. same as Arbiter.
Apropos, a-pro-pO', adv. , to the purpose : appro -/em. ArTntratrix.
priately : in reference to. [Fr. a propos. See Arboreous, ar-bdr'e-us, adj., of or belonging to
Propose.] trees. [L. arboreus—arborr a tree.]
Apse, aps, «. an arched recess at the east end of Arborescent, ar-bor-es'ent, adj. growing or
the choir of a church. [See Apsis ] formed like a tree.—n. Arbores'cence. [L.
Apsidal, ap'sid-al, adj. pertaining to the apsides, i a'boresco, to become a tree—arbor, a tree.]
or to the apse of a church. Arboretum, ar-bor-eYum, «. a place in which
Apsis, ap'sis, n. one of the two extreme points in specimens of trees and shrubs are cultivated : —
the orbit of a planet, one at the greatest, the Arboreta. [L.—arbor, a tree.]
other at the least distance from the sun :—pi. Arboriculture, aVbor-i-kult-iir, «., the culture of
Ap sides. [L. apsis—Gr. hapsis, a connection, trees, esp. timber-trees.—adj. ArboriCUl'tural.
an arch—haftd, to connect. See Apt.] —«. Arboriculturist. [L. arbor, and Culture. ]
Apt, apt, atij. liable: ready: quick. [L. aptus, Arbour, aVluir, n. an inclosed seat in a garden,
fit—apo, to join ; cog. with Gr. haf/S.] covered with branches of trees, plants, &c. : a
Apteryx, ap'ter-iks, n. a bird found in New bower. [A corr. ofliarbour, a shelter.]
Zealand, wing-less and tail-less. [Gr. a, priv., Arbute, ar'bfit, Arbutus, ar'but-us, n. the straw
pteryx, wing.] berry tree : an evergreen shrub, which bears
Aptitude, apt'i-tud, n. fitness: tendency: readi fruit resembling the strawberry. [L. arbutus,
ness.—adv Aptly.—«. Apt'ness. [Low L. akin to arbor, tree.]
aptitudo—root of Apt.] n. {/it.) strong water : Arc, ark. «. a segment of a circle or other curve.
[Fr.—L. areus, a bow.]
Aqua fortis, a'kwa-for'tis,
nitric acid. [L. aq-ta, water,fortis, strong.] Arcade, ark-ad', n. a walk arched over : a long
Aquarium, a-kwa'n-um, «. a tank or vessel for arched gallery, lined with shops on both side^>.
water plants and animals : a public collection [Fr. —L. areata, arched. See Arch..]
of such tanks :—pi. Aquariums or Aqua'ria. Arcadian, ark-ad'i-an, pertaining to Arcadia,
[L.—aqua, water.] a district in Greece : pastoral : rural.
{ate, far ; me', her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moTJn ; Men.
 Arcanum Arise
Arcanum, ark-ftu'uiii, «. a secret : a mystery:— ment records are kept : public records. [Fr.—
//. Arcan'a. IL.—arcanus, secret, closed— Gr. archeion—archi, government.] [records.
area, a chest.] Archivist, ark'iv-ist. n. a keeper of archives or
Arch, arch, n. a construction of stones or other Archon, ark'on, «. one of nine chief magistrates
materials arranged in the line of a curve, so as who at one time governed ancient Athens. [Gr.
by mutual pressure to support each other. —v.t. —archd, to be first, to rule.] [arch.
to cover with an arch : to bend into the form of Archway, arch'wa, «. a way or passage under an
an arch. [From Fr. arc, as ditch is from dyke Arctic, arkt'ik. adj. relating to the constellation
—L. arc/ts, a bow.] the Great Bear, or to the north. [Gr. arktos, a
Arch, arch, an*j. cunning : sly : waggish : mirth bear. ]
ful : shrewd.—a lv. Archly.—«. Arch ness. Ardency, ard'en-si, Ardour, ard'or, «. warmth of
[A.S. earg, timid, slothful ; cog. with Ger. argt passion or feeling : eagerness.
mischievous, bad.] Ardent, ardent, adj., burning : fiery : passionate.
Arch, arch ark, lefore a vowel', adj. used as a —adv. Ardently. [L. aniens—ardeo, to burn.]
prefix: thefirst or chief. [A.S. arce. from Lat. Arduous, ard'Q-us, adj. difficult to accomplish:
and Gr. archi-,—Gr. archi, beginning.] laborious. —adv. Ard'uously.—«. Ard'uous-
Archaeology, ark-e-ol'oj-i, u. knowledge ofancient ness. [L. arduus, high, akin to Celt, ard,
art. customs, &c. : the science of antiquities.— high, height.]
adj. Archaeological.—uiv. Archfflolog'ically. Are, ;ir, the plural of the present indicative of the
—it. Archaool oglst [Gr. archaios, ancient— verb to be. [M.E. ar-en was the northern form
arch?, beginning, and logos, discourse.] which took the place of A.S. sindon. Dan.
Archaic, -al, ark-S'ik. -a.\,adj., ancient: obsolete. er-es, ar-en = as-en ; er-e — es-e ; the root is as-,
[Gr. atxhaikos—arcluiios, ancient—archi; be to be seen in L. esse, s-um, for es-um. See Was.]
ginning.] [word or phrase. Area, a're-a, n. any plane surface or inclosed
Archaism, Srk'a-izm, n. an an liaic or obsolete space : the sunken space around the basement
Archangel, axk-an'iel, n. an angel of the highest of a building : igeom.) the superficial contents
order.—adj. Archangel ic. [Arch, chief, and of any figure. [L.]
Angel. ] Arena, a-re"'na, n. an open space strewed with
Archbishop, iirch-bish'up, «., a chief bishop : the sand for combatants : any place of public con
bishop of a province as well as of his own dio test.—adj. Arena'ceoUS, sandy. [L. arena,
cese.—« Archbishopric. [Arch, chief, and sand. ] [Areopagus.
Bishop.] Areopagite, ar-e-op'aj-It, n. a member of the
Archdeacon, arch-de"kn. «., a chief deacon: the Areopagus, ar-e-op'ag-us, Mars* Hill, on
officer having the chief supervision of a diocese which the supreme court of ancient Athens was
or part of it, next under the bishop. —n. Arch- held : the court itself. [L.—Gr. Areios foigos,
doa'conry, the office, jurisdiction, or residence hill of Ares— or Mars.]
of an archdeacon.—ft. Archdea'conship, t/te Argent, arj'ent, adj. made of, or like silver.
office of an archdeacon. [Arch, chief, and [Fr.—L. argentum, silver—Gr. argos, white.]
Deacon ] [archbishop. Argillaceous, arj-ill-;Vshus, adj. of the nature of
Archdiocese, arch-diVsez, //. the diocese of an clay. [L. argilla—Gr. argilos, white clay—
Archduke, arch-duk', «., a chief duke: a prince argos, white.]
of Austria.—-fem. Archduch'ess.—adj. Arch- Argonaut, ur'go-nawt, n. one of those who sailed
ducal.—ns Archduchy, Archduke'dom, in the ship Argo in search of the golden fleece.
the territory of an arcltduke or archduchess. [Gr. Argo, and nautis, a sailor.]
[Arch, chief, and Duke. 1 Argosy, ar'go-si, «. a large merchant-vessel richly
Archer, arch'er, «. one who shoots with a bow laden. [Prob. from the ship Argo. See Argo
and arrows \—fem. Arch cross. [Fr.—arc, naut.]
L. arcus, a bow.] [bow. Argue, Srg'fl, v.t. to prove by argument : to dis
Archery, arch'er-i, «. the art of shooting with the cuss.—v.t. to offer reasons: to dispute : —pr.p,
Archetype, ark'e-tip, n. the original pattern or ar'gOing; pa.fi. ar'gued. IL. argno, to prove—
inodtT. —adj. Archetyp al. [Gr. arch? = archi-, from root of Gr. argos, clear, and so = to make
original, and typos, a model.] clear. ]
Archidlaconal, ark-i-di-ak'on-al, adj. pertaining Argument, argu-mcnt, n. a reason offered as
to an archdeacon. [Gr. archi- is here taken proof: a series of reasons : a discussion : subject
directly from Greek. See Archdeacon ] of a discourse. [L. argumentum. See Argue.]
Archlepiscopal, ark-i-ep-i'skop-al, atij. belonging Argumentation, arg-u-ment-a'shun, n. an arguing
to an archbishop.—Archlepis'copacy, n. dignity or reasoning. — adj. Argument'atlve. — adv.
or province of an archbishop. [See Episcopal.] Argument atlvely - u. Argumentativeness.
Archipelago, 5rk-i-pel'a-g0, «. the chief sea of ArgUS, arg'us. rt. a mythological being, said to
the Greeks or the . Kgcan Sea : a sea abounding have had a hundred eyes, some of which were
in small islands. [( \r. archi-, < hid, Ptiagos, sea.] always awake : any very watchful person. |Gr.
Architect, Srk'i-tekt, n. one who designs build —argos, bright. ]
ings and superintends their erection : a maker. Allan, ii'ri-an, adj. , pertaining to Arius of Alex
[Gr. architekton — archi-, chid, and tektdn, a andria (4th c), who denied the divinity of
builder J Christ.—«. one who adheres to the doctrines of
Architecture, ftrk-i-tekt'Or, «., the art or Arius: a Unitarian. — Arianism, a'n-an-izm, n.
science of building: structure. —adj. Architect the doctrines of the Arians.
ural Arid, ar'id, adj., drv : parched.— ns. Arid ity,
Architrave, ark'i-tr.lv, rt., the chief beam: [arch.) Arldness. [L. andus.]
the lowest division of the entablature resting Aries, a'ri-cz, «., the Ram, the first of the signs
immediately on the abacus of the column. [It. of the zodiac, which the sun euters on March
from Gr. archi-, chief, and L. trabs, a beam— 21. [L.]
the "hief beam,] Aright, a-rltZ, adv. in a right way : rightly.
Archives, ark'ivz, n. the place in which govem- Arise, a-rl/, v.t., to rise up: to come into view :
fate, far ; me. her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mOon ; then.
 Aristocracy Arsenal
to spring:—pa.t. arose, a-roV ; pa.p. aris'en. Aroma, a-ro'ma, n. sweet smell : the odorous prin
[Prefix a (as in Abide , and Rise.] ciple of plants : [jig. ) flavour of any kind. [Gr.]
Aristocracy, ar-is-tok ras-i, ft., government by Aromatic, ar-o-mat'ik, adj. fragrant : spicy.
the best men or nobles : the nobility or chief Arose, a-roz', past tense of Arise.
persons of a state. [Gr. aristos, best, and Around, a-rownd', prep, on all sides of.—adv. on
kratos, power.] every side : in a circle. [A, on, and Round.]
Aristocrat, ar'is-to-krat or ar-is'-, n. one who Arouse, a-rowz', v.t. Same as Rouse.
belongs to or favours an aristocracy : a haughty Arquebuse, Arquebuss, irlcwi-bus, n. an old-
person.—Aristocratic, -al, ar-is-to-krat'ik, -al, | fashioned hand-gun. [Fr. arquebuse, from Dut.
oiij. belonging to aristocracy.—adv. Aristo- haakbus—hook, hook, and bus. box, barrel of
crat ically. a gun ; Gcr. kakenbUc/ise.]
Aristotelian, ar-is-to-te'li-an, adj. relating to Arrack, ar'ak, «. an ardent spirit used in the
Aristotle or to his philosophy. East. [Ar. araq, juice or sweet]
Arithmetic, ar-ith'met-ik, n. the scie.ice of Arraign, ar-ran', v.t. to call one to account; to
numbers: the an of reckoning by figures. put a prisoner upon trial : to accuse publicly.
—adj. Arithmet ical, - adv. Arithmet ically. — n. Arraign merit. (O. Fr. aragnier, Fr.
[Gr. arithmetike {technic art), relating to nura- arraisonner—Low L. arrationare—L. ad, to,
bers—arithmos, number.] [in arithmetic. ratio, reason.]
Arithmetician, ar-ith-me-tish'yan, «. one skilled Arrange, ar-ranj', v.t. to set in a rank or row:
Ark, ark, n. a chest or coffer : a large floating to put in order : to settle. [ Fr. arranger—a
vessel. [AS. arc—L. area, a chest—arceo, to {— L. ad, to), and ranger. See Range.]
guard. ] Arrangement, ar-ranj'inent, «. act of arranging :
Arm, arm, «. the limb extending from the shoulder classification : settlement.
to the hand : anything projecting from the Arrant, arrant, adj. downright, notorious (used
main body, as an inlet of the sea : \fte- ) power. in a bad sense). [Corr. of arghaud, pr.p. of
—h. Arm'ful —adj. Armless.—«. Armlet, a arg/t, the northern form of A.S. eargian, to be
bracelet. [A.S. ; cog. with L. armxs, the shoul a coward, Gcr. arg, bad.]
der-joint, Gr. harmos, a joint. From root ar-. Arras, arras, «. tapestry. [From Arras in
See Anns.] Northern France, where first manufactured.]
Arm, arm, n. a weapon : a branch of the military Array, ar-ra', n. order: dress: equipage.—v.t.
service. [Sing, of Arms.] to put in order : to arrange : to dress, adorn, or
Arm, arm, v.t. to furnish with arms or weapons : equip. [O. Fr. arroi, array, equipage—L. atl,
to fortify.—vd. to take aims. [L. armc, to and a Teut. root, found either in O. Ger. rat
arm—arma, weapons. Sec Arms.] (Ger. rath), counsel, E. Read, or in E. Ready,
Armada, Srm-a'da, w. a fleet of armed ships. Gcr. be-reit.)
fSp. —L. armatus, armed—armo, to arm.] Arrear, ar-rcV, «. that which is in the rear or
Armadillo, arm-a-dili'o, n. a small quadruped, behind: that which remains unpaid or undone
having its body armed with a bony shell :—pi. (used mostly in //.). [Fr. arriire, behind—L.
Armadlll'OS. [Sp. dim. of armada, armed.] ad, to, retro, back, behind.]
Armament, arm'a-ment, n. forces armed or Arrest, ar-rest', v.t. to stop: to seize: to appre
equipped for war : the guns, &c. with which a hend by legal authority.—n. stoppage : seizure
ship is armed. [L. armamenta—arma.] by warrant. [Fr, arrfler for arrester—h. ad,
Armenian, ar-me'ni-an, adj. belonging to Ar to, resto, to stand still.]
menia, a country of Western Asia.—«. a native Arrival, ar-rival, n. the act of arriving : persons
of Armenia. or things that arrive.
Arminlan, ar-rmVyan, adj. holding the doctrines Arrive, ar-rlv*. v.t. (fol. by at) to reach any
of Arminius.—n. a follower of Arminius, a place: to attain to any object. [Fr. arriver—
Dutch divine, who denied the Calvinistic doc Low L. adripare—L. ad, to, ripa, a bank ;
trine of election. — «. Armin'lanlsnL as if, to reach the bank.]
Armipotent, arm-i'pot-ent, adj., powerful in Arrogance, arrog-ans, Arrogancy, arrog-ans-i,
arms. [L. anna, 3Lrna,potens, -efitis, powerful.] ». undue assumption of importance.
Armistice, arm'ist-is, «. a short suspension of Arrogant, arrog-ant, adj. claiming too much :
hostilities : a truce. [Fr.—L. arma, arms, overbearing.—adv. Arrogantly.
sis/o, to stop.] [or to the arms of a family. Arrogate, arrog-at, v.t. to claim as one's own:
Armorial, arm-oVi-al, adj. belonging to armour, to claim proudly or unduly. [L. arrogo—ad,
ArmoriO, ar-mor'ik, n. the language of the inhab to, rogO, rogatum, to ask, to claim.]
itants of Armorira, the ancient name for Brit Arrondissement, ar-ron'des-mang, n. a subdivision
tany. [L. Armoricus—Celt, ar, on, mor, the sea.] of a French department. [Fr.—arrondir, to
Armour, arm'ur, «. defensive arms or dress : make round—L. ad, and Fr. rond. See Round.]
plating of ships of war.—«. Arm'our-bearer. Arrow, arTO, n. a straight, pointed weapon, made
—adj. Arm our-plated. to be shot from a how.—«. Arrow.head,
Armourer, arm'ur-er, w. a maker or repairer of, ar'rO-hed.—Arrow-headed, arro-hed'ed, adj.
or one who has the charge of armour. shaped like the head of an arrow. [A.S. artwe:
Armoury, arm'ur-i. «. the place in which arms Ice. or, akin perhaps to Ice. orr, the swift.]
are made or kept : a collection of ancient Arrowroot, arro-root, n. a starch obtained from
armour. [shoulder. the roots of certain plants growing chiefly in W.
Armpit, arm'pit, n. the pit or hollow under the Indies, and much used as food for invalids and
Anns, arinz, n.pl. weapons of oflencc and defence : children. [Said to be so named because used
war: hostility: armorial ensigns. [L. arma, by the Indians of S. America as an antidote
{lit. i ' fittings ; ' Gr. harmotta, the tackling of a \ against wounds caused by poisoned arrows.]
ship—root ar-, to fit ; conn, with Arm, the limb.] i Arrowy, ar'ro-i, adj. of ur like arrows.
Army, arm i, «. a larye body of men armed for Arsenal, aVse-nal, n. a public magazine or manu
war and under military command : a host. [Fr. factory of naval and military store*. [Fr. and
armie—L. armata.] Sp. ; from Ar. dar, a house, and cina'at, trade.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; m9te ; mate : moon : then. 2$
 Arsenic Ashore
Arsenic, ar'sen-ik, «- a mineral poison : a soft, Arusplcy, a-rus'pi-si, «. divination by inspection
gray-coloured metal. [Gr. arsen, male ; the of the entrails of beast*. [L. aruspicium, orig.
alchemists fancied some metals male, others dub.]
female.] [containing arsenic. Aryan, a'ri-an, adj. relating to the family of
Arsenic, -al, ar-sen'ik, -al, adj. composed of or nations otherwise called Indo-European (com
Arson, ars on, n. the crime of wilfully burning prehending the inhabitants of Europe—except
houses or other buildings. [O. Fr. arson—L. the Turks, Magyars, and Finns—and those of
ardeo, arsum, to burn.] j Armenia, Persia, and N. Hindustan), or to
Art, art, 2d pers. sing, of the present tense of their languages. [Sans, arya, excellent, prob.
the verb to he. [A. S. eart.\ allied to Gr. aristos, the best.]
Art, art, n. practical skill guided by rules : the As, az, adv. and conj. similarly : for example :
rules and methods of doing certain actions : a while : in like manner. [As is a corr. of also—
profession or trade : contrivance : skill : cun A.S. eal-szva, al so, alse, als ; Ger. als- The
ning : artifice. [L. ars, artis, from rootrtr-, to primary me.ining is, just so, quite in that way.]
fit. See Ann. ] As, rel. fro. from the Scand. (O. Ic. es, Mod. Ic.
Arterialise, ar-te'ri-al-Tz, v.t. to make arterial. er. 1 his use of as is provincial.)
Artery, ar'ter-i, «. a tube or vessel which conveys Asafetlda, as-a-fet'i-da, n.,fetid asa, a medicinal
blood from the heart. —adj. Arte'rial. [L.—Gr. gum, having an offensive smell, made from a
arteria, orig. the windpipe, the bronchia;, then | Persian plant called asa.
applied to the arteries ; perh. conn, with artad, Asbestos, a-sbest'os, n. an incombustible mineral,
I fasten to, hang from.] a variety of hornblende, of a fine fibrous texture,
Artesian, ar-te'zhan, adj. applied to wells made resembling flax. [Gr. [lit.) unquenchable—a,
by boring until water is reached. fFrom Artois neg., sbeslos, extinguished.]
(anc. Artesium), in the north of France, where Ascend, as-send', v.t., to climb or mount «/: to
these wells are said to have been first made.] rise: to go backwards in the order of time.—
Artful, art'fool, adj. full of art : cunning.—adv. v.t. to climb or go up on. [L. ascemio, ascen
Artfully.—«. Art'fulness. sion—ad, and scando, to climb, Sans, skand, to
Artichoke, ar'ti-chok, «. an eatable plant with leap upwards.]
large scaly heads, like the cone of the pine- Ascendant, as-send'antt adj. superior: above the
[Fr. articltant. It. articiocco, Sp. alcachofa~ horizon.—n. superiority: [astrol.) the part of
At. alharshaf.} the ecliptic rising above the horizon at the time
Article, art'i-kl, «. a separate element, member, of one's birth ; it was supposed to have com
or part of anything : a particular substance: a manding influence over the person's life, hence
single clause, or term: {gram.) one of the the phrase, in the ascendant. [ence.
particles, an or a and the.—v.t. to draw up or Ascendency, as-send'en-si, «. controlling influ-
bind by articles. [L. articultts, a little joint— Ascension, as-sen'shun, n. a rising or going up
artus, a joint—rootrtr-, to join.] [L. ascensio—ascrndo.)
Articular, ar-tik'iil-ar, adj., belonging- to the Ascension-day, as-sen'shun-da, n. the festival
joints. [See Article.] held on Holy Thursday, ten days before Whit
Articulate, ar-tik'Ql-at, adj. distinct : clear.—?'./, sunday, to commemorate Christ's ascension to
to joint: to form into distinct sounds, syllables, heaven. [ascending: degree of elev.ition.
or words.—v.t. to speak distinctly, —adv. ArtiO/- Ascent, as-sent', n. act of ascending : way of
ulately.— «. Artie'ulateness. [L. articulo, Ascertain, as-ser-tan', v.t. to determine : to obtain
•atutn, to furnish with joints, to utter distinctly. certain knowledge of.—adj. Ascertainable.
See Article.] [O. Fr. acertainer. See Certain.]
Articulation, ar-tik-iil-a'shun, «., a joining, as of Ascetic, as-sct'ik, «., one rigidly self-denying in
the bones : distinct utterance : a consonant. religious observances : a strict hermit—adj.
Artifice, art'i-fis, n. a contrivance : a trick or excessively rigid : austere : recluse.—n. Asceti
fraud. [L. artificium —arti/ex, -Jicis, an cism, as-set'i-sizm. [Gr. askctes, one that uses
artificer—ars, artis, andfacio, to make.] exercises to train himself.]
Artificer, ar-tifis-er, «. a workman : an inventor. Ascititious, as-sit-ish us, adj. See Adsoitltious.
Artificial, art-i-fish'yal, adj., made by art: not Ascribe, a-skrlb', v.t. to attribute, impute, or
natural: cultivated: not indigenous: feigned. assign.—adj. AsCTib'able. [L. ascrtbo, -scrip-
-adv. Artificially. [See Artifice.) turn—Oil, to, scribo, to write.] [imputing.
Artillerist, ar-til'er-ist, n. one skilled in artillery Ascription, a-skrip'shun, n. act of ascribing or
or gunnery. Ash, ash, «. a well-known timber tree.—adj.
Artillery, ar-til'er-i, n. offensive weapons of war, Ash'en. [A.S. a'sc, Ger. esclie. Ice. ashr.]
csp, cannon, mortars, &c. : the men who manage Ashamed, a-shamd', adj., affected with shame.
them : a branch of the military service : gun [Pa.p. of old verb ashtztnc—pfx. a, inten., and
nery. [Fr. artiilcrie—O. Fr. arliiler, to arm : Shame]
from a supposed Low L. artillare—L. ars, artis, Ashes, ash'ez, rt.pl. the dust or remains of any
art.] [artillery. thing burnt : the remains of the human body
Artillery-man, 5r-til'cr-i-man, «. a soldier of the when burnt: {Jig.) a dead body. [A.S. teste,
Artisan, art'i-zan, «. one skilled in any art or Ice. as&a.]
trade: a mechanic. [Fr. artisan, It. artigiano Ashlar, ashlar, Ashler, ashler, «. (lit.) stones
— L. as if artitianus—artitns, skilled in the laid in tows: hewn or squared stone used in
arts—ars, artis, art.] facing a wall, as distinguished from rough, as it
Artist, art'ist, «,, one ivJio practises an art, esp. comes from the quarry. [Fr. aissclle, dim. of
one of the fine arts, as painting, sculpture, or ais, a plank : L. assis, a plank—assula, a little
architecture. [Fr. artiste, Ital artista—L. ars, plank, a shingle. Such little wooden boards
artis. art.] were used to face walls before stones, and
Artistic, -al. art-ist'ik, -al, adj. according to art. squared stones took the name.]
Artless, art'lcs, adj. guileless: simple.—«. Art'- Ashore, a-shOr', adv., on s/iore. [Pfx. a, and
lessness. Shore.]
21 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOTjn ; Men.
 Ash-Wednesday Assignment
Ash-Wednesday, ash-wenz'da, n. the first day of Assassinate, as-sas'sin-at, v.t. to murder by sur-
Lent, so called from the Roman Catholic custom i prise or secret assault.
of sprinkling ashes on the head. [pale. ! Assassination, as-sas-sin-u'shun, n. secret murder.
Ashy, ash'i, adj. of or like ashes : ash-coloured : Assault, as-sawlr/, n. a sudden attack : a storming,
Aside, a-sld't adv., an or to one side', privately. as of a town.—v.t. to make an assault or attack
Asinine, as'in-7n, adj. of or like an ass. [See Ass.] upon. [Fr. assaut, O. Fr, asalt—h. ad, upon,
Ask, ask, v.t., to seek: to request, inquire, beg, saltus, a leap. See Assail.]
or question.—v.t. to request: to make inquiry. A38ay, as-sa', v.t., to examine or "weigh accu
(A. S. acsian, ascian, Ger. keischen, Ice. wskja, rately : to determine the amount of metal in an
Sans, ish, to desire.] ore or alloy.—v.t. to attempt : to*essay.—n. the
Askance, a-skans'. Askant, a-skanr/, adv. side determination of the quantity of metal in an ore
ways : awry: obliquely. [O. Fr. a scanche ; It. or alloy : the thing tested. [See Essay. |
schiancio, a slope, from the root of Slant.] Assegai, as'se-ga, n. a spear or javelin used by
Askew, a-sku', adv. on the Skew: awry. the Kaffirs of S. Africa. [Sp. azagaya—Ar.
Aslant, a-slant', adj. or adv. on the Slant : al-khaziq.~\ [sons or things.
obliquely. Assemblage, as-semTslaj, «. a collection of per-
Asleep, a-sl£p', adj. or adv. in sleep: sleeping. Assemble, as-sem'bl, v.t. to call or bring to the
Aslope, a-slflp', adj. or adv. on the Slope. same place, or together: to collect.—v.t'. to
Asp. asp, AsplCj asp'ik, n. a very venomous meet together. [Fr. assembler, Low Lat. as-
serpent. [Fr.—L. and Gr. asftis.] simulare—L. ad, to, simul, together, at the
Asparagus, as-par'a-gus, n. garden vegetable. same time ; Gr. /tamos, A.S. sam, same; Sans.
[L-—Gr. asfarages.} sam, together.]
Aspect, as'pekt, n. look : view : appearance : Assembly, as-sem'bli, «. a collection of indi
position in relation to the points of the compass : viduals assembled in the same place for any
the situation of one planet with respect to purpose.
another, as seen from the earth. [L. aspectus Assent, as-sent1, v.i., to think with: agree. —«.
—ad, at, sfecio, to look.] an agreeing or acquiescence : compliance.—adv.
Aspen, aspen, n. the trembling poplar.—adj. Assent'ingly. [L.—ad, to, sentw, to think.]
made of, or like the aspen. [A.S. a&pt Ger. Assert, as-sert\ v.t. to declare strongly : to affirm.
dspe.] [L. assero, assertum, to lay hold of, declare—
Asperity, as-per'i-ti, «.. roughness; harshness. ad, to. sero, to join, knit]
[Fr.—L. asfieritas—asfitr. rough.] Assertion, as-ser'shun, «. affirmation.
Asperse, as-pers', v.t. to slander or calumniate. Assess, :is-ses', z>.t. to fix the amount of, as a tax :
[L. aspergo, -spersum—adt to, on, sparga, to to tax : to fix the value or profits of, for taxa
scatter. ] tion : to estimate.—adj. Assess'able. [Fr.
Aspersion, as-per'shun, n. calumny : slander. asseoir—L. assidere, assessum, to sit by, esp.
Asphalt, as-fah', Asphaltum, as-falt'um, «. a of judges in a court (in Low L. to set, fix a tax),
hard, bituminous substance, anciently used as a from ad, to, sedeo, to sit.]
cement, and now for paving, &c—adj. As- Assessment, as-ses'ment, «. act of assessing: a
phalt'lc. [Gr asphaitos, an Eastern word.] valuation for the purpose of taxation : a tax.
aVfo-del, /.. a kind of lily. [Sec Assessor, as-ses'or, n. a legal adviser who sits
L] beside a magistrate.—adj. Assessorial. as-scs-
Asphyxia, a-sfiks'i-a, n* {lit.) suspended anima o'ri-al. [Sec Assess.]
tion, suffocation —adj. Asphyxiated. [Gr.. a Assets, as'sets, tt.pl. the property of a deceased
stopping of the pulse—a, neg., sphyzd, to throb.] or insolvent person, considered as chargeable
Aspirant, as-pTr'ant, n. one who aspires : a candi for all debts, &c ; the entire property of all
date. sorts belonging to a merchant or to a trading
Aspirate, as'pir-Jit, v.t. to pronounce with a full association. [M.E. aseth, Fr. asses, enough —
breathing, as the letter A in house.—n. a mark of L, ad, to, satis, enough.]
aspiration ( ' ) : an aspirated letter.—«. Aspira Asseverate, as-sev'er-at, v.t. to declare seriously
tion, as-pir-i'shun, n. pronunciation of a fetter or solemnly.—n. Asseveration. [L. assei-erp,
with a full breathing. [L. ad, and spiro, to -atum—ad, \o} sevents, serious. See Severe. 1
breathe.] Assiduity, as-sid-fl'i-ti, «. constant application
Aspire, as-plr', v.L to desire eagerly: to aim at or diligence. [L. assiduitas—assidtt'S. See
high things.—adj. Aspiring.—adv. Aspir7- Assiduous.]
Ingly. -Aspiration, «. eager desire. [L. Assiduous, as-sid'u-us, adj. constantor unwearied
aspira, -atum—ad, to, spiro, to breathe ] in application : diligent, —adv. Assld'UOUSly.—
Asquint, a-skwint', adv. towards the corner of n Assiduousness, [L. assiduns, sitting close
the eye : obliquely. [Pfx. a, on, and Squint.] at—ad, to, at, sedeo, to sit.]
ASS, as, n. a well-known quadruped of the horse Assign, as-sTn', v.t. , to sign or mark out to one :
family : (jig.) a dull, stupid fellow. [A.S. assa. to allot : to appoint: to allege : to transfer. ->/.
The word, orig. Dcrhaps Semitic, has spread one to whom any property or right is made over.
into all the Eur. lang. ; it is a dim. in all but —Assignable, as-sTn'a-bl, adj. that may be
Eng.—L. as-inus, Ger. es-et.\ assigned. [Fr. assigner—L. assignare, to mark
Assafotida, same as Asafetida. out—ad, to, sigftum, a mark or sign.]
Assail, as-sal', v.t. to assault: to attack. —adj. Assignation, as-siK-na.'shun, u. an appointment
Assail able. [ Fr. assaiUir, L. assilire—ad, to meet, used chiefly of love-appointments : the
upon, and salio, to leap.] [attacks. making over of anything to another.
Assailant, as-sal'ant, n. one who assails or Assignee, as-sin-e', tt. one to whom any right or
Assassin, as-sas'sin, n. one who kills by surprise property is assigned:—//, the trustees of a
or secretly. [Fr.—Ar. hashishin, the followers sequestrated estate.
of an Eastern robber-chief, who fortified them Assignment, as-sln'ment, «. act of assigning:
selves for their adventures by hashish, an intoxi anything assigned : the writing by which a
cating drink made from hemp.] transfer is made.
fate, far ; m€, her; mine; mute ; mute ; moon : then.
 Assimilate Ate
Assimilate, as-sim'il-at, v.t., to make similar or | revolving between Mars and Jupiter, —adj.
like to: tn convert into a like substance, as food Asterold'al [Gr. aster, a star, eidos, form,]
in our bodies.—«. Assimilation. [L. assimilo, Asthma, a*t'ma, «. a chronic disorder of the
•aturn—ad. to, similis, like.] organs of respiration. [Gr. - ad, almi, to
Assimilative, as-sim'il-at*iv. adj. having the breathe hard ] [or affected by asthma.
power or tendency to assimilate. Asthmatic, -al, ast-mat'ik, -al, adj. pertaining to
Assist, :is-sW, v.t. to help. [L. assisto, to stand Astonled, as-ton'id, pa.p. of obs. v. Astony.
by—ad, to, sisto, Gr. histemi. to make to stand.] Astonish, as-ton'ish, v.t. to impress with sudden
Assistance, a^-sist'ans, n. help : relief. surprise or wonder: to amaze. [M. E. astonien,
Assistant, as-sist'ant, adj. helping or lending aid. due to a confusion of A. S. stunian {see Stun)
«. one who assists : a helper. and O. Fr. estonner [ Fr. ^tonuer)—Lovf L. ex-
Assize, as-sTz', 7'./., to assess: to set or fix the tonare—l,. ex, out, tonare, to thunder.]
quantity or price.—n. a statute settling the Astonishing, as-ton'ish-ing, a if. very wonderful :
weight, measure, or price of anything :—pi. the amazing.—adv. Aston ishmgly [wonder.
sessions or sittings of a court held in counties Astonishment, as-ton'ish-ment, «. amazement:
twice a year, at whi<:h causes are tried by a Astound, as-townd',7'./. toamaze. [M.E. astonien;
judge and jury [O. Fr. assise, an assembly of a doublet of Astonish.]
judges, a set rate—asseoir— L. assidto.] Astragal, as'tra-gal, n. {area.) a small semicir
Assizer, as-slz'er. «. an officer who inspects cular moulding or bead encircling a column : a
weights and measures. round moulding near the mouth of a cannon.
Associate, as-so'shi-at,?'.?. to join with, as a Mend TOr. astragalos, one ofthe vertebra:, a moulding. ]
nr partner : to unite in the same body. — v.i. to Astral, as'tral, atij. belonging to the stars: starry.
keep company with: to combine or unite. [L. j [L. astrum, a st ir ; conn, with Star.]
assorio—ad, to. socitts, a companion.] Astray, a-stra', adv. out of the right way, [Prefix
Associate, as-sP'shi-iit. adj. joined or connected a, on, and Stray.]
with.—ti. one joined or connected with another: Astrictlon, as-trik'shun. n. a binding or contrac
a companion, friend, partner, or ally. tion. [L. See Astringent. ]
Association, as-so-shi-ii'shun, «., act of associat Astride, a-strld', adv. with the legs apart, or
ing; union or combination : a society of persons across. TPfx. a. on, and Stride.]
joined together to promote some object. Astringent, as-trinj'ent, adj., binding-: contract
Assoilzie, as-soil'ye, V. to free one accused from a ing: strengthening.—", a medicine that caitses
charge ; a Scotch law term, the same as the contraction.—adv. Astring'ently —«. Astrlng'-
archaic assail, to absolve from sin, discharge, encv. [L. astritigo—ad, to, stringo, to bind.]
pardon. [Through Fr. from L. absolve**.] Astrolabe, as'tro-lab, «. an instrument for measur
Assonance, as'son-ans, n. a correspondence in ing the altitudes of the sun or stars at sea, now
sound; in Sp. and Port, poetry, a kind of rhyme, superseded by Hadley's quadrant and sextant.
consisting in the coincidence of the vowels of [Gr. asiron, a star, lab, lambano. I take.]
the corresponding syllables, without regard to Astrologer, as-trol'o-jer, n. one versed in astrol
the consonants.
Assonant, [L. adj.
nsfson-ant, ad. to, souans, sounding.]
resembling ogy.
in sound. Astrology, as-trol'o-ji, w. the infant stage of the
Assort, as-sort', v.t. to separate into classes: to science of the stars fnow called Astronomy) :
arrange.— v.i. to agree or be in accordance with. it was occupied chiefly in foretelling events from
[Fr. assortir—L. ad, to, sort, a lot.] the positionsoftheheavenly bodies. —ad/. Astro-
Assortment, as-sort'ment, n. act of assorting : log'lc, '&l.—adv. AstrolOg'lcally. [Gr. astro-
quantity or number of things assorted : variety. logia - astron, star, logos, knowledge.]
Assuage, as-swaj', v.t. to soften, mitigate, or Astronomer, as-tron'o-mer, «. one versed in
allay.—p.i. to abate or subside. fO. Fr., formed astronomy.
as if from a L. assuaviare—suavis, mild.] Astronomy, as-tron'om-i, n. the laws or science
Assuagement, as-swaj'ment, «. abatement : miti of the stars or heavenly bodies.—adj. Astron-
gation. [Suasive.] om'lc.-<nrV. Astronomically. [Gr. astro-
Assuasive, as-swS.'siv, adj. softening, mild. [See ttomia—astron, star, nomas, a law.]
Assume, as-sum', v.t. to take upon one's self: to Astute, ast-ut', adj., crafty- cunning: shrewd:
take for granted : to arrogate : to pretend to sagacious.—ativ. Astutely.—«. Astute'ness.
possess.—v.i. to claim unduly : to be arrogant. [L. astutits—astits, craft, akin perhaps to Acute.]
\\,.—ad, to, sumo, sumptum, to take.] Asunder, a-sun'der, adv. apart: into parts:
Assuming. as-sQm'ing, adj. haughty : arrogant. separately. [Pfx. a = on, and Sunder.]
Assumption, as-snm'shun, «. act of assuming : a Asylum, a-stl'um, «. a place of refuge for debtors
supposition. [L. Sec Assume.] and for such as were accused of some crime : an
Assurance, ash-shoor'ans, n. confidence : feeling institution for the care or relief of the unfortu
of certainty: impudence: positive declaration: nate, such as the blind or insane : any place of
insurance, as applied to lives. refuge or protection. [L.—Qr.asyloH—a, priv.,
Assure, ash-shoTir'. v.t. to make sure or secure: svlc. right of seizure.]
to give confidence : to tell positively: to insure, Asymptote, a'sim-tut, n. {math.) a line that
f Fr. assure*— ad, and stir, sure. See Sure.] continually approaches nearer to some curve
Assured, ash-shGOrd', adj. certain : without without ever meeting it. —adj. Asymptot'lcaL
doubt : insured: overbold.—adv. Assuredly. — [Gr. asymptdtos, not coinciding—a, not, syn,
n. Assur edness. with, ptdtos, apt to fall—pipto, to fall.]
Aster, as'ter, «. a genus of plants with compound At. vX,prcp. denoting presence, nearness, or rela
flowers, Hke little stars. [Or. astir, a star.] tion. [A.S. att ; cog. with Goth, and Ice. at,
Asterisk, as'tcr-isk, n. a star, used in printing, T,. ad; Sans. adJti, on.]
thus". [Gr. asteriskos, dim. of aster, a star.] Atavism, at'av-izm, n. the recurrence of any
Astern, a-stern', adv. on the stern: towards the peculiarity or disease of an ancestor \n a later
hinder part of a ship : behind. [See Stern. «.] generation. [I,, atavus—avus. a grandfather.]
Asteroid, as'ter-oid, «- one of the minor planets Ate, at or et, did eat, pa.t. of Eat.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOOn ; then.
 Athanasian Attic
Athanasian, ath-a-naYyan, adj. relating to to gain over. [Fr. attacher, from a (—L. ad)
Athanasius, or to the creud attributed to him. and Tack.]
Atheism, .Vihe-izm, «. disbelief in the existence ' Attachable, at-tach'a-bl, adj. that may be
of God. [Fr. athiisnu—Gi. a, priv.. and theos, \ attached.
GvkI.J t [existence of God. i Attache, at-tash-a', n. a young diplomatist
Atheist, a'thc-ist, n. one who disbelieves in the attached to the suite of an ambassador. [Fr.]
Atheistic, -al, a-the-ist'ik, -al, adj. relating to or I Attachment, at-tach'ment, «. a bond of fidelity
containing atheism.—adv. Atheist ically. 1 or affection : the seizure of any one's goods or
Athenaeum, Atheneum. ath-e-ne'um, n. a person by virtue of a legal process.
temple of Athena or Minerva at Athens, in Attack, at-tak', v.t. to fall upon Violently: to
which scholars and poets read their works: assault : to assail with unfriendly words or
a public institution for lectures, reading, &c. writing. —«. an assault or onset : severe criticism
[Gr. Athenaion—At/iena or Athene, the god or calumny. [Fr. attaquer. Sec Attach, of
dess Minerva.] which it is a doublet,]
Athenian, a-th€'ni-an, adj., relating to Athens, Attain, at-tan', v.t. to reach or gain by effort : to
the capital of Greece. - «. a native of Athens. obtain.—ci. to come or arrive : to reach. [Fr.
Athirst, a-therst', adj., thirsty i eager tor. [A.S. atteindre—L. attingo, -ere—ad, to, tango, to
of, very, and Thirst.] touch.] [attainable.
Athlete, ath'Iet, «., a contender for victory in Attainability, at-tan-a-bill ti, n. state of being
feats of strength : one vigorous in body or mind. ,■ Attainable, at-tan'a-bl, adj. that may be reached.
[Gr. athletes—athlos, contest. J | —«. Attain ableness.
Athletic, ath-letlk, adj. relating to athletics: Ij Attainder, at-tan'dcr, n. act of attainting : {law)
strong, vigorous. loss of civil rights through conviciion for high
Athletics, ath-letlks, n. the art of wrestling, treason. [Fr. atteindre, to come to, reacn ;
running, &c. : athletic exercises. O. Fr. altaindre, to convict, from L. attingo.
Athwart, a-thwawrt', pref*. across.—adv. side- See Attain.]
wise : wrongly : pcrplexingly. [Prefix a, on, Attainment, at-tan'ment, «. act of attaining :
and Thwart. ] the thing attained : acquisition.
Atlantean, at-Ian-te'an, adj., relating to, or Attaint, at-tant', v.t. to convict: to deprive of
like Atlas: strong: gigantic. [See Atlas.] rights for being convicted of treason. [See
AtlanteB, at-lan'tez, «.//. figures of men used Attainder, Attain.]
instead of columns. [From Atlas.] Attar of roses. See Otto.
Atlantic, at-lan'tik, adj. pertaining to Atlas, or Attemper, at-tem'per, z'.t. to mix in due propor
to the Atlantic Ocean.—n. the ocean between tion : to modify or moderate : to adapt. [L.
Europe, Africa, and America. [From Mount atietnpero—ad, to, and tempero. See Temper ]
Atlas, in the north-west of Africa.] Attempt, at-temt', v.t., to try or endeavour: to
Atlas, atlas, n. a collection of maps. [Gr. Atlas make an effort or attack upon.—v.i. to make
{the bearer), a god who bore the world on his an attempt or trial.—n. a trial: endeavour
shoulders, and whose figure used to be given on or effort. [Fr. attenter—L. attento—ad, and
the title-page ofatlases—prob. from a (euphonic), tempto, lento, to try—tendo, to stretch.]
and tlad, to bear.] Attend, at-tend', v.t. to give heed to : to wait on
Atmosphere, at'mo-sfer, «. the air that surrounds or accompany: to be present at : to wait for.—
the earth : ijlg.) any surrounding influence. v.i. to yield attention : to wait. [L. atlendo—
[Gr. atmos, air, sphaira. a sphere.] | ad, to, tendo, to stretch.]
Atmospheric, -al, at-mo-sferik, -al, adj. of or Attendance, at-tend'ans, «. act of attending :
depending on the atmosphere. presence : the persons attending.
Atom, at'om, «. a particle of matter so small that Attendant, at-iend'ant, adj. giving attendance:
it cannot be cut or divided: anything very accompanying.—n. one who attends or accom
small.—ttdis. Atomic, a-tomlk, Atomical, panies : a servant : what accompanies or follows.
a-tom'ik-af. [Gr. atomos—a, not, temnd, to Attent, at-tent', adj. 'B.) giving attention.
cut.] Attention, at-ten'shun, ». act of attending :
Atomism, at'om-izm, «. the doctrine that atoms steady application of the mind : heed : care,
arranged themselves into the universe. [L- attentio—attendo. See Attend.]
Atomisi, at'om-ist, «., one who believes in Attentive, at-tent'iv, adj. full of attention :
aiomUtn. mindful.—adv. Attentively.—n. Attent'lve-
Atone, at-fln', v.i. (with /or) to give satisfaction ness.
or make reparation.—v.t. to expiate. [At and Attenuate, at-ten'Q-at, v.t., tomake r"Ar'« or lean :
one, as if to set at one, reconcile ; the old pro to break down into finer parts. —vd. to become
nunciation of one is here preserved, as in only.} thin or fine : to grow less. [L. attenuo, -atum
Atonement, at-Gn'ment, n. the act of atoning: —ad, to, tenuis, thin.]
reconciliation: expiation: reparation. Attenuate, at-ten'Q-at, Attenuated, at-ten'Q-
Atrablllary. at-ra-bil'yar-i, adj. of a melancholy At-ed, adj. made thin or slen<ler: made less
temperament : hypochondriac. [L. ater, atra, viscid. —«. Attenuation, at-ten-fi-a'shun.
black, bilis, gall, bile. See Bile. ] Attest, at-test', v. t., to testify or bear witness to :
Atrocious, a trfl'shus, adj. extremely cruel or to affirm : to give proof of, to manifest. [L,
wicked : heinous. — adv. Atro'clously. — «. attestor—ad, to, testis, a witness.]
Atro'ciousness. [L. atrox, atrocis, cruel] Attestation, at-test-a'shun, n. act of attesting.
Atrocity, a-tros'i-ti, «. shocking wickedness or Attic, at'ik, adj., pertaining to Attica or to
cruelty. Athens : chaste, elegant.—n. Att icism, a
Atrophy, a'lrof-i, «. a wasting away from want chaste, elegant expression. [L. atticus—Gr.]
of nourishment owing to .some defect in the Attic, at'ik, n. (arch.) a low story above the
organs of nutrition. [Gr. a, priv., and traphe, cornice that terminates the main part of an
nourishment.] elevation : a sky-iightcd room in the roof of a
Attach, at-tach', v.t. to bind or fasten : to seize : house. [Ety. dub.]
late, far ; mC, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. 27
 Attire Auriculate
Attire, at-tlr', v.t. to dress, array, or adorn : to Auditor, awd'it-or, n.. a hearer: one who audits
prepare.—«. dress: ornamental dress: (&.) a accounts.—//. Aud'itorship.
woman's head-dress. [O. Fr. atirer, from a = Auditorium, awd-it-or'i-um, //. in an opera-house,
tui, and a Tuut. root found in Ger. zier, orna public hall, or the like, the space allotted to the
ment, A.S. tir, splendour. See Tire, dress.] hearers.
Attitude, at'ti-tOd, tt. posture or position : ges Auditory, awd'it-or-i. adj. relating to the sense of
ture —adj. AttltUd'inal. [Fr., from It. atti- hearing.—«. an audience: a place where lec
tudine, a fit position —L. aptihtdo—aptus, fit.] tures, &c, are heard.
Attitudinise, at-ti-tud-in-It, v.L to assume Augean, aw-j£'an, adj. filthy : difficult. [From
affected attitudes. Augeas, a fabled king of Elis in Greece, whose
Attorney, at-tur'ni, «. one legally authorised to stalls, containing 3000 cattle, and uncleaned for
act for another : one legally qualified to manage 30 years, were cleaned by Hercules in one day.]
cases in a court of law: a solicitor: a solicitor Auger, aw'ger, «. a carpenter's tool used for bor
or attorney prepares cases and does general ing holes in wood. [A corr. of nauger, A.S.
law business, while a barrister pleads before mi/egar—nafu, a nave of a wheel, gar, a piercer.
the courts:—//. Attorneys.—«. Attorney See Nave (of a wheel}, Gore, a triangular piece.]
ship, at-tur'ni-ship. [O. Fr. atorne". Low L, Aught, awt, «. a whit: ought : anything : a part.
attornatus—atorne, to commit business to an [A.S. awiht—a, short for an, one, and wiht, a
other—L. ad, to, and tamo, to turn.] wight, a thing.]
Attorney-general, at-tur'ni-jen'er-al, «. in Eng Augment, awg-ment', v.t. to increase' to make
land, the chief law-officer of the crown, whose larger. —v.t. to grow larger. [L. augmentum,
duty it is to manage cases in which the crown increase—augeo, to increase, Gr. auxano.]
is interested. Augment, awg'nient, n. increase : {grant.) a
Attract, at-trakt', v.t., to draw to or cause to ap prefix to a word. [addition.
proach : to allure: to entice. [L. attraho, at- Augmentation, awg-ment-a'shun, n. increase :
tractus—ail, to, traho. to draw.] Augmentative, awg-ment'at-iv, adj. having the
Attractable, at-trakt'a-bl, adj., that may be at quality or power of augmenting. —n. {gram.) a
tracted.—n. Attractabil'ity. word formed from another to express increase of
Attraction, at-trak'shun, «., act of attracting : its meaning.
the force which draws or tends to draw bodies Augur, aw'gur, «. among the Romans, one who
or their particles to each other : that which foretold events by observing the flight and the
attracts. cries of birds: a diviner: a soothsayer. —v.t.
Attractive, at-trakt'iv, adj., having the power of to foretell from signs.—v.L to guess or conjec
attracting : alluring.—advs. Attractively, At- ture. [L., prob. from avis, bird, and root gar,
tractlngly. -«. Attractiveness. in L. garrire, to chatter, Sans, gir, speech.]
Attribute, at-trib'Cit, v.t. to ascribe, assign, or Augury, aw'gilr-i, «. the art or practice of augur
consider as belonging.—adj. Attributable, ing : an omen.—adj. Augural, aw'gur-al. [L.
[L. altribuo, -iributum—ad, to, tribuo, to auguriutn —augur.]
give.] August, aw-gust', adj. venerable : imposing :
Attribute, at'trib-iit, «. that which is attributed : majestic.—adv. Augustly. n. August 'ness
that which is inherent in : that which can l« [L. angustus—augeo, to increase, honour.]
predicated of anything : a quality or property. August, aw'gust, n. the eighth month of the year,
Attribution, at-tnb-u'shun, «. act of attributing: so called after Caisar Augustus, one of the
that which is attributed : commendation. Roman emperors.
Attributive, at-trib'iit-iv, adj. expressing an Augustan, aw-gust'an, adj. pertaining to Augus
attribute.—n. a word denoting an attribute. tus (nephew of Julius Caisar, and one of the
Attrition, at-trish'un, «. the nibbing of one thing greatest Roman emperors! or to the time in
against another : a wearing by friction. [L. which he lived : classic : refined.
ad, and tero, tritnm, to rub.) Augustine, aw-gust'in, Augustinian. aw-gus-
Attune, at-tun', v.t.f to put in tune: to make tin'i-an, n. one of an order of monks, so called
one sound accord with another: to arrange fitly. from St Augustine.
[L. ad, to, and Tune.] Auk, awk, n. a web-fooied sea-bird, found in the
Auburn, aw'bum, adj. reddish brown. [The old Northern Seas. TLow L. alca. Ice. a/ha.]
meaning was a light yellow, or lightish hue ; Aullc, awl'ik, adj. pertaining to a royal court.
Low L. alburuus, whitish—L. albus, white. ! [L. aulicus —aula, Gr. aule, a royal court]
Auction, awk'shun, «. a public sale in which one Aunt, ant, «. a father's or a mother's sister. [O.
bidder increases the price on another, and the ] Fr. ante—L. ami/a, a father's sister.]
articles go to him who bids highest. [L. audio, Aurella, awr-el'ya, //. the chrysalis of an insect,
an increasing—augeo, auctum, to increase.] from \is golden colour. [L. aurum. gold.]
Auctioneer, awk-shun-er', «. one who is licensed Aureola, awr-e'o-la, Aureole, awr'e-ol, «., the
to sell by auction. gold-coloured light or halo with which painters
Audacious, aw-da'shus, adj.. daring: bold : im I surround the head of Christ and the saints. [L
pudent, —adv. Audaciously.—wi.^Audacious J aureolus, dim. of aureus, golden.]
ness, Audacity, aw-dasl-ti. [Fr. audacieux— Auricle, awr'i-kl, n. the external car:—//, the
L. audax—audeo, to dare.] two car-like cavities of the heart. [L. auricula.
Audible, awd'i-bl, aiij. . able to be heard —adv. dim. of anris, the ear.]
Audibly.—«. Aud'lbleness. [L. audibilis— Auricula, awr-ik'Ql-a, «. a species of primrose,
audio, to hear. conn, with Gr. ous, dtos, the ear.] also called bear*s-rtir, from the shape of its leaf.
Audience, awd'i-ens, tt. the act of hearing: ad Auricular, awr-ik'ul-ar, adj., Pertaining to the
mittance to a hearing: an assembly of hearers. ear: known by hearing, or by report.—Auric
Audit, awd'it, k. an examination of accounts by ular confession, secret, told in the ear.—adv
one or more duly authorised persons.—v.t. to Auric'ularly. [Sec Auricle ]
examine and adjust. [L. auditus, a hearing— I Auriculate, awr-ik'ul-ut, adj., ear-shaped. [Low
audio, to hear. See Audible.] J L. auriculatus—L. auricula.]
'IS fate, fax; me, her; miue ; mote; mute; moDn : Men.
 Auriferous Avatar
Auriferous, awr-if'er-us, adj., bearing or yielding of testimony : permission :—pi. Authorities,
gold, [L. aurifer—aurum, go\d,jero, to bear.] precedents : opinions or sayings carrying weight:
Auriform, ^iw/i-form, adj., ear-shaped. [L. persons in power. [author.
auris, ear, and Form.] Authorship, awth'or-ship, n. state of being an
AuriSt, awrist, «. one skilled in diseases ofthe ear. Autobiographer. aw-to-bl-og'raf-er, n. one who
Aurochs, awr'oks, «. the European bison orwild ox writes his own life.
[Ger. anerochs, O. Ger. urohso—Ger. «r (L. Autobiography, aw-to-bT-og'raf-i, n., the biog
urus, Gr. ouros\ a kind ofwild ox, and fv/tr, ox.] raphy or life of a person written by himself,
Aurora, aw-rfl'ra, «. the dawn : in poetry, the —adjs. Autobiographic. AutobJpgraphlcaL
goddess of dawn. [L. for ausosa; cog. with |Gr. autos, ones self, bios, life, graphd, to
Gr. ids ; from a root seen in Sans, ush, to bum.] write.]
Aurora Borealis, aw-ro'ra bo-re-a'lis, «., the Autocracy, aw-tok'ras-i, «. an absolute govern
northern aurora or light : a meteor seen in ment by one man : despotism. (Gr. autos, self,
northern latitudes.—Aurora Australls, aws- kratos, power.]
tri'lis, «. a meteor in the S. hemisphere. [L. Autocrat, aw'to-krat, «. one who rules by his
borealis, northern—boreas, the north wind. See own Power : an absolute sovereign.—adj. Auto
Austral] crat ic. [Gr. autokratis—autos, self, kratos,
Auroral, aw-ro'ral, adj. relating to the aurora. power.]
Auscultation, aws-kult-a.'shun, «. the art of dis Auto-da-fe, ftwlo-da-fa', n. the execution of
covering diseases of the lungs and heart by persons who were condemned by the Inquisition
applying the ear to the chest, or to a tube in to be burned:—//. Autos-da-fe. [Port., from
contact with the chest. [L. ausculto, to listen, auto, L. actus, act ; da, L. de, of ; and ft, L.
from ausicula for auricula. See Auricle.] fides, faith—an act offaith.]
Auscultatory, aws-kult'a-tor-i, adj. relating to Autograph, aw'to-graf, «., one's own handwvV-
auscultation. ing: a signature.—adj Autographic. [Gr.
Auspice, aw'spis, «. an omen drawn from observ autos, self, graphi, writing.]
ing birds ; augury—generally used in //. Au Automatism, aw-tom'at-izm, n. automatic action :
spices, aw'^pis-cz, protection: patronage. [Fr. power of self-moving.
— L. auspicium—auspcx, ausfticis, a bird-seer, Automaton, aw-iom'a-ton, «., a self-moving
from avis, a bird, specio, to observe.] machine, or one which moves by concealed
Auspicious, aw-spisn'us, adj. having good au machinery :—//. Automatons or Autom'ata. —
spices or omens of success : favourable: fortun adjs. Automatic, Automat ical. [Gr. ante-
ate.—adv. Auspi'ciously.—n. Auspl'clousness. mates, self-moving—autos, self, and a stem
Austere, aws-teV, adj. harsh: severe: stern.— mat-, to strive after, to move.]
adv. Austerely. [L. austerus—Gr. austeros— Autonomy, nw-ton'om-i, «. the power or right
and, to dry.] of self-government. — adj. Auton omous, self-
Austereness, aws-teVnes, Austerity, aws-terlt-i, governing. [Gr.—autos, and homos, law.]
h. quality of being austere : severity of manners Autopsy, awlup-si, «. , personal inspection, esp.
or life : harshness. the examination of a body after death. [Gr.—
Austral, aws'tral, adj., southern. [L. australis autos, self, and opsis, sight.J
—auster, the south wind.] Autumn, aw'tum, n. the third season of the year
Australasian, aws-tral-ii'shi-an, adj., pertaining when fruits are gathered in, popularly compris
to Australasia, or the countries that lie to the ing the months of August, September, and Oct
south ofAsia. ober.—adj. Autum nal. [L. autumnns, auc-
Australian, aws-tra'Ii-an, adj., of or pertaining tumnus—augeo, auctum, to increase, to produce.]
to Australia, a large island between the Indian Auxiliary, awg-zil'yar-i, adj. helping.—/*, a
and Pacific Oceans.—n. a native of Australia. helper : an assistant : [gram.) a verb that helps
Austrian, aws'tri-an, adj., of or pertaining to to form the moods and tenses of other verbs.
Austria, an empire of Central Europe.—n. A [L.—au.xilium, help — augeo, to increase.]
native of Austria. Avail, a-vai' v. t.t to be of value or service to ;
Authentic, -al, aw-thent'ikt -al, adj. having to benefit.—v.t. to be of use: to answer the
authority or genuineness as if from the author's purpose.—«. benefit: profit: service. [Fr.—L.
own hand . original : genuine : true.—adv. ad, to, valeo, to be strong, to be worth.]
Authentically. [Gr. authentes, one who does Available, a-vaTa-bl, adj. that one may avail
anything with his own hand—autos, self.] one's self of : profitable : suitable.—adv. Avail'-
Authenticate, aw-thenrlk-at, v.t. to make ably.
authentic : to prove genuine. Availableness, a-val'a-bl-nes, Availability,
Authentication, aw-thent-ik-a'shun, «. act of a-vul-a-bill-ti, n. quality of being available :
authenticating: confirmation. power in promoting an end in view : validity.
Authenticity, aw-thent-is'it-i, «. quality of being Avalanche, av'al-ansh, «. a mass of snow and ice
authentic: genuineness. sliding down from a mountain: a snow-slip.
Author, awth'or, n., one <ivho originates or [Fr.—avaler, to slip down—L. ad, to, vallis, a
brings into being: a beginner or first mover: valley.]
the writer of an original book \—fem. Auth'or- Avarice, av'ar-is, n. eager desire forwealth : covet-
6SS. [Fr. auteur, L. anctor—augeo, auctum, ousness. [Fr.—L. avaritia—avarus, greedy—
to cause things to increase, to produce.] azw, to pant after.]
Authorise, awih'or-Tz, v.t. to give authority to: Avaricious, av-ar-ish'us, adj. extremely covetous:
to sanction : to establish by authority.—«. greedy.—a<iv. Avari'oiously.—«. Avaricious-
Authorisation. ness.
Authoritative, awth-orlt-at-iv, adj. having Avast, a-vast', int. Inaul.) hold fasti stop!
authority: dictatorial.—adv. Author itatively. [Dut. houd vast, hold fast.]
—«. Author'itativeness. Avatar, a-va-taV, «., thedescent of a Hindu deity
Authority, awth-or'it-i, n. legal power or right : in a visible form : incarnation. [Sans.—ava,
power derived from office or character : weight away, down, and tara, passage—tri, to cross.]
fate, far ; me", her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mCOn ; then.
 Avaunt Azure
Avaunt, a-vawnt', int. move on: begone ! \Fr Awakening, a-waVn-ing, n. the act of awaking
avant, forward—L. ab, from, ante, before.] or ceasing to sleep: a revival of religion.
Ave, ii've, « , be well or happy, hail, an address Award, a-wawrd', v.t. to adjudge : to determine.
or prayer to the Virgin Mary : in full, Ave —n. judgment : final decision, esp. of arbitrators.
Marta. [L. aveo, to be well or propitious.] [O. Fr. esivardeir or esgardeir, from es = L. ex
Avenge, a-venj', v.t. [ B.) to inflict punishment for. and a Teutonic root seen in E. Ward.]
—«. Avengement, a-venj'ment. [Fr. venger Aware, a-war', adj. wary: informed. (From an
—L. vindicare. See Vengeance.] A.S. grivwr, from prefix ge- and nwr, cautious.
Avenger, a-venj'er, «. one who avenges. See Wary.]
Avenue, av'A-u, «. an alley of trees leading to a Away, a-wa", adv. out of the way : absent.—int.
house : in Amer. a wide street. [Fr., from L. ad, begone ! — (I cannot: Away With = bear or
to, venio, to come.] endure : Away With [him] = take away :
Aver, a-ver', v.t. to declare to be true: to affirm (make.) Away With = destroy. [A.S. aweg
or declare positively : -fir.p. averring; pa.fi, —a, on, weg, way, [lit. ] ' on one's way.']
averred'. [Fr. avfrtt—L. ad, and vents, true.] Awe, aw, n. reverential fear : dread.—v.t. to
Average, ai/er-aj, «. the mean value or quantity strike with or influence by fear. [Ice. agi, A.S.
of a number ol values or quantities. —adj. con ege, fear ; cog. with Gael, eaghal, Gr. achos,
taining a mean value.—v.t. to fix an average.— anguish. From roo: ag-, seen in Anger,
v.t. to exist in, or form, a mean quantity. [Low Anxious.]
L. avtragium, carrying service due to a lord by Aweary, a-wS'ri, «. weary. [Pfx. a, and Weary J
his tenants with their averia or cattle ; loss, ex Awe-Struck, aw'-struk, adj. struck or affected
pense in carrying—averium, 'havings,' goods, with awe.
cattle—O. Fr. aver—L. habere, to have ; con Awful, aw'fool, adj. full of awe. —adv. Aw'fully.
fused with Dut. averij, Fr. avarie—Ar. awar, — «. Aw'fulness.
damage; hence a contribution towards damage Awhile, a-hwTl', adv. for some time : for a short
to a cargo formerly levied on each merchant in time. [Pfx. a, and While.]
proportion to the goods carried. ] Awkward, awk'ward, adj. clumsy : ungraceful.
Averment, a-ver'ment, n. positive assertion. —adv. Awk wardly.—n. Awk'wardness.
Averse, a-vers', adj. having a disinclination or [M. E. awk, contrary, wrong, and A.S. ward,
hatred : disliking. — adv. Averse'ly.—«. Averse'- direction.]
ness. [ L. aversus, turned away, Pa.fi. of Awl, awl, «. a pointed instrument for boring
averto. See Avert.] small holes in leather. [A.S. tel.]
Aversion, a-ver'shun, «. dislike : hatred : the Awn, awn, n. a scale or husk: beard of corn or
object of dislike. (See Avert.] grass. — adjs. Awned, Awn'less. [Ice. ogn; Ger.
Avert, a-verr/, v.t. to turn from or aside: to pre aJtne ; from root ak-, sharp, seen in Acute.]
vent. [L. averto—ab, from, verto, to turn.] Awning, awn'ing, n. a covering to shelter from
Aviary, a'vi-ar-i, n. a place for keeping birds. the sun's rays. [Ety. dub.J
[L. aviarium—avis, a bird.] Awoke, a-woic', did awake—past tense of Awake.
Avidity, a-vid'it-i, n. eagerness: greediness. [L. Awry, a-ri', adj. twisted to one side : crooked :
aviditas—avidus, greedy—aveoy to pant after.] wrong : perverse.—adv. unevenly : perversely.
Avocation, a-vo-ka'shun, n. formerly and pro [Pfx. a, on, and Wry.]
perly, a diversion or distraction from one's Axe, aks, «■ a well-known instrument for hewing
regular employment : now, one's proper busi or chopping. [A.S. erx ; L. ascia; Gr. axine,
ness = Vocation : business which calls for one s perhaps from root ak-, sharp.]
.time and attention. [L. avocatio, a calling Axiom, aks'yum, n. a self-evident truth : a
away- ab, from, voco, to call.] universally received principle in an art or
Avoid, a-void', v.t. to try to escape from : to shun. science. -tuijs. Axiomatic, Axiomatical. -
—adj. Avoid able. [Pfx. a = Ft. es = L. ex, adv. Axiomat'lcally. [Gr. axidma—axiod,
out, and Void.] to think worth, to take for granted- axi<>st
Avoidance, a-void'ans, n. the act of avoiding or worth. ]
shunning: act of annulling. Axis, aks'is, ». the axle, or the line, real or ima
Avoirdupois, av-er-dQ-potz', adj. or n. a system of ginary, on which a body revolves :—pi. Axes,
weights in which the lb. equals 16 oz, [Fr. aks'ez.—adj. AxlaL [L. axis', cf. Gr. axdu.
avoir dtt fiois, to have (of the) weight—L. Sans, aksha, A.S. cox.)
hdbeo, to ha.ve, pensum, that which is weighed ] Axle, aks'I, Axle-tree, aks'l-tre, n, the pin or rod
Avouch, a-vowch', v.t. to avow : to assert or own in the nave of a wheel on which the wheel turns.
positively. [Fr. d, and O. Fr. vocher—L. voco, [Dim. from A.S. cax, an axle ; Sw. axel.]
to call See Vouch.) Ay, Aye, T, adv., yea: yes : indeed. -Aye, T, w.
Avow, a-vow', v.t. to declare openly : to own or a vote in the affirmative. [A form of Tea.]
confess.—adv. Avow'edly.—adj. Avow'able. Ayah, it'ya, «. a native Indian waiting-maid.
[Fr. avoner, orig. to swear fealty to— L. ad, and Aye, a, ad?:, ever: always: for ever. [Ice. ei,
votum, a vow. See Vow.] ever, A.S. a; conn, with Age, Ever.]
Avowal, a-vow'al, «. a positive declaration : a Ayry, fi'ri, «. a hawk's nest. [See Eyry.]
frank confession. Azimuth, az'im-uth, n, the arc of the horizon be
Await, a-waY, v.t* to wait or look fori to be in tween the meridian of a place and a vertical
store for : to attend. [Through Fr. from root circle passing through any celesti il body. [Ar.
of Ger. wacht, a watch. Sec Walt. ] al satttt, the direction. See Zenith.]
Awake, a-wiik', v.t. to rouse from sleep : to rouse Azote, a-z5t', «. nitrogen, so called because it does
from a state of inaction.—v-i. to cease sleeping : not sustain animal life. —adj. AzOt'lC. [Gr. a,
to rouse one's self:—Pa.p. awaked or awoke'. neg., and sad, to live.]
—adj. not asleep : vigilant. [A S. aivacan—a- Azure, fi/zhur, adj. of a faint blue: sky-coloured.
(Ger. er-, Goth, us-, Ice. or-), inten. or causal, —n. a delicate blue colour : the sky. [Fr. asur,
and wacan, to wake.] corr. of Low 1* lazur, lazulum, asolum, blue ;
Awaken, a-wak'n, v.t. and v.t. to awake. of Pers. origin. J
fate, far ; me", her ; mTne ; mflte ; mate ; mo"on ; Men.
 Baa Bail
Backstairs, bak'starz, n.pl. back or private stairs
of a house.—adj. secret or underhand
B Backward, bak'ward, Backwards, bak'wardz,
adv. towards the back : on the back : towards
Baa, U, «. the cry of a sheep.—v.i. to cry or the past : from a better to a worse state. [Back
bleat as a sheep. [From the sound.) and affix Ward, Wards, in the direction of. J
Babble, bab'bl, v.i. to speak like a baby: to talk Backward, bak'ward, adj. keeping back : un
childishly: to tell secrets, —v.t. lo prate: to willing : slow : late.—adv. Back'wardly.—«.
utter. [E. ; connected wiih DuL babbeUn, Ger. Backwardness.
babbeln, Fr. babiller, from ba, ba, representing Backwoods, bak'woodz, n.pl., the forest or un
the first attempts of a child to speak.J cultivated part of a country beyond the cleared
Babble, bab'bl. Babblement, baVbl-ment, Bab country, as in N. Amer.—//. Backwoods'man.
bling, bab'bling, «. idle senseless talk. Bacon, bu'kn, n. swine's flesh salted or pickled
Babbler, bab'Mer, «., one who babbles. and dried. {O. Fr.—O. Dutch, bak, a pig.]
Babe, bab. Baby, ba'bi, n. an infant : child.—adj. Baconian, bak-<Jn'i-an, adj. pertaining to Lord
Ba byish —«. Ba byhood. \lia,ba. See Babble ] Bacon (1561 —1626), or to his philosophy, which
Babel, bu'bel. n. a confused combination of was inductive or based on experience.
sounds. [From Heb. Babel xontusion), where Bad, bad, adj. ill or evil : wicked : hurtful :—
the language of man was confounded.] camp. Worse ; superl. Worst. [Ety. dub., per
Baboon, ba-boOn', n. a species of large monkey, haps from Celt, baodh, foolish, wicked.]
having a long face, dog-like tusks, large lips Baddish, bad'ish, adj. somewhat bad : not very
and a short taiL [Fr. babouin ; remoter origin good. [Bad, and aim. termination ish.]
dub.] Bade, bad, past tense ot Bid.
Bacchanal, bakTca-nal, Bacchanalian, bak-ka- Badge, baj, «. a mark or sign by which one is
nali an, «. a worshipper of Bacchus: one who known or distinguished. [Low L. bagia, a
indulges in drunken revels.—adj. relating to mark, baga, a ring, from a Tent root, seen in
drunken revels. [L. Bacchus, Gr. Bacchos, the A.S beak, a ring, mark of distinction.]
god of wine.] Badger, baj'er, «. a burrowing animal about the
Bacchanalia, bak-ka-nali-a, Bacchanals, bak- size of a fox, eagerly hunted by dogs.—v.t. to
ka-nalz, n.pl. orig. feasts in honour of Bacchus : pursue with eagerness, as dogs hunt the badger :
drunken revels. to pester or worry. [A corr. of bladger—O.
Bachelor, bach'el-or, «. an unmarried man : one Fr. biaiiier. Low L. bladarius, a com-dealer,
who has taken his first degree at a university.— from bladum, corn, because the creature was be
ns. Bachelorhood, Bach elorship. [O. Fr. lieved to store up corn. Acc. to Diez, bladum is
bacheler, a young man. Ety. disputed : ac from h.ablatum, ' carried away.' See Ablative. ]
cording to Brachet from Low L. baccalarins, a Badinage, bad'in-azh. «. light pi * yfnl talk:
farm-servant, originally a cow-herd ; from bac- banter. [Fr. badinage—badin, playful or
calia, a herd of cows ; and this from bacca, bantering.]
Low L. for vacca, a cow.] Badly, bad'li, adv. in a bad manner : not well :
Back, bak, ». the hinder part of the body in imperfectly : wrongly.—n. Bad'ness.
man, and the upper part in beasts : the hinder Baffle, baffl, v.t. to elude or defeat by artifice:
part.—adv. to the place from which one came : to check or make ineffectual. [O. Fr. bijler,
to a former state or condition : behind : in to deceive, to mock ; It. bejfa, a scoffing.]
return: again.—v.t. to get upon the back of: Bag, bag, ». a sack or pouch.—v.t. to put into a
to help, as if standing at one's back : to put bag :—pr.p. bagg'ing ; pa.p. bagged'. [A. S. beetg,
backward.—v.i. to move or go back. [A.S. bag, belly ; Celt, bag, balg, belly, wallet.]
ba>c, Sw. bak, Dan. bag.] Bagatelle, bag-a-tel', n. a trifle : a game played
Backbite, bak'blt, v.t. to speak evil of any one on a board with nine balls and a cue. (Fr. ;
behind his back or in his absence.—ns. Back'- It. bagatella, a conjurer's trick, a trifle.]
blter. Back biting. Baggage, bag'aj, «. the tents, provisions, and
Backbone, bak'bon, n. the bone of the back, the other necessaries of an army : traveller's lug
vertebral column. gage. [Fr. bagage—O. Fr. bagues, goods or
Backdoor, bak'dOr, n. a door in the back part effects ; from Celt, bag, a bundle.]
of a building. Baggage, bag'iij, h. a worthless woman : a saucy
Backed, bakt, adj. provided with a back :—used female. [Fr. bagasse, a prostitute.]
in composition, as Hump-backed. Bagging, bag'ing, «. cloth or material for bags.
Backer, bak'er, n. one who backs or supports Baggy, bag'i, adj. loose like a bag.
another in a contest. Bagman, bag'man, n. a commercial traveller.
Backgammon, bak-gam'un, n. a game played 1 Bagnio, ban'yfl, n. a house of ill-fame. [It. bagno
by two persons on a board with dice and fifteen —L. balneum, a bath.]
men or pieces each. (Ety. dub., perhaps Bagpipe, bag'pTp, «. a musical wind-instrument,
A.S. bate, back. Andgamen, game,] consisting of a leathern bag, which acts as a
Background, bak'grownd, n. ground at the back : bellows, and pipes. —u. Bag'plper. [tempt.
a place of obscurity : the space behind the Bah. ba, int. an exclamation of disgust or con-
principal figures of a picture. Bail, bftf, «. one who procures the release of an
Back-handed, bak'-hand-ed, adj. with the hand accused person by becoming guardian or
turned backward (as of a blow) : indirect. security for his appearing in court : the security
Back-piece, bak'-pes, Back-plate, bak'-plat, «. given.—v.t. to set a person free by giving
a piece or plate of armour for the back. security for him : to release on the security of
Backsheesh, Backshish, bak'shesh, «., a gift or another. (O. Fr. bait, a guardian, a tutor ; Low
present of money, in the East. [Pers.] L. baila, a nurse, from L. baj?dus, a carrier.]
Backslide, bak-slid , v.i. to slide or fall back in Ball, bal, n. one of the cross pieces on the top of
faith or morals :—/<».>». backslid' or back- the wicket in cricket. [O. Fr. bailies, sticks, a
sudd'en.—ns. Backslid'er, Backslid ing. palisade.]
fate, far; me, her; mine; mOte; mute; mo~on; then.
 Bail Band
6&11, bal, v.t. to clear (a boat) of water with I Balk, bawk, n. a hinderance or disappointment.—
buckets. [Dut. balie, a tub, Fr. bailie (whence v.t. to check, disappoint, or elude. [A.S. baka,
Diez derives the Dut. word). Also spelled Bale. ] a heap or ridge, also a beam, a partition ; conn,
Bailable, biU'a-bl, adj. admitting of bail. with Bar. See Balcony.]
Bailifl, bal'i, «. a municipal officer in Scotland Ball, bawl, n. anything round : a bullet: a well-
corresponding to an alderman. [Fr. bailli, known game. [Fr. balle, Weigand has shown
land-steward, officer ofjustice. See Bailiff.] that this is a Romance word, as in It. fialla—Gr.
Bailiff, bal'i f, «. a sheriff's officer: an agent or pallo, to swing, akin to ballo, to throw.]
land-steward. [O. Fr. bailli/'(old form of bailli, Ball, bawl, n. an entertainment of dancing. [Fr.
sec Bailie from root of Ball.] bal—It. and Low L. ballarc, to dance, from Gr.
Bailiwick, b&Ti-wik, tt. the jurisdiction of a ballo, to throw, the game of ball-throwing hav
bailiff. [O. Fr. baillie, lordship, authority, and ing been associated with music and dancing.]
A.S. vie—L. vicus, a village, station.} Ballad, ballad, n. a short narrative poem : a
Balm, barn, «. a child. [Scot, bairn, A.S. beam popular song. [Fr. ballade, It. baltata, from
—beran, to bear.) ballare, to dance : a song sung in dancing.]
Bait, bat, tt. food put on a hook to allure fish Balladmonger, ball'ad-mung-ger, tt. a dealer in
or make them bite; any allurement: a refresh balUds.
ment taken on a journey—v.t. to set food as a Ballast, bal'last, n. heavy matter placed in a ship
lure: to give refreshment on a journey.—v.i. to to keep it steady when it has no cargo : that
take refreshment on a journey. |See Bait, v.] which renders anything steady.—v.t. to load
Bait, bat, v.t. to provoke an animal by inciting with ballast : to make or keep steady. [Dut. ;
dogs to bite it : to harass. [Ice. beita, from ety. best seen in Dan. bag-last or ballast, from
root of Bite. ] bag, ' behind,' the Back, and last, load ; a load
Baize, bas. n. a coarse woollen cloth. [From pi. placed behind or under to steady a ship.]
of Fr. baye ; so called from its colour. See Ballet, ball'a, n. a theatrical exhibition acted
Bay, adj.] chiefly in dancing. [Fr. dim. at bal, a dance.]
Bake, bak, v.t. to dry, harden, or cook by the Ballista, ball-is'ta, tt. a military engine in the form
heat of the sun or of fire : to prepare food in an of a cross-bow, used by the ancients for throiving
oven.—v.i. to work as a baker. [A.S. bacan; heavy arrows, darts, large stones, &c. [L.—Gr,
cor. with Ger. backen, to bake, Gr. pho%5, to ballo, to throw.]
roast ] [for baking in. Balloon, ball-oon', tt. a large bag, made of light
Bakehouse, biik'hows, n. a house or place used material, and filled with a gas lighter than com
Baker, bak'er, «. one who bakes bread, &c. mon air, so as to make it ascend. [Fr. ballon—
Bakery, bak'er-i, tt. a bakehouse. balle, a ball ; the on is augmentative.]
Baking, bak'ing, «. the process by which bread Ballot, bal'ut, «., a little ball or ticket used in
is baked : the quantity baked at one time. voting: the act of secret voting by putting a
Balance, bal'ans, tt. an instrument for weighing, ball or ticket into a box. —v.t. to vote by ballot :
usually formed of tivo dishes or scales hanging —/***•/■ ball'oting ; Pa.p. ball'oted. [Fr. ballottc,
from a beam supported in the middle : act of dim. of balle, a ball. See Ball ]
weighing two things ; equality or just propor Ball-proof, bawl'-prOOf, adj. proof against balls
tion of weight or power, as the balance ofpower; discharged from firearms. [dancing.
the sum required to make the two sides of an Ballroom, bawl'rCOm, it. a room for balls or
account equal, hence the surplus, or the sum due Balm, bam, n. an aromatic plant : a fragrant and
on an account.—v.t. to weigh in a balance: to healing ointment obtained from such a plant :
counterpoise : to compare : to settle, as an 1 anything that heals or soothes pain. [Fr. baume,
account.—v.i. to have equal weight or power, : O. Fr. basme—L. balsamum. See Balsam. J
&c. : to hesitate or fluctuate. [Fr.—L. bilarur, Balmy, bam'i, adj. fragrant: soothing: bearing
having two scales—bis, double, lanx, lands, a balm.
dish or scale.] Balsam, bawl'sam, it. the name of certain plants :
Balance-sheet, bal'ans-shft, n. a sheet of paper a resinous oily substance flowing from them.
shewing a summary and balance of accounts. [L. balsamum—Gr. balsamon—Heb. baal, a
Balcony, balk'on-i, u. a platform or gallery out prince, and scltaman, oil.]
side the window of a room. [It. balcone ; from Balsamic, bal-sam'ik, adj. soothing.
O. Ger. balcho ;Ger. balkeu), a beam, cog. with < Baluster, bal'ust-er, tt. a small pillar used as a
E. Balk in the obs. sense of beam, partition.] I support to the rail of a staircase, &c.—adj.
Bald, bawld, adj. without hair on the head: bare, | Balustered, bal'ust-erd. [Fr. balusire—Low
unadorned.—(Ki'z'.Bald'ly.—K.Bald'nesa. [Orig. i L. balaustium—Gr. babxustion, the flower of
'shining,' 'white,' Celt, bal, 'white' spot; or the pomegranate ; from the similarity of form.]
conn with Bold, which in Goth, balthai, meant ' Balustrade, bal'ust-rad, «. a row of balusters
the 'brave,' 'shining,' Ice. Baldr, ' Lighlgod.'] 1 joined by a rail.
Balderdash, bawl'der-dash, tt. idle, senseless talk : Bamboo, bam-b6"0', tt. a gigantic Indian reed or
anvthing jumbled together without judgment. grass, with hollow-jointed stem, and of hard
[Ety. dub.] [head. texture. [Malay.] [found. [Ety. duk]
Baldhead, bawld'hcd, n. a person bald on the Bamboozle, bam-bo"o'zl, v.t. to deceive : to con-
Baldrick, bawld'rik, tt. a warrior's belt. (O. Fr. Ban, ban, n. a proclamation : a denunciation : a
baldric, from O. Ger. ba/derich, girdle.] curse. [A.S. gc-l>ann, a proclamation, a widely
Bale, bal, «., a ball, bundle, or package of goods. dilfiiscd Teut. word, O. Ger. fattnatt, orig.
—v.t. to make into bales. [See Ball.] meaning to ' summon to trial.' Sec Abandon. ,
Bale, bal, v.t. to throw out water. [See Bail.] Banana, ba-na'na, n. a gigantic herbaceous plant,
Baleen, ba-len', «. the whalebone of commerce. remarkable for its nutritious fruit.
[Fr.—L. balaftta, whale.] Band, band, »., that which binds together: a tie.
Baleful, baTfooI, adj. full of misery, destructive: i [A S. bend, from bindan, to bind. See Bind.]
full of sorrow, sad.—adv. Bale'fully. [Obs. E. Band, band, «. a number of persons bound to
bale, A.S. bealo. Ice. btil, woe, evil.] gether for any common purpose : a body of
V>1 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mGon ; Men.
 Bandage Barbarity
musicians.—v.t. to bind together.—v.i. to asso Banneret, ban'er-et, «. a higher class of knight,
ciate. [Fr. bande, from Gcr. band, bond, thing in:erior to a baron. [Fr., dim. of Banner.]
used in binding—binden, E. Bind. See Banner. J Banns, banz. n.pl. a proclamation of marriage.
Bandage, band 3j, «. a strip of cloth used to bind [From Ban.]
up a wound or fracture.—v.t. to bind with such. Banquet, bangk'wet, n. a feast : any rich treat or
Bandana. Bandanna, ban-dan'a, w. a kind of entertainment —v.t. to give a feast to.—v.i, to
silk or cotton coloured handkerchief, originally fare sumptuously. —«. Banquet-house. [Fr.—
from India. It. banchttto, dim. of banco, a bench or table —
Bandbox, band'boks, n. a thin kind of box for Ger. bank. Sec Bank, a bench.]
holding bands, caps, &c. Banshee, ban'she, n. a female faify in Ireland
Bandit, ban'dit, n. an outlaw: a robber:—//. and elsewhere, who usually appears and utters
Bandits or Banditti. [It. bandito—Low L. a peculiar shrieking wail before a death in a
bannire, bandire, to proclaim, from Ban.] particular family to which she is attached. [Ir.
Bandog, ban'dog, «. properly band-do *, a large, bean, a woman, sidhe, a fairy. ]
fierce dog (which, on account of its fierceness, Bantam, ban'tam, «. a small variety of the com
was kept bound or chained). mon fowl, brought from the East Indies, and
Bands, bandz, n.pi. a portion of the dress worn supposed to be named from Bantam in Java.—
by clergymen, barristers, &c. —a relic of the adj. of the bantam breed.
ancient amice. Banter, bant'er, v.t. to assail with good-humoured
Bandy, ban'di, n. a club bent at the end for strik raillery: to joke or jest at.—«. humorous
ing a ball : a game at ball with such a club.—■ raillery: jesting. [Ely. dub.]
v.t. to beat to and fro as with a bandy : to toss Banting, bant'ing, «. a system of diet for reducing
from one to another (as words), like playing at .superfluous fat. [From \V. Banting of London,
bandy:—Pa.p. ban'died. [Fr. bander, to bend who recommended it to the public in 1863.]
—Ger. band, a tie, string.] [crooked legs. Bantling, bant'ling, n. a child. [So called from
Bandy-legged, ban'di-legd, adj. having bandy or the bands in which it is wrapped.]
Bane, ban, «., destruction : death : mischief : Banyan, ban'yan, n. one belonging to the caste of
poison. [A.S. bana, a murderer; Ice. bani, merchants in India. Banyan-day, a day with-
death.] [fully. out meat. [Sans, banij, a merchant.]
Baneful, ban'fool, adj. destructive. ~ad%>. Bane - Banyan, ban'yan, «. the Indian fig-tree whose
Bang, bang, n. a heavy blow.—v.t. to beat : to branches take root and spread over a large area.
strike violently. [Ice. bang, a hammering ; [So called by the English because the Banyans
originally perhaps from the sound.] (merchants) held their markets under it.]
Bang, Bangue, bang, «. an intoxicating drug Baobab, ba'o-bab, n. a large African tree. [W.
made from Indian hemp. [Pers. bang.] African.]
Banian. Sec Banyan. Baptise, bapt-Tz', v.t. to administer baptism to:
Banish, ban ish, v.t. to condemn to exile : to drive to christen. TGr. baptizd—bapto, to dip in water.]
away. [Fr. bannir—Low L. bannire, to pro Baptism, bapt'izm, «. immersion in or sprinkling
claim, from Ban, and see Abandon.] with water as a religious ceremony. — adj.
Banishment, ban'ish-ment, «. exile. Baptismal.
Banister, ban'ist-er, n. corruption of Baluster. Baptist, bapt'ist, w. one who baptises: one who
Banjo, ban'jo, n. a musical instrument like a approves only of adidt baptism by immersion.
fiddle. [Corr. of Fr. bandore or pandore—L. Baptistery, bapt'ist-er-i, «. ap!"cewhere baptism
pandura—Gr. pandoura.\ is administered.
Bank, bangle, «. a mound or ridge of earth : the I Bar, bar, ». a rod of any solid substance : a bolt :
earthy margin of a river, lake, &c. : rising a hinderance or obstruction : a bank of sand or
ground in the sea.—v.t. to inclose with a bank. other matter at the mouth of a river : the railing
[A.S. banc: Ger. bank. Conn, with Bench that incloses a space in a tavern or in a court of
through the idea of ' thing ridged or raised.*] law : any tribunal : the pleaders in a court as
Bans:, bangk, «. a place where money is deposited : distinguished from the judges: a division in
an institution for the keeping, lending, and ex music.—V.t, to fasten or secure, as with a bar:
changing, &c. of money.—v.t. to deposit in a to hinder or exclude:—Pr.p. barring; pa.p.
bank, as money. [Fr. banqne—It. banco, a bench birred'. [Fr. barrc,\\. barra ; of Celtic origin.]
on which the Italian money-changers displayed Barb, barb, «. the beard-like jag near the point
their money—Ger. bank, E. Bench.] of an arrow, fish-hook, &C—v.t. to arm with
Banker, bangk'er, « one who keeps a bank : one barbs, as an arrow, &c. [Fr.—L. barba, a beard.]
employed in banking business. Barb, barb, «. a swift kind of hor-e, the breed of
Banking, bangk'ing, n. the business of a banker. which came from Barbary in North Africa.
—adj. pertaining to a bank. Barbacan, bar'ba-kan, Barbican, baYbi-kan, «.
Bank-note, bangk'-not, n. a note issued by a bank, an outer work or defence of a castle, esp. before
which passes as money. a gate or bridge. [Low L. barbacana, prob.
Bankrupt, bangk'rupt, n. one who breaks or fails from Pers,]
in business : an insolvent person.—adj. insolvent. Barbarian, bar-baVi-an, adj. uncivilised : savage :
[Bank, a bench, and L. mptus, broken.] without taste or refinement.—n. an uncivilised
Bankruptcy, bangk'rupt-si, n. the state of being man, a savage : a cruel, brutal man. [L. bar-
or act of becoming bankrupt. barus, Gr. barbaros—bar, bar, an imitation of
Bank-stOCk, bangk -stole, n, a share or shares in unintelligible sounds—applied by the Greeks
the capital stock of a bank. (and afterwards the Romans) to those speaking
Banner, ban'er. «. a military standard : a flag a different language from themselves.]
or ensign. [Fr. banniere. It. bandiera—Low Barbaric, bar-bar'ik, adj. foreign : uncivilised.
L. bandum, a standard, from Ger. band, a band, Barbarise, baVbar-Tz, v.t. to make barbarous.
a strip of cloth, a waving or fluttering cloth, Barbarism, baVbar-izm, n. savage life: rudeness
used as a flag—Ger. binden. See Band, Bind.] of manners : an incorrect form of speech.
Bannered, ban'erd, adj. furnished with banners. Barbarity, bar-bar'i-ti, «. savageness : cruelty.
C fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mSte ; mute ; mS5n ; Men. 33
 Barbarous Base
Barbarous, baVbar-us, adj. uncivilised : rude : Barnacle, b&r'na-kl, «. a shell-fish which adheres
savage, brutal.—adv. BarT>arously.—«. Bar'- to tocks and the bottoms of ships: a kind of
barousness. goose. [Ety. dub.]
Barbecue, barb'e-ku, v.t. to roast whole, as a Barnacles, baVna-klz, «. spectacles. [O. Fr.
pig. [Ety. dub.] bericle, dim. from L. bcryllus, beryl, crystal;
Barbel, barb'el. «. a fresh-water fish with beard- Ger. brille.]
like appendages at its mouth. [O. Fr. barbel— Barometer, bar-om'et-er, «. an instrument by
L. barba, a beard.] which the weight of the atmosphere is measured
Barber, barWer, n. one who shaves beards and and changes of weather indicated. —atij. Baro-
dresses hair. [Fr.—L. barba, a beard. J met'ric—adv. Barometrically. [Gr. baros,
Barberry, baVber-i, «. a thorny shrub with red weight; metron, measure.]
berries, common in hedges. [Low L. and Sp. Baron, bar'on, n. a title of rank next above a
berberis—Kx. barbaris.] baronet and below a viscount, being the lowest
Barbican, bar'bi-kan, «. Same as Barbacan. in the House oi Peers : a title of certain judges :
Bard, bard, «. a poet and singer among the in feudal times, the peers or great lords of the
ancient Celts : a poet. [Celtic] realm. [Fr. baron ; in the Romance tongues
Bardic, bard'ik, adj. pertaining to bards or their the word meant a man as opposed to a woman,
poetry. a strong man, a warrior ; eitner from Celtic bar,
Bare, bar, adj. uncovered, naked : poor, scanty : a hero, /ear, a man, or from O. Ger. bar, man
unadorned: mere or by itself. —v. t. to strip or (O. Ger. bairan, E. Bear, to carry;.]
uncover.—adv. Barely —«. Bare'ness. [A.S Baronage, barVn-aj, «. the whole body of barons
bar; Ger. boar, bar; Ice. brr.] Baroness, bar'on-es, «. a baron's wife.
Bare, bar, old pad. of Bear. Baronet, bar'on ct. «. a title of rank next above
Barefaced, bar'fast, adj. with the face uncovered : a knight and below a baron—the lowest heredi
impudent.—adv. Bare facedly.—«. Bare faced- tary title in England. [Dim. of Baron.]
ness. Baronetage, bar/on-et-aj, «. the whole body of
Bargain, baVgin, «. a contract or agreement : a baronets*
favourable transact ion. —Into the bargain, Baronetcy, bar'nn-ct-si, «. the rank of baronet.
over: above: besides.—v.i. to make a contract or Baronial, bar-Onl-al, adj. pertaining to a baron
agreement: to chaffer. [Fr. barguigtter—Low or barony.
L. barcaniare ; acc. to Diez from barca, a boat, Barony, bar'on-i, «. the territory of a baron.
used in carrying goods about.] Barouche, ba-rOOsh', «. a double-seated four-
Barge, barj. «. a boat used in the unloading of wheeled carnage with a falling top. [It. iar.
large vessel.-. : a pleasure or state boat. [O. Fr. rocio — L. birotus, two-wheeled, from bis, twice,
barge— Low L. bargia. Prob. a doublet of rota, a wheel.]
Bark, a barge.] Barque, bark, «. same as Bark, a ship.
Barilla, bar-ifa, «. an alkaline ash obtained by Barrack, bar'ak, «. a hut or building for soldiers,
burning several marine plants {that grow chiefly esp. in garrison (generally used in the plural).
on the east coast of Spain), used for making [Fr. baraane. It. baracca, a tent ; cf Celtic
soap, glass, &c. [Sp.] barrachtia, a hut.]
Baritone, barf-ton. Same as Barytone. Barrel, bar'el, «. a round wooden vessel made of
Bark, b;irk, n. the noise made by a dog. wolf, bars or staves : the quantity which such a vessel
&c.—vd. to yelp like a dog : to clamour. [A.S. contains: anything long and hollow, as the
beo>can, probably a variety of brecan, to crack, barrel of a gun.—z'.t. to put in a barrel. [Fr.
.snap. Sec Break.] baril—barrr. See Bar.]
Bark, Barque, bark, n. a barge: a ship of small Barren, barren, adj. incapable of bearing off
size: technically, a three-masted vessel with no spring: unfruitful : dull, stupid.—«. Barr'en-
square sails on her mizzen-mast. [Fr. barque— ness. [Fr. b'/Aaigne, O. Fr. barai'gne.]
Low L. barca ; pcrh. from Or. ban's, a boat.] Barricade, bar'ik-.'id, n. a temporary fortification
Bark, bark, n. the outer rind or covering of a tree. raised to hinder the advance of an enemy, as in
to strip or peel the bark from. [Dan. the street fights at Paris.- vd. to obstruct : to
bark, Ice. bSrkr.] fortify. [Fr. —barre, a bar. Sec Bar. J
Barley, b.ir'li, u. a grain used for food, but Barrier, har'i-cr, u. a defence against attack : a
chiefly for making malt. [A.S. barlic—bere limit or boundary. [Fr. barrie're.}
(Scot, bear) and lie — Ire, leek, plant; W. I Barrister, bar'is-ter, «. one who is qualified to
barlly.\—barn, bread, llys, a plant; akin to L. , plead at the bar in an English law-court.
far, corn—from root of to bear.] Barrow, bar'ro, «. a small hand or wheel carriage
Barley-corn, baVli-korn, «. a grain of barley : a used to bear or convey a load. [A.S. berewe—
measure of length = the third part of an inch. berau, to bear.]
Barm, barm n. froth of beer or other fermenting Barrow, bar'rO, n. a mound raised over graves in
liquor, used as leaven : yeast. [A.S. bearma, former times, [A.S. beorh—brorg.in, to protect,]
Dan. barme ; akin to L. fermeutnut, Eng. Barter, barter, v.t. to give one thing in exchange
brew.] [bar of a tavern or beer-shop. for another.—v-t\ to traffic by exchanging. —
Barmaid, bar'inad, «. a female who waits at the n. traffic by exchange of commodities. [O. Fr.
Barmecide, bar'me-sTd. adj. imaginary' or pre barrier.]
tended. [From a story in the Arabian Nights, Barytone, bar'i-tOn, «. a deep-toned male voice
in which a beggar is entertained by one of the between bass and tenor. [Gr. barys, heavy,
Barmecide princes on an imaginary feast.] deep, and tones, a tone.]
Barmy, barm'i, adj. containing barm or yeast. Basalt, bas-awlt', «. a hard, dark-coloured rock
Bam, barn, n. a building in which grain, hay, of igneous origin —adj. Basalt ic. [L. basaltes
&c. arc stored.—v.t. to store in a barn.—ns. an African word), a marble tound in Ethiopia.]
Barn-door, bfim'-dOr, Barn-yard, barn' yard. Base, bas, «. that on which a thing rests : foot:
[A.S. bereru, contracted bem, from bere, barley, bottom : foundation : support : the chief in
ern, a house.] gredient, —v.t. to found or place on a base:
34 fate, fir; me", her ; mine ; mote ; mute: moon ; Men.
 Base Batter
—fir.p. bSs'ing; pap. based. [Fr—L.—Gr. Bastardise, bast/ard-Tz, v.t. to prove to be a
basis—baind, to step. ] bastard. [bastard.
Base, bas, adj. low in place, value, estimation, Bastardy, bast'ard-i, «. the state of being a
or principle : mean : vile : worthless : \Nciv Baste, bflst, v.t., to beat with a stick. [Ice.
Test ) humble, lowly.—adv. Basely.—«. Base'- beysta, Dan. bd'ste, to beat.]
ness. [Fr. bas—Low L. bassus, thick, fat, a Baste, bast, v.t. to drop fat or butter over meat
vulgar Roman word, found also in name Bass/ts.] while roasting. [Ety. unknown.]
Base-born, bis'-bawm, adj. born of low parent Baste, bast, v.t., to sew slightly or with long
age: illegitimate by birth: mean. [tion. stitches. [O. Fr. bastir, from 0.*Ger. bestan, to
Baseless, bas'les, adj. without a base or founda- sew.]
Basement. bas'mem, n. the base or lowest story Bastille, bast-el', ». an old fortress in Paris long
of a building. used as a state prison, and demolished in 1789.
Base-spirited, bas'-spir-it-ed, adj. mean-spirited. fFr.—O. Fr. bastir (Fr. bdtir), to build.]
Base siring, bas'-strmg, «. the string of a musical Bastinado, bast-in-ad'. Bastinado, bast-in-ad'o,
instrument that gives the lowest note. v.t. to beat with a baton or stick, esp. on the
Base-viol, bas'-vT-ol, n. Same as Bass-viol. soles of the feet (a form of punishment in the
Bashaw, ba-shaw7, n. com. written Pasha or East) :—pr.p. bastinad'ing or bastinad'oing :
Pacha, which see. Pa.p. bastinad'ed or bastinad'oed-—ns. Bastin
Bashful, bash'fool, adj. easily confused : modest : ado', Bastin.id'o. [Sp. bastonada, Fr. bas-
shy: wanting confidence.—adv» Bashfully — tonnade—baston, b&ton. See Baton]
«. Bash'fulness. [From root of Abash.] Bastion, bast'yun, «. a kind of tower at the angles
Basilica, baz-il'ik-a, n. among the Romans, a of a fortification. [Fr. —O. Fr. bastir, 10 build.]
larye hall for judicial and commercial purposes, Bat, bat, n. a heavy stickfor beating or striking :
many of which were afterwards converted into a flat club for striking the ball in cricket: a
Christian churches : a magnificent church built piece of brick.—v.i. to use the bat in cricket :
after the plan of the ancient basilica. [L. basi —pr.p. batt'ing ; pa.p. batt'ed. [Celt, bat, the
lica, Gr. basiiike [oikia, a house), belonging to root of beat, an imitation of the sound of a blow.]
a king, from basiieus, a king.] Bat, bat, n. an animal with a body tike a mouse,
Basilisk, baz'il-isk, «. a fabulous serpent having a but which flics on wings attached to its fore-feet.
crest on its head like a crown : in modern [M.E. and Scot, bakke—Dan. bakke, Ice. ietker-
zoology, a kind of crested lizard. [Gr. basilis- blaka, leather-flapper.)
kos, dim. of basiUus, a king.] Batch, bach, «. the quantity of bread baked or of
Basin, bas'n, n. a wide open vessel or dish : any anything made at one time. [From Bake.]
hollow place containing water, as a dock : the Bate, bat, v.t- and v.i. Same as Abate.
area drained by a river and its tributaries [Fr. Bath, bSth, «. water for plunging the body into :
bassin. It. bacino. Low L. bacchinus, perhaps a battling: a house fur bathing :—pi. Baths,
from the Celtic bac, a cavity. J b5thz. [A.S. bath: cog. with Gcr. bad.]
Basis, bfis'is, «. the foundation or that on which Bath, hath, n. the largest Jewish liquid measure,
a thing rests: the pedestal of a column: containing about 8 gallons. [Heb. 'measured.']
the groundwork or first principle :—//. Bases, Bathe, baM, v.t. to wash as in a bath : to wash
bas'ez. [Sec Base, foundation.] or moisten with any liquid. —v.i. to be or He in
Bask, b isle, v.i. to lie in the warmth or sunshine, water as in a bath.—«. the act of taking a bath.
f From an O. Scand. form of Bathe.] [A.S. bathian—bath.)
Basket, baslcet, n. a vessel made of platted Bathos, ba'thos, ft. a ludicrous descent from the
twigs, rushes, or other flexible materials. [W. elevated to the mean in writing or speech. [Gr.
basged—basi?, network, plaiting.] bathos, depth, from bathys, deep.]
Basket-hilt, basTcet-hilt, «. the hilt of a sword Bating, b.it ing. Prep., abating, excepting.
with a covering wrought like basket-work to Batlet, batlet, «. a wooden mallet used by
defend the hand from injury. laundresses for beating clothes. (Dim. of Bat.)
Basque, bask, adj. relating to Biscay, a district Baton, bat'on, //. a staff or truncheon, esp. nf a
of Spain, or to the language of its naiives. policeman : a marshal's staff. [Fr. bAton
Bas-relief, ha-re-lef, «. Same as Bass-relief. — Low L. basto, a stick ; of unknown origin.]
Bass, bas, w. the loiu or grave part in music.— Batrachian, ba-trilTci-an, adj. of or belonging m
adj. low, deep, grave.—v.i. to sound in a deep the f-ot triht. [Gr. batrachos, a fn-g.]
tone. (Sec Base, low.) Batsman, bats'man, «. one who wields the bat at
Bass, bas, h. Same as Bast, which see. cricket, &c.
Bassoon, bas-OOn', n. a musical wind-instrument Battalion, bat-al'yun, «. in the infantry of a
of a bass or very low note. [It. bassone, aug modern army, the tactical unit or unit of com
ment. o( basso, low, from root of Base.] mand, being a body of soldiers convenient for
Bass relief, bas'-rc-lef, a. [sculpture] figures acting together (numbering from 500 to 1000) ;
which do not stand far out from the ground on several companies form a battalion, and one or
which they are formed. [It. basso-rilievo. See more battalions a regiment : a body of men
Base, low, and Belief. J drawn up in battle-array. [Fr. ; from root of
Bass viol, bils'-vi-ol, it. a musical instrument with Battle.J
four strings, used for playing the bass-, the Batten, bat'n, v.i. to grow fat : to live in luxury.—
violoncello. {See Bass, low, and Vlol.J v.t. to fatten : to fertilise or enrich. [Ice. batna,
Bast, bast, ft. the inner bark of the lime-tree : to grow better. See Better. J [Baton.
mattin? made of it. [A.S. bast; Dan., Sw., Batten, bat'n, n, a piece of board. [Same as
Gcr. bast.\ Batter, bat'er, v.t., to beat with successive blows:
Bastard, bast'ard, n. a child born of parents not I to wear with beating or by use : to attack with
married. — adj. bom out of wedlock: not genu ' artillery. —«. ingredients beaten along with
ine : false. [Fr. bAtard ; O. Fr. fils de batt, some liquid into a paste: [arch.' a backward
son of bast, bast <>r b&t being a coarse saddle slope in the face of a wall [Fr. battte, It.
for beasts of burden, and indicating contempt.] I batter*—t* battttere ; conn, with Beat.)
fate, far ; me, her : mine ; mote ; mute ; mOon ; Men.
 Batter Bear-garden
Patter, bat'cr, «. one who uses the bat at cricket. to live : Gx.pkud, ~\->./ui,/io, Sans, bhn, to be,
Eatteiingram, bat'er-ing-ram, w. an ancient originally meaning, to grow.]
engine for battering down walls, consisting of a Beach, bech, «. the shore of the sea or of a lake,
large beam with an iron head like that of a ram, especially when sandy or pebbly: the strand.
suspended in a frame. [Ice. bakkl, a variety of bank.] [beach.
Battery, bat'er-i, «. a number of cannon with their Beached, becht, adj. having a beach : driven on a
equipment : the place on which cannon are Beachy, bech'i, adj. having a beach or beaches.
mounted: the men and horses attending a Beacon, be'kn, n. a fire on an eminence used as
battery : an^instrument used in electric and a sign of danger : anything that warns of danger.
galvanic experiments : (/aw) an assault by beat —v.t. to act as a beacon to: to light up. [A.S.
ing or wounding. [playing games. beacen, a beacon, a sign ; conn, with Beckon.]
Batting, bating, n. the management of a bat in Bead, bed, «. a little ball pierced for stringing,
Battle, bat'I. n. a contest between opposing used in counting the prayers recited, also used
armies: a fight or encounter. —v.i. to join or as an ornament: any small ball. [A.S. bed,
contend in fight. [Fr. bataille—battre, lo beat. gebed, a prayer, from biddan, to pray. See Bid.]
See Batter.] Beadle, bed'l, «. a messenger or crier of a court ;
Battle-axe, batl-aks, n, a kind of axe formerly a petty officer of a church, college, parish, &c
used in battle. [A.S. bydel—beddan, to proclaim, to bid.]
Battledoor, Battledore, barl-dOr, n. a light Bead-roll, bfid'-rol, «. among R. Catholics, a mil
bat for striking a ball or shuttle-cock. [Sp. or list of the dead to be prayed for. [See Bead, j
baiidor, a beater, a washing-beetle.] Beadsman, beda/man, «. one employed to Pray
rattlement, batl-ment, «. a wall or parapet on for others.—-fern. Beads woman.
the top of a building with openings or embra Beagle, be'gi, w. a small hound chiefly used in
sures, orig. used only on fortifications. —«<-//. hunting hares. [Ety. unknown.]
Battlemented. [Prob. from O. Fr. bastilU- Beak, bek, «. the bill of a bird : anything pointed
ment—bastir, to build.] or projecting : in the ancient galley, a pointed
Battue, bat-too', tt. a sporting term : in a battue, iron fastened to the prow for piercing the
the woods are beaten and the game driven into enemy's vessel.—adj. Beak'ed. [Fr. bee—Celt.
one place for the convenience of the shooters. bete, akin to Peak, Pike.]
[Fr.—battre, to beat.] Beaker, bek'er, «. a large drinking-bowl or cup.
Bauble, baw'bl, «. a trifling piece of finery : a [Ice. bikarr (Scot, bicker)—Low L. bicarium,
child's plaything. [Fr. babt'o/e—It. babbole, acc. to Diez from Gr. bikos; of Eastern origin.]
toys—babbto, a simpleton.] Beam, bem, n. a large and straight piece of timber
Baudrlc. bawd'rik. Same as Baldrick. or iron forming one of the main supports of a
Bawble, baw'bl. Same as Bauble. building, ship, &c. : the part of a balance from
Bawd, bawd, tu a procurer or procuress of women which the scales hang: the pole of a carriage :
for lewd purposes. —n. Bawdry. [O. Fr. baud, a cylinder of wood in a loom : a ray of light. —
bold, wanton, from root of Bold.] —v.t. to send forth light : to shine. [A.S. beam,
Bawdy, bawd'i, adj. obscene : unchaste.—n. a tree, stock of a tree, a ray of light ; Ger, battm,
Bawd'Iness. a tree ; Gr. phyma, a growth—pky-, to grow.]
Bawl, bawl, v.i. to shout or cry out loudly.—n. a Beamless, bemles, adj. without beams : emitting
loud cry or shout. [Ice. bau/a, to bellow.] no rays of light-
Bay, ba, adj. reddish-brown inclining to chestnut. Beamy, bem'i, adj. shining.
[Fr. bat, It. bajo—L. badius, chestnut-coloured.] Bean, ben, m. the name of several kinds of pulse
Bay, ba, *. the laurel-tree :—61. an honorary gar and their seeds. [A. S. bean ; Ger. bokne, W.
land or crown of victory, orig. of laurel : literary ffaen, L. /aba.]
excellence. [Fr. bate, a berry—L, bacca.] Bear, bar, v.t. to carry or support : to endure : to
Bay, ba, tt. an inlet of the sea. an inward Ijend of behave or conduct one's self : to bring forth
the shore. [Fr. bate—Low L. baia, a harbour; or produce.—v.i. to suffer : to be patient : to
ety. dub. Acc. to Littre* from Baia, name u. a press (with on or upon) : to be situated \~pr.p.
town on the Campanian const] bear'ing ; pad. bore ; /a./, borne (but the pa.p.
Bay, ba, v.i., to bark, as a dog at his game.—v.t. when used to mean 'brought forth* is bom).
to bark at: to follow with barking.—At "bay, [A.S. beran; Goth, bairan, h./ero, Gr. pkerd.
said of hounds, when the stag turns and checks Sans, bhri.]
them, makes them stand and bark. [O. Fr. Bear, bar, tt. a rough wild quadruped, with long
abbayer—L. ad, and baubari, to yelp.] shaggy hair and hooked claws : any brutal or
Bayonet, ba'on-et, n. a dagger for fixing on the ill-behaved person: (astron.) the name of two
end of a musket.—v.t. to stab with a bayonet. constellations, the Great and the Little Bear.
[Fr. bafottnette—Bayonne, in France, where it [A.S. bem; Ger. bar; L. /era, a wild beast,
was first made.] akin to Gr. thir, Mo\. p/ter,]
Bays, baz, tt. a garland. See Bay, a laurel. Bearable, bar'a-bl, adj. that may be borne or
Bay-salt, ba'-sawlt, «. salt obtained from sea-water endured.—adv. Bear'ably.
by evaporation, esp. from salt-marshes along the Beard, b€rd, «. the hair that grows on the chin
coasts of France, &c. [Sec Bay, an inlet.] and adjacent parts : prickles on the cars of corn :
Bay-window, ba'-win-d5, n. a window projecting the barb of an arrow : the gills of oysters, &c.
so as to form a bay or recess within. —v.t. to take by the beard : to oppose to the
Bazaar, Bazar, ba zar', «. an Eastern market face. [A.S. ; W, bar/ Ger. bart, Russ. boroda,
place or exchange : a large hall or suite of rooms L. barba.] [barbed.—adj. Beardless.
for the sale of goods. [Arab, bazar, a market. | Bearded, bfird'ed, adj. having a beard : prickly :
Bdellium, del'i-um, «. a kind of gum. [Gr. bdel- Bearer, bar'er, ». one who or that which bears,
lion, from Heb. bedolaek.] esp. one who assists in carrying a body to the
Be.state
be, orv.i.quality
to live : to exist
\—$r,p. : to: pa.p.
beting havebeen
a certain grave : a carrier or messenger.
(bin). Bear-garden, bar'-gar-dn, n. an inclosure where
[A.S. Am; Ger. bin ; Gael bi, to exist ; W. byw, bears are kept : a rude turbulent assembly.
30 fate, far ; me*, her ; mine : mSte ; mute ; mOOn ; Men.
 Bearing Beef-eater
Bearing, baring, «. behaviour ; situation of one Because, be-kawz', cottj. for the reason that : on
object with regard to another : relation. account of : for. [A.S. be, by, ."»nd Cause ]
Bearish, banish, adj. like a bear. Beck, bek, n. a brook. [Ice. bekkr ; Ger. bach.)
Bear's-Skin, barz'-skin, «. the skin of a bear : a Beck, bek, n. a sign with the finger or head : a
shaggy woollen cloth for overcoats. [bears. nod.—v.i. to make such a sign. [A contr. of
Bear-ward, baV-wawrd, «. a warden or keeper of Beckon.J
Beast, best, n. an irrational animal, as opposed to Beckon, bek'n, v.t. to nod or make a sign to.
man : a four-footed animal : a brutal person. [A.S. teacnian—beacen, a sign. See Beacon. J
[O. Fr. teste* Fr. bSte—L. beslia.} Becloud, be-klowd', v.t. to obscure by clouds.
BeastlngS, best'ingz. Same as BlestlngS. Become, be-kum', v.i. to pass fr#m one state to
Beastly, best'li, adj. like a beast in actions or another: to come to be: (fol. by q/) to be the
behaviour : coarse : obscene.—«. Beastliness. late or end of.—v.t. to suit or befit :—pa.t.
Beat, bet, v.t., to strike repeatedly : to break or became'; pa.p. become'. [A.S. becumatt—pfx.
bruise : to strike, as bushes, in order to rouse Becoming, be, and Come.]
be-kumring, adj.{—adv.
suitableBecom'lngly.
to: graceful.
game: to thrash: to overcome. —z'.i. to give
strokes repeatedly : to throb : to dash, as a Bed, bed, n. a couch or place to sleep on : a plot
flood or storm :—pr.p. beat'ing ; pa. t. beat : in a garden : a place in which anything rests :
pa.p. beat'en.—«. a stroke : a stroke recurring the channel ofariver: [geol.) a layer or stratum.
at intervals, or its sound, as of a watch or the —v.t. to place in bed : to sow or plant : to lay
pulse: a round or course: a place of resort.— in layers :—Pr.p. bedd'ing ; pa.p. bedd'ed.—ns.
adj. weary: fatigued. [A.S. beaten, from root Bed'chamb'er, Bedd'ing. [A.S. bed; Ice. bedr,
bat, imitative of the sound of a sharp blow ; Ger. telt.] [any thick and dirty matter.
hence Bat, Butt.] Bedaub, bc-dawb', v.t* to daub over or smear with
Beaten, bei'n, adj. made smooth or hard by beat Bedchalr, bed'ehar, «. a chair with a movable
ing or treading : worn by use. back to support a sick person as in bed.
Beater, bet'er, n. one that beats or strikes : a Bedeck, be-dek', v.t. to deck or ornament.
crushing instrument. [prcmely happy. Bedevil, be-dev'il, v.t. to throw into disorder and
Beatific, -al, be-a-tifik, -al, adj. making su- confusion, as if by the devil.
Beatlficatlon, bi-at-i-fik-a'shun. n. act of beatify Bedew, be-du', v.t. to moisten gently, as with dew.
ing: [R. C. Church) a declaration by the pope Bedfellow, bcd'fel'O, «. a sharer of the same bed.
that a person is blessed in heaven. Bedight, bc-dlt', adj. adorned. [Pfx. be, and
Beatify, be-at'i-fl, v. t. , to make tlessed or happy : Dight.]
to bless with eternal happiness in heaven. [L Bedim, bc-dim', v t. to make dim or dark.
teatus, blessed, and facto, to make.] Bedizen, bc-dTz'n, v.t. to dress gaudily.
Beating, bet'ing, n. the act of striking : chastise Bedlam, bed'lam, n. an asylum for lunatics: a
ment by blows : regular pulsation or throbbing. madhouse : a place of uproar.—adj. fit for a
Beatitude, be-at'i-tud, «. heavenly happiness or madhouse. [Corrupted from Bethlehem, the
happiness of the highest kind : sayings of name of a monastery in London, afterwards con
Christ in Matt, v.. declaring the possessors of verted into a madhouse.]
certain virtues to be blessed- [L. beatitudo— Bedlamite, bedlam-It, n. a madman.
teatus, blessed.] Bedouin, bed'oo-in, «, the name given to those
Beau, bo, a fine, gay man, fond of dress: a Arabs who live in tents and lead a nomadic life.
lover:—//. Beaux (boz).-^w. Belle. [Fr. [Fr.—Ar. badaiuiy, dwellers in the desert.]
teau, bel—h. tellus, fine, gay, a contr. of benu- Bedrench, be-drensh', v.t. to drench or wet thor
lus, dim. of tenus, tonus, good.] oughly. [aj»c or sickness.
Beau-Ideal. bO-Id-e'al, «., ideal excellence, or an Bedrid, -den, bed'rid, -dn, atfj. confined to bed by
imaginary standard of perfection. Bedroom, bed'rGom, «. a room in which there is a
Beau-monde, bO-mongd', «. the gay or fashion bed : a sleeping apartment. [bed.
able world. [Fr. beau, gay, and moude, world.] Bedstead, bed'sted, «. a frame for supporting :i
Beauteous, bute-us. adj. full of beauty : fair : Bedtick, bed'tik, n. the tick or cover in which
handsome.—adv. Beau'teously.—«. Beau'te- feathers, &c. are put for bedding.
ousnesa. Bee, b€, «. a four-winged insect that makes honey.
Beautlfier, ba'ti-fT-er, *. one who or that which - n. Bee-line, the most direct road from one
beautifies or makes beautiful. point to another, like the honey-laden bee's way
Beautiful, bu'ti-fool, adj. fair : beauteous.—adv. home to the hive. [A.S. teo ; Ger. ttene.)
Beau'tlfully. Bee, be, n. {in Amer.) a social gathering where
Beautify, bu'ti-fl, v.t. to make beautiful: to1 some work is done in common.
grace: to adorn. —v.t. to become beautiful, or Beech, bech, «. a common forest tree with smooth
more beautiful. [Beauty, and L.facto, to make.]I silvery-looking bark, and producing nuts, once
Beauty, bu'ti, n. a pleasing assemblage of quali eaten by man, now only by pigs.—adj. Beech'en.
ties in a person or object : a particular grace or [A.S. tece, boc ; Ger. tuihe, Lat. J'agus, Gr.
excellence: a beautiful person. [Fr. teaute", phegos—from root ofphago, to cat.]
from teau.] [the face to heighten beauty. Bee-eater, bc'-St'er, «. a bird allied to the king-
Beauty-spot, btVti-spot, n. a spot or patch put on1 fisher, which feeds on bees.
Beaver, beVer, n. an amphibious quadruped valu Beef, bet, tt. the flesh of an ox or cow :—pi.
able for its fur : the fur of the beaver : a hat Beeves, used in orig. sense, oxen.—adj. con*
made of the beaver's fur: a hat. [A.S. befer; sisting of beef. [Fr. ta>uf, It. bore—L. bos,
Dan. tacver, Ger. titer, Gael, teathar, L. jtter. ]I bovis; cf. Gr. bous, Gael, bo. Sans, go, A.S. cu.]
Beaver, bev'er, n. that part of a helmet which1 Beef-eater, bef'-et'er, «. a popular name for a
covers the face. [So called from a fancied like yeoman of the sovereign's guard, also of the
ness to a child's bib, Fr. bavicre, from have,t warders of the Tower of I^ondon. [The obvious
slaver.] [quiet. ety. is the right one, there being no such form
Becalm, be-kam', v.t. to make calm, still, or* as bujfetier, as often stated. Cf. A.S. htuf-acta,
Became, bc-kim', pa.t. of Become. lit. 'loaf-eater,' a menial servant.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mCfon ; then. SI
 Beefsteak Believe
Beefsteak, bcfstak, «. a steak or slice of beef for Beguile, be-gtl', to cheat or deceive : to cause
broiling. [wits: stupid. to pass unnoticed what may be attended with
Beef-witted, beT-wired, adj. dull or heavy in tedium or pain.—adv. BegUll'tngly. - ;«. B«-
Beehive, bc'lilv, «. a case for bees to live in. guile'ment, Begull'er. [See Guile.] [rank.
Been, ben, pa.p. of Be. Begum, be'gum, n. a Hindu princess or lady of
Beer, ber, n. a liquor made by fermentation from Begun, bc-gun', pa.p. of Begin.
malted barley and hops. [A.S. bear; Yx.biere, Behalf, bc-haf, «. favour or benefit : sake.
Gcr. bier; prob. from root of Ferment.] account : part. [A.S. heal/, half, part ; on
Beery, ber'i, adj. of or afleeted by beer. kealfe, on the side of ]
Beestings, be^'ingz. See BiestingB. Behave, be-haV, v.t. (with self) to bear or carry,
Beeswax, bez waks, n. the wax collected by bees, to conduct.—v.i. to conduct one's self: to act.
and used by them in constructing their cells. [A.S. be/tabban, to restrain, from kabban, to
Beet, bet, n. a plant with a carrot-shaped root, have, to use.] [deportment.
eaten as food, from which sugar is extracted. Behaviour, be-hiiv'yur, n. conduct : manners or
[A.S. bete, Ger. beete, Fr. bette—L. beta.) Behead, bc-hed', v.t. to cut off the head.
Beetle, be'tl, n. an insect with hard cases for its Beheading, be-hed'ing, «. the act of cutting off
wings. [A.S. bitel—bitan, to bite.] the head.
Beetle, be'ti, «. a heavy wooden mallet used to Beheld, be-held'./a.r. and pa.p. of Behold.
beat with. —v.i* to jut or hang out like the head Behemoth, bChe-moth, «. an animal described in
of a beetle or mallet. [A.S, bit/, byte/, a mallet the book of Job, prob. the hippopotamus.
—beatan, to beat.] [ing or prominent brow. fHch. ' beasts,' hence 'great beast.']
Beetle-browed, be'tl-browd, adj. with overhang- Behest, be-hest', «. command : charge. [A.S.
Beetroot, bet'rOOt, «. the root of the beet plant. be/ues, vow, from be. and h/es, command—hatan;
Beeves, bevz, ;;.//. cattle, oxen. (Sec Beef.] Goth, haitan, to call, to name.]
Befall, be-fawl', v.t. to fall upon or happen to: to Behind, be-hlnd', prep, at the back of: after or
betide. —v.i. to happen or come to pass ',—fir.p. coming after : inferior to.—adv. at the back, in
befalling; pad. befell'; pa.p. bcfall'en. [A.S. the rear: backward: past. [A.S. be/tindan ;
befeallan. See Fall.] Ger. hinten. See Hind]
Befit, be-fit', v.t. to fit, or be suitable to :—Pr.p, Behindhand, bc-hlnd'hand, adj. or adv. being
befitt'ing ; pa.p. befitt'ed, [Pfx. be, and Fit.] behind : tardy, or in arrears.
Befool. be-f<io!', v.t. to make a fool of, or deceive. Behold, bc-hGld', v.t. to look upon: to contem
Before, bc-fOr', Prep, at the fore part, or in front plate.—v.i. to look : to fix the attention
of: in presence or sight of: previous to: in and pa.p. beheld'. —imp. or int. see! lo 1 ob
preference to: superior to.—adz: in front: sooner serve ! [A.S. behealden, to hold, observe—pfx.
than: hitherto. [A.S. be-foran. SeeFore.] be, and heaidan, to hold.]
Beforehand, be-for'hand, adv. before the time : Beholden, be-hold'n, adj. bound in gratitude:
by way of preparation* [favour. obliged. [Old pa. p. of Behold, in its ong. sense. ]
Befriend, be-frend', v.t. to act as a friend to : to Beholder, be-hold'er, «. one who beholds : an on
Beg, beg, v.i. to ask alms or charity : to live by looker. [Behoove.]
asking alms.—v.t. to ask earnestly : to beseech : Behoof, be-hoTJf, «. benefit : convenience. [See
to take for granted :—/r./. begg'ing; Pa.p. Behoove, be-ho"oV, v.t. to bejit, right, or neces
begged'. [A.S. bed-ec-ian, contr. bedcian, beg- sary for—now only used impersonally with it.
geti, a frequentative, to ask often, from biddan, [A.S- behofian. to be fit, to stand in need of ;
to ask. Sec Bead, Bid. ) connected with Have, Gcr. kaben, L. habeo, to
Beget, be-gct', v.t, to be the father of. to produce have, habilis, fit, suitable.)
or cause : to generate : to produce as an effect, Being, be'ing. n. existence : any person or thing
to cause :—/r,A begett'ing: pa.t. begat', begot'; existing. [From the pr.p. ol fie ]
pa.p. begot', begott'en. [A.S. begitan, to ac Belabour, be-Ia'bur, v.t. to beat soundly.
quire. See Get. J Belated, Ixr-liit'cd, adj% made too late : benighted.
Begetter, bc-get'er, «. one who begets: a father. Belay, bc-la', v. t. to fasten a rope by winding it
Beggar, beg'ar, «. one who begs : one who lives by round a pin. [Dut. bc-leggen. cog. with Lay, 7-.]
begging. —v. t. to reduce to beggary : to exhaust. Belch, belsh, v.t. to throw out wind from the
Beggarly, beg'ar-li, adj. poor : mean : contempt stomach : to eject violently. —«. eructation.
ible.—adv. meanly.—;;. Begg'arliness. [A.S. bea/can, an imitation of the sound.]
Beggary, beg'ar-i, «. extreme poverty. Beldam, Beldame, bel'dam, n. an old woman,
Begin, be-gin', T'.i. to take rise: to enter on some esp an ugly one. [Fr. be/, fair see Belle , and
thing new : to commence.—v.t. to enter on: to Dame, orig. fair dame, used ironically.]
commence:—Pr.p. beginning ; pa.t. began'; Beleaguer, be-leg'cr, v.t. to lay siege to. [Dut
Pa.p. begun'. [A.S. beginnan (also onginnan), bclegeren, to besiege ; conn, with Belay.]
from be, and ginuan, to begin.] Belfry, bel'fri, «. the part of a steeple or tower in
Beginner, be-gin'er, «. one who begins: one who which bells are hung. [Ong. and properly, a
is beginning to learn or practise anything. w:itch-towcr, from O. Fr. far/roi, O. Ger. berc-
Beginning, l^-gin'ing, n. origin or commence frit—O. Gcr. /rid, a tower, bergatt, to protect.]
ment : rudiments. Belie, be-lT/, v.t. to give the lie to: to speak
Begird, bc-gcrd', v.t. to gird or bind witha girdle: falsely of: to counterfeit :~pr.p. bely'ing: Pa P
to surround or encompass \~pa.t. begirt', be- belied'. |A.S. ^, and Lie.]
gird'ed ; Pa p. begirt'. [Sec Gird ] Belief, be IcT, n. persuasion of the truth of any
Begirt, bc-gert'. v.t. Same as Begird: also pa.t. thing : faith : the opinion or doctrine believed.
and pa.p. of Begird Believable, be-lev'a-bl, <uij. that may be believed.
Begone, be-gon', int. {lit.) be gone. In Woe Believe. be-leV, v.t. to regard as true: to trust
begone, we have the pa.p. of A.S. began, to go in. -v i. to be firmly persuaded of anything : to
round, to beset—beset with w >e. exorrisc faith: to think or suppose. — adv. Be-
Begot, he-got , Begotten. be-got'n# pa.f. of Beget. liev'ingly. [With prefix be- torge-, from A.S.
Begrime, be-grTm , v.t to grime or soil deeply. gv/y/an. For root of iy/a», see Leave, «.]
fite, far; mfi, her; mine; mute ; mute; moon; then.
 Believer
Believer, be lever, n. one who believes: a pro
fessor of Christianity.
Belike, bc-llk'. adv. probably: perhaps. [A.S.
pfx. be, and Like.]
Bell, bel, «. a hollow vessel of metal with a tongue
or clapper inside, which ring*! when moved :
anything bell-shaped.—Bear the bell, to be
first ur superior, in allusion to the bell-wether of
a flock, or to the leading horse of a team wear
ing bells on his collar. [A.S. belta, a bell—betlan,
to sound loudly.]
Belladonna, bel-a-don'a, «. the plant Deadly
Nightshade, used in small doses as a medicine
[It. bella-donna, fair lady, from its use as a
cosmetic]
Belle, bcl, ft., afine or handsome young lady: a
beauty. [Fr., fern, of Beau.]
Belles lettres, bet-lerV, «. the department of
literature, such as poetry and romance, of which
the chief aim is to please by its beauty. [Fr
belle, fine, lettres, learning—tettte, L. litem, a
letter.] [puts up bells.
Bell-hanger, bel'-hang'er, rt. one who hangs or
Bellicose, bel'ik-os, adj. contentious. [L. bclli-
cosus—btltum, war.]
Bellied, bel'id, adj. swelled out, or prominent,
like the belly—used generally in composition.
Belligerent, bel-i'jer-ent, adj. , carrying on war.
—«. a nation engaged in war. [L. bc/tigcro. to
carry on war—betlum, war, gero, to carry. See
Duel, Jest. ]
Bellman, bel'man, rt. a town-crier, who rings a
bell when giving notice of anything.
BellOW, bel'o, v.i. to low : to make a loud resound
ing noise.—n. a roaring. [From root ol Bell 1
Bellows, beluz or bel'us, n. an instrument to
blow with. [A.S. beetig, a bag; Gael, balg;
conn, with Belly, Bag.]
Bell shaped, bcl'-shapt, adj. shaped like a bell.
Bell-wether, bel -we/7t'er, «. a wether or sheep
which leads the flocks with a bell on his neck.
Belly, bel'i, «. the part ot the body between the
breast and the thighs. —v.t. to swell out : to fill.
—v.i. to swell :—pr.p. bell'ymg ; Pa.p. bell'icd.
[From root of Bag.]
Belly-band, bel'i-band, n. a band that goes round
ihe belly of a horse to secure the saddle.
Bellyful, hel'i-fool, «. as much as fills the belly,
a sufficiency.
Belong, be-long', v.i. to be one's property : to be
a part: to pertain: to have residence. [A.S.
langian, to long after ; cf. Dut. bclaugen.]
Belonging, be-long'ing, rt. that which belongs to
one — used generally in the plural.
Beloved, be-Tuvd\ adj. much loved : very dear.
BelOW. be-10', prep, beneath in place or rank : not
worthy of.—adv. in .a lower place : [fig.) on
earth or in hell, as opposed to heaven. [Be, and
Low.]
Belt, belt, n. a girdle or band : igeog.) a strait. -
v.t. to surround with a belt : to encircle. —adj.
Belted. [A.S. belt; Ice. belli, Gael, bait, L.
balteus, a belt ]
Belvedere, bel've-dCr, n. [in Italy) a pavilion or
look-out on the top of a building. [It. —bello,
beautiful, vedere, to see—L. bellus and videre \
Bemoan, be-mon', v.t. to moan at : to lament.
Bench, bensh. u. a long scat or form: a me
chanic's work-iable : a judge's scat: the body
or assembly of judges.—z:t. to place on or
furnish with benches. [A.S. bene; cog. with tier.
bank, and conn, with E. Bank, a ridge of earth. J
Bencher, bensh'er, «. a senior member ot an inn
of court.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Bent
Bend, bend, v.t. to curve or bow : make crooked :
to turn or incline : to subdue.—v.i. to be
crooked or curved : to lean : to bow in submis
sion :—Pa.p. bend'ed or bent. —«. a curve or
crook. [A.S. hendan. to bend, from Band. .1
string; a bow was 'bent' by tightening the
bandor string.]
Beneath, be-neth', pref. under, or lower in place :
unbecoming.—aav. in a lower place: below.
[A.S. pfx. be, and neothan, beneath. See
Nether.] *
Benedick, ben'e-dik, Benedict, bcn'e-dikt, ». a
newly-married man: also, a bachelor. [From
Benedick, a character in Shakespeare's Much
Ado About Nothing, who begins as a confirmed
bachelor and ends by marrying Beatrice.]
Benedictine, ben-c-dikt'in, u. one of an order of
monks named after St Benedict, called aUo
Black Friars from the colour of their dress.
Benediction, ben-e-dik'shun, «. a blessing : the
solemn act of imploring the blessing ol God.
[L. bcuedictio—bene, well, dico, dictnut. to say.]
Benedictory, ben-e-dikt'or-i, adj. declaring a
benediction : expressing wishes lor good.
Benefaction, ben-e-fak'shun, rt. the act of doing
good: a good deed done or benefit conferred.
IL. bene/actio. See Benefice.]
Benefactor, ben-e-fak'tor, «. one who confers a
benefit, —few Benefac'tresa.
Benefice, ben'c-fis, n. an ecclesiastical living.
[ Fr. —L. beneJictusH, a kindness—benefacere,
to benefit—bene, vm\\,facio, to do. In Low L.
bcnejiciitm meant a gift ot an estate.]
Beneficed, ben'e-fist, adj. having a benefice.
Beneficence, bc-nefi-sens, rt. active goodness :
kindness : charity.
Beneficent, be-nef i-sent, adj., doing good : kind:
charitable.—adv. Beneficently.
Beneficial, ben-e-fish'al. adj., doing good : useful:
advantageous, —adv. Beneficially.
Beneficiary, ben-e-fish'i-ar-i, n. one who holds a
benefice or receives a benefit.—adj. holding in
gift-
Benefit, ben e-fit, n. a favour : advantage : a per
formance at a theatre, the proceeds of which go
to one of the company. —v.t. to do good to. —
v.i. to gain advantage :-—pr.p. benefiting ; pa.p.
benefited. [Fr. bienjait—L.. bene/actum.]
Benevolence, be-nev'ol-ens, rt., good-will : dis
position to do good: an act of kindness: {£.
Hist.) a species of tax arbitrarily levied by the
sovereign, and represented by htm as a gratuity.
[L. benevolentia—bene, well, voto, to wish.]
Benevolent, be-ncv'ol-ent, adj., well-wishing:
disposed to do good.—adv. Benev olently.
Bengal-light, bcn-gawl'-lit, n. a species of firework
producing a very vivid blue light, much used
for signals by ships.
Benighted, be-nlted, adj. overtaken by night:
involved in darkness : ignorant. [Be, and Nigfit.]
Benign, ben-in', adj. favourable : gracious :
kindly. [O. Fr. bcntgru—L. benignus ~ benige-
nut, well-born, of gentle nature—benus, bonus,
good, and gen, root of gigno, to produce.)
Benignant, ben-ig'nant, adj. kind : gracious.—
adv. Benig'nantly. [L. benignus.]
Benignity, ben-ig'nit-i, rt. goodness of disposi
tion : kindness: graciousness.
Benignly, ben-Tn'li, adv. kindly : graciously.
Benison, ben'i-zn, benediction, blessing. [O.
Fr. beneicon—L. benedictio. Sec Benediction. J
Bent, bent, pa.t. and pa.p. of Bend.
Bent, bent, tt. leaning or bias : fixed tendency or
set of the mind. [From Bend.J
mote ; inuie ; uiotm ; then. 3«
 Bent Bewail
bent, bent, «. a coarse grass. [A.S. beonet.] Bestowal, be-stO'al, n, act of bestowing: dis
Benumb, be-num', v.t. to make numb or torpid. I posal.
Benzine, ben'zin, «. a substance prepared from I Bestride, be-strld', v.t. to stride over: to sit or
coal-tar naphtha, used in removing grease stains stand across '.—pa.t. bt:strid', bestrode' ; Pa.p.
from cloth. [ From Benzoin. ] bestrid', bestridd'en. [See Stride. ]
Benzoin, ben-zO'in, «. a fragrant, medicinal resin, Bestial, be-stud', v.t. to adom with studs.
obtained from the Styrax benzoin, a tree of Bet, bet, «. a wager: something staked to be lost
Sumatra. [Of Arab, orig.] or won on certain conditions.—v.t. and i. to lay
Bequeath, be-kweM', v.t. to give or leave by will : or stake, as a bet :—pr.p. bett'ing ; j>a.t. and
to hand dawn, as to posterity. [A S. be, and Pa.p. bet or bctt'ed. TEty. dub. ; either A.S.
cwethan, to say, to tell. See Quoth ] bad, a pledge, akin to Wed. Wager, or a contr.
Bequest, bc-kwest', n. something bequeathed or of Abet.]
left by will : a legacy. Betake, be-tiuV, v.t. (with self) to take one's self
Bereave, be-reV, v.t., to rob or make destitute : to: to apply or have recourse :—pa.t. betook';
—fia./>. bereaved' or bereft'. [Pfx- be, and Pa.p. bctak'en. [A.S. be, and Ice. taka, to
Reave. A.S. reafianJ\ deliver.]
Bereavement, be-rev'ment, «. heavy loss, esp. of Betel, bed, «. the betel-nut, or nut of the areca
friends by death. palm, with lime and the leaves of the Betel-
Bereft, be-reft', fa.p. of Bereave. Pepper, is chewed by the Malays as a stimulant.
Bergamot, ber'ga-mot, «. a fragrant oil obiained [East, word.]
from the Bergainol pear. [I*rom Bergamo, a Bethink, bc-thingk', v.t. to think on or call to
town of Lombardy in Italy.] mind : to recollect (generally followed by a
Berried, be/id, adj. having berries. reflective pronoun).—v.i. to consider ;—pa.t.
Berry, ber'i, n. any small juicy fruit. [A.S. and pa,p. bethought (be-thawt'). [A.S. bethen-
berime; Ger. Stent ; Dut. bezie; Goth, bast; can, Ger. bedenken. See Think.]
Sans, bhas, to eat.] Betide, bc-ttd', v.t., to happen to: to befall. [A.S.
Berth, berth, «. a ship's station at anchor : a pfx. be, and tidan, to happen. See Tide.]
room or sleeping-place in a ship : a situation or Betimes, bc-timz', adv. in good time : seasonably.
place of employment. [A form of Birth.] (Pfx. be, and Time.]
Beryl, ber'i!, «. a precious stone of a greenish Betoken, be-uVkn. v.t. to shew by a sign: to
colour. [L. and Gr. beryllus.\ foreshew. [A.S. getaenian. Sec Token.]
Beseech, bc-sech', v.t. to seek or ask from Betook, be-iook', pa.t. of Betake.
urgently : to implore or entreat :—pr.p. be Betray, be-tri', v.t. to give up treacherously : to
seeching: pa.t. and pa.p besought (bc-sawt'). disclose in breach of trust : to discover or shew.
—adv. Beseechingly. [A.S. be, and secan, to [Pfx- be, and Fr. trahir. It. tradire—L. tradere,
seek.] [Pfx. be, and Seem J to deliver up.]
Beseem, be-sem', v.t. to be seemly or fit fur. Betrayal, be-tra'al, «. act of betraying.
Beset, be-set', v.t. to surround or inclose: to Betrayer, be-tni'er, «. a traitor.
waylay : to perplex :—pr.p. besetting ; pa.t. Betroth, bc-troth', z>.t. to contract or promise in
and Pa.p. beset'. [A.S. bi-scttan, to surround.] order to marriage : to affiance. [ Be, and Troth
Besetting, be-set'ing, adj. confirmed : habitual. or Truth.]
Beside, be-sid', Prep., by the sideo(: over and Betrothal, be-troth'al, Betrothment, bc-troth'-
above: distinct from.—Beside one's self, nut ment, «. an agreement or contract with a view
of one's wits or reason. [A.S. be, by, and Side.] to marriage.
Beside, be-sid', Besides, be-sidz', adv. moreover : Better, bet er, adj. (serves as comp. of Good
in addition to. good in a greater degree : preferable : improved.
Besiege, be-sfij', v.t. to lay siege to: to beset —adv. (comp. of Well' well in a greater degree :
with armed forces: to throng round.—«. Be more fully or completely: with greater advant
sieger, be-sej'er. [Be, and Siege.] age:—//. superiors.—v.t. to make better, to
Besmear, be-smeV, v.t. to smear over or daub. improve: to benefit. [A.S. bet (adv.), betera,
Besom, be'zum, «. an implement for sweeping. better, Goth, batiza, Ger. besser ; root bat,
I A.S. besem, besma.] good ; it is in all the Teutonic lang. See Boot.]
Besot, be-sot', v.t. to make sottish, dull, or stupid : Better, bet'er, n. one who bets.
—pr.p. bcsoti'ing; pa.p. besott'ed. Between, bc-iwcn', Betwixt, bc-twikst', prefi. in
Bosought, be-sawt', pa.t. send pa.p. of Beseech. the middle of twain or two; in the middle or
Bespatter, be-spat'er, v.t. to spatter or sprinkle intermediate space : from one to another. [A S.
with dirt or anything moist : to defame. betwtonan, betweox, betwuxt—be, and tivegen,
Bespeak, bc-spek', v.t., to speak /or or engage tiva, two, twain.]
beforehand : to betoken. [Be, and Speak.] Bevel, bev el, «. a slant or inclination of a surface :
Best, best, adj. (serves as super), of Good) good an instrument opening like a pair of compasses
in the highest degree : first : highest : most ex for measuring angles.—adj. having the form of
cellent,—it. one's utmost endeavour: the highest a bevel : slanting.—v.t. to form with a bevel or
perfection.—adv. (super), of Well) in the highest slant : -pr.p. bev elling ; pa.p. bcv'elled.—Bevel-
degree : in the best manner. [A.S. betst, betes/, gear {tnech.), wheels working on each other in
best. See Better.] different planes, the cogs of the wheels being
Bestead, bc-sted', p.adj. situated : treated. [Pfx. bevelled or at oblique angles to the shafts. [i r.
be, and Stead ] biveau, an instrument for measuring angles.]
Bestial, best'i-al, adj. like a beast : vile : sensual. Beverage. beVer-aJ, «., drink: any agreeable
[L. bestnits. See Beast.] liquor fiir drinking. [O. Fr. ; It beveraggio—
Bestiallse, hest'i-al-Tz, v.t. to make like a beast. bevire—L. bibere, to drink.]
Bestiality, best-i-al'i-ti, «. beastliness. Bevy, bev'i, «. a brood or flock of birds, especially
Bestir, be-ster', v.t. to put into lively action. of quails : a company, esp. of ladies. [It, beva,
Bestow, be-stO', v.t. to stow, place, or put by : to a drink, a company for drinking.]
give or confer : to apply. [See StOW.] Bewail, be-wil', v.t. to lament. (Sec Wall.]
fate, far; me, her ; mine; mOte ; mute; mODn ; then.
 Beware Bijoutry
Beware, be-waV, v.t. to be on one's guard : to be I Bice, bis, n. a pale blue or green paint. [Fr. bis,
suspicious of danger: to take care. [The two | bise ; orig. unknown.]
words be ware run together. See Wary.] Biceps, bl'seps, n. the muscle in front of the arm
Bewilder, be-wil'der, v.t. to perplex or lead between the shoulder and elbow. [L. biceps,
astray.—«. Bewil derment.
•wildem, a wilderness.] [Be, and prov. E. two-headed—bis, twice, and cafiut, head.]
Bicipital, bl-sip'it-al, adj. {anal.), having tivo
Bewitch, be-wich', v.t. to affect by witchcraft : to heatis or origins. [See Biceps.]
fascinate or charm. [See Witch.] Bicker, bik'er, v.i. to contend in a petty way: to
Bewitchery,be-wich'er-i, Bewitchment, be-wich'- quiver : to move quickly and tremulously, as
ment, «. fascination. running water. [Ace to Skeat, bicBer — pick-cr,
Bewitching, be-wich'ing, adj. charming : fas or pech-er, to peck repeatedly with the beak.]
cinating.—adv. Bewltch'ingly. Bicycle, bl'sikl, «. a velocipede with two wheels,
Bewray, bc-ra', v.t. {£.), to accuse: to point out: arranged one before the other. [L. bis, twice,
to betray. [A.S. pfx. be, and wregan, to accuse.] and Gr. kyklos, a circle.]
Bey, ba, «. a Turkish governor of a town or pro Bid, bid, v.t., to offer: to propose: to proclaim :
vince. [Turk, beg, pronounced ba, a governor.] to invite: to command :~pr.p. bidd'ing ; Pa.t.
Beyond, bc-yond', prep, on the farther side of: bid or bade : pa.p. bid, bidden.— u. an oner of
farther onward than: out of reach of. [A.S. a price. [A. S. beodau ; Goth, bjudan, Ger.
be-geond—pfx. be, and geond, across, beyond. bieten, to offer.]
See Ton, tender.] Bid, bid, v.t., to ask for: to pray (nearly obs.l.
Bezel, bcz'l, n. the part of a ring in which the [A.S. biddan, Goth, bid/an; the connection with
stone is set. [O. Fr. bite/, Fr. biseau; of un Bid. to command, is dub. See Bead.]
certain origin.] Bidder, bid'er, «. one who bids or offers a price.
Bhang, bang, n. Same as Bang, Bangue. Bidding, bid'ing. n. offer: invitation : command.
Bias, bl'as, n. a weight on one side of a bowl Bide, bid, v.t. and v.i. Same as Abide, to wait for,
(in the game of bowling), making it slope or turn [A.S. bidan, Goth, beidan.]
to one side : a slant or leaning to one side : an Biennial, bl-en'yal, adj. lasting tivo years: hap
inclination of the mind, prejudice. —v.t. to cause pening once in two years.—n. a plant th.it lasts
to turn to one side : to prejudice or prepossess ; two years, —adv. Bienn'ially. [L. biennalis—
bi'ascd or brassed. [Fr. biair ; prob. L. bis, twice, and annus, a year.]
bi/ax, two-faced—his, twice.Jades, the face.] Bier, bfir, ». a carriage or frame of wood for
Bib, bib, n. a cloth put under an infant's chin. bearing the dead to the grave. [A.S. bar; Ger.
[M. E. bibben, to imbibe, to tipple, because the bahre, L. fer-eirum. From root of Bear, v.]
cloth imbibes moisture—L. bibere, to drink.] BiestlngS, bcst'ingz, «. the first milk from a cow
Bib, bib, n. a fish of the same genus as the cod after calving. [A.S. bysting; Ger. biest-milch.\
and haddock, also called the Pout. Bifacial, bT-fa'shyal, adj. having two like faces
Bibber, bib'er, n. a tippler: chiefly used in com or opposite surfaces. [L. bis, twice, and Facial.]
position, as {&.) wine-bibber. [L. bibo, to drink.] Bifurcated, bl-furk'at-ed, adj., twoforked: hav
Bible, bi'bl, h. the sacred writings of the Christian ing two prongs or branches. [L. bifurcus—
Church, consisting of the Old and New Testa bis, twice, furca, a fork.]
ments. [Fr.—L. and Gr. biblia, pi. of Gr. Bifurcation, bl-furk-a'shun, n. a forking or divi
biblion, a little book, biblos, a book, from byblos, sion into two branches.
the papyrus, of which paper was made.] Bifey big, adj. large or great : pregnant : great in
Biblical, bib'lik-al, adj. of or relating to the air, mien, or spirit. [M. E. bigg, Scot, bigly,
Bible : scriptural.—adv. Biblically. prob. from Ice. byggi-ligr, habitable—byggja,
Biblicist, bibiis-ist, «. one versed in biblical to settle, conn, with bua, to dwell. T rom
learning. 1 habitable ' it came to mean ' spacious,' ' large.']
Bibliographer, bib-li-ogVaf-er, «. one versed in Bigamist, bigam-ist, n. one who has committed
bibliography or the history of books.—adj. bigamy.
Bibliographic. Bigamy, big'am-i, n. the crime of having two
Bibliography, bib-li-og'raf-i, «., the description I wives or two husbands at once. [Fr.—L. bis,
or knowledge of boohs, in regard to their authors, ' twice, and Gr. gamos, marriage.]
subjects, editions, and history. [Gr. biblion, a Biggin, big'in, «. a child's cap or hood. [Fr.
book, graphs, to write, describe-] T'eguitt, from the cap worn by the Bfguines, a
Blbllolatry, bib-li-ol'at-ri, n. superstitious rever religious society of women in France.]
ence for the Bible. [Gr. biblion, a book, latreia, Bight, bit, a bend of the shore, or small bay:
worship.] a bend or coil of a rope. [Cf. Dan. and Swed.
Bibliology, bib-H-ol'oj-i, n. an account of books : bugt, Dut. bogt, from root of Goth, biugan, A.S.
biblical literature, or theology. [Gr. biblion, a beogan, Ger. biegen, to bend, E. bow.]
book, logos, discourse.] Bigness, big'nes, n. bulk, size.
Bibliomania, bib-li-o-man'i-a, n. a mania for pos Bigot, big'ot, «. one blindly and obstinately de
sessing rare and curious books. [Gr. biblion, a voted to a particular creed or party. [Fr. ;
book, and Mania.] variously derived from the oath By God, used,
Bibliomaniac, bib-li-o-man'i-ak, n. one who has a acc. to the tale, by the Norman Rollo, and
mania for possessing rare and curious books. then a nickname of the Normans : Bigutne, a
Bibliopole, bibH-o-pol, Bibliopollst, bib-li-op'ol- religious society of women ; Visigoth, a Western
ist, n. a bookseller. [Gr. biblion, a book, poled, Goth : and Sp. bigote, a moustache.]
to sell.] Bigoted, big'ot-ed, adj. having the qualities of a
Bibulous, bib'u-lus, adj., drinking or sucking in : bigot. [especially in religious matters.
spongy. [L. bibnlus—bibo, to drink.] Bigotry, big'ot-ri, «. blind or excessive zeal,
Bicarbonate, bl-kaYbon-at, n. a carbonate or salt Bijou, be-zhoo'. n. a trinket: a jewel : a little
having two equivalents of carbonic acid to one box :—pi. Bijoux, be-zhuo'. [Fr.]
equivalent of base. [L. bi- {for dvi-, from duo, Bijoutry, be-zhoo'tri, «. jewelry : small articles
two', twice, and Carbonate.] of virtu.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mCOn ; then. 41
 Bilateral
Bilateral, bT-Iat'er-al. adj., having two sides.
fL. bis, twice, and Lateral]
Bilberry, bU'ber-i, «. called also Whortleberry,
a shrub and its berries, which arc d.irk-blue.
[Dan. boUebaer, ball-berry (cf. Billiards) ; Scot.
blaeberry ; Ger. bluubecre.]
Bilbo, bil'bo, u a rapier or sword:—//. Bilboes,
bil'bOz, fetters. [From Bilboa in Spain.)
Bile, bil, n. a thick yellow bitter fluid secreted by
the livery ) ill-humour. [FY.—L. bills,
allied tojel,Jellis, the gall-bladder.]
Bilge, bilj, n. the bulging pan of a cask : the
broadest part of a ship's bottom. — v.i. to spring
;i leak by a fracture in the bilge, as a ship. [See
Bulge, Belly.]
Bilge-water, bilj'-waw'ter, n. the foul water
which gathers in the bilge or bottom of a ship.
Biliary,bil'yar-i belonging to or conveying bde.
Bilingual, bi-ling'wal, adj. of or containing two
tongues or languages. [L. bilingnis—bis, twice,
lingua, tongue.] [bile.
Bilious, bil'yus, adj. pertaining to or affected by
Bilk, bilk, v.t. to elude: to cheat. [Perhaps a
dim. of Balk.]
Bill, bil, «. a kind of battle-axe : a hatchet with a
hooked point for pruning. [A.S. bil; Ger. bed.]
Bill, bil, «. the beak of a bird, or anything like it.
—v.i. to join bills as doves: to caress fondly.
[A.S. bile, the same word as the preceding, the
primary meaning being, a cutting implement,]
Bill, bil, «. an account of money: a draft of a
proposed law: a written engagement to pay a
sum of money at a fixed date : a placard or
advertisement : any written statement of parti
culars.—BUI of exchange, a written order from
one person to another, desiring the latter to pay
to some specified person a sum of money at a
fixed date.—Bill of lading, a paper signed by
the master of a ship, by which he makes him
self responsible for the safe delivery of the goods
specified therein.—Bill Of fare, in a hotel, the
list of dishes or articles of food Bill of health,
an official certificate of the state of health on
board ship before sailing.—Bill Of mortality,
an official account of the births and deaths
occurring within a given time. [[Lit.) a sealed
paper, from Low L. bit/a— bulla, a seal. See
Bull, an edict.]
Billet, bil'et, «., a little note or paper: a ticket
assigning quarters to soldiers.—v.t. to quarter
or lodge, as soldiers. [Fr.—dim. of Bill.J
Billet, bil'et, «- a small log ofwood used as fuel.
[Fr. billot—billc, the young stock of a tree,
prob. of Celt, orig., perh. allied to Bole, the
trunk of a tree.]
Billet-dOUZ, bil-e-dOO', «.. a sweet note: a love-
letter. [Fr. billet, a letter, doit.v, sweet.]
Billiards, bil'yandz, «. a game played with a cue
or mace and balls on a table having pockets at
the sides and corners. [Fr. billard—billc, a ball ]
Billingsgate, bilingz-gat, n. foul language like
that spoken at Billingsgate (the great fish-
niarket of LondonJ.
Billion, bil'yun, «. a million of millions
(1,000,000,000,000) ; or, according to the French
method of numeration, one thousand millions
fi/xxj.ooo.ooo;. [L. bis, twice, ami Million.]
Blllman. bil'rnan, «. a soldier armed with a bill.
Billow, bil'O, «. a great wave of the sea swelled
by the wind. —v.i. to roll in large waves.
[Ice. bylgja; Sw. bolja, Dan. bo'tge, a wave—
root bcig. in swell. Sec Bilge, Bulge.]
Billowy, bil'o-i, adj. swelling into billows.
Blmana. blYnan-a, n. animals having two hands:
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Bird's-eye
a term applied to the highest order of mam
malia, of which man is the type and only
species. [L bis, twice, and matins, the hand.]
BlmanouS, bT'man-us, adj., having two hands.
Bimensal, bi-mens'al, adj. happening once in
two mout'lis ; bimonthly. [L. bis, and mensis,
a month.]
Bimetallism, bi'met'al-izm, n. the system of
using a double standard of currency, or one
based upon the two metals, gold and silver,
instead of on one alone. [A recent coinage,
from Gr. bi, double, and MetaLJ
Bin, bin, «. a place for storing corn, wine. [A.S.]
Binary, bl'nar-i, adj. composed 0/ titv : twofold.
[L. binarius—lnni, two by two—bis, twice.]
Bind, bind, v.t. to tie or fasten together with a
band : to sew a border on : to fasten together
(the leaves of a book) and put a cover on : to
oblige by oath or agreement or duty: to re
strain: to render hard:—pa.t, and pa.p. boimd.
[A.S. bindan ; cog. with Ger. bindcii, Sans.
bandh. Ct. Band, Bend, and Bundle.]
Binder, blnd'er, «. one who binds, as books or
sheaves.
BlndiDg, bmd'ing, adj. restraining: obligatory --
u. the act of binding : anything that binds : the
covering of a lwok.
Bindweed, bind'wed, n. the convolvulus, a genus
of plants so called from their twining or binding.
Binnacle, bin'a-kl, n. [naut.) the box in which on
shipboard the compass is kept. [Formerlv bit-
tacle—Port. bitacola — L. havitaculum, a dwell
ing-place—habito, to dwell.]
Binocular, bTn-ok'ftl-ar, adj. having two eyes :
suitable for two eyes. [L. bis, and ocnitis, eye.]
Binomial, bl-nfJm'i-al, adj. and n. in algebra, a
quantity consisting of two terms or parts. [L.
bis, twice, and nomen, a name, a term.]
Biography, bi-nfiYaf-i, «., a written account or
history of the life of an individual : the art of
writing such accounts. — n. Biog rapher, nne
who writes biography. - adjs. Biograph ic, Bio
graphical.— adv. fiiograph'ically. iGr. bios,
hie, graphs, to write.]
Biology, bi-ol'oj-i, «. the science that treats of
life or of organised beings.—adj. Biological.
[Gr. bios, life, logos, a discourse.]
Bipartite, bi'part-It or bi-part')t, adj., divided
into two like parts. [L. bis, twice, partitas,
divided -partio, to divide.]
Biped, bT'ped, «. an animal with two feet.—adj.
having two feet. [L. bipes—bis, twice, ped-, foot.]
Blpennate, bl-pen'at, Bipennated, bi-pen'at-ed,
adj., havingtwo wings. {L.—bis, penna, a wing.]
Biquadratic, bl-kwod-rat'ik, «. a quantity twice
squared, or raised to the fourth power. [L. bis,
twice, and quadrattts, squared.]
Birch, berch, «. a hardy forest-tree, with smooth,
white bark, and very durable wood: a rod for
punishment, consisting of a birch twig or twigs,
[A.S. birce ; Ice. biork, Sans, bhurja.]
Birch, -en, berch, -'en, adj. made of birch.
Bird, herd, n. a general name lor leathered animal*.
—v.i. to catch or snare birds. [A.S. brid, the
young ol a bird, a bird : either from root of Breed
(bredan, to breed] or of Birth Ju-ran, to bear'.]
Bird-fancier, berd'-f.ui'si-cr, n. one who has a
fancy for rearing birds : one who keeps birds for
sale. [for catching birds.
Birdlime, berd'ttm, u. a sticky substance used
Blrd-Of-Paradise, ue!d-ov-p,ir'a-dis, n. a kind of
Eastern bird with splendid plumage.
Bird's-eye, berdz'-I, adj. seen from above as if by
the eye of a llying bird.—«. a kind of tobacco.
mOte ; unite ; mOOn ; Men,
 Bireme
Blreme, bi'rfm, n. an ancient vessel with two
rows of oars. [Fr. — L. biremis—bis, twice, and
remits, an oar.]
Birk. berk, «. Scotch and prov. E. for Birch.
Birth, berth, n. a ship's station at anchor. [Same
as Berth ]
Birth, berth, n. the act of bearing or bringing
forth ; the offspring born : dignity of family :
origin. [A.S. beorth. a birth—Arraw, to bear.]
Birthright, berth'rit, «. the right or privilege to
which one is entitled by birth.
BUcuit, bis'kit, «. hard dry bread in small cakes :
a kind of unglazed earthenware. [ Lit.) bread
twice cookeU or baked (so prepared by the
Rom in soldiers); Fr.—L. bis, twice; Fr. cuit,
baked—L. coquo, coctitin, to cook or bake.]
Bisect. bT-sekt', v.t., to cut into tivo equal parts,
[L. bis, twice, and seco, sectum, to cut.]
Bisection, bl-sck'shun, n. division into two equal
parts.
Bisexual, bl-sek'shtfo-al, adj., ofboth sexes : {hot.)
applied to flowers which contain both stamens
and pistils within the same envelope. [L. bis,
twice, and Sexual ]
Bishop, bish'op, «. one of the higher clergy who
has charge Ot a diocese. [A.S. bisceof—L. epis-
copus—Gr. rpiskopos, an overseer—epi, upon,
skoped, to view,]
Bishopric, bish'op-rik, n. the office and jurisdic
tion of a bishop : a diocese. [A.S. ric, dominion.]
Bismuth, biz'muth, «. a brittle metal of a reddish-
white colour used in the arts and in medicine.
[Ger. bismuth, wissmuth ; orig. unk.]
BiSOIl, bi son, «. a large wild animal like the bull,
with shaggy hair and a fatty hump on its
shoulders. [From L. and Gr. ; but prob. of
Teutonic origin.]
Bisque, bisk, n. a species of unglazed porcelain.
twice passed through the furnace. [Fr., from
root of Biscuit.]
Bissextile, bis-sext'il, «. leap-year.—adj. per
taining to leap-year. [L. bis, twice, and sexfits,
sixth, so called because in every fourth or leap
year the sixth day before the calends of March,
or the 24th February, was reckoned tztdce.j
Bister, Bistre, bis'ter. u. a brown colour made
from the soot of wood. [Fr.; orig. unknown.]
Bisulphate, bT-sofftt, «., a double sulphate. [L.
bis, twice, and Sulphate.]
Bit, bit, «. a bite, a morsel : a small piece : the
smallest degree: a small tool for boring: the
part of the bridle which the horse holds in his
mouth.—v.t. to put the bit in the mouth :—
pr.p. bitting : pa.p. bitt'ed. [From Bite.]
Bitch, bich, n. the female of the dog, wolf, and
fox. [A.S. bicce, Ice bikkia.]
Bite, bit, v.t. to seize or tear with the teeth : to
sting or pain: to wound by reproach :—/«./.
bit ; pa.p. bit or bitt'en.—«. a grasp by the
teeth: something bitten off: a mouthful.—n.
Blt'ing.—adj. Biting. [A.S. bitan ; Goth.
beitan, Tee. bita, Ger. beissen ; akin to L jid-,
Sans, bhid, to cleave.]
Bitter, bit'er, adj., biting or acrid to the taste :
sharp: painful. —n. any substance having a
bitter taste.—adj. Bitterish. —adv. Bitterly.
—ft. Bitt'erness. [A.5.—bitan, to bite.]
Bittern, bit'ern, n. a bird of the heron family,
said to have been named from the resemblance
of its voice to the lowing 0/ a bull. [M. E.
bittour—Fr.—Low L. butorius \bos, taunts .]
Bitters, biterz, «. a liquid prepared from bitter
herbs or roots, and used as a stomachic.
Bitumen, bi-tu'men, «. a name applied to various
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Blackthorn
inflammable mineral substances, as naphtha,
petroleum, asphaltum.—adj. Bituminous [L.J
Bivalve, bT'valv, «. an animal having a shell in
tivo valves or parts, like the oyster: a seed-
vessel of like kind.—adj. having two valves. --
adj. Bivalv'ular. [L.bis, twice, vatva, a valve.)
Bivouac, biv'oo-ak, «. the lying out all night of
soldiers in the open air. —V.t. to pass the night
in the open air:—pr.f>. biv'ouacking ; pa.p.
biv'ouacked. [Fr.—Ger. berwacktj% to watch
beside—&r/, by, wachen, to watch.]
Bi-weekly, bT'-wek'li, adj. properly, occurring
once in two weeks, but usually twice in every
week. [L. bis, twice, and Week. ]
Bizarre, bt-zaV, adj. odd : fantastic : extravagant.
[Fr. — Sp. bizarro, high-spirited.]
Blab, blab, v.t. to talk much : to tell tales.—v.U
to tell what ought to be kept secret ;—pr.p.
blabb'ing ; pa.p. blabbed. [An imitative word,
found in Dan. blabbre, Ger. ftlapperiu]
Black, blak, atij. of the darkest colour : without
colour: obscure: dismal: sullen: horrible.—«.
black colour : absence of colour : a negro :
mourning.—v.t. to make black : to soil or
stain.—adj. Black'iBh.—«. Blackhess. [A.S.
blac, blare, black.] [negro.
Blackamoor, blak'a-milor, «., a black Moor: a
Black-art, blak'-art, n. necromancy: magic.
[Acc. to Trench, a translation of the Low L.
nigromantia, substituted erroneously for the
Gr. necromanteia (see Necromancy . as if the
first syllable had been L. niger, black.]
Blackball, blak'bawl, v.t. to reject in voting by
putting a black ball into a ballot-box.
Blackberry, blak'ber-i, «. the berry of the
bramble. [black colour.
Blackbird, blak'berd, k. a species of thrush of a
Blackboard, blaktrtrd, n. a board painted black,
used in schools for writing, forming figures, &c
Black-cattle, blak'-kat'l, «. oxen, bulls, and cows.
Blackcock, blak'kok, n. a species of grouse,
common in the north of England and in Scotland.
Black-currant, blak'-kur'ant. M. a garden shrub
with black fruit used in making preserves.
Black-death, blak'-dcth, n. a name given to the
plague of the fourteenth century from the black
spots which appeared on the skin.
Blacken, blak'n, v.t. to make black : to defame.
Black-flag, blak'-flag, n. the flag of a pirate, from
its colour.
Blackfriar, blak'fr7-ar, ml a friar of the Dominican
order, so called from his black garments.
Blackguard, blag'ard, «. (orig. applied to the
lowest menials about a court, who took charge
of the pots, kettles, &c. ) a low, ill-conducted
fellow. —adj. low: scurrilous.—n. Blackguard
ism, [ing leather, &c.
Blacking, blak'ing. n. a substance used for black-
Blacklead. blak-led', n. a black mineral used in
making pencils, blacking grates, &c.
Blackleg, blak'lcg, //. a low gambling fellow.
Black-letter, blak'-let'er, n. the old English
(also called Gothic) letter (iJUcfe-lcttcr).
Blackmail, blak'mfil, «. rent or tribute formerly
paid to robbers for protection. [Black and A.S.
trial, tribute, toll.J
Black-rod, blak'-rod. n the usher of the order of
the Garter and of parliament, so called from the
black rod which he carries.
Blacksmith, blak'smith, n. a smith who works in
iron, as opposed to one who works in tin.
Blackthorn, blak'thorn, n. a species of dark-
coloured thorn : the sloe.
mole ; mute ; mOon ; //ten. 4o
 Bladder Blind
Bladder, blad'er, «. a thin bag distended with Blatant, bliit'ant, adj., bleating or bellowing:
liquid or air : the receptacle for the urine. noisy. [A.S. bicetan, to bleat.]
[A.S. bleedr—blawan; O. Ger. bin/tan, blaian, Blaze, blaz, «. a rush of light or of flame : a
to blow ; Ger. blase, bladder—blasen, to blow ; bursting out or active display.—v.i. to burn
cf. h.jfat-us, breath.] with a name : to throw out light. [A.S. blase,
Blade, blad, //. the leaf or flat part of grass or a torch, from root of Blow.]
corn : the cutting part of a knife, sword, &c. : Blaze, blaz, Blazon, bla'zn, v.t. to proclaim, to
the flat part of an oar : a dashing fellow. [A. S. spread abroad.—To Blaze a tree, to make a
blmi; Ice. blad, Ger. blatt.\ _ [blades. white mark by cutting off a piece of the bark.
Bladed, bftid'cd, adj. furnished with a blade or [Same as Blare : Blazon is the M. E. blasen,
Blaln, bliin, «. a boil or blister. [A.S. blegen, a with the m retained.]
blister, prob. from blawan, to blow.] Blazon, bla'zn, v.t. to make public: to display :
Blamable, blam'a-bl, adj. deserving of blame: to draw or to explain in proper terms, the
faulty.—adv. Blam'ably.—«. Blam'ableness. figures, &c, in armorial bearings. —«. the
Blame, blam, v.t, to find fault with : to censure.— science or rules of coats of arms. [Fr. blasoti,
«. imputation of a fault: crime: censure. [Fr. a coat of arms, from root of Blaze.]
bid mer, blasmer—Gr. blasphemed, to speak ill. Blazonry, bla'zn-ri, «. the art of drawing or of
See Blaspheme.] deciphering coats of arms : heraldry.
Blameful, olam'fool, adj. meriting blame : crim Bleach, blech, v.t. to make pale or white : to
inal.—adv. Blame'fully.—». Blame'fulness. whiten, as textile fabrics. —v.i. to grow white.
Blameless, blam'les, adj. without blame : guilt [A.S. blacian, to grow pale, from root ofBleak.]
less: innocent—adv. Blamelessly —«. Blame'- Bleacher, blech er, u. one who bleaches, or that
lessness. _ [blame: culpable. which bleaches.
Blameworthy, bIam'wur-/Ai, adj. worthy of Bleachery, blech'er-i, n. a place for bleaching.
Blanch, btansh, v.t. to whiten.—v.i. to grow Bleaching, blech'ing, n. the process of whitening
white. [Fr. blanchir—blanc, white. Sec Blank.] or decolourising cloth.
Blanc mange, bla- mawngzh', n. a white jelly Bleak, blek, aiij. colourless : dull and cheerless :
prepared with milk. [Fr. blanc, white, manger, cold, unsheltered.—adv. Bleakly.—n. Bleak'-
food.] ness. [A.S. blttc, bide, pale, shining ; a different
Bland, bland, ad/-* smooth: gentle: mild.—adv. word from bloc (without accent), black. The
Blandly.- «. Bland'ness. [L. blandus, pcrh. root is blican, to shine.]
= mla{n\dus = E. mi/d.] Bleak, blck, n, a small white river-fish.
Blandishment, bland'ish-ment, n. act of express Blear, bier, adj. (as in Blear-eyed, bler'-Id)
ing fondness : flattery : winning expressions or 1 sore or inflamed : dim or blurred with inflam
actions. [Fr. blandissement, O. Fr. blaudir, to mation. [Low Ger. bleer-ogedt ' blear-eyed. ']
flatter—L. blandus, mild.] Bleat, bl5t, v.i. to cry as a sheep.—«. the cry of a
Blank, blangk, adj. without writing or marks, sheep. [A. S. bleetan; L. balare, Gr. blechc, a
as in while paper: empty : vacant, confused : in bleating : root bla- ; formed from the sound.]
poetry, not naving rhyme.—n. a paper without Bleating, bleVing, «. the cry of a sheep.
writing : a ticket having no mark, and therefore Bleed, bled, v.i. to lose blood : to die by slaughter:
valueless: an empty space.—adv. Blankly.— to issue forth or drop as blood.—v.t. to draw
«. Blank'ne88. [Fr. blanc, from root of Ger. blood from:—6a. t. and pa.p. bled, [A.S.
blinkrn, to glitter—O. H. Ger. blichen, Gr. bledan. Sec Blood. J
phlegein, to shine.] [without a bullet. Bleeding, bled'ing, n. a discharge of blood : the
Blank-cartridge, blangk'-karlrij, «. a cartridge operation of'letting blood.
Blanket, blangk'et, n. a white woollen covering for Blemish, blem'ish, w. a stain or defect : reproach.
beds : a covering for horses, &c. (Fr. blanchet, —v.t. to mark with any deformity : to tarnish :
dim. of blanc. from its usual white colour.] to defame. [Fr. bttme, pale, O. Fr. blesmir,
Blanketing, blangk'eL-ing, n. cloth for blankets : to stain—Ice. bldnuut, livid colour—War, Blue.]
the punishment of being tossed in a blanket. Blench, blensh, v.i. to shrink or start back: to
Blank-Terse, blangk'-vers, n, verse without flinch. [From root of Blink.]
rhyme, especially the heroic verse of five feet. Blend, blend, v.t,, to tnijc together : to confound,
Blare, blar, v.i. to roar, to sound loudly, as a j —v.i. to be mingled or mixed \~pa.p. blend'ed
trumpet.—«. roar, noise. [M. E. blaren, orig. and blent.—«. Blend, a mixture. [A. S. blatuian.]
blasen, from A.S. blasan, to blow. See Blast.1 Bless, blcs, v.t. to invoke a blessing upon : to make
Blaspheme, blas-fem', v.t. and v.i. to speak im joyous, happy, or prosperous : to wish happiness
piously of, as of God : to curse and swear.—». to : to praise or glorify :—/«./. blessed' or blest.
Blaspnem'er. (Gr. blasphemed—blapto, to hurt, [A. S. blessian, ble/sian, to bless ; from blith-sian
pliemi, to speak. See Blame.] or blissian, to be blithe—blithe, happy : or from
Blasphemous, blas'fem-us, adj. containing blas blotan, to kill for sacrifice, to consecrate.]
phemy : impious.—adv. Blas phemously. Blessed, bles'ed, &dj- happy : prosperous : happy
Blasphemy. blasTcm-i, «. profane speaking : con in heaven.—adv- Bless edly. —«. Bless edness.
tempt or indignity offered to God. Blessing, bles'ing, «. a wish or prayer for happi
Blast, blast, «., a blowing or gust of wind: a ness or success : any means or cause of happi
forcible stream of air : sound of a wind instru ness.
ment : an explosion of gunpowder: anything Blest, blest, pa.p. of Bless.
pernicious.—v.t. to strike with some pernicious Blew. h\5G,pa.t. of Blow.
influence, to blii;ht : to affect with sudden Blight, blit, n. a disease in plants, which blasts
violence or calamity : to rend asunder with gun or withers them : anything that injures or
powder. [A.S. bhest—bl&san, to blow ; Ger. destroys.—v.t. to affect with blight : to blast :
blasen.] (nace into which hot air is blown. to frustrate. TPerh. from A.S. blac, pale, livid.J
Blast furnace, blast'-furlias, n. a smelting fur- Blind, blind, adj. without sight : dark : ignorant
Blasting, blasting, «. the separating of masses of or undisceming : without an opening.— «. some
stone by means of an explosive substance. thing to mislead : a window-screen : a sh.tde.—
41 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; ruOte ; mute ; mODa ; then.
 Blindfold
v.t. to make blind : to darken, obscure, or
deceive: to dazzle.—adit. Blindly.—«. Blind'-
ness. [A. S. blind; Ice. blindr.]
Blindfold, bllnd'fold, adj. having the eyes band
aged, so as not to see : thoughtless : reckless.—
v.t. to cover the eyes: to mislead. [M. E.
blind/elUn, from A.S. jTyitan, fellati, to fell or
strike down—' struck blind ; ' not conn, with/old.]
Bllndworm, blind'wurm, n. a small reptile, like
a snake, having eyes so small as to be supposed
blind.
Blink, blingk, v.i. to glance, twinkle, or wink : to
see obscurely, or with the eyes half closed.—v.t.
to shut out of sight : to avoid or evade.—n.
a glimpse, glance, or wink. [A.S. blican, to
glitter ; Dut blinken.\ [bad eyes.
BUnkard, blingk'ard, n. one who blinks or has
Blinkers, blingk erz, n. pieces ofleatheron a horse's
bridle which prevent him seeing on the side.
Bliss, blis, «. the highest happiness. [A.S. blis—
blithsian, blissian, to rejoice—blithe, joyful.]
Blissful, blis'fool, adj. happy in the highest
degree.—adv. BliSS'fully.—«. BliBS'fulness.
Blister, blis'ter, ». a thin bubble or bladder on
the skin, containing watery matter: a pustule :
a plaster applied to raise a blister.—v.t. to raise
a blister. [Dim. of Blast.]
Blistery, blis'ter-i, adj. full of blisters.
Blithe, bllM, adj. happy: gay: sprightly.—adv.
Blithe ly.—n. Blithe'ness. [A.S. blithe, joyful.
See Bliss.] [aomely. -«. Bllthe'someness.
Blithesome, bllM'sum, adj. joyous.—adv. Blithe'-
Bloat, blot, v.t. to swell or puff out: to dry by
smoke (applied to fish).—v.i. to swell or dilate:
to grow turgid.—p.adj. Bloat'ed. [Scan., as
in Sw. biota, to soak, to steep—blot, soft.]
Bloater, blot'er, n. a herring partially dried in
smoke.
Block, blok, n. an unshaped mass of wood or
stone, &c. : the wood on which criminals are
beheaded : [mech.) a pulley together with its
framework : a piece of wood on which some
thing is formed : a connected group of houses :
an obstruction : a blockhead.—v.t. to inclose or
shut up : to obstruct : to shape. [Widely spread,
but acc. to Skeat, of Celt, orig., Gael, ploc,
O Ir. blor, a fragment. See Plug.]
Blockade, blok-ad', «. the blocking up of a place
by surrounding it with troops or by ships.— v.t.
to block up by troops or ships.
Blockhead, blok'hed, n. one with a head like a
block, a stupid fellow.
Blockhouse, blok'hows, n. a small temporary fort
generally made of logs.
Blockish, blok'ish, adj. like a block : stupid : dull.
Block-tin, blok'-tin, ». tin in the form of blocks
or ingots.
Blonde, blond, «. a person of fair complexion
with light hair and blue eyes:—opp. to Brun
ette.—adj. of a fair complexion : fair. [Fr.]
Blond-lace, blond-las, «. lace made of silk, so
called from its colour.
Blood, blud, n. the red fluid in the arteries and
veins of men and animals : kindred, descent :
temperament: bloodshed or murder: the juice
of anything, esp. if red.—In hot or cold blood,
under, or free from, excitement or sudden pas
sion.—Half-blood, relationship through one
parent only. [A. S. Mod root blowan, to bloom ;
cog. with O. Fris. blod, Ger. blul.]
Bloodheat, blud'het, «. heat of the same degree
as th;tt of the human blood (about 98" Fahr.).
Bloodhorse. blud'hors, «. a horse of the purest
and most highly prized blood, origin, or stock.
fate, far ; me', her ; mine ;
Bluebook
Bloodhound, blud'hownd, «. a large hound for
merly employed in tracking human beings : a
blood-thirsty person. [slaughter.
Bloodshed, bfud'shed, «. the shedding of blood :
Bloodshot, blud'shot, adj. (of the eye) red or
inflamed with blood. [derous, cruel.
Bloody, blud'i, adj. stained with blood : mur-
Bloody-flux, blud'i-fluks, n. dysentery, in which
the discharges from the bowels are mixed with
blood. [panied with the discharge of blood.
Bloody-sweat, blud'i-swet, n. a sweat accom-
Bloom, bl50m, v.i. to put forth blossoms: to
flower : to be in a state of beauty or vigour : to
flourish.—«. a blossom or flower: the opening
of flowers: rosy colour: the prime or highest
perfection ofanything, —p.adj. Bloom'lng. [Ice.
ww, Goth, bloma, from root of A.S. olfcuan,
to bloom, akin to h-Jlo-ieo, to flower. J
Bloomy, blOOm'i, adj. flowery : flourishing.
Blossom, blos'om, n. a flower-bud, the flower
that precedes fruit.—v.i. to put forth blossoms
or flowers: to flourish and prosper. [A. S.
bldstma, from root of Bloom ]
Blot, blot, n. a spot or stain : an obliteration, as
of something written : a stain in reputation.—
v.t. to spot or stain: to obliterate or destroy :
to disgrace '.—pf-P. blott'ing ; pa.p. blott'ed.
[Scand., as in Dan. p/rt, Ice. blettr, a spot.
Cf. Ger. piatsch, a splash, and Ice. llatttr,
moist; L. jluuf-us.]
Blotch, bloch, m. a dark spot on the skin : a
pustule.—mij. Blotched'. |Acc. to Skeat, blotch
= blatck, from black, as bleach from bleak.]
Blotting-paper, blot'ing-pa'per, «. unsized paper,
used for absorbing ink.
Blouse, blowz, n. a loose outer garment. [Fr.]
Blow, blO, «. a stroke or knock : a sudden mis
fortune or calamity. [A.S. bicovan is doubtful ;
found in Dut. blomuen, to dress (beat) flax, Ger.
bl&uen, to beat hard, and L. flig- in Inflict,
Flagellation. Derivative Blue.]
Blow, blO, v.i. to bloom or blossom :—Pr.p.
blow'ing ; P^-P- blown. [A.S. bldw.itt, Ger.
bliihen. See Bloom, BlOBSom. ]
Blow, blO v.i. to produce a current ofair : to move,
as air or the wind.—v.t. to drive air upon or
into : to drive by a current of air ; to sound as
a wind instrument :—pa.t. blew (blooj ; pa.p.
blOwn. —Blow Upon, to taint, to make stale.
[A.S. blatmn; Ger. bliihen, blasen; L,.jfarc.]
Blowpipe, blo'plp, n. a pipe through which a
current of air is blown on a flame, to increase
its heat. [stale, worthless.
Blown, blfln, p.adj. out of breath, tired : swelled :
Blowze, blowz. «. a ruddy, fat-faced woman.—
adjs. Blowzed', Blowz'y, ruddy, or flushed with
exercise. [From root o( Blush.]
Blubber, blub'er, «. the fat of whales and other
sea animals. —v.i. to weep in a noisy manner.
[Blubber, Blabber, &c, are extensions of bleb,
blob: they contain the root idea of ' puffed-up,'
and are formed in imitation of the sound of the
bubbling or foaming of a liquid.]
Bludgeon, blud'jun, «. a short stick with a heavy
end to strike with. [From root of Block.]
Blue, blOO, n. the colour of the sky when un
clouded : one of the seven primary colours-—
adj. of the colour blue.—«. Blue'ness. [Found
in Ice. blart cog. with Ger. bian; originally
meaning livid, the colour caused by a Blow.]
Bluebell, blOO bel, n. a plant that bears blue bell-
shaped flowers.
Bluebook, bloo'book, «. a book containing some
official statement, so called from its blue cover.
mOte ; mute ; mOOn ; then. 4.r»
 Blue-bottle
Blue-bottle, bloTJ'-bot'l, «. a plant with blue
bottle-shaped flowers that grows among corn : a
large blue fly. [guished from a marine.
Blue-jacket, blOo'-jak'et, n. a seaman, as distin-
Blue stocking, bloTi'-stok'iiig, ». a literary lady :
applied in Dr Johnson's time to meetings held
by ladies for conversation with certain literary
men, one of whom always wore blue stockings.
Bluff. bluft*Vw#. blustering: outspoken: steep.—
n. Bluffness. jProb. Dut.]
Bluff, bluf, n. a high steep bank overlooking the
sea or a nver. |ness.
Bluish, blOo'ish. adj. slightly blue.—n. Blu'ish-
Blunder, blun'der, v.i. to make a gross mistake,
to flounder about.—u. a groas mistake. [From
root ol Blunt.]
Blunderbuss, blun'der-bus, «. a short hand-gun,
with a wide bore. [Corr. of Dut. donderbus—
donder. thunder, bus, a box, barrel of a gun, a
gun ; Ger. donnerbikhse.]
Blunt, blunt, adj having a dull edge or point :
rough, outspoken, dull.—v.i, to dull the edge
or point : to weaken.—adj. Blunt ish. —adv.
Bluntly. Blunt'ness. [Orig. sleepy, dull:
Dan.blur,
bluude,
n. a toblot,
slumber,
stain, akin to Blind.]to blot,
Blur, or spot.—v.i.
stain, obscure, or blemish :—fir.p. blurring ;
pa.p. blurred'. [A variety of Blear.]
Blurt, blurt, v.t. to utter suddenly or unadvisedly.
[Fromblush,
Blare.]
Blush, «. a red glow on the face caused by
shame, modesty, &c. : any reddish colour :
sudden appearance.—7'./. to shew shame or
contusion by growing red in the face: to grow
red. IA.S. bfyse, a blaze. See Blaze, Blowze.J
Bluster, blus'ter, v.t. to make a noise like a blast
of wind: to bully or swagger.—«. a blast or
roaring as of the wind : bullying or boasting
language. [An augmentative of Blast.]
Bo, bo, int. a word used to frighten children.
Boa, bo'a, h. a genus of serpents which includes the
largest species of serpents, the Boa constrictor :
a long serpent-like piece of fur worn round the
neck by ladies. [Perh. conn, with L. bos, an ox.]
Boar. Mr, «. the male of swine. TA. S. bar.}
Board, bdraf n. a broad and thin strip of timber:
a table to put food on ; food : a tabic round
which persons meet for some kind of business:
any council or authorised body of men, as a
school board : the deck of a ship.—v.t. to cover
with boards: to supply with food at fixed terms:
to enter a ship : to attack. —v.i. to receive food
or take meals. (A.S. bord, a bo-ird, (lie side
of a ship ; Ice. bord, the side of a ship ; found
also in Celt ; conn, cither with Bear or with
Broad.] [(food) : one who boards a ship.
Boarder, Mrd'cr, «. one who receives board
Boarding, hord ing, n. the act of covering with
boards : the covering itself: act ofboarding a ship.
Boarding-school, bord'ing-skosl, n. a school m
which board is given as well as instruction.
Board-wages, bOrd'-wjj cz, «. wages allowed to
servants to keep themselves in food.
Boast, bust, v.i. to talk vaingloriously : to brag.
—v.t. to brag of: speak proudly or confidently
of: to magnify or exalt one's self.—«. an expres
sion of pride : a brag : the cause of boasting.
|M E. <W—W. bast, Gael, bosd, a bragging.}
Boastful. bOst'looli adj. given to brag. -aiiv.
Boastfully.—//. Boast'fulness [vaunting.
Boasting, b<Vt'ing, «, ostentatious display:
Boat, bCt, «, small open vessel usually moved by
oars : a small ship.—v.i. to go in a boat. [A.S.
bat; Dut. boot; Fr. bat-eau ; Gael. bata.\
fate, far; me, her; mine;
Boil
Boathook, b6t/hook, n. an iron hook fixed to a
pole used for pulling or pushing off a boat.
Boating, bot'ing, «. the art or practice of sailing
in boats. [a boat : a rower.
Boatman, boVman, «. a man who has charge of
Boatswain, bot'swan (colloquially bo'sn;, n. a
petty officer on board ship who looks alter the
boats, rigging, &c, and calls the seamen to
duty. [[Lit.) a boat's swain or servant. From
A. S. b&tswa-tt—biit, a boat, rtu&n, a lad.]
Bob, bob, v.i. to move quickly up and down, to
dangle : to fish with a bob.—v.t. to move in a
short jerking manner :—Pr.p. bobbing ; pa.p.
bobbed'.—«. a short jerking motion : a slight
blow : anything that moves with a bob or swing :
a pendant. [Perhaps imitative, like Gael. bogt
to agitate, babag, baban, a tassel. J
Bobbin, bob'in, «. a small piece oi wood on which
thread is wound. [Fr. bobinc, perhaps from
Gael, baban, a tassel.]
Bobbinot, bob-in-et' or bob'in-et, «. a kind of
fine netted lace made by machines.
Bobolink, bob'O-lingk, at, a North American sing
ing bird, found in the northern states in spring
and summer. [At first Bob Lincoln, from the
note of the bird.]
Bobwig, bob'wig, n. a short wig.
Bode, bOd, v.t. to portend or prophesy.—v.i. to
be an omen : to foreshew. [A.S. bodian, to
announce—bad, a message ; allied to Bid
Bodice, bod'is, n. a woman's stays, formerly called
bodies, from fitting close to the body.
Bodied, bod'idj adj. having a body. [poreal.
Bodiless, bod't-les, adj. without a body: incor-
Bodily, bod'i-ly, adj. relating to the body, esp.
as opposed to the«.,mind.
Bodkin, bod'kin, a small dagger: a small
instrument for pricking holes or for dressing the
hair: a large blunt needle. [Prob. \V. bidog.]
Body, bod'i, «. the whole frame of a man or
lower animal: the main part of an animal, as
distinguished from the limbs : the main part of
anything : matter, as opposed to spirit : a mass:
a person : a number oi persons united by some
common tie.—v.t. to give form to: to embody :
—f>r.p. bod'ying; pa.p. bod'ied. [A.S. bodig.]
Bodyguard, bod'i-gard, «. a guard to protect the
person, esp. of the sovereign.
Body-polltic, bod'i-pol'it-ik, «. the collective body
ol the people in its political capacity.
Boeotian, be-o'shyan, adj. pertaining to Bccotia
in Greece, noted for the dullness ol its inhabit
antshog.
: hence, stupid, dull.: a marsh or quagmire,
Bog. «. soft ground
—adj. Bogs/y. [Ir. bogach; Gael, bog.]
Boggle, bog 1, v.i. to stop or hesitate as if at a
bogle z to make difficulties about a thing.
Bogle, bog'l. h. a spectre or goblin. (Scot, bogie,
a ghost ; W. bwg, a goblin. See Bug. ]
Bogmoss, bog'mos, «. a genus of moss pi mis.
; Bogus, bo'gus. adj. counterfeit, spurious. [An
| Anicr. cant word, of very doubtful origin.]
Bohea, bo-lie, «. the lowest quality of black tea.
[Chinese.] bo-he'mi-an, «. and adj. applied to
Bohemian,
Eersons of loose and irregular habits.—«. Bo-
e'mianlsm. [Fr. bohettticn, a gipsy, from the
belief that these wanderers came from Bohemia.]
Boll, boil, v.i., to bubble up from the action 01
heat : to lie hot : to be exmed or agitated.—v.t.
I to heat to a boiling state : to cook or dress by
I boiling. — Boiling-point, the temperature at
I which liquids begin to boil under heat. [O. Fr.
[ boiiir—L. builire—bulla, a bubble.]
mole ; mute; mOOn; tken
 Boil Boom
Boll, boil, ». an inflamed swelling or tumour. I tivity : slavery. [O. Fr. —Low L. bondagimn, a
[A.S. byl ; Ger. btule ; Ice. bo/a, from the root | kind of tenure. Acc. to Skeat, this is from A.S.
oi Bulge.] [anything is boiled. bouda, a boor, a householder, from Ice. bondi ~
Boiler, boil'er, n. one who boils : that in which buandi, a tiller, a husbandman-] [duties.
Boisterous, bois'ter-us, adj., wild: noisy: tur Bonded, bond'ed, p.adj. secured by bond, as
bulent : stormy, —adv. Boisterously.—*. Bois- Bonding, bond'ing, n. that arrangement by which
terousness. [M.E. boistous—W. frwyst, wild- goods remain in the customs' warehouses till the
ncssj duties are paid.
Bold. bGld, adj. daring or courageous: forward Bondman, bond'man, tt. a man slave. Bond
or impudent : executed with spirit : striking to maid, Bond'woman. [surety.
the sight : steep or abrupt.—<ulz>. Boldly.—«. Bondsman, bondz'man, ft. a bondman or slave : a
Bold'ness. —To make Bold, to take the liberty, Bone, bon, n. a hard substance forming the
to make free. [A.S., bald; O. Gcr. paLi, skeleton of an animal : a piece of the skeleton
O. Fr. baud, Goth, balths, Ice. ballr.] of an animal. —v.t. to take the bones out of, as
Bole, bcl, «., the round stem or body of a tree. meat. [A.S. Ian; Ger. bein, Goth, bain, bone,
[Ice. bolr, from its round form. Conn, with leg ; W. bon, a stem or stock.]
Bowl, a cup, Bulge, Boll, a swelling, and Bag.] Bone-ash, bOn'-ash, «. the remains when bones
Boll, bol, «. one of the round heads or seed- are burned in an op-jn furnace.
vessels of flax, poppy, &c. : a pod or capsule : a Bone-black, bun'-blak, «. the remains when bones
Scotch dry measure = six imperial bushels, not are heated in a close vessel.
now legally in use. [A form of Bowl, a cup, and Bone-dust, bOn'-dust, tt. ground or pulverised
sig. ' thing round. ] [bollen, to swell, j bones, used in agriculture.
Boiled, bold, swollen: podded. [Pa.p. of M.E. Bone-setter, bOn'-set'cr, n. one whose occupation
Bolster, bolster, tt. a long round pillow or cushion : is to set broken and dislocated bones.
a pad. —v.t. to support with a bolster : to hold Bonfire, bon'flr, «. a large fire in the open air on
up. [A.S. bolster ; from root of BOWL] occasions of public rejoicing, &c. [Orig. a
Bolt, bolt, n. a bar or pin used to fasten a door, ! fire in which bones were burnt. 1
&c. : an arrow: a thunderbolt.—v.t. to fasten Bon-mot, bong'-mO, tt., a good or witty saying.
with a bolt: to throw or utter precipitately : to [Fr. bon, good, mot, word.)
swallow hastily.—v.t. to rush away (like a bolt Bonne-bouche, bon-boosh', tt. a delicious mouth
from a bow). [A.S. and Dan. bolt, Ger. bolzen; ful. [Fr. bonne, good, bouche. mouth.]
from root of Bole, of a tree.] Bonnet, bon'et, «. a covering for the head worn
Bolt, bolt, v.t. to sift, to separate the bran from, by women: a cap.—p.adj. Bonn'eted. [Fr.
as flour : to examine by sifting : to sift through —Low L. bonneta, orig. the name of a stuff.]
coarse cloth. [O. Fr. bulter, or buleter ~ bure- Bonny, bon'i, adj. beautiful: handsome: gay.—
ter, from bure— Low L- burra, a coarse reddish- adv. Bonn'lly. [Fr. bon, bonne—L. bonus,
brown cloth—Gr. Pyrros, reddish—fiyr—Yixe.] good; Celt, bain, baitte, white, fair.]
Bolting hutch, bolt'ing-huch, n. a hutch or large Bonus. bOn'us, ft. a premium beyond the usual
box into which flour f.tlls when it is bolted. interest for a loan : an extra dividend to share
Bolt-Upright, bolt'-up-rit', adv. upright and holders. [L. bonus, good.] •
straight as a bolt or arrow. Bony, bon'i, adj. full of, or consisting of, bones.
Bolus, bO'lus, tt. a rounded mass of anything : a Bonze, bon'ze, tt. a Buddhist priest. [Jap. bozu, a
large pill. [L. bolus, Gr. bdlos, a lump.] priest.]
Bomb, bum, ft. a hollow shell of iron filled with Booby, bGOl/i, «. a silly or stupid fellow : a water-
gunpowder, and discharged from a mortar, so bird, of the pelican tribe, remarkable for its
as to explode when it falls. [Fr. bombe—h. apparent stupidity. [Sp. bobo, a dolt; O. Fr.
bombus, Gr. bombos, a humming sound ; an boon, stupid—L. balbus, stuttering.]
imitative word.] Book, book, tt. a collection of sheets of paper
Bombard, bum-bard', v.t. to attack with bombs. bound together, cither printed, written on, or
—«. Bombard ment. Bombardier'. blank : a literary composition : a division of a
Bombasine. Bombazine, bum-ba-zen', «. a twilled volume or subject. — r-./. to write in a book.
fabric of silk and worsted. [Fr. bombasin—Low [A.S. boc, a bonk, the beech; Ger. buche, the
L. bombacinium— Gr. bombyx, silk. See Bom beech, buck, a book, because the Teutons first
bast.] wrote on beechen boards.]
Bombast- bum'bast, n. {orig.), cotton or any soft Book-club, book'-klub, n. an association of persona
material used for stuffing garments : inflated or who buy new books for circulation among them
high-sounding language. [Low L. bombax, selves, [only with books.—tt. Book ishness.
cotton—Gr. bombyx, silk.] [flated. Bookish, book'ish, adj. fond of books : acquainted
Bombastic, bum-bast'ik, adj. high-sounding : in- Book-keeping, book -kfp'ing, «. the art of keep
Bomb-proof, bum'-prOOf, adj. proof or secure ing accounts in a regular and systematic manner.
against the f -rce of bombs. Book-learning, boolc'-Iern'ing, u. learning got from
Bomb vessel, bum'-ves-el, n. a vessel for carrying books, as opposed to practical knowledge.
the mortars used in bombarding from the sea. Bookplate, bnok'plfit, «. a label usually pasted
Bonbon, bong'bong, tt. a sweetmeat. [Fr., 'very inside the cover of a book, bearing the owner's
good '—bon, good.] name, crest, or peculiar ilevice.
Bond, bond, tt. that which binds, a band : link of Book-post. book'-pOst, tt. the department in the
connection or union : a writing of obligation to Post-office for the transmission of books.
pay a sum or to perform a contract:— im Bookworm, book'wurm, tt. a worm or mite that
prisonment, captivity. —adj. bound: in a state eats holes in books: a hard reader: one who
of servitude.—v.t. to put imported gooils in the reads without discrimination or profit.
customs' warehouses till the duties on them arc Boom, boom, tt. a pole by which a sail is stretched :
paid. [A.S. ; a variation of band—bituiatt, to a chain or bar stretched across a harbour. [Dut.
bind.] boom, a beam, a tree.]
Bondage, bond'aj, n. state of being bound : cap- Boom, bourn, v.t. to make a hollow sound or roar.
fate, far ; m€, h6r ; mine ; mGte ; mute : mOon : Men 47
 Boomerang Boulevard
—n. a hollow roar, as of the sea, the cry of the Boronghmonger, bur'O-mung'er, tt. one who
bittern, &c. (From a Low Ger. root found in buys or sells the patronage of boroughs.
A.S. bynte, a trumpet, Dut. bowmen, to drum ; Borrow, bor'O, v.t. to obtain on loan or trust :
like Bomb, of imitative origin.] to adopt from a foreign source.—n. Borr'ower.
Boomerang, bGOm'e-rang, n. a hard-wood missile [A.S. oorgian—borg, borh, a pledge, security;
used by the natives of Australia, shaped like ; akin to Borough, from the notion of security. )
the segment of a circle, and so made that when Boscage, bosk'uj, «. thick foliage : woodland.
thrown to a distance it returns towards the |Fr. boscage, bocage—Low L. boscus (hence Fr.
thrower [Australian.] bois\ conn, with Ger. busch, E. bush.]
Boon, boTJrt| «. a petition : a gift or favour. [Ice. Bosh, bosh, tt. used also as int., nonsense, foolish
bfin, a prayer; A.S. ben.] talk or opinions. [Turk, bosh, worthless,
Boon, boon, adj. (as in boon companion) gay, frequent in Morier's popular novel Ayesha (1834).
merry or kind. [Fr. Aw—L, bonus, good.] Bosky, bosk'i, adj. woody or bushy : shady.
Boor, bOOr, n. a coarse or awkward person. [Dut. Bosom, booz'um, tt. the breast of a human bring,
Aw (Ger. barter), a tiller of the soil— Dut. bou- or the part of the dress which covers it: (.fig.)
wen; cog. with Ger. batten, A.S. bunn, to till.] the seat of the passions and feelings : the heart :
Boorish, boorish, adj. like a boor : awkward or embrace, inclosure, as within the arms : any
rude.—adv. Boor'lshly.—«. Boor'ishness. close or secret receptacle.—adj. (in composition)
Boot, boot, u. a covering for the foot and lower confidential: intimate.- v.t. to inclose in the
part of the leg generally made of leather: an bosom. [A.S. barm, Ger. busen.]
old instrument of torture for the legs : a box or BOSS, bos, tt. a knob or stud : a raised ornament.
receptacle in a conch:—n.p/. the servant in a —v.t. to ornament with bosses. [Fr. basse, It.
hotel that cleans the boots. —v.t. to put on boots. bozza, a swelling, from O. Ger. bdzen, to beat.]
[Fr. botte, a butt, or a boot, from O- Ger. buten, Bossy, bos'i, adj. having bosses.
a cask. See Bottle, Butt ] Botanise, bot'an-Iz, v.i. to seek for and collect
Boot, boot, v.t. to profit or advantage. —n. advan plants for study.
tage : profit.—To Boot, in addition. [A.S. bot, Botanist, bot'an-ist, n. one skilled in botany.
compensation, amends, whence betan, to amend, Botany, bot'a-ni, «. the science of plants.—adj.
to make Better.] Botan'lc—adv. Botan'lcally. [Gr. botane, herb,
Booth, booth, //. a hut or temporary erection plant—bosko, to feed, L. vescort I feed myself ;
formed of slight materials. [Ice. buth; Ger. perh. cog. with A. S. woed. ]
hide; also Slav, and Celt., as Gael, both, hut.] Botch, boch, «., a siveWngovx the skin : a clumsy
Bootjack, boot jak, n. an instrument for taking patch: ill-finished work.—v.t. to patch or mend
off boots. [Boot and Jack.] clumsily : to put together unsuitably or unskil
Bootless, boot'les, adj. without boot or profit : fully. [From root of Boss.]
useless.—^. Boot lessly.—«. Bootlessness. Botcher, boch'er, tt. one who botches.
Booty, boot'i, «. spoil taken in war or by force: Botchy, boch'i,rtrt[/. marked with or full of botches.
plunder. [Ice- oyti, share—byta, to divide.] Both, both, adj. and pron. , the two : the one and
Bo-peep, bO-pCp', «. a game among children in the other.—conj'. as well : on the one side. [Ice.
which one peeps from behind something and bathi, Ger. betde ; A.S. At; cf. L. am-bo, Gr.
cries ' Bo.' am-phd, Sans, ubha, orig. ambha.]
BoraclC, bO-ras'ik, adj. of or relating to borax. Bother, bo/A'er, v.t. to perplex or tease. [Pcrh.
—Boraclo acid, an acid obtained by dissolving from Ir. buaidhirt, trouble.]
borax, and also found native in mineral springs Bottle, bot% «., a bundle of hay. [Dim. of Fr.
in Italy. botte, a bundle, from root of BOSS.]
Borax, bo'raks, tt. a mineral salt used for solder Bottle, bot'l. n. a hollow vessel for holding
ing and also in medicine. [Fr.—Ar. bfiraq ] liquids : the contents of such a vessel.—v.t. to
Border, bord'er, «. the edge or margin of any inclose in bottles. iFr. bouteille, dim. of botte,
thing : the march or boundary of a country : a a vessel for liquids. From root of Boot, Butt.]
flower-bed in a garden.— v.t. to approach : to be Bottled, bot1d,p.adj. inclosed in bottles: shaped
adjacent.—v.t. to make or adorn with a border : or protuberant like a bottle.
to bound. [Fr. bord, bordure ; from root of Bottom, bot'um, «. the lowest part of anything:
Board.] that on which anything rests or is founded : low
Borderer, bord'er-er, n. one who dwells on the land, as in a valley : the keel of a ship, hence
border of a country. the vessel itself. —v.t. to found or rest upon. —
Bore, bor, v.t. to pierce so as to form a hole : to adj. Bottomless. [A.S. batm; Ger. laden;
weary or annoy.—n. a hole made by boring : conn, with L. fundus, bottom, Gael, bond,
the size of the cavity of a gun : a person or bourn, the sole.]
thing that wearies. [A.S. borian, to bore, from Bottomry, bot'um-ri, «. a contract by which
bor, a borer ; Ger. bohren ; allied to h.jbro, to money is borrowed on the security of a ship or
bore, Gr. pharynx, the gullet.] bottom. [From Bottom, a ship.]
Bore, bor, did bear, pa. t. of Bear. Boudoir, bOOd'war, n. a lady's private room.
Bore, bor, n. a tidal flood which rushes with great [Fr. —boutier, to pout, to be sulky.J
force into the mouths ofcertain rivers. [Ice. bara, Bough, bow, n. a branch of a tree. [A.S. bog,
a wave or swell, from root of to Bear or lift.] bah, an arm, the shoulder ;Ger. bug, the shoulder,
Boreal, bO're-al, adj. pertaining to the north or the bow of a ship f—A.S. bugan, to bend.]
the north wind. Bought, bawl, pa t. and pa.p of Buy.
Boreas, bfl're-as, n. the north wind. [L. and Gr.] Boulder, bOld'er, «. a large stone rounded by the
Born, bawrn, pa.p. of Bear, to bring forth. action of water : {geol. ) a mass of rock trans
Borne, born, pa.p. of Bear, to carry. ported by natural agencies from its native bed.
Borough, bur'u, n a town with a corporation : a —adj. containing boulders. [Acc. to Wedg
town that sends representatives to parliament wood, from Swed. builra, Dan. buldre, to roar
[A.S. burg, burh. a city, from beorgan, Ger. like thunder, as Urge pebbles do.]
bergen, to protect.] Boulevard, bOOt'e-var, n. a promenade, formed by
Hi fate, far : mi, her , mine : mOta ; mute ; mOOn ; Men.
 Bounce
levelling the old fortifications of a town. [Fr.—
Ger. boltiverk. Sec Bulwark.]
Bounce bowns, v.i. to jump or spring suddenly :
to boast, to exaggerate.—-n. a heavy sudden
blow : a leap or spring : a boast : a bold lie.
[Dut. bonzen, to strike, from bans, a blow, from
the sound.] [thing big: a bully : a liar.
Bouncer, bowns'er, «. one who bounces ; some-
Bound, bownd, >a.A and fa.ft. of Bind.
Bound, bownd, «. a limit or boundary. —v.t. to
set bounds to: to limit, restrain, or surround.
[O. Fr. bonne—Low L. bodiua—Bret, bonn, a
boundary.]
Bound, bownd, V.t. to spring or leap.—«. A spring
or leap. [Fr. bondir, to spring, in O. Fr. to
resound—L. bombitare. See Boom, the sound.]
Bound, bownd, adj. ready to go. [Ice. buinn,
pa.p. of bua, to prepare. J
Boundary, bownd'a-ri, « a visible bound or limit :
border : termination.
Boun.den. bownd'n, adj-t binding: required :
obligatory. (From Bind.]
Boundless, bowndles, adj. having no bound or
limit: vast.—«. Boundlessness.
Bounteous, bown'te-iu or bown'tyus, Bountiful,
bown'ti-fool, adj. liberal in giving: generous. —
advs. Buun'teously. Boun tifully.— Boun'-
teousnoss, Bo-in'tifulncss. [From Bounty.]
Bounty, bown'ti, «. liberality in bestowing gifts :
the gift be>towed : money offered as an induce
ment to enter the army, or as a premium to
encourage any branch of industry. [Fr. bonttt
goodness—L. bonitas—bonus, good.]
Bouquet, boTJ'kii, «. a bunch of flowers : a nose
gay. [Fr.—bosquet, dim. of bois, a wood—It.
Tosco. Sec Boscage, Bush.]
Bourg, burg, *. Same as Burgh, Borough.
Bourgeois, bur-jois', «. a kind of printing type,
larger than brevier and smaller than longprinier.
[Fr. —perh. from the name of the typefounder.]
Bourgeoisie, bOTrzh-waw'ze, «. the middle class
of citizens, esp. traders. [From Fr. bourgeois,
a citizen, from root of Borough j
Bourgeon, bur'jun, v.i. to put forth sprouts or
buds ; to grow, f Fr. bourgeon, a bud, shoot.]
Bourn, Bourne. bOrn or bCGm, ». a boundary,
or a limit. [Fr. bomey a limit. See Bound.]
Bourn, Bourne, born or bOSrn, n. a little stream.
[A.S. burua, a stream; Scot, bunt, a brook;
Goth, brunna, a spring.]
Bourse, boTirs, ». an exchange where merchants
meet for business. [Fr. bourse. See PuTSe. ]
Bouse, b(55z, v.i. to drink deeply. [Dut. buysen,
to drink deeply—buis, a tube or flask ; allied to
Box.]
Bout, bowt, «. a turn, trial, or round : an attempt.
[Doublet of Bight ; from root oi Bow, to bend.]
Bovine, bo'viii, adj. pertaining to cattle. [L. bos,
bonis, Gr. bous. an ox or cow.]
Bow, bow, v.t., to bend or incline towards: to
subdue.—v.i. to bend the body in saluting a
person : to yield.—n. a bending of the body in
saluting a person : the curving forepart of a
ship. [A.S. bugan, to bend ; akin to L. fugio,
to flee, to yield.]
BOW, bO, u. a bent piece of wood for shooting
arrows : anything of a bent or curved shape, as
the rainbow : the instrument by which the
strings of a violin are sounded. [A.S. boga.]
Bowels, bow'tlz, n.pl. the interior parts of the
body, the entrails : the interior part of anything :
. \~fig.'\ the heart, pity, tenderness. [Fr. boyau,
O. Fr. boel—L. botelius, a sausage, also, an
fate, far ; me", hflr ; mTrie ; mOle ; mute ; moDn ; Men.
Bracket
Bower, bowser, «. an anchor at the bow or fore
part of a ship. [From Bow.]
Bower, bow'er, «. a shady inclosure or recess in
a garden, an arbour. [A.S. bur, a chamber;
Scot, byre—root A S. btiau, to dwell.]
Bowery, bow'er-i, adj. containing bowers : shady.
Bowie-knife, bo'i-nlf, «. a dagger-knife worn in
the southern states of America, so named from
its inventor, Colonel Bowie. m
Bowl, bol, h. a wooden ball used for rolling along
the ground. —v.t. and to play at bowls: to
roll along like a bowl . to throw a ball, as in
cricket. [Fr. bou/e~L. bulla. See Boll, v.]
Bowl, bOl, n. a round drinking-cup : the round
hollow part of anything. [A.S. botla. See Bole J
Bowlder, bold'er, n. Same as Boulder.
Bowline, bG'lin, «. [lit.) the Hue of the Bow or
bend: a rope to keep a sail close to the wind.
Bowling-green, bul'ing-gr^u, «. a green or grassy
plat kept smooth for oowling.
Bowman, bfl'man, n. an archer.
Bowshot, bo'shot, «. the distance to which an
arrow can be shot from a bow.
Bowsprit, bO'sprit, tt. a boom or spar projecting
from the bow of a ship. [Bow and Sprit-]
Bowstring, bG'string, n. a string with which the
Turks strangled offenders.
Bow-Window, bO'-wind'a, n. a bent or semi
circular window.
BOX, boks, n. a tree remarkable for the hardness
and smoothness ol its wood : a case or receptacle
for holding anything : the contents of a box : a
small house or lodge : a private seat in a theatre :
the driver's seat on a carriage. —v.t. to put into
or furnish with boxes. [A.S. box— L. buxus,
Gr. Pyxos, the tree, Pyxis, a box.]
Box, boks, «. a blow on the head or car with the
hand.—v.t. to strike with the band or fist.—?>.i.
to fight with the fists. [Dan. baskt a sounding
blow ; cf. Ger. fiochen, to strike.]
Boxen, hoks'n, adj. made of or like boxwood.
Boxing-day, boks'ing-da, «. in England, the day
after Christmas when boxes or presents are
given. w
Boxwood, boks'wood, «. wood of the box-tree.
Boy, boy, ft. a male child : a lad. — u. Boy'hood.
—adj. Boyish.—adv. Boy ishly.—n. Boy ish-
ness. [Fns. boi, Dut. hot/, Ger. bube, h./u///s.)
Boycott, boy'kot, v.t. to shut out from all social
and commercial intercourse. [From Captain
Boycott, who was so treated by his neighbour*
in Ireland in 1881.]
Brace, bras, w. anything that draws together and
holds tightly : a bandage : a pair or couple : in
printing, a mark connecting two or more words
or lines ( } ) :—fl. straps for supporting the
trousers : ropes for taming the yards of a ship. —
v.t. to tighten or strengthen. |0. Fr. brace,
Fr. bras, the arm, power—L. brachium, Gr.
brachidn, the arm, as holding together.]
Bracelet, brarfet, n. an ornament for the wrist.
[Fr., dim. of O. Fr. brae. See Brace ]
Brach. brak, brach. «. a dog for the chase.
[O. Fr. brache, from O. Ger. bracco.]
Brachial, braki-al, adj. belonging to the arm.
[Sec Brace ] [From Brace]
Bracing, bras'ing, adj. giving strength or tone-
Bracken, brak'en, n. fern. [See Brake.]
Bracket, brak'et, n. a support for something
fastened to a wall :—//. in printing, the marks
[ ] used to inclose one or more words.—v.t. to
support by brackets : to inclose by brackets.
[Dim. formed from Brace.]
41)
 Brackish Break
Brackish, bmk'ish, adj. saltish : applied to water wine. (Formerly tVa«<zW«*—Dut. brandrwijn
miveil with s:ili or with sea water.—n. Brack - — brattden, to burn, to distil, and tvijn, wine ; cf.
iahneaa. [Dut. brak, refuse ; conn, with Wreck. ) Ger. brautwein.]
Bract, brakt, it. an irregularly developed leaf al Bran-new, bran'-nu, adj. Corr. of Brand-new.
the base of the flower-stalk.—a<lj. Brac'teal. Brasler, bru'zher, n. a pan for holding burning
[L. bractea, a thin plate of metal, gold-leaf. 1 coals. [Fr., from the root of Brass ]
Bradawl, brad'awl, «. an awl to pierce holes. Brass, bras, ». an alloy of copper and zinc: Ufa}
[For inserting brads, long thin nails.] impudence:—//, monumental plates of brass in
Brag,
lng ; brag, v.i. to boast
/'•./.•bragged. —n.ora bluster
boast or:—/r./. bragg1-
bo.-isting : the laid on slabs of stone in the pavements of ancient
churches. [A.S. braes; Ice. bras, solder; from
thing boasted of: a game at cards. [Prob. from brasa, to harden by fire, Swed. brasa, fire.]
aSecroot irag, found in all the Celtic languages.
Brave.] s Brass-band, bras'-band, ft. a band or company of
musicians who perform on brass instruments.
Braggadocio, brag-a-do'shi-o, n. a braggart or Brassy, bras'i, adj. ot or like brass: impudent.
boaster : empty boasting. [From Rraggailochio, Brat, brat, n. a contemptuous name for a child.
a boastful character in Spenser's Faery Queen.] [A.S. bratt, W., Gael, brat, a rag; prov. E.
Braggart, brag'art, adj. boastful.—ti. a vain brat, a child's pinafore.]
boaster. [O. Fr. bragard, vain, bragging, from Bravado, brav-ii'do, n. a display of bravery : a
root of Brag.] boastful threat :—//. Brava doos [Sp. bravada,
Brahman, bra'man| Brahmin, brS min, ft. a person from root of Brave.]
of the highest or priestly caste among the Brave, brav, atij. daring, courageous : noble. —v.t.
Hindus,(Fromadjs. Brahmanic, -al,Deity.]
Brahmin'ic, to meet boldly : to defy.—«. a bully.—adv.
•al. Brahma, the Hindu Bravely. [Fr. brave; It. and Sp. bravo; from
Brahmanism, bra'man-izm, Brahminlsm, bra'- Celt., as in Bret, braga, to strut about, Gael.
min-izm, n. one of the religions of India, the breach, fine. See Brag. J
worship of Brahma. Bravery, briiv'er-i, «. courage : heroism : finery.
Braid, brad, v.t., to plait ox entwine.—n. cord, or Bravo, bravo, //. a daring villain: a hired as
other texture made by plaiting. [A.S. bredan, sassin:—pi. Bravoes, brav'oz. [It. and Sp.]
bregdan ; Ice. bregda, to weave.] Bravo, brav o, int. well done : excellent. h.}
Brain, bran, n. the mass of nervous matter con Bravura, brav-oOr'a. «. [mm.) a term applied to
tained in the skull: the seat of the intellect and bones that require great spirit in execution. [It.]
ot sensation : the intellect.—z-.A to dash out the Brawl, brawl. n. a noisy quarrel.—v.i. to quarrel
brains of. [A.S. bra*gen; Dut. brtitt.] noisily: to murmur or gurgle. [\V. bragal, to
Brainless, bran'les, adj. without brains or under vociferate, which, acc. to Skeat, is a freq. of
standing : silly. Brag.]
Brain-sickness, bran'-sik'nes, «. disorder of the Brawn, brawn, n. muscle : thick flesh, csp. boar's
brain : giddiness, indiscretion. flesh : muscular strength. |0. Fr. braon, from
Brake, brak, obs. pa.t. of Break. O. Ger. brato, flesh (for roasting)—O. Ger.
Brake, brilk, n. a fern : a place overgrown with pratart (Ger. braten), to roast.]
ferns or briers: a thicket. [Low Ger. brake, Brawny, brawn'i, adj. fleshy : muscular : strong.
brushwood; Ger. brack, fallow.] Bray, bra, v.t., to break, pound, or grind small.
Brake, brak, «. an instrument to break flax or [O. Fr. breier (Fr. broyer : from root of Break.)
hemp : a carriage for breaking-in horses : a bit
for horses : a contrivance for retarding the Bray, ing
bra, n. the cry of the ass: any harsh grat
sound-—v.i. to cry like an ass. TFr. braire,
motion of a wheel. [From root of Break.] Low L. bragire, from root of Brag, Brawl.]
Braky, brak'i, adj. full of brakes : thorny : rough. Braze,
Bramble, bram'bl, «. a wild prickly plant bearing Brazen, bra'zn, adj. of ororbelonging
braz, v.t. to cover solder with brass.
to brass: im
black berries: any rough prickly shrub.—atit. pudent.—v.t. to confront with impudence.
BranvTrty. [A.S. bremel; Dut. braam, Ger. Brazier, bra'zhcr, «. See Brasler.
brom.]
Bran, bran, «., the refused grain : the inner husks Breach, brech, n. a break or opening, as in the
walls of a fortress: a breaking of law, &c. : a
of corn sifted from the flour. | Fr. bran, bran- quarrel.—v.t. to make a breach or opening.
Celt, bran, bran, refuse.] [A.S. brice, Fr. briche. from root of Break.]
Branch, bransh, n. a shoot or arm-like limb of a Bread,
tree: anything like a branch: any offshoot or food : livelihood. made
bred, «. food of flour or meal baked :
[A.S bread, from breotan,
subdivision.—v.t. to divide into branches.—v.i. to break : or from breazuatt, to brew.]
to spread out as a branch.—adjs. Branchless, Bread-fruit-tree, bred -fro7tt-tru',
Branch'y. [Fr. branclte— Bret, brauc, an arm; South Sea Islands, producing n.a afruit, tree of the
which
Low L. hranca, L. brachium. See Brace.]
Branchlie, brangk'i-e, «.//., gills.—adi. Branch Breadth, bredth, «. extent from sidefortobread.
when roasted forms a good substitute
side :
ial, brangk'i-al. [L.] width. [M. E. bretie, A.S. brtrdu. See Broad..]
Branchlet, bransh'let, n. a little branch. Break, brak, v.t. to part by force : to shatter : to
Brand, brand, n a piece of wood burning or crush : to tame: to violate: to check by inter
partly burned : a mark burned into anything cepting:, as a fall : to interrupt, as silence : to
with a hot iron : a sword, so called from us make bankrupt : to divulge. —v.i. to part in
glitter : a mark of infamy.—v.t. to hum or mark two : to burst forth : to open or appear, as the
with a hot iron : to fix a mark of infamy upon. morning: to become bankrupt: to fall out. as
[A.S., from root ot Burn.]
Brandish, brand'ish, v.t. to wave or flourish as a u. thea state
with friend \—pa.t. broke; fa.p. bruk'en.--
of being broken: an opening: a
brand nr weapon.—n. a waving or flourish. [ Fr. pause or interruption : the dawn. -Break
brandir, from root of Brand.] Cover, to burst forth from concealment, as
Brand-new. brand'-nu, adj. quite new (as if newly game.—Break down, to crush, or to come down
from the fire).
Brandy, brand'i, n. an ardent spirit distilled from by breaking: {jig.) to give way.—Break
ground, to commence excavation: {jig.) to
fate, far ; mc, her ; mine ; mOte ; mate ; mOon ; Men.
 Breakage Bridge
begin.—Break the ice {fig-\ to get through Breeze, brez, n. a gentle gale ; a wind- [Fr. brite,
first difficulties.—Break a jest, to utter a jest a cool wind ; It. brezsa.] [breezes.
unexpectedly —Break a lance {Jig.), enter into Breezy, breVi, adj. fanned with, or subject to
a contest with a rival.—Break upon the wheel, Brethren, breM'ren, p/ur. of Brother
to punish by stretching a criminal on a wheel, Breton, brit'un, adj. belonging to Brittany or
and breaking his bones.—Break With, to fall Bretagne, in France.
out, as friends. [A.S. brecatt; Goth, brikan, Breve, brev, n, {/it. ) a brief or short note : the
Ger. brechen ; conn, with L. frango, Gr. rhig- longest note now used in music, H©j!. [It. breve
numi ; Gael, bragh, a burst ] ■— L. brevis, short. In old church music there
Breakage, briik'aj, n. a breaking : an allowance were but two notes, the long and the breve or
for things broken. [the shore. short. Afterwards the long was disused, and
Breaker, brftk'er, «. a wave broken on rocks or the became the longest note. It is now
Breakfast, brek'fast, ». a break or breaking of a little used, the semibreve being the longest note. ]
fast: the first meal of the day.—v.i. to take Brevet, brev'et, «. a military commission entitling
breakfast.—v.t. to furnish with breakfast. an officer to take rank above that for which he
Breaking-in, brak'ing-in', «. the act of training to receives pay. [Fr., a short document—L.
labour, as of a horse. [broken neck. brez'is, short.]
Breakneck, brak'nek, adj. likely to cause a Breviary, breVi-ar-i, «. book containing the daily
Breakwater, briik'waw'ter, n. a barrier at the service of the Roman Catholic Church. [Fr.
entrance of a harbour to break the force of the breviaire—L. brevis, short.]
waves. Brevier, brev-eV, n. a small type between bour
Bream, brem, n. a fresh-water fish of the carp geois and minion, orig. used in printing
family : a salt-water fish somewhat like it. [Fr. breviaries.
brime, for bresme—O. Ger. braJuema, Ger. Brevity, brev'it-i, n., shortness; conciseness. [L.
brassen.] brevitas—brevis, short. ]
Breast, brest, n. the forepart of the human body Brew, brfiO, v.t. to prepare a liquor, as from malt
between the neck and the belly : {Jig.) con and other materials : to contrive or plot—v.i.
science, disposition, affections. —v.t. to bear to perform the operation of brewing : to be
the breast against : to oppose manfully. [A.S. gathering or forming. [A.S. breovan ; cf. Ger.
breost ; Ger. brust, Dut. berst, perh. from the brauen, which, tike Fr. brasser, is said to be
notion of bursting forth, protruding.] from Low L. braxare, which is perh. from Celt.
Breastplate, brest'pUt, «. a plate or piece of brag, malt.]
armour for the breast : in B., a part of the dress Brewer, brOD'er, «. one who brews.
of the Jewish high-priest. Brewery, bro~o'er-i, «. a place for brewing.
Breastwork, brest'wurk, n. a defensive work Brewing, brOTi'ing, «. the act of making liquor
of earth or other materials breast-high. from malt : the quantity brewed at once.
Breath, breth, n. the air drawn into and then ex Bribe, brlb, «. something given to influence
pelled from the lungs: power of breathing, unduly the judgment or corrupt the conduct :
life : the time occupied by once breathing : a allurement.—v.t. to influence by a bribe. [Fr.
very slight breeze. [A.S. brath; Ger. brodem, bribe, a lump of bread—Celt, as in W. briwo,
steam, breath ; perh. akin to L. frag-rare, to to break, briiv, a fragment.]
smell.] Briber, brlb'er, «. one who bribes. [bribes.
Breathe, breVA, v.i, to draw in and expel breath Bribery, brlb'er-i, «. the act of giving or taking
or air from the lungs : to take breath, to rest or Brick, 1arik, n. an oblong or square piece of burned
pause : to live.—v.t, to draw in and expel from clay : a loaf of bread in the shape of a brick.—
the lungs, as air : to infuse : to give out as v.t. to lay or pave with brick. [Fr. brique, from
breath : to utter by the breath or softly : to root of Break.]
keep in breath, to exercise. Brickbat, brik'bat, «. a piece of brick. [Brick
Breathing, breVA'ing, «. the act of breathing : as and Bat, an implement lor striking with.]
piration, secret prayer: respite. Brick-kiln, brik-kil, «. a kiln in which bricks
Breathless, brethles, adj. out of breath : dead. are burned.
—n. Breathlessness. Bricklayer, brikla-er, «. one who lays or builds
Breech, brcch, n. the lower part of the body with bricks.—n. Bricklaying.
behind: the hinder part of anything, especially Bridal, brld'al, n. a marriage feast : a wedding.—
of a gun.—v.t. to put into breeches. [See adj. belonging to a bride, ora wedding : nuptial.
Breeches, the garment, in which sense it was [Bride, and Ale, a feast.]
first used.] Bride, brid, ». a woman about to be married : a
Breeches, brich'ez, n.pl. a garment worn by men woman newly married. [A.S. bryd; Ice. bntdr,
on the lower part of the body, trousers. [A.S. Ger. braut, a bride ; W. priod, one married.]
brfic, pi. brie; found in all Teut. lang. ; also Bridecake, brldTciik, n. the bride's cake, or
Fr. brazes—L, bracca*, which is said to be from cake distributed at a wedding. [apartment.
the Celt., as in Gael, briogais, breeches.] Bride-Chamber, bnd'-chilm'bcT, «. the nuptial
Breech-loader, brech'-lod'6r, n. a firearm loaded Bridegroom, bnd'gro71m, n, a man about to be
by introducing the charge at the breech. married : a man ncwlv married.—Brlde'mald,
Breed, bred, v.t. to generate or bring forth: to Bride's maid, Brlde'man, Bride's'man, attend
train or bring up : to cause or occasion. —v.i. to ants at a wedding. [A.S. brydgnma—guma, a
be with young : to produce offspring : to be man.]
produced or brought forth :—pa.t. and Pa.p. Bridewell, brTd'wel, «. a house of correction.
bred.—«. that which is bred, progenyor offspring : I From a palace near St Bride's Well in London,
kind or race. [A.S. bridan, to cherish, keep afterwards used as a house of correction.]
warm ; Ger. briiten, to hatch ; conn, with Brew.] Bridge, brij, n. a structure raised across a river,
Breeder, brfd'er, n. one who breeds or brings up. &c. : anything like a bridge.—v.t. to build a
Breeding, bre"d'ing, n. act of producing : educa bridge over. [A.S. bricg; Ger. brUcke, Ice.
tion or manners. bryggja.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mate ; mate ; raGOn ; then. 61
 Bridle
Bridle, brl'dl. n. the instrument on a horse's
he.id, by which it is controlled : any curb or
restraint- —v.t. to put on or manage by a bridle :
to check or restrain.—v.i. to hold up the head
proudly or affectedly. [A.S. bridel ; O. Ger.
bridel, whence Fr. bride.} [horsemen.
Bridle-path., bri'dl-path, «. a path or way for
Brief, bref, adj., short: concise —adv. Briefly.
—n. Briefness.
Brief, bref,»«. a short account of a client's case
for the instruction of counsel : a writ : a short
statement of any kind. [Fr. bref—Xj. brevis,
short-]
Briefless, brefles, adj. without a brief.
Brier, bri'cr, n. a prickly shrub : a common name
for the wild rose.—adj. Brl'ery. [M. K. brere,
—A.S. brer, Ir. briar; thorn.]
Brig, brig, tt. a two-masted, square-rigged vessel.
[Shortened from Brigantine |
Brigade, brig-ad', «. a body of troops consisting
of two or more regiments of infantry or cavalry,
and commanded by a general-officer, two or more
of which form a division.—p./. to form into
brigades. [Fr. brigade—It. brigata—how L.
briga, strife.]
Brigadier, brig-a-deV, Brigadier-general, brig-
a-deV-jen'er-al, tt. a general-officer of the lowest
grade, who has command of a brigade.
Brigand, brig'and, n. a robber or freebooter.
[Fr.—It. brigattte—briga, strife.] [ing.
Brigandage, brig'and-aj, «. freebooting : plunder-
Brigandine, bng'an-dm, tt. a coat of mail,
f Fr. ; so called because worn by b'igauds.]
Brigantine, brig'an-tTn, «. a small light vessel
or brig. [ From Brigand, because such a vessel
was used by pirates.)
Bright, brlt, adj., shining: full of light : clear:
beautiful: clever: illustrious. —adz>. Brightly.
—n. Brightness. [A.S. beorht, briht; cog. with
Goth, bairhts, clear, Gr. phlegd, L. fiagro, to
flame,/<immii =Jlag-ma, Sans, bhraj, to shine.]
Brighten, brlt'n, v.t. to make bright or brighter:
to make cheerful or joyful : to make illustrious.
—v.i. to grow bright or brighter : to clear up.
Brill, bril, it. a fish of the same kind as the turbot,
spotted with white. (Corn, brilli, mackerel =
britk-el, dim of brith, speckled, cognate with
Gael, breac. speckled, a trout. See BrockJ
Brilliant, bril'yant, adj. sparkling : glittering :
splendid. —«. a diamond of the finest cut.—adv.
Brilliantly.—ns. Brilliancy, Brill lantness.
[Fr. brillant, pr.p. of brt'ller, to shine, which,
like Ger. brille, an eyeglass, is from Low L.
berylius. a beryl]
Brim, brim, «. the margin or brink of a river or
lake : the upper edge of a vessel.—v.t. to fill to
the brim.—v.i. to be full to the brim :—fr.j>.
brinim'ing ; Pa.fi. brimmed. [A.S. brim, surge,
surf, the margin of the sea where it sounds ;
conn, with O. Ger. brwmett, to hum, L. /renter?,
to roar. ]
Brimful, brim'fool, adj. full to the brim.
Brimmer, brim'cr, n. a bowl full to the brim or top.
Brimstone, brim'stOn, ft. sulphur. [Lit. burning
stone; from A.S. bryne, a burning byrnan, to
bum, and Stone ; cf. Ger. bernstetn.]
Brlnded, brin'ded, Blin'dled, adj. marked with
spots or streaks. [See Brand.
Brine, brln. n. salt-water: the sea. [A.S. bryne,
a burning ; applied to salt liquor, from its burn
ing, biting quality.]
Bring, bring, v.t. to fetch : to carry : to procure :
to draw or lead.—/a. /. and Pa.p. brought
(brawt).— Bring about, to bring to pass, effect.
fate, far ; me. her ; mine :
Brocaded
—Bring down, to humble.—Bring forth, to
give birth to, produce.—Bring to, to check the
course of, as a ship, by trimming the nils so as
to counteract each other. [A.S. hingan, to
carry, to bring ; allied perh. to Bear. J
Brink, bringk, tt. the edge or border of a steep
place or of a river. [Dan. brink, declivity;
Ice. bringr, hillock.] [sea : salt.
Briny, brln'i, adj. pertaining to brine or to the
Briony, bri'o-ni, ». Same as Bryony.
Brisk, brisk, adj. full of life and spirit : active :
effervescing, as liquors.—adv. Briskly. —«.
Briskness. [W. brysg, nimble, brys, haste.
Other forms are Frisk, Fresh ]
Brisket, brisk'et. «. the breast of an animal : the
part of the breast next to the ribs. [Fr. brechet,
bricbet—W. brysced.]
Bristle, bris'l, n. a short, stiff hair, as of swine.
—v.i. to stand erect, as bristles. (A.S. byrst ;
Scot, birse ; cog. with Ger. horste. Ice burst.]
Bristly, bris'li, adj. set with bristles; rough.—
n. Bxist'liness.
Britanilia-metal, brit-an'i-a-metl, ». a metallic
alloy largely used in the manufacture of spoons,
&c. [or Great Britain : British.
Britannic, brit-an'ik, adj. pertaining to Britannia
British, britlsh, adj. pertaining to Great Britain
or its people.
Briton, brit'ou, n. a native of Britain.
Brittle, britl, adj., aft to break: easily broken.
—n. Brittleness. [A.S. breotan, to break ]
Broach, broch, v.t. to pierce as a cask, to tap : to
open up or begin: to utter. [Fr. brocher, to
pierce, broche, an iron pin—Lat. brocchus, a
projecting tooth.]
Broad, brawd, adj. wide : large, free or open :
coarse, indelicate.—adv. Broadly.—«. Broad
ness. [A.S. brad, Goth, braids.]
Broad-aiTOW, brawd'-ar'5, «. a mark, thus ( N )
stamped on materials used in the royal dock
yards.
Broadbrim, brawdliriin, tt. a hat with a broad
brim, such as those worn by Quakers : {colloq.) a
Quaker.
Broadcast, brawdTcast, adj. scattered or sown
abroad by the hand : dispersed widely.—adv. by
throwing at large from the hand.
Broad Church, brawd church, n. a party in the
Church of England holding broati or liberal
views of Christian doctrine.
Broadcloth, brawdTtloth, n. a fine k ml of woollen
fulled cloth, wider than twenty-nine inches.
Broaden, brawd'n, v.t. to make broad or broader.
—v.i. to grow broad or extend in breadth.
Broad-gauge, brawd'-gaj, «. a distance of six or
seven feet between the rails of a railway, as dis
tinguished from the narrow gauge of 4 ft. 8} in.
Broadside, brawd'sld, n. the side of a ship: all
the guns on one side of a ship of war, or their
simultaneous discharge: a sheet of paper
primed on one side. [with a broad blade.
Broadsword, brawd'sOrd, n. a cutting sword
Brobdlngnagian, brob-ding-nii'ji-an, n. an in
habitant ol the fabulous region of Brobdingnag
in Gulliver's Travels, the people of which were
of great stature, hence a gigantic person.—adj.
gigantic-
Brocade, brok-ad', n. a silk stuff on which figures
are wrought. [It. broccato, Fr. brocart, from
It. broccare, Fr. brocher, to prick ; from root of
Broach.]
Brocaded, brok-ad'ed, adj. woven or worked in
the manner of brocade : dressed in brocade.
mOte ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Broccoli Brussels-sprouta
Broccoli, brok'o-li, w. a kind of cabbage resem
bling cauliflower. [It., pi. of broccoli), a sprout, which it wasFr.made.]
bordel—O. borde, a hut, from the boards of
dim. ofbrocco, a skewer, a shoot—root of Broach.] Brother, bruM'er, «. a male born of the same
Brochure, bro-shOoV, «. a pamphlet. [Lit. a parents: any one closely united with or resem
small book stitched, Yx.—brocher, to stitch— bling another : a fellow-creature. [A. S brfidhor;
broche, a needle. See Broach.] cog. with Ger. bruder, Gael, brathair, Fr.
Brock, brok, n. a badger, an animal with a black Jrere, L. /rater. Sans, bhratri; from root bhar,
and white streaked face. [From the Celtic, as to bear, and hence brother orig. meant one who
in Gael, broc, a badger, which is from Gael. supports the family after the father's death.]
breac, speckled.] Brother-german, bru/A'cr-jer'maii. a. a brother
Brog, brog, n. a pointed steel instrument used by having the same father and mother, in contra
joiners for piercing holes in wood. [Gael, brog, distinction to one by the same mother only.
a pointed instrument, as an awl ; W. procio, to Brotherhood, bruM'er-hood, «. the state of being
stab. 1 a brother : an association of men for any purpose.
Brogue, brOg, «. a stout coarse shoe : a dialect or Brother-in-law, brufVfer-in-law, n. the brother of
manner of pronunciation, esp. the Irish. [Ir a husband or wife : a sister's husband.
and Gael, brag, a shoe.) Brother-like, bruM'er-lik, Brotherly, bmM'er-li,
Broider, broid'er, Broidery, broid'er-i. Same as adj. like a brother : kind : affectionate.
Embroider, Embroidery. Brougham, brOO'am or brGOm, «. a one-horse
Broil, broil, «. a noisy quarrel : a confused dis close carriage, either two or four wheeled,
turbance. [Fr. broniller, to break out, to rebel, named after Lord Brougham.
prob. from the Celtic] Brought, brawt, to, I. and pa p. of Bring.
Broil, broil, v.t. to cook over hot coals.—v.i. to be Brow, brow, «. the ridge over the eyes : the fore
greatly heated. [Ety. dub.] head : the edge of a hill. [A.S. bni ; \cc.brun,
Broke, brtit, pa.t. and old pa.p. of Break. Scot, brae, a slope ; conn, with Gr. ophrys.]
Broken, bro'kn, p.adj, rent asunder : infirm : Browbeat, brow'bet, v.t. 10 bear down with stern
humbled. [From Break.] looks or speech : to bully.
Broken hearted, bro'kn-barted, adj. crushed Brown, brown, adj. of a dark or dusky colour
with grief : greatly depressed in spirit. inclining to red or yellow.—n. a dark reddi-h
Broker, brflk'er, «. one employed to buy and sell colour.—v.t. to make brown or give a brown
for others. [M. E. brocour—A.S. brucan, Ger. colour to.—adj. Brownish. —« . Brown ness.
brauchen, to use, to profit.] [A.S. brim—A.S. byman, to burn.]
Brokerage, brok'er-aj, n. the business of a Brownie, brown'i, n. in Scotland, a kind of good-
broker: the commission charged by a broker. natured domestic spirit.
Bromide, brOm'id, n. a combination of bromine Brown-Study, brown'-stud'i, n. gloomy reverie :
with a base. absent-mindedness.
Bromine, brGm'in, n. an elementary Iwdy closely Browse, browz, v.t. and v.i. to feed on the shoots
allied to iodine, so called from its disagreeable or leaves of plants. [O. Fr. brouster(Fr. bronter)
smell. [Gr. brdmos, a disagreeable odour.] —broust, a sprout ; also Celt. Sec Brush.]
Bronchl&e, brongk'i-a, «.//. a name given to the Bruin, brutVin, ft. a bear, so called from its bronvn
ramifications of the windpipe which carry air colour, r Out. bruin, Ger. brauu, brown.]
imo the lungs.—adj. Bronch'lal. [Gr. bronchos, Bruise, brOoz, v t., to break or crush : to reduce
the windpipe.] [bronchia:. to sm.nll fragments.—n. a wound made by any
Bronchitis, brongk-i'tis, n. inflammation of the thing heavy and blunt. [O. Fr. bruiser, from
Bronze, bronz. «. a mixture of copper and tin O. Ger. bresten, to burst.]
used in various ways since the most ancient Bruiser, brOuz'er, ft. one that bruises : a boxer.
times : anything cast in bronze : the colour of Bruit, brOOt, n. something noised abroad : a
bronze : impudence.— v.t. to give the appearance rumour or report.—v.t. to noi--c abroad: to
of bronze to : to harden. [Fr.—It. bronzo ; conn, report. [Fr. bruit—Fr. bruire ; cf. Low L.
with bruno, brown, and root bren, to burn.] brugitus, Gr. bruchd, to roar : prob. imitative.]
Brooch, brOch, «. an ornamental pin for fastening Brunette, broTm-et', n. a girl with a broivn or
any article of dress. [Fr. broche, a spit. See dark complexion. [Fr. dim. oibrun, brown.]
Broach. } Brunt, brunt, «. the heat or shock of an onset or
Brood, bnjbd, v.i. to sit upon or cover in order to contest : the force of a blow. [Ice. brunt;
breed or hatch : to cover, as with wings : to Ger. brunst, heat. See Bum.]
think anxiously for a long time.—v.t. to mature Brush, brush, «. an instrument for removing dust,
or cherish with care. — «. something; bred : off usually made of bristles, twigs, or feathers: v.
spring: the number hatched at once. [A.S. kind of hair-pencil used by painters : brush
brid, a young one, esp. a young bird, from root wood : a skirmish or encounter : the tail of a
of Breed ] fox.— v.t. to remove dust, &c. from by sweep
Brood-mare, brood'-mar, «. a mare kept for breed ing : to touch lightly in passing : (with off ) re
ing, [breaking forth.] move.—v.i. to move over lightly. [Fr. brosse,
Brook, brook, «. a small stream. (A.S. brfic, water I a brush, brushwood— O. Ger. brusta (Ger.
Brook, brook, v.t. to bear orendure. [A.S. brucau, j biirste), acc. to Brachet, orig. heather, broom.
to use. enjoy : Ger. brauchen, \J./ruor,/ruC'tus. ] See Browse.]
Brooklet, brook'let, n. a little brook. Brushwood, brush/wood, «. rough, close bushes :
Broom, brOom. «. a wild evergreen shrub : a a thicket.
besom made of its twigs. [A.S. brom.] Brusque, broosk, adj. blunt, abrupt in manner,
Broomstick, brGom'stik, n. the staff or handle of rude.—«. Brusque'ness. [Fr. brusque, rude.
a broom. See Brisk.]
Broth, broth, n. a kind of soup. [A.S. broth— Brussels-sprouts, brus'elz-sprowts, n.pl. a variety
breenvan, to brew ; cf. Fr. brouet, O- Ger. prot, of the common cabbage with sprouts like minia
and Gael. brad.] ture cabbages. [From Brussels, whence the
Brothel, bruth'el. n. a house of ill-fame. [Fr. seeds were imported.]
fate, far ; m£, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOCn ; then. b'6
 Brutal Bullet
Brutal, brOut'al, adj. like a brute : unfeeling: nation made by the Chancellor of the Exchequer;
inhuman.—adv. Brut ally.- «. Brutality. [Fr. bougette, dim. of bouge, a pouch—L. butga,
Brutallse. broot'al-iz. Bnit'lfy, brcot'i-fT, v.t to a word of Gallic origin- root of Bag.]
make like a brute, to degrade. Buff, buf, n. a leather made from the -skin of the
Brute, broot, adj. belonging to the lower animals : abuffalo: the colour of buff, a light yellow:—//,
irrational : stupid : rude.—tt. one of the lower regiment so named from their buff-coloured
animals. [Fr. brut—L. brums, dull, irrational.] facings. [Fr. bufflc, a buffalo.]
Brutish, brOBt'ish, adj. brutal: IB.) unwise.— Buffalo, buf'a-10, it. a large kind of ox, generally
adv. Brut'ishly. ~«. Brut iahnev*. wild. [Sp. bufalo—L. bubalus, Gr. boubalos,
Bryony, bfVo-ni, n. a wild climbing plant. [L. the wild ox—bans, an ox.]
oryonia, Gr. brydtii, perhaps from bryd, to burst Buffer, buf'cr, tt. a cushion to deaden the ' buff*
forth with, to grow rapidly.] or concussion, as in railway carriages.
Bubble, bub'l, tt. a bladder of water blown out Buffet, buf'et, «. a blow with the list, a slap.—
with air: anything empty : a cheating scheme. V.t. to strike with the hand or fist : to contend
—v.i. to rise in bubbles. [Dim. of the imita against. [O. Fr. bttfet—btifc, a blow, esp, on
tive word blob; cf. Dut. bobbel, L. bulla, a the cheek ; conn, with Puff, Buffoon.]
bul.ble.] Buffet, buf'et, «. a kind of sidelioard. [Fr.
Buccaneer, Bucanier, buk-an-cV, n. the buccan buffet : orig. unknown.]
eers were pirates in the West Indies during the Buffoon, buf-oTMl', u. one who amuses by jests,
seventeenth century, who plundered the Span grimaces, &c. : a clown. [Fr. bottffon— It.
iards chiefly. [Fr. boucaucr, to smoke meat— buffare, to jest, {///.) to puffout the cheeks.]
Carib boucan, a wooden gridiron. The French Buffoonery. buf-6wer-i, «. the practices of a
settlers in the West Indies cooked their meat on bunoon : ludicrous or vulgar jesting.
a boucan after the manner of the natives, and Bug. bug, n. an object of terror ; applied loosely
were hence called boucauicrs.] lo certain insects, esp. to one that infests houses
Buck, buk, tt. the male of the deer, goat, hare, :tnd be ls. [W. kvg, a holjgoblin.]
and rabbit : a dashing young fellow. [A.S. Bugbear, bug'bar, «., an object of t»rror, gener
buc, bucca ; Ger. bock, a he-goat.] ally imaginary.—adj. causing fright.
Buck, buk, v.t. to soak or steep in lye, a process Buggy, bug'i, n. a light one-horse chaise.
in bleaching-—u. lye in which clothes are Bugle, bu'gl. Bugle-horn, bu't;l-horn, «. a hunt*
bleached. [From the Celt., as in Gael, buac, ing-horn, orig. a buffalo-horn : a keyed horn of
cowdung, used in bleaching—bo, a cow ; Ger. rich tone. [O. Fr. — L. buculus, dim. ofbos, an ox. ]
beuchen, &c, from the same source.] Buhl, bfll, n. unburnished gold, brass, or moihcr-
Bucket, buk'et, «. a vessel for drawing or holding of-pearl worked into patterns for inlaying :
water, &c. [A.S. buc, a pitcher; prob. from furniture ornamented with such. [From Boule,
Gael, bucnui, a bucket.] the name of nn Italian wood-carver who intro
Buckle, buk'l, n. an instrument for fastening shoes duced it into France in the time of Louis XIV.]
and other articles of dress.—v.t. to fasten with a Build, bild, v.t. to erect, as a house: to form or
buckle : to prepare for action : to engage in construct.— v.i. to depend (on) :—pa.p. built or
close fight.—v.i. to bend or bulge out : to engage build'ed.—it. construction : make. [O. Swed.
with zeal. [Fr. boucU, the boss of a shield, a bvif'a, to build ; Dan. bol ; A.S. bold, a house.]
ring—Low L. buccula, dim. of bucca, a cheek.] Builder, bild'er, tt. one who builds.
Buckler, bukler, tu a shield with a buckle or Building, bild'ing. tt. the art of erecting houses,
central boss. [Fr. bouclUr—Low L. buccula.] &c. : anythingbuilt : a house.
Buckram, buk'ram, tt. coarse cloth stiffened with Built, bilt, p.adj. formed or shaped.
dressing. —adj. made of buckram: stiff: pre Bulb, bulb, ». an onion-like root.—v.i. to form
cise. [O. Fr. boqueran—O. Ger. boc, a goat ; bulbs : to bulge out or swell.—adjs. Bulbed,
such stuff being made orig. of goats' hair.] Bulbous.
Buckskin, buk skin, n. a kind of leather:—//, Bulbul. bool'bool, «. the Persian nightingale.
breeches made of buckskin.—adj. made of the BulgQ, bulj, ti. the bilge or widest part of a cask.
skin of a buck. -v.i. to swell out. [A.S. bel^an, to swell ; Gael.
Buckwheat, buk'hwet, tt. a kind of grain having bolg, to swell. See Bilge, Belly, Bag, &c.)
three-cornered seeds like the kernels of bcech- Bulk, bulk, «. magnitude or size : the greater
nuts. [A. S. boc, beech, and Wheat ; Ger. buc/t- part : [ofa ship) the whole cargo in the hold.
weizett—buche, beech, weizen, corn.] [A form of Bulge.]
Bucolic, -al, bu-kol'ik, -al, adj. pertaining to the Bulkhead, bulk^ied, n. a partition separating
tending of cattle : pastoral.—tt. a pastoral one part of a ship between decks from another.
poem. [L. bucolicus—Gr. boukolikos—boukotos, [Bulk = balk, a beam.] [tt. Bulk'iness.
a herdsman, from bous, an ox, and perh. the Bulky, bulk'i, adj. having bulk : of great size.—
root of L. colo. to tend. ] Bull, bool. w. the male of the ox kind : a sign of
Bud, bud, tt. the first shoot of a tree or plant. — the zodiac —adj. denoting largeness of size—
v.i. to put forth buds : to begin to grow.—v.t. used in composition, as bull-trout. [From an
to graft, as a plant, by inserting a bud under A.S. word, found only in dim. bulluca, a little
the bark of another tree :—Pr.fr. Iiudd'ing ; pa.p. bull—A.S. bcllartf lo bellow,]
budd'ed. [From a Low Ger. root, as in Duu Bull, bool, «, an edict of the pope which has his
bot a bud. See Button.] seal affixed. [L. bulla, a knob, anything rounded
Buddhism, bood'izm, «. the religion of the greater by art ; later, a leaden seat]
part of Central and E. Asia, so called from the Bull, bool, n. a ludicrous blunder in speech.
title of its founder, 'the IJuddha,' 'the wise.' [Pcrh. in sarcastic allusion to the pope's bulls ]
Buddhist, bood'ist, tt. a believer in Buddhism. Bull-baiting, bool'-bating, tt. the sport of baiting
Budge, buj, v.t. to move off or stir. [Fr. bouger or exciting bulls with dogv [See Bait.]
—It. bulicare, to boil, to bubble—L. bullire.] Bulldog, bool'dog, tt. a kind of dog of great
Budget, buj'et, n. a sack with its contents : courage, formerly used for baiting bulls.
annual statement of the finances of the British Bullet, bool'et, tt. a ball of lead for loading small
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; uiCon ; Men.
 Bulletin
arms. [Fr. boulet, dim. of boule, a ball— L.
bulla. See Bull, .in edict.]
Bulletin, bool'e-tin, n. an official report of public
news. [Fr. —It. bulletino, dim. of bulla, a seal,
because issued with the seal or stamp uf author
ity. See Bull, an edict, j
Bullet-proof, bool'et-prOOf, adj. proof against
bullets. [amusement in Spain.
Bullfight, bool'flt, h. bull-baiting, a popular
Bullfinch, bool'finsh, n. a species of finch a little
larger than the common linnet. [Ace. to Wedg
wood, prob. a corr. ofbud-jfnch, from its destroy
ing the buds of fruit-trees.]
Bullion, bool'yun, n. gold and silver regarded
simply by weight as merchandise. [Ety dub.]
Bullock, bool'ok, n. an ox or castrated bull. [A.S.
bullitca, a calf or young bulL See Bull.]
Bull's-eye, boolz'-T, n. the centre of a target, of a
different colour from the rest, and usually round.
Bulltrout, bool trowt, «. a large kind of trout,
nearly allied to the salmon.
Bully, bool'i, a blustering, noisy, overbearing
fellow. — v.i. to bluster.—v.t. to threaten in a
noisy way '—pr.p. bullying ; Pa.p. bull ied.
[Dut. bultleren, to bluster; Low Ger. butler-
brook, a noisy blustering fellow.]
Bulrush, bool'rush, «. a large strong rush, which
grows on wet land or in water.
Bulwark, bool'wark, ». a fortification or rampart :
any means of defence or security. [From a
Teut. root, seen in Ger. bolhvcrk—root of Bole,
trunk of a tree, and Ger. tverk, work.)
Bum, bum, v.i. to hum or make a murmuring
sound, as a !>ee :—P^.fi. bumm'ing ; pa.p.
bummed'. [Bum = boom, from the sound.]
Bumbailiff, bum'bal'if, n. an under-baililT.
Bumble-bee. bum'bl-bc\ n. a large kind of bee that
makes a bumming or humming noise : the hum
ble-bee. [M. E. bumble, (req. of Bum, and Bee.]
Bumboat, bum'bot, «. boat for carrying provisions
to a ship. [Dut. bum-boot, for bnnboot. a boat
wiili a bun, or receptacle for keeping fish alive.]
Bump, bump, v.i. to make a heavy or loud noise.
—v.i. to strike with a dull sound: to strike
ag.iinst.—n. a dull, heavy blow: a thump: a
lump caused by a blow : the noise of the bittern.
[W. pivm6iot to thump, pivmp, a round mass,
a bump : from the sound.]
Bumper, bump'er, n. a cup or glass filled till the
liquor swells over the brim. [A corr. of bom
bard, bumbard. a large drinking-vesscl.)
Bumpkin, bumpkin, «. an awkward, clumsy
rustic : a clown. [Dut. boom, a log, and dim
-kin.]
Bun, bun, n. a kind of sweet cake. [O. Fr. bugne,
a kind of fritters, a form of bigne, a swelling,
and found also in beignct, a fritter; cf. Scot.
bannock; conn, with Bunion and Bunch, the
orie. meaning being a swelling.}
Bunch, bunsh, n. a number of things tied together
or growing together: a cluster: something in
the form of a tuft or knot—v.i. to swell out in
a bunch. [O. Sw. and Dan. bunke. Ice. bunki,
a heap—O. Sw. bunga, to strike, to swell out.]
Bunchy, bunsh'i, adj. growing in bunches or like
a bunch.bun'dl, n. a number of things loosely
Bundle,
bound together.—v./. to bind ortieinto bundles.
[A.S. byudet—from the root of Bind.]
Bung, bung. n. the stopper of the hole in a barrel :
a large cork.—v.t. to stop up with a bung.
[Ety. dub.]
Bungalow, bung'ga-lO, w. a country-house in
India. [Pers., 1 belonging to Bengal.']
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Burgomaster
Bungle, bungl, n. anything clumsily done : a
gross blunder.—v.i, to act in a clumsy, awk
ward manner.—v.i. to make or mend clumsily:
to manage awkwardly.—«. Bungler. [Perh.
freq. of bang; cf. O. Sw. bunga, to strike,
bangla, to work ineffectually.]
Bunion, bun'yun, n. a lump or inflamed swelling
on the ball of the great toe. [From root of Bun. 1
Bunting, bunt'ing, n. a thin woollen stuff of
which ships' colours are made: a l*nd of bird.
[Ety. dub.]
Buoy, bwoi, n. a floating cask or light piece of
wood fastened by a rope or chain to indicate
shoals, the position of a ship's anchor, &c—v.t.
to fix buoys or marks : to keep afloat, bear up,
or sustain. [Dut. boei, buoy, fetter, through
Romance forms {Norman, bole , from O. L. bom,
a collar of leather—L. bos, ox.]
Buoyancy, bwoi'an-si, « capacity for floating
lightly on water or in the air : specific lightness ;
(Jig.) lightness of spirit, cheerfulness.
Buoyant, bwoi'ant, atlj. li^ht : cheerful.
Bur, Burr, bur, n. the prickly seed-case or head
of certain plants, which sticks to clothes: the
rough sound of r pronounced in the throat.
[Prob. K., but with cognates in many lang , as
Swed. borre, a sea-urchin, L. burro:, trash—
from a root signifying rough.]
Burbot, bur'bot, n. a fresh-water fish, like the eel,
having a longish beard on its lower jaw. [Fr.
barbote—L. htirba, a beard.]
Burden, bur'dn, «. a load : weight : cargo : that
which is grievous, oppressive, or difficult to
bear.—v.t. to load: to oppress: to encumber.
[A.S. byrthen—beran, to bear.]
Burden, bur'dn, «. part of a sung repeated at the
end of every stanza, refrain. [Fr. bourdon, a
humming tone in music- Low L. burdo, a drone
or non-working bee.]
Burdensome, bur'dn-sum, adj. heavy : oppressive.
Burdock, burMok, «. a dock with a our or prickly
head.
Bureau, bur's, «. a writing-table or chest of
drawers, orig. covered with dark cloth ; a room
or office where such a table is used : a depart
ment for the transacting of public business :—
pi. Bureaux, bur'o, Bureaus, bur'Oz. [O. Fr.
burel, coarse russet cloth—L. burrus, dark red ;
cf. Gr. pyrrhos, fl.inie-colourcd—Pyr =■ Fire.]
Bureaucracy, bflr-G'kras-i, «. government by
officials appointed by the ruler, as opposed to
self-government or government by parliamentary
majority. [Bureau and Gr. kratd, to govern.]
Bureaucratic, Ijur-o-krat'ik, adj. relating to, or
having the nature of a bureaucracy.
Burgage, burg's], n. a system of tenure in
boroughs, cities, and towns, by which the
citizens hold their lands or tenements.
Burgamot, bur'ga-mot, n. Same as Bergamot.
Burgeon, burMun, v.i. Same as Bourgeon.
Burgess, buries. Burgher, burger, «. an inhab
itant of a borough: a citizen or freeman: a
magistrate of certain towns.
Burgh, bur'o or burg, n.—adj. Bur'ghaL
Burglar, burg'lar, n. one who breaks into a house
by ni^lu to steal. [Fr. bourg, town (—Ger. burg,
E. Borough', O. Fr. lercs-L. latro, a robber.]
Burglary, burg'lar-i, «. breaking into a house by
night to rob.—adj. Burglarious.—adv. Burg
lariously.
Burgomaster, burg'o-mast'cr, «. the chief magis
trate of a German or a Dutch burgh, answering
to the English term mayor. [Dut. burgemtvster
—burg, and meester, a master.]
mote ; mule ; mOOn ; Men.
 Burgundy Butt
Burgundy, buKgun-di, «. a French wine, so called : Bushel, boosh'ei, «. a dry measure of 8 gallons,
from Burgundy, the district where it is made. for measuring prain, &c. [O. Fr. boissel, irom
Burial, ber l-al, n. the act of placing a dead body the root of BOX.]
in the grave ; interment. [A.S. birgels, a tomo. I Bushman, boosh'man, n. a settler in the uncleared
Sec Bury.] land of America or the colonics, a woodsman :
Burin, bur'in, u. a kind of chisel used by en one of a savage race in South Africa.
gravers. [Fr. ; from root of Bore.] Bush-ranger, boosh/-ranj-er, w. in Australia, a law
Burke, burk, v.t. to murder, esp. by stifling: less fellow, often an escaped criminal, who takes
hence, [Jig.) to put an end to quietly. [From to the bush and lives by robbery.
Burke, an Irishman who committed the crime Bushy, boosh'i, adj. full of bushes: thick and
in order ro sell the bodies of his victims for spreading. —«. Bush'lness.
dissection.] Busily, bizl-li, adv. in a busy manner.
Burlesque, bur-lesk', «. [lit.) a jesting or ridicul Business, biz'nes, «. employment: engagement:
ing; a ludicrous representation.—adj. jocular : trade, profession, or occupation : one's concerns
comical.—v.t. to turn into burlesque : to ridicule. j or affairs : a matter or affair
[Fr. —It. burlesco; prob. from Low L. burra, Busk, busk, v.t. or v.i. to prepare : to dress one's
a flock of wool, a trine.] self. [Ice. bua, to prepare, and -sk, contr. of
Burly, buili, adj. bulky and vigorous : boisterous. sik, the recip. pron. = self.)
—«. Burliness. [Prob. Celt., as in Gael borr, Busk, busk, «. the piece of bone, wood, or steel
a knob, borrail ~ buny, swaggering.] in the front ofa woman's stays. \\ form of Bust. ]
Burn, bum, v.t. to consume or injure by fire.— Buskin, busk'in, n. a kind of half-boot with high
v.i. to be on fire : to feel excess of heat : to be heels worn in ancient times by actors of tragedy :
inflamed with passion :—pa.fi. burned' or burnt. hence, the tragic drama as distinguished from
—n. a hurt or mark caused by fire.—To bum comedy.—adj. Busklned, dressed in buskins,
one's fingers, to suffer from interfering in noting tragedy, tragic. [Ety. dub.]
other's affairs, from embarking in speculations, BUSS, bus, «. a rude or playful kiss.—v.t. to kiss,
&c. [A.S. hymon ; Ger. brennen, to burn ; akin esp. in a rude or playful manner. [M. E. bass^
to \,.fervco, to glow.] prob. from O. Ger, bussen, to kiss, but modified
Burner, burn'cr, «. the part of a lamp or gas-jet by Fr. baiser. to kiss, from L. basium, a kiss.]
from which the flame arises. Bust, bust, n. the human body irom the head to
Burning-glass, burn'ing-glas, «. a glass so formed the waist : a sculpture representing the upper
as to concentrate the sun's rays. part of the body. [Fr. buste—Low L. bustum.)
Burnish, burnish, v.t. to polish : to make bright Bustard, buslard, «. a genus of large, heavy
by rubbing.—«. polish : lustre. [Fr. brunir, to birds, akin to the ostrich family, and of which
make brown—root of Brown.] the Great Bustard is the largest of European
Burnisher, bum'ish-er, «. an instrument employed land-birds. [Fr. bistard, corr. from L. avis
in burnishing. tarda, slow bird, from the slowness of its flight. J
Burnt-offering, burnt'-ofer-ing, «. something Bustle, bus'l, v.i., to busy one's self: to be active.
offered and burned upon an altar as a sacrifice. —n. hurried activity: stir: tumult. [M. E.
Burr, bur, «. Same as Bur. buskle, prob. from A.S. bysig, busy.]
Burrow, bur's, n. a hole in the ground dug by I Busy, biz i, adj. fully employed : active : diligent :
certain animals for shelter or defence.—v.i. to meddling.—v.t. to make busy: to occupy:—
make holes underground as rabbits : to dwell in Pr.fi. busying (biz'i-ing) ; fia.fi. busied (biz id;.—
a concealed place. [A doublet of Borough — adv. Busily. [A.S. bysig.)
A.S. beorgan, to protect.] Busybody, biz'i-bod-i, «. one busy about others'
Bursar, burs'ar, n. one who keeps the Purse, a affairs, a meddling person.
treasurer: in Scotland, a student maintained But, but, prep, or couj. without : except : besides:
at a university by funds derived from endow only: yet: still. [A.S. butan, biutan, without
ment. [Low L. bursarius—bursa, a purse—Gr. —be, by, and utau. out—rwar and yet outside.]
bvrs?t skin or leather.] [paid to a bursar. j But, but, n. Same as Butt.
Bursary, burs'ar-i, «. in Scotland, the allowance Butcher, booch'cr, u. one whose business is to
Burst, burst, v.t. to Weak into pieces: to break slaughter animals for food: one who delights in
open suddenly or by violence.—v.i. to fly open bloody deeds.—v.t. to slaughter animals for
or break in pieces : to break forth or away :— food: to put to a bloody death, to kill cruelly.
fiaj. and fia.fi. burst.— n. a sudden outbreak. [Fr. boucher, orig. one who kills he-goat-s—bouc,
[A.S. berstan ; Ger. bersten, Gael, brisd, to a he-goat ; allied to E. buck ]
break.] Butcher-meat, booch'er-met, «. the fle- h of
Burthen, burV/m, n. and v.t. Same as Burden. animals slaughtered by butchers, as distin
Bury, ber'i, v.t. to hide in the ground: to place guished from fish, fowls, and game.
in the grave, as a dead body : to hide or blot Butchery, booch'cr-i, «. great or cruel slaughter:
out of remembrance :—fir.fi. bur'ying ; pa.p. a slaughter-house or shambles.
burled. [A.S- byrgan, to bury; Ger. bcrgen, to Butler, but'ler, «. a servant who has charge of
hide.] the liquors, plate, &c—n. But'lership. [Norm.
Burying-ground, ber'i-ing-grownd, Burying- Fr. butuiller, Fr. bouteiller—ooutciUc, a bottle.]
lace, ber'i-ing-phis, n. ground set apart for Butt, but, v.i. and v.t., to strike with the head,
P1-urying the dead : a graveyard. as a goat, &c—«. the thick and heavy end : a
Bush, boosh, «. a shrub thick with branches: any push with the head of an animal : a mark to be
thing of bushy tuft-like shape: any wild uncul shot at : one who is made the object of ridicule.
tivated country, esp. at the Cape or in Australia. IO. Fr. boter, to push, strike, from O. Ger.
I'M. E. busk, busch ; from a 'I eut. root found in bfizen, to strike (see Beat!.]
Ger. busch, Low L. boscus, Fr. bois.] Butt, but, n. a large cask: a wine-butt — 126
Bush, boosh, n. the metal box or lining of any gallons, a beer and sherry butt = 108 gallons.
cylinder in which an axle works. [Dut. bus [Fr. botte, a vessel of leather. Sec Boot, of
—L. buxus, the box-tree.] which it is a doublet. Cf. A.S. byttey a bottle.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOOn ; then.
 Butt-end Cadet
Butt-end, but'-end, «. the striking or heavy end : Byword, bfwurd, common saying :
the stump. [See Butt, to strike] proverb.
Butter, but'er, «. an oily substance obtained Byzant. biz'ant, Byzantine, biz'an-tTn. «. a gold
from cream by churning.—v.t. to spread over coin of the Greek empire, struck at Byzantium
with butter. [A.S. buter; Ger. butter; both or Constantinople, valued at ,£15 sterling.
from L. butyrum—Gr. boutyron—bous, ox,
tyros, cheese.]
Buttercup, but'er-kup, «. a plant of the crow-
loot genus, with a cupAike flower of a golden Cab, kab, n. short for Cabriolet.
yellow, like butter. Cab, kab, n. a Hebrew dry measufe = nearly
Butterfly, but'er-fll, n. the name of an extensive 3 pints. [Heb. kab—kabab, to hollow.]
group of beautiful winged insects, so called Cabal, ka-bal', n. a small party united for some
perh. from the but/er-hke colour of one of the secret design : the plot itself.—v.u to form a
species. party for a secret purpose: to plot: —fir.p.
Butterlne, but'er-en, n. an artificial fatty com caball'ing; Pa.p. caballed'.—n. Caball'er, a
pound, sold as a substitute for butter. plotter or intriguer. [Fr. cabale ; from Cabala J
Buttermilk, but'er-milk, n. the milk that remains Cabala, kab'a-la, «. a secret science of the Jewish
.tfter the butter has been separated from the Rabbis for the interpretation of the hidden sense
cream by churning. of Scripture. —« Cab'alist, one versed in the
Buttery, but'er-i, n. a storeroom in a house for cabala. [Chal. kabbel, to receive.]
f»rovisions, especially liquors. [Fr. bouteillerie^ Cabbage, kab'aj, n. a well-known kitchen vege
it. 'place for bottles.' See Butler, Bottle.] table. [Fr. cabus, headed {chonx cabus, a
Buttock, bui'ok, n. the rump or protuberant part cabbagel ; from L. caput, the head.]
of the body behind. ( Dim. of Butt, end. ] Cabin, kab'in, ft. a hut or cottage : a small room,
Button, but'n, ft, a knob of metal, bone, &c, especially in a ship.—v.t. to shut up in a cabin.
used to fasten the dress by means of a button [W. cab, caban, a rude little hut.]
hole: the knob at tne end of a foil.—v.t. to Cabinet, kab'in-et, n. a small room or closet : a
fasten by means of buttons. [Fr. bouton, any ca*e of drawers for articles of value : a private
small projection, from bouter, to push ; cf. W. room for consultation—hence The Cabinet, the
botwm, a button.] ministers who govern a nation, be ng in Eng
Buttress, but'res, n. a projecting support built land the leaders of the majority in Parliament.
on to the outside of a wall : any support or Cabinet-maker, kab'in-et-miik'er, n. a maker of
prop.—v.t. to prop or support, as by a buttress. 1 cabinets and other fine furniture.
(Prob. from O. Fr. bretesthe, a battlement.] Cable, kft'bl, n. a strong rope or chain which ties
Buxom, buks'um. adj. yielding, elastic : gay, anything, especially a ship to her anchor: a
lively, jolly. [M. E. buhsum, pliable, obedient nautical measure of 100 fathoms. [Fr. — Low L.
— A.S. bUgan, to bow, yield, and affix some.] capium, a halter—capio, to hold.]
Buy. bl, v.t. to purchase for money : to bribe:— Caboose, ka-bOTK', ». the kitchen or cooking-stove
prp buy'ing ; pad. and Pa.p. bought (bawt). of a ship. [Dut. kotnbuis, a cook's room.]
[A.S. byegan; Goth. bugjan.] Cabriolet, kab-n-o-la', «. a covered carriage with
Buyer, bi'er, «. one who buys, a purchaser. two or four wheels drawn by one horse. [Fr.
Buz,' buz, v.t. to make a humming noise like cabriole, formerly capritde, the leap of a kid ;
bees.—v.t. to whisper or spread secretly. —«. the springing motion being implied 111 the name
the noise of bees and flies : a whispered report. of the carriage—L. cafira, a she-goat.]
[ From the sound. ] Cacao, ka-ka'o, «. the chocolate-tree, from the seed-,
Buzzard, buz'ard, n. a bird of prey of the falcon of which chocolate is made. [Mex. kakahitatl.\
family: a blockhead. [Fr. busard—L. buteo, a Cachinnatlon, kak-in-2'ahua. «., loud laughter.
kind of falcon.] [L. cachiftuo, to laugh loudly—from the sound.]
By, bT, prep, at the side of: near to : through, Cackle, kak'l, ft. the sound made by a hen or
denoting the agent, cause, means, &c.—adv. goose.—v. i. to make such a sound. [E. ; cog. with
near: passing near: in presence of: aside, Dut. kakeUn—from the sound.]
away.—By and by, soon, presently. —By the Cacophony, ka-koffl-ni, «. a bad, disagreeable
bye, by the way, in passing. [A.S. bi, big; Ger. sound; discord of sounds, —ad/. Cacophonous.
bet, L. ambi, Gr. am/At, Sans. abhi.\ [Gr. kakos, bad, p/nme, sound.]
By-form, bl'-form, «. a form of a word slightly Cactus, kak'tus, n. an American plant, generally
varying from it. I Prtrp. By.] [past event. with prickles instead of leaves. [Gr.]
'~"[one, bfgon, By-past, hr'-past, adj. past.—n. a Cad, kad, «. a low fellow. [Short for Cadet.]
aw. bllaw. «. the law of a city, town, or Cadastre, ka-das'ter, n. the head survey ot the
"private corporation : a supplementary law or lands of a country : an ordnance survey. —adj.
regulation. [From Ice byar-ldg, Dan. by-lw, Cadas'traL [Fr. — Low L. capttasttum,
town or municipal law ; Scot, bir-law ; from Ice. register for a poll-tax—L. caputs the head.]
bua, to dwell. See Bower. />>, town, is a Cadaverous, Ica-dav'cr-u*, adj. looking like a
suffix in many place-names. The form by in dead body: sickly-looking. [L. cadaver, a dead
bylaw, esp. in its secondary meaning, is gener body—cado, to (all dead.]
ally confused with the prep.] Caddy, kad i, n. a small box for holding tea.
Byname, bi'nam, n. a nickname. [Prep. By.] [Malay kati, the weight of the small packets in
Bypath, bfpath, n. a side path. [Prep. By.] which tea is made up.J
Byplay, blpla, ft. a scene carried on, subor Cade, kad, n. a barrel or ca*k. [L. cadus, a cask.]
dinate to, and apart from, the main part of the Cadence, ka'dens, n. tit) a falling: the fall of
play. [Prep. By.J . the voice at the end of a sentence : tone, sound,
Byroad, bl'rOd, n. a retired sideroad. modulation. [Fr.—L. cado, to fall.]
Bystander, bi'stand'er, «. one who stands by or Cadet, ka-del', ft. the younger or youngest son :
near one: hence, a looker-on in the army, one who serves as a private in order
Byway, bi'wa, n. a private and obscure way. to become an officer: a student in a military
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute : moon ; then.
 Cadi Calm
school.—n. Oadet'Shlp. [Fr. cadets formerly or heating liquids. [L. caldarium—calidus,
caNiet—Low L. capitettttm, dim. of caput, the hot—caieo, to grow hot.]
head. See Captain.] Caledonian, kal-e-dOni-an, adj. pertaining to
Cadi, ka'di, «. a judge in Mohammedan coun Caledonia or Scotland.
tries. [Ar. kadhi, a judge.J | Calendar, kal'en-dar, «. a register of the months:
CadUCOUS, ka-du'kus, adj. ,falling early, as leaves an almanac : a list of criminal causes for trial.
or flowers. [L. caducus—cado, to fall.] [L. caletuiaris. relating to the calends—calendar.]
C»8Ura, Cesura, sfi-zu'ra, w. a syllable cut offat Calender, kal'en-dcr, «. la corruption ofCylinder.:
the end of a word after the completion of a foot : a press consisting of two voders for smoothing
a pause in a verse. —adj. CauSU'ral. [h.—co-do, and dressing cloth : a person who calenders,
cirsum, to cut off.] properly a calendrer.— r/.r. to dress in a calen
Caffeine, kafe-in or kaf-filn, n. the active principle der. [Or. kylindros—kytimid, to roll-]
of coffee and tea. [Fr. cafeinc. See Coffee ] Calends, kal'endz, n. among the Romans, the first
Caftan, kaftan, n. a Persian or Turkish vest. day of each month. [L. calendte—calo, Gr.
Cage, kitj, «. a place of confinement: a box made kaleX to call, because the beginning of the
ot wire and wood for holding birds or small month was proclaimed.]
animals. [Fr.—L cavea, a hollow place.] Calenture, kal'en-tQr, * a kind of fever or deli
Cairn, karn, «., a heap ofstones, esp. one raised rium occurring on board ship in hot climates.
over a grave. [Celt, cam.] [Fr. and Sp.—L. cateo, to be not.]
Caitiff, ku'tif, tt. a mean despicable fellow. —adj. Calf, kiif, n. the young of the cow and of some
mem, base. [O. Fr. catttf (Fr. chitif)—!*. other animals: a stupid, cowardly person, -pi.
captivus, a captive—capio, to take.] Calves, kavz. [A.S. ccalf; Ger. kalb, Goth.
Cajole, ka-jul', v.t. to coax: to cheat by fl Utcry. kalbo.)
—fts. Cajoler. ka-joTer, Cajolery, ka-joler-i. Calf, kaf, « the thick fleshy part of the leg l>chind.
[Fr. cajoler, O. Fr. cageoler, to chatter like a [Ice. half ; perh. the same word as the preced
bird in a Cage.] ing, the root idea being to befat, thick.]
Cake, kak, «. a piece of dough that is baked or Calibre, Caliber, kal'i-ber, n. the size of the bore
cooked: a small loaf of fine bread: any flattened of a gun: diameter: intellectual capacity. [Fr.
mass baked hard.—v.t. to form into a cake or calibre, the bore of a gun ; It. calibre.]
hard mass.— v.i. to become baked or hardened. Calico, kal'i-ko, m. cotton cloth first brought from
[Sw. kaka, Ger. kitchen—kochen; all borrowed Calicut in the East Indies.
from L. coquo, to cook.] Calif, Caliph, ka'lif or kal'if, «. the name assumed
Calabash, kal'a-bash, n. a vessel made of a dried by the successors of Mohammed. [Fr. —Ar.
gourd-shcW : the gourd. _ iSp. calabaza, the khaliftih, a successor.]
gourd—Ar. qar aybas, dried gourd.] Califate, Caliphate, kal'if-ut, n. the office, rank,
Calamitous, kal-am'i-tus, a<ij. making wretched, or government ot a calif.
disastrous. Caligraphy, Calligraphy, ka-lig'ra-fi, *., beauti
Calamity, kal-am'i-ti, n. a great misfortune : ful hand-wnV/wi'. [Gr. kalos, beautiful lakin
affliction. [Fr. calamiti—L. calamitas. Ety. to E. hale), graphs, writing.]
dub.] [grass. Calipers, kal'i-perz, Caliper-compasses, kal'i-per-
Calamus, kal'a-inus, «. an Indian sweet-scented kum'pas-cz, tt. compasses with bent legs for
Calash, ka-lash', tt. a light [ow-v/heeled carriage measuring the diameter of bodies. [Corr. of
with a folding top: a hood worn by ladies to Caliber.]
protect their bonnets. [Fr. caliche— (ier. ka- Calisthenics, Callisthenics, kal-is-then'iks, ti.
lesche ; of Slav, origin, as Bohem. kolesa, Kuss. exercises for the purpose of promoting graceful
kolo, a wheel.] ness as well as strength of body.—adj. Calls-
Calcareous, kal-kfi're-us, adj. like or containing then'ic. [Gr. kalos, beautiful, stnenos, strength.]
chalk or lime. n. Calcareousness. [L. cal- Calix. See Calyx.
caritts, from calx.] Calk, kawk, v.t. to stuff (as if pressed with the
Calcine, kal-sln' or kal'sTn, v.t. to reduce to a calx foot) oakum into the seams ol a ship to make it
or chalky powder by the action of heat. —v.i. to water-tight : to roughen a horse's shoe to keep
become a calx or powder by heat.—*. Calcina it from slipping.—«. Calk'er. [O. Fr. cauquer
tion, kal-sin-a'shun. —L. calcare, to tread under foot—calx, the hec!.]
Calcium, kal'si-um, n. an elementary substance Call, kawl, v.i. to cry aloud : to make a short visit.
present in limestone and chalk. [L. calx, chalk.] —v.t. to name : to summon : to appoint or pro-
Calcography, kal-ku^'ra-fi. «. a style of encraving claim.—«. a summons or invitation : an impulse :
like chalk-drawing. - adj. Calcograph leal, a demand : a short visit : a shrill whistle : the
[L. calx, and Or. graphe, writing—graphs, to cry of a bird. [A.S. ccattian; Ice. kaiia, Gr.
write ] ger-, in geryein, to proclaim.]
Calculate, kal ku-lat, V.t. to count or reckon : to Calling, kawl'ing, n. that to which a person is
adjust.—7\i. to make a calculation : to estimate. called (,by a divine voice, as it were) to devote
—adj. Cal culable. [L. calcuto. to reckon by his attention : trade: profession: occupation
help of little stones—calculus, dim. of c*lx, a Callosity, kal-os'i-ti, tt. a hard swelling on the
little stone.] skin. [L. catlositas—callus, hard skin ]
Calculation, kal-ku-l;Vshun, u. the art or process Callous, kal'us, adj., hardene.i : unfeeling or in
of calculating : estimate. sensible —adv. Callously.—«. Call'ousneas.
Calculative, kal'kQ-Ut-iv, adj. relating to calcu Callow, kal'O. adj. not covered with feathers : un
lation. fledged. [A.b. calu; Dut. kaal, L. calvus,
Calculator, kal'kQ-Iat-or, n. one who calculates. bald.]
Calculus, kalTcu-lus, n. one of the higher branches Calm, kam, adj. still or quiet : serene, tranquil.—
of mathematics : a stone-like concretion which w. absence of wind : repose: serenity. —v.t. to
forms in certain parts of the body.—//. Calculi, makeca/wr: to quiet.—adv. Calm ly, —u. Calm'-
kal'kfl-ll. ness. [Fr. catme; from Low L. cauma—Gr.
Caldron, kawl'dron, «. a large kettle for boiling kauma, noonday heat—kaia, to burn.)
ft* fate, far ; mi, h«x ; mine ; mflte ; mute ; mOOo ; then.
 Calomel
Calomel, karo-mel, n. a preparation of mercury
much used as a medicine: the 'white sublimate
got by the application of heat to a mixture of
mercury and corrosive sublimate, which is black.
[Gr. kalos, fair, melas, black.]
Caloric, ka-lor'ik, n„ heat: the supposed principle
or cause of heat. [L. calor, heat—caleo, to be
hot |
Calorific, kal-or-ifik, adj., earning /tea/: heating.
—n. Calorifica'tioa. [L. calor, and /ado, to
make.]
Calotype, kal'O-tTp, «. a kind of photography.
[Gr. kales, beautiful, types, an image.]
Caltrop, kal'trop, «. a plant with prickly fruit : an
instrument armed with four spikes, formerly
strewn in the way of an enemy's cavalry. [A.S.
cottntpe.]
Calumet, kal'u-met, n. a kind of pipe, smoked by
the American Indians, regarded as a symbol of
peace. [Fr.— L. calamus, a reed.]
Calumniate, ka-lumni-At, v.t. to accuse falsely:
to slander.—v.i. to spread evil reports.—«J.
Calum niation, Calum niator.
Calumnious, ka-lum'ni-us, adj. of the nature of
calumny: slanderous.—adv. Calum'nlously.
Calumny, kal'um-ni, n. false accusation : slander.
II* calumnia—calrere, to deceive.]
CalTO, kav, v.i. to bring forth a calf.
Calvinism, kal'vin-izm, n the doctrines of Calvin,
■\r\ eminent religious reformer of 16th century.
Calvlnist, kal'vin-ist, w. one who holds the doc
trines of Calvin.
Calvinlstic, kal-v'm-ist'ik, Calvinistlcal, kal-vin-
isf/i-kal, adj. pertaining to Calvin or Calvinism.
Calx, kalks, «. , chalk or lime : the substance of a
metal or mineral which remains after being sub
jected to violent heat.—//. CalXOB, kalksez, or
Calces, kal'sez [L. calx, a stone, limestone,
lime : allied to Gael, carraig, a rock.]
Calyx, Callx, kal'iks or kuiiks, n. the outer
covering or cup of a flower.—//. Cal'yxes,
Cal'yces, orCal'ioes. [L. ; Gr. kalyx-kalyptd,
to cover.]
Cambric, kam'brik, n. a kind of fine white linen,
originally manufactured at Cambray in Flanders.
Came, kirn—did come—past tense of Come.
Camel, kam'el, «. an animal of Asia and Africa
with one or two humps on its back, used as a
beast of burden and for riding. [O. Fr. camel,
— L. camelus—Gr. kamelos— Heb. gamal.]
Camellia, ka-mel'ya, n. a species of evergreen
shrubs, natives of China and Japan. (Named
from Cameltus, a Jesuit, said to have brought it
from the East.]
Camelopard, kam-el'0-pard or kam'el-O-pard, n.
the giraffe. [L. camelopardalis ; from Gr.
kamelos, the camel, and partialis, the panther.]
Camelot. kam'lot, «. Sec Camlet.
Cameo, kam'C-O, «. a gem or precious stone, carved
in relief. [It. cammeo ; Fr. camie—Low L.
cammarus, traced by Littre* to Gr. kamnein, to
work.]
Camera, kam'er-a. Camera obscura, kam'er-a
ob-skfi'ra, n. an instrument for throwing the
images of external objects on a white surface
placed within a dark chamber or box : used in
photography. [L ]
Camorated, kam'er-St-ed, adj. divided into cham
bers: arched or vaulted.
Camlet, kam'let, n. a cloth originally made of
camels' hair, but now chiefly of wool and goats'
hair. TFr. —Low L. catnelotum—Y.. camelus.]
Camomile, Chamomile, kam'o-mTl, «. a plant, or
its dried flowers, used in medicine. [Gr. cham-
fate, tar ; m4f her ; mine ;
Candidate
aimfhn, the earth-apple, from the apple-like
smell of its blossoms—chamai, on the ground,
melon, an apple.]
Camp, kamp, «. the ground on which an army
pitch their tents: the tents of an army.—v.i. 10
encamp or pitch tents. [Fr. camp, a camp—L.
campus, a plain.]
Campaign, kam-pan', n. a large open field or
plain; the time during which an^irmy keeps
the field.—?/./, to serve in a campaign. I Fr.
campague ; from L. campania—campus, afield.]
Campaigner, kam-pSn'er, «. one who has served
several campaigns.
Campanlform, kam-pan'i-form, Campanulate,
kam-pnn'fi-lat, adj., in ike form of a bell,
applied to flowers. [It. campana, a bell, and
Form.]
Campanile, kam-pan-gla, « Italian name for a
church-tower from which bells arc hung. [It.—
campana, a bell, also a kind of balance invented
in Campania.}
Campanology, kam-pan-01'o-ji, n. a discourse on,
or the science of, bells or bell-ringing. [It.
campana, a bell, and Gr. logos, a discourse.]
Campestral, kam-pes'trai, adj. growing in or per
taining to fields. [L. campestris, from campus. ]
Camp-follower, kamp-fbl'0-er, n. any one who
follows in the train of an army, but takes no
part in battle.
Camphor (in B., Camphlre), kam'for, n. the
white, solid juice of the laurel-tree of India,
China, and Japan, having a bitterish taste and
a pleasant smell. [Fr. campkre—Low L. cam-
phora—Malay kapur, chalk.]
Camphorated, kam'fur-St-cd, adj. impregnated
with camphor. [plior.
Camphoric, kam-for'ik, adj. pertaining to cam-
Camp-stool, kamp'-stfiol, «. a scat or stonl with
cross legs, so made as to fold up when not used.
Can, kan, v.i. tobeablc : to have sufficient power :
—pa.t. Could.. [A.S. ennnan, to know (how to
do a thing1, to be able. pres. ind. can ; Goth.
ktmnan, Ger. kdnnen, to be able. See Know. ]
Can, kan, n. a vessel for holding liquor. [A.S.
canne ; cf. L. cantia, a ff* 1 Or. katttte, a reed.]
Canal, kan-al', ». an artificial watercourse for
navigation: a duct in the body for any of its
fluids. [L canalis, a water-pipe : akin to Sans.
kJtan, to dig. ] [lying story. [Fr.]
Canard, ka-naV or ka-nSrd', n. an extravagant or
Canary, ka-na'ri, n. a wine from the Canary
Islands: a bird orig. from the Canary Islands.
Cancel, kan'sel, v.t. to erase or blot out by cross
ing with lines: to annul or suppress :—/*r./*.
can'celling; fa.p. can'celled. [Fr. canceller—
L. cancello, from cancctli, railings, lattice-work,
dim. of cancer.] [or lines.
Cancellated, kan'scl-at-ed, adj. crossed by bars
Cancer, kan'ser, n. an eating, spreading tumour
or canker, supposed to resemble a crab : a sign
of the zodiac. [I., cancer; cog. with Gr. kar-
khios, Sans, karkata, a crab.]
Cancerous, kan'ser-us, adj. of or like a cancer.
Candelabrum, kan-de-kVbrum, n. a branched and
ornamented candlestick.—//. Candelabra. | L. )
Candid, kan'did, adj. frank, ingenuous : free from
prejudice: fair, impartial.—adv. Can'dldly.—«.
Can'didness. [Fr. candtde—L. candidus, white
—candeo, to shine. 1
Candidate, kan'di-diit, n. one who offers himself
for any office or honour, so called because, at
Rome, the applicant used to dress in white.—ns.
Candidature, Can'didateship. [L. candi
dates, from candidus.]
mote ; mute ; mSOtx ; then.
 Candle Caoutchouc
Candle, kan'dl, x. wax, tallow, or other like sub Canonioity, kan-un-i-Zt-ti, «. the state of belong
stance surrounding a wick : a light. [A.S. ing to the canon or genuine books of the Scrip
catidel—L. candcla, from cattdeo, to glow.] ture, [list of saints.—«. Canonisa tion.
Candle-coal, «. the same as Cannel coal. Canonise, kan'un-Tz, v. t. to enrol in the canon or
Candlemas, kan'dl-mas, «. a festival of the R. Canonist, kan'un-ist, n. one versed in the canon
Catholic Church in honour of the purification of \aw.—adj. Canonlst'ic.
the Virgin Mary, on the 2d of February, and Canonry, kan'un-ri, n. the benefice of a canon.
so called from the number of candles used. Canopy, kan'o-pi, «. a covering over a throne or
[Candle and Mass. J bed : a covering of state stretched over the
Candlestic* kan'dl-stik. n. an instrument for hold- ! head.—v.t. to cover with a canopy:—Pr.p.
ing a candle, orig, a stick or piece of wood. canopying: pa.p. canopied. [Fr. canape", O.
Candour, kan'dur, n. freedom from prejudice or | Fr. conop/e—L. conopeum—Gr. kdnfipcion, a
disguise: sincerity: openness. [L. candor, mosquito curtain—kdndps, a mosquito.]
whiteness, from candeo, to be shining white.] I Canorous, kan-o'rus, adj., musical: melodious.
Candy, kan'di, ft. a sweetmeat made of sugar : ' [1.. canorns. from canor, melody—cano, I sing.]
anything preserved in sugar.—v.t. to preserve | Cant, kant, v.i to talk in an affectedly solemn or
or dress with sugar: to congeal or crystallise as hypocritical way. — «. a hypocritical or affected
sugar. —v.i. to become congealed :—Pr.p. can'dy- style of speech : the language peculiar to a sect :
ing : Pa.p. can'died. [Fr. candi, from Ar. odd or peculiar talk of any kind. [Lit. to sing
qaiid, sugar.] or whine; L. canto, freq. of cano, to sing.]
Cane, kan, «., a reed, as the bamboo, &c. ; a Cant, kant, n. iorig.) an edge or corner: an incli
walking-stick.—v.t. to beat with a cane. [Fr. nation from the level: a toss or jerk. —v.t. to
canne—L. carina—Or. kantti, a reed.] turn on the edge ox corner: to tilt or toss sud
Canine, ka-nln', adj. like or pertaining to the dog. denly. [Dut. kant; Ger. kantc, a corner.]
[ L. caninus, from cants, a dog. ] Cantankerous, kan-tang'ker-us, adj. cross-
Canister, kan'is-ter, «. a box or case, usually of grained : perverse in temper.—tt, Cantan'ker-
tin : a case containing shot, which bursts on ousness.
being discharged. [L. canistrum, a wicker- Cantata, kan-ta'ta, n. a poem set to music, inter
b,iskct, Gr. kanastron—kantti, a reed.] spersed with recitative. [It.—L. cantare, freq.
Canker, kangTter, «. small sores in the mouth : a of cano, to sing.]
disease in trees, or in horses' feet : anything Canteen, kan-ten', «. a tin vessel used by soldiers
that corrupts or consumes. —v.t. to eat into, for holding liquors : a barrack-tavern. [Fr.
corrupt, or destroy: to infect or pollute. —v.i. cantine—It. cantina, a small cellar, dim. of
to grow corrupt : to decay. [Same as L. cancer, canto, a corner.]
orig. pronounced canker.] [canker. Cantor, kan'tcr, w an easy gallop. —v.i. to move
Cankerous, kang'ker-us, adj. corroding like a at an easy gallop.—v.t. to make to canter.
Canker-worm, kang'ker-wurm, u. a worm that [Orig. Canterbury-gallop, from the easy pace at
cankers or eats into plants. which the pilgrims rode to the shrine at Canter
Cannel-coal, kan'el-kol. Candle-coal, kan'dl-kol, bury.]
«. a very hard, black coal that burns without Oantharides, kan-tharl-dEz, n.pl. Spanish flies,
smoke, like a candle. [Prov. cannel, candle.] used for blistering. [L. cantharis, beetle, pL
Cannibal, kan'i-bal, n. one who eats human flesh. cantharidrs.]
—adj. relating to cannibalism. [Span., a corr. Canticle, kan'ti-kl, n. a song :—in //. the Song of
of CaribaU ' English Caribs), the native name Solomon. [L. canticulntn, dim. of canticum.\
of the W. India islanders, who ate human flesh : Cantilever, kau'ti-lfcv-er, n. (arch.) a wooden nr
prob. changed into a word expressive of their iron block projecting from a wall to bear mould*
character, from L cam's, a dog.] ings, balconies, and the like. The principle has
Cannibalism, kan'i-bal-izm, n. the practice of been applied in the construction of bridges to
eating human flesh. support enormous weights.
Cannon, kan'un, «. a great gun used in war : a Canto, kan'to, «. division of a song or poem : the
particular stroke in billiards. [Fr. canon, from treble or leading melody.
L. carina, a reed. See Cane. ] Canton, kan'tun, «. a small division of territory :
Cannonade, kan-un-ad', n. an attack with cannon. also, its inhabitants : a division of a shield or
—v.t. to attack or batter with cannon. painting, —v. t. to divide into cantons : to allot
Cannoneer, Cannonler, kan-un-er', n. one who quarters to troops. |Fr., a corner, a division.]
manages cannon. Cantonal, kan'tun-al. adj. pertaining to or divided
Cannot, kan'ot, v.i. to be unable. [Can and Not.] tonn into cantons,—tt. Can tonment also pron. Can-
Canoe, ka-noTV, «. a boat made of the hollowed mentj, the quarters of troops in a town.
trunk of a tree, or of bark or skins. [Sp. canoa, Canvas, kan'vas, tt. a coarse cloth made of hemp,
which like Fr. canot is from Carib cai/aoa. ] used for sails, tents, &c. , and for painting on :
Caiion, kan-yun', «. a deep gorge or ravine between the sails of a ship. [Fr. canevas— L. and Gr.
high and steep banks, worn by water-courses. Canvass, cannabis — E. Hemp.]
[Sp., a hollow, from root of Cannon.] kan'vas, v.t. to sift, examine: lo dis
Canon, kan'un, n. a law or rule, esp. in ecclesias cuss: to solicit votes. —«. close examination:
tical matters: the genuine books of Scripture, a seeking or solicitation —n Canvasser. [Lit.
called the sacred canon: a dignitary ot the to sift through canvas.]
Church of England : a list of saints canonised : Cany, kan'i, adj. full of or made of canes.
a large kind of type. [A.S., Fr.,from L. canon — Canyon. Same as CaSon.
Gr. kanon, a straight rod —kanne, a reed.) Canzonet, kan-zC-net', «. a little or short song.
Canonic, ka-non'ik, Canonical, ka-non'ik-al, adj. [It. canzanetta, dim. of canzone^ a song ; from
according to or included in the canon : regular : L. canto—cano. to sing.]
ecclesiastical.—adv. Canon'ically. Caoutchouc, koTi'chook. «. the highly elastic juice
Canonicals, ka-non'ik-alz, tt. the official dress of or gum of a plant which grows in S. America
the clergy, regulated by the church canons. and Asia : India-rubber. [S. American.]
fate, far; me, her; mine: mOte ; mute: m50n ; Men.
 Cap Caracole
Cap, kap, n. a covering for the head: a cover: opinion without reason : a freak. [Fr. caprice—
the top.— v.t. to put on a cap; to cover the end It. capriccio; perh. from L. cadra, a she-goat.]
or top :—pr.p. capp'ing; pa.p. capped'. [Low Capricious, ka-prish'us, adj. full of caprice:
L. cappa, a cape or cope.] changeable.—adv. Caprl'ciously.—u. Capri'-
Capable, kap'a-bl, adj. having ability, power, or oiousness.
skill to do: qualified for.—«. Capability. [Fr. Capricorn, kap'ri-korn, n. one of the signs of the
—L. capio, to hold, take or seize] zodiac, like a homed goat. [L. capricornus—
Capacious, kap-a'shus, adj. including much : caper, a goat, comu, a horn.]
roomy : wide : extensive.—adv. Capa ciously. Capriole, kap'ri-Oi, «., a caper; a Jeap without
—n. Capaciousness. [L. capax, capacis— advancing. [O. Fr. capriole—It. capriola—L.
capio, to hold.] [qualify. caper, capra, a goat.]
Capacitate, kap-as'i-tat, v.t., to make capable : to Capsicum, kap'si-kum, n. a tropical plant, from
Capacity, kap-as'i-ti, «. power of holding or which cayenne pepper is made. [From L.
grasping a thing : room : power of mind ; char capsa, a case, its berries being contained in pods
acter. or capsules—capio, to hold.]
Caparison, ka-par'is-un, «. the covering of a Capsize, kap-slz', v.t. to upset. [Ety. dub.]
horse : a rich cloth laid over a war-horse.—v.t. Capstan, kap'stan, «. an upright machine turned
to cover with a cloth, as a horse : to dress very by spokes so as to wind upon it a cable which
richly. [Fr. caparacon—Sp. caparazon, aug draws something, generally the anchor, on board
mentative ofcapa, a cape, cover—Low L. cappa. ] ship. [Fr. cabestan ; ety. dub.]
Cape, kap, «. a cowring for the shoulders attached Capsular, kap'sGl-ar, Capsulary, kap'sul-ar-i, adj.
to a coat or cloak : a cloak. [O. Fr. cape—Low hollow like a capsule : pertaining to a capsule.
L. cappa.} Capsule, kap'sfil, «. the seed-vessel of a plant : a
Cape, kap, n. a head or point of land running into small dish. [Fr.—L, capsula, dim. of capsa, a
the sea : a head-land. [Fr. cap—L. caput, the case—capio, to hold.]
head.] Captain, kap'tan or kap'tin, n. a head or chief
Caper, ka'per, n. the flower-bud of the caper-bush, officer : the commander of a troop of horse, a
used for pickling. [Fr. c&pre—L. and Gr. cap- company of infantry, or a ship : the overseer of
Paris; from Pers. kabar, capers.] a mine. [O. Fr. capitain-L. caput, the head.]
Caper, ka'per, v.t, to leap or skip like a goat; to Captaincy, kap'tan-si or kap'tin-si, «. the rank
dance in a frolicsome manner. —u. a leap: a or commission of a captain.
spring. [It- capriolare—caprioto, a kid—L. Caption, kap'shun, n. the act of taking; an arrest.
caper, a goat.] [L. captio—capio, to take.]
Capillarity, kap-il-ar'it-i, k. name given to certain Captious, kap'shus, adj. ready to catch at faults
effects produced by liquids in contact with or take offence: critical: peevish. —adv. Cap'-
capillary tubes. tiously.—>t. Cap'tiousness. [Fr.—L. captiosus
Capillary, kap'il-a-ri or ka-pil'a-ri, adj. as fine —capio, to snatch at.]
or minute as a hair: having a very small bore, Captivate, kap'tiv-at, v.t. (tit.) to take or make
as a tube.—n. a tube with a bore as fine as a captive : to charm : to engage the affections.
hair:—in //. the minute vessels that unite the [See Captive ]
veins and arteries in animals. [L. capillaris— Captivating, kap'tiv-St-ing, adj. having power to
capillus, hair, akin to caput, the head, akin to engage the affections.
E. Head.] Captive, kap'tiv, «. one taken : a prisoner of war :
Capital, kap'it-al, adj. relating to the head; in one kept in bondage.—adj., taken or kept
volving the loss of the head : chief : principal : prisoner in war : charmed or subdued by any
important.—adv. Capitally. [Fr.— L. capitalis thing.—n. Captivity. [L. captivus—capio,
—caput, the head.] captus.] [prize.
Capital, kap'it-al, n. the head or top part of a Captor, kap'tor, n. one who takes a prisoner or a
column or pillar : the chief or most important Capture, kap'tiir, «. the act of taking : the thing
thing : the chief city of a country : a large letter : taken: an arrest.—v.t. to lake as a prize: to
the stock or money for carrying on any business. take by force. [Fr. capture—L. captura—
Capitalise, kap'it-al-Iz, v.t. to convert into cap capio, to take.]
ital or money. [or money. Capuchin, kap-Q-shen'. n. a Franciscan monk, so
Capitalist, kaplt-al-ist, n. one who has capital called from the hood he wears : a hooded
Capitation, kap-it-a'shun, n. a numbering of every pigeon. [Fr. capucin—It. cappucino, a small
head or individual : a tax on every head. [Fr. cowl—Low L. cappa. See Cap, Cape.]
—Low L. capitatio—caput, the head.] Car (old form CaiT), kar, n. a light vehicle moved
Capitol, kap'it-ol, n. the temple of Jupiter at on wheels : a railway carnage : {poetic) a
Rome, built on the top of a hill : in the U.S. the chariot. [Fr. char, O. Fr. car, char— L.
house where Congress meets. [L. Capitolium carrus ; from Celt, c&r, allied to Lat. currus.]
—caput, the head.] Carabine, kar'a-bin, Carbine, kaVbln, n. a short
Capitular, kap-it'ol-ar, Capitulary, kap-it'ol-ar-i, light musket. ( Fr. carabine, O. Fr. catabrin,
n. a statute passed in a chapter or ecclesiastical a carabineer—calabrc, a machine for casting
court : a member of a chapter.—adj. relating to stones—Low L. chadabula—Gr. katabol?, over
a chapter in a cathedral : belonging to a chapter. throw—kataballS—kata, down, and balld, tu
—adv. Capit'ularly. [See Chapter.] throw. The name was transferred to the mus
Capitulate, kap-ir/ul-at, v.t. to yield or surrender ket after the invention ofgunpowder. ]
on certain conditions or heads.—«. Capitula Carabineer, kar-a-bin-er', Carbineer, kar-bin OV,
tion ». a soldier armed with a carabine.
Capon, kS'pn, n. a young cock cut or castrated. Carack, kar'ak, n. a large ship of burden. [Fr.
fA-S capnn—L. capo—Gr. kapsn—kopts, to cut caraque, Sp. carraca ; perh. from Low L.
See Chop. ] [cape, a cloak.] carica, a load—root of Car.]
Capote, ka-poY, n. a kind of cloak. [Fr., dim. of Caracole, karVkOl, n. the half-rwrw which a
OftpHoe, ka-preV, n. a change of humour or horseman makes: a winding stair.—v.t. to turn
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mGOn ; then. 61
 Carafe
half round, as cavalry in wheeling. [Fr. cara
cole—Sp. caracol, the spiral shell of a snail—Ar.
karkara, to turn.] [Fr.—Sp, garrafa—Ar.]
Carafe, ka-raf, «. a water-bottle for the table.
Carat, kar'at, n. a weight of 4 grains : i-24th pari
of pure gold. [Fr.—Ar. airat—Gr. Iteration, a
seed or bean used as a wetght.]
Caravan, kar'a-van, «. a company of travellers
associate^ together for security in crossing the
deserts in the East : a large close carriage. [Fr.
caravmie— Fers. kArwAu.\
Caravansary, kar-a-van'sa-ri. Caravansera, kar-
a-van'se-ra, n. a kind of unfurnished inn where
caravans stop. [Pers. k&rwdnxarai—kdnvan,
caravan, sardi, inn.]
Caravel, kar'av-el, ft. a kind of light sailing
vessel. [Fr.—It. caravella—L. carabus—Gr.
karabos, a barque. ]
Caraway, kar'a-w.i, n. a plant with aromatic
seeds, used as a tonic and condiment. [Sp.
alcaravea—Ar. karviya—Gr. karon.]
Carbine, Carbineer. See Carabine.
Carbolic acid, kar-bol'ik as'id, n. an acid pro
duced from coal-tar, used as a disinfectant [L.
carbo, coal.]
Carbon, kaVbon, n. an elementary substance,
widely diffused, of which pure charcoal is an
example. [Fr. carbone— L. carbo, coal.]
Carbonaceous, kar-bon-a'she-us, Carbonic, kar-
bon'ik, adj. pertaining to or composed ot carbon.
Carbonari, kar-bon-ari, ». members of a secret
society in Italy at the beginning of this century.
[It. 'charcoal-burners.']
Carbonate, kar'bon-at, n. a salt formed by the
union of carbonic acid with a base.
Carbonic, k.ir-bon'ik, adj. relating to carbon.
Carbonic Acid is an acid formed of carbon
and oxygen, generally gaseous, and evolved by
respiration and combustion.
Carboniferous, kar-bon-ifcr-us, adj., producing
carbon or coal. [L. carbo, andfero, to produce.]
Carbonise, kiir'bon-Tz, v.t. to make into carbon,
—n. Carbonisa'tlon.
Carbuncle, karlwng-kl, n. a fiery red precious
stone : an inflamed ulcer. [L. carbunculus,
dim. of carbo, a coal.]
Carbuncular, kar-bunglcil-lar, adj. belonging to
or resembling a carbuncle : red : inflamed.
Carcanet, karka-net, n. a collar of jewels. [Fr.
—Bret, kcrcken, the nock.]
Carcass, Carcase, kar'kas, «. a dead body or
corpse: the framework of anything: a kind of
bombshell. [Fr. carcasse,n skeleton—It. car-
casso, a quiver, hull, hulk—Low L. tarcasius—
Pers. tarkash, a quiver.]
Card, kard, n. a piece of pasteboard marked with
figures for playing a game, or with a person's
address upon it : a note. [Fr. carte— L. charta,
Gr. chartes, paper. Carte is a doublet.]
Card, kard, «. an instrument for combing wool or
flax.—v.t. to comb wool, &c. [ Fr, carde—L.
carduus, a thistle.]
Cardiac, kar'di-ak, Cardiaoal, kar-di'ak-al, adj.,
belonging to the heart : cordial, reviving. [L.—
Gr kardiakos—kar.tia, the heart.]
Cardinal, kar'din-al, adj. denoting that on which
a thing hinges or depends: principal.—n. a
dignitary in the R. C. Church next to the pope.
[L. carainalis—cnrtlo, cardinis, a hinge.]
Cardlnalate, kar'din-al-at, Cardinalship. kar'din-
al-ship, «. the office or dignity of a cardinal.
Care, kar, «., anxiety, needfulness : charge, over
sight : the object of anxiety.—v.i. to be anxious :
to be inclined: to have regard. [A-S. cam;
C2 fate, far ; me, her ; mine :
Carotid
Goth, kara, sorrow, Ice. ka^ra, to lament, Celt.
car, care: allied to L. earns, dear.]
Careen, ka-rcn', v.t. to lay a ship on her side to
rep.iir her bottom and keel. [Fr. car4ner—
carene—L. carina, the bottom ofaship, the keep
Careenage, ka-ren'aj, «. a place where ships are
careened : the cost of careening.
Career, ka-reV, «. a racecourse : a race : course
of action.—v.t. to move or run rapidly. [Fr.
carriere—O. Fr. car, a car. See Car.]
Careful, karTool, a,lj.,full ofcare: heedful: in
/■'., anxious: in Dan. iii. 16, at a loss, puzzled.
—adv. Care'fully.—«. Care fulness.
Careless, kftrles, adj., without care: heedless:
unconcerned.—adv. Carelessly.—n. Careless
ness.
Caress, ka-res', v.t. to treat with affection: to
fondle : to embrace. —n. any act or expression of
affection. [Fr. caresser— It, carczza, an en
dearment—Low L. caritia—L.. cants, dear.]
Caret, ka'rct, n. a mark, a, used in writing when
a word is left out. [L. caret, there is wanting.]
Cargo, kiir'go, «. what a ship carries: its load.
[Sp., from Celtic root of Car.]
Caricature, kar-i-ka-ttiV, «. a likeness of anything
so exaggerated or distorted as to appear ridicu
lous.—v.t. to turn into ridicule by overdoing a
likeness. [It. caricatura—carricare, to load,
from root of Car.] [tunes
Caricaturist, kar-i-ka-tflrlst, «., one who carica-
Caries, kari-fiz, «., rottenness or decay of a
bone. [L.]
Carlole, kar'i-Cl, n. a light one-horse carriage,
used in Norway. [Fr. carriole—root of Car.]
Carious, ka'ri-us. adj. affected with caries.
Carklng, kark'ini;, adj. distressing, causing
anxiety. [A.S. cearc, care; allied to Care.]
Carmelite, kar'mel-It, «. a monk of the order of
Mount Carmel, in Syria, in the 12th century : a
kind of pc3r.
Carmine, kar'mln, n. a crimson colour. [Fr. or
Sp. cannin—Sp. carmesin, crimson—carmen,
cochineal—Ar. qirnttzi, crimson. Same root as
Crimson.] [from L. caro, carnis, flesh.]
Carnage, kaKnaj, n. slaughter. [Fr. carnage.
Carnal, kar'nal, adj., fleshly: sensual: un-
ipirituaL—adv. Car nally. [L. camalis—caro,
carnis, flesh.]
Carnalist, kiir'nal-ist, n. a sensualist : a worldling.
Carnality, kar-nal'i-ti, «. state of being carnal.
Carnation, kar-na'shrn, n. flesh-colour: a flesh-
coloured flower. [L camatio, fleshiness.]
Carnellan, kar-neli-an, «. a corr. of Cornelian,
owing to a supposed ety. from carnens, fleshy.
Carnival, kaVm-val, n. a feast observed by Rom.in
Catholics just before the fast of Lent : riotous
feasting or merriment. (Fr. carnnval — It-
carnovalc—Low L. camelevamen, solace of
the flesh—caro, carnis, flesh, and levament
. solace—levare, to lighten.] [animals.
Camivora, k;ir-niv'u-ra, n.pl. order offlc^h-cating
Carnivorous, kar-iiiv'O-rus, adj., flesh-eating.
[L. caro, camis, flesh, voro, to eat.]
Carol, kar'ol, n. a song of joy or praise.—v.i- to
sing a carol : to sing or warble.—v.t. to praise
or celebrate in song '.—Pr.p. carolling ; pa.p.
car'olled. [O. Fr. carole ; It. carola, orig. a
ring-dance; ety. dub, either dim. of L. chorus,
a choral dance, or from Bret, koroll, a dance,
W. carol, a song—root car, circular motion.]
Carotid, ka-rot'id, adj. relating to the two great
arteries of the neck. [Gr. karifttdes^karos,
sleep, deep sleep being caused by compression
of them.]
mote ; mate ; m9on ; Men.
 Carousal Cast
Carousal, kar-owr/al, «. a carouse : a feast. [Low L. cartularium—chartula, a document—
Carouse, kar-owz*. m. a drinking-bout : a noisy charta, paper.]
revel.—v.j. to hold a drinking-bout: to drink Carve, karv, v.t., to cut into forms, devices, &c. :
freely and noisily. [O. Fr. carous, Fr. car- to make or shape by cutting : to cut up (meat)
rousse—Ger. gar aus, quite out !—that is, empty into slices or pieces : to apportion or distribute.
the glass.J —v.i. to exercise the trade of a sculptor. [A.S.
Carp, karp, v.i. to catch at small faults or errors. ceerfan, to cut, to hew; Dut. kervett, Ger.
—adv. Carp'lnglT. [Ice. karpa, to boast, modi kerben, to notch. See Grave.]
fied in meaning through likeness to L. carfio, to I Carver, karv'er, one who carves ; a sculptor.
pluck, deride.J [lang., also Fr. and It.j I Caryates, kar-i-at'ez, Caryatides, kfr-i-ai'i-dez,
Carp, karp, n. a fresh-water fish. [In all Teut. ti.pl. {arch.) figures of women used instead of
Carpenter, kaKpent-er, n. a worker in timber as I columns for supporters. [L. Caryates, Gr.
used in building houses, ships, &c—n. Car Karyatides, the women of Carya1, a town in
pentry, kaVpent-ri, the trade or work of a car- Arcadia.]
?enter. [Fr. charpentier, O. Fr. carpcntier— Cascade, kas-kad', n. a water/fr//. [ Fr. cascade—
/Ow L. carpentarius—carpentum, a car, from It cascata, homcascare, h. cado, casus, to fall.]
root of Car.] Case, kas, h. a covering, box, or sheath. [Fr.
Carper, karp'er, n. one who carps or cavils. caisse, 0. Fr. casse—L. capsa, from capio, to
Carpet, karpet, «• the woven or felted covering of receive.]
floors, stairs, &c—v.t. to cover with a carpet :— Case, kas, v.t. to put in a case or box.
pr.p. and n. car'peting ; pa.p. car'peted. [Fr. Case, kas, n. that which /alls or happens, event :
carpette—Low L. carpeta, a coarse fabric made particular state or condition : subject of question
from rags pulled to pieces—L. car/ere, to pluck.] or inquiry: statement of facts: (gram.) the
Carriage, kartj, «., act or cost of carrying : a inflection of nouns, &c. [Fr. cos—L. casus, from
vehicle for carrying : behaviour: (B.) baggage. cado, to fall.]
Carrion, kart-un, n. the dead and putrid body or Casein, Caseine, ka'se-in, «. an organic substance,
flesh of any animal.—adj. relating to, or feeding contained in milk and cheese. [Fr.—L. caseus,
on, putrid flesh. [Fr. carogne—Low L. caronia cheese.]
—L. caro, camis, flesh.] Casemate, kas'mat, w. a bomb-proof chamber or
CarTonade, kar-un-ad', «. a short cannon of large battery in which cannon may be placed to be
bore, first made at Carron in Scotland. fired through embrasures, [frr. ; ety. dub.]
Carrot, kar'ui, «. an eatable root of a reddish or Casement, kas'ment, «. the case or frame of a
yellowish colour. [Fr. carotte—L. carota.] window: a window that opens on hinges: a
Carroty, kar'ut-i, adj., carrot-co\ouvz&. hollow moulding.
Carry, kart, v.t. to convey or bear : to lead or Cash, kash, n. coin or money: ready-money.—
transport : to effect : to behave or demean.—v.t. v.t. to turn into or exchange for money : to pay
to convey or propel as a gun i—pr.p. carr'ying : money for. [A doublet of Case, a box—O. Fr.
Pa.p. carried [O. Fr. carier, from root of Car.] casse, a box or till.]
Cart, kart, «. a vehicle with two wheels for con Cashier, kash-cV, n. a coxi-keeper : one who has
veying heavy loads.—v.t. to convey in a cart. charge of the receiving and paying ot money.
[Celt, cart, dim. of Car. j Cashier, kash-eV, v.t. to dismiss from a post in
Cartage, kart'aj, n. the act or cost of carting. i disgrace : to discard or put away. [Ger. cassi-
Carte, kart, «. a bill of fare : a term in fencing. ren—Fr. casser—h. cassart—cassus, void,
[Fr. —L. charta, Gr. chartes, paper. See Card.] empty.]
Carte-blanche (-blansh), n. a white or blank card, Cashmere, kash'mer, «. a rich kind of shawl, first
with a signature at the foot, which may be filled made at Cashmere, in India.
up at the pleasure of the receiver : unconditional Casino, kas-6'nO, n. a room for public dancing.
terms. [Fr. carte, and blanche, white.] [It. ; from L. casa, a cottage.]
Carte-de-viflite, -viz-it', ». a photographic portrait Cask, kask, n. a hollow round vessel for holding
pasted on a small card. liquor, made of staves bound with hoops. [Fr.
Cartel, kar'tel, ». a paper of agreement for ex casque, Sp. casco, skull, helmet, cask.]
change of prisoners. [Fr. cartel—It. cartello, Casket, kask'et, «., a little cash or case : a small
dim. from root of Carto. ) case for holding jewels, &c.
Carter, kart'cr, «. one who drives a cart. Casque, Cask, kask, n. a cover for the head : a
Cartesian, kar-ti'zhi-an, adj. relating to the helmet. [A doublet of Cask.}
French philosopher Des Cartes, or his philosophy. Cassia, kasli'ya, «. a species of laurel-tree whose
Cartilage, kar'ti-laj, n. a tough, elastic substance, bark is cut offon account of its aromatic quali
softer than bone : gristle. [Fr. -L. cartilago, ties : wild cinnamon : the senna-tree. [L. cassia
ety. of which is doubtful.] — Gr. kasia ; from a Heb. root, to cut.]
Cartilaginous, kar-ti-laj'in-us, adj. pertaining to Oassimere, kas-i-meV (also spelled Kerseymere ,
or consi-ting of c rtilage : gristly. n. a twilled cloth of the finest wools. [Corr. of
Cartoon, kar-to7>n', «. a preparatory drawing on j Cashmere ]
strong Paper, to be transferred to frescoes, tapes- Cassock, kas'ok, n. a vestment worn by clergymen
try, &c : any large sketch or design on paper. under the gown or surplice. [Fr. casaqtte— 1 1.
[Fr. carton (It. cartone), augmentative of Carte. ] casacca— L- casa, a cottage, a covering.]
Cartouche, kar-t&osh', n. a case for holding car- ' Cassowary, kas'a-war-i, w. an ostrich-like bird,
tridges : a case containing bullets to be dis- ' found in the £. Indies. [Malay kassmuaris.\
charged from a mortar: {arch.) an ornament Cast, kast, v.t., to throw or fling; to throw
resembling a scroll of paper with the ends rolled down : to throw together or reckon : to mould or
Up. [Fr.—It. cartoccio—L. charta, paper.] shape.—v.i. to warp:—fla.t. and pa.p. cast. —n.
Cartridge, kiir'trij, n. a paper case containing the act of casting : a throw : the thing thrown : the
charge for a gun. [Corruption of Cartouche. ] distance thrown : amotion, turn, or squint, as of
Cartulary, kar'tQ-lar-i, n. a register-book of a the eye : a chance : a mould . the form received
monastery, &c. : one who kept the records. from a mould : manner : the assignment of the
fate, far ; mfi, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Castaway Cathedral
various parts of a play to the several actors : the ! Cataract, kat'a-rakt, ». a great waterfall ; a dis
company of actors to whom such have been | ease of the eye which comes on as if a veil fell
assigned. [Scan. ; as Ice. kasta. to throw.) [cast. before the eyes. [Gr. kata, down, arassd, to
Castaway, kast'a-wa, one cast away, an out- dash, to rush.)
Gaste, kail, n. one of the classes into which Catarrh, kat-aV, «. a discharge of fluid from a
society in India is divided : any class of society mucous membrane, especially ofthe nose, caused
which keeps itself apart from the rest. [A name by cold in the head : the cold itself.—adj.
given by the Port, to the classes of people in Catarrhal. [L. catarrhus, Gr. katarrhoos -
India, PorL casta, breed, race—L. castus, pure, kata, down, rhed, to flow.]
unmixed?) [castle. Catastrophe, kat-as'trO-fc1, an overturning: a
Castellan, kas'tel-an, «. governor or captain of a final event : an unfortunate conclusion : a cala
Castellated, kas'tel-at-ed, adj. having turrets and mity. [Gr. kata, down, stref>k<!>, to turn.]
battlements like a castU. [L. castetlatus.] Catcal, Catcall, kat'kawl, «. a squeaking instru
Caster, kast'er, «. a small wheel on the legs of ment used in theatres to condemn plays.
furniture.—in pL small cruets. Catch, kach, v.t., to take hold of: to seize after
Castigate, kas'tig-St, v. t. , to c/tastisc: to correct: pursuit : to trap or insnare : to take a disease by
to punish with stripes, [L. castigo, castigattu, infection.—v.t. to be contagious:—Pa.t. and
from ciistus, pure.) Pa.p. caught ;kawt), —n. seizure : anything that
Castigatlon, kas-tig-a'shun, «. act of castigating : seizes or holds : that which is caught : a sudden
chastisement: punishment. advantage taken : a song the parts of whicti are
Castlgator, kas'tig-at-or, M. one who castigates. caught up by different voices. [A doublet of
Casting, kast'ing, «. act of casting or moulding : Chase, from O. Fr. cachter—L. capt/are for
that which is cast : a mould. captare, inten. of capere, to take. See Chase.J
Cast-iron. See under Iron. Catchpenny, kach'pen-i, n. any worthless thing,
Castle, least, n. a fortified house orfortress : the esp. a publication, intended merely to gain money.
•residence of a prince dim.or of
nobleman.
castrum, [A.S. castel Catchpoll, kach'pul, «. a constable.
— L. castellum, a fortified Catchup, kach'up, Catsup, kat'sup, Ketchup,
place: from root skad, as E. shade.] kech'up, n. a liquor extracted from mushrooms,
Castor, kas'tor, n. the beaver : a hat made of its &.c, used as a sauce. [Prob. of E, Indian
fur. [L., Gr. kastdr; cf. Sans, kasturi, musk.] origin.)
Castor-Oil, kas'tor-oit, «. a medicinal oil obtained Catchword, kach'wurd, «. among actors, the last
from a tropical plant, the Ricinus communis. word of the preceding speaker : the first word of
[Ety. dub.) a page given at the bottom of the preceding page.
Castrate, kas'trSt, v.t. to deprive of the power of Catechetic, kat-e-ket'ik, Catechetical, kat-e-
generation, to geld : to take from or render im kei'ik-al, adj., relating to a catechism.— adv.
perfect.—«.
Casual, k.i ,'!:'■]Castra'tlon. [L. outran.]
;< I, adj. accidental Catechet'ically.
: unforeseen : Catechise, kat'e-klz, v.t. to instruct by question
occasional. [L. casitalis—casus. See Case. ] and answer: to question: to examine. —«.
Casualty, kazh'u-al-ti, that which fails out: Cat'echiser. [Gr. katechizd, katiched, to din
an accident : a misfortune. into the cars—kata, clown, echeH, to sound.]
Casuist, kazh'u-ist, n. one who studies and Catechism, kat'e-kizm, n. a book containing a
resolves cases of conscience. summary of principles in the form of questions
Casuistic, kazh-Q-ist'ik, Casuistical, kazh-Q-ist'ik- and answers.
al, adj. relating to tases ol conscience. Catechist, kat'e-kist, n. one who catechises.
Casuistry, kazh'Q-ist-ri, «. the science or doctrine : Catechumen, kat-e-kQ'men, u. one who is being
of cases of conscience. taught the rudiments of Christianity. [Gr. kate-
Cat, kat, n. a common domestic animal. [In ■ choumenos, being taught, p. of katiched, to
Teuu, Celt., Slav., Ar., Turk., and Late L.] teach.) [lute : without exception.
Cataclysm, kat'a-klizm, «. a flood of water : a Categorical, kat-e-gor'ik-al, adj. positive: abso-
deluge. [Gr. kataklysmos—kata, downward, Category, kat'e-gor-i, «., what may be ajfirm*'d of
klyzein, to wash or dash.] a class : a class or order. [Gr. kategoria—kata,
Catacomb, kai'a-kOm, «. a hollow or cave under- down, against, agoreud, to harangue, declare.]
C'ouud used as a burial-place. \\\. catacomba, Cater, ka'tcr, v.i. to provide food, entertainment,
ow L. catacumba—Gr. kata, downward, and &c—«. Ca'terer. [Lit. to act as a cater, the
kyt/ibe, a hollow, akin to W. cium. a hollow.) word being orig. a substantive, and spelled catour
Catafalque, kat-a-falk', n. a temporary structure —O. Fr. acat :Fr. achat), a purchase— Low L.
of carpentry representing a tomb or cenotaph : a accaptare, to buy—L. ad, to, captare, intensive
tomb of state. [Fr.—It. catajalco—Sp. catar, of capere, to take.]
to see. andfalco, from the Ger. root of Balcony. Caterpillar, kat'er-pil-ar, n. a grub that lives upon
Scaffold is a doublet through Fr. cchafaud.] the leaves of phints. [O. Fr. chattepeleuse, a
Catalepsy, kat a-lep-si, n. a disease that seizes hairy cat—chsitte, a she-cat, peleuse = Lat.
suddenly.—adj. Oatalep'tiC. [Gr., from kata, pilosus, hairy.] [cats.
down, tamband, lepsomai, to seize.) Caterwaul, kat'er-wawl, v.i. to make a noise like
Catalogue, kat'a-log, n. a list of names, books, Cates, katz, n.pl. dainty food. [O. E. acates—
&c—v.t. to put in a catalogue:—pr.p. cat'a- root of Cater.)
loguing ; pa.p. cat'alogued. [Fr,—Late Lat. Catgut, kat'gut, «. a kind of cord made from
— Gr., from kata, down, (ogos, a counting.] the intestines of animals, and used its strings for
Catamaran, kat-a-ma-ran', «. a raft of three trees, musical instruments.
used by the natives of India and Brazil. Cathartic, kath-art'ik, Cathartlcal, knth-art'-
[Tamil] ' tied logs.'] ik-al, adj. having the power of cleansing th-.*
Catapult, kat'a-pult, n. anciently a machine for | stomach and bowels: purgative. [Gr. kitthitr-
throwingstones, arrows, &c; an instrument used tikos, fit for cleansing, from katharos, clean ]
by boys for throwing small stones. [L. catapulta Cathartic, kath-art'ik, n. a purgative medicine.
—Gr. katapettes—kata, down,/(j//J, to throw.) j Cathedral, kath-£ dral, n. the principal church of
fute, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mate ; mOTm ; Men.
 Catholic
a diocese, in which is the seat or throne of a
bishop.—adj. belonging to a cathedral. [L.
cathedra—Or. katkedra, a sent.]
Catholic, kath'ol-ik, adj., universal: general,
embracing the whole body of Christians : liberal,
the opp. of exclusive : the name claimed by
its adherents for the Church of Rome as the
representative of the church founded by Christ
and his apostles : relating to the Roman
Catholics. —n. an adherent of the Roman
Catholic Church. [Gr. katholiAos, universal—
kafa, throughout, holos, the whole.)
Catholicism, ka-thol'i-sizm. Catholicity, kath-ol-
is'it-i, «., universality ; liberality or Dreadth of
view : the tenets of the R. Catholic Church.
Catkin, katltin, n. a loose cluster of flowers like
a cat's tail growing on certain trees, as hazels,
&c. [Cat, and dim. suffix -/tin.] [nine lashes.
Cat-o -nino-tails, kat'-O-nln'-talz. n. a whip with
Catoptric, kat-op'trik, adj. relating to catoptrics,
or vision by reflection. [Gr., from katoptron, a
mirror—kata, against, optomai, to see.]
Catoptrics, kat-op'triks, n.sine: the part of opiics
which treats of reflected light.
Cat's-paw, kats'-paw, n. the dupe or tool of an
other : [naut.) a light breeze. [From the fable of
the monkey who used the paws of the cat to
draw the roasting chestnuts out of the fire.}
Cattle, kail, n.pL beasts of pasture, esp. oxen,
bulls, and cows ; sometimes also horses, sheep,
&c [O. Fr. catel} chatel—Low L. captale, orig.
capital, property in general, then esp. animals—
L. capitalist chief—caput, the head, beasts in
early times forming the chief part of property.]
Caucus, kawlcus, n. a party combination or meet
ing for influencing elections, esp. in Amer. [Ety.
dub. ; perh. acorr. oicalkers club, the nickname
of a Boston clique about 1760.]
Caudal, k.Wdal, adj. pertaining to the tail:
having a tail or something like one. [L. caudal
Caudle, kaw'dl, n.,a warm drink given to the
nek. [O. Fr, ckaudel—Fr. chaud—L. calidus,
hot.]
Caught, kawt,/*./. and pa.p. of Catch.
Caul, kawl, «. a net or covering for the head : the
membrane covering the head of some infants at
their birth. [O. Fr. cale, a little cap—Celt.
calla. a veil, hood.]
Cauldron. See Caldron.
Cauliflower, kawli-flow-er, n. a variety of cab
bage, the eatable part of which is the flower.
[L. caulis. cabbage, and Flower. See Cole.]
Caulk. Sec Calk.
Causal kawz'al, adj. relating to a cause or causes.
Causality, kawz-at'it-i, n. the working of a cause:
(phren.) the faculty of tracing effects to their
[the bringing about of an effect.
, kawz-a'shun, the act of causing:
Causative, kawz'a-tiv, adj. producing an effect:
causing.—adv. Caus'atively.
Cause, kawz, «. that by or through which any
thing is done : inducement : a legal action.—v.t.
to produce : to make to exist : to bring about.
[Fr. cause— L. causa.]
Causeless, kawzles, adj., having no cause or
occasion.—adv. Causelessly.—n. Causeless-
ness.
Causeway, kawz'wa. Causey, kawz'e, n. a path
way raised and paved with stone. [0. Fr.
caucie, Fr. chaussie—L. calctata—calx, chalk,
because built with mortar. J
Caustic, kaws'tik, adj., burning: severe, cutting.
—n. a substance that burns or wastes away the
flesh. [L.—(jr. kaustikos—kai6, kausd, to hum.]
fate, far : me, h*r ; mine ;
Celebrate
Causticity, kaws-tisl-ti, n. qualityofbeing oamstic.
Cauterisation, kaw-ier-iz-:Vshun, Cauterism,
kaw'ter-izm, Cautery, kaw'ter-i, n. a burning
with caustics or a hot iron-
Cauterise, kaw'ter-Iz, v.t. to bum with a caustic
or a hot iron. [Fr. cautiriscr—Gr. kautir, a
hot iron—kaid. to bum.]
Caution, kaw'shun, n. needfulness : security :
warning.—v.t. to warn to take care.# [Fr — L.
cautio—caveo, to beware.]
Cautionary, kaw'shun-ar-i, adj. containing
caution : given as a ple-lge.
Cautious, kaw'shus, a*ij. possessing or using cau
tion : watchful : prudent.—adv. Cau'tiously.—
n. Cau'tiousness.
Cavalcade, kav'al-kad, n. a train of persons on
horseback. [Fr.— it. cavallo—L. caoallus, Gr.
kaballes, a horse, a nag.]
Cavalier, kav-al-eV, «. a knight : a partisan of
Charles I.—adj. like a cavalier ; gay : warlike :
haughty.—adv. Cavalierly. (Fr.—It. cavallo.
See Cavalcade.] [rie—It. ]
Cavalry, kav'al-ri, horse-soldiers. [Fr. cava/e-
Cave, kav, n. a holloiv place in the earth : a den.
[Fr.—L. cavea—cavus, hollow. Cage is a
doublet.]
Caveat, ka've-at, n, (lit.) lei him lake care: a
notice or warning : a notice to stop proceedings
in a court. [L.—caveo, to take care.J
Cavendish, kav'en-dish, ». tobacco moistened and
pressed into quadrangular cakes.
Cavern, kav'ern, n. a deep hollow place in the
earth. [L. caverna—cavus, hollow.]
Cavernous, kav'er-nus, adj., hollow: full of
caverns.
Caviare, Caviar, kav-i-ar7, n. an article of food
made from the salted roes of the sturgeon, &c
[Fr. caviar—It. caviale—Turk, havi&r.]
Cavil, kav'il, v.t. to make empty, trifling objec
tions: to use false arguments '.—pr.p. cav'illing ;
pa.p. cav'illed.—n. a frivolous objection.—n.
CaViller. [O. Fr. caviller— I*. cavillort to
practise jesting—cavilla, jesting.]
Cavity, kavlt-i, «., a hollow place: hollowncss:
an opening. [L. cavitas—cavus, hollow.]
Caw, kaw, v.t. to cry as a crow.—n. the cry of a
crow.—n. Cawing. [From the sound. See
Chough.]
Cazlque, ka-zeV, ». a chief in certain parts of
America at the time of its discovery [Span.
cacioue, orig. Haytian.]
Cease, ses, v.t'., to give over: to stop : to be at an
end.—v.t. to put an end to. [Fr. cesser— L.
cfsso, to give over—cedo, to yield, give up.]
Ceaseless, ses'les, adj., without ceasing: inces
sant.—adv. Ceaselessly.
Cedar, se dar, n. a large evergreen tree remark
able for the durability and fragrance of its
wood.—ad/', made of cedar. TL.—Gr. kedros.]
Cede, sCd, vd. to yield or give up to another. —
v.i. to give way. [L. cedo, cessum, to go away
from.]
Cell, scl, vd. to overlay the inner roof of a room.
[See Ceiling-]
Ceiling, sel'ing, n. the inner roof of a room.
[M. E. syle or cyll. a canopy—Fr. del, heaven,
a canopy, a ceiling—L. caelum, the vault of
heaven. Cf. Gr. koilos'= E. Hollow.]
Celandine, sel'an-dTn, n., s7vallo7V'Wort, a plant
of the poppy family, so named because it was
supposed 10 flower when the nva/lows appeared,
and to perish when they departed. [O. Fr. celi-
doine—Gr. choHdonion—cheliddn, a swallow.]
Celebrate, sePe-brut, v.t. to make famous: to
mote : mate ; mOOh ;
 Celebratioii Cere
distinguish by solemn ceremonies. [L. celebro, Censorship, sen'sor-ship, n. office of censor: time
•atum—celeber, frequented.] during which he holds office.—Censorship of
Celebration, scl-e-bra'shun, «., act ofcelebrating. the press, a regulation of certain governments,
Celebrity, sel-eb'ri-ti, «. the condition of being by which books and newspapers must be ex
celebrated : fame. [L. celebritas—celeber.) amined by officers, whose approval is necessary
Celerity, sel-er'it-i, «. quickness : rapidity of 10 their publication.
motion. [Fr.—L. ceUritas —ceUr, quick—cello, Censurable, scn'shur-a-bl, adj. deserving of cen-
Gr. kelld, to drive, urge on.] 1 sure: blamable.—adv. Cen surably.—«. Cen'-
Celery, stl'er-i, n. a kitchen vegetable. [Fr. ! surableness.
tfleri—L. and Gr. setlnon, parsley.] Censure, sen'shflr, n. an unfavourable judgment:
Celestial, sel-est'yal, adj., heavenly: dwelling in blame: reproof. —v.t. to blame: to condemn as
heaven : in the visible heavens. —«. an inhabitant wrong. [L. censura, an opinion, a severe judg
of heaven,—adv. Celestially. [L. calestis— ment -censeo, to estimate or judge.]
caelum, heaven; Gr. koilos, E. Hollow.] Census, sen'sus, «. an official enumeration of the
Celibacy, sel'i-bas-i or se-Hb'as-i, «. a single life : inhabitants of a country. [L. census, a register.)
an unmarried state. [L. Calebs, single.] Cent, sent, n., a hundred: an American coin=the
Celibate, sel'i-bit, adj., pertaining to a single hundredth part of a dollar.—Per Gent., by the
life.—«. one unmarried- hundred. [L. centum, a hundred.]
Cell, sel, «. a small room: a cave: a small shut Centage, sent'iij, «. rate by the hundred.
cavity. [L. cella, conn, with celare, to cover.] Cental, sen'tal, n. a weight of 100 lbs. proposed
Cellaret, sel-ar-et', «. an ornamental case for for general adoption, legalised in 1878.
holding bottles. [A diminutive of Cellar.] Centaur, sen'tawr, n. a fabulous monster, half-
Cellar, sel'ar, n. a cell under ground where stores man half-horse. [L. —Gr. kentauros ; ety. dui>.]
are kept. [L. cellarium—-cella.) Centenary, sen'ten-ar-i. ». a hundred: a century
Cellarage, sel'ar-aj, n. space for cellars: cellars: or humircd years.—<uij. pertaining to a hundred.
charge for storing in cellars. —n. Centena'rlan, one a humtrcd years old.
Cellular, scl'u-lar, anfj,, consisting ofor containing [L. —centeni, a hundred e;tch—centum.)
cells. [From L. cellula. a little cell.] Centennial, scn-ten'i-nl, adj. happening once in
Celt, selt; n. a cutting instrument of stone or metal a humired years. [Coined from L. centum, and
lound in ancient barrows. [Founded on Cette annus, a year.]
(translated 'with a chisel'1, perh. a misreading Centesimal, sen-tes'i-mal,W/., hundredth.—adv.
for certc {' surely'), in the Vulgate, Job xix. 24.] Centes'lmally. (L. ccntesimus—centum.)
Colt, selt, «. one of the Celts, an Aryan race, now Centigrade, scn'ti-griid, adj. having a hundred
represented by the Welsh, Irish, and Scottish degrees: divided into a hundred degrees, as the
Highlanders—adj. Celt'ic. [L. Celt*; Gr. centigratle thermometer, in which freezing-point
Kettoi or /Cellar. ) is zero and boiling-point is ioo°. [L. centum,
Cement, se-ment'. «. anything that makes two and gradus, a step, a degree. ]
bodies stick together : mortar : a bond of union. Centiped. sen'ti-ped. Centipede, sen'ti-ped, n. an
[L. ctementa, chips of stone used to fill up in insect with a hundred or a great many /eel.
building a wall, cadhnenta—c<edo, to cut on ] (L. centum, and pes, pedis, a loot.]
Cement, se-ment', v.t. to unite with cement: to Centner, sent'ner, n. a common name on the Con
join firmly. tinent for a hundredweight.
Cementation, scm-ent-a'shun, n., the act 0/ Central, sen'tral, Centric, sen'trik, Centrical,
cementing: the process by which iron is turned sen'trik-al, adjs., relating to, placed in, or con-
into steel, glass into porcelain, &c. —done by tnining the centre. —advs. Centrally, Cen'-
surrounding them with a cement or powder and tricaUy. [n. Centralisa'tlon.
exposing them to heat. Centralise, scn'tral-Tz, v.t. to draw to a centre.—■
Cemetery, sem'e-ter-i, n. a burying-ground. [Low Centre, Center, sen'ter, n. the middle point of
L. cameterium—Gr. koimiterion—koimad, to anything: the middle.—v.t. to place on or
lull to sleep.] collect to a centre.—v.t. to be placed in the
Cenoblte, sen'0-b7t or sC'nfl-blt, n. one of a reli middle '.—fir.p. cen'lring, centering ; pa p. cen'-
gious order living in a community, in opposition tred, cen'tered. [Fr.—L. centrum—Gr. kentron,
to an Anchorite: a monk.—adjs. Cenobit'ic, a sharp point—kented, to prick.]
Cenoblt'lcal |L. carnobita—Gr. koinobios, from Centrifugal, sen-trif'u-gal, adj. tending to Jlee
koinos, common, and bios, life.] I from the centre. [L. centrum, and J'ugio, to
Cenotaph, sen'G-taf, n. [lit.) an empty tomb: a flee from.]
monument to one who is buried elsewhere. [Fr. Centripetal, sen-trip'et-al, adj., tending toward
■— L.—Gr. kenotaphwn — kenos, empty, and I the centre. [L. centrum, and j*eto, to seek.]
taptws, a tomb.] I Centuple, sen'til-pl, adj., hundred/old. [L. cen-
Censer, sens'er, n. a pan in which incense is tnptex—centum, and plico, to fold.]
burned. [Fr. encensoir—l,ow L. inccnsorium.\ Centurion, sen-tQ'ri-on, «. among the Romans, the
Censor, sen'sor, n. in ancient Rome, an officer commander of a hundred men. [L. centurio.)
who kept account of the property of the citizens, Century, sen'tQ-ri, «,, a hundred, or something
imposed taxes, and watched over their morals: consisting of a hundred in number: a hundred
in modern times, an officer who examines books years. [L. centuria—centum.)
or newspapers before they are printed, and Cephalic, se-fal'ik, adj. belonging to the head.
whose permission is necessary for their publica [Gr. kephatikos—hep/tale, theliead.]
tion : one who censures or blames. [L.—censeo, Ceracoous. se-ra'shus, adj., 0/or like max.
to weigh, to estimate.] Ceramic, se-ram'ik, adj., pertaining to pottery.
Consorial, sen-sO'ri-al, adj. belonging to a censor, [Gr. keramos, potter's earth, and suffix -ic.)
or to the correction of public morals. Cere, sCr, v.t. to cover with itia.r.—ns. Cerecloth,
Censorious, sen-sfl'ri-us, adj. expressing censure: Cere'ment, a cloth dipped in melted wax in
fault-finding. —adv. ConSO riOUSly. — n. CensO - which to wrap a dead body. [L. cera; cog.
riousness. 1 with Gr. kPros, Gael, ceir, beeswax.]
CC fate, far; me, her; mine; mOte; mute; mOOn ; Men.
 Cereal
Cereal, se're-at, adj. relating to corn or edible
grain. —Cereals, sis're-alz, «.//. the grains used
as food, such as wheat, barley, ftc [1- cerealts
— Ceres, the goddess oi" corn or produce.]
Cerebellum, ser-e-befum, ». the hinder and lower
part of the brain. [L., dim. of cerebrum ]
Cerebral, ser'e-bral, adj., pertaining to the cere
brum.— n. Cerebra'tlOQ, action of the brain, con
scious or unconscious.
Cerebrum, ser'e-brum, n. the front and lamer
part of the brain. [L. cerebrum, the brain,
ot which cere — Gr. kara, the head, M< E.
kernes, brains, Scot. hams. J
Ceremonial, scr-c-mO'ni-al, adj. relating to cere-
many.—n. outward form : a system of cere
monies.— adv. Ceremonially.
Ceremonious, scr-e-mG ni-us, adj., jull of cere
mony : particular in observing forms : precise.—
adv. Ceremoniously, —n. Ceremo'niousness.
Ceremony, scr'e-rao-ni, n. a sacred rite : the out
ward form, religious or otherwise. [Fr.—L.
cttrimonia, from root kar, to make, do ]
Certain, ser'tan or seVtin, adj. sure: fixed : regu
lar: some : one.—adv. Cer'tainly.— ns. Cer
tainty, Certitude. [Fr. certain—L. certus,
old part, of ccrno. to decide.]
Certificate, ser-tifi-kat, «. a written declaration
of some fact: a testimonial of character. —v.t.
to give a certificate—«. Certification. [Fr.
certificat—X* certus, andfacia.\
Certify, ser'ti-fT. v.t., to make known as certain :
to inform : to declare in writing :—pr.p. certify
ing; pa.p. certified. [Fr. certifier—-L. certus,
andfacio, to make.]
Cerulean, se-ri5o le-an, adj. , sky-blue : dark-blue :
sea-green. [L. cotruleus = caluleus—calum,
the sky. J
Ceruse. se'roTjs, n. white-lead, the native carbonate
oflead. [Fr.—L. cerussa, conn with cerat wax.]
Cervical. serVi-kal, ad;, belonging to the tuck.
[Fr.—L. cervix, cervicis, the neck.]
Cervine, serein, adj. relating to deer. [L. cervus,
a stag ; akin to E. hart.]
Cesarean, se-za're-an, adj. the Cesarean operation
is taking a child out of the body of its mother
by cutting. [L. cctdo, casus, to cut.J
Cess, ses, n. a tax.—v.t. to impose a tax. [Short
ened from Assess.]
Cessation, scs-a shnn, ». a ceasing or stopping : a
rest : a pause. [Fr. — L. ; see Cease. J
Cession, scshun, «. a yielding up. [Fr.— L. ; sec
Cede]
Cesspool, scs'pCol, a pool or hollow in which
filthy water collects, [Acc. to Skeat. from Celt.
soss-pool, a pool into which foul messes flow.
Cf- Scot. soss% a mixed dirty mess.]
CeStUS, ses'tus. n. the girdle of Venus, which had
power to awaken love : an ancient boxing-glove
loaded with lead or iron. [L.—Gr. kestos, a
girdle.]
Cesura See Caasura.
Cetaceous, set-a'shus, adj. belonging to fishes of
the whale-kind. [L. cete—Or. ketos, any sea-
r-]
See Chase.
Chafe, chaf, v.t., to make hot by nibbing : to fret
or wear by rubbing : to cause to fret or rage. —
v.i. to fret or rage —«. heat caused by rubbing:
rage: passion. [Fr. chauffer— L. calefacere—
caleo, to be hot, andfacers, to make.]
Chafer, chafer, w a kind of beetle. [A.S. ceafor.]
Chaff, chaf, k. the case or covering of cram :
empty, worthless matter —adjs. Chaff y, Chaff'-
less. [A.S. ceaf; Ger. kaff.)
late, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Chamois
Chaff, chaf, v.t. to banter.—«. Chaffing. TA
corr. of chafe. ]
Chaffer, chafer, v.t., to buy.—v.i. to bargain : to
haggle about the price. [M.E. ciutpfate, a
bargain, from A.S. ceap, price, faru, way— a
business proceeding.]
Chaffinch, chafinsh, n. a little song-bird of the
finch family. [Said to delight in •chaff. See
Finch.]
Chagrin, sha-gren', n. that which wears or gnaws
the mind : vexation : ill-humour.—v.t. to vex or
annoy. [Fr. chagrin, shagreen, rough skin used
for rasping or polishing wood.]
Chain, chin, «. a series of links or rings passing
through one another : a number of things coming
after each other: anything that binds: a measure
of loo links, 66 feet long.—v.t. to bind with or
as with a chain. [Fr. cnaine- L. catena.]
Chair, char, n. something to sit do?vn upon : a
movable seat for one, wiih a back to it : the seat
or office of one in authority.—v.t. to carry one
publicly in triumph. [Fr. chaire—L. cathedra—
Gr. kathedra—kathezomai, to sit down.]
Chaise, shiiz, «. a light two-wheeled carriage, for
two persons, drawn by one horse. [Fr., a Pari
sian pronunciation of chaire. See Chair.]
Chalcedony, kal-sed o-ni or kal'-, «. a variety of
quartz of a milk-and-water colour.—adj. Chal-
cedon'ic. [From Chntcedon% in Asia Minor.]
ChaldaiC, kal-da'ik, Chaldee, kal'de, ailj. relating
to Cfialdea.
Chaldron, chawl'drun, n. a coal-measure holding
36 bushels. [Fr. chaudron. See Caldron.]
Chalice, chal'is. «. a cup or bowl: a communion-
cup.—adj. ChaViced. [Fr. calice—L. calix,
calicis ; Gr. kylix, a cup. Calyx is a different
word, but from the same root.]
Chalk, chawk, «. the well-known white substance,
a carbonate of lime.—v.t. to rub or manure with
chalk, —tutj. Chalk'y.—«. Chalk'iness. [A.S.
cealc, like Fr. chaux, O. Fr. chaulx, is from L.
calx, limestone.]
Challenge, chal'enj, v.t. to call on one to settle a
matter by fighting or any kind of contest: to
claim as one s own : to accuse: to object to.—
n. a summons to a contest of any kind : excep
tion to a juror : the demand of a sentry. [O. Fr.
cluxlcnge, a dispute, a claim— L. catumnia, a
lalse accusation —calui, catuerc, to deceive.]
Chalybeate, ka-bb'e-f»t, adj. containing iron. —n.
a water or other liquor containing iron. [Gr.
cltalyps, chaiybos, steel, so called from the
Chalybes, a nation in Pontus famous for steel.]
Chamber, chum'ber, «. an apartment: the place
where an assembly meeis : an assembly or body
of men met for some purpose, as a chamber of
commerce : a hall of justice : the back end of
the bore of a gun. —adj. Cham bei ed. —u.
Cham'hering, in B., lewd behaviour. [Fr.
chawbre—L. camera—Gr. katnara, a vault, a
room : akin to Celt, cam, crooked.]
Chamberlain. chrun'ber-lan or -lin, n. an over
seer of the private apartments of a monarch or
nobleman : treasurer ofa corporation.—«. Cham -
herlainship. [O. Fr. chambrelcnc ; O. Ger.
chamerling—\.. camera, a chamber, and affix
ling or lenc = E. ling in hireling,]
Chameleon, ka-mcl'yun, «. a small lizard famous
(or changing its colour. [L. ckamtelcon— Gr.
chamailedn—chamai (=L. humi), on theground,
ledn, a lion = a dwarf-lion. ]
Chamois, sham'waw or sha-moi', «. a kind of
goat : a soit kind of leather originally made from
its skin. [Fr.—Ger. gemsc, a chamois. 1
mote ; mute : m<3on ; then.
 Chamomile
Chamomile. See Camomile.
Champ, champ, v.i. to make a snapping noise
with the jaws in chewing.—v.t. to bite or chew.
[Older form cham, from Scand., as in Ice. kiapta,
to chatter, kiaptr, the jaw.]
Champagne, sham-pan', «. a light sparkling wine
from Champagne, in France.
Champaign, sham-pan', adj., level, open.—n. an
open, /erW country. [A doublet of Campaign,
from O. Fr. chamfaignc—L. campania, a plain.]
Champion, champi-un, «. one who fights in single
combat for himself or for another : a successful
combatant : a hero.—«. Cham'pionshlp. [Fr.
—Low L. f<iw/w-Low L. campus, a combat—
L. campus, a plain, a place for games ; whence
also are borrowed A.S. camp, a light, cempa, a
warrior, Gcr, kdmpfen, to fight.]
Chance, chans, n. that whichfalls out or happens:
an unexpected event : risk : opportunity : possi
bility of something happening.—v.i. to risk. —
v.i. to happen.—adj. happening by chance.
[Fr.— Low L. cadentia—L. cado, to fall.]
Chancel, chansel, «. the part of a church where
the altar is placed, formerly inclosed with lat
tices or rails. (O. Fr.—L. cancelli, lattices.)
Chancellor, chan'scl-or, n. the president of a
court of chancery or other court.—«. Chancel
lorship. [Fr. chancelier—Low L. cancellarius,
orig. an officer that had charge of records, and
stood near the cancelli \L.)t the crossbars that
surrounded the judgment-seat.]
Chance-medley, chans'-mcd-li, n. the killing of a
person by chance or in self-defence. [Chance, a
corruption of Fr. chaude, hot, mJtlie, fray, fight.]
Chancery, chan'ser-i, n. the highest court of
justice next to the parliament, presided over by
the Lord High Chancellor. [Fr. chancelierte.\
Chandelier, shan-de-leV, n. a frame with branches
for holding lights. [Fr.—Low L. candelaria,
a candlestick—L. caudela, a candle.]
Chandler, chand'ler, n. orig. a candle maker and
dealer : a dealer generally. LFr. chandelier.]
Chandlery, chand'ler-i, n. goods sold by a
chandler.
Change, chanj, v.i. to alter or make different : to
put or give one thing or person for another : to
make to pass from one state to another.—v.i. to
suffer change.—«. alteration or variation of any
kind : a shift : variety : small coin : also used as
a short term for the Exchange. [Fr. change*—
Late L. cambiare—L. cambire, to barter.]
Changeable, chanj'a-bl, adj. subject or prone to
change : fickle : inconstant.—adv. Change'ably.
—«. Change'ableness.
Changeful, chanj'fool, adj., full of change:
changeable.—a^w. Change'ruLy —«. Change'-
fulnesa. [constant.
Changeless, chanjles, adj., without change :
Changeling, chlinj'ling, «. a child taken or left in
place of another : one apt to change.
Channel, chan'el, n. the bed of a stream of
water: the deeper part of a strait, bay, or har
bour : a strait or narrow sea : means of passing or
conveying. [O. Fr. chattel or canel—h. catttilis.]
Chant, chant, v.t. , io sing : to celebrate in song :
to recite in a singing manner.—«. song: melody :
a kind of sacred music, in which prose is sung.
[Fr. chanter {It. cantare)—L. canto—cano, to
sing-]
Chanter, chant'er, «., one who chants: a chief
singer : the tenor or treble pipe of a bagpipe.
Chanticleer, chant'i-kler, «. a cock. [M.E.
cJtaunte-cleer, from Chant and Clear.] t
Chantry, chant'ri, «. an endowed chapel in which
fate, far : me, her : mine :
Character
masses are chanted (or the souls of the donors or
others. [O. Fr. chanterie—clxanter, to sing.]
Chaos, ka'os, «. a confused, shapeless mass : dis
order : the state of matter before it was reduced
to order by the Creator. [L. and Gr. chaos—
root ha, to gape, seen also in Or. chaiud, chad,
to gape, to yawn.] [disordered.
ChaotlO, ka-oi'ik, adj., like chaos: confused or
Chap, chap or chop, v.t., to cut : to cleave, split,
or crack.—v.i. to crack or open in slits :—pr.p.
chapp'ing ; pa.p. chapped', chapt. [E. ; Dut.
happen, Dan. kappe, to cut. Sec Chip.]
Chap, chap, Chop, chop, n. a cleft, crack, or chink.
Chapbook, chap'book, «. a small kind of book
or tract, at one time carried about for sale by
chapmen.
Chapel, chap'el, «. place of worship inferior or sub
ordinate to a regular church, or attached to a
palace or a private dwelling : a dissenters' place
of worship. [Fr. chapelle, O. Fr. capdc—Low
L. capella, dim. of capa, a cloak or cope :
such a small cope was kept in the palaces of
kings on which to administer oaths ; the name
was transferred to the sanctuary where the
capella was kept, and hence to any sanctuary
containing relics.—Littre.] [chapel.
Chapelry, chap'el-ri, ». the jurisdiction of a
Chaperon, shap'e-rOn, n. a kind of hood or
cap : one who attends a lady in public places
as a protector.—v.t. to attend a lady to public
places. [Fr. , a large hood or head-dress, and
hence a person who affords protection like a
hood—chape, a hooded cloak—Low L. cappa.
See Cape.]
Chap fallen, chap-fawln. Same as Chop-fallen.
Chapiter, chap'i-ier, «. the head or capital of a
column. [Fr. chapitel— Low L. capitellum,
dim of L. caput, the head.]
Chaplain, chap'lau or chap'lin, n. a clergyman
attached to a ship of war, a regiment, a public
institution, or family.—ns. Chaplaincy, Chap'-
lalnship. [Fr. chapelain—Low L. capellanus
—capella. See Chapel. ]
Chaplet, chap'let, «. a garland or wreath for the
head : a rosary. [Fr. chapelet, dim. of O. Fr,
chapel, a hat—Low L. capa, a cape.]
Chapman, chap'man, «. one who buys or sells : a
dealer. [A.S. ceap-man—ceap, trade, and man.
See Cheap. J
Chaps, chaps, u.pl. the jaws. [N. E. and Scot.
chafts— Scand., as Ice. kjaptr, the jaw. See
Jowl.]
Chapt, chapt, pa.p. of Chap.
Chapter, cnap'ter, «., a head or division of a
book : a corporation of clergymen belonging to
a cathedral or collegiate church: an organised
branch of some society or fraternity. [Fr.
chap/Ire—L. capitulum, dim. ofcaput, the head.]
Char, char, «. work done by the day : a turn of
work : a job.—!'./, to work by the day. [A.S.
cierr, a turn, space of time—cyrran, to turn.]
Char, char, n. a red'bcllied fish ot the salmon
kind, found in mountain lakes and rivers. [Ir.
and Gael, cear, red, blood-coloured.]
Char, char, v.t. to roast or burn until reduced to
carbon or coal .—pr.p. changing; pa.p. charred'.
[Ety. dub. ; acc. to Skcat, because wood is turned
to coal, from Char, a turn of work.]
Character, kar'ak-ter, n. a letter, sign, or figure :
the peculiar qualities of a person or thing : a
description of the qualities of a person or thin:; :
a person with his peculiar qualities. [Fr. car-
actere— L. character — Gr. ciiarakter, from
charaasd, to cut, engrave.]
mote : mute : mOTJn : Men.
 Characterise Check
Characterise, kar'ak-ter-Tz, v.t. to give a char Charter-party, chart'er-par-ti, «. a mutual charter
acter to : to describe by peculiar qualities : to or contract for the hire of a vessel. [Fr. chartre-
distinguish ordesignate.—«. Characterisation. partie, [lit.) a divided charter, as the practice
[Or. charakterizd.] was to divide it in two and give a half to each
Characteristic, kar-ak-ter-is'tik, Characteris- person.]
tlcal, kar-ak-ter-is'tik-al, adj. marking or con Chartism, chartlzm, ft. the principles of a party
stituting the peculiar nature.—Characteris'tlO, who sprung up in Gt. Britain in 1838, and who
M.that which marks or constitutes the character. advocated the people's charter—viz, universal
—adv. Characteristically. [Gr.] suffrage, &c. .
Charade, shar-ad' or -itd', «. a species of riddle, Chartist, chart'ist, «. one who supports chartism.
the subject of which is a word proposed for Charwoman, char-woom'an, «. a woman who
solution from an enigmatical description of its chars or does odd work by the day.
several syllables and of the whole ; the charade Chary, chaVi, adj. sparing : cautious.—adv.
is often acted. [Fr. ; ety. dub.] Charily.—n. Chariness. [A.S. cearig—ceam,
Charcoal, charTcol, «., coal made by charring or care.]
burning wood under turf. Chase, chiis, v.t. to pursue: to hunt: to drive
Charge, child, v.t. to lay on or load: to impose away.—«. pursuit : a hunting : that which is
or intrust : to fall upon or attack : to put to the hunted : ground abounding in game. [Fr.
account of: to impute to : to command : to ex chasser—Low L. caciare—L. capto—capio, to
hort.—v.t. to make an onset.—«. that which is take.] [chase.]
laid on : cost or price : the load of powder, &c. Chase, chas, v.t. to incase: to emboss. [See En-
for a gun : attack or onset : care, custody : the Chase, chas, «. a case or frame for holding types :
object of care : command : exhortation : accusa a groove. [Fr. chAsse, a shrine, a setting—
tion. [Fr. charger—Low L. carricare, to load L. capsa, a chest See Case.]
—L. carrus, a wagon. See Car, Cargo.] Chaser, chas'er, «., one who chases: an enchaser.
Chargeable, charj'a-bl, adj. liable to be charged: Chasm, kazm, n. a yawning or gaping hollow: a
imputable: blamable : in B., burdensome.—«. gap or opening : a void space. [Gr. chasma,
Charge'ableness.—adv. Charge'ably. from chaind, to gape ; connected with Chaos. )
Charger, charter, «. a dish capable of holding a Chaste, chiist, aaj. modest : refined : virtuous :
heavy charge or quantity : a horse used in pure in taste and style.—adv. Chastely. [Fr.
charging, a war-horse. chaste—L. castus, pure.]
Charily, Chariness. See Chary. Chasten, chas'n, v.t. to free from faults by punish
Chariot, char'i-ot, n. a four-wheeled pleasure or ing : hence, to punish: to correct. [Fr. chlitier,
state carriage : a car used in ancient warfare. O. Fr. chastier—L. castigare—castas, pure.]
[Fr., dim. oichar, a car, from root of Car.] Chasteness, chast'nes, Chastity, chas'ti-ti, «.,
Charioteer, char-i-ot-eV, «. one who drives a purity of body, conduct, or language.
chariot. Chastise, chas-tlz', v.t. to inflict punishment upon
Charitable, charf-ta-bl, adj^fullof charity: of for the purpose of correction : to reduce to order
or relating to charity : liberal to the poor. —adv. or to obedience.—n. Chastisement, chas'tiz-
Charitably - n. Charitableness. ment
Charity, chaKi-ti, «. in New Test, universal love : Chasuble, chaz'G-bl, *. the uppermost garment
the disposition to think favourably of others, and worn by a R. C. priest at mass. [Fr.—Low L.
do them good : almsgiving. [Fr. charite'—'L. casnbula, L. casula, a mantle, dim. of casa, a
caritas, from cams, dear.) hut]
Charlatan, shar'la-tan, «. a mere talking pre Chat, chat, v.t. to talk idly or familiarly \~pr.p
tender: a quack. [Fr. — It. ciarlatano—ciar- chatting ; A* A chatt'ed.—n. familiar, idle talk.
lare, to chatter, an imitative word.) [Short for Chatter.)
Charlatanry, shar'la-tan-ri, n. the profession of a Chateau, sha-to', «. a nobleman's castle : a
charlatan ; undue or empty pretension : decep country-seat. [Fr., O. Fr. cli&tel, castel—h.
tion. castellum, dim. of castmm, a lort.J
Charlock, chaVlok, n. a plant of the mustard Chattel, chat/1, n. any kind of property which is
family, with yellow flowers, that grows as a not freehold. [Doublet of Cattle. ]
weed in cornfields. [A.S. cerlice—cer, unknown, Chatter, chat'er, v.t. to talk idly or rapidly :
lie — leek, a plant ] to sound as the teeth when one shivers. [From
Charm, charm, n. a spell : something thought to the sound.]
possess hidden power or influence : that which Chatty, chat'i, adj., given to chat: talkative.
can please irresistibly.—v.t. to influence by a Cheap, chep, adj. low in price : of small value.—
charm : to subdue by secret influence : to en adv. Cheaply.—«. Cheapness. [Orig. Good
chant : to delight : to allure.—adv. Charm'ingly. cheap, i.e., a good bargain; A.S. ceap, price,
[Fr. charme—L. carmen, a song.] [delights. a bargain ; AS. ceapan. Ice. kaupa, Ger. kau/cn,
Charmer, charmer, «., one who enchants or to buy ; Scot, coup—all borrowed from L. caujw,
Chamel, channel, adj. containing jlesh or car a huckster.] [down in price.
casses. [Fr. charnel—L. carnalis—caro,camis, Cheapen, chep'n, v.t. to make cheat: to beat
flesh.] Cheat, chct, v.t. to deceive and defraud.—n. a
Charnel-house, char'nel-hows, n. a place where fraud: one who cheats. [A corr. of Escheat,
the bones of the dead are deposited. the seizure of such property being looked upon
Chart, chart, «. a map of a part of the sea, with Check, as robbery.]
its coasts, shoals, &c. for the use of sailors. [L. or hinder : to rebuke.—«. a term in: chess
chek, v.t. to bring to a stand to restrain
charta, a paper. See Card.] when
Charter, charter, w. a formal written paper, con one party obliges the other either to move or
ferring or confirming titles, rights, or privileges: guard his king: anything that checks : a sudden
a patent: grant: immunity. —v.t. to establish stop : in B., a rebuke. [Fr. ichec = Pers. shah,
by charter : to let or hire, as a ship, on contract. king—(mind your) king !]—v.t. to compare with
[Fr. chartre—L. ch<trtariu»t, archives—charta.] a counterpart or authority in order to ascertain
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOtc ; mflte ; mo*on ; Men.
 Check-book Chieftain
correctness.—«. a mark put against items in a Cherry, chcr'i, «. a small bright-red stone-fruit :
list : a token : an order for money (usually colour the tree that bears it.—adj. like a cherry in
written Cheque' : any counter-register used as : ruddy. [Fr. cerise—Gr. kerasos, a
security: a checkered cloth. [From the prac cherry-tree, said to be so named Irom Cerasus, a
tice of the Court of Exchequer, where accounts town in Pontus, from which the cherry was
were settled by means of counters on a checkered brought by Lucullus.]
cloth.] Chert, chert, n. a kind of quartz or flint : horn-
Check-book, chek'-book, n. a bank-book contain stone. [Ety. dub.]
ing blank checks, for the use of persons having Cherty, chert'i, atij., like or containing chert.
accounts %hh the bank. Cherub, cher'ub, «. a celestial spirit: ;i beautiful
Checker, Chequer, chek'cr, v.t. to form into little cnild.—//. Cher'ubs, Cherubim, Cher ubims.
squares like a chessboard or checker, by lines or [Heb. kerttb.)
stripes of different colours: to variegate or di Cherubic, che-rOob'ik, Cherublcal, che-rGob'i-kal,
versify.—n. a chessboard. [Fr. tchiquicr, O. adj. pertaining to cherubs: angelic.
Fr. eschequier, a chessboard—■e'ehec] Che&8, ches, «. a game played by two persons on a
Checkers, chek'erz, H.pl a game played by two board like that used in checkers. [Curr. of
persons on a checkered board ; also called Checks, the/*/, of Check.]
Draughts. ChOBt, chest, ». a large strong box: the part of
Checkmate, chek'miit, n. in chess, a check given the body between the neck and the abdomen.
10 the adversary's king when in a position in [A S. cyst , Scot, kist—h. cistii -Gr. kiste.]
which it can neither be protected nor moved Chestnut. Chesnut, ches'nut, u. a nut or fruit in
out of check, so that the game is finished; a closed in a prickly case : the tree that bears it.
complete check: defeat: overthrow. —v.t. in —adj. of a chestnut colour, reddish-brown.
chess, to make a movement which ends the [M.E. chesten-nut—O. Fr. chastaigne—L. casta-
game: todefeat. [Fr. ichecetmat: Ger. schach- nea—Gr. kastanon, from Castana, in Pontus,
ttmtt—Pers. shah mat, the king is dead.] where the tree abounded.]
Cheek, chc-k, «. the side of the face below the eye. Cheval-de-(rise, she-val'-de-frez, «. a piece of
|A.S. ceace, the cheek, jaw.] timber armed with spikes, used to defend a pas
Cheep, chep, v.t. to chirp, as a young bird. [From sage or to stop cavalry.—//. Chevaux de frlse,
the sound, like Chirp.] she-vo'-dc-frCz. [Fr. cheval. horse, de, oi, Frise,
Cheer, cher. «. that which makes the countenance Friesland ; a jocular name.]
glad : joy : a shout : kind treatment : entertain Chevalier, shev-a-ler', n. a cavalier: a knight:
ment : fare.—v.t. to make the countenance glad: a gallant man. [Fr.—cheval—L. caballus, a
to comfort : to encourage : to applaud. [O. Fr. horse. J
chiere, the countenance—Low L. cara, the face Chew. chOO, v.t. to cut and bruise with the teeth.
—Gr. kara, the head, face.] [A.S. ceowan ; Ger. kauen : conn, with Jaw
Cheerful, chcr'fool, adj., full of cheer or good and Chaps.]
spirits: joyful: lively. —adv. CheerTully.—«. Chlaro-oscuro, ki-ar'S-os-kGc-'ro. See Clare-
Cheor'fulness. obscure, [pipe for smoking. [Turk.]
Cheerless, cherles, adj., without cheer or com Chibouk, Chibouque, chi-book'. n. a Turkish
fort : gloomy.—«. Cheerlessness. Chicane, shi-kfin', v.i. to use shifts and tricks, to
Cheery, cher'i, adj., cheerful: promoting cheer deceive.—«. Chicanery, trickery or artifice,
fulness.—adv. Cheerily.—«. CheerTnesg. esp. in legal proceedings. [Fr. chicane, sharp
Cheese, chez, «. the curd of milk pressed into a practice at law, through a form zicanurn, from
hard mass. [A.S. cese, cysc, curdled milk ; Ger. Low Gr. tzykanion, a game at mall—Pers.
kiise ; both from L. caseus; cf. Gael, caise,] tchaugan.)
Cheesecake, chezTtak, «. a cake made of soft Chiccory. See Chicory.
curds, sugar, and butter. [cheese. Chick, chik, Chicken, chik'en, «. the young of
Cheesemonger, chcVmung'ger, n. a dealer in fowls, especially of the hen : a child. [A.S.
Cheesy, chez'i, adj. having the nature of cheese. cicen. a dim. of cocc, a cock.]
Cheetah. chC'tah, n. an eastern animal like the Chicken-hearted, chik en-hart'ed, adj. as timid
leopard, used in hunting. [Hind. chltA.] as a chicken : cowardly.
Chemic. kernIk, Chemical, kem'i-kal. adj., be Chicken-pOZ, chik'en-poks, «. mild skin-disease,
longing to chewstry.—adv. Chem'ically. generally attacking children only.
Chemicals, kem'ik-afz, «.//. substances used for Chickling, chik'ling, n. a little chicken.
producing chemical effects. Chickweed, chik'wed, «. a low creeping weed
Chemise, she-mez', «. a lady'sshift. [Fr. chemise— that birds are fond of.
Low L. camista, a nightgown—Ar. qamis, a Chicory, Chiccory, chik'o-ri « , succory, a carrot-
shirt.] like plant, the root of which when ground is used
Chemisette, shem-e-zet', n. an under-garment worn to adulterate coffee. [Fr. chicorcc—L. cichorium,
by ladies over the chemise. [Fr., dim. of succory—Gr. kichdrion.]
chemise.] Chide, chid, v.t. to scold, rebuke, reprove by
Chemist, kem'ist, «. one skilled in chemistry. words :—pr.p. chTd'ing ; pa t. chid, (obs. ) chOde ;
Chemistry, kern'is-tri, formerly Chymistry, n. pa.p. chid, chidd'en. [A.S. cidan.]
the science which treats of the properties of sub Chief, chef, adj., head: principal, highest, first.—
stances both elementary and compound, and of «. a head or principal person : a leader : the
the laws of their combination and action one principal part or top of anything. [Fr. chef—
upon another. [From the ancient Alchemy, L. caputs the head ; Gr. kepfaite. Sans. kapala.\
which sec] Chiefly, chef li, adv. in the first place : principally :
Cheque, Chequer. See Check, Checker. fur the most part.
Cherish, cher'ish, v.t. to protect and treat with Chieftain, chef'tan or 'tin, «. the head of a clan :
affection. [Fr. ckJrir, chirissant—cher, dear— a leader or commander. —ns. Chieftaincy,
L. cants.) [known.] Chief tainship. [From Chief, like Captain,
Cheroot, she-rCot', «. a kind of cigar. [Ety. un- which see.]
70 fate, far ; mc, her ; mTne ; mote ; mute ; mOTJn ; Men.
 Chiffonier
Chiffonier, shif-on-eV, n. an ornamental cupboard.
[Kr., a place for rags—chiffon, a rag.]
Chignon, she-nong', «. an artificial arrangement
of hair at the back of the head. [Kr., meaning
first the nape of the neck, the joints of which are
like the links of a chain—chalnon, the link of a
chain—ckaine, a chain.]
Chilblain, chil'blan, «. a blain or sore on hands or
feet caused by a chilloT cold. [Chill and Blain. ]
Child, child, «. (pi. Chil'dreni, an infant or very
young person : one intimately related to one
older: a disciple:—//. offspring : descendants:
inhabitants. [A.S. cild, from the root gan-,
to produce, which yields Ger. kind, a child.]
Childbed, chlld'bed, n. the state of a woman
brought to bed with child.
Childd, child, n. a title formerly given to the
eldest son of a noble, till admission to knight
hood. [Same word as Child 1
Childermas day, chil'der-mas-da, «. an anniver
sary in the Church of England, called also
Innocents' Day, held December 28th, to com
memorate the slaying of the children by Herod.
[Child, Mass. and Day.]
Childhood, chlld'hood, state of being a child.
Childish, childish, adj., of'or like a child: silly :
trifling,—adv. Childishly.—". Childishness.
Childless, chlldles, adj., -without children.
Childlike, chlldllk, adj., like a child: becoming
a child : docile : innocent.
Chiliad, kill-ad, «. the number 1000: 1000 of any
thing. [Gr.—chiltoi, 100a]
Chill, chil, «., coldness: a cold that causes shiver
ing : anything that damps or disheartens.—adj.
shivering with cold : slightly cold : opp, of cor
dial.—v.t. to make chill or cold : to blast with
cold : to discourage.—«. Chlll'neas. [A.S. cyle,
coldness, celan, to chill. See Cold, CooL]
Chilly, chil'i, adj. somewhat chill.—n. Chilliness.
Chime, chlm, n. the harmonious sound of bells or
other musical instruments : agreement of sound
or of relation :—pi. a set of bells.—v.i. to sound
in harmony : to jingle : to accord or agree.—v.t.
to strike, or cause to sound in harmony. [M. E.
chimbe, O. Fr. cymbile—L. cymbalum, a
cymbal—Gr. kymbalon,]
Chimera, ki-mf'ra, n. a fabulous, fire-spouting
monster, with a lion's head, a serpent's tail, and
a goafs body : any idle or wild fancy. [L. chi-
marn—Qx. chimaira, a she-goat.]
Chimerical, ki-mcKi-kal, adj. of the nature of a
chimera: wild: fanciful.—adv. Chimer'ically.
Chimney, chim'ni, «. a passage for the escape of
smoke orheated air. [Fr. chemine'e—V..ctmimts—
Gr. /earnings, a furnace, prob. from kai$,x,oburn.]
Chimney-pieoo, chim'ni-pes, «. a piece or shelf
over the chimney or fireplace.
Chimney-Shaft, chim'ni-snaft, tt. the shaft or stalk
of a chimney which rises above the building.
Chimpanzee, chim-pan'ze, ft. a species of monkey
found in Africa. [Prob.native name ofthe animal.]
Chin, chin, n. the jutting part of the face, below
the mouth. [A.S. cinn; Ger. kinu, Gr. genus.]
China, chTn'a. n. a fine kind of earthenware,
originally made in China : porcelain.
Chincough, chin'kof, rt. a disease attended with
violentjits ofcoughing : whooping-cough. [E. ;
Scot, kink-host, Dut. kinkhoeste. See Chink,
the sound.]
Chine, chin, n. the spine or backbone, from its
thorn-like form : a piece of the backbone of a
beast and adjoining parts for cooking. [Fr.
/chine—O. Ger. skina, a pin, thorn ; prob.
conn, with L. spina, a thorn, the spine.]
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine :
Chocolate
Chinese, chT-n€z', adj. of or belonging to China.
Chink, chingk, n. a rent or cleft : a narrow open
ing.—v.i. to split or crack. [A.S. cinu, a cleft,
cinan, to split.]
Chink, chingk, «. the clink, as of coins.—v.i. to
give a sharp sound, as coin. [From the sound.]
Chintz, chints, «. cotton cloth, printed in five or
six different colours. [Hind, chhint, spotted
cotton cloth.] _
Chip, chip, v.t. to chop or cut into smallpicces : to
diminish by cutting away a little at a time:—
Pr.p. chipp ing ; Pa.p. chipped'.—w. a small piece
of wood or other substance chopped off. [Dim,
of Chop.]
Chirographer, ki-rog'ra-fer, Chlrographist, kl-
rog ra-fiat, «, one who professes the art of writing.
Chirography, kl-rogVa-fi, n. the art of writing or
penmanship.—adj. Chirographic. [Gr. cheir,
the hand, graphe, writing.]
Chirologlst, kT-rol'o-jist, n. one who converses by
signs with the hands.
Cbirology, kT-rol'o-ji, n. the art of discoursing
with the /iatt/ts or by signs as the deaf and dumb
do. [Gr. cheir, the hand, logos, a discourse]
Chiropodist, kl-rop'o-dist, «. a hand and foot
doctor : one who removes corns, bunions, warts,
&c. [Gr. cheir, the hand, andPous,podos,ihe foot.]
Chirp, chcrp. Chirrup, chirup, n. the sharf,
shrill sound of certain birds and insects.—v.i. to
make such a sound. [From the sound.]
Chirurgeon, kT-rur'jun, n. old form of Surgeon.
— n Chirur'gery, now Surgery, —atij. Chirur-
glcal, now Surgical. [Fr. chirurgieu—Gr.
cheirourgos—cheir, the hand, ergon, a work.]
Chisel, chiz'el, w. a tool to cut or hollow out, wood,
stone, &c —v.t. to cut, carve, &c. with a chisel:
—pr.p. chis'clling ; pa.fi. chis'elled. [O. Fr.
cisel—Low L. cisellus—L. sicilicula, dim. of
sicilis, a sickle, from seco, to cut.]
Chit, chit, n. a baby: a lively or pert young child.
[A.S. cith, a young tender shoot.]
Chitchat, chit chat, n. chatting or idle talk :
prattle. [A reduplication of Chat.]
Chivalrio, shiv'al-rik, Chivalrous, shiv'al-rus,
adj., pertaining to chivalry: bold: gallant.—■
adv. Chivalrously.
Chivalry, shiv'al-ri, n. the usages and qualifica
tions of chevaliers or knights : the system of
knighthood : heroic adventures. [Fr. c/ier>alerre
—chevat—L. cabalIus, a horse. See Cavalry. |
Chloral, kls'ral, n. a strongly narcotic substance
obtained by the action of chlorine on alcohol.
[Word formed by combining chlor- in chlorine,
and al- in alcohol.]
Chloric, kltVrik, adj., ofor from chlorine.
Chloride, klo'rid, n. a compound of chlorine with
some other substance, as potash, soda, &c.
Chlorine, klS'rin, «. a palr-'^reen gas, with a dis
agreeable, suffocating odour. [Gr. chldros, pale-
green.]
Chlorite, klO'rTt, n. a soft mineral of a greenish
cotour, witli a soapy feeling when handled.
Chloroform, klo'ro-form, n. a colourless volatile
liquid, much used to induce insensibility. [Orig.
a compound of chlorine and formic acid ; Gr.
chldros, andformic acid, so called because orig.
made from ants, Is. formica, an ant.]
Chlorosis, klor-o'sis, «. a medical name forgreen-
sickness- [Gr. chldros, pale-green.]
Chocolate, chok'c-liit, n. a kind of paste made of
the pounded seeds of the Cacao theobroma : a
beverage made by dissolving this paste in hot
water. [Sp. chocolate ; from Mexican kakakuatl.
Sec Cacao, Cocoa.]
mate ; mate ; mOOo ; then. 71
 Choice Chuckle
Choice, chois, «. act or power of choosing: the Chrismal, kriz'mal, adj., pertaining to chrism.
thing chosen : preference : the preferable or best Christ, krTst, n. the Anointed, the Messiah.
part. —adj. worthy of being chosen: select. [A. S. crist—Gx. Christos—chrid, chrisd, to
[Fr cho'tx—c/toisir; from root nf Choose ) anoint.]
Choir, kwTr, n. a chorus or band of singers, especi Christen, kris'n, v.t. to baptise in the name of
ally those belonging to a church : the part of a Christ: to give a name to. [A.S. cristnian, to
church appropriated to the singers : the part of make a Christian.]
a cathedral separated from the nave by a rail or Christendom, kris'n-dum, n. that part of the
screen. •[Fr. cheeur—L. chorus—Gr. chores.] world in which Christianity is the received
Choke, chok, v.t. to throttle: to suffocate: to religion: the whole body of Christians. [A.S.
stop or obstruct.—v.i. to be choked or suffo Cristendom—cristen, a Christian, dom, rule,
cated. [Ety. dub., prob. from the sound.] sway.]
Choke-damp, chOk'-damp, »■ carbonic acid gas, Christian, krist'yan, «. a follower of Christ. —
so called by miners from its often causing suffo adj. relating to Christ or his religion.—Christian
cation. name, the name given when christened, as dis
Choler, kol'er, n. the bile', anger or irascibility, tinguished from the surname.—adjs. Christian-
once supposed to arise from excess of bile. like, Chrlst'ianly. [A.S. cristen—L. Chris-
[<). Fr. cholere—L., Gr. cholera—Gr. chole, tianus—Gr. Christos.]
bile. Cf. E. Gall.] Christianise, krist'yan-Tz, v.t. to make Christian:
Cholera, kol'cr-a, «. a disease characterised by to convert to Christianity. [Christ.
bilious vomiting and purging. [Gr. cholera— Christianity, kris-ti-an'i-ti, n. the religion of
chole, bile.] [cholera. Christmas, kris'mas, n. an annual festival, orig. a
CholeralO, kol-er-alk, adj., of the nature of mass, in memory of the birth of Christ, held on
Choleric, kol'er-ik, adj. full of choler or anger : the 25th oi" December. [Christ and Mass. ]
petulant. Christmas-box, kris'mas-boks n. a box containing
Choose, choT5z, v.t. to take one thing in preference Christmas presents : a Christmas gift.
to another : to select.—v.i. to will or determine : ChristolOgy, kris-tol'0-ji. «. that branch of theo
—pa.t. chose; Pa.p. chOs'cn. [A.S. ceosan ; logy which treats of the nature and person of
cog. with Dut. kiesen, Goth, kiusan, to choose, Christ. [Gr. Christos, and logos, a discourse.]
and akin to L. gustare, to taste.] Chromatic, Icr6-mat'ik, adj. relating to colours:
Chop, chop, v.t. to cut with a sudden blow: to coloured : [music) proceeding by semitones.—
cut into small pieces.—v.i. to shift suddenly, as n.sing. Chromat'iGS, the science of colours.
the wind :—pr.p. chopp'ing ; pa.p. chopped'. [Gr. chrdmattkos—chr&tna, colour.]
[From a Low-Ger. root found in Dut. happen, Chrome, krom. Chromium, kro'mi-um, «. a metal
also in Ger. happen, to cut ; cf. Gr. koptd, from remarkable for the beautiful colours of its com
a root shap, to cut.] pounds.—adj. Chromic. [Gr. chrdma, colour.]
Chop, chop, «. a piece chopped off, csp. of meat Chronic, kron'ik, Chronical, kron'ik-al, adj.
Chop, chop, v.t. to exchange or barter: to put lasting along time: of a disease, deep-seated or
one thing in place of another :—Pr.p. chopp'ing; long-continued, as opp. to acute. [L. chronicus,
pa.p. chopped'. [M. E. copen—O. Dut. koopen, Gr. chronikos—chronos, time.]
to buy. Same root as Cheap.] Chronicle, kron'i-kl, n. a record of events in the
Chop, chop, n. the chap or jaw, generally used in order of time: a history.—v.t. to record in
pi. TSeu Chaps.] history.—n. Chronicler, a historian.
Chop-fallen, chop'-fawln, adj. [lit. ) having the chop Chronology, kron-ol'o-ii, «. the science of dates.
or lower jawfallen down : cast-down : dejected. —atljs. Chronologic, Chronolog ical - adv.
Chopper, chop'er, «. one who or that which chops. Chronologically.—ns. Chronol'oger, Chron-
Chopsticks, chop'stiks, n. two small sticks of Ol'Ogist. [Gr. chronos, time, logos, a discourse.]
wood, ivory, &c, used by the Chinese instead Chronometer, kron-om'c-ter, n. an instrument for
of a fork and knife. measuring time : a watch. —adjs. Chronomet'-
Choral, ko'ral, adj. belonging to a chorus or choir. ric, Chronomet'rical. [Gr. chronos, zndmetron,
Chord, kord, n. the string of a musical instrument : a measure.]
a combination of tones in harmony: {gcom.) a Chrysalis, kris'a-lis, n. the form, often gold-
straight line joining the extremities of an arc coloured, assumed by some insects before they
[L. chorda—Gr. cltorde, an intestine.) become winged.—//. Chrysalides (i-dC-z;. —adj.
Chorister, kor'ist-er, «. a member of a choir. Chrys'alld. [Gr. chrysallis—chrysos, g'»ld.]
Chorus, ko'rus, n. a band of singers and dancers, Chrysanthemum, kris-an'the-mum, n. (lit.) gold-
csp. in the Greek plays : a company of singers : Jltnver: a genus of composite plants to which
that which is sung by a chorus: the part of a belong the corn marigold and ox-eye daisy.
song in which the company join the singer. [L. TGr. chrysos, gold, anthemon, flower.]
chorus—Gr. choros, orig. a dance in a ring.] Chrysolite, kris'o-lTt, n. a stone of a yellowish
Chose, chuz. pa.t, and obs. pa.p. nf Choose. colour. [Gr. chrysos, and lithos, a stone.]
Chosen, chfiz'n, past Participle of Choose. Chrysoprase, kris'o-pniz, «. a variety of chal
Chough, chuf, «. a kind of jackdaw which fre cedony: (B. ) a yellowish-green stone, nature
quents rocky places and the sea-coast. [A.S. unknown. [Gr. chrysos, and prason, a leek.]
ceo: from the cry of the bird—Caw.] Chub, chub, n. a small fat river-fish. [Ety. dub.,
Chouse, chows, v.t. to defraud, cheat, or impose but same root as Chubby.] [Chubb iness.
upon.—«. one easily cheated : a trick. [Turk. Chubby, chub'i, adj. short and thick : plump —u.
ckiaus, a messenger or envoy. A chiaus sent Chuck, chuk, ». the call of a hen : a word of en
to England in 1609 committed gross frauds upon dearment.—v.i. to call as a hen. [Krom the
the Turkish merchants resident in Britain ; sound—a variety of Cluck.]
hence chouse, to act as this chiausdid, to defraud.] Chuck, chuk, v.t. to strike gently, to toss.—«. a
Chrism, krizm, «. consecrated or holy oil : unction. slight blow. [Fr. choquer, to jolt; allied to E.
[<) Fr. chresme, Yr.chrime—Gr. chris/na, from Shake.] [chickens: to caress.
chrid, chrisd, to anoint. Chuckle, chukl, v.t. to call, as a hen does her
fate, far ; mfi, her ; mine : mote ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Chuckle
Chuckle, chuk'l, v.t. to laugh in a quiet, suppressed
manner, indicating derision or enjoyment [See
Choke. ]
Chum, chum, n. a chamber-fellow. fPerh. a
mutilation of Comrade, or Chamber-fellow.]
Church, church, «. a house set apart for Christian
worship: the whole body of Christians: the
clergy: any particular sect or denomination of
Christians.—v.t. to perform with any one the
giving of thanks in church. [A.S. cine; Scot.
kirk; Ger. kirche; all from Gr. kyriakon, be
longing to the Lord—Kyrios, the Lord.]
Churchman, church'man, n. a clergyman or
ecclesiastic : a member of the Church of England.
Churchwarden, church-wawr'den, «. an officer
who represents the interests of a parish or
<-hurch : a long clay-pipe. (Church andWarden.]
Churchyard, chwrch'yard, «. the yard round the
church, where the dead are buried.
Churl, churl, k. an ill-bred, surly fellow. (A.S.
ceorl, a countryman ; Ice. karlt Ger. kerl, a man ;
Scot, car/.]
Churlish, churlish, adj. rude : surly : ill-bred.—
adv. Churlishly.—«. Churlishness.
Chum, churn, v.t. to shake violently, as cream
when making butter.—n. a vessel in which
cream is churned. [Ice. kima, a churn. Dut.
and Ger. kernen, to churn ; akin to Kern-el ; as
if to extract the essence or best part.]
Chose, chooz, v.t a form of Choose.
Chyle, kll, tt. a white fluid drawn from the food
while in the intestine* —adjs. Chyla'ceous,
Chyl'ous. [Fr.—Gr. chylos, juice—ched, to pour.]
ChyllfactlVO, kll-i-fak'tiv. atlj. having the power
to make chyle.—n. Chylilac'tion, or Chylinca'-
tion. [L. chylus, and/ado, to make.]
Chyme. kTm, «. the pulp to which the food is re
duced in the stomach.—adj. Chym'OUB. [Gr.
chymes, from ched.]
Chymificatlon, klm-i-fi-ka'shun, «. the act of
being formed into chyme. [L. chymus, and
facio, to make.]
Chymlst, Chymistry, now Chemist, Chemistry.
Cicada, si-ka'da, Cicala, si-ka'la, n. an insect
remarkable for the sound it produces.
Cicatrice, sik'a-tris [Fr.], Cicatrix, si-kil'triks
[L.], «. the scar over a wound after it is healed.
Cicatrise, sik'a-trlz, v.t. to help the formation of
a skin or cicatrix on a wound or ulcer by medi
cines.—7*./. to heal. [Fr. cicalriser.]
Cicerone, sis-e-rO'ne, n. one who shews strangers
the curiosities of a place: a guide. [It.—L.
Cicero, the Roman orator.] [Cicero.
Ciceronian, sis-e-roni-an, adj. relating to or like
Cider, slMcr, n. a drink made from apple-juice.—
n. Cl'derkin, an inferior cider. [Fr. cidre—L.
sicera—Gr. sikera, strong drink—Hcb. shakar,
to be intoxicated.]
CieLscl. Sec Ceil
Cigar, si-gar', «. a small roll of tobacco for smok
ing. [Sp. cigarro. a kind of tobacco in Cuba.]
Cigarette, sig-ar-et', «. a little cigar: a little
finely-cut tobacco rolled in paper for smoking.
Cilia, siH-a, «.//. hair-like appendages on the
edge of a vegetable body, or on an animal organ
or animalcule.—adjs. Ciliary, Ciliated, having
cilia. [L. cilium, pi. cilia, eyelids, eyelashes.]
Cimbric, sim'brik, adj. relating to the Cimbri, a
tribe originally from the north of Germany.
Clmeter, sim'c-ter. See Scimitar.
Cimmerian, sim-C'ri-an, adj. relating to the Cim-
merit, a tribe fabled to have lived in perpetual
darkness: extremely dark.
Cinchona, sin-ko'na, n. the bark of a tree that
fate, far ; m£, her ; mine ;
Circumambient
grows in Peru, from which Quinine is extracted,
a valuable medicine for ague : also called Peru
vian bark. [Said to be so named from the
Countess del Cinchon, but prob. from kinakina,
the native word for bark.]
Cincture, singk'tux. n. a girdle or belt : a mould
ing round a column.—adj. Cinc tured, having a
cincture. [L. cinctura—dngo, ductus, to gird.]
Cinder, sin'der, «. the refuse of binned coals :
anything charred by fire. [A.S. sinder, scoria;,
slag. The c instead of s is owing to Fr.
cendre, a wholly unconnected word, which comes
from L. ctttis, cineris, ashes.]
Cindery, sin'der-i, adj., like orcomposed of'cinders*
Cinerary, sin'er-ar-i, adj. pertaining to ashes.
Cineration, sin-er-a'shun, «. the act of reducing
to iishcs. [L. dnis, cineris.]
Cinnabar, sin'a-bar, n. sulphuret of mercury,
called vermilion when used as a pigment. [L.
cinnabaris, Gr. kinnabad, a dye, known as
dragon's blood, from Pcrs.]
Cinnamon, sin'a-mon, «. the spicy bark of a laurel
in Ceylon. [L. dnnamomum—Heb. Hnnamon.]
Cinque, singk, «. the niimberyfrv. [Fr.]
Clnque-foil, singk'-foil, «. the five-bladed clover.
[Fr. cinque, andfeuille, L.folium, Gr. phylion,
a leaf.]
Cipher, sT*fer, n. (adth.) the character 0: any of
the nine figures: anything of little value: an
interweaving of the initials of a name : a secret
kind of writing.—v.i. to work at arithmetic.
[O. Fr. cifre, Fr. chiffre—Ar. nfr, empty.]
Circassian, ser-kash'yan, adj. belonging to Cir*
cassia, a country on the north of Mount Cau
casus.
Circean, ser-sc'an, adj. relating to the fabled
Circe, who by magic potions changed her guests
into animals : poisonous, delusive, fatal.
Circle, serkl, n. a plane figure bounded by a line
every point of which is equally distant from a
point in the middle called the centre : the line
which bounds the figure : a ring : a series ending
where it began : a company surrounding the
principal person.—v.t to move round: to en
compass.—v.t. to move in a circle. [A.S. circul,
from L. circulus, dim. of circus, Gr. kirkos or
krikos, a circle ; allied to A.S. hdng, a ring—
root kar, to move in a circle.]
Circlet, serklet, n. a little circle.
Circuit, serTcit, «. the act of moving round: that
which encircles : a round made in the exercise
of a calling, especially the round made by the
judges for holding the courts of law. [Fr.—L.
circuitus—circueo, to go round—circntn, round,
eo, Hum, to go.] [Circultously.
Circuitous, scr-ku'it-us, adj. round about.—adv.
Circular, serlcu-lar, adj. round : ending in itself:
addressed to a circle of persons.—Circular
notes are a kind of bank-note issued for the
convenience of travellers.—n. a note sent round
to a circle or number of persons.—adv. Cir'CU-
larly.—«. Circularity.
Circulate, serlcu-ljt, v.t. to make to go round as
in a circle: to spread.—v.i, to move round : to
be spread about. [L. circulo, circulatus.]
Circulation, ser-kfi-lfi'shun, «. the act of moving
in a circle, or of going and returning : the
money in use at any time in a country.
Circulatory, scrltu-la-tor-i, adj. circular: circu
lating.
Circumambient, ser-kum-amb'i-ent, adj., going
round about ; surrounding. [L. circum, about,
ambio, to go round—ambi, Gr. am/hi, around,
and co, to go.]
mOte ; mike ; mdon ; Men. 73
 Circumambulate Clairvoyance
Circumambulate, scr-kum-amTjui-at, v.t. to walk the Romans) of the Alps, that is. on the south
round about.—h, Glrcumambula'tloa. [L. side. [L. cis, on this side, and Alpine.]
ambulo, ambulatus, to walk.] Cist, sist, h. a tomb consisting of a stone chest
Circumcise, ser'kum-siz, v.t. to cut off the fore covered with stone slabs. [See Chest, Cyst. J
skin according to the Jewish law. [L. circum- Cistern, sis'tcrn, «. any receptacle for holding
cido, circumctsus—ordo, to cut] water or other liquid : a reservoir. [L. cisterna,
Circumcision, ser-kum-sizh'un, «. the act of cir from cista, a chest]
cumcising. Clt, sit, n. shortened from citizen, and used as a
Circumference, scr-kum'fcr-ens, «. the boundary- term of contempt. [See Citizen.]
line of any round body : the line surrounding Citadel, sit'a-del, «. a fortress in or near a city.
anything.—adj. Circumferential. [L./ero, to [It. citladella, dim. of cittA, a city. See City.]
carry. ] {circumflex. Citation, sl-ta'shun, n. an official summons to
Circumflect, scrlcum-flekt, v.t. to mark with a appear : the act of quoting : the passage or name
Circumflex, scVkum-fleks, n. an accent (a) denot quoted.
ing a rising andfalling of the voice on a vowel Cite, sit, v.t. to call or summon : to summon to
or syllable. {L.JIecto, fiexns, to bend.] answer in court: to quote: to name. [L cito,
Circumfluent, ser-kum'noo-eut, adj., Jlowing to call, intensive of cteo, cio, to make to go, to
round about. [L. Jluens,Jluentis, flowing.] I rouse.]
Clrcumfuse, ser-kum-fuz', v.t. to pour around. Cithern, sith'ern, Cittern, sit'ern, n. a musical in
Clrcumfu'slon. [h./undo,jitsus, to pour.] strument like the guitar. [A.S. cytere — h. cith-
Circumjacent, ser-kum-ji'sent, adj., lyingroundl ara- Gr. kithara. A doublet of Guitar. J
bordering on every side. [L. jacetts, lying— Citizen, sit'i-zen, n. an inhabitant of a city: a
jaceo, to lie.) member of a state : a townsman : a freeman. —
Circumlocution, ser-kum-lo-kii'shun, «., round u. Citizenship, the rights of a citizen. [M.E.
about speaking: a manner of expression in which citesein—O. Fr. citeain. See City.]
more words are used than are necessary.—adj. Citron, sit'run, n. the fruit of the citron-tree, re
ClroumlOC'utory. [L. loquor, loattus, to speak. | sembling a lemon. [Fr.—L. citrus—Gr. kitron,
Circumnavigate, scr-kum-nav'i-gat, v.t. to sail \ a citron.]
round.—n. Circumnaviga tion. [See Navi- j City, sit'i, *. a large town : a town with a corpora
gate. ] [who sails round. | tion. [Fr. citi", a city—L. civitas, the state—
Circumnavigator, ser-kum-nav'i-giit-or, «., one i civis. a citizen ; akin to L. quus, quiet, £. Hive
Circumscribe, ser-kum-skrlb', v.t. to draw a line 1 and Home.]
round: to inclose within certain limits. [L. j Clves, sivz, «. a plant of the leek and onion genus
scribo, to write.] [tion : the line that limits. ' growing in tufts. [Fr. cive—L. carpa, an onion.]
Circumscription, ser-kum-skrip'shun, «. limita- Civet, siv'et, n. a perfume obtained from the civet
Circuraspect, ser'kum-spekt, adj., looking round i or civet-cat, a small carnivorous animal of N.
on all siites watchfully: cautious: prudent. — , Africa. [Fr. civette—Pix. zabadj]
adv. Circumspectly.—«. Clr'cumspectness. j Civic, siv'ik, adj. pertaining to a city or a citizen.
[L. specio, sftectum, to look.] [L. civicus—civis,\
Circumspection, ser-kum-spek'shun, n. watch Civil, siv'il, adj. pertaining to the community ;
fulness : caution. having the refinement of city-bred people ;
Circumstance, serTcum-stans, n. something at polite : commercial, not military : lay, not eccle
tendant upon another thing: an accident or siastical.—Civil engineer, one who plans rail
event.—//, the state of one's affairs. [I* stans, ways, docks, &c, as opp. to a military engi
stautis, standing—sto, to stand.] neer, or to a mechanical engineer, who makes
Circumstantial, scr-kum-stan'shal, adj. consisting machines, &c.—Civil list, now embraces only
of details: minute.—adv. Circumstantially.— the expenses of the sovereign's household.—
Circumstantial evidence, evidence not positive Civil service, the paid service of the state, in
or direct, but which is gathered indirectly from so far as it is not military or naval.—Civil war,
the circumstances of a case. [dentals. a war between citizens of the same state. —adv.
Circumstantials, ser-kum-stan'shals, n.pl. inci- Civ illy. [L. civilis—civis. \
Circumstantlate, ser-kum-stan'shi-at, v.t. to Civilian, siv-il'yan, n. a professor or student of
prove by circumstances : to describe exactly. civil law (not canon law) : one engaged in
Circumvallation, ser-kum-val-a'shun, «. a sur civil as distinguished from military and other
rounding with a wall; a wall or fortification pursuits. [civilised.
surrounding a town or fort. [L. vadium, an Civilisation, siv-il-i-za'shun, «. the state of being
earthen rampart or wall.] Civilise, siv'ii-Iz, v.t. to reclaim from barbarism:
Circumvent, ser-kum-vent', v.t. to come round to instruct in arts and refinements.
or outwit a person : to deceive or cheat. — «. Clr- Civility, siv-il'i-ti, w. good-breeding: politeness.
cumven'tlon. [L. venio, to come.] Clack, klak, v.i. to make a sudden sfoirp noise as
Circumventive, ser-kum-vent'iv, adj. deceiving by striking.—«. a sharp sudden sound frequently
by artifices. repeated. [From the sound.]
Circumvolution, ler-lcum-vol-D'shun, «. a turning Clad, klad, pad. and pa.p. of Clothe.
or rolling round: anything winding or sinuous. Claim, klam, v.t. to call /or: to demand as a
[L. voevo. volutitm, to roll.) right.—n. a demand for something supposed due :
Circus, ser'kus, «. a circular building for the exhi right or ground for demanding: the thing
bition of games: a place for the exhibition of claimed. [O. Fr. claimer—L. clamo, to call out,
feats of horsemanship. [L. circus; cog. with from calo, tog. with Gr. haled, to call.]
Gr. kirkos, A.S. kring, a ring.] Claimable, klam'a-bl, adj. that may be claimed.
Cirrous, sir'us, adj., Movinga curl or tendril. Claimant, klfun'ant, n. one who makes a claim.
CllTUS, sir'us n- tnc highest form of cloud consist Clairvoyance, klar-voi'ans, «. the alleged power
ing of curling fibres: (bot.) a tendril : [zool.) any of seeing things not present to the senses. [Fr.
curled filament. [L., curled hair.] —clair—L- clartts, clear, and Fr. voir—L.
Cisalpine, sis-alp'in or -alp'Tn, adj., on this side (to video, to see.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mCOii ; Men.
 Clairvoyant
Clairvoyant, klar-voi'ant, n. one who professes
clairvoyance.
Clam, klam, v.t. to clog with sticky matter:—
pr.p. damm'ing ; pa.p. clammed'. [A.S. ciam,
clay: a variety of lam. Loam.] [nestly.
Clamant, klam ant, a<tj., calling aloud or ear-
Clamber, klam'ber, v.i. to climb with difficulty,
grasping with the hands and feet. [From root
of Clump ; cf. Ger. klammem—klemmen, to
squeeze or hold tightly.]
Clammy, klam'i, adj. sticky : moist and adhesive.
—«. Clamminess.
Clamorous, klam'or-us, adj. noisy: boisterous.—
adv. Clam'oroualy.—«. Clam'orousness.
Clamour, klam'or, «. a loud continuous outcry :
uproar.—v.i. to cry aloud in demand : to make
a loud continuous outcry. [L. clamor.]
Clamp, klamp, n. a piece of timber, iron, &c-, used
to lasten things together or to strengthen any
framework.—v.i. to bind with clamps. [From
a root, seen in A.S. clom, a bond, Dut. klamp,
a clamp, and akin to E. Clip, Climb.]
Clan, klan, n. a tribe or collection of families sub
ject to a single chieftain, bearing the same sur
name, and supposed to have a common ancestor :
a clique, sect, or body of persons. [Gael, clann,
Ir. clann or clanii, offspring, tribe.]
Clandestine, klan-des'tin, adj., concealed or hid
den: private: unlawful: sly. —adv. Clandes
tinely. [L. clandestinus—clam, secretly, from
root kal, seen also in celo, to conceal.]
Clang, klang, v.i. to produce a sharp ringing
sound.—v.t. to cause to clang.—«. a sharp,
ringing sound, like that made by metallic sub
stances struck together. [L. clango ; Gcr.
klang: formed from the sound.]
Clangour, klang'gur, n. a clang: a sharp, shrill,
harsh sound. [L. clangor.]
Clank, klangk, «. a sharp sound, less prolonged
than a clang, such as is made by a chain-—v.t.
or v.i. to make or cause a clank.
Clannish, klan'ish, adj. closely united like the
members of a clan.—adv. Clann'lshly.—«.
Clann'lshness. [under a chieftain.
Clanship, klan'ship, n. association of families
Clansman, klanz'man, n. a member of a clan.
Clap, klap, n. the noise made by the sudden strik
ing together of two things, as the hands : a sud
den act or motion: a burst ot sound.—v.t. to
strike together so as to make a noise : to thrust
or drive together suddenly : to applaud with the
hands.—v.i- to strike the hands together: to
strike together with noise '.—pr.p. clapp'ing ;
Pa.p. clapped'. [Ice. klappa, to pat; Dut. and
Gcr. Happen: formed from the sound.]
Clapper, klap'er, n.t one ivho claps: t/tat which
claps, as the tongue of a beiL
Clap-trap, klap'-trap, k. a trick to gain applause.
Clare-obscure, klar-ob-skur', Chlaro-oscuro, ki-
ar'O-os-koo'ro, «., clear-obscure : light and shade
in painting. [Fr. clair -L. clarus, clear, and
Fr. obscur—'L, obsenna, obscure; It. chiaro,
clear, oscuro, obscure.]
Claret, klar^et, n. orig. applied to wines of a light
or clear red colour, but now used in England
for the dark-red wines of Bordeaux. [Fr. clairet
—clair— Y,. clarus, clear.] [purifies.
Clarifier, klar'i-fi-er, n. that which clarifies or
Clarify, klar'i-ft, v.t. to make clear.—v.t. to be
come clear :—pr.p. clarifying ; pa.p. clarified.—
it. Clarifica'tion. [L. clarus, clear, and Jacio,
to make. J
Clarion, klar'i-on, n. a kind of trumpet whose note
is clear and shrill. [Fr. clairon—clair, clear.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Claymore
Clarionet, kWi-on-et, Clarinet, klart-net, n. a
wind instrument of music sounded by means of
a reed fixed to the mouthpiece. [Fr. clarinette,
dim. of clairon.]
Clash, klash, n. a loud noise, such as is caused by
the striking together of weapons: opposition:
contradiction. —v.i. to dash noisily together: to
meet in opposition : to act in a contrary direc
tion.—v.t. to strike noisily against. [Formed
from the sound, like Ger. and Sw. kfktsck.]
Clasp, klasp, «. a hook for fastening : an embrace.
—v.t. to faster with a clasp: to inclose and
hold in the hand or arms : to embrace : to twine
round. [M. E. elapse, from the root of A.S.
clyppan, to embrace. See Clip.]
Clasper, klasp'er, «., that which clasps: the ten
dril of a plant.
Clasp-knife, klasp'-nlf, n. a knife, the blade of
which is clasped by, or folds into, the handle.
Class, klas, h. a rank or order of persons or things :
a number of students or scholars who are taught
together : a scientific division or arrangement.
—v.t. to form into a class or classes; to
arrange methodically. [Fr. classe—L. classic,
orig. a rank or order of the Roman people
when called together, from a root kal-, seen in
L. calare, clamare, to call, Gr. kaled, klesis.]
Classic, klas'ik, Classical, klas'ik-al, adj. of the
highest class or rank, especially in literature :
originally and chiefly used of the best Greek
and Roman writers : (as opp. to romantic) like in
style to the authors of Greece and Rome : chaste :
refined.—Classics, n.pl. Greek, Roman, and
modern writers of the first rank, or their works.
—adv. Classically.
Classicality, klas-ik-afi-ti, Classicalness, klas'ik-
al-nes n. the quality of being classical.
Classification, Idas-i-fi-ka'shtin, n. act of forming
into classes.
Classify, klas'i-fi, v.t. to make or form into
classes: to arrange:—Pr.p. classifying ; Pa.p.
classified. [L. classts, andjacio, to make.]
Classman, klas'man, n. one who has gained
honours of a certain class at the Oxford exami
nations : opp. to passman.
Clatter, klat'er, ». a repeated confused rattling
noise: a repetition of abrupt, sharp sounds.—
v.i. to make rattling sounds: to rattle with the
tongue : to talk last and idly.—v.t. to strike so
as to produce a rattling. [Acc. to Skeat, clatter
— clacker, a freq. ot Clack.]
Clause, klawz, «. a sentence or part of a sentence :
an article or part of a contract, will; &c. [Fr.
clause—L. clausus—claudo, to shut, inclose.]
Clave, klav—did cleave—past tense of Cleave.
Clavicle, klav'i-kl, «. the collar-bone, so called
from its resemblance to a Roman key. [Fr.
ciavicule—L. clavicula, dim. of clavis, a key.J
Clavicular, kla-vik'u-lar, adj. pertaining to the
clavicle.
Claw, klaw, « the hooked nail of a beast or bird :
the whole foot of an animal with hooked nails :
anything like a claw. —v.t. to scratch or tear as
with the claws or nails : to tickle. [A.S. clawu;
cog. with Ger. klaue: akin to Cleave, to stick
or hold on.]
Clay, Ida, n. a tenacious ductile earth : earth in
general.—7'./. to purify with clay, as sugar.
[A.S. cla'g; cog. with Dan. klag, Dut. klai,
Ger. klei : conn, with Clag, Clog, Clew, L.
gluten, Gr. glia, glue ; and Glue ]
Clayey, klai, adj. consisting or or like clay.
Claymore, kla'morj «. a large sword formerly
used by the Scottish Highlanders. [Gael, claid-
mote; mute; mOSo ; then. 7fi
 Clean
heamk-mor—Gael, and Ir. daidheamh, sword,
and mar, great : cf. L. gladius, a sword.]
Clean, klcn, adj. free from stain or whatever
defiles: pure: guiltless: neat. —adv. quite:
entirely: cleverly.—v.t. to make clean, or free
from dirt.—«. Cleanness. [A.S. clone: W.,
Gael. gtan, shine, polish ; Ger. k/ein, small.]
Cleanly, klen'li, adj. clean in habits or person :
pure : nfat.—adv. in a cleanly manner.—n.
Cleanliness.
Cleanse, klenz, v.t. to make dean or pure.
Clear, kler, adj. pure, bright, undimmed : free
from obstruction or difficulty : plain, distinct :
without blemish, defect, drawback, or diminu
tion : conspicuous.—adv. in a clear manner :
plainly: wholly: quite.—v.t. to make clear: to
free from obscurity, obstruction, or guilt : to free,
acquit, or vindicate : to leap, or pass by or over :
to make profit.—v.i. to become clear: to grow
free, bright, or transparent.—n. Clearness.
[Fr. ciair—L. darns, clear, loud.]
Clearance, kleVans, «., act ofclearing: a certifi
cate that a ship has been cleared at the custom
house—that is, has satisfied all demands and
procured permission to sail.
Clearing, kleVing, «. a tract of land cleared of
wood, &c., for cultivation.
Clearing;, kicking, «. a method by which banks
and railway companies clear ox arrange certain
affairs which mutually concern them. —Clear
inghouse, a place in London where such clear
ing business is done. [tinctly.
Clearly, klerli. adv., in a clear manner: dis-
Cleavage, klev'aj, «. act or manner of cleaving or
splitting.
Cleave, klfiv, v.t. to divide, to split: to separate
with violence.—v.i. to part asunder: to crack :
Pr.p. cleaving ; pa. t. clflve or cleft : P&-P- clov'en
or cleft. [A.S. clcqfan; cog. with Ger. klieben.]
Cleave, klev, v.i. to stick or adhere: to unite :—
pr.p. cleav'ing: pad. cleaved' or clave; pa.p.
cleaved'. [A.S. difiani cog. with Ger. kleben,
Dut. kleven. See Clay.]
Cleaver, klever, «. the person or thing that
cleaves: a butcher's chopper.
Clef, kief, ft. a character in music which deter
mines the key or position on the scale of the
notes that follow it. [Fr., from L. clavis, the
root of which is seen also in L. daiulere, to
shut, Gr. kleis, a key.]
Cleft, kleft, in B., Clift, n. an opening made by
cleaving or splitting : a crack, fissure, or chink.
Clematis, klcm'a-tis, n. a creeping plant, called
also virgins bmver and traveller's joy. [Low
L.—Gr. klematis—ktema, a twig.]
Clemency, klcm'en-si, n. the quality of being
clement .* mildness : readiness to forgive.
Clement, klem'cnt, adj. mild : gentle : kind :
merciful. —adv. Clem'ently. (Fr. — L. den-tens.]
Clench, klensh. Same as Clinch,
Clepsydra, klep'si-dra, n. an instrument used
by the Greeks and Romans for measuring
time by the trickling of water, as if by stealth,
through a very small orifice. [L.—Gr. klepsydra
—k/epld, k/epso, to steal, hyddr, water.]
Clergy, kleVji, «. the body of ministers of religion.
[Fr. derge"—Low h.clericia ; from Late L cleri-
cus, Gr. klerikos, from Gr. kliros, a lot, then the
clergy ; because the Lord was the lot or inherit
ance of the Levites (Dcut. xviii. 2), or because
the church was the inheritance of the Lord
(1 Peter v. 3), the name being thence applied
to the clergy. ]
Clergyman, kler'ji-man, «. one of the clergy, a
76 fate, far ; m£, her ; mine ;
Clink
man regularly ordained to preach the gospel,
and administer its ordinances,
Cleric, kleKik, Clerical, Ider'ik-al, adj. belonging
to the clergy: pertaining to a clerk or writer.
Clerk, klJirk, n. {orig.) a clergyman or priest: a
scholar : one who reads the responses in the
English Church service : in common use, one
employed as a writer or assistant in an office.—
«. Clerkship. [A.S. derc, a priest—Late L.
clericus. Sec Clergy.)
Clever, klev'er, adj. able or dexterous : ingenious :
skilfully done.—-adv. Cleverly.—n. Clever
ness. [Ety. dub.]
Clew. kloO, «. a ball of thread, or the thread in it :
a thread that guides through a labyrinth : any
thing that solves a mystery : the corner of a
sail.—z'-t. to truss or tie up sails to the yards.
[A.S. cliivc; prob akin to L. glomus, a ball of
thread, and globus, a sphere, from root of
Cleave, to adhere. See Globe.]
Click, klik, «. a short, sharp clack or sound : any
thing that makes such a sound, as a small piece
of iron falling into a notched wheel.—v i. to
make a light, sharp sound. [Dim. of Clack.]
Client, klT'ent, «. one who employs a lawyer : a
dependent.—«. Cli'entshlp. [Fr.—L. cliens, for
cluens, one who hears or listens (to advice), from
dfteo, to hear.]
Cliff, klif, n. a high steep rock : the steep side of
a mountain. [Perh. akin to Climb.]
Cllft. Same as Cleft
Climacteric, klim-ak'ter-ik or klim-ak-ter'ik, «. a
critical period in human life, in which some
great
esp. thebodily
grandchange
is supposed to takeyear.—•
place,
climacteric or sixty-third
adjs. Climac teric, Climacteric, Climactor'-
leal. [Gr. klimaktet—klimajc, a ladder.]
Climate, kll'rnat, n. the condition of a country or
place with regard to temperature, moisture, &c.
[Fr.—L. dima, climatis—Gr. kitma, klimatos,
slope—klino, to make to slope, akin to E. Lean.]
Climatic, kll-mafik, Climatical, klT-mat'ik-al,
adj. relating to, or limited by a climate.
Climatise, kll ma-tlz,7'.^.orzM'. Sec Acclimatise.
Climatology, kll-ma-tol'o-ji, t/te scietue of
climates, or an investigation of the causes on
which the climate of a place depends. [Gr.
klinta, and logos, discourse.]
Climax, kli'maks, «. in Rhetoric, the arranging
of the particulars of a portion of discourse so as
to rise in strength to the last. [Gr. klimax, a
ladder or staircase—from klind, to slope.]
Climb, kllm, v.i. or v.t. to ascend or mount up by
clutching with the hands and feet ; to ascend
with difncultv. [A.S. din/ban: Ger. ktimmen;
conn, with Clamber and Cleave, to stick.]
Clime, klTm, n. a country, region, tract. [A
variety of Climate.]
Clinch, klinsh, v.t. to fasten or rivet a nail : to
grasp tightly : to settle or confirm. [Causal
form of klink, to strike smartly ; Dut. and Ger.
klinken, to rivet a bolt.] [argument.
Clincher, klinsh'er, n. one that clinches ; a decisive
Cling, kling, 7'.i. to adhere or slick close by wind
ing round : to adhere in interest or affection :—
Pa.t. and pa.p. clung. [A.S. clingan, to shrivel
up, to draw together.]
Clinic, klin'ik. Clinical, klin'ik-al, ad/, pertain
ing to a bed: {mcd.) applied to instruction
given in hospitals at the bedside of the patient.
[Gr. klinikos—klinc, a bed, from klind, to
recline.]
Clink, klingk, n. a ringing sound made by the
striking together of sounding bodies.—v.t. to
mote ; mute ; motm ; then.
 Clinker
cause to make a ringing sound. —v.i. to ring or
jingle. [A form ol Click and Clank.]
Clinker, klink'cr, m. the cinder or slag formed in
furnaces : brick burned so hard that, when
struck, it makes a sharp and ringing sound.
Clip, klip, v.t. to cut by making the blades of
shears meet : to cut off: formerly, to debase the
coin by cutting off the edges \—fr.p» clipp'ing ;
pa.p. clipped'. (From the root of Ice. klippa,
to cut, and allied to A. S. clyppan, to embrace,
to draw closely.]
Clip, klip, ». the thing clipped off, as the wool
that has been shorn off sheep.
Clipper, klip'er, tt.,one that clips: a sharp-built,
fast-sailing vessel.
Clipping, kiip'ing, n. the act of cutting, esp.
debasing coin by cutting off the edges : the
thing clipped off.
Clique, kick, «. a group of persons in union for a
purpose: a party or faction: a gang :—used
generally in a bad sense. [Fr., prob. from root
of click, and so — a noisy conclave.]
Cloak, Cloke, klolc, ». a loose outer garment : a
covering : that which conceals : a disguise, pre
text.—v.t. to clothe with a cloak : to cover : to
conceal. [Old Fr. deque—Low L. cloca, a bell,
also a horseman's cape, because be11-shaped,
from root of Clock.]
Clock, klok, «. a machine for measuring time, and
which marks the time by the position of its
' hands' upon the dial-plate, or by the striking
of a hammer on a bell. [Word widely diffused,
as A.S. clucga, Gael, clog, Ger. glocke, Fr.
cloche, and all = a bell ; the root is doubtful.]
Clockwork, klok'wurk, n. the -works or ma
chinery of a clock; machinery like that of a
clock.
Clod, klod, n. a thick round mass or lump, that
cleaves or sticks together, especially of earth or
turf : the ground : a stupid fellow '-—Pr-P* clodd'-
ing: pa.fi. clodd'ed. [A later form of Clot.]
Clodhopper, klod'hop-er, ft. a country-man ; a
peasant : a dolt. [Clod and Hopper.]
Clodpate. klod'pat, ClodpOll, klod'pOl, «. one with
a head like a clod, a stupid fellow. [Clod and
Pate, PolL]
Clog, klog, v.t. to accumulate in a mass and
cause a stoppage : to obstruct : to encumber :—
pr.p. clogg'mg ; Pa.p. clogged'.—n. anything
hindering motion : an obstruction : a shoe with
a wooden sole. [Akin to Scot, clag, to cover
with mud, claggy, sticky; from root of Clay.]
Cloister, klois'ter, «. a covered arcade forming
part of a monastic or collegiate establishment: a
place of religious retirement, a monastery or
nunnery.—v. t. to confine in a cloister : to confine
within walls. 10. Fr. cloistre, Fr. clottre (A.S.
clauster)—L. claustrum—claudo, clausum, to
close, to shut.]
Clolsteral, klois'ter-al. Cloistral, klois'tral, old
form Claustral, kluws'tral, adj. pertaining to or
confined to a cloister ; secluded.
Cloistered, klois'terd, adj. dwelling in cloisters:
solitary : retired from the world.
Clomb, klom, old past tense of Climb.
Close, klos, adj., shut up: with no opening : con
fined, unvcntilated : narrow : near, in time or
place : compact : crowded : hidden : reserved.—
adv. in a close manner : nearly : densely.—ft. an
inclosed place : a small inclosed field : a narrow
passage of a street.—adv. Closely.—«. Close'-
ness [Fr. clos, shut—Pa.p. of clore, from
L. claudcrc, clausus, to shut.]
Close, klflz, v.t. to make close: to draw together
fate, far ; me, h4r ; mine ;
Club
and unite: to finish.—v.t. to grow together: to
come to an end.—n. the manner or time of clos
ing : a pause or stop : the end.
Closet, kloz'et, n. a small private room : a recess
off a room.—v.t. to shut up in, or take into a
closet : to conceal '.—Pr.p. clos'eting ; Pa.p.
clos'eted. [O. Fr. closet, dim. oiclos. See Close.]
Closure, kloz'ur, «. the act of closing ; that which
closes. _
Clot, klot, ft. a mass of soft or fluid matter con
creted, as blood.—v.t. to form into clots: to
coagulate:—Pr.p. clott'ing ',Pa.p. clott'ed. [M.E.
clot, a clod of earth ; cog. with Ice. klot, a
ball. Dan. klode, a globe ; from root of Clew.
See Cleave, to stick, adhere.]
Cloth, kloth, //. Cloths, n. woven material from
which garments or coverings are made : the
clerical profession, from their wearing black
cloth. [A.S. clath, cloth, clathas, clothes, gar
ments ; Ger. kleid, Ice. kltedi, a garment.]
Clothe, kl5r/i, v.t. to cover with clothes: to pro
vide with clothes: IJig.) to invest, as with a
garment :—pr.p. cloth'ing ; pa.t. and Pa.p.
clothed' or clad.
Clothes, kloY/tz {colloq. klozj, n.pl. garments or
articles of dress. [cloths or clothes.
Clothier, kloM'i-er, «. one who makes or sells
Clothing, kloM'ing, «., clothes: garments.
Cloud, klowd, «. a mass of watery vapour floating
in the air : {Jig.) a great volume of dust or
smoke. —v.t. to overspread with clouds : to
darken : to stain with dark spots or streaks.—
v.i. to become clouded or darkened. [A. S. dud,
a hill, then, a cloud, the root idea being a mass
or ball. Clod and Clot are from the same root.]
Cloudless, klowd'Ics, adj. unclouded, in any sense.
—adv. Cloudlessly.
Cloudlet, klowd'let, ». a little cloud.
Cloudy, klowd'i, adj. darkened with, or consisting
of clouds: obscure : gloomy : stained with dark
spots.—adv. Cloudily.—n. Cloud iness.
Clough, kiuf, n. a deft in a rock, or the side of a
hill. [A doublet of Cleft ; Scot, cleugh.]
Clout, klowt, n. a small piece of cloth : a piece of
cloth sewed on clumsily ; a rag.—v.t. to ntend
with a patch : to mend clumsily. [A.S. dut,
from W. chvt, a patch.]
Clove, kl6v, pa.t. of Cleave, to split
Clove, klOv, ft. a pungent, aromatic spice, the
uncxpanded flower-bud (so called from its re
semblance to a nail) of the clove-tree, a native
of the Moluccas. [Sp. clavo—L. claims, a nail ]
Cloven, klov'n, pa.p. ol Cleave, to divide, or adj.
divided : parted.—adjs. Cloven footed, Cloven-
hoofed, having the foot parted or divided.
Clove-pink, klOv'-pingk, «. the clove gillyflower
or carnation pink, which has an odour like that
of cloves.
Cloverj kloVer, «. a species of grass in which the
leaf is divided into three lobes. [A.S. clajer,
perh. from cleo/an, to cleave.]
Clown, klown, n. a rustic or country-fellow : one
with the rough manners of a country-man : a
fool or buffoon. [Ety. dub.]
Clownish, klown'ish, adj. of or like a clown :
coarse and awkward : rustic. —adv. Clown'ishly.
~n. Clown'ishness.
Cloy, kloi, v.t. to fill to loathing: to glut or
satiate :—pr.p. cloy'ing ; Pa.p. cloyed'. [O. Fr.
doyer, Fr. ctouer, to drive a nail into, to spike
or stop, as a gun, from L. clavus, a nail.]
Club, klub, n. an association of persons for the
promotion of a common object, as literature,
politics, pleasure, &c.—v.i. to join together
mote ; mute ; mCDn ; Men. 77
 Club Cochleary
for some common end : to share in a common Coalitionist, kO-al-ish'un-ist, «. one of a coalition.
expense :—Pr.p. clubbing ; pa p. clubbed'. Coaly. kOl'i, adj. of or like coal.
[From root of Clump, a club being a clump of Coarse, kors, adj. rough : rude : uncivil : gross.
people. J —adv. Coarsely.—//. Coarse ness [Orig.
Club, klub, H. a heavy tapering stick, knobby or written Course : from being used in the phrase,
massy at one end, used to strike with : a cudgel : ' in course,' it came to mean ordinary, common
one of the four suits of cards icalled in Sp. place. ]
basics, cudgels or clubs). [Ice. and Sw. klubba; Coast, kost, n. side or border of land next the
same rogt as Clump. | sea : the sea-shore : limit or border of a country.
Club-foot, klub'-foot, «. a short, deformed foott —v.i. to sail along or near a coast. —v.t. to sail
like a club.—adj. Club'-fbot'ed. by or near to. LFr. cdte for coste—h. costa, a
Club-lav, klub'-law, n. government by violence. rib, side.] [coast.
Club-nLOSS, klub'-mos. «. a moss with scaly leaves Coaster, kost'er, ft. a vessel that sails along tlie
and stems like a club. Coastguard, kust'gard, ft. a body of men organ
Cluck, kluk, ». the call of a hen to- her chickens. ised 10 act as a guard along the coast, orig.
—v.i. to make the sound of a hen when calling intended to prevent smuggling.
on her chickens. [From the sound, like Dut. Coastwise, kost'wiz, adv. along the coast. [Coast
klokken, Ger. glucken, to cluck.] and Wise.]
Clue. See Clew. Coat, kot, n. a kind of outer garment : the hair
Clump, klump, «. a thick, short, shapeless piece or wool of a beast : vesture or habit : any cover
of anything : a cluster of trees or shrubs. [Prub. ing : a membrane or layer : the ground on which
E., but cog. with Ger. and Dan. klump, a ensigns armorial are portrayed, usually called a
lump ; from root of O. Ger. klimpfen, to press coat of arms.—v.t. to cover with a coat or
together, conn, with Clamp. Club.] layer. [Fr. cotte—Low L. coitus, cotta. a tunic ;
Clumsy, kluin'zi, adj. shapeless : ill-made : awk from root of Ger. kotzc, a matted covering : akin
ward : ungainly.—adv. Clum'sily.—«. Clum'si- to E. cot, a hut.) [flaps.
Xiess. [M. E. clutnsen, to be stiff or benumbed ; Coatee, kat-e, «. a little coat : a coat with short
akin to Clam.] Coating, kot'ing, «, a covering : cloth for coats.
Clung, klung—did cling—pal. and pa.fi. ofCling. Coax, kuks, v.t. to persuade by fomlfng, or flattery :
Cluster, klus'ter, ». a number of things of the to humour or soothe.—adv. Coax'ingly. [M. fcl.
same kind growing or joined together : a bunch : cokes, a simpleton ; prob. from W. cocg, empty,
a mass. —v.i. to grow or gather into clusters. — foolish. See Cog.]
i'.t. to collect into clusters. [A.S. cluster ; Ice. Cob, kob, n. a head of maize : a thick strong
klastr, from the root klib, seen in A.S. cli/tan, pony. [W. cob; cf. Dut. kop, Ger. hop/, the
to adhere.] top, head.]
Clutch, kluch, v.t. to setae or grasp. — n. a grasp Cobalt, ko'bawlt, n. a brittle, reddish-gray metal,
or grip : seizure.—//. Clutches, the hands or usually found combined with arsenic and other
paws: cruelty: rapacity. [M. E. cloche, cloke, minerals. [Ger. kobalt. from kobold. a demon,
claw, grasp; Scot, cleik ; from root of A.S. a nickname given by the German miners, because
gelipccan, to catch, whence Latch.] they supposed it to be a mischievous and hurtful
Clutter, khu'er, a form of Clatter. metal ; from Low L. gobelinus—Gr. kobalos, a
Clyster, klis'ter, n. a liquid injected into the goblin.]
intestines to wash, them out. [Gr.—klysd, to Cobble, kob1, v.t. to patch up or mend coarsely,
wash out.] as shoes. [O. Fr. cobler, to join together, to tie
Coach, kOch, «. a large, close, four-wheeled car together; from L. copulo, to join.] [shoes.
riage.—v.t. to carry in a coach. [Fr. cache—L. Cobbler, knb'ler, ft. one who cobbles or mends
concha, a shell, a boat, a carriage—Gr. ko^ke, Coble, kob'l, «. a small fishing-boat. [\V. keubal,
a shell ; or from Hung, ko/schi.] a hollow trunk, a boat,]
Coadjutor, ko-ad-jfiftt'or, «. a fellmv-helt>er or Cobra da capello, ko'bra da ka-pel'o, n. a poison
assistant : an associate. —fern. Coadjut'rlX. —«. ous snake, native of the East Indies, which
Coadjut'orshlp. [L. co. with, adjutor, a dilates the back and sides of the neck so as to
helper—n*/, to,juvo, to help.] [coagulated. resemble a hood. |Port. ~ snake of the hood.]
Coagulable, ko-ag'fi-la-bl, adj. capable of being Cobweb, kob'web, ft. the spider's web or net : any
Coagulant, ko-ag'u-lant, n. a substance which j snare or device intended to entrap. [A.S. atlor-
causes coagulation, as rennet. copPa, a spider, lit. poison-head or tuft, from
Coagulate, kO-ag'Q-liit, v.t. to make to curdle or A.S. ator, poison, ana coppa — \V. cop, a head,
congeal.—v.i. to curdle or congeal.—n. CoagU- tuft.]
la'tion.—adj. Coag'ulative. [L. coagido—co, Cocagne, kok-an', n. the land of cookery or good
together, ago, to drive.] living : an imaginary country of luxury and de
Coagulum. ko-a^'u-lum, n. what is coagulated. [L.] light. [Fr. cocagne ; from L. coquo, to cook.]
Coal, kul, «. a solid, black, combustible substance GOGCiferous kok-sifer-us, adj., berry-bearing. [L.
used for fuel, dug out of the earth.—v.i. to take coccus [—Gr. kokkos), a berry, andfero, to Dear.]
in coal. [A.S. col, cog. with Ice. kol, Ger. Cochineal, koch'i-ne!, n. a scarlet dye-stuff con
kohle ; conn, with Sw. kylla, to kindle.] sisting of the dried bodies of certain insects
Coalesce, kO-al-es'. v.i. to grow together nr unite gathered from the cactus plant in Mexico, the
into one body: to associate.—adj. Coalesc ont, W. Indies, &c. [Sp. cochinilla, dim. of L.
uniting. [L. coalesce—co, together, and atesc.o, coccinus—Gr. kokkos, a berry, as the cochineal
to grow up, from ato, to nourish.] [union. was formerly supposed to be the berry or seed
Coalescence, ko-al-cs'ens, n. act of coalescing : of the plant.]
Coalfield, koTfeld, n. a field or district containing Cochleary, kok'le-ar-i, Cochleate, kok'le-at,
coal strata. Cochleated, kok'IC-ai-ed, adj. twisted like a
Coalition, kfl-al-ish'un, m. act of coalescing, or maid-shell: spiral. [L. cochlea, snail-shell,
uniting into one body : a union or combination screw—Gr. kochlos, a shell-fish with a spiral
of persons, states, Sec. into one : alliance. shell.]
fate, far; me, her ; mine; mote; mute; mODo ; than.
 Cook
Cock, kok, w. the male of birds, particularly of
the domestic fowl : a weathercock : a strutting
chief or leader : anything set erect : a Up for
liquor. —v.t. to set erect or upright : to set up,
as the hat.—v.i. to strut : to hold up the head.
(A.S. coc, an imitative word.]
COCk, kok, n. a smalt pile of hay. fSwcd. koka,
a lump of earth : Dut. kogel, Ger. kugel, a ball.]
Cock, kok, «. part of the lock of a gun. [ItaL
cocca} a notch, coccare, to put the string of a
bow into the notch of the arrow ; this expression
was transferred to firearms—hence, to put a gun
on cock.]
Cockade, kok-fui', «. a knot of ribbons or some
thing similar worn on the hat as a badge. [Fr.
cocarde—coq, perh. from its likeness to the comb
of the cock.]
Cockatoo. kok-a-t67J', «. a kind of parrot with a
crest. [Malay kakattm^ formed from its cry.]
Cockatrice, kok'a-trTs, «. a lizard or serpent ima
gined to be produced from a cock's egt;. [The
word has nothing to do with cock; the O. Fr.
cocatrice meant a crocodile—Low L. cocatrix,
a corr. of Low L. cocjdrillus, a crocodile. See
Crocodile]
Cockboat, kokT>3t, n. a small boat* [O. Fr.
coque, Fr. coche, a small boat—L. conclta, a
shell : the word boat is superfluous.]
Cockchafer, knk'chaf-er, n. the May-bug, an in
sect of a pitchy-black colour, most destructive to
vegetation. [Ety. dub.]
Cocker, kok'er, v.t. {obs.) to Pamper, to indulge.
Cockle, kokl. n. a troublesome weed among corn,
with a purple flower. [A.S. coccel—Gael, cogal,
from cog, a husk, a bowl.]
Cockle, kok'l, n. a shell-fish, having two wrinkled
shells, of a heart-shape. [W. cocs, cockles, and
Gael. cuacht a drinking-bowl, dim. cogan, a
small bowl ; compare Fr. coquiile—Gr. kong-
chylion, kongchf, a cockle ]
Cockloft, kok'loft, «. the room in a house next
the roof. [The loft where the cocks roost.]
Cockney, kok'ne, n. byname for a native of the
city of London.-//. Cockneys. [Ety. dub.]
Cockneydom, kok'ne-dum, ft. the region or home
of Cockneys.
Cockneyism, kok'ne-izm, n. the dialect or manners
of a Cockney.
Cockpit, kok'pit, n. a pit or inclosed space where
g&me-cocks fought: a room in a ship-of-war tor
the wounded during an action.
Cockroach, kok'roch. n. the common black beetle.
Cockscomb, koksltflm, «. the comb or crest on a
cock's head; the name of three plants.
Cockswain, or Coxswain, kok'swan {colloq.
kok'*n), n. a seaman who steers a boat, and
under the superior officer takes charge of it.
\Cock. a boat, and swain.]
Cocoa, koTcG, n. a beverage made from the ground
beans of the cacao or chocolate tree. [A corr.
of cacao.}
Cocoa, kflltO, «. a palm-tree growing in tropical
countries, and producing the cocoa-nut. [Port,
and Sp. coco, a bugbear : applied to the nut from
the three marks at the end of it, which form a
grotesque face.]
Cocoa-nut, or Coco nut. kOlcO-nut, «. the well-
known fruit of the cocoa-palm.
Cocoon, kO-kCOn', m. the egg-shaped shell or
covering which the larvic of silkworms and some
other insects spin. (Fr. cocon, from coque, a
shell—L. concha, a shell.]
Cocoonery, kG-kOTn'er-i, n. a place for keeping
silkworms when feeding and spinning cocoons.
fate, far; me, her; mine ;
Cogitative
Coctlon, kok'shun, n. the act of boiling. [L.
coctio—coquo, to boil, to cook.]
Cod, kod, Codfish, kod'fish, «. a species of fish
much used as food, found in the northern seas.
—Cod-liver Oil, a medicinal oil extracted from
the fresh liver of the common cod. [Ety. dub. J
Cod, kod, «. a hn^k, shell, or pod, containing
seeds. [A.S. codd, a small bag ; Ice. koditi, a
cushion.] [boil. JEty. dub.J
Coddle, kod'l, v.t. to pamper: to fondle: to par-
Code, k5d, «. a collection or digest of laws. [Fr.
code—L. codex or caudex, the trunk ot a tree, a
tablet for writing, a set of tablets, a book.]
Codicil, kod'i-sil, w. a short writing or note added
as a supplement to a will.—adj. Codlcill'ary.
[L codicillus, dim. of codex-]
Codify, kod'i-fl, v.t. to Put into the form of a
code :—pr.p. cod'ifying ; pa.p. cod'ified —n,
Codifica'tion. [L. codex, a code, and facio, to
make.]
Codling, kod'Ung, n. a young cod-fish.
Codling, kod'ling, Codlin, kod lin, «. a hard kind
of apple. [Dim of cod. a pod.]
Coefficient, kO-ef-rish'ent, «. that which acts to
gether with another thing: {math.) the number
or known quantity pretixed as a multiplier to a
variable or unknown quantity. —«. CoeflVciency.
—adv. Coeffl'ciently. [L. co, together, and
Efficient. 1
Coerce, ka-ers', v.t. to restrain by force : lo com
pel. [L. coerceo—co, together, arceo, to shut in,
conn, with area, a chest.]
Coercible, kO-crs'i-bl, adj. that may be restrained
or compelled. —adv. Coerc'lbly.
Coercion, kO-cr'sfuin, «. the act or process of
coercing : restraint.
Coercive, kO-crs'iv, adj. having power to coerce :
compelling.—adv. Coerc'ively.
Coeval, ko-6'val, adj., of tlte same age. —«. one
of the same age. [L. co, together, and ovum,
age, Gr. aidn.\ [sive.
Co-extensive, ko-eks-ten'siv, adj. equally exteu-
Coffee, kof'6, «. a drink made from the seeds of
the coffce-trec, a native of Arabia. [Turk, kalivch
—Ar. aakiveh.]
Coffer, kof'er, «. a chest for holding money or
treasure. [O. Fr. cofre or cofin, a chest—L.
cophinus, a basket—Gr. kophinos.]
Cofferdam, kof'er-dam, «. a water-tight barrier
or box of timber, placed in the bed of a river,
&c, to exclude the water during the progress of
some work. [Coffer and Dam. j
Coffin. koFin, n. the coffer or chest in which a
dead body is inclosed.—v.t. to place within a
coffin. [The earlier form of Coffer.]
Cog, kog, v.t. to cheat or deceive : to cog dice is
to load them so that they m.iy fall in a given
way. [W. coegio, to make void, to trick—coeg,
empty.]
Cog, kog, «. a catch or tooth on a wheel.—v.t. to
fix teeth in the rim of a wheel :~Pr.p. cogg'ing ;
pa p. cogged'. [Acc. to Skeat from Gael, and
Ir. cog, a mill-cog.]
Cogency, kO'jen-si, n. power of convincing.
Cogent, kO'jent, adj., driving ot pressing on the
mind: powerful: convincing.—adv. Cogently.
[L. cogo—co, together, and a%o, to drive.]
Cogitate, koj'i-tat, V.i. to agitate or turn a thing
over in one's mind : to meditate : to ponder.
[L. cogito, to think deeply—co, together, and
agito, to put a thing in motion.] [tation.
Cogitation, koj-i-ta'shun, n. deep thought : medi-
Cogitative, koj'i-ta-tiv, adj. having the power of
cogitating or thinking: given t<> cogitating.
mOte ; mate ; rnoTjn ; Men. 7'J
 Cognac Colleague
Cognac, Cognlac, kon'yak, n. the best kind of I another event.—adj. Coincident.—adv. Coln'-
fr rench brandy, so called because much of it is cldently.
made near the town Cognac. Coir, koir, n. cocoa-nut fibre for ropes or matting.
Cognate, kog'nat, adj., born ofthe same family: Coke, kOk, «. coal charred and deprived of its
related to : of the same kind. [L. cognatus— volatile matters, for use in furnaces. [Peril,
co, together, and gnascor, grtatus, to be born.] conn, with Cake.]
Cognisable, Cognizable, kog'niz-abl or kon'-, adj., Colander, kul'and-er, Cullender, kul'end-er, ». a
that may be known or understood : that may be strainer: a vessel having small holes in the
judicially investigated. [O- Fr. cognoissable..] bottom. [L. colans, colantis, pr.p, of colare, to
Cognisance, Cognizance, kog'ni-zans or kon'-, n. , strain—colum, a strainer.]
kno-ivledge or notice, judicial or private: obser Cold, kBld, adj. the opposite of hot : shivering :
vation : jurisdiction : that by which one is without passion or zeal : spiritless : unfriendly :
known, a badge. [O. Fr.—L. cognosce] indifferent: reserved.—//, absence of heat: the
Cognisant, Cognizant, kog'ni-zant or kon'-, adj., feeling or sensation caused by the absence of
having cognisance or knowledge of. heat : a disease caused by cold : catarrh : chi11-
Cognition, kog-nish'un, ft. certain knowledge. ness.—adv. Coldly.—n. Cold'ness. [A.S.
[L., from cognosco, cognitum—co, together, and ceald; Scot, cauld, Ger. kali; cog. also with
fiosco, gnosco, to know.] E. cool, Ice. kala, to freeze, L. gelid?ts—gelu,
Cognomen, kog-nO'men, n. a surname : the last frost.]
of the three names of an individual among the Coldish, kuld'ish, adj., somewhat cold: cool.
Romans, indicating the house or family to which Cole, kol, «. a general name for all sorts of cab
he belonged. [L. —co, together, tiomen,gnomen, bage. [A.S. cawel; Ger. kohl, Scot, kail; all
a name—nosco, gnosco, to know.] from L. colis, canlis, a stem, especially of cab
Cohabit, ko-hab'it, v.i. to dwell together as hus bage ; cf. Gr. katilos.]
band and wife.— n. Cohabita tion. [L. cohabito Coleoptera, kol-c-op'ter-a, ti.pl. an order of insects
—co, together, and habito, to dwell.] having two pair of wings, the outer pair being
Cohere, ko-her', v.i. to stick together: to remain hard or horny, serving as wing-cases for the
in contact: to follow in proper connection. true wings, as the beetle. [Gr. kolcos, a sheath,
[L, coheerco—co, together, and harreo, to stick.] and pteron, p\.ptcra, a wing.]
Coherence, ko-heVens, Coherency, ko-heVen-si, Coleopterous, ko\-c-op'tcr-u&,aiij., sheath-winged.
n. a sticking together : a consistent connection Colewort, koTwurt, n. a species of iole or cabbage.
between several parts. [A.S. wyrt, a plant.]
Coherent, kO-hcrent, adj., sticking together: Colic, kol'ik, n. a disorder of the colon: acute pain
connected : consistent.—adv. Coherently. in the stomach or bowels.
Cohesion, kO-he'zhun, ». the act of sticking to Coliseum. See Colosseum.
gether: a form of attraction by which particles Collaborator, kol-ab'G-rii-tor, «. an associate or
of bodies of the same nature stick together : assistant in labour, particularly literary or scien
logical connection. [L. coluesus, pa.p. ofco/uereo.] tific. [Coined from L. col, with, and laboro,
Cohesive, ko-hc"'siv, adj. having the power of laboratum, to labour.]
cohering: tending to unite into a mass.—adv. Collapse, kol-aps', n. a falling away or breaking
Cohe'slvely.—«. Cohe'siveness. down : any sudden or complete breakdown or
Cohort, ko'hort, n. among the Romans, a body of prostration.—v.i. to fall or break down : to go
soldiers about 600 in number, forming about a to ruin. [L. collapsus—col, together, and labor,
tenth part of a legion : any band of armed men. lapsus, to slide or falL]
[Fr.—L. cokors, an inclosed place, a multitude Collar, kol'ar, «. something worn round the neck:
inclosed, a company of soldiers- See Court, the part of a garment at the neck : a ring : a
Garden, Yard.] band.—v.t. to seize by the collar: to put on a
Coif, koif, «. a cap or covering for the head. [Fr. collar. [Fr. collier—L. cotlarc—coltutn, the
coijfe—Low L. cofia, a cap, from O. Ger. neck ; akin to A.S. heals, Ger. hals, the neck.]
chupp/ta, a cap, another form of O. Ger. chuph, Collar bone, kol'ar-bGn, n. a bone of the neck
a cup (Ger. kopf the head): so that coif is a between the breastbone and the shoulder-blade ;
doublet of Cup.] also called the clavicle.
Coiffure, koifur, «. a head-dress. [Fr.] Collate, kol-at', v.t. (lit.) to bring or lay together
Coign, koin, «. a corner or external angle: a for comparison : to examine and compare, as
corner-stone: a wedge. [See Coin.] books, and csp. old manuscripts : to place in or
Coll, koil, v.t. to gather together, or wind in confer a benefice : to place in order, as the
rings as a rope, a serpent.—«. one of the rings sheets of a book for binding. [L. collatus,
into which a rope is gathered. [O. Fr. coillir, pa.p. of confero—CPH, together, and fero, to
Fr. cncillir—L. colligere—col, together, legere, bring.]
to gather.] Collateral, kol-ater-al, adj., side by side: running
Coin, koin, n. a piece of metal legally stamped parallel or together : not direct : descended from
and current as money. — v.t. to convert a piece the same ancestor, but not directly, as the chil
of metal into money: to form, as a medal, by dren of brothers.—«. a collateral relation. —adv.
stamping : to make, invent, fabricate. [Fr. coin, Collaterally. [L. col, and latus, lateris, a
coin, also the die to stamp money—L. cutieus, side.)
a wedge. Coign is a doublet.] Collation, kol-a'shun, «., act of collating: a
Coinage, koin'iij, n. the act or art of coining: the bringing together, for examination and compari
pieces of metal coined : invention, fabrication. son : presentation to a benefice : a repast
Coincide, ku-in-sTd', v.i. tofall in with, or agree, between meals.
in opinion : to correspond : to be identical. [L. Collator, kol-a'tor, n., one who collates or com
co, together, incidere—in, in, cado, to fill.] pares : one who bestows or presents.
Coincidence, ks in'si-dens, Coincldency, ko-in'si- Colleague, kot'eg, n. a partner, associate, or co
den-si, n. act or condition of coinciding: the adjutor. [Fr. collogue—L. collega— col, together,
occurrence of an event at the same time as and lego, to send on an embassy.]
80 fwt«, far ; me, hex ; ml n« ; mote ; mfite ; mOOn ; ikma.
 Colleague
Colleague, kol-fg', v.i. to join or unite with in the
same office :—pr.p. colleaguing (kol-eg'ing) ;
Pa.p. colleagued (kol-egd').
Collect, kol-ekt', v.t. to assemble or bring to
gether: to infer: to compile.—v.i. to run to
gether : to accumulate. [L. colligo, collectus,
from col, together, and lego, Gr. lego, to gather,
to choose.1
Collect, kol'ekt, «. a short and comprehensive
prayer in the service of the R. Catholic and
Anglican Churches. [Origin of the name dub.]
Collected, kol-ckt'ed, adj., gathered together'.
having one's senses gathered together : cool :
firm.—adv. Collectedly.—/;. Oollect'edness.
Collection, kol-ek'shun, n„ act 0/collecting: that
which is collected : an assemblage : a heap or
mass : a book of selections.
Collective, kol-ekr'iv, adj. considered as forming
one mass or sum: congregated: {gram.) ex
pressing a number or multitude.—adv. Collect
ively.
Collector, kol-ekt'or, n. , one toko collects or
gathers.—ns. Collec'torate, Collec'torship.
College, kol'ej, n. {prig), any collection or com
munity of men with certain privileges or a com
mon pursuit, as a college of heralds or the college
of cardinals: a seminary of learning : a literary,
political, or religious institution : the edifice ap
propriated to a college.—Collegian, kol-c'ji-an,
n. a member or inhabitant of a college. [Fr.
college—L.. collegium, from col} and lego.]
Collegiate, kol-6ji-at, adj. pertaining to or resem
bling a college : containing a college, as a town :
instituted like a college.
Collet, kol'et, «. the collar of a ring or the part
which contains the stone. [Fr.— L. collum.]
Collide, kol-Id', v.i. to strike or dash together.
[L. collide, collisus—col, together, Itedo, to
strike.] [dub., prob. Celt.]
Collie, Colly, kol'i, n. a shepherd's dog. [Ety.
Collier, kol'y*r, «. one who works in a coal-mine :
a ship that carries coal.
Colliery, kol'yer-i, n. a coal-mine.
Collision, kol-izh'un, n. a striking together: state
of being struck together : conflict : opposition.
Collocate, kol'O-kat, v.t. to place together: to
place, set, or station. [L. colloco, collocatus,
from col, together, and loco, to place.]
Collocation, kol-O-ka'shun, «., act 0/collocating :
disposition in place: arrangement. [L. cotlo-
catio]
Collodion, kol-5'di-on, n. a. gluey solution of gun-
cotton in alcohol and ether, used in surgery and
photography. [Gr. kollddes, from kolla, glue,
and eidos, form, appearance.]
Collop, kol'up, n. a slice of meat. [From clop or
colp, the sound of a soft lump thrown on a flat
surface : Dut. klop, It. cotpo, a blow.]
Colloquial, kol-OTcwi-al, adj. pertaining to or used
in common conversation.—adv. Collo'quially.
Colloquialism, kol-fl'kwi-al-izm, n. a form of ex
pression, used in familiar talk.
Colloquy, kol'o-kwi, n. a speaking together:
mutual discourse : conversation. [L. colloquium,
from col, together, and loquor, to speak.]
Collude, kol-fld', v.i. to play into each other's
hand : to act in concert, especially in a fraud.
fL. colltuio, collusus, from col, and ludo, to play.]
Collusion, kol-u'zhun, n., act of colluding: a
secret agreement to deceive. [L. collusio.]
Collusive, kol-u'ziv, adj. fraudulently concerted :
deceitful.—adv. Collu'sively.—«. Collusive
ness.
Colocynth, kol'O-sinth, n. the dried and powdered
F fftte, far ; mi, hir : mine ;
Colt
pulp of a kind of cucumber, much used as a
purgative. [Gr. kolokynthis.]
Colon, ko'lon, ». the mark { : ) used to indicate a
distinct member or clause of a sentence. [Gr.
kolon, a limb, member.]
Colon, kO'lon, «. the lower division of the intes
tinal canal or large intestine. [Gr. kdlon, conn,
with koilos, hollow.]
Colonel, kur'nel, n. an officer who ha$ command
of a regiment.—n. Colonelcy, kur'nel-si, his
office or rank. [Fr. (Sp. and O. E. coronet) ; a
corr. of It. colonello, the leader of a colonna,
or column—L. columna.}
Colonial, kol-G'ni-al, adj. pertaining to a colony.
Colonisation, kol-on-i-za'shun, n. act or practice
of colonising: state ot being colonised.
Colonise, kol'on-Tz, v.t. to plant or establish a
colony in : to form into a colony.
Colonist, kol'on-ist, n. an inhabitant of a colony.
Colonnade, koI-on-3d'f «. a range of columns
Slaced at regular intervals. [Fr.—L. columna.]
ony, kol'on-i, «. a body of persons who form a
fixed settlement in another country : the settle
ment so formed. [L. colonia—colonus, a hus
bandman—colo, to till.]
Colophon, kol'o-fon, n. in early printings the in
scription at the end of a book containing the
name or date, &c. [L. colophon—Gr. kohphon,
the top, the finish.]
Colophony, kol-of'o-ni, n. the dark-coloured resin
got from the distillation of oil of turpentine.
[Gr., from Colophon, a city of Asia Minor.]
Colorific, kul-ur-ifik, adj. containing or produc
ing colours. [L. color, andfacio, to make.]
Colossal, kol-os'al, adj., like a colossus: gigantic.
Colosseum, kol-os-e'um, Coliseum, kol-i-scum, «.
Vespasian's amphitheatre at Rome, which was
the largest in the world. [L. ; from adj. of Gr.
kolossos. ]
Colossus, kol-os'us, «. a gigantic statue, particu
larly that of Apollo which stood at the entrance
of the harbour of Rhodes. [L.—Gr. kolossos.]
Colour, kul'ur, n. a property of light which causes
bodies to have different appearances to the eye :
the hue or appearance which bodies present to
the eye : appearance of blood in the face : tint :
paint: false show : kind.—//, a flag, ensign, or
standard: paints.—v.t. to put colour on: to
stain : to paint : to set in a fair light : to exag
gerate.—v.i. to shew colour : to blush. [Fr.—
L. color; akin to ceto, to cover, conceal.]
Colourable, kul'ur-a-bl, adj. having a fair appear
ance : designed to conceal.—adv. Col'ourably.
Colour-blindness, kul'ur-blind'nes, «. a defect of
the eyesight, by which one is unable to dis
tinguish between colours.
Colouring, kul'ur-ing, n. any substance used to
give colour: manner of applying colours :
specious appearance.
Colourist, kul'ur-ist, «., one who colours or paints :
one who excels in colouring. (parent.
Colourless, kul'ur-les, adj., "without colour: trans-
ColOUT-sergeant, kul'ur-sar'jent, n. the sergeant
who guards the colours of a regiment.
Colportage, kol'pflrt-aj, », the distribution of
books, &c, by colporteurs.
Colporteur, kol'port-ar, Colporter, korpflrt-er, «.
a pedler, particularly one who travels for the
sale of tracts and religious books. [Fr. -colpor
teur, from col—L. collum, the neck, and porter
—L. portare, to carry.]
Colt, kolt, n. a young horse : a foolish young
fellow : [B.) a young camel or ass. [A.S. coll ;
Sw. kullt, a young boar, a stout boy.]
mOte ; mate ; moun ; then. 81
 Colter Commence
Colter, Coulter, koTter. n. the foreiron of a Come, kum, v.i. to move toward this place (the
plough, that cuts through the ground. [A.S. opp. ofgo) : to draw near : to arrive at a certain
culter; from L. culter, a knife ; Sans, krit, to cut. ] state or condition: to issue: to happen '.--pr.p.
Coltish, kolt'ish, adj., like a colt : frisky: wanton. coming; pa.t, came; pa.p. come. [A.S.
Colt'8-foot, koltz'-foot, «. a plant with large soft cumatt ; Get. kommen, to come.]
leaves once used in medicine. Comedian, kCm-e'di-an, «. one who acts or writes
Columbaxy, kol'um-ba-ri, «. a pigeon-house or comedies: an actor.
dovecot. [L. columbarium—columba, a dove.] Comedy, kom'e-di, n. a dramatic piece of a
Columbia^ ko-lum'bi-an, adj. pertaining to Co pleasant or humorous character, ong accomp.
lumbia, a name of America. [Columbia, with dancing and singing. [L. coiuccdia—Gv.
America, from Columbus, its discoverer.] kOmOdia, a ludicrous spectacle, from kifmos, a
Columbine, kol'um-bln, adj., of or like a dove: revel, and &det a song.]
dove-coloured.—n. a genus of plants : a kind of Comely, kumli, adj. pleasing : graceful : hand
violet or dove colour : the heroine in a panto some. —adv. in a comely manner. - «. Comeli
mime. [Fr. —L. columba, a dove ] ness. [A.S. cymiic—cyme, suitable (from Come),
Column, kol'um, n. a long, round body, used to and lie, like.]
support or adorn a building : any upright body Comestioles, kom-estl-blz, ». eatables. [Fr. — L.
or mass like a column : a body of troops drawn comedo, 1 eat up.)
up in deep files: a perpendicular row of lines in Comet, kom'et, n. a heavenly body with an ec
a book. |L. columen, columna, akin to cel-sus, centric orbit and a luminous tail.—adj. Com'et-
high, collis, a hill, and Gr. k<ldne, a hill.] ary. [Gr. kometes, longhaired—koine, the hair.]
Columnar, kol-um'nar, adj. formed in columns: Comnt. kum'fit, Comnture. kum'fit-nr, n. a sweet
having the form of a column. meat. [A doublet ot Confeot : from Fr. conjit,
Colure, kolur, «. (astron.) one of two great confiture— L. cottficio, to make up.]
circles supposed to intersect each other at right Comfort, kum'furt, v.t. to relieve from pain or
angles in the poles of the equator, so called be distress : to cheer, revive.—«. Com'forter. [O.
cause a part is always beneath the horizon. [Gr. Fr. confortcr—L. coti, andJortis, strong.]
kolouros, dock-tailed—kolos, docked, oura, tail.] Comfort, kum'turt, n. relief: encouragement :
Colza, kol z:i, n. a kind of cabbage from the seeds ease: quiet enjoyment: freedom from annoy
of which is obtained an oil used in lamps. [Dut. ance : whatever gives ease, enjoyment, &.c
koolzaad, the 'seed of cabbage.'] Comfortable, kum'furt-a-bl, adj. imparting or
Coma, kfl'ma, «., deep sleep: stupor. [Gr.— enjoying comfort.—adv. Com fortably.
koimad, to hush to sleep.] Comfortless, kum'fuu-les, adj. without comfort
Comatose, ko'ma-tos or kom'-, Comatous, ko'ma- Comic, kom'ik. Comical, komlk-al, adj. relating
tus, adj., affected with coma: in a state of to comedy : raising mirth: droll.—adv. Comic-
stupor from drowsiness : drowsy. ally. —ns. Comicality, Comlcalness.
Comb, kom, n. a toothed instrument for separating Comitia, ko-mishl-a, n. among the Romans, the
and cleaning hair, wool, flax, &c. ; the crest of assemblies of the people for electing magistrates,
a cock : the top or crest of a wave or of a hill : passing laws, &c. [L.—com, together, eo. Hum,
a cell for honey. —v.t, to separate, arrange, or to go. J [comitas, ~atis—comis, courteous.]
clean by means of a comb. [A.S. camb; Ice. Comity, koml-ti, courteonsness : civility. [L.
kambr, comb, crest] Comma, kom'a, n. in punctuation, the point (,)
Comb, Combe, kGm, n. a hollow among hills : a which marks the smallest division of a sentence.
narrow valley. [W. civm, a hollow.] [L. comma—Gr. komma,a. section of a sentence,
Comb, kom, ft. a dry measure of four bushels. from koptd, to cut off.]
[Ely. dub.] Command, kom-and', v.t. to order: to bid: to
Combat, kom'bat or kum'bat, v.i. to contend or exercise supreme authority over : to have within
struggle with. —v.t. to beat against: to act in sight, influence, or control.—v.i. to have chief
opposition to: to contest.—w. a struggle: a authority: to govern.—n. an order: authority:
battle or fight. [Fr. combative, to fight—com, message : the ability to overlook or influence :
with, and batlre, to beat. See Beat.] the thing commanded. [Fr. commander—L.
Combatant, kom'bat-ant, adj. disposed or inclined commemlare, to commit to one's charge, to
to combat.—«. one who fights or combats. order—com, and mandare, to intrust A
Combative, kom'bat-iv, adj. inclined to quarrel doublet of Commend.]
or fight.—«. Com'bativeness. Commandant, kom and-anr/, n. an officer who has
Comber, kom'er, «., one ivho combs wool, &c. the commami of a place or of a body of troops.
Combination, kom-bi-niVshun, ;.*. the act of com Commander, kom-ander, »., one ivho commands:
bining: union: a number of persons united for an officer in the navy next in rank under a cap
a purpose. tain.— n. Command'ership.
Combine, kom-bTn', v.t. to join ttvo tog-ether: to Commanding, kom-and'ing. adj. fitted to impress
unite intimately.—v.i. to come into close union : or control.—adv. Commandlngly.
ychem.) to unite and form a new compound. Commandment, kom-and'ment, n. a command :
[L, combinare, to join—com, together, and bini, a precept : one of the ten moral laws.
two and two.] Commemorate, kom-em'o-rat, v.t. to call to re
Combustible, kom-bust'i-bl, adj. that may take membrance by a solemn or public act.—n. Com-
Jire and bum: liable to take fire and burn.—n. memora'tlon. [L. commemorains, pap. of
anything that will take fire and burn. [L. cont- commemorare, to remember -com, intensive,
buro, combusius, to consume—com, intensive, and memor, mindful.]
and buro, uro, to burn.] Commemorative, kom-em'o-ni-tiv, adj. tending or
Combustibleness, kom-bust'i-bl-nes, Combusti serving to commemorate.
bility, kom-bust-i-bil'i-ti, n. capable of being Commence, kom-ens', v.i. to begin: to originate :
burned. to take rise. —v.t. to begin : to originate : to
Combustion, kom-bust'yun, n. a burning: the enter upon. [Fr. coruinencer—h. com, and
action ol fire on combustible substances. int'tiare, to begin—in, into, and eo, to go.]
82 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOle ; inute ; moTJn ; then.
 Commencement
Commencement, kom-ens'ment, n. the beginning:
the thin;; begun.
Commend, kom-end', v.t. to give into the charge
of: 10 recommend as worthy: to praise. [L.
commendare, to intrust. See Command.]
Commendable, kom-end a-bl, adj. worthy of" being
commended or praised, —adv. Commend ably.
—h. Commend abloness
Commendation, kom-en-da'shun, «. the act of
commenting : praise: declaration of esteem.
Commendatory, kom-end'a-to-ri, adj., commend'
ing: containing praise or commendation : pre
senting to favourable notice or reception.
Commensurable, kom-en'su-ra-bl, adj., having a
common measure.—adv. Commen surably. —
ns. Commensurabinty, Common surabloriess.
[L. com, with, and mensura, a measure—metior,
mensus, to measure.]
Commensurate, kom-en'sQ-rat, adj., of the same
measure witA: equal in measure or extent; in
proportion with.—adv. Common surately. —ns.
Common surateness, Commensura'tion.
Comment, kom'ent, n. a note conveying an illus
tration or explanation : a remark, observation,
criticism. — v. i. (or kom-ent') to make critical or
explanatory notes.—r:s. Commentator, Com'-
mentor. [Fr. - L. commentor, to reflect upon
—com, and the root merit-, L. mens, the Mind.]
Commentary, kom'ent-a-ri, «. a comment, or a
book or body of comments.
Commerce, kom'ers, «. interchange of merchand
ise on a large scale between nations or individuals:
extended trade or traffic : intercourse : fellowship.
[Fr. commerce— L. commercium—com, with, and
merjc, mercis, goods, merchandise.]
Commercial, kom-eYstial, a*ij. pertaining to
commerce: mercantile.—adv. Commercially.
Commination, kom-in-2'shun, «. a threat: a
recital of God's threateniugs made on Ash-
Wednesday in the English Church. [L.—comt
intensive, and minor, to threaten. See Menace. ]
Comminatory, kom-in'a-tor-i, adj., threatening
or denouncing punishment.
Commingle, kom-ing'gl, v.t. to mingle or mix
with. [L. com, together, and Mingle.]
Comminute, kom'in-Gt, v.t. to reduce to minute
or small particles.—n. Comminu'tion. [L.
commtnuo, -utum, to break into pieces—com,
and minuo, to make small -root minus, less.]
Commiserate, kom-i2'er-at, v.t. to feel /or the
miseries of another: to pity. [L. com, with,
and miseror, to deplore, from miser, wretched.]
Commiseration, kom-iz-er-a'shun, n. concern for
the sufferings of others: pity. {commissary.
Commissaiial, kom-is-a'ri-al, adj. pertaining to a
Commissariat, kom-is-5'ri-at, n. the department
which is charged with the furnishing of pro
visions, as for an army : the body of officers in
that department : the office of a commissary.
Commissary, kom'is-ar-i, n. one to whom any
charge is committed: an officer who has the
charge of furnishing provisions, &c. to an army.
— «. Comm'issarysnlp. [Low L. commissarius
—L. committo, commissus.]
Commission, kom-ish'un, act ofcommitting:
that which is committed : a writing conferring
certain powers : authority: charge or fee to an
agent, &c. for transacting business : one or more
persons appointed to perform certain duties.—
v.t. to give a commission to : to appoint.
Commissioner, kom-ish'un-cr, n. one who holds a
commission to perform some business.
Commit, kom-ii', v.t. to give in charge or trust:
to do: to endanger: to pledge :—/r./. com-
fate, far ; me", her ; mine ;
Commune
milling ; //»./. committ'ed. [L. commiito—
com, with, and mitto, to send.]
Commitment, kom-it'ment, «., act ofcommitting:
an order for sending to prison : imprisonment.
Committal, kom-it'al, «. commitment : a pledge,
actual or implied.
Committee, kom-it'e", «. one or more persons to
whom some special business is committed by a
court or assembly or other body of nien.
Commix, kom-jks, v.t. to mix together.—v.t. to
mix. [L. com, together, and Mix.]
Commixture, kom-iks'tur, «., act of mixing to
gether: the state of being mixed : the mass
formed by mixing.
Commode, kom-od't n. a small sideboard : a head
dress formerly worn by ladies. [Fr.—L. corn-
modus, convenient.]
Commodious, kom-fl'di-us, adj. suitable or con
venient : comfortable.—adv. Commo'diously —
«. Commo diousness. [L. commodus (lit.,
having the same measure, fitting)— com, with,
modus, measure.]
Commodity, kom-od'it-i, n. a convenience, or that
which affords it : an article of traffic. [L. com-
moditas, from commodus.]
Commodore, kom'o-dor, «. the commander of a
squadron or detachment of ships : the leading
ship of a fleet of merchantmen. [Corr. of Sp.
comendador—L. commeudo, in late L. to com
mand.]
Common, kom'un, adj. belonging equally to more
than one : public : general : usual : frequent :
easy to be had : of little value : vulgar.—n, a
tract of open land, used in common by the in
habitants of a town, parish, Sec.—Common
Pleas, one of the High Courts of Justice.—Book
of Common Prayer, the liturgy of the Eng
lish Church.—adv. Comm only.— «. Comm'on-
UOSS. [Fr. commun—L. communis—com, to
gether, and munis, serving, obliging.]
Commonage, kom'un-iij, n. right of pasturing on
a common: the right of using anything in
common.
Commonalty, kom'un-al-ti, «. the body of com
mon people below the rank of nobility.
Commoner, kom'un-cr, «. one of the common
people, as opp. to the nobles: a member of the
House of Commons: a student of the second
rank in the university of Oxford.
Commonplace, kom'un-plas, n. a common topic
or subject : a memorandum : a note.—adj. com
mon : hackneyed.—«. Comm'onplace-book, a
note or memorandum book. [Common, and
Place, a translation of L. locus, a place, a
topic of discourse.]
Commons, kom'unz, n.pl. the common people:
their representatives —i.e. the lower House of
Parliament or House of Commons: common
land : food at a common table.
Common-sense, kom'un-sens, adj. marked by
sound plain good sense.
Commonweal, kom'un-wel, Commonwealth,
kom'un-welth, «. [lit.) the common or public
7(W/-being or good : the government in a free
state : the public or whole body of the people:
a form of government in which the power re-ts
with the people, esp. th.it in England after the
overthrow of Charles I. [See Wealth.]
Commotion, kom-6'shun, «. a violent motion or
moving: excited or tumultuous action, physical
or mental: agitation: tumult. [L. commotio^
com, intensive, and moveo, motus, to move. ]
Communal, kom-iin'al, adj. of a commune*
Commune, kom'un, «. in France, a territorial
mOtc ; mule ; mo~Dn : then. i>:t
 Commune Compensate
division governed by a mayor. The Commune Company, kum'pa-ni, n. any assembly of persons:
at Pans in 1871 was a revolt against the national a number of persons associated together tor
government, the principle of the revolt being trade, &c. : a society : a subdivision of a regi
that each city or district should be ruled inde ment : the crew of a ship : state of being a com
pendently by its own commune or local govern panion : fellowship: society. —v.i. to associate
ment. [Fr. commune—root of Common.] with. [Fr. compagnie. See Companion.]
Commune, Icom-Qn', v.t. to converse or talk to Comparable, kom'par-a-bl, adj. that may be
gether: to have intercourse. [Fr. communier— compared: being of equal regard, —adv. Com'-
L. commu&ico, from communis. See Common. 1 parably.
Communicable, kom-fin'i-ka-bl, adj. that may be Comparative, kom-par'a-tiv, adj. estimated by
communicated.—ad~\ Commun icably. comparing with something else : not positive or
Communicant, kom-iin'i-kant, n. one who par absolute : {gram.) expressing more.—adv. Com
takes of The Communion. paratively.
Communicate, kom-Gn'i-kat, v.t. to give a share Compare, kom-pAr/, v.t. to set things together, to
of, impart: to reveal: to bestow. — v. i. to have ascertain how far they agree or disagree : to
something in common with another : to have the liken or represent as similar : ( gram. 1 to inflect
means of passing from one to another : to have an adjective. —v.i. to hold comparison. [Fr.—L.
intercourse : to partake of The Communion. comparo, to match, from com, together, and
[L. communico, communicatus, from communis. ] paro, to make or esteem equal—par, equal]
Communication, kom-fln-i-ka'shun, «. act of com Comparison, kom-par's-sun, «. the act of compar
municating : that which is communicated : ing: comparative estimate : a simile, or figure
intercourse : correspondence. by which two things are compared: (gram.)
Communicative, kom-un'i-ka-tiv, adj. inclined the inflection of an adjective.
to communicate or give information : unreserved. Compartment, kom-part'ment, n. a separate part
—n. Communicativeness. [ing knowledge. or division of any inclosed space : a subdivision
Communicatory, kom-iin'i-ka-tor-i, adj. impart- of a carriage. [Fr., from compartir, to divide
Communion. kom-ilu'yun, n., act of communing : — Lat. com, and partire, to part.]
mutual intercourse : fellowship : common posses Compass, kum'pas, «. a circuit or circle : space :
sion : interchange of transactions : union in reli limit : range : an instrument consisting of a mag
gious service ; the body of people who so unite. netised needle, used to steer ships by, &c.—To
—The Communion, the celebration of the /etch a Compass, to make a circuit, to go round :
Lord's Supper. [I,, comt/tunio, from communis. ] —pi. Com'passes, an instrument consisting oftwo
Communism, kom'u-nizm, «. a theory or condition movable legs, fur describing circles, &c. [Fr.
of things, according to which private property compos, a circle—Low L. compassus—L. com,
should be abolished, and all things held in com together, and passtts, a step, a way, a route ;
mon, [principles ofcommunism. the mariner's compass goes round in a circle.]
Communist, kom'u-nistj n. one who holds the Compass, kum'pas, v.t. to pass or go round: to
Community, kom-fin'i-ti, n., common possession surround ur inclose : to besiege : to bring about
or enjoyment : people having common rights, or obtain : to contrive or plot.
&c. ; the public or people in general. Compassion, kom-pash'un, «. fellow-feeling, or
Commutable, kom-ut'a-bl, adj. that may be com sorrow for the sufferings of another : pity. [Fr.
muted or exchanged. —u. Commutabil Ity. —L. compassto—com, with, and patior, passus,
Commutation, kom-u-ta'shun, n. the act of com to suffer.]
muting: change or exchange of one thing for Compassionate, kom-pash'un-at, adj. inclined to
another : the change of a penalty or rate from a pity or to have mercy upon: merciful.—v.t. to
greater to a less. have compassion for : to have pity or mercy
Commutative, kom-iit'a-tiv, adj. relating to ex upon.—adv. Compass ionately.-«. Compass -
change : interchangeable.—adv. Commu t a ionateness.
tively. Compatibility, kom-pat-i-bil'it-i, n. the being
Commute, kom-Qt', v.t. to exchange: to exchange compatible: suitability.
a punishment for one less severe. [L. commuto, Compatible, kom-pat'i-bl, adj., that can bear
from com, with, and muto. to change.] with : that suits or agrees with.—adv. Compat'-
Commutual. kom-ut u-al, adj. mutual. lbly. [Fr.—L. com, with, potior, to bear.]
Compact, kom-pakt', adj., fastened orpacked to Compatriot, kom-palri-ot, adj., of the same
gether : firm : close : brief. —v.t. to press closely fatherland or country. —«. one of the same
together: to consolidate.—advs. Compactly, country. [Fr.—L. com, with, and Patriot.]
Compact'edly.—n. Compact edness. L Fr. — L. Compeer, kom-peV, n., one who is equal to
contractus, pa.p. of tompingo—com, together, another: a companion : an associate. [L. corn-
and pango. to fasten, fix : akin to E. Fang.] par—com, with, and Peer, from par, equal.]
Compact, kom'pakt, n. a mutual bargain or Compel, kom-pel', v.t. to drive or urge on for
agreement: a league, treaty, or union. [L. cibly: to oblige : —pr.p. compelling ; Po.p. com
comfiactum—compaciscor, from com, with, and pelled'.—adj. Compell able. [L.com, intensive,
paciscor, to make a bargain ; from root pango.] and Pello, pulsum, to drive.]
Compactness, kom-pakt net, n. state of being Compendious, kom-pen'di-us, adj. short : compre
compact : closeness. hensive.—adv. Compen diously.
Companion, kom-pan'yun, n. one who keeps com Compendium, kom-pen'di-um, n. a shortening
pany or frequently associates with another : or abridgment: a book or treatise containing
an associate or partner.—«. Companionship. the substance of a larger one. [L. compendium,
[Fr. compagnon. from Low L. companium, a what is weighed together, or saved (opposed to
mess—L. com, with, and panis, bread.] dispendium)—com, together, and pernio, to
Companionable, kom-pan'yun-a-bl, adj., Jit to be weigh.J
a companion : agreeable.—adv. Companion- Compensate, kom-pen'sat or kom'pen-siit, v.t.
ably, [companion. to reward suitably for service rendered : to make
Companlonless, kom-pan'yun-les, adj.,ivithont a amends for loss sustained : to recompense : to
M fate, far; me, her; mine; mOte ; mute ; mODn ; Men.
 Compensation Compound
counterbalance. [L. com, intensive, and Penso, the skin, esp. of the face : general appearance,
to weigh, freq. ofpendo, to weigh.] temperament, or texture. [Fr.—L. complexio,
Compensation, koin-pen-sa'shuii, n. act of com a combination, physical structure of body—com-
pensating: reward for service : amends for loss plector, complexus, to embrace—plecterc, to
sustained. plait.] [on or pertaining to complexion.
Compensatory* kom-pen'sa-tor-i, adj. serving for Complexional, kom-plek'shun-al, adj. depending
compensation; making amends. Complexloned, kom-plek'shund, adj. having a
Compete, kom-peV, v.i. to seek or strive with complexion, or a certain temperament or state.
others for something : to contend for a prize. Complexity, kom-plek'si-ti, n. state of being com-
[L. competo—com, together, and Ptto, to seek.] ptt-x. [ment.
Competence, kom'pe-tens, Competency, kom'pc- Compliance, kom-plr'ans, n. a yielding: agree-
ten-si, m. fitness: sufficiency: legal power or Compliant, kom-plfant, adj. yielding: civil.—
capacity. adv. Compliantly. [Plicated.
Competent, kom'pe-tent, adj., suitable: sufficient : Complicacy, kom'pli-ka-si, «. state of being com-
fit: belonging.—adv. Competently. [Fr.— L. Complicate, kompli-kat, v.t. to twist or plait
competo, to strive after together, to agree—com, together; to render complex : to entangle. (L.
with, and Peto, to seek.) com, together, and plico, plicatum, to fold. See
Competition, kom-pc-tish'un, n. the act of com Complex. ] [blending or entanglement.
peting : common strife for the same object. Complication, kom-pli-ka'shun, «. an intricate
Competitive, kom-pet'i-tiv, adj. pertaining to or Complicity, kom-plis i-ti, tt. state or condition of
producing competition. being an accomplice.
Competitor, kom-pet'i-tor, n. one who competes : Compliment, kom'pli-ment, n. an expression of
a rival or opponent. regard : delicate flattery. [Fr. compliment,
Compilation, liom-pil-a'shun, n. the act of com from root of Comply. Complement is etymo-
piling, or the thinfj compiled : a literary work logically the same word, but direct from the Lat.]
composed by gathering the materials from vari Compliment, kom'pli-ment, v.t. to pay a compli
ous authors. ment to : to express respect for : to praise : to
Compile, kom-plt', v.t. to write or compose by flatter. [ing civility or praise.
collecting the materials from other books : to Complimentary, kom-pli-mcnt ar-i, adj. convey-
draw up or collect—//. Compiler. [Fr. — L. Complot, korn-plot', v.t. to plot together, to con
compilo—com, together, and fiilo, to plunder.] spire:—/^./, comploti'ing ; Pa.p. complott'ed.
Complacence, kom-pla'sens. Complacency, kom- Comply, koin-pll', v.i. to yield to the wishes of
pl;Ysen-si, n. pleasure : satisfaction : civility. another: to agree :—/r./. complying; pa.t.
Complacent, koin-pla'sent, adj. shewing satisfac and pa.p. complied'. [O. Fr. comf>lir, It com-
tion : pleased: gratified.—adv. Compla'cently. plire, to fulfil, to suit, to offer courtesies—Lat.
[L. complacens—com, intensive, and placeo, to comptere, to fulfil or complete.]
please.] Component, kom-pO'ncnt, adj. making up or com
Complain, kom-plln', v.i. to express grief, pain, posing : forming one of the elements of a com
censure : to murmur or express a sense of pound.—«. one of the elements of a compound.
injury : to accuse. [Fr. complaindre—Low L. [L. com, together, and Pono, to place.]
complangere—com, intensive, and plango, to Comport, kom-pOrt', v.i. to agree, accord, suit.—
bewail : {lit.) to beat {the breast), Gr. plessd, to v.t. to bear one's self, to behave. [L. com, to
strike.] gether, and Porto, to carry.] [behaviour.
Complainant, kom-plan'ant, ». one who com Comportment, kom-pOrf/ment, n. deportment,
plains: law one who raises a suit, a plaintiff. Compose, kom-poV, v.t. to form by putting two
Complaint, kom-pl3nt', «. a complaining: an ex or more parts or things together : to place in
pression of grief : a represent-!lion of pains or order : to set at rest : to soothe : to place types
injuries: a finding fault : the thing complained of. in order for printing: to originate or become
Complaisance, kom'plii-zans or kom-plii-zans', «. the author of. as a book. [Fr. composer, from
care or desire to please : an obliging civility. [Fr.] L. cum, and Fr. poser, which is from L. pausare,
Complaisant, kom'pht-zant or kom-pla-zant', adj. to cease, to rest.]
desirous of pleasing : obliging.—adv. Com'plai- Composed, kom-pOzd', adj. settled, quiet, calm.—
santly ur Complaisant'ly. [Fr.—comptaire— adv. Compos'edly.—». Compos'edness.
L. complaceo.] Composer, kom-poz'er, «. one who composes or
Complement, kom'ple-ment, «. that which com adjusts a thing: a writer, an author, esp. of a
pletes or fills up ; full number or quantity. [L. piece of music.
complementum—com, and pleo.\ Composite, kom'poz-it, adj.. composed of two or
Complemental, kom-plc-ment'al, Complement more distinct parts: (arch.) a blending of the
ary, kom-ple-mcnr/ar-i, adj., filling up; supply Ionic and the Corinthian orders. [L. com-
ing a deficiency. positus, pa.p. of compouere, to put together.]
Complete, kom-pleV. v.t. tofill up, finish, or per Composition, kom-po-zish'nn, «. the act ofputting
fect: to accomplish, [L. compleo, comptetum, together: the thing composed, as a work in
to fill up—com, intensive, and pleo, to fill.] literature, music, or painting : a coming together
Complete, kom-pleV, adj., filled up: free from or agreement : an agreement whereby payment
deficiency : perfect : finished.~a*iv. Completely. of part of a debt is taken for the whole.
—« Complete ness. Compositor, kom-poz'i-tor, m. one who puts to
Completion, kom-pl£'shun, «. the act or state of gether or sets up types for printing.
-~j complete: fulfilment. Compost, kom'p&st, n. a mixture for manure : a
IX, kom'p'cks. adj. composed of more than kind of plaster. [session : tranquillity.
or of many parts : not simple : intricate : Composure, kom-po'zhGr, «. calmness : self-pos-
difficult.—adv. Com'plexly. Com'plexness. Compound, kom-pownd', v.t. to mix or combine :
[L. complex—com, together, and root of plico, to settle or adjust by agreement—v.i. to agree,
to fold See Complicate.] or come to terms : to bargain in the lump. [L.
, kom-plek'shun, n. colour or look of I compono. See Composite.]
file, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then.
 Compound Concert
Compound, kom'pownd, adj. mixed or cot./posed of links united : a series of things depending on
a number of parts: not simple.—«. a mass made each other.
up of a number of parts. Concave, kon'kSv, adj. curved, vaulted, or arched,
Comprehend, kom-pre-hend', v.t. to seize or take applied to the inner side of any curved Hue or
up with the mind, to understand : to comprise or rounded body, and opposed to conz>ex, which is
include. [L. com, with, and prekendo, from applied to the outside. —n. a hollow : an arch or
prcr, before, and an old word kendo = Gr. vault. [L. concavus, from con, intensive, and
chandanS, to hold, comprise; akin to E. Got.] cavus, hollow. See Cave.]
Comprehetislble, kom-pre-hen'si-bl, adj. capable Concavity, kon-kav'i-ti, «. the inner surface of a
of being understood.—<uiv. Comprehensibly. — concave or hollow body.
ns. Coinprehensibil'lty, Comprehen'sibleness. Conceal, kon-seT, v.t. to hide completely or care-
Comprehension, kom-prc-hen'snun, m. the act or fully: to keep secret : to disguise : to keep from
quality of comprehending : power of the mind telling. [L. concelo, from con, intens., and celo,
to understand : [logic) the intension of a term or to hide ; akin to A.S. helan, to hide.]
the sum of the qualities implied in the term. Concealable, kon-seTa-bl, adj. that may be con
Comprehensive, kom-pre-hen'siv, adj. having the cealed.
quality or power of comprehending much : ex Concealment, kon-seTment, «. act of conceal
tensive : full.—adv. Comprehensively.—«. ing: secrecy : disguise : hiding-place.
Comprehensiveness Concedb, kon-sed', v.t. to cede or give up: to
Compress, bom-pics', v.t. to press together: to quit : to surrender: to admit, to grant.—v.i. to
force into a narrower space : to condense. [L. admit or grant. [L. concedo, from cont sig.
com, together, and pressare, to press—pmtto, completeness, and ccdo, to go, to yield.]
pressus, to press.] Conceit, kon-set', n. over-estimate of one's self:
Compress, kom'pres, «. folds of Hnen, used in too favourable opinion of one's own good quali
surgery to make due pressure on any part. ties: a pleasant, fantastical, or affected notion.
Compressibility, kom-pres'i-bil-i-ti, «. the pro- | — Out Of conceit With, no longer fond of.
perty that bodies have of being reduced in bulk [Through a Fr. form conceit, from L. conceptus,
by pressure. pa.p. oiconcipio,]
Compressible, kom-prcs'i-bl, adj. that may be Conceited, kon-scVcd, adj. having a high opinion
compressed. of one's self ; egotistical.—adv. Conceit'edly.—
Compression, kom-presh'un, n. act of compress n. Conceit ednoss.
ing: state of being compressed. Conceivable, kon-seVa-bl, adj. that may be con
Compressive, kom-pres'iv, adj. able to compress. ceited, understood, or believed.—adv. Con
Comprisal, kom-prlz'al, «. the act of comprising. ceivably.—//. Conceiv'ableness.
Comprise, kom-prlz', v.t. to contain, include, [Fr. Conceive, kon-seV, v.t. to receive into, and form
compris, pa.p. of compretuire—L. comprehend- in the womb : to form in the mind : to imagine
ere. See Comprehend.] or thmk : to understand. —v.i. to become preg
Compromise, kom'prO-mlz, n. a settlement of dif nant: to think. [O. Fr. concever—L. concipw,
ferences by mutualpromise or concession.—v.t. conceptum, from con, and capio, to take.]
to settle by mutual agreement and concession : Concentrate, kon-scn'trat, v.t. to bring into a
to pledge : to involve or bring into question. closer union, or a narrower compass : to con
[ Fr. compromis—h. com, together, and protnitto, dense. [A lengthened form of Concentre.
to promise.] Concentration, kon-sen-tri'shun, n. act of con
Comptroll, Comptroller. See under Control. centrating : condensation.
Compulsion, kom-pul'shun, n. the act of compel Concentrative, kon-sen'tra-tiv, adj. tending to
ling: force: necessity: violence. [See Compel ] concentrate.
Compulsive, kom-pul'siv. Compulsory, kom-pul'- Concentre, kon-senl'cr, v.i. to tend to or meet in
sor-i, adj. having power to co~mfiel: forcing.— a common centre.—v.t. to bring or direct to a
advs. Compul'sively, Compul'sorily. common centre or point :—pr.p. concent'ring ;
Compunction, koin-pungk'shun, «. uneasiness of pa.p. concent'red or concent'ered. [Fr. con-
conscience: remorse. [O. Fr.— L. compuncfio i cenlrer—l*. con. with. and centrum, the Centre.)
—com, intensive, and pungo, punctus, to prick.] Concentric, kon-sen tnk, Concentrical, kon-sen'-
Compunctious, kom-pungk'shus, adj. feeling or trik-al, adj. having a common centre.
causing compunction : repentant: remorseful. Concept, kon'sept, n. a thing conceived, a notion.
Computable, kom-pfit'a-bl, adj. that may be com Conception, kon-sep'shun, n. the act of conceiv
puted or calculated. ing: the thing conceived : the formation in the
Computation, kom-put-a/shun, «. act of comput mind of an image or idea: a notion.
ing : the sum or quantity computed : estimate. Conceptualism, kon-septu-al-izm, «. the doctrine
Compute, kom-put', v.t. to calculate : to number. in philosophy that general properties can be con
[L. compute, from com, together, and Puto, to ceived in the mind apart from any concrete em
reckon.] bodiment.
Comrade, kom'rad, «. a companion, fSp. cama- Concern, kon-sern', v.t. to relate or belong to : to
rada, a room-full, a chamber-mate—L. camera, affect or interest : to make uneasy.—«. that
a chamber.] which concerns or belongs to one : interest:
Con, kon, a contraction of L. centra, against, as regard : anxiety : a business or those connected
in Pro and con, for and against. with it.—u. Concernment. [Fr.—L. cottcemo,
Con, kon, v.t. to study carefully : to commit to from con, together, and cemo, to sift, to see.)
memory :—pr.p. conning; pa.p. conned'. [A.S. Concerned, kon-scrnd', adj. having connection
cunttittH, to test, to try to know—from cunnan, with: interested : anxious.—adz: Concern'edly.
to know.) —n. Concern edness.
Concatenate, kon-kat'c-n5t, v.t. to chain or link Concerning, kon-sernlng, prep, regarding: per
together: to connect in a series, [L. con, to taining to. [Pr.p. of Concern ]
gether, and catena, a chain.] Concert, kon-sert, v.t. to frame or devise to
Concatenation, kon-kat-e-na'shun, «. a series of gether : to arrange, adjust. [Fr. concerter—
80 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mJHJn ; then.
 Concert
con, together, certare, to contend, vie with:
acc. to Slceat, from L consertns, joined together. ]
Concert, kon'sert, «. union or agreement in any
undertaking : harmony : musical harmony: a
musical entertainment. [Fr.]
Concertina, kon-ser-te'na, n. a miLsical instru
ment, on the principle of the accordion.
Concerto, kon-seriO, n. a piece of music for a
concert. [Ir.] [thing conceded : a grant.
, kon-sesh'un, «. act of conceding; the
kon-ses iv, adj. implying concession.
kon-ses'or-i, adj. yielding.
Conch, kongk, h. a marine shell. [L. concha — Gr,
kongchi ; Sans. cankha, a shell ; conn, with
Cockle.]
Conchiferour, kong-kifer-us, adj., havinga shell.
[L. concha, and /era, to bear.]
Conchoidal. kong-koid'at, adj. , shell-like, applied
to the fracture of a mineral. [Gr. kmgchc, and
eides, form.] [conchology.
Conchologist. kong-kol'o-jist, «. one versed in
Conchology. Kong-kol'o-ji, n. the science of shells
and of the animals inhabiting them. (Gr. kong-
cht, and logos, a discourse.]
Conciliate, kon-sili-St, v.t. to gain or win over:
to gain the love or good-will ot such as have been
indifferent or hostile. [L. concilio, conciliatus,
to bring together—concilium. See Council ]
Conciliation, kon-sil-i-a'shun, n. act of conciliat
ing.—n. Conciliator, kon-sili-a-tor.—adj. Con
ciliatory. kon-sil'i-a-tor-L
Concise, kon-sTs', adj., cut sltort : brief. —adv.
Concisely.—n. Concise ness. [Fr —Lconcido,
concisns, from cony and ca>do, to cut. ]
Concision, kon-sizh'un, n. (B.) circumcision: a
faction.
Conclave, konldav, n. the room in which cardinals
meet to elect a pope : the body of cardinals : any
close assembly. [L. conclave, from con, to
gether, and davit, a key.]
Conclude, kon-kiOOd', v.t. to close: to end.—v.i.
to end : to infer : to form a final judgnrent. [L.
conclndo, conclusus—con, together, and claudo,
to shit.]
Conclusion, kon-klffo'zhun, n. act of concluding:
the end, close, or last part : inference : judgment.
[L. conclnsio.)
Conclusive, kon-kloos'!v, adj. final : convincing.
-adv. Conclusively. - «. Conclusiveness.
CbnCOCt, kon-kokt', v.t. (lit.) to cook or boil to
gether: to digest : to prepare or mature. [L.
concoquo, concoctus—con, together, and coquo, to
cook, to boil.] [ripening: preparation.
Concoction, kon-kok'shun, n. act of concocting:
Concomitance, kon-kom'i-tans, Concomitantly,
kon-kom'i-tan-si, n. state of being concomitant.
Concomitant, kon-komi-tant, adj. , accompany
ing or going along -with : conjoined with.—«. he
or that which accompanies.—adv. Concomi
tantly. [L. con, with, and comitans. pr.p. of
comitor, to accompany—comes, a companion.]
Concord, kong'kord or kon'-, «. state of being of
the same heart or mind : union : harmony.
(Fr. Concorde— L. concordat—concorst of the
same heart, from con, together, and cor, cordis,
the heart.)
Concordance, kon-kord'ans, n. agreement : an
index or dictionary of the leading words or
passages of the Bible, or of any author.
Concordant, kon-kord'ant, adj. harmonious :
united.—adv. Conoord'antly. [L concordans,
pr.p of concordo—concors, agreeing.]
Concordat, kuu-kord'ai, u. an agreement or com
pact, especially between a temporal sovereign
fate, lax ; ue, her ; mine ;
Condign
and the pope. [Fr.—It. concordato—L. con
cordo, to agree.]
Conoourse, kong'kOrs, n. an assembly of persons
mntiingordrawn together. [Fr.—L. concursus.]
Concrescence, kon-kres'ens, n. a growing to
gether.
Concrete, kong'krfit, or kon'-, adj. formed into
one mass : theopposite of abstract, and denoting
a particular thing. —n, a mass lowed by parts
growing or sticking together: a mixture of
Time, sand, pebbles, &c, used in building. —
adv. Concretely.—«. ConcreteHess. [L. con-
cretus—con, together, aesco, cretnm, to grow.]
Concrete, kon-kr£t', v.i. to unite into a solid mass.
Concretion, kon-krfi'shun, n. a mass concreted : a
lump or growth which forms in ccrtaiu parts of
the body, as calculi, &c.
Concretive, kon-krcYiv, adj., causing or having
power to concrete.
Concubinage, kon-kuliin-aj, h. state of living
together as man and wife without being married.
Concubine, kong ku-bln, n. a woman who cohabits
or lives with a man without being married. [Fr.
—L. concubina—con, together, cubo, to lie down. ]
Concupiscence, kon-ku'pis-ens, «., excessive or
irregular desire for unlawful pleasure : lust.—
Oiij. Concupiscent. [Fr.—L. concuHscentia
—concupisco—con, intensive, cupio, to desire.]
Concur, kon-kur', v.i. to run together: to meet
in one point : to act together : to agree : to
assent to '.—pr.p. concurring ; M.p* concurred'.
[L. concurro, from con, together, and curro,
cursum, to run.] [assent.
Concurrence, kon-kur'ens, n. union : joint action :
Concurrent, kon-kur'ent, adj. coming, acting, or
existing together : united : accompanying.—
adv. Concurr ently.
Concussion, kon-kush'un, n. state of being shaken :
a violent shock caused by the sudden contact of
two bodies : any undue pressure or force exerted
upon any one. [L. concussio—concutio—con,
intensive, and quatio, to shake.]
Concusslve, kon-kus'iv, adj. having the power or
quality of shaking or compelling.
Condemn, kon-dem', v.t. to pronounce guilty : to
censure or blame : to sentence to punishment :
to pronounce unfit for use. [L. condentuo, from
con, intensive, and ilamno, to damn. See Damn. J
Condemnable, kon-dem'na-bl, adj. blainable.
Condemnation, kon-dem-n£'shun, n. state of
being condemned : blame: punishment.
Condemnatory, kon-dem'na-tor-i, adj., contain
ing or implying condemnation, [compressed.
Condensable, kon-dens'a-bl, adj* capable of being
Condensation, kon-den-sa'shun, «. act of con
densing.
Condense, kon-denV, v.t. to compress, or reduce
by pressure into smaller compass.—v.i. to grow
dense. (L. condenso—con, intensive, denso, to
make dense. See Dense.]
Condenser, kon-denscr, n, an apparatus for
reducing vapours to a liquid form : an appliance
lor collecting or condensing electricity.
Condescend, kon-de-send', v.i. to descend will
ingly from a superior position: to act kindly to
inferiors : to deign : to lower one's self. (L. con,
intensive, and desccmio, to descend ]
Condescending, kon-de-send'ing, adj. yielding to
inferiors: courteous: obliging.—adv. Conde
scendingly.
Condescension, kon-de-sen'khun, «. kindness to
inleriors : courtesy.
Condign, kon-din', adj. well merited : adequate
(generally said of punishment,.. —a'dv. Con
mOte ; matt: ; m(Sou ; then. 67
 Condiment
dlgnly.-«. Condign noss. [L. condignus—
con, wholly, digitus, worthy.]
Condiment, kon'di-ment, n. ih.it which is put
along with something else to preserve or pickle
it: seasoning: sauce. [L. condimcutum—cou-
dia, to preserve, to pickle.)
Condition, kon-dlsh'un, «. state in which things
exist : a particular manner of being : quality :
rank : temper : a term of a contract : proposal :
arrangement.—v.i. to make terms.—v.t. to agree
upon. [L. conditio—condere, to put together.]
Conditional, kon-dish'un-al, adj. depending on
stipulations or conditions : not absolute.—adv.
Conditionally.
Conditioned, kon-dish'und, adj. having a certain
condition, state, or quality : subject to limita
tions—the opp. of absolute.
Condole, kon-doi', v.i. to grieve ivith another:
to sympathise in sorrow. [L. con, with, and
doleo, to grieve.]
Oondolement, kon-dol'ment, Condolence, kon-
dfM'cns, «. expression of grief for another's
sorrow. [eondonatio. ]
Condonation, kon-don-a'shun, n. ,forgiveness. [ L.
Condone. kon-dOn', v.t. to forgive. [L. con,
dono, to give. See Donation.]
Condor, kon'dor, n. a large vulture found among
the Andes of S. America. [Sp. comior, from
Peruvian cuntur.]
Conduce, kon-duV, v.i. to lead or tend to some
end : to contribute. [L. con, together, and
duco, ductus, to lead.]
Conduclble, kon-dQs i-bl, Conducive, kon-dQs'iv,
adj., leading or tending : having power to pro
mote,—advs. Conduc'ibly. Coriduc'lvely. —ns.
Conduo'ibleness, Conduc lveness.
Conduct, kon-dukt', v.t. to lead or guide: to
direct : to manage : to behave : {electricity) to
carry or transmit. [See Conduce, j
Conduct, kon'dukt, n. act or method of leadingor
managing : guidance : management : behaviour.
Conductible, kon-dukt'i-bl, adj. capable of being
conducted or transmitted.—n. Conduct!billty.
Conduction, kon-duk'shun, «. act or property of
conducting or transmitting : transmission by a
conductor, as heat.
Conductive, kon-dukt'iv, adj. having the quality
or power of conducting or transmitting.
Conductivity, kon-duk-tiv'i-ti, n. a power that
bodies have of transmitting heat and electricity.
Conductor, kon-dukt'or, n. the person or thing
that conducts: a leader : a manager : that which
has the property of transmitting electricity,
heat, &.c.—fe»t. Conduct ress.
Conduit, kou'dit or kun'-, n. a channel or pipe to
lead or convey water, &c [Fr. conduit—h.
conductus—conduco, to lead.]
Cone, k3n, n. a solid pointed figure with a circular
base, as a sugar-loaf : fruit shaped like a cone,
as that of the pine, fir, &c. [Fr. cone—L. conns
—Gr. kdnos, a peak, a peg ; from a root ka, to
sharpen , allied to E. hone,]
Coney. See Cony.
Confabulate, kon-fab'Q-lat, v.i. to talkfamiliarly
together: to chat.—«. Confabulation. (L.
con, together, andjabulor, fabulistus, to talk—
fibula, the thing spoken about —fari, akin to
Gr. phad, and pJtcmi, to speak.]
Confeet, kon'fekt, Confection, kon-fek'shun, «.
fruit, &c. prepared with sugar: a sweetmeat : a
comfit. (L. conficio, confectus, to make up to
gether—con, together, facio, to make.]
Confectioner, kon-fek'shun-er, (£'.) Confection
ary, «. one who makes or sells confections.
fate, far ; me, her ;
Confirmation
Confectionery, kon-fek'shun-er-i, n. sweetmeats
in general : a place for making or selling sweet
meats.
Confederacy, kon-fed'er-a-si, « a league or mutual
engagement : persons or states united by a
league.
Confederate, kon-fed'er-it, adj. , leagued together:
allied.—n. one united in a league : an ally : an
accomplice.—v.i, and v.t. to league together or
join in a league. [L. confarderatus, pa.p. of
confeedero—con, together, fcedus, foederis, a
league.]
Confederation, kon-fed-er-a'shun, n. a league :
alliance, especially of princes, states, &c
Confer, kon-fer', v.t. to give or bestow.—v.i. to
talk or consult together:—pr.p. conferring;
pa.b. conferred'. (Fr. —L. confero—con, to
gether, andfero, to bring.]
Conference, kon'fer-ens, n. an appointed meeting
for instruction or discussion.
Confess, kon-fes', v.t. to acknowledge fully, espe
cially something wrong : to own or admit: to
make known, as sins to a priest : to hear a con
fession, as a priest.—v.i. to make confession.—
adv. Confoss'edly. [ Fr. confesser—L. con-
fiteor, confessus—con, sig. completeness, and
fateor—fari, to speak, akin to Gr. phemi, to
speak. ]
Confession, kon-fesh'un, n. acknowledgment of
a crime or fault : avowal : a statement of one's
religious belief: acknowledgment of sin to a
priest.
Confessional, kon-fesh'un-al, n. the seat or in
closed recess where a priest hears confessions.
Confessor, kon-fes'or, n. one who professes the
Christian faith : in the R. Catholic Church, a
priest who hears confessions and grants ab
solution.
Confidant, kon'fi-dant or kon-fi-dant', n. one con
fided in or intrusted with secrets : a bosom-
friend.-;fern. Con'fidante. [O. Fr., Fr. confi
dent.}
Confide, kon-fid', v.i. to trust wholly or have
faith in : to rely.—v.t. to intrust, or commit to
the charge of. [L. confido—con, sig. complete
ness, andfido, to trust.]
Confidence, kon'fi-dens, n. firm trust or belief:
self-reliance: firmness: boldness.
Confident, kon'fi-dent, adj. trusting firmly : hav
ing full belief: positive: bold.—adv. Confi
dently.
Confidential, kon-fi-den'shal, adj. (given) in con
fidence : admitted to confidence : private.—adv.
Confidentially.
Configuration, kon-fig-u-ra'shun, n. external
figure or shape : relative position or aspect, as
of planets. [L. configuratio—con, together, and
figuro, to form. See Figure.] [fined.
Confutable, kon-fln'a-bl, adj. that may be con-
Confine, kmi-fln', v.t. to limit, inclose, imprison.
[Fr. confiner, to boraer on. to confine— 1,. con-
finis, having a common boundary, bordering
upon—can, with, finis, the end or boundary.)
Confine, kon'fln, «. border, boundary, or limit—
generally used in pIuraL
Confinement, kon-fln'ment, n. state of being shut
up : restraint from going abroad by sickness,
and esp. of women in childbirth : seclusion.
Confirm, kon-ferm', v.t. to strengthen: to fix or
establish : to assure : to admit to full communion
in the Episcopal Church.—oiij. Confirm able.
[Fr.—L. confirmo—con, intensive, and root of
Finn.]
Confirmation, kon-ferMiia'shun, «. a making firm
mote ; mute ; mSon ; then.
 Confirmative Congress
or sure: convincing proof: the rite by which Congeal, kon-je"!', v.t. to cause to freeze: to
persons are admitted to full communion in the change from fluid to solid by cold : to fix, as by
Episcopal Church. [firm. cold.—v.i. to pass from fluid to solid as by cold.
Confirmative, kon-ferm'a-tiv, adj. tending to con- —adj. Congeal'able. [L. congelo, from con,
Confirmatory, kon-ferm'a-tor-i, adj. giving addi and gelu, frost.]
tional strength to. Conge'alment, kon-jeTment, Congelation, kon-
Confiscate, kon-fisldU or Icon'-, v.t. to appro jcl-ii'shuu, «. act or process of congealing.
priate to the state, as a penalty. [L. cot/fisco— Congener, kon'je-ner or kon-je'ner, «. a person or
con, and fisctts, a basket, the public treasury.] thing of the same kind or nature. * IL.—con,
Confiscate, kon-tisTtat or kon'fis-k.lt, adj. forfeited with, ^xiA genus, generis, Gr. genos, kind.]
to the public treasury.—adj. Confiscable.—«. Congenial, kon-je'ni-al, adj. of the same genius,
Confiscation. spirit, or tastes: kindred, sympathetic: suitable.
Confiscator, kon'fis-ka-tor,«. one who confiscates. —adv. Conge'nlally. —«. Congeniality. [L.
Confiscatory, kon-nVka-tor-i, adj. consigning to con, with, genialis, genial. Sec Genial.]
confiscation. Congenital kon-jen'i-tal, adj., begotten or bom
Conflagration, kon-fla-grit'shun, «. a great burn with, said of diseases or deformities dating trom
ing or fire. [L. confiagratio—con, intensive, birth. [L. congenitns, from con, together, gig*to,
and flagro, to burn. See Flagrant ] genitus, to beget.] [gouggros.]
Conflict, kon-flikr/, v.i. to be in opposition : to Conger, kong'ger. «. a large sea-eel. [L. ; Gr.
fight: to contest. [L. conjfigo, conflictus, from Congeries, kon-je'ri-ez, «. a collection of particles
con, together, andfligo, to dash.) or small bodies in one mass. [L.—con, together,
Conflict, kon'flikt, n. violent collision : a struggle gero, gestus, to bring.]
or contest : agony. Congested, kon-jest'ed, adj. affected with an
Confluence, kon'floo-ens, «. a flowing together: unnatural accumulation of blood.
the place of meeting, as of rivers : a copcourse. Congestion, kon-jest'yun, «. an accumulation of
Confluent, kon'floo-ent, adj., flowing together: blood in any part of the body: fullness. [L.
uniting. [L. confluens, pr.p. of confluo, con- congestion [to congestion.
fluxus, from con, together, andfltto, to flow.] Congestive, kon-jesi'iv, adj. indicating or tending
Conflux, kon'fluks, n. a flowing together. Conglobate, kon-glob'at, adj. formed together into
Conform, kon-form', v.t. to make like or of the a globe or ball.—v.t. to form into a globe or ball.
same form with: to adapt—v.i. to be of the —n. Congloba'tion. [L. con. together, undglobo,
same form : to comply with : to obey. [L. con- globatus—globus, a ball, globe. See Globe.]
formo—con, with, andfartno—forma, form ] Conglobulate, kon-glob'u-lat, v.i. to gather into a
Conformable, kon-form'a-bl, adj. corresponding in globule or small globe. [L, con, and globulus,
form: suitable : compliant.—adv. Conform'ably. dim. ofglobus.]
Conformation, kon-for-ma'shun, n. the manner m Conglomerate, kon-glom'er-iit, adj. gathered into
which a body is formed: shape or structure. a clew or mass.—v.t. to gather into a ball.—«. a
Conformer, kon-form'er, Conformist, kon-form'- rock composed of pebbles cemented together.
ist, «. one who conforms, especially with the [L. conglomeratus, pa.p. of conglomero—con,
worship of the Established Church. together, and glomus, glomeris, a clew, akin to
Conformity, kon-form'i-ti, n. likeness : compliance globus.] [being conglomerated.
with : consistency. Conglomeration, kon-glom-er-a'shun, «. state cf
Confound, kon-fownd', v.t. to mingle so as to Conglutlnant, kon-glGu'iiii-ant, adj. serving to
make the parts indistinguishable : to throw into glue or unite : healing.
disorder : to perplex : to astonish. [Fr. con- ConglUtlnate, kon-glGo'tin-at, v.t. to glue to
fofuire—L. con/undo, con/usus—con, together, gether: to heal by uniting.—v.i. to unite or
and/undo, to pour. ] grow together. [L. conglutino, conglutinatus—
Confraternity, kon-fra-ter'ni-ti, «. Same as Fra con, together, and gluten, glue. See Glue.]
ternity. [L. con, intensive, and Fraternity.] Conglutination, kon-gioG-tin-a'shun, «. a joining
Confront, kon-frunt', v.t. to standfront tofront: by means of some sticky substance : healing.
to face : to oppose : to compare. [Fr. confronter Conglutlnative, kon-glob'tin-a-tiv, adj. having
—Low L. confrontare, from L. con, together, power to conglutinate. [Chinese.]
andfront, the front. See Front.] Congou, kong/^o7i, «. a kind of black tea.
Confucian, kon-ffl'shyan, adj. of or belonging to Congratulate, kon-grat'O-lat, v.t. to ivish much
Confucius, the Chinese philosopher. joy to on any fortunate event. [L. congratnlor,
Confuse, kon *uz', v.t. to Pour or mix together so congratulatus—con, intensive, and gratulot—
that things c mot be distinguished: to throw gratus, pleasing.]
into disorder : to perplex. [A doublet of Con Congratulation, kon-grat-ii la'shun, «. expression
found.] of sympathy or joy on account of good-fortune,
Confusedly, kon-foz'ed-li, adv. in a confused —adj. Congrat ulatory.
manner. [overthrow. Congregate, kong'gre-gat, v.t. to gat/ter together:
Confusion, kon-fu'zhun, n. disorder : shame : to assemble.—v.i. to flock together. [L. con-
Confute, kon-ffit', v.t. to prove to be false: to grego—con, together, and grex, grcgis, a flock.)
repress : to disprove. —adj. Confut'able. —«. Congregation, kong-gre-gfi shun, ». an assembly.
Confuta'tlon. [L. confute, to cool boiling Congregational, kong-yre-ga'shun-al, adj. per
water by pouring in cold—con, intensive, and taining to a congregation.
futis* a water-vessel, from /undo, to pour. See Congregationalism, kong-gre-ga'shun-al-izm, n. a
Futile.] form of church novernment in which each con
Conge', kon'je" (formerly written Congie), «. leave gregation is independent in the man:ic;oment of
of absence : farewell: parting ceremony. —v.i. its own affairs : also called Independency.
to take leave : to bow or courtesy. [Fr. (Prov. Congregatlonallst, kong-ere-gashun-al-isi, n. an
comjat), from L. commeatus, a jjoing back and adherent of Congregationalism.
forth, leave ofabsence—com, intensive, and meo, Congress, kong'gres, «. a meeting together or
to go.] assembly, as of ambassadors, &c, for political
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOon ; then.
 Congruence Consecration
purposes : the federal legislature of the United Connection, kon-ek'shun, m. act of connecting:
States. —adj. Congress ional. [L. con, together, that which connects : a body or society held to
and gradior, gressus, to step, to go.) gether by a bond : coherence ; intercourse.
Congruence, kong'grdTS-ens, Congruency, kong- Connective, kon-ekt'iv, adj. binding together.—
grOo'en-si, «., agreement : suitableness. n. a word that connects sentences or words.—
Congruent kong'gro"0-ent, adj., agreeing:suitable. adv. Connect ively.
[L. congruo, to run or meet together, to agree.] Connexion, kon-ek'shun, m. Same as Connection.
Congruity, kong-gr.X>'i-ti, «. agreement between Connivance, kon-Iv'ans, «. voluntary oversight of
things ^consistency. a fault.
Congruous, kong'grOO-us, adj. suitable : fit : con- Connive, kon-iv', v.i. to wink at a fault : to fail
silent, —adv. Cong/ruously.—«. Congruous by intention to see a fault. [Fr. — L. conniveo,
ness. to wink.]
Conlo, kon'ik, Conical, kon'ik-al, adj. having the Connoisseur, kon-U-sar', «. one who k/toius well
form ofor pertaining to VLConc.—oiiv. Con'ically. about a subject: a critical judge. [Fr., from
Conlcs, kon'iks, «. the part of geometry which connoitre—L. cognosce, to know—co. intensive,
treats of the cone and its sections. and nosco, old form gnosco, to acquire knowledge.]
Coniferous, kon-ifcr-us, atij., cone-bearing, as the ConnolSSeurship, kon-ts-ar'ship, «. the skill of a
fir, &c. [Cone, and L.Jerv, to carry.] connoisseur.
Coniform, kon'i-form, adj. in the form of a cone. Connote, kon-Ot', v.t. to note or imply along with
Conjecture, kon-jekt Qr, «. an opinion formed on an object something inherent therein : to include.
slight or defective evidence : an opinion without —n. Connota'tion.—cdj. Connot'ative. [L.
proof : a guess : an idea.—adj. Conjeot'ural.— con, with, and Note.]
adv. ConjOCt'urally. [L. conjicio, conjeeturn, to Connubial, kon-u'bi-al, atij. pertaining to mar
throw together—con, together, jacio, to throw.] riage or to the married state : nuptial. [L. con,
Conjecture, kon-jekt'ur, v.t. to make conjectures and nuboy to marry. See Nuptial.]
regarding : to infer on slight evidence : to guess. Conoid, kun'oid, n. anything like a cone in form.
Conjoin, kon-join', v.t. to join together. [Fr. - adjs. Con'oid, Conoid'aL [Gr. kdnos, eidos,
conjoindre—h. con, together, andjun^o, functus, form. ]
to join. See Join.] [—adv. Conjointly. Conquer, kong'ker, v.t. to gain by force : to over
Conjoint, kon-joint', adj. joined together : united. come or vanquish.—v.i. to be victor. [Fr. con-
Conjugal, kon'joo-gal, adj. pertaining to the quirir—L. conquiro, to seek after earnestly—
marriage-tie or to marriage, —ativ. Conjugally con, intensive, and qutero, to seek.] [quercd.
—n. Conjugality. [L. conjugalis—conjuxt one Conquerable, kong'ker-a-bl.rtrty. that may be con-
united to another, a husband or wife—con, and Conqueror, kong'ker-or, «. one who conquers.
jugum, a yoke.] Conqueat, kongItwest, «. the act of conquering:
Conjugate, kon joo-gat, v.t. (gram.) to give the that which is conquered or acquired by physical
various inflections or parts of a verb. —n. a word or moral force. [O. Fr. conqueste, Fr. conquite
agreeing in derivation with another word. [L. —L. conquiro, conquisitum.}
conjugo—con, together, and jugum, that which Consanguineous, kon-sang-gwin'5-us, atij. related
joins, a yoke.J by blood: of the same family or descent. [L.
Conjugation, kon-joo-ga/shun, n. a joining to consangui/urus—con, with, and sanguis, blood.]
gether: the inflection of the verb: a class of Consanguinity, kon-sang-gwin'i-tt, «. relationship
verbs inflected in the same manner. by blood: opposed to ajfinity or relationship by
Conjunctlon.kon-junk'shun, «., connection, union : marriage.
{gram.) a word that connects sentences, clauses, Conscience, kon'shens, «. the knowledge of our
and words. [L. conjunctio—con, and jungo.] own acts and feelings as right or wrong : sense
Conjunctive, kon-junk'tiv, adj. closely united : of duty : the faculty or principle by which we
serving to unite : (gram.) introduced by a con distinguish right from wrong. [L. conscientitt1
junction.— adv. Conjunctively. from conscio, to know with one's self—con, with,
Conjuncture, kon-junk'tur, ». combination of cir and scio, to know.]
cumstances: important occasion, crisis. Conscientious, kon-shi-en'shus, adj. regulated by
Conjuration, kon-joo-ni'shun, «. act of summon- a regard to conscience: faithful : just.—atlv.
z by a sacred name or solemnly : enchantment, Conscientiously. Conscientiousness.
ljure, kon-jooV, v.t. to call on or summon by a Consclonable, kon'shun-a-bl, atij. governed or
sacred name or in a solemn manner : to implore regulated by conscience.—adv. Con scionably.
earnestly.—w. Conjur'er. [Orig. v.i. to unite Conscious, kon'shus, adj. having the feeling or
under oath, Fr.—L. con, together, and juro, to knowledge: aware.—adv. COD' jlOUSly.
swear. ] Consciousness, kon'shus-nes, n. the knowledge
Conjure, kun'jer, v.t. to compel fa spirit) by in which the mind has of its own acts and feelings.
clinations : to enchant: to raise up or frame Conscript, kon'skript, adj., written doivn, en
needlessly.—v.i. to practise magical arts :—/r.ft, rolled, registered. —n. one whose name has been
coniurini; :kun'jcr-ingj ; pa.p. conjured (kun'- enrolled and who is liable to serve as a soldier
jerd). [Same word as the preceding.] or sailor. [L. conscrilw, conscriptum, to write
Conjurer, kun jer-cr, «. one who practises magic : together in a list, to enlist.]
an enchanter. [others. Conscription, kon-skrip'shun, n. an enrolment of
Conjuror, kon-j<5oVor, «. one bound by oath with individuals held liable for naval or military
Connate, kon'at or kon-iit', adj., bom with one's service.—adj. Conscrip'tional.
self. [L. con, with, and nascor, natus, to be Consecrate, kon'sc-krat, v.t. to set apart for a
born.] [with another. holy use : to render holy or venerable. —u. Con'-
Connatural, kon-at'ii-ral, adj. of the same nature secrater or Con'secrator. [L. consecro, to
Connect, kon-ekt', v.t. to tic or fasten together: make wholly sicred—con, and sacra, to set
to establish a relation between. [L. con, to apart a* sacred—sacer, sacred.)
gether, and tiecto, to tie.] [manner. Consecration, kon-se-kra'shun, «. the act of
Connectedly, kon-ekt'ed-li, adv. in a connected devoting to a sacred use.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moDn ; then.
 Consecution Constant
Consecution, kon-se-ku'shun, «. a train of conse- consigned or intrusted. [Fr. consign/, pa.p. of
gwnces or deductions: a series of things thai consigner, to consign.]
follow one another. Consignment, kon-sTn'mcnt, «. act ofconsigning:
Consecutive, kon-sek'ii-tiv, adj., follmvin? in the thing consigned : the writing by which any
regular order: succeeding. —adv. Cnnsoc u thing is made over.
tively —n. Consec'utiveness. [Ft. consicutjf Consist, kon-sisr*, v.i. to be composed : to co-exist,
—L. con, and seqnor, secutns, to follow.] i.e. to agree. [Fr.—L, consisto—con, sig. com
Consensus kon-sen'sits. n. unanimity: agreement. pleteness, and sisto—sto, to stand.]
Consent, kon-sent', v.i. to feel or think along Consistence, kon-sist'ens, Consistencyf kon-sist'-
with another : to be of the same mind : to agree : en-si, n. a degree of density : substance : agree
to give assent: to yield. — «. agreement: ac ment.
cordance with the actions or opinions of another : Consistent, kon-sist'ent, adj. fixed : not fluid :
concurrence. [L. consentio, to agree—con, with, agreeing together : uniform, —adv. Consist'-
and sentio. to feel, to think.] ently.
Consentaneous, kon-sen-ta'ne-us, adj., agreeable Consistory, kon-sist'or-i, n. an assembly or
or accordant to: consistent with.—aar. Con council : a spiritual or ecclesiastical court.—adj.
sentaneously, —us. Consenta noousness, Con- Consisto rial. [See Consist. ]
sentane'lty. [mind or in opinion. Consociation, kon-sii-shi-a'shun, «., companion
Consentient, kon-sen'shi-ent, adj., agreeing in ship with: association: alliance. [L. consoci-
Consequence, kon'se-kwens, n. that which fol atio—con, with, socius, a companion.]
lows or comes after : effect: influence: import Consolable, kon-soTa-bl, adj. that may be com
ance. [I*, conscquentia—con, with, and sequor, forted.
to follow.) Consolation, kon-sol-5'shun, »., solace : alleviation
Consequent, kon'sc-kwent, adj., following as a of misery.—aitj. Consolatory, kon-sol'a-tor-i.
natural effect or deduction. —«. that which fol Console, kon-sol', v.t. to give solace or comfort :
lows : the natural effect of a cause.—adv. Con'- to cheer in distress —«. Consol'er. [I.. conf
sequently. intensive, and solorx to comfort. See Solace. J
Consequential, kon-se-kwen'shal, Oilj.,following Consolidate, kon-solVdat, v.t. to make solid: to
as a result : pretending to importance : pompous. form into a compact mass : to unite into one.—
—adv. Consequentially [of conserving. v.i. to gTOw solid or firm : to unite. [L. con-
Conservant, kon-serv'ant, adj. having the power solido, consolidatus—con, intensive, and solidus,
Conservation, kon-ser-va'shun, «. the act of con solid.] [or of becoming solid.
serving: the keeping entire. Consolidation, kon-sol-i-da'shun, «. act of making
Conservatism, kon-serv/a-tizm, n. the opinions Consols, kon'solz, n.pl. (short for Consolidated
and principles of a Conservative : aversion to Annuities) that part of the British national debt
change. which consists of the 3 per cent, annuities con*
Conservative, kon-seiVa-tiv, adj., tending, or solidated into one fund.
having power to conserve.—« (politics) one Consonance, kon'son-ans, «. a state of agreement :
who desires to preserve the institutions of his agreement or unison of sounds,
country until they can be changed with cer j Consonant, kon'son-ant, adj. consistent : suitable.
tainty for the better: one averse to change. —n. an articulation which can be sounded only
Conservator, kon'ser-va-tor or kon-ser-va'tor, n. with a vowel : a letter representing such a
one who /reserves from injury or violation. sound.—adj. Consonantal.—-adv. Con'son-
Conservatory, kon-seiVa-tor-i, n. a place in which antly. [L. consonans, pr.p. of comono, to
things are put forpreservation : a greenhouse or sound with, to harmonise—con, with, and sono,
place in which exotic plants are kept. to sound.]
Conserve, kon-serv', v.i. to keep entire: to Consort, kon'sort, n. one that shares the same lot
retain : to preserve : to preserve in sugar : to with another: a partner: a companion : a wife
pickle.—*. OonserVer. {,L. con, together, and or husband : an accompanying ship. [L. consors,
servo, to keep. ] from con, with, and sors, sortis, a lot.]
Conserve, kon'serv, n. something preserved, as Consort, kon-sort', v.i. to associate or keep com
fruits in sugar.—adj. Conserv able. pany.
Consider, kon-sid'er, v.t. to look at closely or Conspicuous, kon-spik'O-us, adj., clearly seen:
carefully : to think or deliberate on : to take visible to the eye or mind: prominent.—adv.
into account : to attend to: to reward.—v.i. to Conspicuously. —«. Conspic'uousness. [L.
think seriously or carefully : to deliberate. [Fr. conspicuus — conspicio — cont intensive, and
— I* considero, prob. a word borrowed from specio. to look.]
augury, meaning to mark out the boundaries of Conspiracy, kon-spir'a-si, n. a banding together
a tempiion (see Contemplate) by the stars— for an evil purpose : a plot : concurrence.
sidus, sid"ris, a star.] Conspirator, kon-spira-tor, «. a plotter (along
Considerable. kon-<id'er-a-bl, adj. worthy of with others).
being considered: important: more than a little. Conspire, kon-splr', V.i, to plot or scheme to
—adv. Considerably, -n. Oonsld'erableness. gether: to agree: to concur to one end. [L.
Considerate, kon-sid'cr-ilt, adj. thoughtful : seri consf>iro—con. together, and spiro, to breathe.]
ous : prudent—adv. Coiisid'erately. —«. Con- Constable, kun'stn-bl, «. formerly, a state officer
sideratonoss. of the highest rank: a peace-officer : a police
Consideration, kon-sid-er-;Vshun. n. deliberation : man.—n. Con'Stablesnlp. [O. Fr. conestable,
importance : motive or reason : compensation : Fr. constable, L. comes stabuti, count of the
the reason or basis of a compact. stabulum, stable.]
Consign, kon-sln', v.t. to give to another formally Constabulary, kon-stab'O-lar-i, adj. pertaining
or under sign or seal: to transfer : to intrust. to constables or peace-officers.—n. the body of
—«. Consign er. [Fr. consigner— L. consigno— constables. [ablcness.
con, with, and signum, a sign or seal. See Sign ] Constancy, kon'stan-si, n. fixedness : unchange-
Consignee, kon-si-ne', n. one to whom anything is Constant, kon'stant. adj. fixed: unchangeable :
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mOon ; then. 'J I
 Constantly
continual: faithful.—n. that which remains un
changed. [L- constats, from consto, to stand
firm—con, intensive, sto, to stand.)
Constantly, kon'stant-li, adv. firmly : continually.
Constellation, kon-stel-ii'shun, «. a group of
stars: an assemblage of beauties or excellencies :
{astrol.} a particular disposition of the planets.
[L. constellatio—con, together, stella, a star.J
Consternation, kon-ster-na'shun, «. terror which
throws into confusion : astonishment : horror.
[L. constematio—consterno, consternatus, from
con, sig. completeness, and stemo, to strew, to
throw down.]
Constipate, kon'stip-at, v.t. to press closely to
gether: to stop up: to make costive. [L. con,
together, and stt'po, stipatus, to pack.)
Constipation, kon-stip-a'shun, «. costiveness.
Constituency, kon-stit'Q-en-si, n. the whole body
of voters for a member of parliament.
Constituent, kon-stit'Q-ent, adj., constituting or
forming: essential: elemental.—n. an essential
or elemental part : one of those who elect a
representative, csp. in parliament.
Constitute, kon'stit-ut, v.t. to set up: to estab
lish : to form or compose : to appoint. [L. con-
stituo, constitutus, from con, together, and
statuo, to make to stand, to place—sto, to stand.]
Constitution, kon-stit-u'shun, «. the natural con
dition of body or mind : a system of laws and
customs : the established form of government :
a particular law or us:ige.
Constitutional, kon-stit-Q'shun-al, adj. inherent
in the natural frame : natural : agreeable to the
constitution or frame of government : legal : a
Constitutional Government is one where the
ruler is subject to fixed laws. See Absolute.—
n. a walk for the sake of one's health. —adv.
Constitutionally.
Constitutionalist, kon-stit-fi'shun-al-ist, Const!-
tutionist, kon-sti-tu'shun-ist, «. one who favours
a constitutional government.
Constitutive, kon'stit-Qt-iv, adj., that constitutes
or establishes : having power to enact, &c.
Constrain, kon-stran', v.t. to urge with irresistible
power : to force, —adj. Constrainable. kon-
stran'aAA.—adv. Constrainedly, kon-stran'ed-li.
[O. Fr. constrnindre—Li. constriugo, cons/rictus
—con, together, strin^o, to press. See Strain.}
Constraint, kon-strSnt , n. irresistible force : com
pulsion : confinement.
Constrict, kon-strikt', v.t. to bind or press to
gether: to contract: to cramp. [L. constriugo,
constrictus.] [gether.
Constriction, kon-strik'shun, n. a pressing to-
ConstriCtor, kon-strikt'or, «. that which draws
together: a serpent which crushes its prey in its
folds. [contract. [L. constriugo.]
Constringe, kon-strinj', v.t, to draw together: to
Constringent, kon-strinj'cnt, adj. having the
quality of contracting.
Construct, kon-strukt , v.t. to build up: to com
pile : to put together the parts of a thing : to
make : to compose. [L. construo, construetus,
to pile together.]
Construction, kon-struk'shun, «. anything piled
together, building : manner of forming : [gram.)
the arrangement of words in a sentence : inter
pretation : meaning.
Constructive, kon-strukt'iv, ad/, not direct or ex
pressed, but inferred.—^-. Constructively.
Constructiveness, kon-struct'iv-nes, «. the faculty
of constructing.
Construe, kon'stroO, v.t. to set in order: to ex
hibit the order or arrangement in another
92 fate, far; me, her ; mine ;
Contemn
language : to translate : to explain. [L. con
stmo, construetus, to pile together.]
Consubstantlal, kon-sub-stan'shal, adj. of the
same substance, nature, or essence.—/*. Consub-
stantlal'lty. [L. con, with, and Substantial.]
Consubstantialist, kon-sub-stan'shal-ist, n. one
who believes in cotisubstantiation.
ConsubstantiatO, kon-sub-stan'shi-at, v.t. to unite
in one common substance or nature.
Consubstantiation, kon-sub-5tan-shi-ii.'shun, «.
state of being of the same substance : [tlteolA
the Lutheran doctrine of the actual, substantial
presence of the body and blood of Christ with
the bread and wine used at the Lord's Supper.
[See Transubstantiatlon.]
Consuetude, kon'swe-tiid, n. custom.—adj. Con'-
SUetudinary, also n. a ritual of customary
devotions. [L. consuetudo, custom.]
Consul, kon'sul, «. among the Romans, one of the
two chief-magistrates of the state : one commis
sioned to reside in a foreign country as an agent
for, or representative of, a government. [L.]
Consular, kon'sfll-ar, adj. pertaining to a cottsul.
Consulate, kon'sul-at. «. the office, residence, or
jurisdiction of a consul. [office, of a consul.
Consulship, kon'sul-ship, «. the office, or term of
Consult, kon-sult', v.t. to ask advice of: to apply
to for instruction : to decide or act in favour of.
—v.i. to consider in company : to take counsel.
[L. consulto, inten. of consulo, to consult.]
Consultation, kon-sult-S'shun, «. the act of con
sulting: a meeting for the purpose of consulting.
Consumable, kon-sum'a-bl, adj. that can be con
sumed.
Consume, kon-sflm', v.t. to destroy by wasting,
fire, &c. : to devour : to waste or spend : to
exhaust.—v.i. to waste away.—n. Consum er.
[L. consumo, to destroy—con, sig. completeness,
and sumo, sumptus, to take.]
Consummate, kon-sumat or kon'-, v.i. to raise to
the summit or highest point : to perfect or finish.
[L. consummo, to perfect—con, with, and sum
mits, highest, perfect.]
Consummate, fcon-sum'at, ..■.■'/. in the highest
degree: perfect.—adv. Consumm'ately.
Consummation, kon-sum-a'shun, «. act of com
pleting : perfection : close.
Consumption, kon-sum'shun, n. the act of using
up: a disease in the lungs, which gradually
wastes away the frame = Phthisis. [See Con
sume.]
Consumptive, kon-sum'tiv, adj. having the quality
of wasting away : inclined to the disease con
sumption.—adv. Consumptively.
Consumptivencss, kon-sum'tiv-ncs, n. a tendency
to consumption.
Contact, kon'takt, n. a close touching: close
union: meeting. [L. contingo, contactum, to
touch—con, sig. completeness, and tango, to
touch—root lag-.] [by contact.
Contagion, kon-ta'jun, n, transmission of a disease
Contagious, kon-ta'jus, adj. that may be com
municated by contact.—adv. Conta glOUflly.—
n. Conta'giousness.
Contain, kon-tiin', v.t. to hold together: to com
prise, to include : to restrain.—adj. Contain'
able, that may be contained. [Fr. contenir—
L. contineo—con, together, and teneo, to hold.]
Contaminate, kon-tam'i-nSt, v.t. to defile by
touching or mixing with : to pollute : to corrupt :
to infect. [L. contamino—contamen = contag-
men. See Contact.]
Contamination, kon-tam-i-na'shuri, «. pollution.
Contemn, kon-tem', v.t. to despise : to neglect. —
mute ; mute ; mOon : then.
 Contemplate
«. Contsm ner. [L. contemtio, contemptus, to
value little—con, intensive, and temno, to slight.]
Contemplate, kon-tcni'plat, v.t. to consider or
look at attentively : to meditate on or study : to
intend.— v.t. to think seriously: to meditate.
[L. contemplor, contemplatus, to mark out care
fully a templum or place for auguries—con, sig.
completeness, and templum. See Consider and
Temple.] [study of a particular subject.
Contemplation, kon-tem-pla'shun, h. continued
Contemplative, kon-tem'pla-tiv, adj. given to
contemplation.—adv. Contemplatively.
Contemporaneous, kon-tem-po-ra'ne-us, adj. liv
ing, happening, or being at the same time-—
adv. Contemporaneously.—n. Contempora
neousness. [L. con, together, and temporaneus
—tempus, time.]
Contemporary, kon-tem'po-rar-i, adj. contempo
raneous.—h. one who lives at the same time.
Contempt, kon-tempt', n. scorn : disgrace : [law)
disobedience of the rules of a court. [See Con
temn.]
Contemptible, kon-temptl-bl, adj. despicable.—
adv. Contemptibly.—;/. Contempt'lbleness.
Contemptuous, kon-tempt'Q-us, adj., full ofcon
tentfit: haughty: scornful. —adv. Contemptu
ously.— n. Contempt'uousness.
Contend, kon-tend', v.t. to strive : to struggle in
emulation or in opposition : to dispute or debate.
[L. contendo, contentum—con, and tendo, to
stretch, strain.]
Content, kon'tent or kon-tent', n. that which is
contained: the capacity, measurement, or extent
of anything.—//, the things contained : the list
of subjects treated of in a book. [See Contain.]
Content, kon-tent', adj. having the desires limited
by present enjoyment: satisfied.—v.t. to make
content: to satisfy the mind : to make quiet : to
please.
Contented, kon-tent'ed, adj., content. —adv. Con
tentedly.—ns. Content edness, Contentment
Contention, kon-ten'shun, n. a violent straining
after any object : strife : debate. [See Contend.]
Contentious, kon-tcn'shus, adj. quarrelsome.—
adv. Conten'tlously.—«. Contentiousness.
Conterminal, kon-ter'min-al, Conterminous, kon-
icr'min-us, adj. having a common terminus or
boundary. [L. conterminus, neighbouring—con,
together, and terminus, a boundary.]
Contest, kon-test', v.t. to call in question or make
the subject of dispute : to strive for.—adj. Con
testable. [L. contestor, to call to witness—conf
and testor, to be a witness— testis, a witness.]
Contest, kon'test, «. a struggle for superiority :
strife : debate.
Context, kon'tekst, n. something woven together
or connected : the parts of a discourse or treatise
which precede and follow a special passage. [L.
contexo— together, texo, textus, to weave.]
Contexture, kon-tekst'tir, «. the interweaving of
pans into a whole : system. [close contact.
Contiguity, kon-tig-u'i-ti, n. the state of being in
Contiguous, kon-tig'O-us, adj., touching: adjoin
ing : near.—adv. Contig'UOUSly. - «. Contlgll-
ousness. [L. contiguus, from contingo, con-
tigi, to touch on all sides—con, signifying com
pleteness, tango, to touch.]
Continence, kon'ti-nens, Continency, kon'ti-nen-
si, n. the restraint imposed by a person upon his
desires and passions : chastity. [See Conti
nent, adj.)
Continent, kon'ri-nent, n. a large extent of land
not broken up by seas : the mainland of Europe :
one of the great divisions of the land surface of
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Contractor
the globe.—adj. Continental. [L. continens se
contutuus. holding together, uninterrupted.]
Continent, kon'ti-nent, adj., holdingin or restrain
ing the indulgence of pleasure, especially of
sexual enjoyment : temperate : virtuous.—adv.
Continently. [L. continens, moderate—con-
tineo—con, together, and teneo, to hold.]
Contingence, kon-tin'jens, Contingency, kon-
tin'jen-si, n. the quality of being contingent.
what happens by chance : an accident.
Contingent, kon-tin'jent, adj. dependent on some
thing else : liable but not certain to happen :
accidental. —u. an event which is liable but not
certain to occur : a share or proportion, especially
of soldiers. —adv. Contin gently. [L. contingo,
to touch, to happen.]
Continual, kon-tin'Q-al, adj. without interruption :
unceasing.—<KrV.Contin'nally. [Sec Continue i
Continuance, kon-tin'O-ans, u. duration : uninter
rupted succession : stay.
Continuation, kon-tin-u-a'shun, ». constant suc
cession : extension.
Continuatlve, kon-tin'Q-a-tiv, adj., continuing.
Continuator, kon-tin'Q-5-tor, n. one who con
tinues or keeps up a series or succession.
Continue, kon-tin'u, v.t. to draw out or prolong :
to extend or increase in any way : to unite with
out break: to persist in. — v.i. to remain in the
same place or state : to last or endure : to perse
vere. [Fr. continuer—L. continuus, joined,
connected, from contineo—con, together, and
teneo, to hold.]
Continued, kon-tin'Gd, adj. uninterrupted : un
ceasing : extended.—adv. CJontin'uedly.
Continuity, kon-tin-O/i-ti, n. state of being con
tinuous : uninterrupted connection.
Continuous, kon-tin G-us, adj. joined together:
without interruption.—adv. Continuously.
Contort, kon-tori', v.t. to twist or turn violently:
to writhe. [L. con, intensive, and torqueo,
tortus, to twist.]
Contortion, kon-tor'shun, «. a violent twisting.
Contour, kon-t50V, n. the outline : the line which
bounds the figure of any object. [Fr. contour,
from con, and tour, a turning—L. tomus, Gr.
tomos, a turning-lathe.]
Contraband, kon^ra-band, adj., against or con
trary to ban or law: prohibited.—«. illegal
traffic : prohibition : prohibited goods.—n. Con
trabandist, a smuggler. [It. contrabbando—
L. contra, against, and Low L. bandum, a pro
clamation. See Ban.]
Contract, kon-trakt', v.t. to draw together: to
lessen : to shorten : to acquire : to incur : to
bargain for : to betroth.—v.i. to shrink : to
become less. [L. contraho, contractus, from
con, together, and traho, to draw.]
Contract, kon'trakt, n. an agreement on fixed
terms : a bond : a betrothment : the writing con
taining an agreement. [O. Fr. contract, an agree
ment—L contractus, a compact.]
Contracted, kon-trakt ed, adj., drawn together:
narrow : mean.—adv. Contraet'edly.—n. Con
tract edness.
Contractlble, kon-trakr'i-bl, adj. capable of being
contracted.—ns. Contractibil'lty, Contract -
lbleness.
Contractile, kon-trakt'il, adj. tending or having
power to contract.—«. Contractility.
Contraction, kon-trak'shun, «. act of contract
ing: a word shortened by rejecting a part of it.
Contractor, kon-trakt'or, n. one of the parties to
a bargain or agreement : one who engages to
execute work or furnish supplies at a fixed rate.
mOte ; mute ; mOOn ; Men.
 Contra-dance Convention
Contra-dance. kon'tra-dans (corruptly Oountry- Controllable, kon-trfll'a-bl, adj. capable of, or
dance,, «. a dance in which the partners are subject to control.
arranged in opposite lines. [Fr. contre-danse ; Controller, Comptroller, kon-trol'er, *. one who
from L. contra, against, opposite, and Dance, j controls or checks the accounts of others by
Contradict, kon-tra-dikt', v.t. to speak in opposi keeping a counter-roll or register.—«. Controll-
tion to: to oppose by words : to assert the con ersnip.
trary : to deny. [L. coutradico, contradictus— Controlment, kon-tr5l'ment, n. act or power of
contra* against, and duo, to speak.] controlling: stale of being controlled : control.
Contradiction, kon-tra-dikshun, n. act of contra Controversial, kon-tro-ver'shal, adj. relating to
dicting: a speaking against : denial : incon controversy.—adv. Controversially.
sistency. Controversialist, kon-tro-ver'shal-ist, «. one
Contradictive, kon-tra-dikt'iv, Contradictory, given to controversy.
kon-tra-dikt'or-i, adj. affirming the contrary: Controversy, kon tro-ver-si, n. a disputation, dis
opposite : inconsistent-—tuiv. Contradict orily. cussion, or debate : contest.
Contradistinction, kon-tra-dis-tink'shun, n., dis Controvert, kon'tro-vert, v.t. to oppose : to argue
tinction by contrast, against: to refute. [L. contra, against, and
Contradiatinctive. kon-tra-dis-tinkt'iv, adj., dis verto, to turn.]
tinguishing by opposite qualities. Controvertible, kon-tro-vertl-bl, adj. that may
Contradistinguish, kon-tra-dis-ting'gwish, v.t. to be controverted.—ouiv. Controvert ibly.
distinguish- or mark the difference by opposite Contumacious, kon-tu-mfi'shus, adj. opposing
qualities. [L. contra, against, opposite, and lawful authority with contempt : obstinate :
Distinguish.] stubborn.—adv. Contuma ciously. — //. Contu
Contralto, kon-tral'tG, n. {music) counter-alto; ma'ciousness.
same as alto or counter-tenor. [See Alto and Contumacy, kon'tfi-ma-si, n. obstinate disobe
Counter. ) [sistency. dience or resistance : stubliornness. [L. contn-
Contrariety, kon-tra-ri'e-ti, «. opposition : incon- macia—contumax, contumacis, insolent, from
Contrariwise, kon'tra-ri-wlr, adv. on the con con, and root tern- in temno, to despise, or acc.
trary way or side : on the other hand. (Con to Littre" from tumeo, to swell.]
trary and Ways.] Contumelious, kon-tu-me'li-us. adj. haughtily re
Contrary, kon'tra-ri, adj., opposite: inconsistent : proachful : insolent.—adv. ContumellOUSly. -
contradictory.—n. a thing that is contrary or n. Contumeliousness.
of opposite qualities.—//. Contrariness.— f-. Contumely, kon tQ-mel-i, «. rudeness : in
Con trarily. [L. contrarius—contra, against.] solence : reproach. [L. contumtlia, which is
Contrast, kun-trast', v.i. to stand against or in from the same source as contumacy. See Con
opposition to.—v.t. to set in opposition, in order tumacy.]
to shew superiority or give effect. [Fr. con- Contuse, kon-tiiz', v.t. to beat exceedingly or
trasle-r—h. contra, opposite to, stare, to stand.] bruise to pieces : to crush. [L. contundo, con-
Contrast, kon'trast, //., oppositionox unlikeness in tusus—con and tundo, to l>eat, to bruise.]
things compared : exhibition of differences. Contusion, kon-tu'zhiin, n. act of bruistng: state
Contravallation, kon-tra-val-a'shun, «. a fortifi of being bruised : a bruise.
cation built by besiegers, which is thus opposed Conundrum, kon-un'drum, n. a sort ofriddle con
to that of the besieged. [L. contra, opposite to, taining some odd or fanciful resemblance between
and vallo, z'al/atus, to fortify—vallum, a wall.] things quite unlike. [Ety. unknown.]
Contravene, kon-tra-vCn', v.t. to come against: Convalesce, kon-val-es', v.i. to regain health.
to oppose : to hinder. ( L. contra, against, venio, [L. con, and valesco -valco, to be strong.]
to come.] Convalescence, kon-val-es'ens, «. gradual re
Contravention, kon-tra-ven'shun, n. act of con covery of health and strength.
travening: opposition: obstruction. Convalescent, kon-val-es'ent, adj. gradually re
Contributary, kon-trib'fl-tar-i, adj. paying a covering health.—//, one recovering health.
share. Convection, kon-vek'shun, «. the process of trans
Contribute, kon-trib'flt, v.t. to give along ivith mission of heat or electricity through liquids or
others : to give for a common purpose : to pay a ga>-es by means of currents. [L. convectio—con,
share.—v.L to give or bear a part.—«. Contrib and veho, I carry.]
utor. [L. con, along with, tribuo, tnbutus, to Convene, kon-ven', v.i. to come together: to as
give.] [levy. semble.—v.t. to call together. [Fr.—L. con-
Contribution, kon-trtb-G'shun, «. a collection : a venio, from con, together, and vento, to come.]
Contributive, kon-tnb'G-tiv, Contributory, kon- Convener, kon-vtm'er, n. one who convenes a
trib'u-tor-i, adj. giving a share : helping. meeting : the chairman of a committee.
Contrite, kon'trit, adj. broken-hearted for sin : Convenience, kon-ven'yens, Conveniency, knn-
penitent.—adv. Contritely. [L. contritus— ven'yen-si, «. suitableness: accommodation.
contero—con, sig. completeness, and tern, to Convenient, kon-ven'yent, adj. suitable : handy :
bruise.] [remorse. commodious. - adv. Conveniently. [L. con
Contrition, kon-trish'un, n, deep sorrow for sin : veniens, convenientis, orig. pr.p. of convemo, to
Contrivance, knn-trlv'ans, ft. act of contriving : come together.]
the thing contrived : invention : artifice. Convent, kon'vent, «. an association of persons
Contrive, kon-trlv', v.t. to find out or plan: to secluded from the world and devoted to a religious
invent.—ti. Contriver. [Fr. contrower—con, life: the house in which they live, a monastery
and trouper, to find. See Trover ] or nunnery. [L. conventus—convenio, to come
Control, kon-trOT, n. (formerly Comptroll . re together.]
straint: authority : command. —v.t. to check : to Conventicle, kon-ventl-kl, n. applied in contempt
restrain : to govern.—//-./, controlling ; pa.p. to a meeting for worship of dissenters from the
controlled'. [Fr. contrdle, from contre-rdle, Established Church. [L. conventiculttm, a
a duplicate register, for checking the original. secret meeting of monks, dim. of conventus.]
Sec Roll. ] Convention, kon-ven'»hun, n. an assembly, e*.p.
0-1 fate, far; mC, her; mine; mote ; mute; mOon ; then.
 Conventional
of representatives for some special object: tem
porary treaty: an agreement. [Fr.—L. con
vention See Convene.]
Conventional, kon-ven shun-al, adj. formed by
convention: growing out of tacit agreement or
custom : customary. —adv. Conven tionally.
Conventionalism, kon-ven'shun-al-izm, «. that
which is established by tacit agreement, as a
mode of speech, &c.
Conventionality, kon-ven-shun-ari-ti, n. state of
being conventional: that which is established by
use or custom.
Conventual, kon-vent'Q-al, adj. belonging to a
convent. — n. a monk or nun. [L. conventualis.]
Converge, kon-verj', v.i. to tend to one point.
[L. con, together, and vergo, to bend, to incline.]
Convergence, kon-vcrj'ens, Convergency, kon-
verj'ens-i, «. act or quality of tending to one
point. [point.
Convergent, kon-verj'ent, adj. tending to one
Conversable, kon-ven>'a-bl, adj. disposed to con~
verse : sociable.—adv. Gonvers'ably. [See
Converse.]
Conversant, kon'vers-ant, adj. acquainted by
study: familiar: {£.) walking or associating
with.
Conversation, kon-ver-sa'shun, «. intercourse :
talk : familiar discourse: {£.) behaviour or
deportment.—adj. Conversa tional.
Conversationalist, kon-ver-sa'shun-al-ist, n. one
who excels in conversation.
Conversazione, kon-ver-sat-se-O'ne, «. a meeting
for conversation, particularly on literary subjects.
—pi. Conversazioni ;-nci. [It.j
Converse, kon-vers', v.i. to have intercourse: to
talk familiarly. [Fr.—L. convenor, to live
with—con, intensive, and verso, to turn much —
verto, to turn.] [vcrsation.
Converse, kon'vers, n. familiar intercourse : con-
Converso. kon'vers, n. a proposition converted or
turned about—i.e. one in which the subject and
predicate have changed places. — adj. reversed
in order or relation, — adv. Con versely.
Conversion, kon-ver'shun, «. change from one
thing, state, or religion, to another : change from
a wicked to a holy life : appropriation to a
special purpose : [logic) act of interchanging the
terms of a proposition.
Convert, kon-vert', v.t. to turn round: to change
or turn from one thing, condition, or religion to
another : to change from a bad to a good life :
to apply to a particular purpose. [L. converto,
conversus—con, and verto, to turn.]
Convert, kon'vert, «., one converted: one who
has become religious, or who has changed his
religion.
Convertible, kon-vert'i-bl, adj. that may be con
verted: that may be changed one for the other.
—adv. Convert ibly.—«. Convertibility.
Convox, kon'veks, adj. rising into a round form
on the outside, the reverse of concave,—adv.
Con vexly. [L. convexus—convene—con, to
gether, and veko, to carry.]
Convexed, kon-vekst', adj. made convex.—adv.
Convex'ediy. [the outside.
Convexity, kon-veksl-ti, n. roundness of form on
Convey, kon-va, v.t. [lit.) to bring or send on the
way: to carry: to transmit: to impart.—adj.
Cohveyable, kon-va'a-bl.—n. Gonvey'er. [O.
Fr. conz'eier—Low L. conviare, to conduct— L,
con, alonn with, and via, a way.]
Conveyance, kon-va"ans, n. the instrument or
means of conveying: (law) the act of trans
ferring property : the writing which transfers it.
fate, f5r ; me-, her ; mine ;
Coolness
Conveyancer, kon-va'ans-er, n. one whose busi
ness is the preparation of d«eds for the trans
ference of property. [a conveyancer.
Conveyancing, kun-va'ans-insr, n. the business of
Convict, kon-vikt', v.t. to prove guilty: to pro
nounce guilty. [From root of Convince.]
Convict, kon'vikt, «. one convicted or found
guilty of crime, esp. one who has been con
demned to penal servitude. ^
Conviction, kon-vik'shun, «. act of convincing or
of convicting : strong belief : a proving guilty.
Convince, kon-vin-/, to sul;due the mind by
evidence : to satisfy as to tiuth. or error: (B.)
to convict : to refute.—adj. Convlnclble. —adv.
Convincingly. [L. con, sig. completeness, and
vinco, victus, to conquer.]
Convivial, kon-viv'i-al, adj. feasting in company :
relating to a feast : social : jovial.—adv. Con-
vivlally. —«. Conviviality. [L. convivium.
a living together, a feast—con, together, and
vivo, to live.]
Convocation, kon-vo-k;Vshun, n. act of convok
ing: an assembly, particularly of the clergy of
the English Church, or of the heads of a
university.
Convoke, kon-vok', v.t. to call together: to as
semble. [X* con, together, and voco, vocatus,
to call.]
Convolute, kon'vo-lut. Convoluted, kon'vo-liit-ed,
adj., rolled together, or one part on another.
[See Convolve.]
Convolution, kon-vo-lii'shun, «. a twisting : a fold.
Convolve, kon-volv/, v.t. to roll together, or one
part on another. (L. con, together, and voIto,
voluius, to roll.]
Convolvulus, kon-vol'vu-Ius, «. a genus of twin
ing or trailing plants, called also bindweed.
Convoy, kon-voy'. v.t. to accompany on the way
for protection. [Fr. convoyer, from root of Con
vey.]
Convoy, kon'voy, «. the act of convoying: pro
tection : that which convoys or is convoyed.
Convulse, kon-vuls', z'.t. to agitate violently : to
affect by spasms. [L. con, intensive, and vello,
vulsus, to pluck, to pull.]
Convulsion, kon-vul'snun, «. a violent and invo
luntary contortion of the muscles : commotion.
Convulsive, kon-vuls'iv, adj. attended with con-
vidsions : spasmodic. ~a<n>. Convulsively.—n.
Convulslveness.
Cony, Coney, ku'ni or kun'i, ri. a rabbit. (Prob.
ong. E. : cf. Out. konijn, Dan. kanin ; or,
through O. Fr. connil, from L. cumcidns, a
rabbit.]
CoO, kou, v.i. to make a noise as a dove : to caress
fondly :—pr.p. cOO'ing : pa.p. cOOed'. [From
the sound.]
Cook, kook, v.t. to prepare food.—n. one whose
business is to cook. [A.S. coc, a cook (Ger
koch), borrowed from L. coquo, to cook.J
Cookery, kook'cr-i, n. the art or practice of
cooking.
Cool, kOTl, adj. slightly cold: free from excite
ment : calm : not zealous or ardent : indifferent :
impudent, — v.t. to make cool : to allay or mode
rate, as heat, excitement, passion, &c.—v.i. to
grow cool.—«. Cool.—adv. Coolly. [A.S. col:
Ger. kiUtl; sec Cold and Chill.]
Cooler, k<>ol'er, n. anything that cools.
Coolie. kOol'i, «. a labourer: in Hindustan, a
porter in general : an Indian or Chinese labourer
in other countries. [Hind, kftli, a labourer.]
Coolness, kCOl'nes, «. moderate cold : indiffer
ence : want of zeal.
mOte : mute ; moTm ; Men. «5
 Coom Cordial
Oootil, kCOm, n. matter that gathers at the naves Coptic, kop'tik, adj. pertaining to the Cop/s, the
of wheels : soot that gathers at the mouth of an descendants of the ancient Egyptians,
oven : coaldust. [Conn, with Ger. kakm, mould Copula, kop'u-la, n. that which couples or joins
gathered on liquids.] together: a bond or lie : (logic) the word joining
Coomb, kCOm, another form of Comb = 4 bushels. the subject and predicate. [L.—co, together,
Coop, koTjp, n. (Jit.) anything hollowy as a cup—a and root ap, connected with L. aptus, fastened,
tub, cask, or barrel: a box or cage for fowls or and Gr. haptd, to join.]
small animals.—v.t. to confine in a coop: to Copulate, kop'Q-lat, v.t. and v.i. to couple orjoin
shut ud or confine. [A.S. cypa, a basket ; akin together: to come together sexually.
to Cup.] Copulation, kop-u-Ia'shun, n. act of copulating.
Cooper, koTJp'er, «. one who makes coops, tubs, Copulative, kop'Q-lat-iv, adj., uniting.—n.(gram.)
casks, &c. a conjunction that unites ideas as well as words.
Cooperage, kotJp'er-aj, «. the work, or workshop Copy, kop'i, n. one of a number, esp. of books : an
of a cooper: the sum paid for a cooper's work. imitation from an original pattern : that which is
Co operant, kO-op'cr-ant, adj. working together. imitated: an original work: manuscript for
Co-operate, k(Vop'er-at, v.i. to work together.— printing.—v.t. to write, paint, &c. after an
«. Co-op erator. [L. co, together, and Operate ] original : to imitate : to transcribe :—pa.f.
Co operation, kO-op-er-3'shun, «. joint operation : cop'ied. [Fr. copie, from L. copia, plenty; in
the association of a number of persons for the Low L. a transcript, because by such the
cheaper purchasing of goods, or for carrying on original was multiplied.]
some branch of industry.—adj. Co-op'erative. Copyhold, kop'i-hold, n. (Eng. law) a species of
Co-ordinate, kO-or'di-nat, adj. holding the same estate or right of holding land, for which the
order or rank : not subordinate. —adv. OO-OruU- owner can only shew the copy of the rolls origin
nately. [L. co, together, equal, and Ordinate ] ally made by the steward of the lord's court.
Co-ordination, k6-or-di-na'shun, n. state of being Copyist. See Copier.
co-ordinate. Copyright, kop'i-nt, «. the exclusive right of an
Coot, koot, w. a short-tailed water-fowl. [Dut author or his heirs to publish for a term of years
koct; W. cwti/tr—civt, a short tail. See Cut.] copies of his work, whether a book, painting,
Copal, ko'pal, «. a resinous substance used in engraving, &c
varnishes. [Sp.—Mexican copalti, a general Coquet, ko-ket', v.i. to excite admiration or love,
name of resins.] from vanity, or to deceive. —v.t. to trifle with in
Copartner, kO-part'ner, n. a joint partner.—ns. love:—pr.p. coquett'ing; pa.p. coquett'ed. [Fr.
Copart nership, Copartnery. [L. co, to coqueter—coquet, dim. of cog, a cock.]
gether, and Partner.] Coquetry, ko-ket'ri or kok'et-ri, n. act of coquet
Cope, kop, «. a covering, a cap or hood : a cloak ting: attempt to attract admiration, &c, in order
worn by a priest : anything spread overhead : a to deceive : deceit in love. [Fr. coquetlerie.]
coping.—v.t. to cover with a cope. [From root Coquette, ko-ket', n. a vain, trifling woman.
of Cap.] Coquettish, ko-ket'ish, adj. practising coquetry :
Cope, kop, v.i. to vie with, especially on equal befitting a coquette.—adv. CoquetVlshly. —«.
terms or successfully : to match. [Dut. koopen, Coquett'ishness. [homer.
cog. with A.S. ceapian, to bargain. See Cheap.] Cor, kor, n. a Hebrew measure, the same as the
Copeck, kO'pek, n. a Russian copper coin equal to Coracle, kor'a-kl, n. a small oval rowboat used
ij farthings. [Russ.J in VV'ales, made of skins or oilcloth stretched on
Copestone, kftp'ston, Coping-stone, kop'ing- wicker-work. [W. corwgl—convg, anything
ston, n. the stone which copes or tops a wall. round ; Gael, curach, a wicker-boat.]
[Cope, a covering, and Stone.] Coral, kor'al, «. a hard substance of various colours,
Copier, kopi-er; Copyist, kop'i-ist, n. one who growing on the bottom of the sea, composed of
copies : an imitator : a plagiarist. the skeletons of zoophytes : a child's toy made
Coping, kop'ing, n. the capping or covering course of coral. [O. Fr.—L. corallium—iir. korailion.\
of masonry of a wall. Coralllferous. kor-al-ifer-us, adj., bearing or con
Copious, ko'pi-us, adj., plentiful': overflowing: taining coral. [Coral, and h./ero, to bear.]
not concise.—adv. Co'plOUSly.—n. Co'plOUS- Coralline, kor'al-in, adj. of, like, or containing
ness. [O. Fr. copieuje—X*. copiosus—copia, coral.~n. a moss-like coral: a coral-like sub
plenty—cot intensive, and ops, opis, power, stance.
property, wealth. See Opulent.] Coranach, kor'a-nak, «. a dirge or lamentation
Copper, kop'er, n. a metal of a reddish colour, for the dead, formerly common among the Irish
named from the island of Cyprus: a vessel and Scottish Celts. [Ir., a 'dirge.']
made of copper.—v.t. to cover with copper. Corban, kor'ban, n. (lit. ) anything devoted to God :
[Low L. cuf>er—L. cuprum, a contr. of cupriutn a vessel to receive gifts of charity : alms. [Heb.
aes, ' Cyprian brass,' because the Romans ob korban, an offering, sacrifice.]
tained copper in Cyprus.] Corbel, kor'bel, n. (arch.) an ornament orig. in the
Copperas, kop'cr-as, «. sulphate of iron or green form of a basket—any ornamented projection
vitriol. [Fr. couperose (It. copparosa)—L. cupri supporting a superincumbent weight. [Fr. cor-
rosa, rose of copper.] bctlle, from L. corbicula, dim. ofcorbis, a basket. ]
Copperish, kop'er-ish, Coppery, kop'er-i, Cupre Cord, kord, n. {orig;) a chord: a small rope or
ous, ku'pre-us, adj. containing or like copper. thick kind of string.—v.t. to bind with a cord.
Copperplate, kop'er-plat, «. a plate of polished [Fr. corde—Lt. chorda. See Chord.]
copper on which something has been engraved : Cordage, kord'aj, n. a quantity of cords or ropes.
an impression taken from the plate. Cordelier, kor-de-leV, n. a Franciscan friar, so
Coppice, kop'is, Copse, kops, n. a wood of small named from the knotted cord worn by him as a
growth for cutting. [O. Fr. copeiz, wood newly girdle. [O. Fr. cordel, dim. of corde, a rope.]
cut—couper, to cut— Low L. copare, to cut.] Cordial, korMi-al, adj., hearty: with warmth of
Coprolite, kop'ro-llt, n. petrified dung of animals. heart : sincere : affectionate : reviving the heart
[Gr. kopros, dung, and lithos, a stone.] or spirits,—n. anything which revives or com
'X, fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOtc ; muto ; m&Un ; Men.
 Cordon
forts the heart : a medicine or drink for refresh
ing the spirits —adv. Cor'dially.—«. Cordial i ty.
[Fr. — L. cor, cordis, the heart. See Core.)
Cordon, kor'don, «. a cord or ribbon bestowed as
a badge of honour: [fort.) a row of jutting
stones : a line of military posts. [Fr.]
Cordovan, kor'do-van, Cordwain, kord'wan, n.
goatskin leather, orig. from Cordova in Spain.
Corduroy, korMu-roy, «. thick cotton stuff, corded
or ribbed. [Perh. Vr. corde du rot, king's cord.]
Cordwainer, kord'wiin-er, «. a worker in cordovan
or cordwain : a shoemaker.
Core, kOr, «. the heart ; the inner part of any
thing, especially of fruit. [O. Fr. cor—L. cor,
cordis, the heart.]
Corelative, &c. See Correlative.
Coriaceous, kOr-i-u'shus, adj., leathery: of or like
leather. [L. corium—Gr, chorion, skin, leather.]
Coriander, kor-i-an'der, n. an annual plant, the
seeds of which when fresh have a buf-XWc smell,
used as a medicine, spice, &c [Fr.—L. cori-
andrum—Gr. koriannon, korion, from koris, a
n hue ] . [L. corolla, dim. of corona, a crown.]
Corinthian, ko-nnth'i-an, adj. pertaining to
Corinth, a city of Greece : pertaining to an
ornate order of Greek architecture.
Cork, kork, «. the outer bark of the cork-tree, an
oak found in the south of Europe, &c. : a stopper
made of cork.—v.t. to stop with a cork : to stop
up. [Sp. corcho—h. cortex, bark, rind.]
Cormorant, kor'mo-rant, n. a genus of web-footed
seabirds, of great voracity : a glutton. [Fr.
cormoran (It. corvo manno), from L. corvus
marinus, the sea-crow.—Brachkt.]
Corn, korn, n. a grain or kernel', seeds that grow
in ears, as wheat, rye, &c. : grain of all kinds. —
v.t. to sprinkle with salt in grains.—n. Corn'-
fleld, a held in which corn is growing. [A. S.
corn : Goth, kaum ; akin to L. granum.]
Corn, korn, n. (lit.) horn: a hard, homy excres
cence on the toe or foot [Fr. come—Low L.
coma—L. cornu, horn, akin to E. Horn, j
Corncrake. Same as Crake.
Cornea, kor'ne-a, «. the transparent horny mem
brane which forms the front part of the eye.
Cornel, kor'nel, n. the cornelian-cherry or dog
wood-tree, so named from the horny or hard
nature of its wood. [O. Fr. cornille, Low L.
coruioln, cornolium—h. cornu, a horn.]
Cornelian, lcor-n€'li-an, n. a precious stone, a
variety of chalcedony. [fr r. cornaline—L.
cornu, a horn, the stone being so called from the
likeness of its colour to the reddish tint of the
finger-nail.]
Corner, kor'ner, n. a hom-WVe projection : the
point where two lines meet : a secret or confined
place. [O. Fr. corniere—L. cornu.]
Cornered, kor'nerd. adj. having corners.
Corner-stone, kor'ner-sion, «. the stone which
unites the two walls of a building at a corner :
the principal stone, csp. the corner of the foun
dation of a building: hence [Jig.) something of
very great importance, as that upon which other
things rest.
Cornet, kor'net, Jit.) little horn : a horn-
shaped trumpet : formerly, a body of cavalry
jmpanied by a comet-player : formerly, the
lowest rank of commissioned officers in the
British cavalry, corresponding to the present
sub-lieutenant —n. Cor'net-a piston, a kind of
cornet with valves and pistons. [Fr. cornet,
dim. of come, a horn, trumpet. See Corn,
(tit.) horn.] [a cornet.
Cornetoy, kor'net-si, n. the commission or rank of
G fate, far ; rat, her ; nil
Correct
Cornice, kor'nis, n. the highest moulded projec
tion of a wall or column, &c. [Fr.—It.—Low L,
coronix, coronicis—Gr. kordnis, a curved line,
a flourish ; akin to L. corona. \
Corniculate, kor-nik'u-lat, adj., horned: shaped
like a horn. [L. corniculatus—corniculum,
dim. of cornu.]
Comlgerous, kor-nij'er-us, adj., bearing horns.
[L. cornn, and gero, to bear.) +
Corn-laws, korn-lawz, n. (in England) laws that
restricted the importation of corn by imposing a
duty, repealed in 1846.
Cornopean, kor-nfl'pe-an, n. a musical wind-
instrument of the horn or trumpet kind. [From
L. cornu, a horn.]
Cornucopia, kor-nO-kO'pi-a, n. {tit.) the hom 0/
plenty: according to the fable, the horn of the
goat that suckled Jupiter, placed among the
stars as an emblem of plenty. [L. cornu, and
copia, plenty.]
Corolla, ko-rol'n, n. the inner covering of a flower
composed of one or more leaves called petals.
Corollary, kor'ol-a-ri, n. an inference or deduction
from recognised facts. [L. corollarium, a little
garland, a gratuity—corolla.]
Coronal, kor'o-nal. Coronary, kor'o-nar-i, adj.
pertaining to a crown, or to the top of the head.
—Coronal, «. a crown or garland : the frontal
bone. [L. corona, a crown.]
Coronation, kor-O-ua'shun, n. the act of crowning
a sovereign. [L. coronatio.]
Coroner, kor'o-ner, n. an officer, appointed by the
crown, whose duty is to inquire into the causes
of accidental or suspicious deaths.
Coronet, korVnet, n. a small or inferior crown
worn by the nobility : an ornamental head-dress.
—adj. Cor'oneted, having or wearing a coronet.
Corporal, kor'po-ral, «. among infantry, a non
commissioned or sub-officer next in rank to a
sergeant : in the navy, an officer under a master-
at-arms.— «. Cor'poralBhip [Fr. caporal—It.
caporale—capo, the head—L. caput, the head.]
Corporal, kor'po-ral, adj. belonging or relating to
the body; having a body : not spiritual.—«. the
cloth used in Catholic churches for covering
the elements ofthe Eucharist.—adv. Cor/porally.
[L. corporalis—corpus, corporis, the body.]
jrporate, kor'po-rat, adj. legally united into a
body so as to act as an individual : belonging
to a corporation : united.—ad?: Cor'porately.—
«. Cor'porateness. [L. corporatus—corporo, to
shape into a body, from corpus.]
Corporation, kor-po-ra'shun, ». a body or society
authorised by law to act as one individual.
Corporeal, kor-pO're-al, adj. having a body or
substance : material.—adv. Corporeally.—«.
Corporeality. [L. corporeus.]
Corps, kor, n. a large body of soldiers, consisting
of two divisions, and forming a complete army
by itself:—//. Corps, kOrz. [Fr., from L.
corpus. ]
Corpse, korps, «. the dead body of a human
being. [O. Fr. corps, or cars, the body— Lat.
corpus: akin to A.S. hrif. See Midriff ]
Corpulence, kor'pfl-lens, Corpulency, kor'pQ-
len-si, n. fleshiness of body : excessive fatnes-s.
Corpulent, koKpO-lent, adj. having a large body;
fleshy or fat.—adv. Cor'pulently. [Fr.—L.
corfittlentus—corpus, a body.]
Corpuscle, koKpus-l, n. a minute particle: a
physical atom.—adj. Corpus cular. [L. corpus-
culum, a little body, dim. of corpus, a body ]
Correct, kor-ckr/, vd. to make right: to remove
mOte : mute ; mOOn ; Men. 97
 Correction
faults : to punish : to counterbalance.—adj.
made right or straight : free from faults ; true. —
adv. Correctly.—n. Correctness. [Ucorrigo,
correctits— cor; intensive, rego, to rule, set right.]
Correction, kor-ek'shun, «. amendment : punish
ment.
Correctional, kor-ek'shun-al, Corrective, kor-
ekt'iv, adj. tending, or having the power, to
<w?w/.£-Correot/ive, «. that which corrects.
Corrector, kor-ekt'or, n. he who, or that which,
corrects.
Correlate, kor'c-lat, v.i. to be mutually related,
as father and son.—«. Correlation. (.Coined
from L. cor, with, and Relate.J
Correlative, kor-el'a-tiv, adj., mutually or reci
procally related.—n. person or thing correspond
ingly related to another person or thing.-—adv.
Correl'atlvely. —n. Correl atlveness.
Correspond, kor-c-spond', v.i. to answer, suit: to
hold intercourse, especially by sending and
receiving letters.—-adv. Correspondingly.
{Coined from L. cor, with, and Respond.]
Correspondence, kor-e spond'ens, Correspond
ency, kor-e-spond'en-si, n. suitableness: friendly
intercourse : communication by means of letters :
letters which pass between correspondents.
Correspondent, kor e-spond'ent, adj. agreeing
with: suitable. —n* one with whom intercourse
is kept up by letters.—adV. Correspond'ently.
Corridor, kor'i-dflr, n. a passage-way or open
gallery running along, communicating with
separate chambers. IFr.—It. corridore, a run
ner, a running—It. correre, to run—L. curro.\
Corrigenda, kor-i-jen'da, n.pl. things to be cor
rected, [reformed, or punished.
Corrigible, kor'i-ji-bl, adj. that may be corrected,
Corroborant, kor-ob'o-rant, Corroborative, kor-
ob'o-rat-iv, adj. tending to confirm.—n. that
which corroborates.
Corroborate, koi-ob'o-r5t, v.t. to confirm : to
make more certain. [L. cor, intensive, and
ronoro, roboratus, to make strong. See Robust. J
Corroboration, kor-ob-o-rfi'shun, «. confirmation.
Corrode, kor-Od', v.t. to gnaw or eat away by
degrees : to rust. [L. cor, intensive, rodo, rosus,
to gnaw.]
Corrodent, kor-Od'cnt, adj. having the power of
corrotiing. —n. lhat which corrodes. [away.
Corrosion, kor-C'zhun, n. act of eating or wasting
Corrosive, kor-os'iv, adj. having the quality of
eating away.—«. that which has the power of
corroding.—adv. Corros'ively.—n. Corros'ive-
ness. [L. corrosus. See Corrode.]
Corrugate, kor'oo-gat, v.t. to wrinkle or draw
into folds.—n. Corrugation. [L. car, inten
sive, mgo, / ugatus, to wrinkle—ruga, a
wrinkle.]
Corrupt, kor-upt', v.t. to make putrid : to defile :
to debase : to bribe.—v.i. to rot : to lose purity.
—adj. putrid : depraved : defiled : not genuine :
full of errors.—adv. Corrupt Ij.—ns. Corrupt'-
ness, Corrupter. [L. cor, intensive, and
rumjfa, rnptus, to break.]
Corruptible, kor-upt i bl, adj. liable to be cor
rupted.—ado. Corruptibly.—ns. Corruptibil
ity, Corrupt'ibleness.
Corruption, kor-up'shun, n. rottenness : putrid
matter: impurity: bribery. [of corrupting.
Corruptive, kor upt'iv, adj. having the quality
Corsair, kor'sar, «. a pirate : a pirate's vessel.
[Fr. corsaire, one who makes the course or
ranges—L. cursus, a running—currot to run.]
Corse, kors. //. a poetic form ol Corpse.
Corselet, Corslet, kors'let, n. a piece of armour
93 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Cosmos
for covering the body. [Fr. corselet, dim. of O.
Fr. cors—L. corpus, the body.j
Corset, kor'set, n. an article of women's dress
laced round the body: stays. [Dim. of O. Fr.
cors—L. corpus, the body.]
Cortege, kor'tazh, «. a train of attendants, orig.
applied only to the court: a procession. [Fr.
— It. corteggio—cor/c, court. See Court.]
Cortes, korles, u. the parliament of Spain and
Portugal. [Sp.,//. of corte, a court.]
Cortex, kor'teks, n the bark or skin of a plant :
a covering.—adj. Cortical, pertaining to bark :
external. [L. cortex, corticis, bark. See Cork,]
Corticate, kor'ti-kst. Corticated, kor'ti-kfu-ed,
adj. furnished with bark; resembling bark.
Corundum, ko-run'dum, «. a crystallised mineral
of extreme hardness, consisting of pure alumina,
used for polishing gems. [Hind, kurand.]
Coruscate, ko-rus'kat or kor'-, v.i. to sparkle: to
throw off flashes of light. — adj. Corus'cant,
flashing. [L. corusco, comscatus, to vibrate,
glitter—coruscus.] [den flash of light.
Coruscation, ko-rus-ka'shun, n. a glittering : sud-
Corvette, kur-VLt', n. a small skip of war, next to
a frigate. [Fr.—Port. corl»-ta—L. corbita, a
slow-sailing ship, from corbis, a basket.]
Corvine, kor'vTn, adj. pertaining to the crow.
[L. corvimts —corvus, a crow.]
Corypheus, kor-i-fc'us, n. the chief or leader,
csp. the leader of the chorus in the Attic drama.
[L.—Gr. korypkaios - koryfhe. the head.]
Cosecant, ko-sc'kam, Cosine, ko'sln, Cotangent,
ko-tan'jent, ns. {math.) the secant, sine, or
tangent respectively of the complement of an
arc or angle of 90*.
Cosmetic, koz-met'ik, adj. improving beauty,
especially that of the complexion.—n. a prepar
ation used for beautifying the complexion.—adv.
Cosmetically. [Gr. kosmetikos—kosmeo, to
adorn—kosmos, order, ornament.
Cosmic, koz'mik, Cosmical, koz'mik-al, adj. re
lating to the world or to the universe : [astron.)
rising orsetting with the sun. —adv. Cos mically.
[Gr. kosmikos—kosmos.]
CosmogonlSt, koz-mog'o-nist, «. one who specu
lates on the origin of the universe.
Cosmogony, koz-mog'o-ni, «. the science of the
formation of the universe. [Gr. kosmogonia—
kosmos, and gon, root ofgigtio/nai, to be born.]
Cosmographic, koz mo-gmfik, Cosmographical,
koz-mo-grafik-al, adj. pertaining to cosmog
raphy.
Cosmography, koz-mog'ra-fi, n. (lit.) a descrip
tion of the world : the science of the constitu
tion of the universe.—//. Cosmog'rapher. [Gr.
kosmographia—kosmos, and grafho, to write.]
Cosmologlst, koz-mol'o-jist, n. one versed in cos
mology.
Cosmology, koz-mol'o-ji, «. the science ofthe uni
verse: a treatise on the structure and parts of
the system of creation.—adj. Cosmolog/lcal.
[Coined from Gr. kosmos, and log^s, discourse. J
Cosmopolitan, koz-mo-pol'i-tan, Cosmopolite,
koz-mop'o-lTt, n. (lit. ) a citizen of ths -world:
one who can make a home everywhere: one
free from local or national prejudices.—n. Cos
mopolitanism. ^ [Gr. kosmopolitcs—kosmos,
and politcs, a citizen—polls, a city.]
Cosmorama, koz-mo-ri'ma, «. a vtezu, or a series
of views, of different parts of the -world.—adj.
Cosmoramlc. [Gr. kosmos, and horama, a
spectacle—horod, to see.]
Cosmos, koz'mos, «. the world as an orderly or
systematic whole, opposed to chaos. [Gr. j
mote ; mute ; m(K5n ; then.
 Cossack
Cossack, kos'ak, n. one of a warlike tribe in the
east and south of Russia. [Russ. Kasake (of
Tartar origin}, a light-armed soldier, a robber.]
Cost, kost, v.t. to bring a certain price : to require
to be laid out or suffered :—pa.t. and Pa.p. cqsL
—n. what is laid out, or suffered to obtain any
thing,—/*/, expenses of a lawsuit. [Fr. co/)tert
O. fr. couster—h constaret to stand at—con,
and stare, to stand.]
Costal, kost'al, tuij, relating to the ribs, or to
the side of ihe body. [L. cos/a, a rib.]
Costermonger, kos'ter-mung-ger, «. a seller of
costards or apples and other fruit: an itinerant
seller of fruit. [Costard, a variety of apple, and
Monger.]
Costive, kos'tiv, adj. having the motion of the
bowels too slow. —adv. COB'tively. [Fr. constipe'.
See Constipate ] [of the bowels.
Costlveness, kos'tiv-nes, n. slowness in the action
Costly, kost'li, ail/, of great cost: high-priced:
valuable.—n. Costliness.
Costume, kos-tum', n. the manner of dressing
Frevalent at a particular period or place : dress.
Fr.—It.—Low L. costuma - L. consuetudo,
custom. Doublet of Custom.]
Cot, kot, «. a small dwelling, a cottage : a small
bed : a sleeping-place on board ship : an la-
closure for sheep or cattle. [A.S. cote, a cot or
den ; a doublet of Coat | [variety of Cot. ]
Cote, kot, «. an inclosure for sheep, &c. [A
Cotemporaneoua, ko-tem-po-ru'ne-us, Cotompo-
rary, ko-tem'po-rar-i. Same as Contempo
raneous, Contemporary.
Coterie, kO'te-re, «. a number of persons who
meet familiarly for social, literary, or other pur
poses. [Fr. ; orig. a number of peasants clubbed
together to obtain a tenure of land from a lord-
Low L. cota, a hut. See Cot.]
Cotillon, Cotillion, ko-til'yun, «. a brisk dance
by eight persons. [Fr.—cotte, a petticoat—Low
L. ■cotta, a tunic. See Coat. |
Cotquean, kot'kwCn, n. a man who busies himself
with women's affairs. I Cot, a small house, and
quean.]
Cottage, kot'Sj, «. a cot: formerly applied to a
hut or hovel, now to a small neat dwelling.
Cottager, kot'aj-er, n. one who dwells in a
cottage.
Cottar, Cotter, kot'er, ». Same as Cottager.
Cotton, kot'u, n. a soft substance like fine wool,
got from the pods of the cotton-plant : cloth
made of cotton. [Fr. coton—Ar. qutun.]
Cotyledon, kot-i-l£'don, n. a cup-shaped leaf or
lobe in certain plants, forming part of the seed,
and on which the growing germ is nourished.
[Gr. kotylfdSn—kotyli, a cup.]
Cotyledonous, kot-i-ls'don-us or -led'on-us, adj.
pertaining to or having cotyledons or seed-lobes.
Conch, kowch, v.t. to lay down on a bed, &c. :
to arrange in language, to express ; to depress
or remove a cataract in the eye.—V.t, to lie
down for the purpose of sleep, concealment, &c. :
to bend or stoop in reverence.—Couch a spear,
to fix it in its rest at the side of the armour.
[Fr. coucher, to lay or He down, O. Fr. colcher
—L. collocare, to place—col, and locus, a place.]
Couch, kowch, n. any place for rest or sleep : a bed.
Couchant, kowch'ant, adj., couching or tying
down with the head raised. [Fr., pr.p. of
coucher.] [as the puma. [Brazilian.]
Cougar, kOO'gar, n. an American animal; same
Cough, kof, n. an effort of the lungs to throw off
injurious matter, accompanied by a harsh sound,
proceeding from the throat —v.t. to make this
ffite, far ; mfi, her ; mine ;
Countermarch
effort.— V.t. to expel from the throat or lungs by
a cough. [From a Low Ger. root found in Dut.
kugchen, to cough, imitative of the sound,]
Could, kood, past tense of Can. [O. E. coude,
couth—AS. cuthe for cunthe, was able ; / is in
serted from the influence of would and should.]
Coulter. See Colter.
Council, kown'sil, n. an assembly called together
for deliberation or advice. [Fr. concHe—L. con
cilium—con, together, and root cal, to call.]
Councillor, kown'sil-or, n. a member of a council.
Counsel, kown'se!, n., consultation : deliberation :
advice: plan: purpose: one who gives counsel,
a barrister or advocate.—v.t. to gtve advice : to
warn :—pr.p. counselling ; P&-P- coun'setled.
[Fr. cottseil—L. consilium, advice—consulere, to
consulL]
Counsellor, kown'sel-or, «. one who counsels: a
barrister.—«. Coun'sellorship.
Count, kownt, «. on the continent, a title of
nobility equal in rank to an English e&r\.—fem.
Count 633, the wife of a count or earl. [Fr.
comte, from L. comes, comitis, a companion (of
a prince)—con, with, and to, itum, to go.]
Count, kownt, v.t. to number, sum up : to ascribe :
esteem : consider, —v.i. to add to or increase a
number by being counted to it: to depend. —«.
act of numbering : the number counted : a par
ticular charge in an indictment.—adj. Count'-
less. [O. Fr. cunter, Fr. compter—L. com-
putare. See Compute.]
Countenance, kown tcn-ans, n. the face : the ex
pression ol the face : appearance.— v.t. to favour
or approve. [Fr. contenance—L. continentia,
restraint, in late L. demeanour—L. continere,
to contain. See Contain.]
Counter, kown'ter, tt. he who or that which
counts: that which indicates a number : a piece
of metal, &c. used in reckoning: a table on
which money is counted or goods laid.
Counter, kown'ter, adv., against: in opposition.
^—adj. contrary : opposite. [L. contra, against ]
Counteract, kown-ter-akt', v.t. to act counter or
in opposition to : to hinder or defeat.—n. Coun-
terac'tion.
Counteractive, kown-ter-akfiv, adj. tending to
counteract.— n. one who or that which counter
acts.—adv. Counteract'ively.
Counterbalance, kown-ter-bal ans, v.t. to balance
by weight on the opposite side : to act against
with equal weight, power, or influence.
Counterbalance, kown'ter-bal-ans, ». an equal
weight, power, or agency working in opposition.
Counterfeit, kown'ter-fit, v.t. to imitate : to copy
without authority: to forge. [Fr. contre/ait,
from contrefaire, to imitate—L. contra, against,
facere, to do, to make.]
Counterfeit, kown'ter-fit, n. something false or
copied, or that pretends to be true and original.
—adj. pretended ; made in imitation of : forged :
false.
Counterfoil, kown'ter-foil, «. the corresponding
part of a tally or check. [Counter and FolL]
Countermand, kown-ter-mand', v.t. to give a
command in opposition to one already given : to
revoke. [Fr. contrcmandtr—L. contra, against,
and mando, to order,]
Countermand, kown'ter-mand, ». a revocation of
1 a former order.—adj. Countermand'able.
Countermarch, kown-ter-march', v.i. to march
back or in a direction contrary to a former one.
Countermarch, kown'ter-mSrch, n. a marching
backward or in a direction different from a
former one: (mil.) an evolution by which a
mote ; mate ; mOCn ; Men. v»9
 Counterpane Cover
body of men change front, and still retain the Courier, koTJ'ri-er, «. a runner: a messenger: a
same men in the front rank : change of measures. I state servant or messenger : a travelling attend-
Counterpane, kown'ter-pan, «. a coverlet for a ] ant. [Fr , from courir— L. currere, to run ]
bed, stitched or woven in squares. [A corr. of Course, kf>rs, «. the act of running: the road or
O. Fr. contrepoincte, which is a corr. oicoulte- track on which one runs : the direction pursued :
poinle — 'L. culcita puncta, a stitched pillow or a voyage : a race : regular progress from point
cover. See Quilt.} to point: method ot procedure : conduct: apart
Counterpart, kown'ter-part, n. the part that of a meal served at one time- [Fr. cours—
answers*lo another part : that which his into or L. cursus. from curro, cursum, to run.]
completes another, having the qualities which Course, kors, v.t. to run, chase, or hunt after.—
the other lacks, and so an opposite. v.i. to move with speed as in a race or hunt.
Counterpoint, kown'tcr-point, n. the older form Courser, kurs'er, «. a runner: a swift horse : one
of Counterpane. I who courses or hunts.
Counterpoint, kown'ter-point, n. (tuusic^ written Coursing, kOrs'ing, n., hunting with greyhounds.
harmony which originally consisted of joints Court, kurt, «. a space inclosed: a space sur-
placed opposite to each other : the setting of a I rounded by houses: the palace of a sovereign :
harmony of one or more parts to a melody : the the body of persons who form his suite or coun
art of composition. [Fr. contrepoint—coutre, cil : attention: civility, as to pay court : [law)
against, and point, a point. See Counter and the hall of justice : the judges and officials who
Point] ; preside there : any body ol persons assembled to
Counterpoise, kown-tir-poiz', v.t. to poise or I decide causes, whether civil, military, or eccle
weigh against or on the opposite side : to yet in siastical.—v.t. to pay attentions to: to woo : to
opposition to with eqml effect. — «. Counter ! solicit: to seek.— «. Court'yard, a court or in-
poise, an equally heavy weight in the other closure near a house. [Fr. cour, O. Fr. cort--
scale. [Counter and Poise J Low L. cortis, a courtyard— L. cors. cohors, an
Counterscarp, kown ter-skiirp, n. (fort.) the side inclosure ; akin to Gr. chortos, an inclosed place,
of the ditch nearest to the besiegers and opposite L. /tortus, a garden. See Yard.]
to the scarp. [Counter and Scarp.] Courteous, kurt'yus, Oilj. of court-like manners :
Countersign, kown'ter-shi, v.t. to sign on the polite : respectful : obliging. — adv. Court eously.
opposite side of a writing : to sign in addition to —h. Court eousness.
the signature of a superior, to attest the authen Courtesan, Courtezan, kurt'e-zan, n. a fashion
ticity of a writing. — «. a military private sign able prostitute. [Sp. cartesana—corte, court-
or word, which must be given in order to pass See Court ]
a sentry: a counter-signature. [Counter and Courtesy, kurt'e-si, «., courtliness: elegance of
Sign.] [countersigned to a writing. manner : an act of civility or respect.
Counter-signature, kowu'ter-sig na-tur, «. a name Courtesy, kurr/si, «. the gesture of salutation or
Counter-tenor, kown'ter-teti'or, n. name applied respect performed by women by slightly de
to alto, when sung by a male voice £so called, pressing the body and bending the knees.—v.i.
because a contrast to tenor). to make a courtesy :—pr.p. court'esying ; Pa-p.
Countervail, kown-ter-val', v.t. to be of avail court'esied. [O. Fr. cortoisie. Sec Court ]
against : to act against with equal effect : to be Courtier, kOrt'yer, n. one who frequents courts or
of equal value to. [Counter and Avail.] palaces : one who courts or flatters.
Countess. See under Count. Courtly, kOrtli, adj. having manners like those of
Country, kun'tri, «. a rural region as distinct from a court elegant.—«. Court liness.
a town : a tract of land : the land in which one Court-martial, kOrt'-maY'shal, «. a court held by
was born, or in which one resides.—adj. belong officers of the army or navy for the trial of
ing to the country : rustic: rude. [Fr. contree offences against military or naval laws.—pi.
—Low L. contrata, contrada, an extension of Courts-martial.
L. contra, over against. It was a name Court-plaster, kflrt'-plas'tdr, «. sticking plaster
adapted by the German settlers in Gaul as a made of silk, orig. applied as patches on the
translation of Ger. gegend, region (from gegett, face by ladies at court.
over against).] Courtship, kort'ship, «. the act of wooing with
Country dance. See Contra-dance. intention to marry.
Countryman, kun'tri-man, «. one who lives in Cousin, kuz'n, n. formerly, a kinsman generally :
the country : a farmer : one born in the same now, the son or daughter of an uncle or aunt.—
country with another. Cousin-german, a first-cousin. [Fr.—L. conso-
County, kown'ti, n. iorig.) the province ruled by a brinus—con, sig. connection, and sobrinus for
count : a portion of a country separated for the sororinus, applied to the children of sisters—
administration of justice: a shire. soror, a sister.]
Couple, kupl, «. two of a kindjoined together, or Cove, kflv, n. a small inlet of the sea: a bay.—
connected: two: a pair.—v. t. to join together: v.t. to overarch, and thus form a hollow. [A.S.
to unite. [Fr., ■rom L. copula. See Copula. ) cofa, a chamber ; Ice. kofi, a shed ; not to be
Couplet, kup'let, «., two lines of verse that rhyme confused with cave or alcove.}
with each other. Covenant, kuv'c-nant, «. a mutual agreement :
Coupling, kup'ling, n. that which connects. the writing containing the agreement.—v.i. to
Coupon, koo'pong, «. an interest warrant attached enter into an agreement : to contract or bargain.
to transferable bonds, which is cut offwhen pre Covenanter, [O. Fr. — L. kuv-e-nanther,
con, together, «.andonevenio,
who tosigned
come.]or
sented for payment. [Fr.—couper, to cut off.]
Courage, kur'aj, «. the quality that enables men adhered to the Scottish National Covenant of
to meet dangers without fear : bravery : spirit. 1638.
[Fr. courage, from L. cor, the heart.] Cover, kuv'er, v.t. to hide : to clothe : to shelter :
Courageous, kur-i'jus, adj., full of courage: to brood or sit on : to be sufficient for, as to
brave.—adv. Courageously.— u. Coura'geous- cover expense.—«. that which covers or pro
ness tects : {hunting) the retreat of a fox or hare.
!00 fate, far ; ni4, her ; mlrle ; mate ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Covering Cranium
[Fr. louvrir (It. coprire)—L. cooferire—con, and harsh : rough : difficult, perplexing. — adv.
oNrrio, to cover.] Crabb'edly.—u. Crabb'edness.
Covering, kuv'er-ing, «. anything that covers. Crack, krak, v.i. to utter a sharp sudden sound:
Coverlet, kuVer-let, «. a bedcover. [Fr. couvre- to split.—v.t. to produce a sudden noise : to
tit, from couvre, and lit—L. tectum, a bed.] break into chinks: to split: to break partially or
Covert, kuv'ert, adj., covered: concealed ; secret. wholly.—n. a sudden sharp splitting sound : a
—n. a place that covers or affords protection. chink : a flaw. [A.S. cearcian, to crack ; Dut.
Covertly, kuv'ert-li, adv. in a covered or concealed krak, Gael, cnac; like Creak, Croak, &c, from
manner. the sound.] *
Coverture, kuVer-tiir, covering, shelter, de Cracker, krak'er, «. the person or thing which
fence : (taw) the condition of a married woman. cracks ; a noisy firework : a hard biscuit.
Covet, kuv'et, v.t. or v.i. to desire or wish for Crackle, krak'l, v.i. to give out slight butfrequent
eagerly; to wish for what is unlawful.—adj. cracks.—n. Crackling, the rind of roasted pork.
Covetable. [O. Fr. coveiUr, Fr. convoiter; Cracknel, krak'nel, «. a hard, brittle biscuit.
It. cubitare—L. cupulas, desirous—cupiot to Cradle, kra'dl, n. a bed or crib in which children
desire.] are rocked: {fig. ) infancy: a frame in which
Covetous, kuv'et-us, adj. inordinately desirous : anything is imbedded : a case for a broken limb :
avaricious.—adv. Covetously.—«. Cov'etoua- a frame under a ship for launching it.—v.t. to
ness. lay or rock in a cradle. [A. S. cradot, borrowed
Covey, kuv'i, tt. a brood or hatch of birds: a from Gael, creathall, a cradle, a grate ; akin to
small flock of birds—said of game. (Fr. couvie L. craticula, dim. of crates, a crate, and to E.
—couve", pa. p. of couver, to hatch—1». cubo, to Hurdle. See Crate.]
lie down.] Craft, kraft, n. cunning : dexterity : art : trade :
Cow, kow, «. the female of the bull. [A.S. cu ; small ships. [A.S. craejt ; Ger kmjt, power,
Ger. huh, Sans, go : from its cry.] energy ; from root of Cramp.] [or trade.
COW, kow, v.t. to subdue, keep under: to dis- j Craftsman, krafts'man, «. one engaged in a craft
hearten. (Ice. kuga, Dan. hue, to subdue, to Crafty, kraft'i, adj. havinc craft or skill : cunn
keep under. J ing : deceitful.—adv. Craft'ily.—«. Craftiness.
Coward, kow^ard, tt. one who turns tail: one Crag, krag, «. a rough, steep rock or point :
without courage. [O. Fr. couard. It. codardo~ igeol.) abed of gravel mixed with shells. [Gael,
L. cautia, a tail.] creag, W. craig, a rock, which is short for car-eg,
Coward, kow'ard, Cowardly, kow'ard-li, adj. a dim. from root car, a rock, whence also earn
afraid of danger: timid: mean.— adv. Cow'- - E. Cairn.]
ardly. -«. Cowardliness. [timidity. Cragged, krag'ed, Craggy, krag'i, adj., full of
Cowardice, kow'ard-is, n. want of courage : crags or broken rocks : rough : rugged.—ns.
Cower, kow'er, v.i. to sink down, generally through Cragg edness, Cragg iness.
fear : to crouch. [Cf. Ice. kura, Dan. hure, to Crake, krak, Corn'crake, «. the landrail, a migra
lie quiet.] tory bird which lives much among grass, corn,
Cowl, kowl, «. a cap or hootl ; a monk's hood : a &c. [So named from its cry.]
cover for a chimney. (A.S. cujle ; Ice. cojt ; Cram, kram, v.t. to press close : to stuff: to fill to
akin to L. cucuilus, hood.) superfluity.—v.i. to eat greedily :—/r./. cramm'-
Cowled, kowld, adj. wearing a coxvt. ing ; Pa.p. crammed'.—n. Cramm er, one who
Cowpox, kow'poks, k. a disease which appears prepares students for examination by cramming
in pox or pimples on the teats of the cow, the them with the required knowledge. [A.S.
matter from which is used for Vaccination. crammian ; Ice. kremja, to squeeze ; Dan.
Cowry, kow'ri, n. a small shell used as money in kramme, to crumple, crush.]
the E. Indies and in Africa. [Hind, kauri.) Cramp, kramp, «. a painful spasmodic contraction
Cowslip, kmv'slip, n. a species of primrose which of muscles : restraint : a piece of iron bent at
appears early in spring in moist places. [A.S. the ends, for holding together wood, stone, &c.—
ku-styppe, a word of doubtful meaning.] v.t. to affect with spasms : to confine : to hinder :
Cowtree, kow'tre, n. a tree that produces a to fasten with a crampiron. [E. ; Ger. krampf
nourishing fluid resembling milk. conn, with Clamp.]
Coxcomb, knksltom, «. a strip of red cloth notched Crampfish, kramp fish, «. the torpedo, because it
like a cock's comb, which professional fools used causes sp tsrns when touched.
to wear ; a fool : a fop. (Com of Cockscomb. ] Cranberry, kran'ber-i, «. a red, sour berry grow
Coxswain. See Cockswain. ing on a stalk resembling the neck of a crane,
Coy, koy, adj. modest: bashful: shy. —adv. much used for tarts, &c
Coyly.—ru Coy'ness. [Fr. cot; from L quietus, Cranch, kranch. Same as Crunch.
quiet.j (lshly.—«. Coy'ishness. Crane, krfin, n. a large wading bird, with lonj*
Coyisn, koylsh, adj., somnvltat coy.—adv. Coy'- legs, neck, and bill : a bent pipe for drawing liquor
Coz, kuz. n. a contraction of Cousin. out ofa cask, a machine for raising heavy weight*
Cozen, kuz'n, v.t. to flatter: to cheat.—n. Oos'- —both named from their likeness to the bird.
ener. [Frmn Fr. cousiner, to claim kindred for [A.S. cran ; Ger. krattich, W. garan; Gi;
one's own advantage, play the parasite—cousin, geranos, L. grits, a crane, from the sound ; cf.
a cousin.] [deceit. Garrulous.]
Cozenage, kuz'n-aj, «. the practice of cheating: Cranial, kr;Vni-al, pertaining to the cranium.
Cozy, kG'zi, adj. snug : comfortable.—adv. Co'zily. Cranlologlst, kra-ni-ol'o-jist, n. one skilled in
[Fr. causer, to chat ; prob. fr. Ger. kosen, to caress ] craniology.
Crab, krab, u. a common shell-fish having ten legs, Cranlology, krii-ni-ol'o-ji, tt. the study of skulls:
the front pair terminating in claws : a sign in the phrenology.—adj. Craniolog'ical. [Low L.
zodiac. (A.S. crabha; Ger. krabbe.] cranium, a skull, and Gr. logos, a discourse.]
Crab, krab, a wild bitter apple. [Perh. because Cranium, kraVni-um, «. the skull: the bones in
it pinches, like a crab.] closing the brain. (Low L. cranium—Gr*
Crabbed, kratted, adj. ill-natured: peevish: kranion, from karf, the head.]
Kite, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOOn ; Men.
 Crank Credulity
Crank, krangk, «. a crook or bend: a bend on Crayon, kra'on, n. a pencil made of chalk or pipe
an axis for communicating motion : a twisting or clay, variously coloured, used for drawing : a
conceit in speech. [From an E. root krank, drawing done with crayons. [Fr. crayon—<raiet
been also in Dut. kronkelen, krinkelen, to curl, chalk, from L. creta, chalk.]
twist, bend ; also in £. Cringe, Crinkle.] Craze, krflz, v.t, to weaken : to derange (applied
Crank, krangk, Crankle, krangk'l, Crinkle, to the intellect).—adv. Craz'edly. [Ice. krasa,
kringk'l, v.t. to form with short turns or to crackle, from which also is derived Fr. /"eraser,
wrinkles.—v.i. to bend, turn, wind, or wrinkle. to crush, shatter; akin to Crash.]
Crank, kaangk, Cranky, krangk'i, adj. weak : Crazy, kraz'i, adj. feeble : crack-brained : insane.
(nattt.) liable to be upset. [From the notion of —adv. Craz'iry.—«. Craz'iness.
bending: cf. Ger. krank, sick.] Creak, kr<Sk, v.i. to make a sharp, cracking, grat
Crankle, krangk'l. Crinkle, knngkl, «. a turn, ing sound, as of a hinge, &c. [E. ; O. Fr.
winding, or wrinkle. criquer is from the same Teut. root ; conn, with
Crankness, krangk'nes, n. liability to be upset. Crack. ]
Crannog, kran'og, n. the name given in Scotland Cream, krem, n. the oily substance which forms
and Ireland to a fortified island (partly natural on milk: the best part of anything.—v.t. to take
and partly artificial) in a lake, used as a'dwell- TPr. off the cream.—v.i. to gather or form cream,
ing-pl.tcc and place of refuge among the early rehmtcrime—Low L. crema; perh. allied to A.S.
Ger. rahm, which had prob. initial h.]
inhabitants.
Cranny, kranl, n. (/it.) a rent: a chink: a Cream-faced, krSm'-fast, adj., pale-faced either
secret place. [Fr. crant a notch—L. crena, a naturally or through fear : coward-looking.
notch.] Creamy, krem'i, adj., full 0/ or like cream:
Crape, krap, n. a thin transparent crisp or crim- gathering like cream.—tu Cream'iness.
pled silk stuff, usually black, used in mourning. Crease, kres, «. a mark made by folding or doub
[Fr. crSpe, O. Fr. crespe—L. crispus, crisp.] ling anything.—v.t. to make creases in anything.
Crapulence, krap'u-lens, n sickness caused by [Bret, Ariz, a wrinkle ; perh. akin to L. crispus.]
intemperance.—adj. Crap'ulouS, Crap'ulent. Crease, Creese, kres, «. a Malay dagger. [The
[Fr. crapule—L. crapula, intoxication.] Malay word.]
Crash, krash, n. a noise as of things breaking or Creasote. See Creosote.
being crushed by falling.—v.i. to make a noise as Create, krfi-at', V.t. to bring into being or form
of things falling and breaking. [Formed from out of nothing : to beget : to form : to invest
the sound. Sec Crush.] with a new form, office, or character : to pro
CraslB, kra'sis, n. {gram.} the mingling or con duce. [L. creo, crcatus ; cog. with Gr. kraind,
traction of two vowels into one long vowel, or to accomplish, to fulfil ; Sans, kri, to make.]
into a diphthong. [Gr. krasis~-kerannHmi, to Creatin, kre"'a-tin, «. a crystal'isable substance
mix.] found in thejflesh or muscular tissue of animals.
[Gr. kreas, flesh.]
Crass, Vra.%, adj.. gross; thick: coarse. [L. crassus.] Creation,
Crassament. kras'a-ment, n. the gross or thick kr€-a'shun, «. the act of creating, esp.
part of a fluid, esp. blood. [L. crassamtntum — the universe : that which is created, the world,
crassus. ] the universe. [L. erratic.]
Crassitude, krasl-tQd, «. grossness: coarseness. Creative, krS-a'tiv, adj. having power to create:
Cratch, krach, n. a crib to hold hay for cattle, a that creates.—adv. Grea'tively.—n. Crea'tive-
manger. [Fr. crick?, a manger; from a Tent, ness.
root, of which E. Crib is an example.] Creator, krfi-a'tor, n. he who creates : a maker.—
Crate, knit, wicker-work : a case made of rods The Creator, the Supreme Being, God.
wattled together, and used for packing crockery Creature, krfi'tflr, n. whatever has been created,
in. [L crates, a hurdle. See Cradle.] animate or inanimate : esp. every animated
Crater, krat'er, «. the &?W-shaped mouth of a being, an animal, a man : a term of contempt or
volcano. [L. crater—Gr. kratir, a large bowl endearment : adependent. [O. Fr.—L. crcatura.]
for mixing wine, from kerannftmi, to mix.] Credence, krE'dens, n. belief: trust : the small
Craunoh, kranch. A form of Crunch. table beside the altar on which the bread and
Cravat, kra-val', «. a kind of neckcloth worn by wine are placed before being consecrated. [Low
men, introduced into France in 1636 from the L. credentia—credent-, believing, pr.p. ofcredo. ]
Cravates or Croattans. [Fr. cravate, a corrup Credent, kre'dent, adj. easy of belief.
tion of Croat.] Credential, kre"-den'shal, adj. giving a title to
Crave, krav, v.t. to beg earnestly : to beseech : to beliefor credit. —n. that which entitles to credit
demand or require : to long for. [A.S. crafian, or confidence.—//, esp. the letters by which one
to crave.] claims confidence or authority among strangers.
Craven, kraVn, «. a coward: a spiritless fellow.— Credible, kred'i-bl, adj. that may be believed. —
adj. cowardly: spiritless. —adv. Crav'enly. — «. ns. Credibility, Cred'ibleness.—adv. Cred'-
Crav'enness. [Orig. cravant, or cravand, iblv.
craving quarter or mercy when vanquished.] Credit, kred'it, n., belief; esteem: reputation:
Craving, kraVing, «. a strong desire. honour : good character : sale on trust : time
Craw, kraw, n. the crop, throat, or first stomach allowed for payment : the side of an account on
of fowls. [Dan. kroe; Ger, kragen; ScoL which payments received are entered.—v.t. to
craig, the neck.] believe: to trust : to sell or lend to on trust : to
Crawfish. Sec Crayfish. enter on the credit side of an account : to set to
Crawl, krawI, v.i. to creep or move on : to move the credit of. [L. creditus—credo.]
feebly or slowly. [Ice. krafla, Dan. kravle ; Creditable, kred'it-a-bl, adj. trustworthy : bring
Ger krabbetn, to creep.] ing credit or honour.—«. Creditableness. —
Crayfish, kra'fish, Crawfish, kraw'fish, n. a small adv. Creditably. [a debt is due.
species of crab or lobster, found in fresh water. Creditor, kred'it-or, n. {commerce} one to whom
[A corr. of Fr. e'emrisse, from O. Ger. krebiz, a Credulity, kre-du'li-ti, «., credulousness : disposi
crab ; not a compound nf Fish.] tion to believe on insufficient evidence.
102 late, far; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mOOo ; then.
 Credulous
Credulous, kred'tl-Ius, adj., easy ofbelief: apt to
believe without sufficient evidence : unsuspect
ing.—adv. Credulously.—n. Cred'uiousness.
Creed, kred, n. a summary of the articles of reli
gious belief. [L. credo, I believe, the first word
of the Apostles' Creed ; akin to Sans, cratiaha,
faith.]
Creek, krek, «. a small inlet or bay of the sea or a
river : any turn or winding. [A modification of
Crook; A.S. crecca; cog. with Dut. kreek ; Ice.
kriki, a corner—orig. a bend. ]
Creeky, krek'i, adj. full of creeks : winding.
Creel, krel, «. a basket, esp. an angler's basket.
[Gael.]
Creep, kre"p, v.i. to move on the belly, like a
snake: to move slowly: to grow along the
ground or on supports, as a vine: to fawn:—Pr.p.
creep'ing; fia.t. and pa.p. crept. [AS. creopan ;
Dut. kruipen.] [small climbing birds.
Creeper, krtlp'er, «. a creeping plant : a genus of
Creese. See Crease.
Cremation, krem-a'shun, n. act of burning, esp.
of the dead. [L. cretnatio, from cremo, to burn.]
Cremona, krem-5'na, «. a superior kind of violin
made at Cremona in Italy.
Crenate, kre'nat, Cren&tea, krC'nut-ed, adj. {hot.)
having the edge notched. [L. cretta, a notch.]
Crenelated, kre-nel-at'ed, adj. furnished with
notches in a parapet to fire through: indented:
battlemented. [Low L. crenellare, to indent
—crenellus, a battlement—I*, crena, a notch.]
Creole, kr6'0l, «. strictly applied to an inhabitant
of S. America or W. Indies born in the country
and of pure European blood: one born in tropical
America of any colour, but of a race not native
to it. [Fr. crtole—Sp. criollo, contr. of cria-
dilloy "a little nursling, dim. oicriado—criar, lit,
to create, also to bring up, to nurse — L. creare]
Creosote, kreVsOt, Creasoto. krfi'a-sot, n. an
oily, colourless liquid distilled from woodtar,
and having the quality ofpreservingflesh from
corruption. [Gr. kreas, kreds, flesh, and sdtir,
a preserver, from sSzd, to save.]
Crepitate, krep'i-tat, v.i. to crackle as salt when
suddenly healed. [L. crepito, crepitatus, fre
quentative of cref>o, to crack, rattle.]
Crepitation, krep-i-ta'shun, n. a repeated snap
ping noise.
Crept, krept,/<i./. and pa.p. of Creep.
Crepuscular, kre-pus'kQ-lar, Crepusculous. kre-
pus'ku-lus, adj. of or pertaining to twilight.
Crepuscule, kre-pusTcul, Orepuscle, kre-pus'l, n.,
ttuilight. [L. crepusculum—crrper, dusky,
obscure.]
Crescendo, kres-en'dO, adv. with an increasing
volume of sound, a musical term whose sign is <
Crescent, kres'ent, adj., increasing.—«. the moon
as she increases towards half-moon : a figure like
the crescent moon, as that on the Turkish
standard : the standard itself: the Turkish
piwer : a range of buildings in curved form.
[L. crescens, crescentis, pr.p. of cresco, to grow.]
Cress, kres, n. the name of several species of plants
like the watercress, which grow in moist places,
and have pungent leaves used as a salad. [A.S.
etrrse, cressar; cog. with Dut. hers, Ger. kresse. ]
Cresset, kro'et, n. a cruse, jar, or open lamp
filled with combustible material, placed on a
beacon, lighthouse, &c [Fr. creuset. See
Crook, Cruse.]
Crest, krest, «. the comb or tuft on the head of a
cock and other birds : a plume of feathers or
other ornament on the top of a helmet: {her.)
a figure placed over a coat of arms. —v.t. to
fate, far ; mfi, her ; mine ;
Crmge
furnish with, or serve for, a crest. [O. Fr.
creste—L. crista.]
Crest-fallen, krest'-fawln,(7riy dejected : heartless.
Crestless, krest'les, adj. without a crest: not of
high birth.
Cretaceous, kre"-ta'shus, adj. composed of or like
chalk. [L cretaceus, from creta, chalk.]
Cretin, kre'tin, «. one of a class of idiots found in
deep valleys, esp. among the Alps, and generally
afflicted with goitre. [Ety. dub.]
Cretinism, kre"tin-izm, n. the condition of a cretin.
Crevasse, krev-as', «. a crack or split, esp. applied
to a cleft in a glacier. [Fr. crevasse—crever,
to burst, rive—L. crepare, to creak, crack.]
Crevice, krev'is, n. a crack or rent : a narrow
opening. [A doublet nf Crevasse.]
Crew, kro"0, «. a company, in a bad or contemptu
ous sense : a ship's company. [Ice. km, a mul
titude : Sw. kry, to swarm.]
Crew, kro~0 —did crow—past tense of Crow.
Crewel, kroTJ'el, «. a kind of embroidery. [Cf.
Clew.]
Crib, krib, n. the rack or manger of a stable : a
stall for oxen : a child's bed : a small cottage :
{colloq.) a literal translation of the classics, which
schoolboys use unfairly in preparing their lessons.
—v.t. to put away in a crib, confine, pilfer: —
Pr.p. cribb'ing ; pa.p. cribbed'. [A. S. crib ;
Ger. krippe ]
Crlbbage, krib aj, n. a game at cards in which the
dealer makes up a third hand to himself partly
by cribbing or taking from his opponent.
Cribble, krjb'l, «. a coarse screen or si<Te, used
for sand, gravel, or corn : coarse flour or meat.
—v.t. to sift or riddle. [L. cribellum, dim. of
cribrum, a sieve.]
Crick, krik, n. a spasm or cramp, esp. of the neck.
[A doublet of Creek.]
Cricket, knk'et, n. a genus of insects allied to
grasshoppers, which make a chirping noise with
their wing-covers. [Fr. criouet, from Teut. root
of Creak. J
Cricket, krik'et, n. a game with bat and ball.—
v.i. to play at cricket. [A.S. cricc, a staff:
the game was at first played with a club or staff.]
Cricketer, krik'et-er, n. one who plays at cricket-
Cried, krld./rt./. and pa.p. of Cry.
Crime, krlm, ». a violation of law : offence : sin.
[Fr.—L. crimen.]
Criminal, krim'in-al, adj. relating to crime x
guilty of crime: violating laws.—«. one guilty
of crime.—adv. Criminally.
Criminality, krim-in-al'i-ti, «. guiltiness.
Criminate,
lnatory. krim'in-at, v.t. to accuse.—adj. Crim'-
U«ir" accusation.
Crimination, krim-in-a'shun, «. act of criminat-
Crimp, krimp, adj. made crisp or brittle.—v.t. to
wrinkle: to plait: to make crisp: to seize or
decoy.—«. one who decoys another into the
naval or military service. [A dim. of cramp ;
Dut. krimpen, to shrink.]
dimple, krimp'l, v, t. to contract or draw together :
to plait: to curl. [Dim. of Crimp.]
Crimson, krim'zn, «. a deep red colour, tinged
with blue : red in general.—adj. of a deep red
colour.—v.t. to dye crimson.—v.i. to become
crimson : to blush. [O. E. crimosyn—O. Fr.
cramoisin ; from Ar. kennes (= Sans, kritni, L.
vermis, E. worm), the cochineal insect, from
which it is made.]
Cringe, krinj, v.i to bend: to crouch with ser
vility : to submit : to fawn : to flatter. [A. S.
crincan, cringan, to face ; connected with
Crank, weak.]
mOte ; mute ; moon ; then. 103
 Crlngeling Crotohet
Cnngollng. krinj'ling, n. one who cringes. is right.—p.i. to bend or be bent. [From a root
Cnnito, kn'nlt, adj.t hairy: {bot.) resembling a common to Teut. and Celt., as W. crzvg, a hook,
luft of hair. [L. crini/us, provided with hair— Ice. krokr, Dut. kroke, a fold or wrinkle.]
crinis, hair.] Crooked, krook'ed, adj., bent like a crook: not
Crinkle. See under Crank and Crank le. straight : deviating from rectitude, perverse.—
Crinoline. krin'o-Un, «. a lady's stiff petticoat, adv. Crookedly.—«. Crook edness.
originally made of haircloth, but afterwards Crop, krop, «. all the produce of a field of grain :
expanded by hoops, &c. [Fr. crin—L. crinis, anything gathered or cropped : the craw of a
hatr, and tin—L. linum, flax.] bird.—v.t. to cut off the top or ends: to cut
Cripple, trip'l, n, a lame person.—adj. lame. — short or close : to mow, reap, or gather \-fir.p.
v.t. to make lame : to deprive of the power of cropp'ing : Pa.p. cropped'.—Crop out, v.i. to
exertion. [From root of Creep.) appear above the surface: to come to light.
Crisis, krl'sis, n. point or time for deciding any [A.S. crop, the top shoot of a plant : any pro
thing—that is, when it must either terminate or tuberance, as the crop of a bird ; Dut. crop, a
take a new course : the decisive moment.—//. bird's crop.]
Crises, krfsez. [Gr. krisis, from knnd, to sepa Croquet, kro'ka, n. a game in which two or more
rate.] f(layers try to drive wooden balls, by means of
Crisp, krisp, adj., curled ; so dry as to be crumbled ong-handled mallets, through a series of arches
easily : brittle.—v.t. to curl or twist : to make set in the ground. [Ely. unknown.)
wavy.—adv. Crisply.—«. Crisp'ness, [L. Crosier, kro'zhcr, n. a staff with a crook at the
crispus.] top carried before bishops on solemn occasions.
Crispy, krisp'i, adj. , curled or curly: brittle. [O. Fr. croce, a crosier—Fr. croc, a crook, hook,
Criterion, krl-te'ri-on, n. a means or standard of from root of Crook. ]
judging: a test: a rule:—//. Crlte'ria. [Gr., Cross, kros, n. a gibbet on which malefactors were
from krites, a judge—krind.] hung, consisting of two pieces of timber, one
Critic, krit'ik, n. a judge in literature, the fine placed crosswise on the other, either thus for X;
arts, &c. : a fault-finder. [Gr. kritikos—krind.] the instrument on which Christ suffered, and thus
Critical, kritfk-al, adj. relating to criticism : the symbol of the Christian religion : the suffer
skilled in judging literary and other productions : ings of Christ : anything that crosses or thwarts :
discriminating : captious: decisive.—adv. Crit'- adversity or affliction in general : a crossing or
ically.—n. Crlt'lcalness. [censure. mixing of breeds, esp. of cattle. —v.t. to mark
Criticise, krit'i-slz, v.t. to pass judgment on: to with a cross: to lay one body or draw one line
Criticism, kritl-sizm, n. the art of judging, esp. across another : to cancel by drawing cro>s lines :
in literature or the fine arts: a critical judgment to pass from side to side: to obstruct: to thwart:
or observation. to interfere with.—vd. to lie or be athwart: to
Critique, kri-tek', n. a criticism or critical exami move or pass from place to place. [O. Fr.
nation of any production : a review. (Fr.] crois, Fr. croix—L. crux, orig. an upright post
Croak, krok, v.t. to utter a low rough sound as a to which latterly a cross-piece was added; conn,
frog or raven : to grumble : to forebode evil.—n. I with Crook by Gael, crocan, a hook, crock,
the sound of a frog or raven.—«. Croak'er. hung; lr. crochaim, to hang, crock, a gallows.)
[From the sound. Cf. Crake, Crow, and L. Cross, kros, adj., lying across: transverse: ob
graculus, a jackdaw.] lique : opposite : adverse : ill-tempered : inter
Crochet, kro'sha, «. fancy knitting made by means changed, —adv. Grossly.—*. Cross'ness.
of a small fwok. [Fr. crochet, a little crook, Crossbill, krosl)il, «. a genus of birds resembling
a hook—croc, from root of Crook.] bullfinches, linnets, &c. with the mandibles of
Crock, krok, «. a narrow-necked earthen vessel the bill crossing each other near the points.
or pitcher: a cup. (A.S. croc; Gcr. krug; Crossbow, kros^tG, n. a weapon for shooting
pern, of Celt, origin, as in W. crochan, a pot, arrows, formed of a bow placed crosstvise on a
Gael, krog, a pitcher ; akin to Crag, and giving stock.
the notion of hardness. Crossbun, kros'bun, n. a bun marked with the
Crockery, krok'cr-i, «. earthenware : vessels form of a cross, eaten on Good- Friday.
formed of baked clay. Cross examine, kros-egz-am'in, v.t. to test the
Crocodile, krok'o-dll, «. a large amphibious reptile evidence of a witness by subjecting him to an
inhabiting the large rivers of Asia and Africa. examination by the opposite party.—n. Cross-
[Fr. —L. crvcodilus—Gr. krokodcilos, a lizard; examination.
so called from its resemblance to a lizard-] Cross grained, kros'-grand, adj. having the grain
Crocus, kroTcus, n. a well-known flower. [L. or fibres crossed or intertwined : perverse : con
crocus—Gr. krokos ; prob. of Eastern origin, as trary: untractablc.
Heb. karkom, saffron.] Crossing, kros'ing, «. act of going across: a
Croft, kroft, n. a small piece of arable land adjoin thwarting : a place for passing from one side to
ing a dwelling: a kind of small farm.—n. the other.
Croft'er. [A.S. croft ; pcrh. from Gael, croit, Crosslet, kroslet, n. a little cross. [examine.
a croft. ] Cross-question, kros'-kwesi-yun, v.t to cross-
Cromlech, kromlck, n. a circle of standing stones, Crosstrees, kros'trcz, n. pieces of timber placed
often called a Druidical circle. [W. cromlech— across the upper end of the lower-masts and top
crom, curved, circular, and tleck, a stone.] masts of a ship.
Crone, krOn. n. an old woman, usually in con Crossway, kros wa, «. a way that crosses another.
tempt. [Perh. Celt., as in lr. crion, withered, Crosswise, kros'wTz, ativ. in the form of a cross :
old.] [From Crone. ] across.
Crony, krOn'i, n. an old and intimate companion. Crotchet, kroch'ct, «. a note in music, equal to
Crook, krook, «. a bend, anything bent : a staff half a minim, | : a crooked or perverse fancy ." a
bent at the end, as a shepherd's or bishop's : an
artifice or trick, —v.t. to bead or form into a whirn or conceit. [Fr. crochet, diminutive of
hook : to turn from the straight line or from what croc, a hook. See Crochet ]
104 fate* far ; me", her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Crotchety Crustacean
Crotchety, kroch'et-i, adj. having crotchets or ture.—adv. Crudely. —«. Crude'ness. [L
peculiarities : whimsical. crudus, raw. See Raw.] [which is crude.
Croton, kro'ton, «. a genus of tropical plants, pro Crudity, krood'i-ti, «. rawness : unripeness : that
ducing a brownish-yetlow oil, having a hot biting Cruel, krOO'el, adj. disposed to inflict pain, or
taste. [Gr. krotdn, a tick or mite, which the pleased at suffering : void of pity, merciless,
seed of the plant resembles.] savage.—adv. Cruelly.—«. Cru'elty. [Fr.
Grouch, krowch. v.i. to squat or lie close to the cruel—L. crudetis. From root of Crude.]
ground : to cringe : to fawn. [A form of Crook. ] Cruet. krOC'ct, «. a small jar or phial for sauces
Croup, krOop, «. a severe disease in the throat and condiments. [Acc. to Skeat, prgb. formed
of children, accompanied by a hoarse cough. from Dut. kruik, a jar = E. Crock ; and acc. to
[A.S. hropan, 10 cry ; Scot, roup, croup, hoarse E. Muller, dim. of O. Fr. cruye (mod. Fr.
ness: from the sound.] cruche, cruchette, a jar), from root of Crock. ]
Croup, kro~Op, «. the rump of a fowl : the buttocks Cruise, krOOz, v.i. to sail to and fro : to rove on
of a horse: the place behind the saddle. [Fr. the sea.—w. a sailing to and fro : a voyage in
croupe, a protuberance ; allied to Crop.} various directions in search of an enemy, or for
Croupier, krCO'pi-er, «. one who sits at the croup the protection of vessels.—n. Cruis er. [Dut.
or lower end of the table as assistant-chairman krutsen, to cross—kruis, across—0. Fr. crois--
at a public dinner: a vice-president: he who —L. crux. ]
watches the cards and collects money at a Cruise, krCOz, «. a small bottle. Same as Cruse.
gaming-table.
Crow. kro\ n. a large bird, generally black, which Crumb, krum, «. a small bit or morsel of bread :
the soft part of bread. [A.S. cruma ; Ger.
utters a cranking sound; the cry of a cock: a krume ; allied to Crimp.]
boast.—V.i. to croak: to cry as a cock, in joy Cmmbeloth, krum'kloth, n. a cloth laid under a
or defiance: to boast: to swagger:—pa.t. crew table to receive falling crumbs, and keep the
{krGO) or crowed'; pa.p. crowed. [A.S. crawet carpet clean.
a crow : from the sound.] Crumble, krum'bl, v.t. to break into crumbs.—v.i.
Crowbar, krC'bar, n. a large iron bar with a claw to fall into small pieces : to decay : to perish.
like the beak of a crow.
Crowd, krowd, «. a number of persons or things [Orig. dim. of Crumb ; Dut. krumtelen ; Ger.
krumclu.}
closely pressed together, without order : the Crumby, Crummy, krum'i, adj., in crumbs: soft
rabble: multitude, —v. t. to gather into a lump Crump, krump, adj. crooked : wrinkled. [A.S.
or crowd : to fill by pressing or driving together. crumb ; Ger. krumm ; Scot, crummy, a cow
—v.i. to press together in numbers : to swarm. with a crumpled horn. From the root of Cramp,
[A.S. creodan, to crowd, press.] Crimp.] [cake or muffin.
Crowfoot, krO'foot, n. a common weed, the flower Crumpet, krum'pet, n. a kind of crumby or soft
of which is like a crow'sfoot. Crumple, krump'l, v.t. to mark with or draw into
Crown, krown, «. the diadem or state-cap of roy folds or wrinkles: to crease.—v.i. to become
alty: regal power: honour: reward: the top of wrinkled : to contract or shrink. fFreq. of
anything, esp. of the head: completion: accom Cramp.]
plishment: a 5s. piece stamped with a crown. — Crunch, krunch, v.t. to crush with the teeth: to
v.t. to cover or invest with a crown: to invest chew anything hard, and so make a noise.
with royal dignity: to adorn: to dignify: to [From the sound ; cf. Fr. grittcer.]
complete.—adj. Crownless. [Fr. couronne—L. Crupper, krup'er, n. a strap of leather fastened to
corona ; cog. with Gr. korduos, curved ; W. the saddle and passing under the horse's tail tc
crwn, Gael, crur'nn, round.] keep the saddle in its place. [Fr. croupiirc—
Crown-glass, krown'-glas, n. a kind of window- croupe, the Croup of a horse.]
glass formed in circular plates or discs. Crural, krOO'ral, adj. belonging to or shaped like
Crown-prince, krown'-prins, «. the prince who a leg. [L. cruralis, from crus, cruris, the leg.]
succeeds to the crown. Crusade, kroo-sad', w. a military expedition under
Crow's-foot, kroY-foot, «. wrinkles produced by the banner of the cross to recover the Holy Land
age, spreading out in the shape of a crow's foot from the Turks : any daring or romantic under
from the corners of the eyes : mil.) a caltrop. taking. [Fr. croisade—Prov. crozada—croz, a
Crucial, kr5oshi-al, adj. testing, searching, from cross See Cross.] [crusade.
the practice of marking a testing instance with a Crusader, kroo-sad'er, n. one engaged in a
cross to draw attention to it. [Fr. crucial, from Cruse, kro"Bz, «. an earthen pot: a small cup or
L. crux, cntcis, a cross. Sec Cross.] bottle. [Fr. ; Ice. krus: also allied to Crock.]
Crucible, krCO'si-bl, n. an earthen pot, for melt* Crush, krush, v.t, to break or bruise: to squeeze
iug ores, metals, &c. [Low L. crucibulum, from together : to beat down or overwhelm: to subdue :
root of Crock ; erroneously supposed to be to ruin.—n. a violent squeezing. [O. Fr, crnis/r,
ennn. with L. crux.] from a Scan, root seen in Sw. krysta, whose
Cruciferous, krn7>-sifcr-us, adj. {hot.) bearing oldest form appears in Goth, kriustan, to grind
four petals in the form of a cross. [L. crux, and the teeth, formed from the sound. Sec Crash
fcro, to bear.] [ChristJixed to the cross. I and Craze.]
Crucifix. kroO'si-fiks, n. a figure or picture of | Crust, krust, «. the hard rind or outside coating
Crucifixion. kr5o-si-fik'shun, «. death on the cross, of anything: the outer part of bread: covering
especially that of Christ. [cross. of a pie, &c. : Igeot.) the solid exterior of the
Cruciform, kro"0'si-form, adj. in the form of a earth.—v.t. to cover with a crust or hard case.
Crucify, kroU'si-fT. v.t. to put to death by jixing —v.i. to gather into a hard crust. [O. Fr.—
the hands and feet to a cross: to subdue com L. crusta; pcrh. conn, with Gr. kryos, icy cold.]
pletely : to mortify :—pa.p. cruc'iried. [Fr. Crustacea, krus-ta'shi-a, n.pl. a class of animals
cructfier—'L. crncifigo, crucifixus—crux, and whose bodies are covered with a crust-like shell
Jigo, to fix.] covering, such as lobster-., shrimps, and crabs.
Crude, krGOd, adj. raw, unprepared '. not reduced Crustacean, krus-ta'shi-an, n. one of the Crus
to order or form : unfinished : undigested : imma tacea.
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mCte ; mute ; moon ; then. 100
 Crustaoeous Culpable
Crustaceous, krus-ta'shi-us, Crustacean, kms-ta'- other birds. [Fr. coucou-—L. cttculus, from the
shi-an, adj. pertaining to the Crustacea, or sound. Cf. Cock, Cockatoo.]
shellfish. Cucumber, kGTtum-ber, n. a creeping plant, with
Crustated, krus-tftt'ed, adj. covered with a crust. large oblong fruit used as a salad and pickle.
Crustation, krus-ta'shun, «. an adherent crust. [L. cucumis, cucumeris.]
Crusty, krusr/i, adj. of the nature of or having a Cud, kud, w. the food brought from the first
crust: having a hard or harsh exterior: hard; stomach of a ruminating animal back into the
snappy: surly.—adv. Crust'ily. —n. Crust'inoss mouth and chewed again. | Like Quid, what is
Crutch., kruch, n. a staff with a cross-piece at the ! chewed, from A.S. cc&iuan, to chew.]
head to place under the arm of a lame person : Cuddle, kud'l, v.t. to hug : to embrace : to fondle.
any support like a crutch. [From root of —v.i. to lie close and snug together. —n. a close
Crook ; perh. modified by L. cmx, a cross.] embrace. [Acc. to Skeat, a freq. of M.E. couth,
Cry, krT, v.i. to utter a shrill loud sound, esp. well known, familiar. See Uncouth.]
one expressive of pain or grief: to lament: to Cuddy, kud'i, «. a small cabin or cookroom,
weep : to bawl.—v.t. to utter loudly : to proclaim generally in the forepart of a boat or lighter : in
or make public :—pad. and pa.p. cried'. —n. any large vessels, applied to the officers' cabin under
loud sound : particular sound uttered by an the poopdeck. [Fr. cahute; Dut. kajuit ; Ger.
animal : bawling : lamentation : weeping : kajate.)
prayer: clamour:—//. Cries, —«. Crl'er. [Fr. Cudgel, kud'jel, «. a heavy staff : a club.—v.t. to
crier (It. gridarc)—L. quiritare, to scream beat with a cudgel i—pr.p. cud gelling ; pa.p.
—freq. of L. queri, to lament.] cud'gelled. [W. cogyl, a club.]
Crypt, Itript, n. an underground cell or chapel, Cudweed, kud'wed, n. the popular name for many
esp. one used for burial. [L. crypta—Gr. species of plants covered with a cottony down.
kryPte—krypto, to conceal. Doublet of Grot.] [Probably corrupted from eol/on-vjecd.]
Cryptogamia, krip-to-ga'mi-a, «. the class of Cue, kQ, n. a queue, or tail-like twist of hair for
nowerless plants, or those which have their fruc- merly worn at the back of the head : a rod used
tijication concealed. [Gr. kryptos, concealed, in playing billiards : the last words of an actor's
and games, marriage.] speech serving as a hint to the next speaker :
Cryptogamic, krip-to-gam'ik; Cryptogamous, any hint : the part one has to play. [Fr. queue
krip-tog'a-mus, adj. pertaining to the Crypto — L. cauda, a taiL]
gamia. Cuff, kuf, n. a stroke with the open hand.—v.L
Crystal, kris'tal, n. a superior kind of glass : to strike with the open hand. [From a Scan,
(cAem.) a piece of matter which has assumed a root seen in Sw. kujfa, to knock ]
definite geometrical form, with plane faces. Cuff, kuf, n. the end of the sleeve near the wrist :
[O. Fr. cristal—L. crystallum. from Gr. krys- a covering for the wrist. [Prob. cog. with Coif. 1
tallos, \ce—kryo$, icy cold ; akin to Crust ] CulrasS, kwi-ras' or kwe'-, n. a defensive covering
Crystal, kris'tal, Crystalline, kris'tal-Tn or -in, for the breast orig. made of leather, afterwards
ad/, consisting of or like crystal in clearness, of iron fastened with straps and buckles, &c.
&c. [crystaJlising. [Fr. cuirasse—Low L. coratia—L. corium, skin,
Crystallisation, kris-tal-iz-a'shun, n. the act of leather; whence Fr. cutrS\ [cuirass.
Crystallise, kris'tal-Tz, v.t. to reduce to the form i Cuirassier, kwi-ras-eV, n. a soldier armed with a
of a crystal. —v.i- to assume a crystalline form. Culdee, kul'de, n. one of a Celtic fraternity of
Crystallography, kris-tal-og'ra-fi, «. the science monks who formerly lived in Scotland, Ireland,
of crystallisation. [Gr. krystallos, and graphs, and Wales. [Ir. cetle de, ' servant of God.' See
to write.] Gillie.]
Cub, kub, n. the younjj of certain animals, as Culinary, kQlin-ar-i, adj. pertaining to the
foxes, &c. : a whelp: a young boy or girl (in kitchen or to cookery : used in the kitchen. [L.
contempt).—v. to bring forth young :~pr.j>. culinariwi—culina, a kitchen.]
cubb'iug '. pa.p. cubbed. [Prob. Celt., as Ir. Cull, kul, v.t. to select : to pick out. [Fr. cueillir,
cuib, a whelp, from cu, a dog.] to gather—L. colligo—col, together, and lego,
Gubature. kiiba-tur, n. the act of finding the to gather. A doublet of Collect.]
solid or cubic content of a body : the result thus Cullender. See Colander.
found. Culllon, kul'yun, n. a wretch : a cowardly fellow.
Cube, kub, n. a solid body having six equal square [Fr. couillon, a dastard, a poltroon (It. cogli-
faces, a solid square : the third power of a num one)—L. co/eusy a leather bag, the scrotum.]
ber, as— 2 X 2 X 2 = 8.—v.t. to raise to the third Cully, kul'i, n. fa contr. of Cullion) a mean dupe.
power. [Fr. cube—h.cubus—Gr. kybos, a die.] —v.t. to deceive meanly, —pa.p. cull'ied.
Cubic, kub'ic, Cubical, kub'ik-al, adj. pertaining Culm, kulm, n. the stalk or stem of corn or of
lo a cube.—adv. Cub'ically. grasses. [L. culmus, a stalk or stem. Cog. with
Cubiform, kub'i-form, adj. in the form of a cube. Haulm.]
Cubit, kfib'it, «. a measure employed by the Culmlferous, kul-mif'er-us, adj., bearingstalks or
ancients, equal to the length of the arm from the stems. [L. culmus, a stalk, andfero- to bear.]
e/bo?v to the tip of the middle finger, varying Culminate, kul'min-at, v.i. to come to the topi
from 18 to 22 inches. [L. cubitus {lit.} a bend; {astron.) to be vertical or at the highest point
akin to L. cubare to lie down ; also to Cup.] of altitude : to reach the highest point. [Coined,
Cuboid, kub'oid, Cuboidal, kfib-oid'al, adj. re as if from a Low L. culmino, from L. culrnen,
sembling a cube in shape. [Gr. kyboeidis, from properly columrn, a summit. See Column.)
kvbos, a die, and euios, form,] Culmination, kul-min-A'shun, «. act of culminat
Cuckold, kuk'old, «. a man whose wife has proved ing : the top or highest point : {astron.) transit
unfaithful.—v.t. to wrong a husband by un- or passage of a body across the meridian or
chastity. [O. Fr. coucuol (Mod. Fr. cocu)— highest point for the day.
coucou, a cuckoo—L. cuculus.] Culpability, kul-pa-bil'i-ti, Culpableness, kul'pa-
Cuckoo, koo'koO, ft. a bird which cries cuckoo, bl-nes, «. liability to blame.
remarkable for laying its eggs in the nests of Culpable, kul'pa-bl, adj. faulty, criminal.—adv.
106- fate, f&r; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; then.
 Culprit Curmudgeon
Cul'pably. [O. Fr.—L. culpabilis, worthy of summit of a tower : a dome. [It. : dim. of Low
blame—culpa, a fault.] L. cupa, a cup—L cuba, a tub. See Cup.]
Culprit, kulprit, n. one culpable or in fault: a Cupreous. See under Copperish.
criminal : in Eng. law, a prisoner accused, but Cur, kur, «. a worthless, degenerate dog : a
not tried. [ For culpate, from old law L. culpatus, churlish fellow.—oulj. Currish. [Dut. korre,
a person accused.] Dan. kurre, to whir ; from its growling.]
Cult, kult, n a system of religious belief, worship. Curable, kur'a-bl, adj. that may be cured.—«.
[L. cultus—colo, cultus, to worship.] Curability.
Cultivate, kul ti-vat, v.t. to till or produce by Curacoa, koo-ra-so', n. a liqueur so named from
tillage: to prepare for crops: to devote attention the island of Curacoa in the West Indies, where
to : to civilise or refine.—n. Cul'tlvator. [Low it was first made. (benefice ofa curate.
L. cultivo, cultivatus—h. colo, cultus, to till, Curacy, kflVa-si, «. the office, employment, or
to worship.] Curate. kOr'at, n. one who has the cure or care
Cultivation, kul-ti-va'shun, n. the art or practice of souls, so in Pr. Bk. : an inferior clergyman in
of cultivating : civilisation : refinement. the Church of England who assists a rector or
Culture, kul'tur, n., cultivation: the state of vicar in the discharge of his duties. [Low L.
being cultivated : advancement or refinement the citratus, from L. cur a, care.]
result of cultivation.—v.t. to cultivate: to im Curative, kur'a-tiv, adj. tending to cure.
prove. [L. cultura.) Curator, kur-a'tor, «. one who has the care of
Culver, kul'ver, Culverin, kul'vtr-in, n. an anything : a superintendent : one appointed by
ancient cannon, so called from its long, thin, law as guardian.
serpent-like shape, or from its being ornamented Curb, kurb. v.t. to bend to one's will : to subdue :
with the figures of serpents. [Fr. coulcurine, to restrain or check : to furnish with or guide
from coulenvre—\*. coluber, a serpent] by a curb.—n. that which curbs: a check or
Culvert, kul'vert, «. an arched water-course, &c. hindrance : a chain or strap attached to the bit
[Prob. from Fr. couler, to flow— L. colare— of a bridle for restraining the horse. [Fr. cour-
colum, a strainer.] ber, from L. curvus, crooked, bent.]
Cumber, kunvrjer, v.t. to trouble or hinder with Curbstone, kurb'ston, n. a stone placed edge
something useless: to retard, perplex, trouble. ways against earth or stone work to check it.
[O. Fr. combrer, to hinder—I,ow L. combrus, a Curd, kurd, «., milk thickened or coagulated : the
heap : corr. of L. cumulus, .i heap. | cheese part of milk{ as distinguished from the
Cumbersome, kum'ber-sum, adj. troublesome. whey. [Celt., as in GaeL gruth, Ir. cruth,
Cumbrance, kum'brans, n. encumbrance. curd, crutkaim, I milk.]
Cumbrous, kum'brus, adj. hindering: obstruct Curdle, kurd'l, v.i. to turn into curd: to con
ing: heavy: giving trouble.—adv. Curn/brously. geal : to thicken.— v.t. to cause to turn into curd,
—n. Cum'brouafip " n. a plant, the seeds of j or to congeal.
Cumin, Cummin, kum'in Curdy, kurd'i, adj. like or full of curd.
which are valuable for their carminative quali Cure, kur, n. care of souls or spiritual charge :
ties. [L. cuminum, through the Gr. kytmnon, care of the sick: act of healing: that which
from Heb. kammdn.] heals: a remedy.—v.t. to heal : to preserve, as
Cumulate, kam'Q-lat, v.t. to heap together: to by drying, salting, &c. :—pr.p. curing ; pa.p
accumulate. [L. cumulo, -atum—cumulus, a cured'. [O. Fr. cure— L. cura, solicitude, care ;
heap.] [latlon. not of the same origin as Care.]
Cumulation, kOm'u-ta-shun. Same as Accumu- Cureless, kiir'les, adj. that cannot be cured.
Cumulatlve. kiim'Q-Ll-tiv, adj. increasing by suc Curfew, kurlu, «. {lit.) cover-fire: in feudal
cessive additions.] times the ringing of a bell at eight o'clock, as a
Cumulus, kQ'mQ-lus, n. a species of cloud. signal to cover or put out all fires and lights.
Cuneal. ka'nc-al, Cuneate, kQ'ne-at, adj. of the [Fr. couvrefeu, from couvrir, to cover, andfeut
form of a wedge. [L. cuueus. a wedge.] fire, from L.focus.]
Cuneiform, ku-nCi-form, Cunifonn, kQ'ni-form, Curiosity, kur-i-os'i-ti, «., state or quality of
adj. wedge-shaped—specially applied to the old being curious : inquisitiveness : that which is
Babylonian and Assyrian writing, of which the curious : anything rare or unusual.
characters have a -wedge-shape. Curious, kOrVus, adj. anxious to learn : inquisi
Cunning, kun'ing, adj., knowing: skilful : artful : tive : shewing great care or nicety : skilfully
crafty. —«. knowledge: skill: faculty of using made: singular: rare.—adv. Curiously. —«.
stratagem to accomplish a purpose. —adv. Cunn'- CurlOUSneSS. [Fr. curieux—L. curiosus—
ingly. [A.S. cunnan, to know.] cura. ]
Cup, kup, «. a vessel used to contain liquid : a Curl, kurl, v.t. to twist into ringlets: to coil. —v.i.
drinking-vessel : the liquid contained in a cup : to shrink into ringlets: to rise in undulations:
that which we must receive or undergo : afflic to writhe : to ripple : to play at the game of
tions : blessings.—v.t. to extract blood from the curling.—«. a ringlet of hair, or what is like it :
body by means of cupping-glasses from which a wave, bending, or twist. [Orig. crull; Dut.
the air has been exhausted :—pr.p. cupp'inn ; krullen, Dan. krolle, to curl.]
Pa.p. cupped'. [A.S. cuppe, Fr. coupe, It. Curlew, kurlu, n. one of the wading-birds, hav
coppa, a cup, the head ; all from L. cupa, cuppa, ing a very long slender bill and legs, and a short
a tub, a drinking-vessel.] tan. [Fr. corlieu; probably from its cry.]
Cupboard, kup'bord or kub'urd, ». a place for Curling, kurl'ing, n. a game, common in Scotland,
keeping victuals, dishes, &c. [Cup, and Board, i consisting in hurling heavy stones along a sheet
a table or shelf.] [cupio, to desire.] I of ice, like playing at bowls.
Cupid, kQ'pid, n. the god of love. [L. Cupido— Curly, kurl'i, adj., fuxving curls .* full of curls.—
Cupidity, kfl-pid'i-ti, «., eager desire for: covet- n. Curl lness.
ousness: lust after. [il cupiditas—cupuius, Curmudgeon, kur-muj'un, n. an avaricious, ill-
desirous.] natured fellow : a miser.—adj. Curmud'geonly.
Cupola, kfi'po-Ia, *. a cup-shaped vault on the [O. E. commudgin, sig. corn-hoarding, from
Ate, far ; m£, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOon ; then.
 Currant Cutter
corn and mudge or mug, or mooch, to hide or Curvet, kurv'et, «. a certain leap of a horse in
hoard ; seen in muglard, a miser ; from O. Fr. which he yives his body a curve: u leap or
mucer, Fr. muster, to conceal.] frolic—7'./'. to leap in curvets: to leap : to frisk:
Currant, kur'ant, «. a small kind of raisin or dried —prp. curVeting ; pa.p. cun/ctcd.
grape, imported from the Levant : the fruit of Curvilinear, kur-vi-lm'i-ar, Curvilineal, kur-vi-
several garden shrubs. [From Corinth, in lin'i-al, adj. bounded by curved tines. [L.
Greece.] curvus, and tinea, a line.]
Currency, kur'en-si, «. circulation : that which Cushat, koosh'at, «. the ringdove or wood-
circulates, as the money of a country ; general pigeon. [Prov. E. cowshot ; from A.S. cusceote.]
estimation. Cushion, koosh'un, n. a case filled with some soft,
Current, kur'ent, adj., running or flowing: clastic stuff, for resting on : a pillow.—v. t. to seat
passing from person to person : generally re on or furnish with a cushion. (Fr. coussin, It.
ceived : now passing: present. —«. a running cuscino, from L. culcitinum, dim. of culcita,
orflowing: a stream : a portion of water or air mattress. See Counterpane and Quilt.]
moving in a certain direction : course.—adv. Cusp, kusp, n. a point : the point or horn of the
Curr/ently. [L. currens, currenits—curro, moon, &c. [L. cuspis, a point.]
citrsus, to run.] Cuspidate, kus'pi-d.it, Cuspidated, kus'pi-dat-ed,
Curricle, kur'i-kl, «. a two-wheeled open chaise, adj. [bot.) having a sharp end or point. [L.
drawn by two horses abreast : a chariot. [L. cuspidalus—cuspis. ]
curriculum, from curro.} # Custard, kus'tard, n. a composition of milk, eggs,
Curriculum, kur-ik'O-lum, n. a course, esp. the &c. sweetened and flavoured. [Once spelled
course of study at a university. [L.] custade, a corr. of crustade, a pie with crust ;
Currier, kur'i-ir, «. one who curries or dresses from O. Fr. croustade—L. crustatus, crusted.
tanned leather. See Crust. ]
Curry, kur'i, n. a kind of sauce or seasoning Custard-apple, kus'tard-api. n. (sic fruit of a W.
much used in India and elsewhere, and com Indian tree, havinganeatable pulp, likeacustard.
pounded of pepper, ginger, and other spices : a Custodial, kus-to'di-al, adj. pertaining to custody.
stew mixed with curry-powder. [Pcrs. kkilrdi, Custodian, kus-to'di-an, «. one who nas custody,
broth, juicy meats, from khurdan, to eat.] or care, esp. of some public building.
Curry, kur'i, v.t. to dress leather: to rub down Custody, kus'to-di, k. a watching or guarding:
and dress a horse : to beat : to scratch :—pr.p. care: security: imprisonment. [L. custodia,
currying ; pa.p. curr'icd.—To curry favour from custos, custodis, a watcher or keeper.]
(corr. of Curry favell, to rub down a horse, Custom, kus'tum, «. what one is wont to do :
[favell being a common old name for a horse), usage : frequent repetition of the same act : a
to seek favour by flattery. [Fr, corroyer— frequenting of a shop to buy goods : regular
corroi, O. Fr. conroi; from a Teut. root present trade or business : a tax on goods.—//. duties
in Ice. reidhi, tackle, Dan. rede, to set in order, imposed on imports and exports. [O. Fr. cus-
E. ready. See Ready.] tume, costume : from L. consuetudo—consuesco,
Curse, kurs, v.t. to invoke or wish evil upon : to cotisuetus, to accustom.]
devote to perdition : to vex or torment. —v.t. to Customary, ktis'tum-ar-i, adj. according to use
utter imprecations: to swear.—«. the invocation and wont : holding or held by custom.—adv.
or wishing of evil or harm upon : evil invoked Customarily. /; Cus'tomarihess.
on another: torment.—«. Curs'er. [A.S. cur- Customer, kus'tum-er, «. one accustomed to fre
tian—curs, a curse, pcrh. from Sw. and Dan. quent a certain place of business : a buyer.
kors, a cross, which is derived from O. Fr. crois. Custom-house, kus'tum-hows, «. the place where
See Cross.] customs or duties on exports and imports are
Cursed, kurs'cd, adj. under a curse : deserving collected.
a curse : blasted by a curse : hateful. Cut, kut, z'.t. to make an incision : to cleave 01
Cursive, kur'siv, adj., running, as applied to pass through : to divide : to carve or hew : to
handwriting: flowing. [L. curro, curstts, to run.] wound or hurt : to affect deeply : to castrate :—
Cursory, kur'sor-i, adj. hasty : superficial : care pr.p. cutt'ing ; pa.t. and Pa.p. cut. —ft. a cleav
less.—adv. Cur'sorily. [L. curro.} ing or dividing : a stroke or blow : an incision or
Curt, kurt, adj., short: conci-se.—adv. Curtly.— wound : a piece cut off: an engraved block, or
«. Curt'ness. [L, curtus, shortened; Sans. the picture from it : manner of cutting, or
krit, to cut, separate.] fashion.—A short cut, a short or near passage*
Curtail, kur-tiii', v.t. to cut short: to cut off a [W. cwtau, to shorten, cwtt, a little piece ; Ir.
part : to abridge : —pr.p. curtait'ing ; Pa.p. cur cutaich, to curtail.)
tailed'. TOld spelling curtal, O. Fr. courtault, Cutaneous, ku-t;Vne-us, adj. belonging to the skin*
It. cortatdo—L. curtus-] i Cuticle, ku'ti-kl, «. the outermost or thin skin.
Curtain, kur-tiii, n. drapery hung round and [L. cuticula, dim. of cutis, the skin, E. Hide.]
inclosing a bed, &c. : the part of a rampart ! Cutlass, kut'las, n. a broad curving sword with
between two bastions. —z'.t. to inclose or furnish one edge. [Fr. coutelas, from L. cultcllus, dim.
with curtains. [Fr. courtine— Low L. cortiua; of culler, a ploughshare, a knife.]
from L. cors, cortis, a place inc.osed, a court.] Cutler, kut'ler, «. one who makes or sells knives.
Curtsy, kurt'si. Same as Courtesy, the gesture. [Fr. coutel/er, from root of Cutlass ]
Curule, ku'rool, adj. applied to a chair in which Cutlery, kutlcr-i, u. the business of a culler:
the higher Roman magistrates had a right to edged or cutting instruments in general.
sit. [L. currus, a chariot—curro, to run.] Cutlet, kut'let, n. a slice of meat cut off for cook
Curvature, kurVa-tur, «. a cur?>ing or bending: ing, esp. of mutton or veal, generally the rib and
the continual bending or the amount of bending the meat belonging to it. [Vr. cAtclettc, dim. of
from a straight line. [L. curvatura.] c6te, from L. costa, a rib. See Coast.]
Curve, kurv, n. anything bent: a bent line: an Cutter, kul'er, «. the person ox thing that cuts :
arch.—v.t. to bend: to form into a curve. [L. a small swift vessel with one mast and sharp
curvus, crooked. See Circle.} bows that cut the water.
103 fate, f3.r ; mfi, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mouii ; Men.
 Cutting Dais
Cutting, kut'ing, n. a dividing or lopping off : an
incision : a piece cut off: a twig.
Cuttle, kut'l, Cuttle fish, kut'l-tish, n. a kind of
mollusc, remarkable for its power of ejecting a
black inky liquid. [A.S. cudete ; origin dub.] Dab. dab, v.t. to strike gently with something
Cut-water, kut'-waw'ter, n. the forepart of a soft or moist oist \—pr.p. dabb'ing ; /«./. dabbed'.
ship's prow. —n. a gentle blow : a small lump of anything
Cycle, slTtl, «, a period of time in which events soft or moist : a small flat fish like a flounder,
happen in a certain order, and which constantly but with a rough back. [E. ; from a J'eut. root
repeats itself: an imaginary circle or orbit in present in O. Dut. dabben, to pinch, Ger. tappe,
the heavens. [Gr. kyklos, a circle ; akin to a pat. E. Tap is a doublet. See also Dub.]
Circle.] Dab, dab, «. an expert person. [Prob. a corr. of
Cyclic. siTdik, Cyclical, sl'klik-al, adj. pertain Adept.]
ing to or containing a cycle,] Dabble, dab'l, v.t. to wet by little dabs or strokes :
Cycloid, si'kloid, w. a figure like a circle: a to spatter.—v.i. to play in water with hands or
curve made by a point in a circle, when the feet : to do anything in a trifling way. [Freq.
circle is rolled along a straight line.—adj. of Dab.]
Cyclold'al. [Gr. kyklos, and eidos, form.] Dabbler, dabler, «. one who dabbles or does
Cyclone, sl'klOn, «. a circular or rotatory storm. things in a superficial, trifling way.
[Coined from Gr. kykldn, pr.p. ol kyklod, to DabcbJck, dab'chik, «. a small vivxtx-fowl that
whirl round—kyklos.] dives or dabbles in the water.
Cyclopiedia, Cyclopedia, sl-klo-pe'di-a, n. the Dace, das, Dare, dar, Dart, dart, «. a small river
circle or compass of human knowledge: a work fish, so called from the quickness of its motions.
containing information on every department, [M.E. darce—O. Fr. aars—Low L. dardus, a
or on a particular department of knowledge.— dart or javelin (Fr. dard, a dart or a dace)].
adj. Cyclopedic. [Gr. kyklos, a circle, and Dactyl, dak'til, n. in Latin and Greek poetry, a
paideia, learning.] foot of three syllables, one long followed by two
Cyclopean, sl-kfe-pC'an, adj. of or like the short, so called from its likeness to the joints of
Cyclopes, a fabled race of giants with one cir ajinger: in English, a foot of three syllables,
cular eye in the middle of the forehead : giant with the first accented, as tttfrrWy. [L. dac-
like : vast. [Gr. kykldpeios—kyktips—kyklos, a tylus—Gr. daktylos, a finger. See Digit ]
circle, and dps, an eye.J Dactylic, dak-til'ik, adj. relating to or consisting
Cygnet, sig'net, n. a young- swan. [Acc. to Diez, chiefly of dactyls.
dim. of Fr. cygne. whose old form cisne (Sp. Dactylology, dak-til-ol'o-ji, n. the art of talking
cisne, a swan) is from Low L. cecinus, and is with theJingers, like the deaf and dumb. [Gr.
not connected with L. cyguus, Gr. iyknos, a daktylos, and logos, discourse—Ugd, to .speak.]
swan.] Dad, dad. Daddy, dad'i, n., father, a word used
Cylinder, sil'in-dcr, n. a solid circular or roller- by children. [W. tad; Gr. lata. Sans. tata.\
like body, whose ends are equal parallel circles. Dado, dii'do, n. the solid block or cube forming
[Gr. kytindros, from kylindd, to roll.] the body of a pedestal : wainscoting round the
Cylindric, si-lin'drik. Cylindrical, si-lm'drik-ai, lower part of a wall. [It.— L. datus [talus, a
adj. having the form or properties of a die, being understood), given or thrown forth—
cylinder. dare, to give. Doublet, Die.]
Cymbal, sim'bal, n. a hollow brass, basin-like, Daffodil, daf'o-dil. Daffodilly, dafo-dil-i, *. a
musical instrument, beaten together in pairs. yellow flower of the lily tribe, also called King's
[L. cymbalum, from Gr. kymbalon—kymbi, the spear- [M.E. aflodilte—O. Fr. asphodile—Gr. and
hollow of a vessel : akin to E. Hump.] L. asphodelus ; the d\*> prefixed accidentally.]
Cynic, sin'ik. Cynical, sin'ik-al, adj., dog-like: Dagger, dag'er, n. a short sword for stabbing : a
surly : snarling : austere : misanthropic—adv. mark of reference (t). [W. dagr, Ir. daigear,
Cyn'ically. [Gr. kynikos, dog-like, from kydn, Ft. dague, It. daga.)
kynos, a dog ; akin to L. can-is, E. Hound.] Daggle, datfl, v.t. and v.i. to wet or grow wet
Cynic, sin'ik, n. one of a sect of ancient philoso by dragging on the wet ground. [Freq. of prov.
phers, so called from their morose and contemp E. dag, to sprinkle with water, from a Scand.
tuous views : a morose man : a snarler. root seen in Sw. dagg, E. Dew. J
Cynicism, sin'i-sizra, »., surliness ; contempt for Daguerreotype, da-gcr'o-tlp, «. a method of
human nature : heartlcssness, misanthropy. taking sun-pictures on metal plates : a picture
Cynosure, sin'o-shoor or si'-, n. the dog's tail, a thus produced. [Fr., from Dagnerre, the in
constellation containing the north-star : hence, ventor, and Type.]
anything that strongly attracts attention. [Gr. Dahlia, dal'i-a, n. a garden plant with a large
kydtt, kynos, a dog, oura, a tail.] beautiful flower. [From Dahl, a Swedish
Cypress, .-.I'pres, «. an evergreen tree whose botanist.]
branches used to be carried at funerals : hence, Dally, da'li, adj. and adv. every day.
a symbol of death. [Fr. cypres—L. cupressus— Dainty, dSn'ti, adj. pleasant to the palate: deli
Gr. kyparissos.] cate : fastidious.—n. that which is dainty, a deli-
Cyst, sist. n. 'lit.) a chest : a bag in animal bodies [ cacy.—rt^. Daln'tily.—«. Daintiness. [M.E.
containing morbid matter. [From root of Chest.] deintee, anything worthy or cosily O. Fr.
Oiar, z.lr, Tsar, tsar, «. the emperor of Russia.— daintic", worthiness—L. dignitas. Sec Dignity |
j?m. Czarina, za-rc"na, the empress of Russia. Dairy, da'ri, «. the place where milk is kept, and
[Russ. tsare. a king ; its conn, with Ger. kaiser, butter and cheese made: an establishment lor
L. ctrsar, a king or emperor, is doubtful.] the supply of milk. [M.E. dey, dairymaid— Ice.
Czarevitch, zar'e-vitch, Cosarevitcll, s^-zar'e- deigja, a dairymaid ; orig. a kneader of Dough,
vitch. n. the eldest son of the czar,—fern. Czar- in Ice. deig; or from a root sig. to milk. Sec Dug.]
evna, zar-ev'na, his consort. [Russ. tsare, a czar, DalS, dais, n. a raised floor at the upper end of
and vitz (pronounced vitch), descended from.] the dining-hall where the high table stood : a
fate, far ; me", her ; mine ; mOte ;
 Daisied Daah
raised floor with a seat and canopy. (O. Fr. like edges of its leaf. [Fr. dent de lion, tooth
ii.iii—Low L. ditcus, a table— L discus, a quoit of the lion.]
—(ir. t/u*w. -See Dish, Disc.] Dandle, dan'dl, v.t. to play with: to fondle or
Daisied, da'zid, adj. covered with daisies. toss in the arms, as a baby. [E. ; cog. with
Daisy, da'zi, «. [jW. ) the i/a/j a common Ger. t&mieln—tand, a toy j allied to Scot.
spring flower, so called from its x»»-like appear dander, to go about idly, to trifle.]
ance. fA. S. dtegts ege, day's eye, the sun. J DandritT, dand rif, Dandruff, dand'ruf, «. a scaly
Dale, d;Il. Dell, del, «. the low ground between scurf which grows on the head, esp. under the
hills: the valley through which a river flows. hair and beard. [W. ton, surface, skin, and drtog,
v. Dfflos man. [A.S. da'l; Scand. dal, Ger. bad.]
thai, orig. meaning 'cleft.' See Deal, Dell. J Dandy, dan'di, at. a foppish, silly felhnv. one
Dalliance, dal'i-ans, «., dallying, toying, or trif who pays much attention to dress. [Perh. from
ling: interchange of embraces : delay. Fr. dandin, a ninny ; and prob. from root of
Dally, dal i. v.i. to lose time by idleness or tnf- Dandle. J
ling : to play \—pa.f>. dallied. [A.S. dol, foolish; Dane, dan, «. a native of Denmark.
Ger. daMen, to trifle : perh. conn, with Dwell.] Danger, dan'jer, n. a hazard or risk: insecurity.
Dam, dam, n an embankment to restrain water. [O- Fr. dangler, absolute power (of a feudal
— v.t. to keep back water by a bank or other lord), hence power to hurt—Low L. dominium,
obstruction :—pr.p. damm'ing ; At./*, dammed'. feudal authority—L. dominus, a lord. See
[E., and in all the Tcut. tongues.] Dungeon.]
Dam, dam, ft. a mother, applied to quadrupeds. Dangerous, dan'jer-us, adj. full of danger: un
[A form of Dame.] safe : insecure. - adv. Dan'gerously.
Damage, dam'ftj, u., hurt, injury, loss : the value Dangle, dang'gl, v.i. to hang loosely or with a
of what is lost.—//, compensation for loss or sxvinging motion: to follow any one about.—
injury.—v.t. to harm, injure.—v.i. to take in v.t. to make to dangle. [From a Scand. root,
jury. [O. Fr, damage {Fr. dommage), from L. found in Ice. dingla, to swing to and fro, freq.
damnum, loss, injury.] [damaged. of Ding, to throw, push.]
Damageable, dam'aj-a-bl, adj. capable of being Dangler, dang^gler, «. one who dangles about
Damask, dam'ask, n. figured stun orig. of silk, others, especially about women.
now of linen, cotton, or wool.—v.t. to flower or Danish, dan'ish, adj. belonging to Denmark.
variegate, as cloth.—<tdj. of a red colour, like Dank, dangk, adj. moist, wet. [Perh. cor.n. with
that of a damask rose. [From Damascus, in Dew. See also Daggle. ]
Syria, where it was orig. made.] Dapper, dap'er, adj. quick : little and active :
Dame, dam, n. the mistress of a hpuse : a neat : spruce. [Dut. dapper, brave ; Ger.
matron : a noble lady. [Fr. dame—L. domina, tapfer, quick, brave.]
a mistress, /em. of dominus, a master. Doub Dapple, dapl, adj. marked with spots.—v.t. to
let, Dam, a mother. See Dominate.] variegate with spots. [See Dimple.]
Damn, dam, v.t. to censure or condemn: to sen Dare, dur, v.i. to be bohi enough: to venture :—
tence to eternal punishment.—«. an oath : a pa.t. durst. —7>.l. to challenge: to defy. [A.S.
curse. [Fr. damner—h.damnare, to condemn, dear, durran ; Goth, daursan : akin to Gr.
from damnum, loss, penalty.] tharred, Sans, dhrish, to be bold.]
Damnable, dam'na-hl, adj.} deserving ortending to Dare, dar. Same as Dace.
damnation : hateful : pernicious. —adv. Dam'na- Daring, daring, adj., bold: courageous: fearless.
bly — n Dam'nableness. [Late L. damnabilis] —«. boldness.—adv. Daringly.
Damnation, dam-na'shun, n. {tktoL) the punish Dark, dark, adj. without lignt : black or some
ment of the impenitent in the future state : what black : gloomy : difficult to understand :
eternal punishment. [L. damnatio.) unenlightened : secret.—«. absence of light :
Damnatory, dam'na-tor-i, adj. containing sen obscurity: a state of ignorance.—adv. Darkly.
tence of condemnation. [L. damnatorius.] —n. Dark'ness. [A.S. deorc.\
Damp, damp, valour, mist; moist air: low- Darken, diirk'n, v.t. to make dark: to render
ncss of spirits.—pi. dangerous vapours in mines, ignorant : to sully.—v.i. to grow dark or darker.
&c.—v.t. to wet slightly : to chill : to discour Darkish, darkish, adj. somewhat dark : dusky.
age : to check: to make dull. —adj. moist: Darkling, darkling, adj. being in the dark
foggy.—adv. Damply.—//. Damp'ness. [E. ; (poet.).
akin to Dut. damp, Ger. damPf, vapour.] Darksome, dark'sum, adj., dark: gloomy (poet.).
Damper, damp'er, n. that which checks or mode Darling, darling, n. a little dear: one dearly
rates : {Australia) a kind of hastily-baked bread. beloved : a favourite. [Dear, and ling.)
Damsel, dam'zel, n. a little dame or lady : a Darn, darn, v.t. to mend a hole by imitating the
young unmarried woman: a girt. [Fr. demoi texture of the stuff. —n. the place darned. [W.
selle, O. Fr. damoisel, a page—Low L. domi- darn, a piece, a patch.] [Ety. dub.]
celtus, dim. of dominus, a lord.) Darnel, darnel, n. a weed of the ryegrass genus.
Damson, dam'zn, tt. a small black plum. [Short Dart, dart, «. a pointed weapon for throwing with
ened from Damascene—Damascus. See the hand : anything that pierces.—v t. to hurl
Damask.] i suddenly : to send or shoot forth.—v.i. to start
Dance, dans, v.i. to move with measured steps to I or shoot forth rapidly.—adv. Darl ingly. [O. Fr.
music. —v.t. to make to dance or jump. —n. the dart ; from a Low Ger. root.]
movement of one or more persons with measured Dart See Dace.
steps to music. [Fr. danscr, from O. Ger. Darwinism, daY-win-ism, «. the theory of the
danson, to draw along, Ger. tansen.] origin of species propounded by G Darwin. —
ancer, dans'er, //. one who practises dancing. adj. Dar winian.
Dancing, dans'ing, n. the act or art of moving in Dash, dash, v.t. to throw violently: to break by
the dance. throwing together : to throw water suddenly : to
Dandelion, dan-de-li'un, n. a common plant with bespatter ; to destroy or frustrate : to mix or
a yellow flower, so called from the jagged tooth- adulterate.—v.i. to strike" against : to break
110 fate, far . m3, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; then.
 Dashing
against, as water: to rush with violence.—n. a
violent striking : a rushing or violent onset : a
blow: a mark (—) at a break in a sentence:
a slight admixture. [Dan. daskr, to slap.J
Dashing, dash'ing, adj. rushing: reckless: hasty
and rash: gallant. —adv. Dash'lngly.
Dastard, das'tard, n. a cowardly fellow.—adj.
shrinking from danger ; cowardly.—adj. and
adv. Das'tardly. - »s. Das'tardne'ss, Das'tard-
liness. [From a Scand. stem dost = £. dazed,
and Fr. suffix -ard. See Daze.]
Data, da'ta, «.//. facts given or admitted from
which other facts may be deduced. —sing.
Da'tum. [L. datum, data, given—da, to give.]
Date, dat, ft. the time when a letter is given or
written: the time of any event: a stipulated
time.—v.t. to affix the date to.—v.i. to reckon :
to begin. [Fr. date—L.. datum.]
Date, dat, n. the fruit of the date-palm, so called
from its fancied resemblance to thefinder. [Fr.
datte~L. dactylus—Gr. daktylos, a finger.]
Dative, dfu'iv, adj. that is given or appointed.—
u the dative case, the oblique case of nouns,
&c. which follows verbs or other parts of speech
that express giving or some act directed to the
object—generally indicated in English by to or
Jbr. [L. dativus.]
Datum, datum, u. See Data.
Daub, dawb, v.t. to smear : to paint coarsely.—«.
a coarse painting. —Dauber, dawb'er, «. one
who daubs: a coarse painter. [O. Fr. dauber,
to plaster—L. dealbate, to whitewash—de, down,
and albus, white.]
Daughter, daw'ter. n» a female child : a female
descendant. —n. Daugh ter-in-law. a son's wife.
[A.S. dohtor ; Scot, dochter, Ger. tochter, Gr.
thygattr, Sans, duhitri, from duk or dhugk, to
milk- as if 'the milkmaid.' See Dug.]
Daughterly, daw'ter-li, adj., like or becoming a
daughter.— n. Daugh'terliness.
Daunt, diint. or dawnt, v.t. to frighten: to dis
courage. [O. Fr.danter, Fr.dompler—h,domito
—dome, Gr. damad, to tame : conn, with Tame. J
Dauntless, dant'les, adj. not to be daunted.—
adv. Daunt'lessly.—«. Daunt'lessness.
Dauphin, daw'fin, «. formerly a name given to
the eldesi son of the king of France.—-fern.
Dau'phlness, the dauphin's wife. [O. Fr.
dnulphiu, Fr. dauphin—L. delphinns, a dolphin.
Dauphin was the proper name of the lords of
Vicnnois, who had taken for their crest three
dolphins. When Vicnnois Dnuphine") was
ceded to the crown of France, the name became
the title of the king's eldest son.]
Davit, d.iv'it, n. a spar projecting from a ship,
used as a crane for hoisting the anchor clear of
the vessel. —//. pieces of timber or iron, pro
jecting over a ship*s side or stem, having tackle
to raise a boat by. [Fr. davier, a forceps.]
Daw. daw. n. a bird of the crow kind : a jackdaw.
[From its cry,]
Dawdle, daw'dl, v.i. to waste time by trifling : to
act or move slowly.—w. DaWdler. [Allied to
Dandle and Dandy.J
Dawn, dawn, v.i. to become day: to begin to
grow light : to begin to appear.—«. daybreak :
beginning. [A.S. dagian, day.J
Day, d:1, n. the time of light : the time from
morning till night: twenty-four hours, the time
the earth takes to make a revolution on her axis.
(A.S. d<rg ; Ger. tag, from an unknown root, not
conn, with L. dies.]
Daybook, da'book, «. a book in which merchants,
&c. enter the transactions of every day.
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ;
Dear
Daybreak, da'brSk, «. the breaking of day, or
first appearance of light. [while awake.
Daydream, da'drem, «. a dreaming or musing
Day-lily, da'-lil'i, «. a lily that blooms during the
day or for a day only.
Daysman, daz'man, «. one who appoints a day to
hear a cause : an umpire. [dawn.
Dayspring, daspring, «. the springing of day:
Daystar, da'star, '.. the star which ushe^ in the
day ; the morning-star.
Daze, daz, v.t. [<'bs.) to render dull or stupid.
[Ice. dasa, to be breathless or exhausted ; conn,
with A.S. dwees, foolish.]
Dazzle, daz'l, v.t. to daze or overpower with any
strong light.—o</r>. DaWllngly. [Frcq. of Daze.]
Deacon, de'kn, ». in Episcopal churches the order
of clergy under priests : in some Presbyterian
churches, an officer under the elders : in Con
gregational and some other churches, the prin
cipal lay official : in Scot, the master of an
incorporated company,—fern. Dea coness.—tis.
Dea'conshlp, Dea'conry. [L. diaconm—Gr.
diakonos, a servant.]
Dead, ded, adj. deprived of life: that never had
life: deathlike: useless : dull: cold and cheer
less: without vegetation: perfect.—Dead-
drunk completely drunk j Dead-language,
one no longer spoken ; Dead-letter, a letter un
delivered and unclaimed at the post-office: Dead
lights, storm-shutters for a cabin window;
Dead-look, a position of matters when they have
become so complicated that they are at a com
plete standstill and progress is impossible ;
Dead-march, a piece ol solemn music played
at funeral processions, especially of soldiers ;
Dead-reckoning, an estimation ot a ship's place,
simply by the log-book ; Dead-weight a heavy
or oppressive burden, -adv. Dead ly.—;;. Dead -
ness. [A.S. dead; Goth, dauths, Ger. todt,
from root of die.] [those who are dead.
Dead, ded, u. the time of greatest stillness.—ti.pl.
Deaden, ded'n, v.t. to make dead: to deprive
partly of vigour or sensation : to blunt : to
lessen.
Deadly, ded'li, adj.. causing death: fatal: im
placable.—u. Dead'liness.
Deaf, def, adj., dull of hearing : unable to hear
at all : not willing to hear: inattentive.—aiiv.
Deafly. -«. Deafness. [A.S. deaf; Dut.
doof, Ger. taub.\
Deafen, def'n, v.t. to make deaf, partly or alto
gether : to stun: to render impervious to sound.
Deaf-mute, def'-mut, «. one who is both deafand
mute or dumb.
Deal, del, u. a portion: an indefinite quantity:
a large quantity ; the act of dividing cards : one
of the divisions or boards into which a piece of
timber is cut : a fir or pine board. [A.S. deel ;
Ger. .'/';. a part or division. ]
Deal, del, v.t. to divide, to distribute: to throw
about.—v.i. to transact business: to act: to dis
tribute cards :—pa.t. and pa.p. dealt (dclt).
[A.S. da*lan—dal ; Ger. theiien —theil.]
Dealer, deTer, «. one who deals: a trader.
Dealing, dcl'ing, n. manner of acting towards
others : intercourse of trade.
Dean, den, n. a dignitary in cathedral and col-
leciate churches who presides over the other
clergy : the president of the faculty in a college.
—ns. Dean ship, Deanery, the office ofa dean :
a dean's house. [O. Fr. deien—L. decauus, a
chief of ten—decern, ten.]
Dear, d£r, adj. high in price: costly: scarce:
highly valued : beloved.—w. one who is dear or
mote ; mute ; mSOn ; then. Ill
 Dearth Deoemvirate
beloved.—adv. Dearly.—*. Dear'ness. [A.S. Decade or Decad, dek'ad or dek'ad, n. an aggre
deore ; Ger. tiuucr, 0. Ger. tiuri, precious.] gate of ten. [Fr. dtcude—Gr. dekas—deka, ten.]
Dearth, derth, «., -iearness, high price: scarcity : Decadence, de-ka'dens. Decadency, de-ka'den-si,
want : famine : barrenness.
Death, deth, «. state of be/nr dead: extinction «., state of decay. [Fr.—Low L. decadent/a,
from de, down, and Low L. cadentia—L. cado,
oflife: manner of dyintj : mortality.—«. Death'- to fall. See Cadence. Decay ]
bed, the last illntss. [A.S. death; Ger. tod.] Decagon, dek'a-gon, n. a plane figure of ten
Debar. de-bar', v.i. to bar outfrom : to exclude : angles and sides. [Gr. deka, and gdnia, an
to hinder :—pr.p. debarring ; Pa.p. debarred'. angle : akin to Knee.]
[L. de, from, mid Bar.] Decahedron, dek-a-he'dron, n. a solid figure hav
Debark, de-baiV, v.t. or v.i. to landfrom a bark, ing ten bases or sides. [Gr. deka, and hedra,
ship, or boat: to disembark. [Fr. dibarquer— a seat.]
des — L. dis, away, and Barque, a ship.] Decalogue, dek'a-log, ». the ten commandments.
Debarkation, Debarcatlon, de-b&rk-a'shun, «. [Gr. deka, ten, logos, a discourse, a proposition.]
the act o{ debarking or disembarking. Decamp, de-kamp', v.i, {lit.) to gofrom or shift a
Debase, de-bas', v. t. to lower : to malce mean or cam^i to go away, esp. secretly. [Fr. de-
of less value: to adulterate. [L. de, down, and camper—Yt. de= L. ais, away, and camp.
Base, low.] See Camp.]
Debasement, de-bas'ment, «. degradation. Decampment, de-kamp'inent, n., shiftinga camp:
Debasing, de-basing, adj. tending to lower or a marching off. [Fr. dicampement.]
degrade.—adv. Debas ingly. Decanal, deVan-al, adj. pertaining to a deanery.
Debatable, de-bat'a-bl, adj. liable to be disputed. Decant, de-kant', v.t. to pour oft, leaving sedi
Debate, de-bat', n. a contention in words or argu ment : to pour from one vessel into another.
ment.—v.t. to contend for in argument.—v.i. to [Fr. dicanter—de, from, and Cant, a side or
deliberate: to join in debate.—«. Debater, corner.]
[Fr. de, and batire, to beat. See Beat. ) Decanter, de-kant'er, *. a vessel for holding
Debauch, de-bawch', v.t. to lead away from duty decanted liquor : an ornamental bottle.
or allegiance : to corrupt with lewdness.—v.i. to Decapitate, dc-kap'i-tai, v.t. to take the head
indulge in revelry.—n. a fit of intemperance or from: to behead. [Low L. decapitare—h. de,
debauchery. [br. dibaucher—des — L. dis, from, and caput, capitis, the head.]
and a word banchet a workshop, of unknown Decapitation, de-kap-i-ta'shun, n. the act of
origin ] [bauchery: a libertine. beheading.
Debauchee, deb'o-she, n. one given up to de- Decapod, dek'a-pod, ». one of the shellfish which
^Debauchery, de-bawch'er-i, «. corruption of fidel have ten feet or claws, as the crab. [Gr. deka,
ity : seduction from duty : excessive intemper ten, and flous, podos, a foot.)
ance : habitual lewdness. Decarbonise, de-ka/bon-Tz, v.t. to deprive of
Debenture, de-bent'flr, n. an acknowledgment of carbon. [De, from, and Carbon.]
a debt: a deed of mortgage given by a railway Decastyle, dek'a-stll, «. a portico with ten styles
or other company for borrowed money: a cer or columns in front. [Gr. deka, ten, stylos, a
tificate entitling an exporter of imported goods column. I
to a drawback or repayment of the duty paid on Decasyllabic, dek-a-sil-aVik, adj. having ten
their importation. [L. debentur, there arc due, syllables. [Fr. de'casyllabique—Gr. deka, ten,
3d person pi. passive of debeo, to owe.] syllabi, a syllable.]
Debilitate, dc-bil'i-t§t, v.t. to make weak: to Decay, de-ka', v.i. to fall away from a state of
impair the strength of. [L. debilito, debilitatus health or excellence : to waste away.—«. a fall
—debilis, weak—de, not, kabilis, able. See ing into a worse or less perfect state : a pass
Ability.] ing away. [O. Fr. decaer—L. de, from, caderc,
Debility, de-bill-ti, «., weakness and languor: a to fall.]
weak action of the animal functions. Decease, de-ses', v.i. to cease to live : to die.— n.
Debit, deb it, «. a debt or something due : an death. [O. Fr. deces—L. decessus—de, away,
entry on the debtor side of an account. —v.t. to cedo, cessus, to go. ]
charge with debt: to enter on the debit or Deceit, de-seY, «. act of deceiving: anything
debtor side of an account. [L. debitum, what intended to mislead another. [Through Fr.
is due, from debeo, to owe.] from L. deceptus.]
Debonair. deb-o-n.1r/, oiij. of good air or appear Deoeitful, de-seVfool, adj. full of deceit: disposed
ance and manners: elegant: courteous. [Fr. or tending to deceive : insincere. —adv. Deceit
de, of, bon, good, air, appearance, manner.] fully. Deoeit'fulness.
Debouch, de-bGosh', v.i. to march out from a Decelvable, de-seVa-bl, adj. that may be de
narr&iv pass or confined place. [Fr. diboucher cerned: exposed to imposture.—n. Decolv'able-
—de, from, bouche, the mouth—L. bucca, the ness.—adv. Deceiv'ably.
cheek.] [river or strait. Deceive, de-seV, v.t. to mislead or cause to err :
Debouchure, da-bOO-shOor', «. the mouth of a to cheat : 10 disappoint.—«. Deceiv'er. [Fr.
Debris, de-bre', «., bruised or broken pieces of deccvoir—L. dtcipere, deceptus—de, from,
anything, esp. of rock: rubbish: ruins [Fr., capere, to take, catch.]
from briser, akin to Bruise.] December, de-sem'ber, m. the tenth mntth among
Debt, det, n. what one owes to another: what the Romans, who began their year with March :
one becomes liable to do or suffer. [L. debitum.} with us, the twelfth month of the year. [L.
Debtor, det'ur, n. one who owes a debt : the side decern, ten.]
of an account on which debts arc charged. [L. Decemvir, dc-semVir, n. one of ten magistrates
debitor.] who at one time had absolute power in Rome :
Debut, de-bu' [u sounded as in Scot, gude), n. a —pi. Deoem'virB or (L.) Decemviri, de-sem'-
beginning or first attempt : a first appearance vi-rT. [L. decern, ten, and vir, a man.]
before the public, as of an actor, &c. [Fr. dtbut, Deoemvirate, de-sem'vir-iU, «. a body of tea men
a first stroke—<rfr, from, but, aim, mark.] in office : the term of office of decemvirs.
II:! fate, fur ; rne", h£r ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mo~On ; Men.
 Decency Decoy
Decency, de'sen-si, n. becomingness : modesty. make a statement. [Fr. declarer, from L.
{I,, decentin. See Decent.] declaro, dectaratus—de, sig. completeness,
Decennary, de-sen'ar-i, n. a period of ten years. clams, clear.)
[L. decern, ten, and annus, a year.] Declension, de-klen'shun, n. a falling off : decay:
Decennial, dc-sen'i-al, adj. consisting of, or hap descent: (gram.) change of termination for the
pening every ten years. oblique cases. [See Decline.]
Decent, de'sent, adj., becoming: seemly: proper : Declinable, de-klln'a-bl, adj. having inflection
modest : moderate : tolerable. —adv. De cently. for the oblique cases.
[L. decens, decentis, pr.p. of decet, it is be Declination, dek-lin-a'shun, «. act of Bedining:
coming.] deviation : decay : {astr.) the distance from the
Decentralise, de-sen'tral-Tz, v.t. to withdraw celestial equator.
from the centre. [L. de, priv., and Centralise.] Decline, de-klln', v.i. to bend or turn awayfrom
Deception, de-sep'shun, «. act of deceiving: the (a straight line) : to deviate : to refuse : to bend
means by which it is sought to deceive. |L. down : to fail or decay : to draw to an end.—
deceptio.\ v.t. to bend down: to turn away from: to
Deceptive, de-sep'tiv, adj. tending to deceive.— refuse: to avoid: {gram.) to give the changes
adv. Decep'tlvely.—//. Decep tiveness. of a word in the oblique cases.—n. a falling off:
Decide, de-sid', v.t. to determine: to end: to deviation : decay : a gradual sinking of the
settle. [Fr. didder—L. decidere—de, away, bodily faculties, consumption. [Fr. dicliner—
ca'do, to cut.J L. de, down, away from, ditto, to bend. See
Decided,
mistakablede-sld'ed, adj., determined
: resolute.—ativ. : clear, un
Declaredly. Lean.]
Declivity, de-kliv'i-ti, n. a place that declines or
DecldUOUB, de-sid'Q-us, adj., /ailing off: that slopes doiuwvard, opp. of Acclivity : inclina
fall in autumn, as leaves: not permanent. —n. tion downward : a gradual descent. [L. decli-
Decid'uousnegs. [L. decidttus—decido, from vitas—de, downward, clivus, sloping, akin to
de, cado, to fall.] clino. ]
Decimal, deVi-mal, adj. numbered or proceeding Decoct, de-kokt', v.t. to digest by heat. [L.
by tens.—n. a fraction having ten or some power decoquo, decoctus—de, down, coquo, to cook.]
of ten for its denominator. - Decimal System Decoction, de-kok'shun, n. an extract of anything
is the French system of weights or measures, got by boiling.—adj. Decoc'tive.
the principle of which is that it multiplies and Decollate, de-kol'fu, v.t. to behead [L. decollo
divides by ten.—adv. Dec imally. [Fr.—Low —de, from, collum, the neck.] [in^.
L. dedmalis—decern, ten.] Decollation, de-kot-a'shun, n. the act of behead-
Decimate, des'i-mat, v.t. to take the tenth part Decolorant, de-kul'ur-ant, «. a substance that
of: to put to death every tenth man.—«. Decl bleaches or removes colour.
inator. [L. decimo, decimatus—decimus, Decoloration, dc-kul'ur-a-shun, «. the removal
tenth.J or absence of colour.
Decimation, des-i-mS'shtin, n. a military punish Decolour, de-kul'ur, Decolourise, de-kul'ur-Tz,
ment, by which every tenth man was selected v.t. to deprive of colour. [Fr. d/colorer—L.
by lot and put to death, or otherwise punished. decoloro—de, from, color, colour.]
Decipher, de-sl'fcr, v.t. to un-cipher or read Decomposable, de-kom-poYa-bl, adj. that may be
secret writing : to make out what is unintelli decomposed.
gible or obscure. [L. de, negative, and Cipher.] Decompose, de-kom-poY, v.t. to separate the
Decipherable, de-sl'fer-a-bl, adj. that may be parts composing anything : to resolve into ori
deciphered. [determination : settlement. ginal elements. [L. de, sig. separation, and
Decision, de-sizh'un, n. the act of deciding: Compose. ]
Decisive, de-sl'siv, adj. having the power of Decomposition, de-kom-po-zish'un, n. act of
deciding.- final: positive.—adv. Decisively.— decomposing : decay or dissolution.
n. Doci sivoness. Decompound, de-kom-pownd', v.t. to compound
Deck, dek, v.t. to cover; to clothe : to adorn : to again : to compound things already com*
furnish with a deck, as a vessel.—n. a covering : pounded ; also, to divide a thing into its con
the floor or covering of a ship. [Dut. dekken, stituent parts.—adj. compounded a second time.
to cover; Ger. decken; akin to L. tego. See —adj. Decompound'able. [L. de, intensive,
Thatch.] and Compound.]
Decker, dek'er, n. the person or thing that decks : Decorate, dek'o-rat, v.t. to ornament, to beau
a vessel which has a deck or decks, used chiefly tify. [L. decoro, decoratus—decus, what is be
in composition, as a three-decker, a ship with coming, ornament, from decet, it is becoming.]
three decks. Decoration, dek-o-ru'shun, n. ornament : any
Declaim, de-kl5m', v.i. to make a set or rhe thing that heightens beauty. [to adorn.
torical speech : to harangue.—ns. Declalm'ant, Decorative, dek'o-ril-tiv, adj. adorning : suited
Declalm'er. [Fr.—L. decLxmo—de, intensive, Decorator, dek'o-ra-tor, n. one who decorates.
clamo, to cry out.] Decorous, de-kO'rus, adj., becoming; suitable:
Declamation, dek-Ia-ma'shun, n. act of declaim proper: decent.—adv. Decorously. [L. de-
ing; a set speech in public : display in speaking. corus. I
Declamatory, dc-klam'a-tor-i, adj. relating to Decorticate, de-korVi-kat, v.t. to deprive of the
declamation: appealing to the passions : noisy bark, husk, or peel.—«. Decortlca'ttoa [L.
and rhetorical merely. | decortico, decorticatus—de, from, and cortex,
Declaration, dek-la-ra'shun, «. act of declaring: i bark.]
that which is declared: a written affirmation. Decorum, de-ko'rum, n. that which is becoming
Declarative, de-klarVtiv, Declaratory, dc-klar'a- in outward appearance : propriety of conduct :
tor-i, adj. explanatory.—advs. Declar atively, decency. [L., neuter of decerns^ becoming.]
Declaratorily. ; Decoy, dc-koy', v.t. to allure, entice: to entrap:
Declare, de-klaV, v.t. to make known : to shew ! to lure into a trap or snare.—n. anything in
Plainly to others by words : to assert.—v.i. to tended to allure into a snare. [L. de, down,
II fate, far ; mi, htr ; mine ; mOte ; mute : moon : then.
 Decrease
and O. Fr. coy, quiet ; as if to quiet down. See
Coy.]
Decrease, de-kres, v.i. to grow or become less.—
v.t. to make less: to lessen gradually.—n. a
growing less: loss.—adv. Decreasingly [O.
Fr. decrois, a decrease, from L. decresco—de,
troni, and cresio, to grow. J
Decree, de-kre', «. an order by one in authority :
an established law: a predetermined purpose. —
v.t. to decide or determine by sentence in law :
to appoint.—v.i. to make a decree \~pr.p. de
creeing ; pa.p. decreed'. [Fr.—L. decretnm—
decemo, to decide.]
Decrement, dek're-ment, «. the quantity lost by
decrease. [L. decrcmentum—decresco.]
Decrepit, de-krep'it, adj. worn out by the infir
mities of old age : in the last stage of decay.
[L. decrepitus, noiseless, very old—de, not,
crepitus, a noise.]
Decrepitate, de-krep'i-tat, v.i. to crackle, as salts,
when heated.—v.t. to roast so as to cause a con
tinual crackling.—«. Decrepitation. [L. de,
inten., crepito, to rattle much, frcq. of crepo.)
Decrepitude, de-krep'i-lCld, n. state of being de-
crepit or worn out with age.
Decrescent, de-kres'ent, adj., becoming%T*o\\xa}\y
less. [L.]
Decretal, de-kre"'tal, adj. pertaining to a decree.
—n. a decree, e.sp. of the pope : a book contain
ing decrees : a collection of the pope's decrees.
[ L. decretalis —decretnm.] [decree.
Decretive, dc-kre tiv, adj. having the force of a
Decretory, dek're-tor-i, adj. established by a
decree: determining: judicial.
Decrial, de-krl'al, «. a crying down: clamorous
condemnation.
Decry, dc-krl', v.t. to cry down: to condemn:
to blame decried'. [Fr. dels) = L. dis,
and crier, to cry. See Cry.]
Decumbence, de-kum'bens, Decumbenoy, de-
kum'ben-si, n. the act or posture of lying down.
Decumbent, dc-kum'bent, adj., lying down: re
clining on the ground.—adv. Decum'bently.
[L. decumbent —de, down, and enmbo, for cuoo,
to lie.]
Decuple, dek'fl-pl, adj., tenfold.—n. a number
ten times repeated.—v.t. to make tenfold. [Fr.
dicuple—L. decern, ten, and plico, to fold.]
Decurrent, de-kur'ent, adj., running or extend
ing do7unward.—adv. DeoUIT'ently. [L. de-
currens—de, down, curro, cursum, to run.]
Decussate, de-kus'at, v.t. to cross in the form of
an X : to cross, as lines, &c.—adj. crossed :
arranged in pairs which cross each other. —n.
Decussation. [I- decusso, decussatus—decus-
sis, a coin of ten asses {decern asses) marked
with X, the symbol of ten. Sec Ace.]
Dedicate, ded'i-kfu, v.t. to set apart and conse
crate to some sacred purpose: lo devote wholly
or chiefly : to inscribe to any one. [L. dedico,
dedicatus—de, down, dico, to declare.}
Dedication, ded-i-ka'shun, n. the act of dedicat
ing : an address to a patron, prefixed to a
book. [dedication.
Dedicatory, ded'i-kii-tor-i, adj. serving as a
Deduce, de-dus', v.t. to draw from: to infer a
truth or opinion from what precedes or from
premises. [L. de, from, duco, dueturn, to lead.]
Deducible de-dus'i-bl, adj. that may be deduced
or inferred. [to subtract.
Deduct, dc-dukt', v.t. to take from ; to separate :
Deduction, de-duk'shun, n. (i) the act of deduc
ing: that which is deduced: reasoning from a
general to a particular proposition. [From
111 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Defecate
Deduce.] (a) the act of deducting: that which
i* deducted : abatement. [From Deduct.]
Deductive, dc-dukt'iv, adj., that is, or may be
deduced from premises. —adv. Deduct'Ively.
Deed, dfd, «. something done: an act: an ex
ploit : a legal transaction : the written evidence
of it. [A.S. dad—don, to do ; Ger, that—thnn,
to do. See Do.] [deeds.
DeedleSS, ded'les, adj. not having performed
Deem, dem, v.t. or v.i. to judge: to think: to
believe. [A.S. deman, to form a judgment —
dom, judgment. See Doom.]
Deep, dep, adj. extending far down or far from
the outside : difficult to understand : secret :
wise and penetrating : cunning: very still: pro
found : intense : sunk low : low or grave.—n.
that which is deep : the sea : anything profound
or incomprehensible.—adv. to a great depth:
profoundly.—-adv. Deeply.—«. Deep'ness.
[A.S. drop; Ger. tief; akin to Dip, Dive.]
Deepen, dfip'n, v.t. to make deeper in any sense :
to increase, —v. i. to become deeper.
Deer, dSr, «. a quadruped of several species, as
the stag, reindeer, &c. ; in M. E. any kind of
animal. [A.S. dew, Ger. thier, Gr. ther, L.
fera, a wild beast.]
Deer-stalker. deV-stawk'er, «. one who practises
deer-stalking.
Deer-Stalking, deV-stawk'ing, n. the hunting of
deer by stalking, or stealing upon them una
wares. [See Stalk, to walk.]
Deface, de-fas', v.t. to destroy or mar the face or
external appcar.ince of, to disfigure : to obliter
ate. [O. Fr. desfacer—des = L. dis, away, and
face, from L. fades.]
Defacement, de-fas'ment, «. act of defacing:
injury to form or appearance : that which de
faces.
Defalcate, dc-fal'k&t, v.t. to deduct a part of,
used chiefly of money, &c. : to embezzle money
held on trust. (Low L. difalco, difilcatus, to
cut away—L. dif —dis-, off", and falx, falcis,
a sickle. See Falchion, j
Defalcation, def-al-kS'shun, «. a diminution : a
deficit of funds intrusted to one's care.
Defamation, def-a-ma'shun, n. the act of defam
ing: calumny : slander.
Defamatory, de-fam'a-tor-i, adj. containing de
famation: injurious to reputation : calumnious.
Defame, dc-fam', V.t. to take away or destroy the
good fame or reputation of : to speak evil of.
[O. Fr. defamer—L. diffamare—dis, away,
detraction, andfama, report. See Fame.]
Default, de-fawlt', n. afault, failing, orfailure :
defect : neglect to do what duty or law requires:
offence. —v.i. to fail through neglect of duly:
to fail to appear in court when called upon.
[O. Fr. defaute, and default—de = L. dis, in
tensive, and fante. See Fault.]
Defaulter, dc-fawlt'er, «, one who fails to account
for money intrusted to his care.
Defeasance, dc-fez'ans, n. {law) a condition
annexed to a deed, which, being performed,
renders the deed void. [Norm, defaisance—
Fr. difaisant, pr.p. of difaire, to undo.]
Defeasible, de-feYi-bl. adj. that may be defeated
or annulled.—«. Defeas'ibleness.
Defeat, de-fet', v.t. to frustrate : to overcome : to
ruin. —h. a frustration of plans: overthrow, as
of an army in battle. [Fr. difaite—difaire, io
undo—di—h. dis, asunder, and Yr. fairc, L.
facere, to do.]
Defecate, def'e-kiit. v.t. to clear from dregs or
impunties: to purify from extraneous matter.
mute ; mute ; moon ; then.
 Defecation Deglutition
[L. defceco, defacatus, to cleanse—de, from, positive: final.—«. {gram. ) an adjective used
fwx,fa,cis, dregs.] [away impurities. to limit the extent of the signification of a noun.
Defecation, def-e-kS'shun, w. the act of clearing —adv. Definitively.
Defect, de-fekt'; n. a deficiency: a want : imper Deflagrate, defla-grat, v.i. or v.t. to burn down :
fection : blemish: fault. [L. deficio, defectus, to burn with suddenness and sptrkling.—n.
to fail or be wanting—de, neg. , and/acta, to do. ] j Deflagra'tlon. [L. defiagro—de, down, and
Defectible, de-fekt'i-bl, adj. liable to imper flagro, to burn.]
fection, [duty : revolt. 1 Deflagrator, def'Ia-gra-tor, «. a galvanic instru
Defection, de-fek'shun, n. a falling away jrom ment for producing rapid combustion.
Defective, de-fekt'iv, adj. having deject: want Deflect, dc-flekt'; v.i. or v.t. to turn aside: to
ing in some necessary quality : insufficient.— swerve or deviate from a right line or proper
adv. Defectively.—n. Defectiveness. course. [L- de, from, andflecto, to bend, turn.]
Defence, de-fens', n. a defending: that which Deflection, de-flek'shun, «. a turning aside : de
defends: protection: vindication : (law) a de viation.
fendant's plea.—Defended, pa.p. (B.) fortified. Deflorate, de-flO'rat, adj.. Past the flowering
Defenceless, de-fens'les, adj. without defence.— state, as an anther after it has shed its pollen.
adv. Defence'lessly. —n. Defencelessness. Defloration, def-lo-ra'shun, «. the act of deflour-
Defend, de-fend', v.t. {lit.) to fend or ward off. ing.
to keep off anything hurtful : to guard or pro Deflour, dc-flowr', v.t. to defiotver or deprive of
tect ; to maintain against attack : {law) to flmvers; to deprive of original grace and beauty :
resist as a claim: to contest.— n. Defend'6r. to ravish.—n. Deflour'er. [Fr. d/fleurir—L.
[L. defendo, defenstts, to ward off—de, off, and defioro, to strip flowers off—de, priv., and fios,
obs, fendo, to strike.] [defended. fioris, a flower. ]
Defondable, de-fend'a-bl, adj. that may be Deflower. Same as Deflour.
Defendant, de-fend'ant, n. a deferuler: {law) a Dofluxion, dc-fluk'shun, n. a discharge of fluid
person accused or sued. matter in the body. [L. defiuxio—de, down,
Defensible, de-fens'i-bl, adj. that may be de andjfuo.jfuxum, to flow.]
fended.—n. Defensibirity. Defoliation, de-iO-li-a'shun, «. thefalling off of
Defensive, de-fens'iv, adj. serving to defend: in leaves: the time of shedding leaves. [Low L.
a state or posture of defence.—n. that which defolio, defoliatum—de, oft,folium, a leaf]
defends : posture of defence.—adv. Defens'- Deforce, de-fors', v.t. Haw) to keep out of pos
lvely. session byforce.—n. Deforcement. [Fr. tie —
Defer, de-fer', v.t. to fntt off to another time : to L. dis, and Force.]
delay ',—pr.p. deferring ; Pa.p. deferred'. [L. Deform, de-form', v.t. to alter or injure theform
differo—dis, asunder,fero, to bear, carry.] of: to disfigure. [L. deformis, ugly—de, from,
Defer, de-fer', v.i. to yield to the wishes or andforma, form, beauty.]
opinions of another, or to authority.—v.t. to Deformation, def-or-ma'shun, «. act of deforming.
submit to or lay before :—/**./■ delerr'ing; pa.p. Deformity, de-form'i-ti, n. state of being de
deferred'. [L. defero—de, down, and fero, to formed: want of proper form: ugliness: dis
bear.] figurement : anything that destroys beauty.
Deference, defer-ens, n. a deferring or yielding Defraud, de-frawd', v.t. to deprive of by fraud:
in judgment or opinion : regard: submission- to withhold wrongfully : to cheat or deceive. [L.
Deferential, def-er-en'shal, adj. expressing def defraudo—de, from, andfraus,fraudis, fraud.]
erence or respect. — adv. Deferen'tlally. Defray, dc-frft', v.t. to discharge the expenses of
Defiance, de-f I'ans, «. the act of defying, a chal anything : to pay :—pr.p. defraying ; pa.p. de
lenge to combat : contempt of opposition. frayed'.—mj. Defrayment, Defray'al. [Fr.
Deficiency, de-fish'en-si, «. defect. defrayer—di, and frais, expense—Low L.
Deficient, de-fish'ent, adj. wanting. fractum, breakage, damage, expense.]
Deficit, def'i-sit, deficiency, esp. of revenue, as Deft, deft, Oiij. handy, clever.—-adv. Deftly —
compared with expenditure. [L., it is wanting, n. Doft'noss. [A.S. daft, convenient, fitting.]
3d per. sing, of deficio.] Defunct, de-funkt', adj. having finished the
Defile, de-fiP, v.i. to march off infile or line, or course of life, dead. —n. a dead person. [L.
file by file.'—n. a long narrow pass or way, in defungor, defunctus, to finish—de, andfungor,
which troops can march only in file, or with a to perforin.]
narrow front. [Fr. d^filer—V.. dis, and filum, Defy, de-fr, v.t. to challenge : to brave :—prJ>.
a thread. See Pile.] defy'ing; pa.p. defied'.—n. Defi'er. [Fr. dJ/ier
Defile, de-fll', v.t. to make foul: to pollute or —Low L. diffidare, to renounce faith or alle
corrupt: to violate.—«. Dealer. [L. de, and giance—L. dis, asunder, and fido, to trust—
A.S. fylan, gefylan, to pollute.] [ness. fides, faith.]
Defilement, de-l Tl'ment, n. act of defiling: foui- Degeneracy, de-jen'er-a-si, Degeneration, de-
Definable, de-fln'a-bl, adj. that may be defined. jen-er-fi'shun, «. the act or process of becoming
Define, de-fin', v.t. tofix the bounds or limits of: degenerate : the state of being degenerate.
to determine with precision ; to describe accu Degenerate, de-jen'er-Ht, adj. having departed
rately : to fix the meaning of. [Fr. — L. definio, from the high qualities of race or kind : become
dcfinitus, to set bounds to—de, and finis, a base.—adv. Degen'erately.—«. Degenerate-
limit.] ness. [L. degeneratus, from degeuero, to depart
Definite, defi-nit, adj., defined: having distinct from its kind -de, from, down, genus, generis,
limits: fixed: exact: clear.—adv. Definitely. kind.] [state ; to be or to grow worse.
—«. Deftniteness. Degenerate, dc-jen'er-iU, v.i. to fall from a nobler
Definition, def-i-nish'un, «. a defining: a de Degenerative, de-jen'er-a-tiv, adj., tending or
scription of a thing by its properties: an ex causing to degenerate.
planation of the exact meaning of a word, term, Deglutition, deg-l5o-tish'un, «. the act or power
or phrase. of STvallowing. [Fr.—L. de, down, and
Definitive, de-fin'i-tiv, adj., defining or limiting: to swallow. See Glut.J
fate, far ; m£, her ; mine ; mCte : mute ; mOTn ; then. nr.
 Degradation Delirium
Degradation, deg-ra-da'shun, n, disgrace. Deliberate, de-liber-at, v.t. to weigh well in
Degrade, de-grild', v.t. to lower in grade or one's mind.—v.t. to consider the reasons for
rank : to deprive of office ordignity : to lower in and against: to reflect upon: to discuss. [L.
character or value : to disgrace. [Fr. de^rader delibero, deliberatnm—de, intensive, and llbro,
— L. de, down, and gradns, a step. See Grade. ] to weigh—libra, a balance.]
Degree, de-gre', «. a grade or step: position: Deliberate, de-lib'er-3t. adj. well considered :
rank : extent : a mark of distinction conferred considering carefully : slow in determining.—
by universities : the 360th part of a circle : 60 a.iv. Delib erately. -->/. Delib'erateness.
geographical miles. [Fr. degri—Y.. de, and Deliberation, de-lib-er-a shun, «. the act of de
gradus, a step.] [capsules of a plant. liberating: mature reflection: calmness: cool
Dehisconco, de-his'ens, «. the opening of the ness.
Dehiscent, de-his'ent, adj., gaping or opening, Deliberative, de-lib'cr-a-tiv, adj. proceeding or
as the capsules of plants. [L. dehiscens, pr.p. acting by deliberation.—adv. Delib eratively.
of dehisco—de, intensive, and hisco. to gape.J Delicacy, del'i-ka-si, «. state or quality of being
Delclde, dei-sid, «. the killing 0/ a god: the delicate: anything delicate or dainty. (Fr.
putting to death of Jesus ChrisL [From a sup dMicatcsse—Y.. d<.licatus.\
posed L. form deicidium—dcus, and cwdo, to Delicate, del'i-kat. adj. pleasing to the senses,
cut, to kill ] esp. the taste : dainty : nicely discriminating or
Deification, d5-i-fi-ka'shun, n. the act of deifying. perceptive : of a fine, slight texture or constitu
Delform, de'i-form, adj. having ihcfornt ot a god. tion : tender, frail: requiring nice handling:
Deify, de'i-fl, v.t. to exalt to the rank of a god : refined in manners, gentle, polite, considerate.
to worship as a deity : —pr.p. deify'ing: Pa.p. - n.pl. Del'icates, (£.) delicacies.—ad;: Deli
deified'. [Fr. diifier—L. deificare—deus, and cately, in a delicate manner: \B. ) luxuriously.
facere, to make.] —«. Del'lcateneas. state of being delicate: A.)
Deign, dan, v.t. to condescend.—v.t. to give: to delicacy, luxury. [L. delica;us—delicto*, allure-
allow. [Fr. daigner—L. dignor, to think mentsf luxury—delicto—de, intensive, and lac10,
worthy—digitus, worthy.) [d/isme. } to entice.]
Deism, de'izm, n. the creed of a deist. [Fr. Delicious, de-lish'us, adj. full of delicacies .
Deist, de'ist, «. one who believes in the existence highly pleasing to the senses: affording ex
of God but not in revealed religion.—adj. Deist - quisite pleasure.—«. Dell'olousness. [L. deli
ical. [Fr. dfiste-L. deus, god.] ciosus—delicto*.]
Deity, de i-ti, n. the divinity: godhead: a god Deliciously, de-lish'us-li, adv. in a delicious
or goddess : the Supreme Being. [Fr. — Low L. manner: {£.) luxuriously.
deltas—L. dens, god ; Sans. dn<a - div, to Delight, dc-lTt', v.t. to please highly.—v.t to
shine.] have or take great pleasure : to be greatly
Deject, de-jekr/, v.t. to cast down the counten pleased.—«. a high degree of pleasure : extreme
ance or spirits of. [L. dejicio, dejectus—de, satisfaction : that which gives great pleasure.
down, and jacio, to cast.] [O. E. delite; from O. Fr. det/ter—L. delectare,
Dejected, de-jekt'ed, adj., cast down: dispirited. intensive of delicto. See Delicate.]
—adv. Dejectedly.—«. Deject 'edneas. Delightful, de-lTt'fool, Delight some, -sum, adj.,
Dejection, de-jek'shun, «. lowness of spirits. full of delight.—adv. Delight'fully.—«. De
Delation, de-la'shun, n. (law, act of charging light fulness.
with a crime. [L. defero, delatunt, to bring a Delineate, de-lin'e-at, v.t. to mark out with
report against, to inform—de, intensive, and lines: to represent by a sketch or picture: to
fero, to bear.] portray : to describe accurately in words. [L.
Delay, de-la', v.t. to put off to another time : to lielineo, dclineatum—de, down, and littea, a
defer: to hmder or retard.—v.t. to pause, linger, line. See Line.]
or put off time.—«. a putting off" or deferring: a Delineation, de-lin-c-S'shun, n. the act of deline
lingering : hinderance \—pr.p. delay'ing ; pa.p. ating: a sketch, representation, or description.
delayed'. [Fr. d/lai—h. dilatio, a putting off— Delineator, de-lin'e-a-tor, n. one who delineates.
differo, dilatum—dls, apart, and/fro, to carry. Delinquency, de-ling'kwen-si, «., failure in or
See Defer ] [See Delete.] omission of duty : a fault : a crime.
Deleblo, det'e-bl, adj. that can be blotted out. Delinquent, de-ling'kwent, adj., leaving one's
Delectable, de-lekt'a-bl. adj., delightful: pleas duty: failing in duty.—?/, one who fails in or
ing.—n, Delect'ableness. —adv. Delect'ably. leaves his duty: a transgressor: a criminal. —
[Fr. —L. delectabilts—deleclo, to delight. See adv. Delin'quently. [L. delinquens, -enlis,
Delight.] ftr.p. of delinquo—de, intensive, and tinquo, to
DelOCtatlon, de-lek-t;1'shun, n. delight. eave.]
Delegate, del'e-gat, v.t. to send as a legate or Deliquesce, del-i-kwes\ v.t. to melt and become
representative : to intrust or commit to.—n. one liquid by absorbing moi*ture, as certain salts,
who is delegated : a deputy or representative.— &c. [L. deliquesco. to melt away—de, intensive,
adj. delegated, deputed. [L. at, away, and and liquesco, to become fluid—liqueo, to be
lego, legatus, to send as ambassador. See fluid.]
Legate"] [gated. Deliquescent, del-i-kwes'ent, adj., becomingliquid
Delegation, del-e-g.Vshun, n. the persons dele- in the atmosphere.—n. Dellquesc'euce.
Delete, de-let', v.t. to blot out: to erase: to Delirious, de-lir'i-us. adj. wandering in mind :
destroy.—n. Deletion. [L. deleo, deleturn, to light-headed : insane, adv. Deliriously.—«.
blot out.] * Delir iousness. [L. delirus, one that goes out
Deleterious, del-e-te'ri-us, adj. tending to destroy of the furrow in ploughing—de, from, and lira,
life : hurtful or destructive : poisonous.—n. a furrow. J
Delete 'riousness. [Gr. dcicten'os, hurtful - Delirium, de-lir'i-um, n. state of bcin% delirious;
deleomai, to hurt.] strong excitement : wild enthusiasm.— Delirium
Doll, delf, n. a kind of earthenware made at Tremens, a name generally applied to delirium,
Delft, in Holland. produced by excessive drinking, and marked by
116 fate, far; me, her; mine: mOte ; milte ; vaXSOa : then.
 Delitescence
convulsive or trembling symptoms. [L. de
lirium (see DelirlOUB}, and tremens, pr,p. of
tremo, to tremble.] [cealed : retirement.
Delitescence, dcl-i-tcs'ens, n. state of being con-
Delitescent. del-i-tesent, adj., lying kid or con
cealed le.g. the germs of an infectious disease).
[ L. delitescens, pr. p. of delitesco—de, from, and
latesco—lateo, to he hid.]
Deliver, de-liv'er, v.t. to liberate or setfree from
restraint or danger : to rescue from evil or fear :
to give up, or part with : to communicate : to
pronounce : to give forth, as a blow, &c. : to
relieve a woman in childbirth.—«. Deliverer.
[Fr. dilix>rtr—\J. de, from, and liberare, to set
free—liber, free.]
Deliverance, de-liv'er-ans, «. act of delivering
or freeing : state of being delivered : freedom.
Delivery, de-liv'er-i, «. the act of delivering : a
giving up : the act or manner of speaking in
public: tne act of giving birth.
Dell. See Dale.
Delta, del'ta, «. the fourth letter of the Greek
alphabet, the capital form of which is A ; a
tract of land of like shape formed at the mouth
of a river. [Gr., from Heb. daleth, a door (of a
tent'.]
Deltoid, del'toid, adj. of the form of the Greek
A ; triangular. [Gr. deltoeides—delta, and
eulos, form.]
Delude, de-Iud', v.t. to play or impose upon: to
deceive: to cheat. [L. delude, to play, make
sport of—de, down, ludo, lusus, to play.]
Deluge, del'uj, ». a great overflow of water : a
flood, esp. that in the days of Noah.—v.t. to
inundate : to overwhelm as with water. [Fr.—
L. diluvium—dtluo—dis, away, Ino = lave, to
wash.]
Delusion. de-hVzhun, n. the act of deluding: the
state of being deluded : a false belief : error.
Delusive, de-hYsiv, Delusory, de-lfl'sor-i, adj.,
apt or tending to delude : deceptive.—adv.
Delusively.—n. Delu siveness.
Delve, delv, v.t. to dig with a spade.—n. Delv'er.
[A.S. del/an, to dig ; conn, with Dale, Dell.]
Demagnetise, de-mag'net-Iz, v.t. to deprive of
magnetic power. [L. de, priv., and Magnetise.]
Demagogue, dem'a-gog, «. a leader ofthe people:
a popular and factious orator. [Gr. demagdgos
—demos, the people, agbgos, leading—ago, to
lead.] [Domain.
Domain, de-man', Demesne, de-men', n. forms of
Demand, de-mand', v.t. to claim: to ask ear
nestly or authoritatively: to call for: to ques
tion. —«. the asking for what is due : an asking
for with authority : a claim : earnest inquiry.
[Fr. —L. demando, to give in charge— Low L.
demando, to demand—de, from, ana mando, to
put into one's charge.] [demanded.
Demandable, de-mand'a-bl, adj. that may be
Demandant, de-mand'ant, «. one who demands :
a plaintiff.
Demarcation, Demarkatlon, de-mark-it'shun, n.
the act of marking ojf or setting bounds to:
division : a fixed limit. [Fr. dimarquer, to
mark off—d/, off, and marquer, to mark. Sec
Mark.]
Demean, de-mcn', v.t. (with self) to conduct : to
behave. [Fr. dimener—de, intensive, and niener,
to lead—Low L. minare, to drive cattle, L.
minor, to threaten.]
Demean, de-men', v.t. to make mean: to lower.
[L de. and Mean.}
Demeanour, de-men'ur, «. behaviour : bearing.
Demented, de-menr'ed, adj., out q/one's mind:
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Demonstrator
deprived of reason. [L. demens, dementis, out
of one's mind—de, from, and mens, the mind.]
Demerit, de-mer'it, «. ill-desert: fault: crime.
[L. de, want of, and Merit.]
Demesne. See Domain.
Demigod, dem'i-god, kal/ a god: one whose
nature is partly divine. [Fr. dewi, half, and
God.]
Demise, de-miz, «,, laying down—heno#, a trans
ferring: the death of a sovereign or a distin
guished person : a transfer of the crown or of
an estate to a successor.—v t. to send down to
a successor : to bequeath by will. [O. Fr. demise,
pa. p. of dimettre, to lay down—L. dimittere,
to send away—L. d/s, aside and mitteie,
missus, to send.]
Demi-semiquaver, dem'i-sem'i-kwa-ver, «.
[music) a note equal in time to the hall of a
semiquaver. [Fr. demi, half, and Semi
quaver.]
Demission, de-mish'un,
doivn ■ degradation «. a lowering
: humiliation. or letting
[L. demissio.]
Democracy, de-mok'ra-si, «. a form of govern
ment in which the supreme power is vested in
tke people collectively. [Gr. demokratia—
demos, the people, and krated, to rule—kratos,
strength ; akin to £. Hard.]
Democrat, dem'o-krat, «. one who adheres to or
promotes democracy.
Democratic, dem-o-krat'ik, Democratical, dem-o-
krat'i-kal, adj. relating to democracy. —adv.
Democratically.
Demolish, de-moPish, v.t. to reduce to a shape
less heap: to destroy, ruin. (Fr. ditnolir—L.
demolior, to throw or pull down—de, down, and
molior, to move, to hurl—moles, a heap.]
Demolition, dem-o-lish'un, n. the act of pulling
down : ruin : destruction.
Demon, d€'mon, n. [myth.) a spirit holding a
place between man and the gods : an evil spirit,
a devil. [L. dcemon—Gr. daimdn, a spirit,
genius ]
Demoniac, de-mO'ni-ak, Demoniacal, de-mO-nf-
ak-al, adj. pertaining to or like demons or evil
spirits: influenced by demons.—adv. Demoni'-
acallv.
Demoniac, de-mO'ni-ak, n. a human being pos
sessed by a demon or evil spirit.
Demonolatry, de-mon-ol'a-tri, n. the worship of
demons. [Gr. daimdn, and latreia, worship.]
Demonologist, de-mon-ol'o-jist, «. a writer on
demonology.
Demonology, de-mon-ol'o-ji, «. a discourse on
demons and their agency.— adjs. Demonolog'ic,
DemonolOglCaL [Gr. daimdn, logos, a dis
course. ]
Demonstrable, de-mon'stra-bl, adj. that may be
demo/istrated.—n. Demon'strablenesS.—adv.
Demonstrably.
Demonstrate, de-mon'striit, v.t. to sheiv or point
outclearly : to prove with certainty. [L. demon-
stro—de, intensive, and monstro, to shew. See
Monster. ]
Demonstration, dem-on-str.Vshun, n. a pointing
out : proof beyond doubt : expression of the
feelings by outward signs : show : a feigned
movement of troops in war.
Demonstrative, de-mon'slra-tiv, adj. making
evident : proving with certainty : given to the
manifestation of one s feelings.—adv. Demon
stratively. -». Demon'Btrativeness.
Demonstrator, dem'on-stri-tor, ». one who proves
beyond doubt: one who teaches: \anat.) one
who teaches anatomy from the dissected parts.
mOte ; mute ; moon ; Men. 117
 Demoralisation Department
Demoralisation, de-mor-al-i-zashun, n. act of i Denominator, de-nom'in-at-or, n. he who or that
demoralising: corruption or subversion of which gives a name: (aritk.) the lower num
morals. ber in a vulgar fraction, which names the parts
Demoralise, de-mor'al-iz, v.t. to bring down or into which the integer is divided.
corrupt in morals: to lower the morale—that Denote, de-noY, v.t. to note or mark off: to
is, to deprive of spirit and confidence. [Fr. indicate by a sign: to signify or mean: Hog.)
demoralise*-—L. de, down, and Fr. morale, to indicate the objects comprehended in a class.
morals. See Moral.] —«. Denotation. [L, aetwto—de, intensive, and
Demotic* de-mot'ik, adj. pertaining to the uotot to mark—nota. a mark or sign. See Note.]
people: popular. [Gr. demos, the people.] Denouement, de-noD'uioug, «. the unravelling of
Demulcent, de-mulsent, adj. soothing. [L. a plot or story : the issue, event, or outcome.
dsmulceus—de, and mulceo, to stroke, to soothe. ] [Fr. dinouer, to untie—de, priv., and nouer, to
Demur, de-mur', v.i. to hesitate from uncertainty tie—L. nodus, a knot.]
or before difficulty: to object :—fir.fi, demurr ; Denounce, de-nowns', v.t. to inform against or
ing; Pa.p. demurred'.—/!, a stop: pause, hesi ! accuse publicly. [Fr. dinoncer—L. denuncio—
tation. [Fr. demeurer—L. demoror, to loiter, de, intensive, and nuncio, to announce.]
linger—de, intensive, and moror, to delay— Denouncement, de-nowns'ment. Same as Denun
mora, delay.] ciation.
Demure,
affectedlyde-mur',
modest adj. sober:
■ making a showstaidof :gravity.—
modest : Dense, dens, adj., thtck: close: compact.—adv.
Densely.—«. Dense noss. [L. densus, thick.]
adv. Demurely.—«. Demure'ness. 10 Fr. de ! Density, dens'i-ti, «, the quality of being dense:
(bous) murs, of good manners, Fr. tnieurs—L. I the proportion of mass to bulk or volume,
mores, manners.] i Dent, dent, n. a small hollow made by the pressure
Demurrage, de-mur'aj, n. an allowance made to ; or blow of a harder body on a softer. —v.t. to
the owner of a trading vessel for undue delay or make a mark by means of a blow. [A variety
detention in port of Dint.]
Demurrer, de-mur'er, «. one who demurs : law) Dental, den'tal, adj. belonging to the teeth : pro
an exception by one party in a suit to the suffi duced by the aid of the teeth.—«. an articulation
ciency in point of law of the-case of the opposite or letter pronounced chiefly with the teeth. [L.
party- dens, dentis, a tooth. See Tooth.]
Demy, de-mi't «. a size of paper 22^ by 17$ inches. Dentate, den'tat, Dentated, den'tat-ed, a*ij.t
[Fr demi—L. dimuiium, half—dis, through, and toot/ted: notched : set as with teeth.
medius, the middle.] Dentiole, den'ti-kl, «. a small tooth.—adj. Den-
Demy, de-mi', «. a scholar of Magdalen College, tioulate, den-tik'u-lat.—«. Dentloula'tion.
Oxford. [Ety. same as above.] [L. denticulus, dim. of dens, a tooth.]
Den, den. u. the hollow lair of a wild beast : a Dentifrice, den'ti-fris, «. a substance used in
cave : provin., a narrow valley. [A-S. denn, a rubbing or cleaning the teeth. [L. denti/ri-
cave, and denu, a valley.] cium, from dens, and frico, to rub.]
Denary, tienar-i, add, containing ten.— n. the Dentist, den'tist, «. one who cures disease* of the
number ten. [L. denarius—deni, ten at a time teeth, or inserts artificial teeth.
—decern, ten.] Dentistry, den'tist-ri, ». the business of a
Denationalise, de-nash'un-al-Tz, v.t. to deprive dentist.
of national rights. [L. de, priv. and Nation Dentition, den-tish'un, n. the cutting or growing
alise.] of teeth : the conformation or arrangement of
Denaturalise, de-nat'u-ral-Tz, v.t. to make un the teeth. [L., from dentio, to cut teeth—dens.]
natural: to deprive of acquired citizenship in a Denudation, den-ii-da'shun, n. a making nude or
foreign country, f L. de, priv., and Naturalise.] bare: (geol.) the wearing away of rocks by
Dendroid, den'droid, adj. having the form of a water and atmospheric action, whereby the un
tree. [Gr. dendron, a tree, and cidos, form.) derlying rocks are laid bare.
Dendrology, den-drol'o-ji, «. a treatise on trees: Denude, de-nud't v.t. to make nude or naked^
the natural history of trees. [Gr. dendron, and to lay bare. [L. denude—de, intensive, and
logos, a discourse.] nudo, to make naked—nudus, naked. See
Deniable, de-nl'a-bl, adj. that may be denied. Nude, Naked.J
Denial, de-nfal, «. act of denying or saying no: Denunciate, de-nun'shi-at Same as Denounce.
contradiction: refusal: rejection. Denunciation, de-nun-shi-a shun or -si-a'-, «. the
Denizen, den'i-zn, «. an inhabitant : one admitted act of denouncing : a threat. [nounces.
to the rights of a citizen.—v.t. to make a denizen Denunciator, de-nun'shi-S-ior, n. one who de-
of, or admit to residence: to enfranchise: to Denunciatory, dc-nun'shi-a-tor-i, adj. contain
provide with occupants.—«. Den izenship. [O. ing a denunciation : threatening.
Fr. deinzein—dcinz, dens, Fr. dans, within—L. I Deny, de-nl', v.t. to gainsay or declare not to be
de intus, from within.) true: to reject: to disown:—j>r.p. deny'ing:
Denominate, de-noni'in-ftt, v.t. to give a name pa.fi. denied'. [Fr. denier—L. de-uego—de, in
to : to call : to designate. [ L. de, and uomino, tensive, and nego. to say no. See Negation.]
wmit/atttm, to name—nomen, a name. ] Deodorise, de-G'dor-Tz, v.t. to take the odour or
Denomination, de-nom-in-a'shun, «. the act of smellfrom. [L de, from, and root of Odour.]
naming: a name or title: a collection of indi Deoxidate, de-olcsl-dfit. Deoxidise, de-oks'i-diz,
viduals called by the same name : a sect. v.t. to lake oxygen from, or reduce from the
Denominational, de-nom-in-ii'shun-al, adj. be state of an oxide, -h. Deoxida'tion. [L. de,
longing to a denomination or sect. from, and Oxidate, Oxidise.]
Denominationalism, de-nom-in-a'shun-al-izm, n. Depart, dc-part', v.i. to fiart from : to no away :
a denominational or class spirit or policy : de to quit or leave : to die. (Fr. de~fiartir—\.. de,
votion to the interests of a sect. from, and fiartior, to part, to divide. See Part.)
Denominative, de-nom'in-iu-iv, adj giving or 1 Department, de-part'ment, n. that which U
having a title.—adv. DenonVinatively. ' parted or separated : a part or portion : a sepa*
118 late, tar ; 016, her ; mine ; mOie ; mule ; m50n ; then.
 Departure Deptii
rate part of business or duty : a section of the to lay up or past : to intrust. —n. that which is
administration : a division of a country, esp. of deposited or put down: [geol.) rocks produced
France.—adj. Departmental. by denudation or laying down of other forma
Departure, de-part'ur, «. act of departing, a tions : something intrusted to another's care,
going away from a place : deviation ; death. esp. money put in a bank: a pledge.—». De
Depend, de-pend', v.i. to Jiang down or from: positor. [L. depositus, placed—dtpouo, from
to be sustained by or connected with anything : de, and ftono, to put or set down.]
to rest. [Fr. d£pendre—Y..dependco—del from, Depositary, de-pozVtar-i, n. a person with whom
and pendeo, to hang.] anything is deposited, or left lor safe• keeping :
Dependence, de-pend'ens, Dependency, de-pend'- a guardian.
en-si, ». state of being dependent: connection: Deposition, dep-o-zish'un, n. act of deposing: act
reliance : trust : that on which one depends : of deponing: evidence given in a court (if jus
colony. tice : removal : act of depositing ; what is depos
Dependent, de-pend'ent, «. one who depends on, ited, sediment. [thing is deposited.
relies on, or is sustained by another. [Fr.] Depository, de-poz'i-tnr-i, n. a place where any-
Dependent, de-pend'ent, adj., depending: relying Depot, de-pO' or de'pO, n. a place of deposit ; a
or resting on : subject to : subordinate.—adv. storehouse ; a military station where stores are
Depend'ently. [L.J kept and recruits trained : the headquarters of
Depict, de-pikt', v.t. to picture or paint care a regiment. [Fr. dtpdl—X*. depositum—depono.
fully : to make a likeness of: to describe The «. Deposit is a doublet.]
minutely. [L. titpiu^o, depictus—de, intensive, Depravation, dep-ra-va'shun, n. act of deprav
and pingo, to paint.] ing : state of being depraved : depravity.
Depilatory, de-pil'a-tor-i, adj., taking hair off.— Deprave, de-praV, v.t. to make bad or worse : to
«. an application for taking off hair. [Fr.—L. corrupt. [Fr.—L. depravo—de, intensive, and
depilo—-de, off, and pilus, hair. Sec Pile. J promts, crooked, bad.]
Depletion, de-ple'shun, «. the lessening of the Depraved, de-pravd', adj. corrupt : abandoned.
quantity of blood in the vessels. [L. depleo, —adv. Deprav'edly.—«. Deprav'edness.
drpletus—de, negative, and pleo, to fill. See Depravity, de-prav'i-ti, n. a vitiated or corrupt
Fill, Full.] state of moral character: extreme wickedness:
Deplorable, de-ploVa-bl, adj. lamentable: sad. corruption.
—n Deplor'ableness.—adv. Deplorably. Deprecate, dep're-kat, v.t. to try to ward off
Deplore, de-plrsr', v.t. to feel or express deep by prayer: to desire earnestly the removal of:
grief for : to lament —adv. Deplor'ingly. [Fr. to regret deeply.—adv. Dep'recatingly. [L.
—L. dephro—de, intensive, and ploro, to weep.] deprecor, deprecatus—de, away, and precor, to
Deploy, de-ploy7, v.t. to unfold'. to open out or pray. See Pray.] [evil : entreaty.
extend.—v.i. to open: to extend from column Deprecation, dep-re-ka'shun.w. aprayingagainst
into line, as a body of troops. [Fr. diployer— Deprecative, dep're-ka-tiv, Deprecatory, dep re-
des (= L. dis), apart, and player (— L. plico), ka-tor-i, adj. tending to avert evil by prayer',
to fold. Doublet of Display. See Ply.] having the form of prayer.
Deplume, de-ploom', v.t. to take the plumes or Depreciate, de-pre'shi-at, v.t. to lower the worth
feathers from.—n. Depluma'tion. [L. de, of: to undervalue : to disparage.—v.i. to fall in
from, and pluma, a feather.] value. [L. dejtretio, depretiatus—de, down,
Depolarise, de-pO'lar-Iz, v.t. to deprive of polar and pretium, price. See Price.]
ity.—n. Depolarisa'tion [L. de, from, and Depreciation, de-prc-shi-a'shun, «. the falling of
Polarise J value: disparagement.
Depone, de-pon', v.t. to testify upon oath. [L. Depreclatlve, de-pre'shi-a-tiv, Depreciatory, dc-
depotto, to lay down—de, down, and potto, to pr5'shi-a-tor-i, tulj. tending to depreciate or
place.] lower.
Deponent, de-pS'ncnt, adj. {gram.) applied to ! Depredate, dep're-dat, v.t* to plunder or prey
verbs with a passive form that lay dawn or lose upon: to rob: to lay waste: to devour. [L.
the passive signification.— «. one who gives evi deftra>dor, depra*datus—de, intensive, and
dence in a court ofjustice. [L.,/r./. <ndepono.\ pro-dor—prada, plunder. See Prey.]
Depopulate, de-pop fl-Ut, v.t. to deprive of popu- ! Depredation, dep-re-du shun, n. act of depre-
lation, to dispeople.— r./. to become dispeopled. ! datingor plundering : st;itc of being depredated.
—«. Depop'ulator. [L. depopulor, depopulatus Depredator, dep're-da-tor, n. a plunderer, a
—de, intea., and populor. to spread over a robber.—adj. Dep'redatory.
country, said of a hostile people (L. populus), Depress, de-pres', v.t. to press down: to let
hence to ravage, to destroy.! down : to lower : to humble : to dispirit or cast
Depopulation, de-pop-u-la'shun, «. act of depopu a gloom over.—adv. Depress'ingly. [L. de-
lating : havoc : destruction. primo, depressus—de, down, and prcmo, to
Deport, dc-pOrt', vd. to carry off - to transport : press, j
to exile: to behave. [L. defiorto—de, away, Depression, de-presh'un, «. a falling in or sink
and porto, portatns, to carry.] ing : a hollow : abasement : dejection.
Deportation. dc-pOrt ashun, «. act of deporting: Depressive, de-pres'iv, adj. able or tending to
state of being deported or exiled : banishment. depress, -n. Depress'or.
Deportment, de-purr/ment, «. carriage : be Deprivation, dep-ri-va'shun, «. act of depriving:
haviour. state of being deprived : loss : bereavement.
Deposable, de-po/a-bl, adj. that may be deposed. Deprive, de-prlv', v.t. to take awayfrom one Ids
Deposal, de-pdVal, «. act of deposing. own: to lake from: to dispossess: to bereave-
Depose. de-poV, v.t. to put down from a throne [L. de, from, and privo, to deprive -privus,
or high station : to degrade. [Fr. deposer - de, one's own. ]
and poser, to place—-L. pausare, to pause; Low 1 Depth, depth, n. , deepness : the measure of deep-
L., to place. See Pause, Pose.] I ness down or inwards : a deep place : the sea : the
Deposit, de-poz'it, v.t. toput or set down : to place : middle, as denth of winter: ab-truseness : ex-
fate, far ; m£, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. U'J
 Deputation Designate
tent of sagacity and penetration.—adj. Depth'- Descendent, de-send'ent, adj., descending or
less, having no depth. [See Deep.] going down : proceeding from an ancestor. [L.]
Deputation, dep-G-tii'shun, n. act of deputing: Descendible, de-send'i-bl, adj. that may descend
the person or persons deputed or appointed to or be descended.
transact business for another. Descenslon, de-sen'shun, n. act of descending:
Depute, de-put', v.t. to appoint or send, as a sub a falling or sinking.—adj. Doscon siorial.
stitute or agent: to send with a special commis Descent, de-sent', «. act of descending: motion
sion. [Fr.—L. depute, to cut off, Late L. to or progress downward : slope : a falling upon
select,] or invasion : derivation from an ancestor.
Deputy, flep'G-ti, «. one deputed or appointed to Describable, de-skrlb'a-bl, adj. capable of being
act for another : a delegate or representative. described.
Derange, de-ranj', v.t. to put out of place or Describe, de-skrlb', v.t. to trace out or delineate:
order: to disorder. [Fr. diranger—tiV(L. dis), to give an account of. [L. describo—de, down,
asunder, and ranger, to rank. See Range, and scribo, scriptus, to write.]
Rank.} Description, de-skrip'shun, w. act of describing:
Derangement, de-ranj'ment, n. disorder: insanity. an account of anything in words : definition :
Derelict, der'e-likt, adj., entirely relinqjtished or sort, class, or kind.
forsaken : abandoned.—n. anything forsaken or Descriptive, de-skrip'tiv, adj. containing descrip
abandoned. [L derelinquo, derelictus—de, in tion.—^. Descrip'tively.—». Descrlptive-
tensive, and Hr/quo, to leave. See Leave.] ness.
Dereliction, dcr-e-lik'shun, n. act of forsaking: Descry, de-skrl', v.t. to discover by the eye: to
an entire forsaking: state of being abandoned. espy : —pr.p. dc>cry'ing ; pa.p. descried'. [O. Fr.
Deride, rlc-rld', v.t. to laugh at: to mock.— descrire for descrivre—L. describo. It is a
«. Derld'er.—adv. Deridlngly. [L. derideo— doublet of Describe ]
de, intensive, and rideo, to laugh.] Desecrate, des'e-krat, v.t. to divertfrom a sacred
Derision, de-rizh'un, «. act of deriding: mockery : purpose: to profane. [L desccro—de, away
a laughing-stock. [sively. from, and sacro, to make sacred—sacerr sacred.]
Derisive, de-rl'siv, adj. mocking.—adv. Deri'- Desecration, des-e-kra'shun, «. act of desecrat
Derivable, de-rTv'a-bl, adj. capable of being de ing : profanation.
rived.—adv. DeriVably. Desert, de-zert', n. the reward or punishment de
Derivation, der-i-va'shun, «. act of deriving: a served: claim to reward : merit.
drawing off or from : the tracing of a word to Desert, dc-zcrt', v.t. to leave: to forsake.—v.i.
its original root : that which is derived. to run away: to quit a service, as the army,
Derivative, de-riv'a-tiv, adj. , derived, or taken without permission. [L. desero, desertus—de,
from something else : not radical or original— negative, and sero, to bind.]
«. that which is derived : a word taken nr Desert, dez'ert, adj., deserted: forsaken : deso
formed from another word. —adv. Derivatively. late : uncultivated.—n. a desolate or barren
Derive, de-rlv', v.t. to draw from, as water from place : a wilderness : a solitude.
a river: to take or receive from a source or Deserter, de-zert'er, n. one who deserts or quits
origin: to infer: [etjmt.) to trace a word to its a service without permission.
root. [L. derivo—de, down from, and rivus, a Desertion, de-zer'shun, n. act of deserting: state
river.] [the skin—derd, to flay.] of being deserted.
Derm, derm, n. the skin. [Gr. derma, dertnatos, Deserve, de-zerv', v.t. to earn by service: to
Dermal, derm'al, adj. pertaining to the skirt : merit. —v.i. to be worthy of reward. [L. de-
consisting of skin. senno—de, intensive, and servio, to serve.]
Dermatology, der-ma-tol'o-ji, «. the branch of Deservedly, de-zcrv'ed-U, adv. according to
physiology which treats of the skin. [Gr. desert: justly. [—adv. Deserv'ingly.
tiertna. and logos, a discourse-] Deserving, de-zerv'ing, adj., ivorthy. —n. desert-
Derogate, dcrVgat, v.t. to lessen by taking j Deshabille, des-a-bil', n. an undress: a careless
away : to detract [L. derogo, to repeal part of toilet. [Fr. dc'shibilli, undressed—des, L. dis
a law—de, down from, and rogo, to propose a = un, not> and habiller, to dress.]
law. See Abrogate.] Desiccant, dc-sik'ant, Desiccative, de-sik'at-iv,
Derogation, der-o-gfi'shun, n. a taking from: de adj., drying: having the power of drying.—«.
traction : depreciation. an application that tends to dry up sores.
Derogatory, de-rog'a-tor-i, adj. detracting: in Desiccate, de-sik'fn, v.t. to dry up.—v.i. to grow
jurious.—<idv. Derog'atorlly.—«. Derog'atori- dry. [L. desicco, to dry up —de. and siccus, dry.]
ness. Desiccation, des-ik-ashun, «. the act of desiccat
Dervis, dei-Vis, Dervish, derVish, «. among ing: state of being desiccated.
Mohammedans, a class of monks who profess j Desiderate, de-sid'er-:it, v.t. to long for or ear
extreme poverty, and lead an austere life, j nestly desire a thing : to want or miss. [L.
[Pers. derwesch, poor.] desidero, desideratum—from root of Consider.
Descant, desTtant, n. (lit.) a part song: a dis A doublet of Desire.]
course or disquisition in several parts, or under Desideratum, dc-sid-cr-a'tum, «. something de
several heads: a discourse. [O. Fr. descant— ' sired or much wanted. —pi. Desiderata, de-
L> dis, apart, and cantus, a song—canto, to sid-er-a'ta. [L., pa.p. of desidcro.]
sing.] [comment. ! Design, de-sin' or de-zln', v.t. to mark out: to
Descant, des-kant', v.i. to discourse at length : to j draw : to form*a plan of: to contrive : to intend.
Descend, de-send', v.i. to cliuib down: to pasi —«. a drawing or sketch : a plan in outline : a
from a higher to a lower place or condition : lo plan or scheme formed in the mind : plot : in
fall upon or invade : to be derived.—?'./, to go tention.—adj. Design'able. [Fr.—L. designo
clown upon. [Fr. descendre—h. descendo—de, —de, and signum, a mark.]
down, and scando, to climb ] Designate, des'ig-nat, v.t. to mark out so as to
Descendant, de-send'ant, n. one who descends, as ! make known: to shew: to name. —n. Desig
offspring from an ancestor. [Fr. ] nator.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mCou ; Men.
 Designation Detachment
Designation, des-ig-na'shun, «. a showing or Despondent, de-spond'ent, adj., desponding:
pointing out: name: title. without courage or hope : sad.—adv. Despond'-
Designedly, dc-sin'ed-li, adv. by design : inten ently.
tionally, [or patterns: a plotter. Despot, des'pot, ft. one invested with absolute
Designer, de-sin'er, «. one who furnishes designs power : a tyrant. [Gr. des-potes—des, origin un
Designing, de-sin'ing, adj. artful : scheming : de known, and root pot, found in L. potis, able,
ceitful. —n. the art of making designs or patterns. Gr. post's, a husband, Sans, fati, lord.]
Desirable, dc-zIr'a-U, adj. worthy of desire: Despotic, des-pot'ik, Despotical, des-pot'ik-al,
pleasing: agreeable.—adv. Desir'ably. —n. De adj. pertaining to or like a despot : ha%«ig abso
sirableness. lute power: tyrannical.—adv. Despotically.
Desire, de-zlr', v.t. to longjar the possession of: Despotism, des'pot-izm, n. absolute power.
to wish for : to request, ask : (B.) to regret.—ft. Despumate, des'pu-mat or dc-spfl'-, v.i. to tin 0:0
an earnest longing for : eagerness to obtain : a off infoam or scum, f L. despumo, despumatus
prayer or request : the object desired : lust. —de, off, and spuma, foam.]
[Fr. desirer—L. desiderare. See Desiderate. ] Desquamation, des-kwa-mii'shun, ». a scaling
Desirous, de-zlr'us, adj. full of desire: anxious to off: the separation of the cuticle or skin in
obtain ; eager. scales. [L. desquamo, desquaruattts—de, off,
Desist, de-sist', v.i. to stop: to forbear. [L. de- and squama, a scale.]
sisto—de, away, and sista. to cause to stand.] Dessert, dez-crt', «. fruits, confections, &c.
Desk, desk, «. a sloping table for the use ofwriters served at the close of an entertainment after the
or readers: a pulpit. [A.S. disc, a table, plate rest has been taken away. [Fr.—desservir, to
—L. discus. It is a variant of Dish and DUG.] clear the table—pfx. des, away, and servir, to
Desolate, dcs'o-l5t, v.t. to make solitary : to de serve—L. servio.]
prive of inhabitants: to lay waste. —adj. soli Destemper, des-tem'per, Distemper, dis-tem'p-rr,
tary : destitute of inhabitants : laid waste.—adv. n. a coarse mode of painting, in which the
Desolately —«. Des'olateness. [I., desolo, de- colours are tempered or mixed in a watery glue,
solatus—de, intensive, and solo, to make alone chiefly used in scene-painting and in staining
—solus, alone. J [a place desolated. paper for walls. [Fr. ditrempe—di, L. dis, and
Desolation, des-o-la'shun, n. waste : destruction : tremper for temprer—L. temperare, to temper.]
Despair, de-spar*, v.i. to be without hope: to de Destination, des-ti-ni'shun, n. the purpose or end
spond.—n. want of hope: utter hopelessness: to which anything is destined or appointed :
that which causes despair.—adv. Despairingly. end : purpose : design : fate : place to which
[O. Fr. desperer and despoirer—L. des/ero—de, one is going.
privative, and spero, to hope.] Destine, des'tin, v.t. to ordain or appoint to a
Despatch, de-spach', v.t, to send away hastily: certain use or state : to fix : to doom. [Fr.—
to send out of the world : to put to death : to L. desttno—de, intensive, and root sta, in sto,
dispose of: to perform speedily. —«. a sending stare, to stand, and allied to Gr. histand, his-
away in haste : dismissal : rapid performance : tetni, to make to stand, E. Stand.]
haste : that which is despatched, as a message. Destiny, des'ti-ni, «. the purpose or end to which
[O. Fr. despeecher, acc. to Littre. from Low L. any person or thing is destined or appoiutcd :
disped/care, to remove obstacles (pedica, a fet unavoidable fate : necessity.
ter), the opp. of impedicare. See impeach.] Destitute, des'ti-tut, adj., left alone: forsaken : in
Desperado, des-per-a'dO, tt. a desperate fellow: want, needy. [L. destitno, destitutus—de,
one reckless of danger: a madman:—pi. Des- away, and statuo, to place.]
pera'does. [Sp. desesperado—L. desperatus.) Destitution, des-ti-tu'shun, ». state of being des
Desperate, des'per-at, adj. in a state of despair: titute : poverty.
hopeless: beyond hope: fearless of danger: Destroy, de-stroy', v.t. to unbuild or pull down :
rash : furious.—adv. Desperately, -n. Des'per- to overturn: to ruin: to put an end to:—
ateness. [disregard of danger : fury. Pr.p. destroy ing ; Pa.p. destroyed'. |0. Fr. de-
Desperation, des-per-a'shun, n. state of despair : struire (Fr. dttruirc)—\» destruo, destrueturn
Despicable, des'pi-ka-bl, adj. deserving to be —de, down, and struo, to build.]
despised: contemptible : worthless. —n. Des'pi- 1 Destroyer, dc-stroy'er, n. one who destroys.
cableness —adv. Des picably. I Destructible, de-struk'ti-bl, adj. liable to be
Despight, de-spit', an old form of Despite. I destroyed.~tt. DestrUGtlblTlty.
Despise, de-sptz*, v.t. to look down upon with Destruction, de-struk'shun, «. act of destroying:
j
contempt : to scorn. [L. despicio—de, down, overthrow : ruin : death.
specio, to look.] Destructive, de-struk'tiv, adj. causing destruc
Despite, de-spit', n. a looking down upon with con tion: mischievous: ruinous: deadly.—adz>.
tempt : violent malice or hatred.—-prep, in spite Destruc'tively. — « Destruc'tiveness.
of: notwithstanding. [Fr. depil, O. Ft. despit Desudation, des-u-dft'shnn, n. a violent siveat-
—L. desdectus—despicio.} ing: an eruption of small pimples on children.
Despiteful, de-spTt'fool, ad/, full of despite or [L. de, intensive, and sudo, to sweat.]
spite, —adv. Desplte'fully.—«. Despite'ful- Desuetude, des'we-tud, n., disuse: discontinu
ness. ance of custom, habit, or practice. [L. desuetudo
Despoil, de-spoil', v.t. to spoil completely: to —de, negative, and stiesco, to become used.]
strip : to bereave : to rob. — us. Despoll'er, Desultory, des'ul-tor-i, adj , jumping from one
Despolia'tlon. [O. Fr. despoiller—h. despoli- thin£ to another: without rational or logical
are—de, inten., and rout of Spoil ] connection : rambling : hasty : loose.—adv.
Despond, dc-spond', v.i. lo lose hope or courage : Des ultorily.— n. Des'ultoriness. [L. desul-
to despair.—adv. Despond'ingly. [L. de- torius—de, from, and salio, to jump.]
spctuieo—de, away, and spondeo, to promise.] Detach, de-tach', z>.t. to untack or unfasten: to
Despondence, de-spond'ens. Despondency de- take from or separate: to withdraw. [Fr. tie"-
spond'en-si, «. state of being without hope : tacher—di, from, and root of Attach.]
dejection. Detachment, de-tach'ment, «. state of being
fate, far; m£, her; mine; mOte; mute; moYJn ; Men. 121
 Detail Devious
separated : that which is detached, as a body of Detract, dc-trakt', v.t. to take away from the
troops. credit or reputation of: to defame : to abuse.—
Detail, de-tal', v.t. to relate minutely: to enu us. Detract'er, Detract or. -a<iv. Detract'-
merate : to set apart for a particular service.—«. ingly. [L.—de, from, and tralio, to draw.]
(dC'tiil or de-tal ) a small part : a minute and Detraction, de-trak'shun, «. depreciation : slander.
particular account. |Fr. ditailUr—de, intcn., Detractory, de-irakt'or-i, adj. tending to dctr.tct :
and tattler, to cut. See Tailor, Tally. ] derogatory.
Detain, de-tan', v.t. to hold from or back; to Detrain, de-tran'f v.t. to take out of a railway
stop keep. [Kr. de'lenir— L. detineo—de, train, as troops.
from, and teneo, to hold.] Detriment, dct'ri-ment, h. a rubbing- off or wear
Detainer, dc-tiin'er, n. one who detains: [law] ing away: damage: loss. [L. detrimentum—
the holding of what belongs to another. de, off, and tero, tritus, to rub.]
Detainment, de-tan-ment, n. Same as Detention. Detrimental, dei-ri-ment'al, adj injurious.'
Detect, de-tektj v.t. [lit.) to uucover—hence to Detrition, de-trish'un, w. a wearing away.
discover: to find out. [L. de, neg., and lege, Detritus, de-lri'tus, n. a mass of substahce gra
tittits, to cover.] [tected. dually rubbed or worn offsolid bodies—smallei
Detectable, de-tekt'a-bl, adj. that may be de- than debris. [L.—de, off, and tero, tritus, to
Detecter, Detector, de-tekt'er, -or, «. one who _ nib.]
detects. [hidden. Intrude, de-trood', v.t. to thrust down. [L. de,
Detection, de-tek'shun, «. discovery of some! hing down, and trudo, to thrust.]
Detective, de-tekt'iv, employed in detecting. — Detruncate, de-lrung'kat, v.t. to cut off from the
«. a policeman employed secretly to detect crime. trunk : to lop off: to shorten. IL. de, off, and
Detention, de-ten shun, n. act of detaining: stale tmnco, to lop—truncus, a trunk.] [off.
of being detained : confinement: delay. Detruncation, de-trung-ka'shun, «. act of lopping
Deter, de-ier-7, v.t. to frighten from: to hinder Detruslon, de-trC<3'zhun, «. a thrusting down.
or prevent :—pr.p. deterr'ing : pa.f>. deterred'. ■ Deuce, dus, «. a card or die with two spots. [Fr.
[L. deterrco—de, from, and terreo, to frighten.] deux, two— L. duo, two.]
Deterge, dc-tcrj', v t. to wipe off: to cleanse las a Deuce, Deuse, dus, n. the evil one : the devil.
wound). [L. detergeo, detersus—de, off, and [O. Fr. dens, 0 God-L. deus, Go.l. 'It is
tergeo, to wipe.] [—«. that which cleanses. merely a Norman oath vulgarised' (Skeat).]
Detergent, de-terj'ent, adj., cleansing: purging. Deuterogamy, du-ter-og'a-mi, «., second war'
Deteriorate, de-te'ri-o-rat, v.t. to bring doivn or riage, esp. of the clergy, after the death of the
make worse.—7'./'. to grow worse. [L. deterior, first wife. [Gr. deuteros, second, and games,
worse—obs. <ieter, lower—de, down ; cf. in- marriage. ]
ter-ior.] [growing worse. Deuteronomy, du-ier-tm'o-mi or du'ter-on-o-mi,
Deterioration, de-te-ri-o-ra'shun, «. the state of n. the fifth book of the Pentateuch, which con
Determinable, de-ter'min-a-bl, adj. capable of tains the second giving of ihe law by Moses.
being determined, decided on, or finished. [Gr. deuteros, second, and nemos, law.]
Determinate, de-ter'min-at, atij., determined or Devastate, dev'as-tat, v.t. to lay waste: to
limited: fixed: decisive.—adv. Deter'mlnately. plunder. [L. de, intensive, and vasto, to lay
Determination, de-ter-min-a'shun, n. that which wa>te.]
is determined or resolved on : end : direction to Devastation, dev-as-ta'shun, «. act of devastat
a certain end : resolution : purpose : decision. ing; state of being devastated : waste : desola
Determinative, dc-ter'min-a-tiv, adj. that deter tion.
mines, limits, or defines. Develop, de-vel'op, v.t. to unroll: to unfold: to
Determine, de-ter'min, v.t. to Put terms or lay open by degrees.—v.t. lo grow into : to
bounds to: to limit : to fix or settle the form or open out :—pr.p. developing ; pa.p. devcl'upcd.
character of : to influence : to put an end to : to [Fr. dtveloppt:r, opp. of em>cupper ; both perh.
resolve on: to define. [L. de.ermino, deter- from a Teut. root found in E. Lap, to wrap.
mittatus—de, priv., and terminus, a boundary.] Sec Lap, Envelope ]
Determined, dc-tcVmind, adj. firm in purpose : Development, de-vel'op-ment, «. a gradual un
fixed : resolute.—adv. Determinedly. folding : a gradual growth.
Deterrent, de-tcr'ent, adj. serving to deter.—n. Deviate, dg'vvat, v.i. lo go from tlie way: to
anything that deters or prevents. [Deterge.] turn aside from a certain course: to err. (L.
Detersion, de-ter'shun, «. act of cleansing (See de. from, via, a way ]
Detersive, de-ter'siv, «. Same as Detergent. Deviation, de-vi-a'shun, «. a going out of the
Dotost, de-test', v.t. to hate intensely. [L. de- way : a turning aside : error.
tesior—de, intensive, and tcstor, to call to wit Device, de-vls'7 «. that which is devised or de
ness, execrate—testis, a witness.] signed: contrivance: power of devising : genius:
Detestable, de-test'a-bl, adj. worthy of being {j;er.\ the emblem borne upon a shield. [Kr.
detested : extremely hateful : abominable.—adv. ! devise. See Devise.]
Detest'ably. Detest'ablunoss Devil, dev'l, n. (lit.) the slinderer or accuser;
Detestation, de-tcst-a'shun, n. extreme haired. \ Satan : any evil spirit : a very wicked person —
Dethrone, de-thrOn', v. t. to removefrom a throne: v.t. (cookery) to pepper excessively. [A.S.
to divest of royal authority. [L. de. from, and deofol, aioful—L. diabolus—Gx. diabetes, from
Throne.] \a throne: deposition- diabailo, to throw across, lo slander, from dia,
Dethronement, dc-ihron'ment, n. removal from I across, and balld, to throw.]
Detonate, det'o-nat, v. i. to explode. —v.t. to j Devilish, dev'il-ish, adj of or like the <rW'/7 ; ex
cause to explode. [L. detono—-de, down, and cessive\yhsA.-adv. Devilishly.—n. Dev'ilish-
tone, to thunder.] ness. [extreme wickedness,
Detonation, det-o-n.t'shun. n. a sudden explosion. i Devilry, dev'il-ri. «. conduct worthy of the devil:
Detour. de-toOr', «. a winding : a circuitous way. Devious, de'vi-us, adj. from or out of the way;
[Kr. de", for L. dis, asunder, and tour, a turning. erring.—adv. De viously. —n. De'viousness.
See Turn.] I [See Deviate.]
122 fate, far; m£, her; mine; mute; mute; moon; then.
 Devise
Devise, de-viz', v. t. to imagine : to scheme : to
contrive : to give by will : to bequeath.— «. act
of bequeathing : a will : property bequeathed
by will. [ Fr. deviser— Low L. divisa, a division
of goods, a bound or mark of division, a mark,
a device—L. divide, divisus, to divide.) [trives.
Deviser, de-vlz'er, «. one who devises or con-
Devisor, dc-viz'or, u. one who devises or be
queaths by wilL
Devoid, de-voirt', adj., quite void : destitute : free
from. [L. de, intensive, and Void. J
Devoir, dev-wawr*, «. what is due, duly ; service :
an act of civility. [Fr. —L. debeo, to owe.]
Devolution, dev-o-lii'shun, «. a passing from one
person to another. [See Devolve.]
Devolve, de-volv', 7>.t. to roll down ; to hand
down : to deliver over.—v.i. to roll down : to
fall or pass over. [L. de, down, voh'O, volatus,
to roll.]
Devonian, de-vo'ni-an, atij. noting a system of
geological strata which abound in Devonshire,
originally called Old Red Sandstone.
Devote, de-voV, v.t. to vow : to set apart or dedi
cate by solemn act-: to doom: to give up
wholly. [L. devoveo, devotus—de, away, and
voveo, to vow.l
Devoted, dc-vOt ed, adj. given up to, as by a vow :
strongly attached : zealous.—adv. Devot'edly.
—*. Devot'ednoss.
Devotee, dev-o-te', «. one wholly or superstitiously
devoted, esp. to religion : a bigot.
Devotion, de-vO'shun, «. consecration : giving up
of the mind to the worship of God : piety :
prayer : strong affection or attachment : ardour.
Devotional, de-vo'shun-al, adj. pertaining or
suitable to devotwn.—adv. Devo'tionally.
Devour, dc-vowr", v.t. to swallowgreedily : to eat
up: to consume or waste with violence or wan
tonness; to destroy.—«. DevoUT'er. [Fr. iU-
vorer—h. devoro—de, intensive, and voro, to
swallow. See Voracious i
Devout, de-vowt', adj. given up to religious
thoughts and exercises - pious : solemn.—adv.
Devoutly.—». Devoufnew. [Fr. </fW—L.
devotus. See Devote ]
Dew, du, «.. moisture deposited from the air in
minute specks upon the surface of objects. -
v.t. to wet with dew: to moisten. —n. Dewdrop.
[A.S. de>tw, akin to Ice. ddeg, Ger. than, dew.]
Dewlap, dalap, «. the loose flesh about the throat
of oxen, which laps or licks the dew in grazing.
Dewpolnt, dfl'point, «. the point or temperature
at which deiv begins to form.^
Dewy, du'i, adj. like dew: moist with dew.
Dexter, deks'ter, adj. on the right-hand side :
right [L. dexter; Gr. dexios. Sans, dakshina,
on the right, on the south.]
Dexterity, deks-ier'i-ti, «., right-handedness 1
cleverness : readiness and skill : adroitness.
Dexterous, deks'ter-us, adj., right-handed.
adroit : subtle.—adv. Dex'teroUSly.—«. Dox -
terousness.
Dextral, deks'tral, adj., right, as opposed to left.
Dey, da, «. a governor of Algiers before the
French conquest. ['Lurk, ddi, orig. a maternal
uncle, a familiar title of the chief of the Jani
zaries, often promoted to the al«>ve post.]
Diabetes, di-a-b£'t£z, «, a disease m irked by a
morbid and excessive disch-irge of urine. [Gr.,
from dia, through, and baino. to go.]
Diabetic, di-a-bct'ik, adj. pertaining to diabetes.
Diabolic, di-a-bol'ik, Diabolical, di-a-bol'ik-al,
adj., devilish.—adv Diabolically. [L —Gr.
diabolikos, from dtabolos, the devil. See Devil.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Diamagnetio
Dtaconal. dT-ak'o-nal, adj. pertaining to a deacon,
Diaconate, dT-ak'o-nfit, «. the office of a. deacon.
Diacritic, dl-a-krit'ik, Diacritical, dl-a-krit'ik-al,
adj., distinguishing between. [Gr.—dia, be
tween, and krind, to distinguish. See Critic. J
Diadem, di'a-dcm, «. a band or fillet worn round
the head as a badge of royalty : a crown :
royalty. [Gr. diadema—dia, round, and ded,
to bind. ] ^
Diademed, dl'a-demd, adj. wearing a dtadem.
Diaeresis, Dieresis, di-erVsis, «. a mark ( )
placed over one of two vowels to shew that each
is to be pronounced separately, as in aerial.
—pL Disar'eses, Dler'eses. [Or.- dia, apart,
and haired, to take.]
Diagnosis, dT-ag-nO'sis, n. the distinguishing a
disease by means of its symptoms : a brief de
scription :—//. Diagno'ses. [Gr.—dia, between,
and gindsko, to know.]
DiagnoStlO, dl-ag-nos'tik, adj., distinguishing;
characteristic— n. that by which anything is
known : a symptom.
Diagonal, dl-ag'o-nal, atij., through the corners,
or from angle to an opposite angle of a four or
many sided figure.—«. a straight line so drawn.
— adv. Dlag/onally. [L. diagonalis, from Gr.
diagdnios—dia, through, and gdnia, a corner.]
Diagram, di'a-gram, n. a figure or plan drawn to
illustrate any statement.—a>ij. Dlagrammat'ic.
[Gr. diagramma—dia, round, and grapho, to
write, delineate.]
Diagraph, dfa-graf, «. an instrument used in
perspective drawing.
Dial, dl'al, m. an instrument for shewing the lime of
day by the sun's shadow : the face of a watch
or clock. [Low L. dtalis, daily—L. dies, a day.]
Dialect, dT'a-lekt, ». a variety or form of a lan
guage peculiar to a district. [Gr. dialektos,
speech, manner of speech, peculiarity of speech
-~-dia, between, and lego, to choose, to speak.J
Dialectic, dl-a-lek'tik. Dialectical, di-a-Iek'iik-al,
adj. pertaining to dialect or to discourse : per
taining to dialectics : logical. —n. same as Dia
lectics.—fnrV. Dialec'tically. [Gr. dialektifcos.)
Dialectician, dT-a-lck-tish'an, n. one skilled in
dialectics, a logician.
Dialectics, dl-a-Tek'tiks, n.fil. art of discussing.
that branch of logic which teaches the rules and
modes of reasoning. [Gr. dialektikl [techni,
art, being understood), art of discussing by
questioning, logic]
Dialist, dT'aT-ist, n. a maker of dials : one skilled
in dialling.—Dialling, dl'al-ing, n. the art of
constructing dials. [of, a dialogue.
Dialoglst, dl-al'o-jistj «. a speaker in, or writer
Dialogistlc, dl-al-o-jist'ik, Dialogistical, dl-al-o-
jist'ik-al, adj. in the form of a dialogue.
Dialogue, dl'a-log, «., conversation between two
i or more persons, esp. of a formal or imaginary
nature. [Fr. —L. dialogus—Gr. duilogos, a
conversation—dialegomai, to discourse. See
Dialect. ]
Dialysis, dl-al'i-sis, «. (c/tem.) the separation of
substances by o1 illusion through a nienii<r.nious
septum or partition : diaeresis : Dialyses,
dT-ali-sez.—adj. Dialyt'lC. [Gr. dialysis—dia,
asunder, and lyd, to loose.)
Diamagnetic, dl-a-mag-net'ik, adj. , cross-mag*
'netic : applied to any substance, such as a rod
of bUmuth or glass, which, when suspended
between the poles of a magnet, arranges itself
across the line joining the poles a rod of iron
or of sealing-wax s.i held arranges itself par
allel to the line joining the poles, and is said to
mote ; mute ; mOon ; then. 123
 Diameter Dietetic
be paramagnetic). [Gr. dia, through, across, I parts.—adj. Dichot'omous. [Gr., from dicha,
and tuagnitis, a magnet.] in two, and temnol to cut.]
Diameter, dl-am'e-ter, n. the measure through or I Dickey, Dicky, dik'i, «. a seat behind a carriage.
across: a straight line passing through the (Ety. dub.]
centre of a circle or other figure, terminated at Dicotyledon, di-kot-i-le"don, «. a plant having
both ends by the circumference. [Gr. diametros two seed-lobes. [Gr. dis, two, and Cotyledon ]
—dia, through, and metrein, to measure.] Dicotyledonous, dT-kot-i-lc'don-us, adj. having
Diametrical, d7-a-met'rik-al, adj. in the direction two cotyledons or seed-lobes.
of a diarocter : direct.—adv. Diamet rically. Dictate, dik'tat, v.t. to tell another what to say
Diamond, dl'a-mond, «. the most valuable of all or write : to communicate with authority : 10
gems and the hardest of all substances : a four- point out : to command.—n. an order, rule, or
sided figure with two obtuse and two acute direction : impulse. [L. dicto, dictatus, freq.
angles : one of the smallest kinds of English of dico, to say, to speak.] [dictating.
printing type. [Fr. diamant, a corr. of Gr. Dictation, dik-tashun, n. act, art, or practice of
adumas, adamantos, adamant. See Adamant ; Dictator, dik-ta'tor, «. one invested for a time
also Daunt and Tame.] with absolute authority.
Diapason, di-a-pa'zon, n. a whole octave : the Dictatorial, dik-ta-tO'ri-al, adj. like a dictator:
concord of the first and last notes of the scale. absolute : authoritative. —adv. Dictato'rially.
[Gr. dia, through, and pasdn, genitive pi. ofpas, Dictatorship, dik-ta'tor-ship, n. the office of a
all—part of the Gr. phrase, dia pasdn chor- dictator: term of a dictator's office.
ddn sympfidnia, concord through all the notes.] Diction, dik'shun, n. a saying or speaking : man
Diaper, di'a-per, «. linen cloth woven in figures, ner of speaking or expression : choice of words :
used for towels, Sec.—v.t. to variegate with style. [L. dictio, from dico, dietus, to say :
figures, as diaper. [Fr. diapri, O. Fr. diaspre; akin to Gr. deiknymi, to shew.]
from root of Jasper.] Dictionary, dik'shun-a-ri, «. a book containing the
Diaphaneity, dt-a-fa-nS'i-ti, «. quality of being words of a language alphabetically arranged,
diaphanous : power of transmitting light. with their meanings, &c. : a work containing in
Diaphanous, dl-af'a-nus, adj., shining ox appear formation on any department of knowledge,
ing through, transparent : clear.—adv. Diapfl'- alphabetically arranged. [Fr. dictiounaire.]
anously. [Gr. diaphanis—dia, through, and Dictum, dik'tum, »., something said: a saying :
phaind. to shew, shine. See Phantom. ] an authoritative saying \—pl. Dic ta. [L.]
Diaphoretic, dl-a-fo-ret'ik, adj. promoting per Did, did—past tense of Do.
spiration.—«. a medicine that increases perspira Didactic, di-dak'tik. Didactical, di-dak'tik-al,
tion. [Gr. diaPhoreo, to carry off—dia, through, adj. fitted or intended to teach: instructive:
and pherd, to bear.] preceptive.—adv. Didac'tically. [Gr. didakti-
Diaphragm, dTa-fram, n. a thin partition or kos—didaskd, for di-dak-sko, to teach ; akin to
dividing membrane : the muscle which separates L. doc-eo, to teach, disc-o, to learn.]
the chest from the abdomen ; called also the Didapper, did'ap-er, n. a water-bird that is con
midriff. [Gr. diaphragma—dia, across, phrag- stantly dipping or diving under water, also
nymi, to fence.] called the aabchick (orig. dafichick). [A com
Diaphragmatic, dt-a-frag-mar/ik, adj. pertaining pound of dive and dapper (which is a variant of
to the diaphragm. dipper). See Dip and Dive. ]
Diarist, dl'a-rist, «. one who keeps a diary. Die, dl, v.i. to lose life : to perish : to wither : to
DlarrhGBa, dl-a-re'a, «. a persistent purging or languish: to become insensible \~pr.p. dying;
looseness of the bowels. {Gr. diarrhcia—dia, pa.t. and /«./. died (did). [From a Scand. root
through, and rhed, to flow.] seen in Ice. dcyja, Dan. dd~, Scot, dee, akin to
Diarrhoatlc, dl-a-rct'ik, adj. producing diarrhoea. O. Ger. towan, whence Ger. todt. The A.S.
Diary, di'a-ri, «. a daily record ; a journal. [L. word is steorfan, whence our starz>e.]
diarium, from dies, a day. See Dial.] Die, dl, «. a small cube used in gaming by being
Diastole, di-as'to-lc, «., dilation of the heart, thrown from a box : any small cubical body :
auricles, and arteries ; opposed to Systole or con hazard :—pi. Dice, dis. [Fr. d£, det, Prov. dat,
traction of the same : the making a short syl It. dado, from Low L. da/tus = L datus, given
lable long. [Gr. diastole—dia, asunder, and or cast (talus, a piece of bone used in play,
stelld, to place.] being understood). Doublets, Dado. Date.]
Diathermal, dl-a-thermal, adj. letting heat Die, ci. n. a stamp for impressing coin, &c. : the
through, permeable by radiating heat [Gr. cubical part of a pedestal :—pi. Dies, diz.
dia, through, and therme, heat,] Diet, dfet, n. mode of living with especial refer
Diatonic, di-a-ton'ik, adj. proceeding by tones, as ence to food : food prescribed by a physician :
the natural scale in music— adv. Dlaton'ically. allowance of provision.— v.t. to furnish with
[Gr., from dia, through, and tonos, tone. J food.—v.i. to eat : to take food according to
Diatribe, di'a-trlb, «. a continued discourse or rule. [Fr. diitc, Low L. diwta—Gr. diaita,
disputation: an invective harangue. [Gr. dia- mode of living, diet.]
trio?, a wearing away of time : a discussion— Diet, diet, n. an assembly of princes and dele
dia, through, and triad, to rub.] gates, the chief national council in several
Dibber, dit/er, Dibble, dib'I, «. a pointed tool countries in Europe. [Low L. diceta—Gr.
used for dabbing or pricking holes to put seed diaita; oracc. to Littrc, from L. dies, a (set) day,
or plants in. with which usage cf. Ger. tag, a day, reichstag.]
Dibble, dib'l, v.t. to plant with a dibble.—v.t. to Dietary, dfct-ar-i, adj. pertaining to diet or the
make holes : to dip as in angling. [Freq. of rules of diet.—«. course of diet . allowance of
dib, a form of Dip.] food, especially in large institutions.
Dice, pi. of Die, for gaming. Dietetic, dT-et-et'ik, Dietetical, dT-et-et'ik-al, adj
Dlcephalous, dl-sefa-lus, adj., tivo-headed. [Gr. pertaining to diet.—n. Dietetics, rules for
dikephatos—dis, two, and kephali, a head.] regulating diet.—adv. Dietet ically. [Fr.
Dichotomy, dl-kot'o-mi, n. a division into two dUtitique, from Gr. diaitetiMos. ]
124 fate, far j mi, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; i&jOu ; then.
 Differ Dilatory
Differ, difer, v.t. to disagree: to strive: to be or f inch : from the habit of counting on the
unlike, distinct, or various :—pr.p. differing ; fingers, any one of the nine figures : the twelfth
pa.p. differed. [L. differo—dif\— dis), apart, part of the diameter of the sun or moon. [L.
"/5t<j, to bear. See Bear, to carry.] digitus, a finger or toe, akin to Gr. daktyios ;
Difference, diPer-cns, «. the quality distinguish acc, to Curtius, from the root dek, seen in
ing one thing from another: a contention or Gr. dec/iomai, to receive.]
quarrel : the point in dispute : the excess of one Digital, dij'it-al, adj. pertaining to the fingers.
quantity or number over another. [h. digitalis—digitus.)
Different, dif'er-ent, adj. distinct: separate : un Digitate, dij'i-tilt, Digitated, dij'i-tfj-ed, adj.
like : not the same.—adv. Differently. [Fr.— consisting of several finger-like sections.—«.
L. different, differentis, pr.p. of differo.] Dlgitatlon. [L. digitatus, having fingers—
Differential, dif-er-en'shal, adj. creating a dif digitus. 1
ference: (math.) pertaining to a quantity or Digitigrade, dij'i-ti-grud, adj., walking on the
difference infinitely small. toes.—n. an animal that walks on its toes, as the
Difficult, difi-kult, adj. not easy: hard to be lion. [L. digitus, and gradior, to step, to walk.]
done : requiring labour and pains : hard to Dignified, dig'ni-fld, adj. marked with dignity:
please : not easily persuaded.—adv. Diffi exalted : noble : grave.
cultly. [L. diyfialis—dtf[=. dis), negative, and Dignify, dig'ni-fT, v.t. to invest with honour: to
facilts, easy.] exalt :—pr*p. dig'nifying ; Pa.p. dig nified. [Low
Difficulty, dif'i-kul-ti, «. laboriousness : obstacle: L. dignifico—dignus, worthy, facto, to make.]
objection : that which cannot be easily under Dignitary, dig'ni-tar-i, «. one in a dignified posi
stood or believed : embarrassment of affairs. tion : one who holds an ecclesiastical rank
[Fr. difficult—V,. dtjficultas = difficilitas. above a priest or canon. [Fr. dignitaire—
See Difficult.] L. dignitas.]
Diffidence, dif'i-dens, «. want of confidence : want Dignity, dig'ni-ti, «. the state of being worthy
of self-reliance : modesty: bashi'ulness. [L.] or dignified: elevation of mind or character:
Diffident, dii'i-dent, adj., wanting faith in : dis grandeur of mien : elevation in rank, place, &c. :
trustful of one's self: modest: bashful. —adv. degree of excellence : preferment : high office.
Diff idently. [L., pr.p. of diffido, to distrust— [Fr. digniti—L. dignitas—dignus, worthy ;
di/ {= dis), negative,fido, to VcK\%K~Jides, faith.] akin to Decent, Decorous.]
Diffuse, dif-Qz', v.t. to pour out all around: to Digraph, dfgraf, «. two letters expressing but one
send out in all directions: to scatter: to circu hound, asph in digraph. [Gr. di, twice, graphe,
late : to publish.—«. DiffUS'er. [L. diffundo, a mark, a character—graphd, to write.]
diffusus—dif [— dis), asunder, /undo, to pour Digress, di-gres', v.i. to step aside or go from the
out.] main subject: to introduce irrelevant matter.
Diffuse, dif-Os7, adj., diffused: widely spread : [L. digredior, digressus—di, aside, gradior, to
wordy : not concise.—adv. Diffusely.—«. Dif step. See Grade ]
fuse ness. Digression, di-gresh'un, *. a going from the main
Diffused, dif-Qzd'j/rt./*. and adj., spread widely: point : a part of a discourse not upon the main
loose.— Diffus'edly.—n. Diffus'edness. subject.
Diffusible, dif-iiz'i-bl, adj. that may be diffused.— Digresslonal, di-gresh'un-al, Digressive, di-
n. Diffuslbil'ity. [abroad : extension. gres'iv, adj. departing from the main subject.—
Diffusion, dif-u'zhun, n. a spreading or scattering adv. Dlgress'lvely.
Diffusive, dif-us'iv, adj. extending : spreading Dike, dik, n. a trench or the earth dug out and
widely.—adv. Diffusively. —« Diffusiveness. thrown up : a ditch : a mound raised to prevent
Dig, dig, v.t. to turn up the earth : to cultivate inundation: (geol.) a wall-like mass of igneous
with a spade:—Pr.p. digg'ing ; pa.t. and Pa.p. rock in the fissures of stratified rocks.—v.t. to
dug, {B.) digged'.—«. Digger. [A.S. dician surround with a dike or bank. [A.S. die ; Dut.
—die, a ditch. See Dike, IMtch.] dijk, Ger. teich, a pond ; Gr. teichos, a wall
Digastric, dT-gas'trik, adj., double-bellied, or fleshy or rampart; akin to Dough. See Dig; also
at each end, applied to one of the muscles of the Ditch.]
lower jaw. [Gr. di, double, gaster, the belly.] Dilacerate, di-las'er-iit, v.t. to rend or tear asun
Digest, 1 1 1-jest', v. t. to dissolve food in the der.—n. Dilac'eration. [L.—di, asunder, and
stomach : to soften by heat and moisture : to Lacerate.]
distribute and arrange : to prepare or classify in Dilapidate, di-lap'i-d;"it, v.t. to pull stone front
the mind: to think over.—v.i. to be dissolved stone: to lay waste : to suffer to go to rum. —
in the stomach : to be softened by heat and «. Dilap idator (L. dilapido—di, asunder,
moisture.—n. Dlgest'er. [L. digero, digestus, lapis, lapidts, a stone.]
to carry asunder, or dissolve—di {= dis), asun Dilapidation, di-lap-i-da'shun, n. the state of
der, an&gero, to bear.] ruin: impairing of church property by an in
Digest, dT'jest, n. a body of laws collected and cumbent.
arranged, esp. the Justinian code of civil laws. Dilatable, di-lat'a-bt. adj. that may be dilated
[ L. digesta, neut. pi. of digesius, pa. p. of or expanded.—«. Dllatabil'ity.
digero. to carry apart, to arrange.] Dilatation, ail-a-ta'shun, Dilation, di-UVshun, n.
Digestible, -ii-jest i-bl, adj. that may be digested, expansion.
-n. Digestibility. Dilate, di-lat', v.t. to spread out in all directions :
Digestion, di-jest'yun, «. the dissolving of the to enlarge : the opp. of Contract, —v.i. to
food in the stomach: orderly arrangement: ex widen : to swell out : to spe.^k at length.—n.
posing to slow heat, &c. [L. digestio.] Dilat'er. [L. dilatus iused as pa.p. of differo},
Digestive, di-iest'iv, adj. promoting digestion. from di (= dis, apart), and latus = flatus (Gr.
Dlght, dTt, adj. disposed, adorned. [A.S. dihtan, tletos, borne, suffered), from root of folio. See
to arrange, prescribe, from L. dictare, to dictate, Tolerate.]
whence Ger. dickten, to write poetry.] Dilatory, dil'a-tor-i, adj. slow : given to procras
Digit, dij'it, n. {lit.) a finger: a finger's breadth tination : loitering: tending to delay.—adv.
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mole ; mate ; raoTJn ; then. 125
 Dilemma
DU'atorUy.—n. Dil'atoriness. TL. dilatorius,
extending or putting off (time). See Dilate.]
Dilemma, di-lem'a, «. an argument in which the
opponent is caught between two difficulties: a
suite of matters in which it is difficult to deter
mine what course to pursue. [L.—Gr. dilemma
—di, twice, double, Umma, anything received
—lamband, to take, to seize.]
Dilettante, dil-et-an'te, «. one who loves the fine
arts, but in a superficial way and without serious
purpose \—pl. Dilettan'ti (-tej.—». Dilettan'-
teism. [It., pr.p. of dilettare, to take delight
in—L. deleciarc, to delight.]
Diligence, dil'i-jens, «. steady application: in
dustry : a French stage-coach.
Diligent, dil'i-jcnt, adj. steady and earnest in
application : industrious.—adv. Diligently.
[Ft.—pr.p. of L. diligo, to choose, to love.]
Dill, dil, k. a plant, the seeds of which are used in
medicine. [A.S. dile ; Ger. and Sw. dilit]
Diluent, dil'fi-ent, adj., diluting.—«. that which
dilutes.
Dilute, di-lflt', v.t. to make thinner or more
liquid : to diminish the strength, flavour, &c. of,
by mixing, esp. with water.—adj. diminished
in strength by mixing with water.—n.Diltt'tiOXL
fL. diluo, dilutus—di, away from, luo, to wash.]
Diluvial, di-lu'vi-al, Diluvian, di-lu'vi-an, adj.
pe rtaining to a flood, esp. that in the time of
N oah : caused by a deluge.
DilUVlalist, di-lu'vi-al-kt, «. one who explains
geological phenomena by The Flood.
Diluvium, di-lu'vi-um, n. an inundation or flood :
[geol.) a deposit of sand, gravel, &c. made by
the former action of the sea. [L. diluvium—
diluo. See Deluge.]
Dim, dim, adj. not bright or distinct : obscure :
mysterious : not seeing clearly.—adj. Dimmish,
somewhat dim.—adv. Dimly.—«. Dlm'ness.
[A.S. dim ; akin to Ice. dimmr, dark, and Ger.
ddmmenmg) twilight.]
Dim, dim, v.t. to make dark: to obscure:—pr.p.
dimming; pa.p. dimmed'.
Dime, dim, n. the tenth part of an American
dollar. [Fr. , orig. dtsme, from L. decima {pars,
a part, being understood), a tenth part.]
Dimension, di-men'shun, n. usually in mea
sure in length, breadth, and thickness : extent :
size. [Fr.—L. dimensio—dimetior, dimensus
—di {— dis), apart, metior, to measure.]
Dimeter, dim'e-ter, adj. containing tivo metres or
measures.—n. a verse of two measures. [L.—
Gr. dimetros—di, twice, metron, a measure.]
Diminish, di-min'ish, v.t. to make less: to take a
part from: to degrade.—7'./. to grow or appear
less : to subside.—adj. Diminlshable. [Coined
from L. di { — dis), apart, and E. Mjnlsh. j
Diminuendo, di-min-ii-en'do, adv. {lit.) to be
diminished: (mus.) a direction to let the sound
die away, mafrked thus ;>-. [It. — L. diminu-
ettdns, fut. p, pass, of diminuo, diminutus, to
lessen.]
Diminution, dim-i-nO'shun, n. a lessening: de
gradation.
Diminutive, di-min'G-tiv, adj. of a diminis/ied
sire: small; contracted.—«. {gram.) a word
formed from another to express a little one of
the kind.—adv. Dimin'utively. —«. Dimln'u-
tlveness.
Dimissory, dim'is-or-i or di-mis'-, adj., sending
away or giving leave to depart to another juris
diction. |L. dimissorius—dimitto, dimissits.]
Dimity, dim'i-ti, «. a kind of stout white cotton
cloth, striped or figured in the loom by weaving
fate, far ; me", her ; mine ;
Dip
with two threads. [Through the L., from Gr.
dimitos ~di, twice, mitos, a thread.]
Dimorphism, dl-morlizm, n. {pot.) a state in
which two forms of flower are produced by
the same species : the property of crystallising
in twoforms. [Gr. di, twice, morphi-, form.]
Dimorphous. dl-murYus, adj. having the property
of dimorphism.
Dimple, dim'pl, n. a small hollow: a small natu
ral depression on the face. —v.i. to form dimple*.
—v.t. to mark with dimples. [Dim. of dip, with
inserted m. Another dim. is Dapple.]
Dimply, dim'pl'. adj. full of dimples.
Din, dm, ». a loud continued noise.—v.t- to strike
with a continued or confused noise : to annoy
with clamour:—Pr.p. dinn'ing; pa.p. dinned.
[A.S. dyne; akin to Ice. dynr, noise.]
Dike, din, v.i. to take dinner.—v.t. to give a
dinner to. [O. Fr. disner (F-. diner)—Low L.
disnare: perh. from deceenare—L. de, intensive,
and co?tto, to dine.]
Ding, ding, v.t. to throw or dash violently: to
urge or enforce.—v.i. to ring or sound. [E. ;
cf. Scot, ding, Ice. dettgja, to hammer, Sw.
dilnga, to bang.]
Dingdong, dingdong, n. the sound of bells ring
ing : monotony : sameness.
Dingle, dtng'gl, «. a little hollow: a narrow
hollow between hills (= dimhle or dimple, a
little dip or depression'1. [See Dimple and Dip.]
Dingle-dangle, ding'gl-danggl, adv. hanging
loose : swinging backwards and iorwards.
[See under Dangle.)
Dingo, dmg'go, n. the native dog of Australia.
Dingy, dinji, adj. of a. dim or dark colour: dull:
soiled.—n. Dinginess. [Acc. to Skeat = dungy,
i.e. dirty.]
Dinner, din'er, n. the chief meal of the day : £
feast. [O. Fr. disner. See Dine.]
DtnornlS, dl-nor'nis, n. a genus of large extinct
birds, the bones of which are found in New
Zealand. [Gr. deinos, terrible, and orttis, a bird.]
Dinotherium, dT-no-the"ri-um, n. an extinct ani
mal of huge sire, witn elephant-like tusks. [Gr.
deinos, terrible, and thrrton, a beast.]
Dint, dint, n. {orig.) a blow or stroke: the mark
left by a blow: force, power. [A.S. dynt, a
blow ; Scot, durtt, a blow with a dull sound.
Ice. dyntr.]
Diocesan, di-os'es-an or dT'fl-sC-san. adj. pertaining
to a diocese.—n. a bishop as regards his diocese
Diocese, di'o-ses, n. the circuit or extent of a
bishop's jurisdiction. [Gr. dioikisis—dioiked, to
keep house—di, for dia, sig. completeness, oikeO,
to manage a household—oikos, a house.}
DlCBCiOUS, dT-eshi-us, adj. {hot.) having male
flowers on one plant, and female on another.
[Gr. di, twice, and oikos, a house.)
Dioptric, dT-op'trik, Dioptrical, d7-op'trik-al, adj.
pertaining to dioptrics. [Gr.—di, through, and
root op-, which appears in opsomai, fut. oihorad,
to see.]
Dioptrics, dl-op'triks, rt.pl. the science of the pro
perties of light in passing through different
mediums.
Diorama, dT-o-ra'ma, n. an exhibition of pictures,
illuminated, and viewed through an opening in
the wall uf a darkened chamber.—adj. DiO-
ramlc. [Gr. di, through, / orad, to see.]
Dip, dip, v.t. to dive or plunge into any liquid for
a moment. —v.i. to sink: to enter slightly: to
look cursorily : to incline downwards ;—pr.p.
dipping ; pa.p. dipped'.—«. inclination down
wards: a sloping. [A.S. dyppan; Dan. dyppe;
mote ; mute ; moon ; then.
 Dipchick Disarm
Ger. laufen, to immerse ; related to Deep and guide : a book with the names and residences of
Dive.] the inhabitants of a place : a body of directors.
Dipchick, dip'chik. n. Same as Dabchick. Direful, dTr'fool. attj. old and poetic form. Same
DipetaloUB, dl-pct'a-lus. adj. having two petals. as Dire. - ad-.-. Dire'fully.—«. Dire'fulness.
[Gr. di, twice, and Petal ] Dirge, derj, «. a funeral song or hymn. [Con
Diphtheria, dif-thc'ri-a, ». a throat disease in tracted from dirige, the first word of a Latin
which the air-passages become covered with funeral hymn, from dirt'go, to direct.]
a leather-like membrane. —adj Diphtheritic. Dirk, derk, «. a dagger or poniard. [Scot, durk;
[Gr. diphthera, leather.] from the Celtic, as in Ir. duirc.] *
Diphthong, difthong or dip'thong, n., tivo vowel- Dirt, dert, «., dung, excrement: any filthy sub
sotinds pronounced as one syllable. [Fr. diph- stance. [A.S. gedritan ; Ice. drit, excrement.]
thongue—Gr. diphtltougos, with two sounds— Dirty, dert'i, adj. defiled with dirt: foul: filthy:
Gr. at, twice, pkthon^os, a sound.) mean.— v.t. to soil with dirt: to sully '.—pr.p.
Diphthongal, dif-thong'gal or din-thong'ga!, adj. dirt ying ; Pa.p. dirt'icd. —adv. Dirtily.—«.
relating to a diphthong.—adv. Diphthong 'ally. Dirtiness. (of legal qualification.
Diploma, di-plfl'ma, n. a writing conferring some Disability, dis-a-bil'i-ti, «. want of power: want
honour or privilege. [L. diploma* from Gr. Disable, dis-a'bl, v.t. to make unable: to deprive
dipldma, a letter folded double—dtploos, double.] of power : to weaken : to disqualify. [L. dis,
Diplomacy, di-plO'ma-si, «. the art of negotiation, privative, and Ahle.]
esp. of treaties between states: political skill. Disabuse, dis-ab-uV, v.t. to freefrom abuse or
Diplomat, di-plO'mat, n. a diplomatist. mistake: to undeceive: to set right. [L. dis,
Diplomatic, dip-lo-mat'ik, Diplomatical, dip-15- privative, and Abuse.)
mat'ik-al, adj. pertaining to diplomacy : skilful Disadvantage, dis-ad-vant'aj, n. want of advant
in negotiation.—adz*. Diplomat'ically. age : whai is unfavourable to one's interest :
Diplomatic,
foreign court.dip-lo-mat'ik, «. a ofminister at a loss : injury. [L. dts, and Advantage.]
—■//. the science deciphering Disadvantageous, dis-advant-ijus, adj. atiended
ancient writings, as diplomas, &c. [Fr. diplo with disadvantage : unfavourable.—adv. Dlsad-
matique. ] [diplomacy. vanta'geously.
Diplomatist, di-plO'ma-tist, ft. one skilled in DisaffOCt, dis-a'fekl', v.t. to take away the affec
Dipper, dip'er, n. a bird that finds its food by tion ol: to make discontented or unfriendly :■ —
nipping ox diving into streams or lakes. Pa.p. and adj. Dlsaffect'ed, ill-disposed, dis
Dipsas, dip'sas, n. an Asiatic and American trcc- loyal.—adv. Disaffect'edly. —«. Disaffect ed-
snalce whose bite is said to cause intense thirst. ness. [L. dis, privative, and Affect.]
[Gr. dipsas—dipsos, thirst.] Disaffection, dis-af-fek'shun, n. state of being dis
Dipsomania, dip-sO-ma'm-a, «. an insane or irre affected: want of affection or friendliness: dis
sistible craving for alcoholic stimulants. [Gr. loyalty: hostility: ill-will.
dtfisa, thirst, and mania, madness.] Disaffirm, dis-af-ferm' v.t. to deny (what has
Dipteral, dip'ter-al, Dipterous, dip'ter-us, adj. been affirmed) : to contradict [L. dis, negative,
having tivo wings. [Gr. di, twice, pteron, a and Afftnn, J
wing.] Disafforest, dis-af-for'est, v.t. to deprive of the
Dlpteran, dip't6r-an, n. an insect having only tivo privilege offorest laws. [L. dis, privative, and
tvi/igs, as the house-fly. —pi. Dip'terans or lx}w L. afforestare, to make into a forest. See
Dlp*tera. Forest ]
Diptych, dip'tik, m. a double-folding writing Disagree, dis-a-gre", v.i. to differ or be at vari
tablet : a register of bishops, saints, &c. [Gr. ance : to dissent. [L. dts, negative, and Agree.]
diptychos—di-, and ptysso, to fold.] Disagreeable, dis-a-gre'a-bl, adj. not agreeable :
Dire, dir, adj. dreadful : calamitous in a high unpleasant: offensive.—adv. Disagree'ably.—
degree. [L. dirus, perhaps akin to Gr. deiad, n. Disagree'ableness.
to fear.] Disagreement, dis-a-gre'mcnt, «. want of agree
Direct, di-rekt', adj. quite straight : straight ment: difference : unsuitableness : dispute.
forward : in the line of descent: outspoken: Disallow, dis-al-low', v.t. not to allow : to refuse
sincere.—v.t. to keep or lay quite straight: to permission to: to deny the authority of: to
point or aim straightly or correctly : to point out reject. [L. dis, negative, and Allow.]
the proper course to : to guide : to order : to Disallowable, dis-al-low'a-bl, adj. not allowable.
mark with the name and residence of a person. Disallowance, dis-al low'ans, u. refusal to permit.
—adv. Directly —n. Direct ness. [L. dirigo, Disannul, dis-an-nul', v.t. to annul completely. —
directum -di, completely, and rego, to rule, to ns. Dlsannul'ment, Disannulling. [L dis, in
make straight.] tensive, and Annul.]
Direction, di-rck'shun, n. aim at a certain point : Disappear, dis-ap-per', v.i. to vanish from sight.
the line or course in which anything moves: [L. dts, negative, and Appear ]
guidance: command: the body of persons who Disappearance, dis-;tp-perans, n. a ceasing to
guide or manage a matter : the written name appear : removal from sight.
and residence of a person. [ency to direct. Disappoint, dis-ap-point/, v.t. to deprive one of
Directive, di-rekt'iv, adj. having power or tend- what he expected: to frustrate. [L. dis, nega
Director, di-rekt'or, «. one who directs : a man tive, and Appoint. ]
ager or governor : a counsellor : part of a Disappointment, dis-ap-point'mcnt, «. the defeat
machine or instrument which guides its motion. of one's hopes : miscarriage : frustration,
—fem. Direct'ress or Dlrect'nx. j Disapprobation, dis-ap-prob-a'shun. Disapproval,
Directorate, di-rekt or-at, Directorship, di-rekt'- dis-ap-prO"oVal, n. censure: dislike.
or-ship, «. the office of. or a body ol directors. Disapprove, dis-ap-pro~9v', v.t. to give an unfav
Directorial, di-rek-to'ri-d, adj. pertaining to ourable opinion of: to reject. —adv. Disapprov7-
directors: giving direction. I ingly. [L. dis. negative, and Approve.]
Directory, di-rekt'or-i, atij. containing direc i Disarm, diz-arm, v.t. to deprive ol arms: to
tions: guiding.—n. a body of directions: a | render defenceless: to quell: to render harm
fate, far ; me", her ; mine ; mole ; mute ; moon ; then. 127
 Disarrange
less. —w. Disarmament. [L. dis, privative,
and Arm.J
Disarrange, dis-a-r;lnj', v.t. to undo the arrange
ment of: to disorder.—«. Disarrange'ment.
[L. dis, privative, and Arrange.)
Disarray, dis-a-ra', v.t. to break the array of:
to throw into disorder : to strip of array or dress.
— ft. want of array or order : undress. [L. dis,
privative, and Array.]
Disassociate, dis-as-sO'shi-at, v.t. to disconnect
things associated. [L. dis, privative, and Asso
ciate.]
Disaster, diz-as'ter, n. an adverse or unfortunate
event : a misfortune : calamity. [Fr. disastre—
des (= L. dis), negative, and astre, a star,
(good) fortune—L. astmm, a star.]
Disastrous, diz-as'trus, atij. , ill-starred: unpro-
pitious: unfortunate.—adv. Disastrously.
Disavow, dis-a-vow', v.t. to disclaim: to disown:
to deny. [L. dis, negative, and Avow.]
Disavowal, dis-a-vow'al, «. act of disavowing:
rejection : denial.
Disband, dis-band', v.t. to break up a band: to
disperse.—v.i. to break up. [L. dis, privative,
and Band. ]
Disban&ment, dis-band'ment, «. act of disbanding.
Disbar, dis-bar', v.t. to expel a barrister from the
bar. [L. dis, privative, and Bar.]
Disbelief, <lis-be-lef, n. w«nt of belief.
Disbelieve, dis-be-leV, v.t. to refuse belief or
credit to. [L. dis, neg., and Believe.]
Disbeliever, dis-bc-lev'er, n. one who disbelieves.
Disburden, dis-bur'dn, DisbUTthen, dis-bur'Mn,
v.t. to unburden or rid of a burden, to free.
[L. dis, privative, and Burden.]
Disburse, dis-burs, v.t. to take from the Purse:
to pay out. [O. Fr. des/jourser—des (= L. dis),
a part, and bourse, a purse.]
Disbursement, dis-burs'ment, «. a paying out :
that which is paid out.
Disc, Disk, dUk, n. the face of a round plate : the
face of a celestial body. [A.S. disc—L. discus
—Gr. dis&os, a round plate, a quoit, from dikein,
to cast. See Desk, Dish.]
Discard, dis-kard', v.t. to throw away, as useless,
said of cards: to cast off: to discharge: to reject
[L. dis, away, and Card,]
Discern, diz-ern', v.t. to distinguish clearly by
the eye or understanding: to judge. [L. dis,
thoroughly, and certto, to sift, perceive.)
Discerner, diz-crn'er, n. a person or thing that
discern-..
Discernible, diz-ern'i-bl, adj. that may be per
ceived: distinguishable.—adv. Discernibly.
Discernment, diz-crn'ment, «. power or faculty
of discriminating : judgment.
Discharge, dis-charj', v. t. to free from a charge :
to unload or remove the cargo : to set free : to
acquit : to dismiss: to fire, as a gun: to let out
or emit. — ;/, act of discharging : unloading :
acquittance : dismissal : that which is discharged.
—tt. Discharger. [L. dis, priv., and Charge.]
Disciple, dis-T'pl, 7i. a learner; one who professes
to receive instruction from another: one who
follows or believes in the doctrine of another: a
follower.—/!. Dlsci'pleship. [Fr.—L. discipu-
Ins, from disco, 10 learn ; akin to doceo, to teach.]
Disciplinable, dis'i-plin-a-bl, adj. capable of
training or instruction. [forces rigid rule.
Disciplinarian, dis-i-plin-ii'ri-an, tt. one who en-
Disciplinary, dis'i-plin-ar-i, adj. pertaining to or
intended for discipline.
Discipline, dis'i-plin, «., instruction: training, or
mode of life in accordance with rules : subjec-
128 fate, far ; mi, her ; mine :
Disoordant
tlon to control : order : severe training : mortifica
tion : punishment.—v.t. to subject to discipline :
to train ; to educate : to bring under control : to
chastise. [L. disciplina, from disci/ulus,]
Disclaim, dis-klam', v.t. to renounce claim to: to
refuse to acknowledge: to reject. [L. dis,
privative, and Claim.] [or renunciation.
Disclaimer, dis-klam'er, tt. a denial, disavowal,
Disclose, dis-klOz', v.t. to unclose: to open: to
lay open : to bring to light : to reveal. [L. dis,
negative, and Close.]
Disclosure, dis-klo'zhur, n. act of disclosing: a
bringing to light or revealing : that which is dis
closed or revealed.
Discoid, dis'koid, DlSOOldal, dis-koid'al, adj. hav
ing theform of a disc [Gr. diskos, and eidos,
form.]
Discoloration, dis-kul-er-3'shun, n. act of discol
ouring', state of being discoloured : stain.
Discolour, dis-kul'er, v.t. to take away colour
from : to change the natural colour of: to alter
the appearance of. [L. dis, priv., and Colour.]
Discomfit, dis-kum'fit, v.t. to disconcert, to balk :
to defeat or rout :—pr.p. discom'fiting ; Pa.p.
discom'fited. [O. Fr. descottjit, pa. p. oldcscon-
Jire—L. dis, sig. the opposite, and cottjicio, to
prepare—con, thoroughly.^/fca'i?, to make.]
Discomfiture, dis-kum'fit-ur, «. frustration, defeat.
Discomfort, dis-kum'furt, «. want of comfort :
uneasiness: pain.—v.t. to deprive of comfort :
to make uneasy: to pain: to grieve. [L. dis,
privative, and Comfort.]
Discommend, dis-kom-end'. v.t. to blame. [L.
dis, privative, and Commend.]
Discommon, dis-kom'un, v.t. to deprive of the
right of common, [L. dis, privative, and Com
mon.]
Discompose, dis-kom-poz', v.t. to deprive of com
posure : to disarrange, to disorder : to disturb.
[L. dis, privative, and Compose. J
Discomposure, dis-kom-po'zhur, n. disorder :
agitation.
DlBCOncert, dis-kon-sert', v.t. to deprive of har
mony or agreement : to disturb : to frustrate :
to defeat. [L. dis, privative, and Concert.]
Disconnect, dis-kon-ekt', v.t. to separate or dis
join.—n. Disconnection. [L. dis, privative,
and Connect.]
Disconsolate, dis-kon'sO-lat, adj. without consola
tion or comfort : hopeless : sad.—adv. Discon
solately.— Dlscon'solateness. [L.dis, priv
ative, and consolor, consolatus, to console.]
Discontent, dis-kon-tenr*, adj. not content : dis
satisfied : uneasy.—«. want of content : dissatis
faction : uneasiness. —v.t. to deprive of content :
to make uneasy. [L. dis, neg., and Content.]
Discontented, dis-kon-tent'ed. adj. discontent. —
adv. Discontent edly. n. Discontent edness.
Discontentmentf dis-kon-tent'mcnt, n. the opp.
of contentment : uneasiness.
Discontinuance, dis-kon-tin'Q-ans, Discontinua
tion, dis-kon-tin-u-;Vshun, tt. a breaking off or
ceasing.]
Discontinue, dis-kon-tin'u, v.t. to cease to con
tinue : to put an end to : to leave off: to stop. —
v.i. to cease: to be separated from. [L. dis,
negative, and Continue.] '
Discord, dis'kord, n. opp. of concord : disagree
ment, strife : difference or contrariety of quali
ties: a union of inharmonious sounds. [L. dist
apart, and cor, cordis, the heart.]
Discordance, dis-kord'ans, Discordancy, dis-
kord'an-si, n. disagreement.
Discordant, dis-kurd'ant, adj. without concord or
mote ; mute ; mOOn ; Men.
 Discount Disengagement
agreement : inconsisteni : jarring.—adv. Dis- quality of distinguishing : acutencss, discern
cord'antly. ment, judgment.
Discount, dis'kownt, n. a sum taken from the Discriminative, dis-krim'i-na-tiv, adj. that marks
count or reckoning : a sum returned to the a difference: characteristic: observing distinc
payer of an account : a deduction made fur tions.—^'. Discrim'inatively.
interest in advancing money on a bill. [L. ats, Discrown, dis-krown', v.t. to deprive of a crown.
privative, and Count. ] [L. dis, privative, and Crown. )
Discount, dU-kownt', v.t. to allow discount: to Discursion, dis-kur'shun, «. desultory talk : act of
advance money on, deducting discount.—v.u to discoursing or reasoning. •
practise discounting. [discounted. Discursive, dis-kur'siv, adj., running front one
Discountable, dis-kowntVbl, adj. that may be thing to another : roving, desultory : proceeding
Discountenance, dis-kown'ten-ans, v.t. to put out regularly from premises to conclusion.—adv.
of countenance: to abash: to refuse counten Discursively. [See Discourse.]
ance or support to : to discourage.—«. cold DiSCUSS, dis-kus', v.t. to break up or disperse :
treatment : disapprobation. [L. dis, privative, to examine in detail, or by disputation : to de
and Countenance. J bate : to sift. [L. discutto, discussus—dis,
Discourage, dis-kur'aj, v.t. to take away the asunder, and quatio, to shake.]
courage of: to dishearten : to seek to check by Discussion, dis-kush'un, «. debate: [surg.) disper
shewing disfavour to. [L. dis, privative, and sion of a tumour.
Courage] Dlscusslve, dis-kus'iv, Discutient, dis-kn'shi-cnt,
Discouragement, dis-kur'aj-ment. n. act of dis adj. able or tending to discuss or disperse
couraging: that which discourages : dejection. tumours-
Discourse, dis-kflrs', «. speech or language gener Disdain, dis-dan', v.t, to think unworthy: to
ally : conversation: a treatise: a sermon.—v.t. reject as unworthy or unsuitable : to scorn.—
to talk or converse : to reason : to treat for n. a feeling of scorn or aversion : haughtiness.
mally.—v.t. to utter or give forth. [Fr. discours [O. Fr. desdatgner—L. dedignor—de, privative,
—L. discursus—dis, to and fro, curro, to run.) and digitus, worthy.]
Discourteous, dis-kurt'yus, adj. wanting in good Disdainful, dis-din'fool, adj. full of disdain :
manners: uncivil: rude. —adv. DiSCOUrt'eously. haughty : scornful.—adv. Disdain'fUlly. —».
—n. Diacourt oousness. [L. dis, negative, and Disdain'fulness.
Courteous.] (incivility. Disease, diz-e"z', n. [lit.) want ofease, hence pain :
Discourtesy, dis-kurt'e-si, n. want of courtesy : disorder or want of health in mind or body :
DiSCOUS, disk us, adj., disc-like : broad : flat. ailment: cause of pain. [L. dis, privative, and
Discover, dis-kuv'er, v.t. to uncover : to lay open Ease] [Diseas'ednes:;.
or expose : to make known : to find out : to Diseased, diz-€zd', adj. affected with disease.—n.
espy.—«. DiSCOVerer- [L. dis, negative, and Dlsedge, dis-ej', v.t. [Shak.) to deprive of the
Cover.] [found out. edge : to blunt : to dull. [L. dis, privative, and
Discoverable, dis-kuv'er-a-bl, adj. that may be Edge.]
Discovery, dis-kuv'er-i, n. act of finding out : the Disembark, dis-em-bark', v.t. to land what has
thing discovered : revelation. been embarked : to take out of a ship : to land.
Discredit, dis-kred'it, n. want of credit: bad —v.t. to quit a ship : to land. [L. dis, privative,
credit : ill repute : disgrace.—v.t. to refuse and Embark.]
credit to, or belief in : to deprive of credibility : Disembarkation, dis-em-bar-ka'shun, Dlsem-
to deprive of credit: to disgrace. [L. dis, barkment, dis-em-bark'ment, n. a landing from
privative, and Credit.] a ship.
Discreditable, dis-kred'it-a-bl, adj. not credit Disembarrass, dis-em-bar'as, v.t. to free from
able : disgraceful.—adv. Discreditably. embarrassment or perplexity. [L. dis, privative,
Discreet, dis-kret', adj. having discernment : and Embarrass ]
wary: circumspect : prudent.—adv. Discreetly. , Disembody, dis-em-bod'i, v.t. to take away from
—n. Discreet'ness. [L. discretus—discemo, to or out of the body : to discharge from military
separate, to perceive. See Discern ] service or array. [L. dis, priv., and Embody. )
Discrepance, dislcrep-ans or dis-krep'ans, Dis Disembogue, dis-em-bog', v.t. to discharge at
crepancy, disltrep-an-si or dis-krep'an-si, n. tlte mouth as a stream.—n. Disembogue'ment.
disagreement. [Sp. desembocar—h. dis, asunder, and bucca, a
Discrepant, dislcrep-ant or dis-krep'ant, adj. dis cheek, the mouth.]
agreeing : different. [L. dis, different, and Disembowel, dis-em-bow'el, v.t. to take out the
crepitus, pr-p. of cre^c, to sound.] bowels. [L. ais, intensive, and Embowel |
Discrete, dis-kret' or dislcret, adj., separate: Disembroil, dis-em-broil', v.t. to free from broil
distinct: disjunctive:—opp. of concrete- [A or contusion. [L. dis, priv., and Embroil.]
doublet of Discreet. ] Disenchant, dis-cn-chanr/, v.t. to free from en-
Discretion, dis-kresh'un, n. quality of being dis I chantment.—«. Disenchant ment. [L. dis,
creet : prudence : liberty to act at pleasure. privative, and Enchant.]
Discretional, dis-kresh'un-al, Discretionary, dis- Disencumber, dis-cn-kum'ber, v.t. to free from
kresh'un-ar-i, adj. left to discretion : unre , encumbrance : to disburden.—«. Disencuru -
strained.—advs. Discre'tionally. Dlscre'tion- brance. [L. dis, privative, and Encumber.]
arily. [junctive.—adv. Discret'ively. Disendow, dis-en-dow', v.t. to take away the en-
Dlscretlve, dis-kretiv, adj., separating: dis- I dowment of.—n. Disendow ment. [L. dis,
Discriminate, dis-krim'i-nat, v.t. to note the dif privative, and Endow.]
ference : to distinguish : to select from others.— Disengage, dis-en-gaj', v.t. to separate or free
v.i. to make a difference or distinction : to dis | from being engaged : to separate : to set free :
tinguish. —adv. Discriminatory. (L. discri- to release. [L. dis, privative, and Engage.}
mtno—discrimen, discriminis, that which separ Disengagement, dis en-gaj'ment, n. act of dis-
ates, from root of Discern. 1 I engaging: state of being disengaged: release:
Discrimination, dis-krim-i-na'shun, n. act or | leisure.
1 fate, far ; me", her ; mine ; mflte ; mute ; m30n ; Men.
 Diaennoble Dislike
Disennoble, dis-cn-n<Ybl, v.t. to deprive of what I C Fr deschrveler—des, and chevel, hair—L.
ennobles: to degrade. [L. dis, priv., and dis, in different directions, capillus, the hair.]
Ennoble.] Dishonest, diz-on'est, adj. not honest : wanting
Disentangle, dis-en-tan^'gl, v.t. to free from en integrity : disposed to cheat : insincere.— ativ.
tanglement or disorder : to unravel : to disen Dishonestly. [L. dis, negative, and Honest ]
gage or set free.—u. Disentanglement. [L. Dishonesty, diz-on'es-ti, n. want of honesty or
dis, privative, and Entangle.] integrity : faithlessness : a disposition to cheat.
Disenthral. Same as Dlsinthral Dishonour, diz-on'ur, «. want of honour : dis
Disentkrone, dis-en-thron\ v.t. to dethrone. [L. grace : shame: reproach.—?/./, to deprive of
dis, privative, and Enthrone.] honour : to disgrace : to cause shame to : to
Disentitle, dis-en-tl'tl, v.t. to deprive of title. seduce : to degrade : to refuse the payment of,
[L. dis, privative, and Entitle.] as a bill.—«. Dishon ourer. [L. dis, privative,
Disentomb, dis-cn-tODm', v.t. to take out from a and Honour.]
tomb. [L. dis, privative, and Entomb. 1 Dishonourable, diz-on'ur-abl, adj. having no
Disontrance, dis-en-trans', v.t. to awaken from a I sense of honour : disgraceful.—-adv. Dishon
trance or deep sleep: to arouse from a reverie. ourably, [inclination : unwillingness.
[L. dis, privative, and Entrance.) Disinclination, dis-in-kli-n;Vshun, «. want of
Disestablish, dis-cs-tablish, v.t. to take away Disincline, dis-in-klln', v.t. to turn away inclina-
what has been established or settled, esp. ap- ; tton from : to excite the dislike or aversion of.
6lied to the church as established by law.—n. [L, dis, priv., and Incline.] [averse.
lisestablishment. [L. dis, privative, and ! Disinclined, dis-in-klTnd', adj. not inclined :
Establish.] I Disincorporate, dis-in-kor'por-at, v.t. to deprive
Disesteem, dis-es-tCm', «. want of esteem : dis of corporate rights. [L. dis, privative, and In
regard.—v.t. to disapprove : to dislike.—n. DlS- corporate. ]
estima'tion. [L. dis, privative, and Esteem ] Disinfect, dis-in-fekt', v.t. to free from infection.
Disfavour, dis-fa'vur, n. want of favour : dis —n. Disinfection. [L. dis, privative, and
pleasure : dislike.—v.t. to withhold favour from : Infect]
to disapprove. [L. dis, privative, and Favour.] Disinfectant, dis-in-fekrant, n, anything that
Disfiguration, dis-fig-ur-a'shun, Disfigurement, destroys the causes of infection.
dis-fiu'ur-ment, «. defacement of beauty. Disingenuous, dis-in-jen Q-us, adj. not ingenu
Disfigure, dis-fig'iir, v.t. to spoil the figure of: ous: not frank or open: crafty. — adv. Dlsin-
to change to a worse form : to spoil the beauty gen'uously. «. Dlslngen'uousness. [L. dis,
of: to deform. [L. dis, privative, and Figure.] negative, and Ingenuous. J
Disfranchise, dis-fran'chiz, v.t. to deprive of a Disinherit, dis-in-hcr'it, v.t. to cut off from here
franchise, or of rights and privileges, esp. that . ditary rights : to deprive of an inheritance.
of voting for a M- V.—n. Disfranchisement, dis- —n. Disinheritance. [L. dis, privative, and
fran'chiz-ment. [L. dis, priv., and Franchise.] Inherit]
Disgorge, dis-gorj', v.t. to discharge from the Disintegrate, dis-in'tc-grut or diz-, v.t. to separ
gorge or throat : to vomit : to throw out with ate into integrant parts. —adj. Disln'tegrable.
violence : to give up what has been seized.—«. —«. Disintegration. [L. dis, negative, and
Disgorgement. [L. dis, negative, and Gorge.] Integrate.]
Disgrace, dis-gras', «. state of being out of grace j Disinter, dis-in-ter', v.i. to take out of a grave :
or favour, or of being dishonoured : cause of to bring from obscurity into view.—n. Disinter
shame : dishonour.—v.t. to put out of favour : ! ment. [L. dis, negative, and Inter.]
to bring disgrace or shame upon. [L. dis, Disinterested, dis-in'tcr-est-ed, adj. not inter
privative, and Grace.] ested or influenced by private feelings or con
Disgraceful, dis-gras'fool, adj. bringing disgrace : siderations : impartial.—adv. Disinterestedly.
causing shame : dishonourable.—/i^f.Disgrace'- —n. Disinterestedness. [L. dis, negative, and
fully.—n. Disgraoe'fulness. Interested.]
Disguise, dis-glz*, v.t. to change the guise or Dlsinthral, dis-in-thrawl', v.t. to set free from
appearance of: to conceal by a dress intended thraldom or oppression. [L. dis, negative, and
to deceive, or by a counterfeit manner and ap- i Inthral.]
pearance.—«. a dress intended to conceal the Disjoin, dis-join' or diz-, v.t. to separate what has
wearer: a false appearance. —tis. Disguls'er, ' been joined. [L. dis, negative, and Join ]
Disguise'ment. [L. dis. privative, and Guise.] Disjoint, dis-joint', v.t. to put out of joint : to
Disgust, diz-gust' or « lis-, ». loathing : strong dis separate united parts : to break the natural order
like.—v.t. to excite disgust in : to offend the or relations of things: to make incoherent. —«.
taste of : to displease. (O. Fr. desgouster— Disjoint edness.
des (= L, dis), and goust — L. gnstus, taste.] Disjunct, dis-jungkr*. adj., disjoined. fL. dis-
Disgusting, diz-gust'ing or dis-, Disgustful, diz- juncius, pa. p. of disjungo—dis, negative, and
gust'fool, adj. causing disgust : loathsome : jungo, to join.]
hateful.—adv. Disgust ingly. Disjunction, dis-junk'shun, *. the act of disjoin
Dish, dish, «■ a plate: a vessel in which food is ing: disunion: separation.
served : the food in a dish : a particular kind of Disjunctive, dis-jungkt'iv, adj., disjoining: tend
food.—v.t. to put in a dish, for table [A.S. ing to separate : {gram.) uniting sentences but
disc, a plate, a dish, a table—L. discus. Doublets, disjoining the sense, or rather, marking an ad
Disc and Desk.] verse sense.—n. a word which disjoins.—adit.
Dishabille, dis-a-bii'. Same as Deshabille. Disjunctively. [L. disjunctives.)
Dishearten, dis-hart'n, v.t. to deprive of heart, Disk Same as Disc.
courage, or spirits : to discourage : to depress. Dislike, dis-lTk', v.t. to be displeased with : to
[h. dis, privative, and Heart.] disapprove of: to have an aversion to.—>t. dis
Dishevel, di-shcv'el, v.t. to disorder the hair; to ; inclination : aversion : distaste : disapproval.
cause the hair to hang loose.—v.i. to spread in [L. dis, negative, and Like; the genuine Eng.
disorder :—pr.p. dishev'elling ; pa p. dishcv'cllcd. word is Mlslike.]
130 fate, far; mC, her; mine; mote ; mute; moon; then.
 Dislocate Displant
Dislocate, dis'l5-kf»t, v.t. to displace: to put out Disparage, dis-par'aj, v.t. to dishonour by com
of joint. [L. dis, negative, and Locate.] parison with what is inferior: to lower in rank
Dislocation, dis-lO-kii'shun, n. a dislocated joint : or estimation.—«. Disparager. [O. Fr. des-
displacement: igeol.) a 'fault,' or displacement parager—des { — L. dis), negative, and Low L.
of Gratified rocks. paragium, equality of birth—L. Par, equal.]
Dislodge, dis-loj', v.t. to drive from a lodgment Disparagement, dis-par'aj-ment, «. injurious
or place of rest : to drive from a place of hiding comparison with what is inferior: indignity.
or of defence. —v.i* to go awav. —n. Dislodg - Disparagingly, dis-par'aj-ing-li, adv. in a^manner
merit [L. dis, privative, and Lodge.] to disparage or dishonour.
Disloyal, dts-loy'al, adj. not loyal : false to one's Disparity, dis-par'i-ti, «., inequality. [L. dis,
sovereign : faithless : treacherous.—adv. Dis- negative, and Parity.]
loy'ally.-w. Disloy'alty. [L. dis, negative, Dispark, dis-park', v.t. to throw open inclosed
and Loyal, j ground. [A hybrid word, from L. ttis, negative,
Dismal, di/mal, adj. gloomy : dreary: sorrowful : and Park.]
full ofhorror.—adv. DlS'XUaliy. Lfc.ty. unknown. J Dispart, dis-part', v.t. to part asunder: to divide,
Dismantle, dis-man'tl, v.t. to strip: to deprive of to separate. —v.i. to separate.—«. the difference
furniture, &c. so as to render useless : of a for between the thickness of metal at the breech
tified town, to raze the fortifications. [L, dis, and the mouth of a gun. [L. dis, asunder, and
privative, and Mantle.] Part.]
Dlsmask, dis-mask', v.t. to strip a mask from : to Dispasslon, dis-pash'un, «. freedom from passion:
remove a disguise from : to uncover. [L. dis, a calm state of mind. [L. dis, negative, and
privative, and Mask.] Passion.]
Dismast, dis-mast', v.t. to deprive of a mast or Dispassionate, dis-pash'un-at, adj. free from
masts. [L. dis, privative, and Mast.] passion: unmoved Dy feelings : cool: impartial
Dismay, dis-ma', v.t. to terrify: to discourage. —adv. Dispassionately.
—n. loss of strength and courage through fear. Dispatch. Same as Despatch.
[A hybrid word, from O- Fr. desmayer—des Dispel, dis-pel', v.t. to drive away: to cause to
(= L. dis), and O. Ger. magan = A.S. magan, disappear: to banish '.~Pr.p. dispelling; pa.A
to have might or power. See May.] dispelled'. [L. dispello—dis, away from, pello,
Dismember, dis-mem'ber, v.t. to divide member to drive-]
from member : to separate a limb from the Dispensable, dis-pens'a-bl, adj. that may be dis
body: to disjoint: to tear to pieces. —n. DlS- pensed, or dispensed with. —«. Dispens'able-
mem'berment. [L. dis, asunder, and Member.] ness.
Dismiss, dis-mis', v. t. to send away : to despatch : Dispensary, dis-pens'ar-i, «. a place where medi
to discard: to remove from office or employ cines are dispensed, especially to the poor,
ment. [L. dimitto, {Omissus—di, away Irom, gratis.
and mitto, to send.] Dispensation, dis-pen-sa'shun, n. the act of dis
Dismissal, dis-mis'al, Dismission, dis mish'un, «. pensing or dealing out : the dealing of God with
act of sending away : discharge from office or nis creatures: the distribution of good and evil
employment. in the divine government : license or permission
Dismount, dis-mownt', v.i. to come down : to to neglect a rule.
come off a horse.—v.t. to throw or bring down Dispensative, dis-pens'a-tiv, Dispensatory, dis-
from any elevated place : to throw off their car peus'a-tor-i, adj. granting dispensation.—advs.
riages, as cannon : to unhorse. [L. dis, nega DlBpens'atively, Dlspens'atorily. [L. dispen
tive, and Mount ] sations, dispensaloriits.]
Disobedience, dis-o-bCdi-em, ». neglect or re Dispense, dis-pens', v.t. to weigh or deal out in
fusal to obey. [See Obedience.] portions: to distribute : to administer. —Dispense
Disobedient, dis-o-b€'di-ent, adj. neglecting or With, to permit the want of: to do without.—
refusing to obey. [See Obedient.] «. Dispens'er. [Fr. dispenser—L. dis, asunder,
Disobey, dis-oba', v.t. to neglect or refuse to obey and penso, intensive of pernio, to weigh.]
or do what is commanded. [O. Fr, desobeir— Dispeople, dis-pe'pl, v.t. to empty of people or in
des { = L- dis), and obeir, to obey.] habitants. [L. dis, privative, and People.]
Disoblige, dis-o-bllj', v.t. to offend by an act of Dispermous, dl-spernius, euij. having only two
unkindness or incivility : to do something against seeds. [Gr. di, twofold, spemta, a seed.]
the wishes of another: to injure slightly. [L. Disperse, dis-pers', v.t. to scatter in all direc
dis. negative, and Oblige.] tions : to spread : to diffuse : to drive asunder:
Disobliging, dis-o-bllj'ing, adj. not obliging : not to cause to vanish.—v.i. to separate : to vanish.
careful to attend to th« wishes of others : unac —«. Dispers'er. [L. dispergo, dispersus—di,
commodating : unkind —adv. Disobligingly. asunder, apart, spargo, to scatter.]
Disorder, dis-or'der, ». want of order: confusion: Dispersion, dis-per'shun, n. a scattering: (wed.)
disturbance : breach of the peace : disease.— the removal of inflammation : [optics] the separa
v.t. to throw out of order: to disarrange: to tion of light into its different rays.
disturb : to produce disease. [Fr. des (= L. dis), Dispersive, dis-pers iv, adj. tending to disperse.
privative, and Order,] ; Dispirit, dis-pir it, v.t. to dishearten : to discour-
Disorderly, dis-or'der-li, adj. out of order: in I age. (L. dis, privative, and Spirit.]
confusion : irregular : lawless.—adv. without Displace, dis-plfis , v.t. to put out of place : to
order : confusedly : in a lawless manner. disarrange : to remove from a state, office, or
Disorganise, dis-or'gan-Tz, v.t- to destroy the dignity.—«. Displace'ment, the quantity of
organic structure of: to break up a union of water displaced by a ship afloat, and whose
parts : to throw into disorder. —«. Dlsorganisa'- weight equals that of the displacing body. [O.
llOIL [L. dis, negative, and Organise.] Fr. despiacer—\J. dis, privative, and Place. 1
Disown, diz-Cn', v.t. to refuse to own or acknow Displant, dis-plant', v.t. to remove anything from
ledge as belonging to one's self: to deny: to where it ha* been planted or placed : to drive
renounce- [L. dis, negative, and Own.] from an abode. [L. dis, privative, and Plant.]
fate, far ; m€, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute : mOon ; Men. 131
 Display Disseminate
Display. dis-pkV, v.t. to unfold or spread out : to to call in question.—v.i. to argue : to debate.—
exhibit : to set out ostentatiously.—n. a display ft. a contest with words: an argument: a
ing or unfolding: exhibition : ostentatious show. debate. [ Fr. disputer—L. disputare—dis, apart,
—«. Display'or. [O. Fr. desphyer—des (= L. and puto, to think. J
dis), negative, and Ployer, same as plier—L. Disqualify, dis-kwol'i-fl, v.t. to deprive of the
f>lico, to fold. Doublet, Deploy. See Ply.] qualities necessary for any purpose: to make
Displease. dis-pleV, v.t. to offend : to make angry unfit : to disable.—n. Disquallflca'tion. [L.
in a slight degree : to be disagreeable to.—v.t* ' dis, privative, and Qualify.]
to rait? aversion. [L. dis, negative, and Please.] Disquiet, dis-kwfet, «. want of quiet ; uneasiness,
Displeasure, dis-plezh'fir, ». the feeling of one restlessness: anxiety.—v.t. to render unquiet:
wlio is offended : anger : cause of irritation. to make uneasy : to disturb. (L. dis, privative,
Displume, dis-plOom', v.t. to deprive of plumes and Quiet.]
or feathers. (L. dis, privative, and Plume.] Disquietude, dis-kwT'et-ud, «. state of disquiet.
Dispone, dis-p6n', v.t. [law) to make over to an Disquisition, dis-kwi-zish'un, «. a careful and
other : to convey legally. {L.dispouo, to arrange.] formal inquiry into any matter by arguments,
Disport, dis-port', v.t. to divert, amuse, enjoy &c. : an elaborate essay.—adj. Disquisitional.
one's self: to move in gaiety.—v.t. to amuse. [L. disquisiiio—disquiro, disquisitus—dis, in
[O. Fr. desporter (with se), to carry one's self tensive, qiuero, to seek. ]
away from one's work, to amuse one s self, from Disregard, dis-re-gard', v.t. to pay no attention
des (= L. dis), and porter—L. portare, to carry, to.—«. want of attention: neglect: slight. [L.
as it were from serious matters. See Sport.] dis, negative, and Regard.]
Disposable, dis-poYa-bl, adj. free to be used : not Disregardful, dis-re-gard'fool, adj. neglectful :
already engaged. (.See Dispose.] careless : heedless.—adv. Disregard'fully.
Disposal dis-poz'al, n. the act of disposing: Disrelish, dis-rel'ish, v.t. not to relish: to dislike
order : arrangement : management : right of the taste of: to dislike.—n. distaste: dislike:
bestowing. some degree of disgust. [L. dts, negative, and
Dispose, dis-poY, v.t. to arrange : to distribute : Relish.]
to apply to a particular purpose : to bestow : to Disrepair, dis-re-par', «. state of being out of
incline.—To dispose of, to apply to any pur repair. [L. dis, negative, and Repair.]
pose : to part with : to place in any condition.— Disreputable, dis-rep'G-ta-bl, adj. in bad repute:
«. Dlspos'er. [Fr. disposer—\.. dis, asunder, discreditable : disgraceful.—adv. Disrep utably.
and Fr. poser, to place. See Pose, «.] Disrepute, dis-rc-pGt', Disreputation, dis-rep-a-
Disposition, dis-po-zish'un, n. arrangement : natu ta'shun, «. ill character : discredit. [L. dist
ral tendency: temper: {Nrrv Test.) ministry, negative, and Repute.]
ministration : {Scots law) a giving over to Disrespect, dis-re-spekt', «. want of respect or
another = f English) conveyance or assignment. reverence : incivility. [L. dis, negative, and
[Fr. —L., from dis, apart, pono, to place.J Respect.]
Dispossess, dis-poz-zes', v.t. to put out of posses Disrespectful, dis-re-spekt'fool, adj. shewing dis
sion. [L. d s, privative, and Possess.] respect : irreverent: uncivil. —adv. Disrespect'-
Dispraise, dis-praz', n. blame: reproach: dis fully.
honour.—v.t. to blame : to censure. [h. dis, Disrobe, dis-rOb', v.t. to deprive of a robe: to
negative, and Praise.] undress: to uncover. [L. dis, priv., and Robe.]
Dispread, dis-pred', v.t. to spread in different Disroot, dis-rOOt', v.t. to tear up oy the roots.
ways.—v.i. to spread out: to expand. IL. dis, Disruption, dis-rup'shun, rt. the act of breaking
asunder, and Spread.] asunder: the act of bursting and rending:
Disproof, dis-pro"OT, n. a disproving: refutation. breach. [L. disruptio—dirumpo, diruptus—
Disproportion, dis-pro-por'snun, n. want of pro dis, asunder, and rurnpo, to break.]
portion, symmetry, or suitableness of parts : in- I Dissatisfaction, dis-sat-is-fnk'shun, «. state of
equality.—v.t. to make unsuitable in form or j being dissatisfied : discontent : uneasiness.
size, &c. |L. dis, privative, and Proportion.]
Disproportionate, dis-pro-por'shun-a-b!, Dispro- Dissatisfactory, dis-sat-is-fak tor-i, adj. causing
dissatisfaction : unable to give content.
portfonal, dis-pro-por'shun-al, adj. not having I Dissatisfied,
proportion or symmetry of parts: unsuitable: contented : not pleased. adj. not satisfied: dis
dis-sat'is-fld,
unequal, —advs. Dispropoi tiunably, Dlspro- Dissatisfy, dis-sat'is-fI, v.i. not to satisfy: to
por Uonally. make discontented : to displease. [L. dis, nega
Disproportionate, dis-pro-pOr'shun-at, adj. not tive, and Satisfy.]
proportioned: unsymmctrical : unsuitable to Dissect, dis-sekt', v.t. to cut asunder : to cut into
something else in some respect. —adv. Dispro parts for the purpose of minute examination : to
portionately.—^ Dispropor'tionateness divide and examine.—adj. Dissect'lble. [L.
Disprove, dis-prCioV, v.t. to prozie to be false: to disseco, dissectus—dis, asunder, in pieces, seco,
refute. [L. dis, negative, and Prove ] to cut.]
Disputable, dis'pu-ta-bl, adj. that may be dis Dissection,
puted: of doubtful certainty.—adv. Dis put- cutting in dis-sek'shun, n. the act or the art of
pieces a. plant or animal in order to
ably.—«. Dis'putableness.
Disputant, dis'pu-tant, Disputer, dis-pflt'er, n, Dissector, dis-sekt'or, n. oneitswho
ascertain the structure of parts : anatomy.
dissects.
one who disputes or argues : one given to dis Dissemble, dis-sem'bl, v.t. to represent a thing as
pute, [ment : an exercise in debate. unlike what it actually is : to put an untrue
Disputation, dis-pa-tA'shun, n. % contest in argu- semblance or appearance upon : to disguise. —
Disputatious. dis-pu-tS'shus, Disputative, cum- v.i. to assume a false appearance : to play the
pOt'a-tiv, adj. inclined to dispute, cavil, or con hypocrite.—«. Dissem'bler. [O. Fr. dissembler,
trovert.—adv. Dlsputatiously.—«. Dlsputa'- from L. disstmulo—dissimilis, unlike—dis, nega
tiousness. tive, and simi/is, like.]
Dispute, dis-put', v.t. to make a subject of argu Disseminate,
ment : to contend for: to oppose by argument : abroad: lo dis-sem'i-nitt, v.t. to saw or scatter
propagate: to diffuse.—ns. Dis
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote : mflte ; mo"Dn ; Men.
 Dissension Distil
semination, Disseminator. [I., dissentino, ate or break up: to melt: to destroy.— v.i. to
disseminatus—dis, asunder, and semino, to sow break up : to waste away : to crumble : to
—semen, seminis, seed.] melt. [1- dis, asunder, and sotvo, solutus, to
Dissension, dis-sen'shun, n. disagreement in loose. ]
opinion : discord : strife. Dissolvent, diz-zolv'ent, adj. having power to dis
Dissent, dis-sent', v.i. to think differently: to solve or melt. — «. that which can dissolve or
disagree in opinion : to differ.—«. the act of melt. [L., pr.p. of dissolvo. See Dissolve.]
dissenting : difference of opinion : a differing Dissonance, dis'o-nans, «., disagreement of
or separation from an established church. [L. sound: want of harmony : discord : disagree
dissentio, dissensus—dis, apart from, sentio, to ment.
think. See Sense.] Dissonant, dis'o-nant, adj., not agreeing in
Dissenter, dis-sent'er, n. one who separates from sound : without concord or harmony : disagree
the service and worship of an established ing. [L. dis, apart, sonans, -antis, pr.p. of
church. sono, to sound ]
Dissentient, dis-sen'shent, adj., dissenting: de Dissuade, dis-swad', v.t. to advise against : to
claring dissent : disagreeing.—«. one who dis try to divert from anything by advice or per
agrees : one who declares his dissent* [L. dis suasion, [h. dis, against, and suadeo, suasus,
tentions, dissentientis, pr.p. of dissentio.) to advise.]
Dissertation, dis-er-ta'shun, m. a formal dis Dissuasion, dis-swa'zhun, n. act of dissuading:
course : a treatise.—adj. Disserta'tlonal. [L. advice against anything. [See Dissuade |
dissertatio—dtsserto, intensive of dissero, to Dissuasive, dis-swa'ziv, adj. tending to dissuade.
debate, to discuss—dis, and sero, to put in a —«. that which tends to dissuade.—adv. DiS-
row, to join.] [sertations : a debater, j sua'slvely.
Dlssertator, dis'er-ta-tor, w. one who writes dis- i Dissyllabic, dis-sil-lab'ik, adj. of two syllables.
Disserve, dis-serv', v.t, to do the opposite of Dissyllable, dis-sil'a-bl, w. a word of only two
serving: to injure. [L. dis, negative, and syllables. [Gr. dis, twice, and Syllable.]
Serve.] Distaff, dis'taf, n. the staffor stick which holds
Disservice, dis-seiVis, «. injury : mischief. the bunch of flax, tow, or wool in spinning. [A.S.
Dlsservlceable, dis-serv'is-a-bl, adj. not service distarf, compounded of dis — Low Ger. diesse,
able or useful : injurious : mischievous. the bunch of flax on the staff ; and st&f = E.
Dissever, dis-sev'er, v.t. to sever: to part in two : ' Staff. SeeDizen.]
to separate : to disunite.—n. Dissev erance, a Distain, dis-tan', v.t. to stain : to sully. [O. Fr.
dissevering or parting. [L. dis, intensive, and desteindre, to take away the colour of—L dis,
Sever. ] privative, and tingo, to stain. See Stain.]
Dissident, dis'i-dent, adj. dissenting : not agree Distance, dis'tans, n. space or interval between :
ing.—h. a dissenter. [L. dissidens, d^'ssidentis, remoteness : opposition : reserve of manner.—
pr.p. of dissuieo—dis, apart, and sedeo, to sit.] v.t. to place at a distance: to leave at a dis
Dissillent, dis-sil'yent, adj., leaping asunder or tance behind. [See Distant.]
bursting open with elastic force.—«. Dissil'- Distant, dis'tant, adj. remote, in time, place, or
ience. [ L. dissiliens, -entis—dis, asunder, connection : not obvious : indistinct : reserved
salio, to leapdis-simri-Iar,
Dissimilar, ] adj. not similar : un in manner.—adv. Dls'tantly. [L. distans—
dis, apart, and stans, stantis, pr.p. of sto, to
like in any respect : of different sorts.—adv. stand.}
Dissimilarly. [L. dis, negative, and Similar ] Distaste, dis-tast', «., oppositeness or aversion of
Dissimilarity, dis-sim-i-larf-ti, Dissimilitude, taste: dislike of food : dislike : disgust.—v.t. to
dis-si-mil'i-tud, «., uniikeness : want of resem disrelish : to dislike : to loathe. [L. dis, nega
blance. tive, and Taste.]
Dissimulation, dis-sim-u-la'shun, n. the act of Distasteful, dis-tast'fool, adj. producing dis
dissembling: a hiding under a false appear taste: unpleasant to the taste : offensive. —adv.
ance : false pretension : hypocrisy. Distaste fully, v. Distaste'fulness.
Dissipate, dis'i-pat, v.t. to throw apart or spread Distemper, n. a kind of painting- See Destemper.
abroad: to scatter: to squander: to waste.— Distemper, dis-tem'per, «. a morbid or disorderly
v.i. to separate and disappear : to waste away. state of body or mind : disease, esp. of ani
[L. dissipo, -atus—dis, asunder, and obs. sufo, mals : ill-humour.—v.t. to derange the temper :
which appears in insipo, to throw into.] to disorder or disease. [L. dis, negative, and
Dissipation, dis-i-pa'snun, n. dispersion : state Temper.]
of being dispersed : scattered attention : a dis Distend, dis tend', v.t. to stretch asunder or in
solute course of life. all directions : to swell.—v.i. to swell. [L. dis,
Dissociate, dis-sO'shi-at, v.t. to separate from a asunder, and tendo, tensus or teutus, to stretch.)
society or company : to disunite.—« Dliso'cia- Distensible, dis-ten'si-bl, adj. that may be
Uon. [L. dis, asunder, and socio, to unite. stretched.
Sec Social.] Dlstensive, dis-ten'siv, adj., distending, or cap
Dissoluble, dis'ol-Q-bl, adj., dissolvable.—«. Dis able of being stretched.
solubility, capicity of being dissolved. Distention, Distension, dis-ten'shun, n. act of
Dissolute, dis'ol-ut, aitj., loose, esp. in morals : distending or stretching : state of being stretched :
lewd : licentious.—adv. DlSS'Olutely. —n. DlSS'- breadth.
oluteness. [ See Dissolve. ) Distich, dis'tik, «. a couple of lines or verses,
Dissolution, dis-ol-Q'shun, n. the breaking up of making complete sense : a couplet. [Gr. di-
an assembly : change from a solid to a liquid stichos—dis, twice, and sticlios, a line, verse.1
state : a melting : separation of a body into its Distil, dis-til', v.i. to fall in drops: to flow gently :
original elements : decomposition : destruction : to use a still.—v.t. to let or cause to fall in
death. [dissolved or melted. drops : to convert a liquid into vapour by heat,
Dissolvable, diz-zolv'a-bl, atlj, capable of being and then to condense it again : to extract the
Dissolve, diz-zolv/, v.t. to loose asunder: to separ- spirit or essential oil from anything by cvapora-
fatc, far ; roe, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; uiGOn : Men.
 Distillation Diver
tion and condensation :—fr.p. disrill'ing ; fia.p. tory defined or undefined : a region. [L. di
distilled'. [ Fr. distiller—L. de, down, and strictus—distrittgo, to draw tight. 1
stilloy to drop -stilla, a drop.] Distrust, dis-trust , n. want of trust : want of
Distillation, dis-til-a'shun, n. act or process of faith or confidence : doubt.'—v.t. to have no
distilling: that which is distilled. [tion. trust in : to disbelieve : to doubt. [L. dis, priv
Distillatory, duvtH'a-tor-i, adj. of or for disulla- ative, and Trust.]
Distiller, dis-til'er, n. one who distils. Distrustful, dis-trust'fool, adj. full of distrust :
Distillery, dis-til'cr-i, «. a place for distilling. apt to distrust : suspicious.—adv. Dlstrust'-
Distinct, dis-tingkt', adj. separate : different : fully.—«. Distrust fulness.
well-defined : clear.—adv. Distinctly.—«. Dis Disturb, dis-turb', v.t. to throw into confusion:
tinctness. [See Distinguish.] to agitate : to disquiet : to interrupt.—u. Dis
Distinction, dis-tingle'shun, «. separation or divi turber. [L. dis, asunder, and turbo, to agi
sion : that which distinguishes: difference: tate—turha, a crowd.]
eminence. Disturbance, dis-turbaus, «., agitation I tumult :
Distinctive, dis-tingkt'iv. adj. marking or express interruption: perplexity.
ing difference.—adv. Distinctively.—//. Dis Disunion, dis-un'yun, «., want ofunion: breaking
tinctiveness. up of union or concord : separation.
Distinguish, dis-ting'gwish, v.t. to mark off, set j Disunite, dis-G-nlt', v.t. to separate what is united:
apart : to recognise by characteristic qualities : to sever or sunder.—V.i. to fall asunder : to
to discern critically : to separate by a mark of i part [L. dis, privative, and Unite ]
honour : to make eminent or known.—v.i. to , DiSUSage, dis-uVaj, m. gradual cessation of use or
make or shew distinctions or differences. [L. j custom. [L. dis, privative, and Usage.]
distingue, distinctus -dis, asunder, and stinguo, i Disuse, dis-us', u. cessation or giving up of use or
to prick, conn, with Gr. stizd, to mark, to prick. custom. IL. dis, privative, and Use.]
Sec Sting, j Disuse, dis-Qz', v.t. to cease to use or practise.
Distinguishable, dis-ting'gwish-a-bl, adj. that Ditch, dich, n. a trench dug'xvi the ground : any
may be capable of being distinguished.—adv. long narrow receptacle for water.—v.i. to make
Disting'uishably. a ditch or ditches,—v.t. to dig a ditch in or
Distort, dis-ton', v.t. to twist or turn a different around : to drain by ditches, (A corr. ol Dike.]
way: to force out of the natural or regular Ditcher, dich'er, «. a ditch-maker.
shape or direction : to turn aside from the true Ditheism, di'the-izm, «. the doctrine-of the exist
meaning : to pervert. [L. dis, asunder, and ence of two gods. [Gr. di, two, and t/icos, a
torqueo, tortus, to twist.] god.]
Distortion, dis-tor'shun, n. a twisting out of Dithyramb, dith'i-ram, Dithyrambus, dith-i-ram'-
regular shape : crookedness : perversion. bus, n. an ancient Greek hymn snug in honour
Distract, dis-trakt', v.t. to draw in different of Bacchus : a short poem of a like character.
directions—applied to the mind or attention : [Gr. Dithyrambos, whose origin is unknown.]
to confuse : to harass : to render crazy.—adj. DithyrambiC, dith-i-ram'bik, astj* of or like a
Distract'ed.-Wr'. Distractedly. [L. dist dithyramb: wild and boisterous.
asunder, and tia/io, tractus, to draw.] Dittany, dit'a-ni, «. a genus of aromatic peren
Distraction, dis-trak'shun, «. state of being dis nial plants, formerly much used medicinally as a
tracted: perplexity: agitation; madness. tonic. [L. dictamnus, Gr. diktamnos—Dikte, a
Distrain, dis-tr&n', v.t. to seize, csp. goods, for mountain in Crete, wher^ the plant grows abund
debt.—v.i, to seize the goods of a debtor. {O. antly.]
Fr. deslraindre, from L. dis, asunder, and Ditto, dit'O, contracted Do., n. that which has
stringo, to draw tight.] been said: the same thing.—adv. .is before, or
Distrainer, dis-tr.ln'er, Distrainor, dis-tnin'or, aforesaid : in like manner. [It. detto—L. dU'
n. one who distrains or seizes goods for debt. tutu, said, pa.p. of dico, to say.]
Distraint, dis-trant', «., seizure of goods for debt. Ditty, dit i, «. a song : a little poem to be sung.
Distraught, dis-trawt', adj. distracted : per [O. Fr. dite—L. dictatum, neuter of dictatus,
plexed. [See Distract.] pcrfp. of dicto, to dictate.]
Distress, dis-trcs', ft. extreme pain : that which Diuretic, dl-Q-ret'ik, atij. tending to excite the
causes suffering : calamity : misfortune : a state passing through or discharge of urine. —n. a
of danger : act of distraining goods.—v.t. to medicine causing this discharge. [Fr.—Gr.
afflict with pain or suffering : to harass : to tiiouritikos—dia, through, and oitron, urine.]
grieve : to distrain. [O. Fr. destresse ; from L. Diumal, dl-ur'nal, adj., daily: relating to or
aistringo, districtus, to pull asunder, in late L. performed in a day.—«. in the R. C Church, a
to punish.] breviary with daily services.—adv. Dlur'nally.
Distressful, dis-tres'fool, adj. full of distress : [L. diurnus—dies, a day. See Journal.]
calamitous.—adv. Distress fully. Divan, di-van', n. the Turkish council of state : a
Distributable, dis-trib'Q-ta bl. adj. that may be court of justice : used poetically of any council
divided. or assembly : a council-chamber with cushioned
Distribute, dis-trib'ut, v.t. to divide amongst seals : a sofa : a smoking-room : a collection of
several : to deal out or allot : to classify. [L. poems. [Arab, and Pers. dhvt'tn, a tribunal.]
distribuo—dis, asunder, tribuv, tributust to Divaricate, dl-var'i-k:1t, vd. to part into two
allot.] Tor deals out. branches, to fork: to diverge— v t. to divide
Distributer, dis-trib'ii-ter, «. one who distributes into two branches.—«. Divarica'tlon. [L.
Distribution, dis-tn-bu'shun, n. allotment : classi- diz'arico,divaricatus—dis, asunder, and varico,
fie.ition to spread the legs—varus, bent apart. J
Distributive, di*-trib'u-tiv, adj. that distributes, Dive, dlv, v.i. to dip or plunge into water : to
separates, or divides.—adv. Distrib'utlvely. plunge or go deeply into any matter. [A.S.
District, dis'trikt. n. [orig.) the territory within dufan; Ice. dy/a. >ec Dip.]
which a superior had a right to distrain or Diver, dlv'er, «. one who dives : a bird very ex
otherwise exercise authority : a portion of tcrri- pert at diving.
fate, far, me, her; mine; mOte ; mute : moon; //ten.
 Diverge
Diverge, di-verj', v.i. to incline or turn asunder :
to tend from a common point in different direc
tions.—adv. Diverg mgly. [L. dis, asunder,
vergo, to incline.]
Divergence, di-vcrj ens,Dlvergency, di-verj'en-si,
«. a going apart : tendency io recede from one
point. [receding from one point.
Divergent, di-vcrj'ent, adj. tending tod/verge:
Divers, di'verz, adj. sundry: several : more than
one : {b.) same as Diverse. [See Divert.]
Diverse, dl'vers or div-ers', adj. diiierent : un
like : multiform : various.—adv. Diversely or
Diversely. [See Divert.]
Diversify, di-ver'si-fi, v.t. to make diverse or
different : to give variety to :—pr.p. diver
sifying ; fia.p. diver'sificd.—«. Diversification.
[L. diversus, and /acio, to make.)
Diversion, di-veVshun, «. act of diverti$tg or
turning aside : that which diverts : amusement,
recreation : something done to turn the atten
tion of an enemy from the principal point of
attack. [difference : unlikcne»s : variety.
Diversity, di-ver si-ti, «. state of being diverse :
Divert, di-verr/, v.t. to turn asLie : to change the
direction of: to turn the mind trom business or
study: to amuse.—adj. Diverting, -adv. Di-
vert'ingly. [L. divertot diversus—dis, aside,
and verto. to turn. J
Divest, di-vest', v.t. to strip or deprive of any
thing. [L. dis, priv., and vestio, to clothe—
vestis, a garment. |
Divide, di-vld', v t. to part asunder: to part
among, to allot, &c. : to set at variance : to
separate into two parts (as in voting). — v.i. to
part or open : to break friendship : to vote by
separating into two bodies.—adv. Divid'edly.
[L. divide, divisus—dis, asunder, and root vul,
to separate.]
Dividend, divl-dend, m. that which is to be
divided: the share of a sum divided that falls
to each individual. [L. dividendum—divide.]
Divider, di-vld'er, n. he or that which divides.
Divination, div'i-nil-shun, n. the act or practice
ot'divining: prediction: conjecture.
Divine, di-v in', adj. belonging 10 or proceeding
from Gel: devoted to God's service: holy:
sacred : excellent in the highest degree.—«. one
skilled in divine things : a minister of the gos
pel : a theologian.
inspired—v.t.
: to toguess
foresee
or or foretell as
if divinely make out.—■
v.i. to profess or practise divination : to have
forebodings.—adv. Divinely. [L. divinus,
from divns, deus, a god.]
Diviner, di-vin'er, «. one who divines or professes
divination : a conjecturer.
Diving-bell, dlv'ing-bel, «. a hollow vessel orig.
bell-shaped, air-tight except at the bottom, in
which one may descend into and work under
water. [See Dive.]
Divining-rod, di-vlnlng-rod, n. a rod usually of
hazel used by those professing to discover water
or metals under ground.
Divinity, di-vin'i-ti, «. godhead : the nature or
essence of God : God : a celestial being : any
god : the science of divine things : theology.
[See Divine. |
Divisibility, di-viz-i-bill-ti, n. quality of being
divisible or separable*
Divisible, di-vizl-bl, adj. capable of being
divided or separated.—adv. DiVlBlbly.
Division, di-vizh'un, «. act of dividing: state of
being divided : that which divides : a partition :
a barrier : the portion divided or separated :
separation : difference in opinion, &c. : dis
Docket
union : {arith.) the rule or process of finding
how many times one number is contained in
another.
Divisional, di-vizh'un-al, adj. pertaining to or
marking a division or separation.
Divisive, di-vT'ziv, adj. forming division or separ
ation : creating discord.
Divisor, di-vlzor, «. \aritlu) the number which
divides the dividend.
Divorce, di-vors', «. the legal separation of hus
band and wife : the sentence by which a mar
riage is dissolved.— v.t. to separate : to sunder :
to dissolve the marriage-contract ol : to put
away. —«. Divorc'er. [Fr.—L. divortium—
divortere, another form ofdivertere. See Divert.J
Divorcement, di-vors'inent, n. (£.) divorce.
Divulge, di-vulj', v.t. to spread abroad among the
vulgar or the people: to make public : to reveal.
[L. dis, among, and vulgns, the common
people. See Folk.]
Divulslon, di-vul'shun, «. act ofpulling ox rending
asunder or away. [L. dis, asunder, and vetlo,
z'/ilsus, to pull.]
DiVUlsive, di-vul'siv, adj. tending to pullasunder.
Dizen. dl'zn or diz'n, v*t. (obs.) to dress : to deck:
to dress gaudily. [Orig^ to put a bunch of flax
on the distaff, from an L. form found also in Low
Ger. diesse, the bunch ol flax on the distaff. See
Distaff.]
Dizziness, diz'i-nes, ». giddiness.
Dizzy, diz'i, adj., dazed: giddy : confused : caus
ing giddiness : unthinking: heedless. —v. t. to
make dizzy : to confuse. [A.S. dysig, foolish,
silly ; O. Dut. duyzigh ; Dan. ddsig, drowsy ;
conn, with E. Daze, Doze.]
Do, doT>, v.t. to perform any action : to bring
about or effect : to accomplish or finish : to
prepare : to put or bring into any form or state.
—TO do on, to don or put on : to do off, to
doff or put off: to do away, to remove or
destroy : to bo done for, to be defeated or
ruined.—v.i. to act or behave :—/r./». do'ing :
pa.t. did; pa.p. done (dun). [A.S. don; Dut.
doen, Ger. ihun; conn, with Gr. tit/temi, to
put, place.]
Do, doo, v.i. to fare or get on, as to health : to
succeed : to suit or avail. [Prov. E. doiv, to
avail, to be worth ; from A.S. dugan, to be
worth ; Ger. taugen, to be strong, ».o be worth.
See Doughty.]
Docile, dGsTl or dosll, adj., teachable: ready to
learn: easily managed. [L. docilis—doceo, to
teach.]
Docility, do-sil'i-ti, «., teachableness: aptness.
Dock, dokt n. a troublesome weed with large
leaves and a long root, difficult to eradicate.
[A.S. docce ; prob. from Gael, dogha, a burdock;
perhaps allied to Gr. dauhos, a kind of carrot.]
Dock, dok, v.t. tu cut short : to curtail: to cut off:
to clip.—«. the part of a tail left after clipping.
[W. tociaw, to cut short; cf. Ice. dockr, a
stumpy tail.]
Dock, dok, «. an inelosure or artificial basin near
a harbour or river, for the reception of vessels ;
the box in court where the accused stands.—v.t.
to place in a dock. [0. Dut. dokke ; perh. from
Low L. doga, a canal—Gr. doche, a receptacle
—dechomai, to receive.]
Dockage, dok'Aj, n. a charge for the use of a dock.
Docket, dok'et, ti. a summary of a larger writing:
a bill or ticket affixed to anything: a label: a
list or register of cases in court.—v.t. to make a
summary of the heads of a writing ; to enter in
a book : to mark the contents of papers on the
135
 Dockyard
back ;-—pr.p. dock'eting ; pa.p. dock'eted. [Dim.
of Dock, lo curtail.]
Dockyard, dok'yard, «. a yard or store near a
dock, where ships are built and naval stores kept.
Doctor, dok'tur, «. one who has received from a
university the highest degree in a faculty : a
physician.—adj. Doc toral. [L. {lit. ) a teacher
—doceo, to teach.]
Doctorate, dok'tur-at, «. a doctor's degree.
Doctrin&l, dok'trin-al, adj. relating to or contain
ing doctrine: relating to the act of teaching.—
adv. Doc trinally.
Doctrine, dok'trin, ft. a thing taught: a principle
of belief: what the Scriptures teach on any sub
ject : {B.) act or manner of teaching. [See
Doctor.]
Document, dok'u-ment, ». a paper containing in
formation or the proof of anything. [L. docu-
mcntum—doceo, to teach-]
Documental, dok-u-ment'al, Documentary, dok-
u-ment'ar-i, adj. relating to or found in docu
ments.
Dodecagon, dO-dek'a-gon, m. a plane figure hav
ing twelve equal angles and sides. [Gr. dddeka,
twelve, and gdnia, an angle.]
Dodecahedron, dO-dek-a-he dron, n. a solid figure,
having twelve equal pentagonal bases or faces.
[Gr. dodeka, twelve, and hedra, a base, a side.]
Dodge, doj, v.i. to start aside or shift about : to
evade or use mean tricks : to shuffle or quibble.
—v.t. to evade by asudden shift of place.—«.
r.n evasion: a trick: a quibble.—«. Dodg'er.
[Ely. dub.]
Dodo, dO'du, «. a large, clumsy bird, now extinct,
once found in Mauritius and Madagascar.
[Port, doudo, silly.]
Doe, do, «. the female of the fallow-deer or buck,
[A.S. da; Dan. daa, a deer.]
Does, duz, third pcrs. sing. pres. ind. of Do.
Doeskin, du'skin, n. the skin of a doe : a twilled
cloth,dof,named
Doff, v.t. tofrom
do orits take
likeness
oj}Yi totothe
rid skin
[A contr. of do off.\
Dog, dog, n. a domestic quadruped : a term of
contempt : one of two constellations of stars : an
andiron : an iron hook for holding logs of wood.
—v.t. to follow as a dog: to follow and watch
constantly : to worry with importunity
dogging; pa.p. dogged'. —«. Dogg'er. [Not in
A.S. ; Dut. dog, a mastiff": Ger. dogge, docke.}
Dog-trier, dog'-brl'er, n. the brier dogrose.
Dogcart, dog'kart, n. a one-horse carriage for
spurtsmen, so called from dogs being carried
inside.
Dogoheap, dog'chep, adj., cheap as a^Vmeat :
Dogday, dog'da, «. one of the days when the
Dogstar rises and sets with the sun, between
the end of July and the beginning of September.
Doge, doj, n. formerly the chiet-magisirate in
Venice and Genoa. [It., prov. for duce — E.
duke—L. dux, a leader—duco, to lead ]
Dogfish, dog-fish, «. a species of British shark,
so named from their habit of following their prey
like dogs hunting in packs.
Dogged, dog'ed, adj. surly like an angry dog:
sullen : obstinate.—adv. DOgg'edly.—«. Dogg'-
edness.
Doggerel, dog'er-el, n. irregular measures in bur
lesque poetry, so named in contempt : worthless
verses. —adj. irregular: mean. [From Dog.]
Doggish, do^'ish, adj. like a dog: churlish:
brutal.—adv. Dogg'ishly.—«. Dogg'lShnoSS.
Dogma, dog'ma, «. a fettled opinion : a principle
or tenet: a doctrine laid down with authority.
fate, far; me, her; mine;
Dome
[Gr., an opinion, from doked, to think, allied to
L. decet. See Decent.]
Dogmatic, dog-mat ik, Dogmatical, dog-mat'-
ik-al. adj. pertaining to a dogma : asserting a
thing as if it were a dogma : asserting positively :
overbearing. —adv. Dogmatically.
Dogmatise, dog'ma-tiz, v.i. to state one's opinion
dogmatically or arrogantly.—n. Dog'matiser.
Dogmatism, dog'ma-tizm, «., dogmatic or positive
assertion of opinion.
Dogmatist, dog'ma-tist, n. one who makes positive
assertions.
Dogrose, dog'rOz, «. the rose of the dog-brier.
Dog'S-ear, dogz'-er, n. the corner of the leaf of a
book turned down, like a dog's ear.—v.t. to turn
down the corners of leaves :—pa.p. dog's'-eared.
Dogstar, dog'star, n. Sirius, a star of the first
magnitude, whose rising and setting with the
sun gave name to the //f^days.
Doily, doi'li, «. a small napkin used at dessert.
[Prob. from Dut. divaal = K. toiuet.]
Doings, dOo'ingz, ti.pl., things done, e\ snu : be
haviour.
Doit, doit, n. a small Dutch coin worth about half
a farthing: a thing of little or no value. [Dut.
duit. Origin dub.]
Dole, doi, v.t. to deal out in small portions.—n. a
share distributed : something given in charity : a
small portion. [From root of Deal, to divide.]
Dole, dOl, «. (obs.) pain: grief: heaviness at
heart. (O. Fr. docIt Fr. deuil, grief—L. doleo,
to feel pain.]
Doleful, doTfool, adj. full of dole or grief: melan-
choly.—adv. DoleTully.—//. Dole fulness.
Dolesome, dOl'sum, adj. dismal.—adv. Dole'-
somely.
Doll, dol, «. a puppet or toy-baby for a child.
[Dut. dollen, to sport, O. Dut. dol, a whipping-
top ; cf. dol, mad ; or perh. familiar for Dorothy.]
Dollar, dol'ar, «. a silver coin of the United
one'sofa
selfdoe.
of. Stales, worth 100 cents, or about 4^. 2d. ster
ling. [Ger., short for yoachimsthaler, because
first coined at the silver mines in Joachimsthal
(Joachim's dale) in Bohemia.
Dolmen, dol'men, ft. a stone table : an ancient
structure of two or more unhewn stnnes placed
erect in the earth and supporting a large stone.
[Celtic daul, table, tnaen, a stone.]
Dolomite, dol'o-mlt, «. a magnesian limestone, so
called from the French geologist Dolomieu.
Dolor, Dolour, dO'lor, «., pain: grief: anguish.
Dolorific, dol-or-if'ik, adj., causing or expressing
[very cheap. dolor, pain, or grief. [L. dolor, jacio, to make.]
Dolorous, dol'or-us, adj. full of dolor, pain, or
grief: doleful.—adv. Dol'orously. [L. dolo-
rosus,]
Dolphin, dol'fin, n. an animal of the whale kind,
found in all seas, about 8 or 10 feet long : the
coryphene, a fish about 5 feet in length, noted
for the brilliancy of its colours when dying.
[O. Fr. daulphin—h. delphinus.)
Dolt, dOlt, w. a dull or stupid fellow. [Dolt
= dulled or blunted. See Dull.]
Doltish, dolt'ish, adj. dull: stupid.—adv. Dolt'-
ishly.—«. Dolt'ishness.
Domain, do-man', «. what one is master oj"or
has dominion over : an estate : territory. [Fr.
domaifie—L. dominium, do/ninus, a master.]
Dome, dOm, n. a structure raised above the roof
of targe buildings, usually hemispherical : a
large cupola : a cathedral : {poet.) a building. —
atij. Domed', having a dome. [Fr. dome, It.
duomo, first meant a town -hall or public build*
mOte ; mute ; mOOn ; Men.
 Domesday-book Dote
ing ; then the cupola on such a building ; Tt. Donkey, dongTce, n. the ass. [= Dun-ik-ie, a
dnomo and Gcr. dom are applied to the prin double dim. of Dun, from its colour.]
cipal church of a place with or without a cupola. Donor, dfl'nor, «. a giver: a benefactor.
—Gr. and L. domus, a house, a temple—Gr. Doom, dOom, judgment i condemnation : des
demo, to build.] tiny : ruin : final judgment. —v.t. to pronounce
Domesday- or Doomsday-book, dooWda-book, judgment on : to sentence : to condemn '—fr.p.
«. a book compiled by order of William the dOoui'ing : pa.p. doUmed'. [A.S. dom, judg
Conqueror, containing a survey of all the lands ment ; allied to Gr. tkemis, justice.]
in England, their value, owners, &c. ; so called Doomsday, doomz'da, «. the day o/doompihe day
from its authority in doom or judgment on the when the world will be judged.
matters contained in it. Door, dor, «. the usual entrance into a house or
Domestic, do-mes'tik, adj. belonging to the house : into a room : the wooden frame on hinges clos
remaining much at home, private : tame : not ing up the entrance : a means of approach or
foreign.—«. a servant in the house.—adv. Do- access. [A.S. duru; Gr. t/iura, L. fores ( pi. },
mes'tically. —n. Domesticity. [L. domestic** a door, allied to Sans, dvar, an opening, from
—domus, a house, ] a root meaning to blow.]
Domesticate, do-mes'tik-at, v.t. to make domestic Doquet, dok'et, a form of Docket.
or familiar: to tame.—n. Domestica'tion. Dor, Dorr, dor, n. a species of beetle, so called
Domicile, dom'i-sil, n. & house: an abode, —v.t. to from its droning sound. [A.S. dorat a drone,
establish a fixed residence —adj. Domiciliary. locust]
[L. domicilium—domus, a house.] Doree, do-re"' or dur'a, n. a fish of a golden-
Domiciliate, dom-i-sil'vat, v.t. to establish in a yeiloiu colour, called also Dory and John Doree.
permanent residence.—n. Domicilia'tlon. [Doree is the Fr. dorie, from verb dorer, to gild
Dominant, dom'in-ant, adj. prevailing : predomi —L. deaurare, to gild—de, of, with, and aurum,
nant.—n. {music) the fifth note of the scale gold. John is simply the ordinary name.]
in its relation to the first and third. [L. domi- Doric, dor'ik, adj. belonging to Doris in Greece :
nans, -antis, pr.p. of dominor, to be master.] denoting one of the Grecian orders of architec
Dominate, dom'in-at, v.t. to be lord over : to ture : a dialect of the Greek language distin
govern : to prevail over. [L. domiuor, to be guished by the use of broad vowel sounds : any
master—dominus, master—domare — E. Tame. ] dialect having this character, as Scotch. [Fr.
Domination, dom-in-fi'shun, n. , government : dorique. from L. Doricus—Gr. Ddris.)
absolute authority : tyranny. [L. domination Dormancy, dor'man-si, n. quiescence.
Dominative, doni'in-a-tiv, adj., governing: arbi Dormant, dor niant, adj., sleeping: at rest : not
trary, [command haughtily. used : in a sleeping posture : {arch.) leaning. —
Domineer, dom-in-cV, v.t. to tuie arbitrarily : to n. a crossbeam : a joist. [Fr., pr.p. of dormir,
Dominical, do-min'ik-al, adj. belonging to Our from L. dortnio, to sleep.]
Lord, as the Lord's Prayer, the Lord's Day. Dormer-Window, dor'mer-win'do', «. a vertical
[L. dominieus—dominus, lord, master.] window, esp. of a sleeping-room (formerly called
Dominican, do-min'i-kan, adj. belonging to St dormer), on the sloping roof of a house. [Fr.
Dominic or to the Dominicans.—n. a friar or dormir, to sleep.]
monk of the order of St Dominic, founded early Dormitory, dor'mi-tor-i, n. a large sleepiug-
in the thirteenth century. chamber with many beds. [L. dormitorium~
Dominion, do-min'yun, n., lordship: highest power dormio, to sleep.]
and authority : control : the country or persons Dormouse, dor'mows (//. Dor'mloe), «. a gnaw
governed.—hi. (/?.) angelic and powerful spirits. ing animal, intermediate between the squirrel
Domino, dom i-no, «. a cape with a hood worn by and the rat, so called because torpid in winter.
a master or by a priest : a long cloak of blade [Prob. from a Prov. E. dor, to sleep, and
silk, with a hood, used for disguise.—//. Dom'i- Mouse.]
noes i-nGz), the name of a game, so called be Dorsal, dor'sal, adj. pertaining or belonging to
cause the pieces are (partly) coloured black. the back. [L. dorsum, the back.]
[Sp. domine, a master or teacher.] Dory. See Doree.
Don, don, «. a Spanish title, corresponding to Dose, dOs, «. the quantity of medicine given to be
English Sir, formerly applied only to noblemen, taken at one tune : a portion ; anything dis
now to all classes. —Jem. Donn a. [Sp., from agreeable that must be taken.—v.t. to order or
L. dominus,] give in doses : to give anything nauseous to.
Don, don, v.t. to do or put on : to assume :—Pr.p. [Fr., from Gr. dosis, a giving—diddmi, to give.]
donn'ing ; Pa.p. donned'. [A contr. of do on.] Dost, dust, second pers. sing. pres. ind. of Do.
Donation, uo-na'shun, «. act of giving: that Dot, dot, «. any small mark made wiih a pen or
which is given, a gift of money or goods : (law} sharp point.- v.t. to mark with dots : to diver-
the act by which a person freely transfers his ! sify with objects, —v.i. to form dots:—Pr.p*
title to anything to another. [L. donatio—dono, dott'ing ; pa.p. dott'ed. [Ety. dub.]
donatum—donum, a gift—do, to give.] I Dotage, doYaj, n. a doting : childishness of old
Donative, don'a-tiv, n. a gift: a gratuity: &, I age : excessive fondness.
benefice presented by the founder or patron ' Dotal, do tal, adj. pertaining to doivry or to
without reference to the bishop.—adj. vested or I dower. [L. detail*—dos, dotis, a dowry.]
vesting by donation. [L. donativum.] Dotard, d&t'ard, «. one who dotes : one shewing
Done, dun, pa.p. of Do. the weakness of old age, or excessive fondness.
Donee, do-ne', n. one who receives a. gift. Dotation, du-t.Vshttn, «. the act of bestowing a
Donjon, dun'jun, n. a strong central tower in dowry on a woman: an endowment. [Low L.
ancient castles, to which the garrison retreated dotatio.\
when hard pressed. [Fr., from Low L. domjio Dote, dot, v.i. to be weakly affectionate : to shew
= domnio for Low L. dominio ( =■ L. dominium, excessive love.—oar'. Dot'ingly. [E. ; Dut.
dominion), because the tower dominated over the doten, to be silly, Scot, doitet, stupid; Fr.
rest. See Dungeon.] ra*ioter, to rave, is from the same root J
fate, far ; me", her ; mine ; mOte ; mfite ; mfion ; then. 137
 Doth
Doth, duth, third pers, sinsr. pres. ind. of Do.
Double, dub'I, adj. , twofoldi twice as much : two
of a sort together : in pairs : acting two pans,
insincere.—adv. Doubly. [Fr. —L. duplus—
duo. two, and plus, akin to pienus, full J
Double, dub'I, v.t. to multiply by two : to fold.—
v.i. to increase to twice the quantity : to wind in
running.—n. twice as much; a duplicate: ones
wraith or app irition : a trick.
Double^)a3S, dub'1-bas, «. the lowest-toned
musical instrument of the violin form.
Double-dealing, dubl-deTing, «. insincere deal
ing : duplicity.
Double-entry, dub'1-en'tri, ft. book-keeping in
which tivo entries are made ofevery transaction.
Doubleness, dub'l-nes. u. duplicity.
Doublet, dub'let, «. a pair : an inner garment :
name given to words that are really the same,
but vary somewhat in spelling and signification,
as desk, disc and dish, describe and descry.
[O. Fr., dim. of double.J
Doubloon, dub-loon', //. a Sp. gold coin, so called
because it is double the value of a pistole.
Doubt, dowt, v.i, to w^ver in opinion : to be un
certain : to hesitate : to suspect.—v.t. to hold
in doubt : to distrust. [O. Fr. doubter—L.
dubito, from root dub in dubius, doubtful. J
Doubt, dowt, «. uncertainty of mind : suspicion :
fear : a thing doubted or questioned.—n.
Doubt'er. --adv. Doubt'ingly.]
Doubtful, dowt'fool, adj. full of doubt : undeter
mined : not clear : not secure : suspicious : not
confident.—adv. Doubt'fully. —ft. Doubt'ful-
ness. [tainly.—adv. Doubtlessly.
Doubtless, dowt'Ies, adv. without doubt : cer-
Douceur, di5o-ser', «. sweetness of manner : some
thing intended to please, a present or a bribe.
(Fr., from doux, douce—L. dulcis, sweet.]
Douche, dOOsh, «. a jet of water directed upon
the body from a pipe. [Fr.—It. doccia, a
water-pipe, from L. duco, to lead.]
Dough, dO, u. a mass of flour or meal moistened
and kneaded, but not baked. [A.S. dah ; Ger.
trig. Ice. deig, dough, from a root found in
Goth, deigan, to knead ; conn, with Dike, and
with L. ji\n.go, to mould.]
Doughty, dow ti, adj., able, strong : brave. [A.S.
dyhtig, valiant—dugan, to be strong; Ger.
tUcktig, solid, able—taugen, to be strong. See
Do, to fare or get on.]
Doughy, do'i, adj. like dough: soft.
Douse, dows, v.t. to plunge into water : to slacken
suddenly, as a sail. —v.i. to fall suddenly into
water. [Ety. unknown.]
Dove, duv, u. a pigeon : a word of endearment.
[A.S. du7>a—au/an, to dive; perh. from its
habit of ducking the head.]
Dovecot, duv kot, Dovecote, duv'kot, n. a small
cot or a box in which pigeons breed.
Dovelet, duv'Iet, «. a young or small dove.
Dovetail, duv'tiil, «. a mode of fastening boards
together by fitting pieces shaped like a dove's
tail spread out into corresponding cavities.—
—v.t. to fit one thing into another.
Dowable, dow'a-bl, adj. that may be endowed l
entitled to do^iver.
Dowager, dow'a-jer, n. a widow with a dmver or
jointure : a title given to a widow 10 distinguish
her irom the wife of her husband's heir. [O.
Fr. douagicre—\jovt L. dotanuw—Y.. dotare,
to endow. See Dower.J
Dower, dow'er, n. a jointure, that part of the hus
band's property which his widow enjoys during
her life—sometimes u»ud for Dowry.—adjs.
133 fate, far , me, her ; mine ;
Draff
Dow'ered, furnished with dower, Dow'eiiess,
without dower. [ Fr. douaire—Low L. doarium,
dotarium— L. doto, to endow—dos, dotis, a
dowry—do, Gr. dt-dd-mi, to give.]
Dowlas, dowlas, n. a coarse linen cloth. [Fr.
douiileux—douille, soft— L. ductilis, pliant—
ducot to draw.]
Down, down, «. the soft hair under the feathers of
fowls : the hairy covering of the seeds of cer
tain plants: anything which soothes or invites
to repose. [From root of Ice. duun, Ger. duttst,
vapour, dust. See Dust. )
Down, down, «. a bank of sand thrown up by
the sea. —pi. a tract of hilly land, used for
pasturing sheep. [A.S. dun, a hill (cog. with
run, a fort), found in ail the Teut. and Romance
languages ; prob. from Celt, dun, which is found
in many names of places, as Dunkeld.]
Down, down, adv. from a higher to a lower posi
tion: on the ground : from earlier to later times.
—PreP' a'onS a descent : from a higher to a
lower position or st.uc. [Acorr. of M.E. a-dmvut
Oiiun—A.S. of dune, * from the hill '—A.S. dun,
a hill. See Down, a bank of sand.]
Downcast, down'kast, adj., cast or bent dovm-
luard: dejected : sad. [reputation : ruin.
Downfall, down'fal, n. sudden loss of rank or
Downhearted, down'hart-ed, adj. dejected in
spirits. [easy.
Downhill, down'hil, adj. descending : sloping :
Downright, down'rit, adj. plain : open : artless :
unceremonious. —adv. Down'right.
Downward, down'ward, Downwards, down'-
w.trdz, adv. in a direction dmvn ; towards a
lower place or condition : from the source :
from a time more ancient. [A. S. mlunvoeard—
adttn, meant, direction. See Down, adv.)
Downward, down'ward, adj. moving or tending
doivn (in any sense).
Downy, downl, adj. covered with or made of
dozofi : like down : soft : soothing.
Dowry, dow'ri, «. the property which a woman
brings to her husband at marriage—sometimes
used for Dower. [Grig, dorver-y. See Dower.]
Doxology, doks-ol'o-ji, k. a hymn expressing
praise and honour to God. [Gr. doxologia—
doxoiogos, giving glory—doxa, praise—aoked,
to think, and lego, to speak.]
Doze, dflz, v.i. to sleep lightly or to be half
asleep : to be in a dull or stupefied state, —v.t.
(witli away) to spend in drowsiness.—«. a short
light sleep. —«. Doz'er. [From a Scand. root,
seen in Ice. dusa, Dan. dose, to dose; A.S.
dwaes, dull ; akin to Dizzy ■
Dozen, duz'n, adj., two and ten or twelve.—x. a
collection of twelve articles. [Fr. doitzaine—L.
diuxtecim—duo, two, and decern, ten.]
Drab, drab, «. a low, sluttish woman : a prosti
tute.—v.i. to associate with bad women. [Gael,
and Ir. 'slut,' orig. a stain, closely akin to Gael,
and Ir. drabh, grains of malt, which answers to
E. Draff ]
Drab, drab, n. thick, strong gray cloth : a gray or
dull brown colour, perh. from the muddy colour
of undyed wool. [Fr. drap, cloth. See Drape.]
Drabble, drab'l, v.t. to besmear with mud and
water. [Freq. form, from root of Drab, a low
woman.]
Drachm, dram, n. See Dram. [Gr. drachmi,
from drassomai, to grasp with the hand.]
Draff, draf, n. {lit.) dregs, waste nutter: the
refuse ol malt that has been brewed irom.—adjs.
Draff'lsh, DrafTy, worthless. [Prob. E., cog.
with Scand. draf, and with Gael, and Ir drabh.)
mote ; mute ; moon ; then.
 Draft
Draft, draft, n. anything drawn : a selection of
men from an army, &c. : an uider for the pay
ment ot money '• lines drawn for a plan : a rough
sketch : the depth to which a vessel sinks in
water. [A corr. of Draught.]
Draft, draft, v.t. to draw an outline of: to com
pose and write : to draw off : to detach.
Drafts, drafts, n. a game. See Draughts.
Draftsman, drafts'man, //. one who draws plans
or designs.
Drag, diag, v.t. to draw by force: to draw
slowly : to pull roughly and violently : to explore
with a dragnet. - v.i. to hang so as to trail on
the ground : to be forcibly drawn along : to move
slowly and heavily :—pr.p. dragging ; pap.
dragged'. [A.S. dragan; Ger. tragen, repre
sented in all the Tent, tongues. Acc. to Our-
tius, nowise connected with L. traho.\
Drag, drag, n. a net or houk Sox dragging along
to catch things under water : a heavy harrow :
a low car or cart : a contrivance for retarding
carriage wheels in going down slopes : any
obstacle to progress. [See Drag, v.]
Draggle, drag'l, v.t. or v.i. to make or become wet
and dirty by draggingalong the ground. LKreq.
of Draw. Doublet, Drawl. ]
Dragnet, dragnet, ;/. a net to be dragged or
drawn along the bottom of water to catch lish.
Dragoman, drag'o-man, «. an interpreter, in
Eastern countries —pi. Dragomans. [Sp.,
from Ar. tarjum&ft—tardjama, to interpret.
See Targum.]
Dragon, drag'un, «. a fabulous winged serpent :
the constellation Draco: a fierce person, the
flying lizard of the E. Indies.—adj's. Drag'-
onish, Drag'onlikc. [Fr.—L. draco, draconis
—Gr. drak&n, {lit.) 'the sharp-sighted,' from
e-drak-on, aorist of derk-omai, to look.]
Dragonet, drag'un-et, n. a little dragon : a genus
of fishes of the goby family, two species of
which arc found on the coast of England.
Dragon-fly, drag'un-fll, «. an insect with a long
body and brilliant colours.
Dragonnade, drag-on-ad', «. the persecution of
French Protestants under Louis XIV. and his
successor by an armed force, usually of dra
goons: abandonment of a place to the violence
of soldiers. [Fr., from dragon, dragoon.]
Dragon's-blood, dragiinz-blud, «. the red juice
of several trees in S. America and the E.
Indies, used for colouring.
Dragoon, dra-goon', n. formerly a soldier trained
to fight either on horseback or on foot, now
applied only to a kind of cavalry.—v.t. to give
up to the rage of soldiers : to compel by violent
measures. [Sp., prob. so called from having
orig. a dragon (L. draco) on their standard.
See Dragon.]
Dragoonade, drag-oOn-ad'. Same as Dragonnade.
Drain, dran, v.t. to draw off by degrees : to filter :
to clear ot water by drains : to make dry : to ex
haust, —v.i. to fluw off gradually.—n. a water
course: a ditch: a sewer. —adj. Drain able.
[A.S. drehnigeau, of which dreh = drag, or
else through dreg, from the same root.]
Drainage, dran'aj,». the drawing offof water by
rivers or other channels : the system of drains in
a town.
Drainer, dran'cr, n. a utensil on which articles
are placed to drain.
Drake, dnlk, being
■ duck-king,' «. thea male
contr. ofof the
A.S.duck.
etui-rake[Lit.or
ened-rake, of which ened is cog. with Ice. Snd.
Dan. ami, Ger. ettte, L. anas, anatis ; and
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Drawing-room
rule, and ridjc), in asvisftop-ric,
rake is the same Goth, reiks, ruling, reiki,
/•'tedc-nck.]
Dram, dram, n. a contraction of Drachm ; ^fith of
an oz. avoirdupois : formerly, with apothecaries,
£th of an oz. : as much raw spirits as is drunk at
once. [Through Fr. and L., from Gr. drachmi,
(i) a small weight = 66 gr. ; (2) a coin = o|d.—
arassomai, to grasp , a handful, a pinch.]
Drama, dram'a or dra'ma, n. a representation of
actions in human life : a series of deeply inter
esting events : a composition intended to be
represented on the stage : dramatic literature.
[L.—Gr. drama, drautatos—draO, to do.J
Dramatic, dra-mat'ik, Dramatical, dra-mat'ik-al,
Oiij, belonging to the drama : appropriate to or
in the form of a drama.—adv. Dramat ically".
Dramatise, dram'a-tlz, v.t. to compose in or turn
into the form of a drama or play. [Gr. drama
tize. See Drama. ]
Dramatist, dram'a-tist, «. a writer of plays.
Drank, dran^k— tense of Drink.
Drape, drap, v.t. to cover with cloth. [Fr. drap,
cloth. From a Teut. root.]
Draper, driip'er, n. one who deals in drapery or
cloth. [Fr. drapier—drap.]
Drapery, drap'er-i, n. cloth goods: hangings of
any kind : {art) the representation of the uress
of human figures. [Fr. draperie—drap.]
Drastic, dras'lik, adj., active, powerful.—«. a
medicine that purges quickly or thoroughly.
[Gr. drastikos—drad, to act, to do.]
Draught, draft, «. act of drawing: force needed
to draw : the act of drinking : the quantity
drunk at a time: outline of a picture: that
which is taken in a net by drawing ; a chosen
detachment of men : a current of air : the depth
to which a ship sinks in the water.—v.t. more
commonly Draft, to draw out. [From A.S.
dragan, to draw. See Drag, v. and Draw.]
Draught, draft, Draught"house. «. [B.)a privy.
Draughts, drafts «. a game 111 which two per
sons make alternate moves (in O. E. draughts),
on a checkered board, called the Draught board,
with pieces called Draughts men.
Draughtsman, drafts man, n. See Draftsman.
Drave, drav, old pa.t. of Drive.
Draw, draw, v.t. to pull along: to bring forcibly
towards one : to entice : to inhale : to take out :
to deduce : to lengthen : to make a picture of,
by lines drawn : to describe : to require a depth
of water ior floating.—v.i. to pull: to practise
drawing: to move : to approach :—pa.t. drew
(droo; ; pa.p. drawn.—n. the act or drawing:
anything drawn, —adj. Draw'able.—To draw
on, to lead on : to ask or obtain payment by a
written bill or draft.—To draw up, to form in
regular order. [A later form of Drag.]
Drawback, draw'bak, n. a drawing or receiving
back some part of the duty on goods on their
exportation : any loss of advantage.
Drawbridge, draw'brij, «. a bridge that can be
drawn up or let down at pleasure.
Drawee, draw-e', n. the person on whom a bill of
exchange is drawn.
Drawer, draw er, «. he or that which draws: a
thin.; drawn out, like the sliding box in a case.—
pi. a close under-garment for the lower limbs.
Drawing, draw ing, «. the art of representing ob
jects by lines drawn, shading, &c. : a picture :
the distribution of prizes, as at a lottery.
Drawing-room, draw'ing-rGTjm, n. [orig.) a with
drawing room: a room to which the compai.y
withdraws after dinner : a reception of company
in it.
mate ; mute ; mGOn ; Men. 139
 Drawl Dromedary
Drawl, drawl, v.i. to speak in a slow, lengthened Dressing-case, dres'ing-kas, n. a case of articles
tone.—v.t. to utter words in a slow and sleepy used in dressing one's self.
manner.—«, a slow, lengthened utterance of the Dressy, dres'i, adj. showy in or fond of dress.
voice.—adv. Drawringly.—«. Drawllngness. Drew, drOU—did draw—pa.t. of Draw.
[Freq. of Draw. Doublet, Draggle. ] Dribble, drib'l, v.i. to fall in small drops: to drop
Draw-well, draw'-wel, «. a well from which water quickly : to slaver, as a child or an idiot.—v.t.
is drawn up by a bucket and apparatus. to let fall in drops.—«. Dribb'ler. [Dim. of
Dray, dra, n. a low strong cart for heavy goods, Drip. ] [a small quantity.
whichjs dragged or drawn, [A.S. draege, a Dribblet, Driblet, driblet, «. a very smalt drop:
drag, from dragan. See Drag, v.] Drift, drift, n. a heap of matter driven together,
Dread, dred, n.jear: awe : the objects that excite as snow : the direction in which a thing is
fear.—adj. exciting great fear or awe.—v.t. driven: the object aimed at: the meaning of
{Pr. Bk.\ to/ear with reverence : to regard with words used. —v.t. to drive into heaps, as snow.
terror. [A.S. on-drwdan, to fear; Ice. ontireda% —v.i. to be floated along: to be driven into
O. Ger. tratan, to be afraid.] heaps. [See Drive.]
Dreadful, dred'fool, adj. [prig.) full of dread : pro Driftloss, drifL'les, adj. without drift or aim.
ducing great fear or awe : terrible.—adv. Dread'- Driftwood, dnfl'wood, «., wooddri/tedhy water.
fully.—n. Dread'fillness. Drill, dril. v.t, to pierce through with a revolving
Dreadless, dred'lcs, adj. free from dread : in borer 'this implies tremor, and connects Drill
trepid.—adv. Dread lessly.—«. Dread less- with Thrill).—n. an instrument that bores.
ness. Drill, dril, v.t. to exercise, e.g. soldiers or pupils.
Dream, drCm, n. a train of thoughts and fancies —«. the exercising of soldiers. [Perh. Fr.
during sleep, a vision : something only imaginary. driile, a foot-soldier, from U. Ger. drigil, a
[A. S. dream means rejoicing, music; in M.E. servant. Sec Thrall.]
the two meanings of music, mirth, and of dream Drill, dril, n. a row or furrow to put seed into in
ing occur ; Dut. droom, Ger. trawn, a dream.] sowing. —v.t. to sow in rows. [W. rhill, a row.]
Dream, dr5m, v.i. to fancy things during sleep: Drilling, dril'ing, «. a coarse linen or cotton cloth,
to think idly. —v.t. to see in, or as in a dream: used for trousers. [Ger. drillich—L. trilix, made
—pa.t. and pa.p. dreamed' or dreamt (dremtj — of three threads, L. tres, and licium, a thread
n. Dream er —adv. Dream'ingly. of the warp.] [drilling holes in metals.
Dreamy, drem'i, adj. full of dreams: appropriate Drillpress. dril'pres, n. a press or machine for
to dreams : dreamlike.—«. Dreaminess. Drill-sergeant, dril'-saVjent, «. ^sergeant or non
Drear, drer, Dreary, dreVi, adj. gloomy : cheer commissioned officer who drills soldiers.
less.—adv. Dreamily.—n. Dreariness. [A.S. Drily. See Dry, adj.
dreorig, bloody—dreoran, to fall, become Drink, dringk, v.t. to swallow, as a liquid : to
weak ; Ger. traurig—trattern, to mourn.] take in through the senses.—v.i. to swallow a
Dredge, drej, «. an instrument for dragging : a liquid : to take intoxicating liquors to excess :—
dragnet for catching oysters, &c. : a machine for Pr.p. drink'ing; pa.t. drank; pa.p. drunk.—«.
taking up mud from a harbour or other water.— something to be drunk: intoxicating liquor.—
v.t. to gather with a dredge : to deepen with a adj. Drinkable, dringk'a-bl.—«. Drink'able-
dredge. [O. Fr. drege; from a TeuL root found ness.—//. Drinker, dringk'er, a tippler. [A.S.
in Dut. dragen, E. drag.] dntican; Ger. trhtken.\
Dredge, drej, v.t. to sprinkle flour on meat while Drink-offering, dringk'-ofer-ing, n. a Jewish
roasting.—«. Dredg'er, a utensil for dredging. offering ofwine, &c in their religious services.
[Fr. dragic, mixed grain for horses, through Drip, drip, v.i to fall in drops: to let fall drops.—
Prov. and II, from Gr. tragemata, dried fruits, v.t. to let fall in drops :—pr.fi. dripp'ing ; Pa.p.
things nice to cut—e-trag-on, aorist of tragi*, to dripped'.—«. a falling in drops : that which falls
eat.] in drops: the edge of a roof. [A.S. drypan.
Dredger, drej'er, «. one who fishes with a dredge. Drop and Drip are from the same root.]
a dredging-machine. Dripping, drip'ing, n. that which falls in drops,
Dreggy, dregl, adj. containing dregs: muddy: as fat trom meat in roasting.
foul.—ns. Dregginess, Dregg'lshness. Drive, driv, v.t. to force along : to hurry one on :
Dregs, dregz, n.pl. impurities in liquor that fall to to guide, as horses drawing a carriage.—v.i. to
the bottom, the grounds: dross: the vilest part press forward with violence : to be forced along :
of anything. [Ice. dregg—draga, to draw.] to go in a carriage : to tend towards a point :—
Drench, drensh, v.t. to fill with drink or liquid: Pr.fi. drlv'ing ; pa.t. drove ; fin.p. driv'en.—n.
to wet thoroughly : to physic by force.—n. a an excursion in a carriage : a road for driving
draught: a dose of physic forceddown the throat. on.—«. Driv'er. [A.S. dri/an, to drive; Ger.
[A.S. drencait, to give to drink, from drincan, treiben, to push.]
to drink. See Drink. Drivel, driv'l, v.i. to slaver or let spittle dribble,
Dress, dres, v.t. to put straight or in order: to like a child : to be foolish : to speak like an
put clothes upon : to prepare : to cook : to idiot '.—pr.p. driv'elling; Pa.p. driv elled.—«.
trim: to deck: to cleanse a sore.—v.i. to slaver: nonsense.— n. DriV'eiler, a fool. [A
arrange in a line : to put on clothes.—pa.t. and form of Dribble.]
pa.p. dressed' or dresL—n. the covering or orna Drizzle, driz'l, v.i. to rain in small drops.—«. a
ment of the body : a lady's gown : style of I small, light rain.—adj. Drizzly. [Freq. of
dress. [Fr. dresser, to make straight, to pre M.E. dreoscn, A.S. dreosan, to fall.]
pare, from L. dirigo, directum, to direct.] Droll, drOl, adj. odd: amusing: laughable.—«.
Dresser, dres'er, n. one who dresses : a table on one who excites mirth: a jester. —v.i. to prac
which meat is dressed or prepared for use. tise drollery : to jest.—adj. Droll'lsh, some
Dressing, dres'ing, «., dress or clothes : manure what droll.—//. Droll'ery. [Fr. drdle; from
^iven to land : matter used to give stiffness and the Teut., as in Dut. and Ger. drollig, funny.]
gloss to cloth : the bandage, etc applied to a I Dromedary, drum'c-dar-i. n. the Arabian c.iinel,
sore : an ornamental moulding. which has one hump on its back ; so named from
110 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; //ten.
 Drone Dub
its speed. [Low I*. dromedarius, from Gr. [Fr. drogue, from Dut. droog, dry; as if applied
dramas, dromados, running—root drem, to run.] orig. to dried herbs. See Dry.]
Drone, drOn, «. the male of the honey-bee : one Drugget, drug'et, ft. a coarse woollen cloth, used
who lives on the labour of others, like the drone- as a protection for carpets. [Fr. droguet, dim.
bee ; a lazy, idle fellow. [A S. dran, the bee ; of drogue, drug, trash.]
Dut. and Ger. drone, Sans, druna, Gr. an- Druggist, druglst, n. one who deals in drugs.
threne, Dan. drone, din, a rumbling noise.] Druid, dro~o'id, n. a priest among the ancient
Drone, drun, v.i. to make a low humming sound. Celts of Britain, Gaul, and Germany, who wor
Drone, drOn, n. the largest tube of the bagpipe. shipped under oak-trees.—-fern. Dnildeafi.—adj.
[From the sound.] Druid leal. [Gael, druidh, W. denoydd;
Dronish. drun ish, adj. like a drone: lazy, idle. — Littre accepts the ety. from Celt, dent', an oak,
adv. Dron'ishly.—u. Dron ishness. which is from the same root asGr. drys, an oak.]
Droop, dro~Op, v.i. to sink or hang down : to grow Druidism, dro~5'id-izm, n. the doctrines which the
weak or faint : to decline. [A form of Drop.] Druids taught : the ceremonies they practised.
Drop, drop, «. a small particle of liquid which Drum, drum, n. a cylindrical musical instrument :
falls at one time : a very small quantity of anything shaped like a drum : the tympanum or
liquid : anything hanging like a drop : anything middle portion of the ear : (arch.) the upright
arranged to drop.—«. Droplet, a little drop. pan of a cupola: [mech.) a revolving cylinder.
[A.S. dropa, a drop; Dut. drop.] [Perh. E. ; from a Teut. root found in Dut.
Drop, drop, v.i. to fall in small particles : to let trom, Ger. trommel, a drum ; an imitative word.]
drops fall : to fall suddenly : to come to an Drum, drum, n. formerly a large and tumultuous
end : to fall or sink lower.—v.t. to let fall in evening-party. [Said to be so called, because
drops : to let fall : to let go, or dismiss : to utter rival hostesses vied with each other in beating
casually : to lower —pr.p. dropp'ing ; Pa.p. up crowds of guests.]
dropped'. [A.S. dropian—-dropa ; Ger. trvp/en, Drum, drum, v.i. to beat a drum: to beat with
akin to trie/en, to drop, to trickle.] the fingers,—v.t. to drum out, to expel :—pr.p.
Dropsical, drop'sik-al, adj. pertaining to, resem drumming; pa.p. drummed'.—«. Drummer.
bling, or affected with dropsy. —«. Drop'sical- Drumhead, drum lied, «. the head of a drum: the
ness. top part of a capstan.
Dropsy, drop'si, 7t. an unnatural collection of Drum-major, drum'-ma'jer, u. the majar or chief
water in any part of the body. [Corr. from drummer of a regiment. [the drum is beat.
hydropsy—Fr. hydropisie—L. hydropisis—Gr. Drumstick, drumstik, n. the stick with which
hydrops—hyddr, water.] Drunk, drungk, pa.p. of Drink.
Drosky, droslti. «. a low four-wheeled open Drunk, drungk, adj. intoxicated : saturated.
carriage, much used in Russia. [Russ. drojki.] Drunkard, drungk'ard, «. one who frequently
Dross, dros, «. the scum which metals throw off drinks to excess.
when melting : waste matter : refuse : rust. Drunken, drungk'n, adj. given to excessive drink
[A.S. dros, from dreosan, to fall; Ger. druse, ing : resulting from intoxication.
ore decayed by the weather.] Drunkenness, drungk'n-nes, n. excessive drink
Drossy, dros'i, adj. like dross: impure: worth ing, intoxication : habitual intemperance.
ier—». Drosslness. Drupaceous, drOcV-pa'shus adj. producing or per
Drought, drowt, «., dryness ; want of rain or of taining to drupes or stone-fruits.
water: thirst. [A.S. drugoth, dryness—dryge.] Drupe, dro~op, «. a fleshy fruit containing a stone,
Droughty, drowt'i, adj. full of drought ; very as the plum, &c. [Fr.—L. drupa—Gr. druppa,
dry: wanting rain, thirsty. —n. Drought iness. an over-ripe olive, from drys, a tree, and pepto,
Drouth, drowth, n. Same as Drought. to cook, to ripen.]
Drove, drOv. pa.t. of Drive. [animals, driven. Dry, drl, adj. free from moisture : deficient in
Drove, drOv, «. a number of cattle, or other moisture : without sap : not green : not giving
Drover, drov'er, n. one who drives cattle. milk : thirsty : uninteresting : frigid, precise.—
Drown, drown, v.t. to drench or sink in water: adv. Dryly or Drily.—n. Dryness. [A.S.
to kill by placing under water : to overpower : dryge; Dut. droog, cf. Ger. trocken.]
to extinguish, —v.i. to be suffocated in water. Dry. drl, v.t. to tree Irom water or moisture: to
[A.S. druncnian, to drown—dntneen, pa.p. of exhaust.—v.i. to become dry : to become free
drincen. to drink. See Drench.] from juice : to evaporate entirely :—P*".p. dry
Drowse, drowz, v.i. to nod the head, as when ing ; pa.p. dried'.—n. Dri'er.
heavy with sleep : to look heavy and dull.—v.t. Dryad, drl'ad, «. {Greek myth.) a nymph of the
to make heavy with sleep: to stupefy. [A.S. woods. [Gr. dryades, pi., from drys, a tree.]
drusian, to be sluggish ; Dut. droosen, to fall Dry-goods, drT'-goodz, n.pl. drapery, &c. as dis
asleep.] [Drowsily.—/*. Drowsiness. tinguished from groceries.
Drowsy, drowz'i, adj., sleepy, heavy : dull.—adv. Dry-nurse, drl'-nurs, «. a nurse who feeds a child
Drub, drub, v.t. to strike: to beat or thrash:— •without milk from the breast.
Pr.p. drubb'ing ; Pa.p. drubbed'. —«. a blow. Dry-rot, drl'-rot, «. a decay of timber, caused by
fProv. E. drab, from A.S. drepan ; Ice. drep.\ fungi which reduce it to a dry, brittle mass.
Drudge, dnij, v.i. to work hard : to do very mean Drysalter, dri-sawlt'er, «. a dealer in salted or dry
work. —n. one who works hard: a slave: a meats, pickles, &c.: or in gums, dyes, drugs, &c.
menial servant, —adv. Drudgingly. [Perh. Drysaltery, drl-sawltor-i, «. the articles kept by
Celt, as in Ir. drugaire, a drudge.] a drysalter: the business of a drysalter.
Drudgery, druj'er-i, n. the woric of a drudge: Dual, du'al, adj. consisting of two. [L., from
hard or humble labour. duo, two.] [one good, the other evil.
Drug, drug, n. any substance used in medicine, Dualism, du'al-izm, n. the doctrine of two gods,
or in dyeing: an article that sells slowly, like Dualist, dfial-ist, n. a believer in dualism.
medicines.—v.t. to mix or season with drugs : to Duality, du-al it-i, doubleness : state of being
dose to excess.—v.i. to prescribe drugs or double.
medicines :—pr.p. drugging ; P<i-P- drugged'. Dub, dub, v.t. to confer knighthood by striking
fate, far ; me, her ; mTne ; mote ; mute ; mODn ; Men. til
 Dubiety
the shoulder with a sword : to confer any
dignity :—pr.p. dubb'ing ; pa.p. dubbed', [From
a Teut. root, seen in A.S. dubban, Ice. dubba, to
strike : akin to Dab. J
Dubiety, du-bfe-ti, n. doubtfulness.
Dubious, dii'bi-us, adj., doubtful: undetermined :
causing doubt : of uncertain event or issue.—
a<i7>. Dubiously.—n. DuTriousness. [L. ductus,
from Ac, two. See Doubt.] [dom.
Ducal, diik'al, adj. pertaining to a duke or duke-
Ducat, duk'at, n. [orig. ) a coin struck by a duke :
a coin worth, when silver, 4s. 6d. ; when gold,
twice as much. [Fr. ducat—It. ducato—Low L.
ducaths, a duchy—dux, a leader. See Duke.J
Duchess, duch'es, «. the consort or widow of a
duke ; a lady who possesses a duchy in her own
right. [Fr. duchesse—due—L. dux, a leader.]
Duchy, duch'i, «. the territory of a duke, a duke
dom. [Fr. duchi—due]
Duck, duk, «. a kind of coarse cloth for small
sails, sacking, &c. [Dut. dock, linen cloth ;
Ger. tuck.)
Duck, duk, v.t. to dip for a moment in water. —
v.i. to dip or dive : to lower the head suddenly.
—n. a well-known water-bird, so named from its
ducking or dipping its head : a dipping or stoop
ing of the head : a pet, darling. [E. ; from a
root found also in Low Ger. ducken, Dut.
duiken, to stoop ; Ger. taucheti, to dip, tauch-ente,
the duck. Dip, Dive, Dove, are parallel forms.]
Ducklng-BtOOl. duk'ing-sto"Ol, «. a stool or chair
in which scolds were formerly tied and ducked
in the water as a punishment.
Duckling, duk'ling, «. a young duck.
Duct, dukt, «. a tube conveying fluids in animal
bodies or plants. [L. ductus—duco, to lead.]
Ductile, duVtil, adj. easily led : yielding : cap
able of being drawn out into wires or threads.
[L. dueMix—duco, ductus, to lead.]
Ductility, duk-til i-ti, n. capacity of being drawn
out without breaking.] [dygen, anger.]
Dudgeon, duj'un, ». resentment: grudge. [W.
Dudgeon, duj'un, «. the haft of a dagger: a small
dagger. [Ety. unknown.]
Due, du, adj., owed; that ought to be paid or
done to another : proper : appointed.—adv.
exactly : directly.—«. that which is owed : what
one has a right to : perquisite : fee or tribute.
[Fr. dii, pa.p. of devoir, L. debeo, to owe.]
Duel, du'el, k. a combat between two persons :
single combat to decide a quarrel.—v.i. to tight
in single combat :—/r./. du'elling ; pa.p. du elled.
—«. Du'eller or Du'ellist. [It. duello, from
L. duellum, the orig. form ofbellum—duo, two.]
Duelling, dQ'el-ing, n. righting in a duel; the
practice of fighting in single combat.
Duenna, du-en'a, «. an old lady who acts as
guardian to a younger. [Sp., a form of Donna.]
Duet, di~i-et'f Duetto, du-et'o, n. a piece of music
for two. [it. duetto—L. duo, two.]
Duffel, dufl, n. a thick, coarse woollen cloth,
with a nap. [Prob. from Duffel, a town in
Belgium.]
Dug, dug, n. the nipple of the pap, csp. applied to
that of a cow or other beast. [Cf. Sw. dagga,
Dan. dagge, to suckle a child. See Dairy.]
Dug, dug, pa.t. and pa.p. of Dig.
Dugong, du-gong', «. alrind of herb-eating whale,
from 8 to ao feet long, found in Indian seas.
The fable of the mermaid is said to be founded
on this animal. [Malayan ddydng.]
Duke, duk, n. {lit.) a leader, {£}.) a chieftain : the
highest order of nobility next below the Prince
of Wales : {on tile continent) a sovereign prince.
142 file, far ; mg, her ; mine ;
Dung
[Fr. due—L. dux, ducts, a leader—duco, to
lead; akin to A.S. teokan (see TOW), Ger.
ziehen, to draw or lead; A.S. hcreto^a, army-
leader, Ger. herzog. now = K. duke.]
Dukedom, dtik'dum, //. the title, rank, or ter
ritories of a duke. [Duke, and A.S. dom,
dominion.]
Dulcet, duls'et, adj., sweet to the taste, or to the
car : melodious, harmonious. [Old Fr. dolcet,
dim. of dois — doux—L. dulcis, sweet.]
DulCiflUOUS, dul-sif'loo-us, adj., flowing sivecily.
[L. dulcis, and flno, to flow.]
Dulcimer, dul'si-mer, w. a musical instrument
played by striking brass wires with small rods:
a Jewish musical instrument, acc. to Gesenius,
a double pipe with a bag. [Sp. dulcemele—V,.
dulce rtielos, a sweet song—dulcis, sweet ; melos
— Gr. mefos, a song. ]
Dull, dul, adj. slow of hearing, of learning, or of
understanding : insensible : without life or
spirit : slow of motion : drowsy : sleepy : sad :
downcast : cheerless : not bright or clear :
cloudy : dim, obscure : obtuse : blunt.—adv.
Dully.—«. Dull'nesB or Dul'ness. [A.S. dwal,
dol—dwelatt, to lead astray ; Dut. dol, mad—
do/en, to wander, to rave ; Ger. toll, mad.]
Dull, dul, v.t. to make dull: to make stupid : to
blunt : to damp : to cloud.—v.i. to become dull.
Dullard, dul'ard, n. a dull and stupid person : a
dunce. [weak sight
Dull-Sighted, dul'-stt'ed, adj. having dull or
Dull-WJtted, dul'-wit'ed, atij. not smart : heavy.
Duly, du'li, adv. properly: fitly: at the proper
time.
Dumb, dum, adj. without the power of speech :
silent : soundless. - n. Dumb'ness. [A. S. dumb;
Ger. dumm, stupid. Dut. dom.]
Dumb-bells, dum'-belz, n.pl. weights swung in
the hands for exercise. [pantomime.
Dumb-shOW, dum' shu, «. gesture without words'
Dumfound, dumfownd, v.t. to strike dumb: to
confuse greatly.
Duniiny, duin'i. n. one who is dumb ; a sham
package in a shop : the fourth or exposed hand
when three persons play at whist.
Dumpish, dumpish, adj. given to dumps: de-
Eressed in spirits.—adv. Dump'ishly.—n.
nmp'ishness.
Dumpling, dunip'ling, «. a kind of thick pudding
or mass of paste. [Dim. of dump, in Dumpy.]
Dumps, dumps, n.pl. dullness or gloominess of
mind : ill-humour. [From a Teut. root, seen in
Sw. dntnpin, Ger. dump/, gloomy, E. Damp.]
Dumpy, dump'i, adj. short and thick. [From
a prov. form dump, a clumsy piece. ]
Dun, dun, adj. of a dark colour, partly brown
and bl;ick. [A.S. dun—W. dwn, dusky, Gael.
don, brown.]
Dun, dun, v.t. to demand a debt with din or
noise: to urge for payment '.—pr.p. dunn'ing ;
Pa.p. dunned'.—«. one who duns: a demand
for payment. [A S. dynnan, Ice. dy/tia, to
make a noise, to clamour.]
Dunce, duns. n. one slow at learning : a stupid
person.—adjs. Dunc'ish, Dunce'like. [Duns
(Scotus,, the leader of the schoolmen, from him
called Dunses, who opposed classic.il studies on
the revival ^f learning ; hence any opposer of
learning. Duns Scotus was a native of Duns
in Berwickshire, or of DunsLon in Northum
berland, whence his name.]
Dune, dun, «. a low hill of sand on the sea
shore. [An earlier form of Down, a hill.]
Dung, dung, «. the excrement of animals : refuse
mOte ; mute ; moon ; then.
 Dungeon Dynamic
litter mixed with excrement.—v.t. to manure dark or black.—adv. DusklShly.—n. Dusk'-
with dung. — v.i, to void excrement. — adj. lshness.
Dung'y. [A.S. dung ; Ger. dung, dunger.] Dusky, dusk'i, adj. partially dark or obscure :
Dungeon, dun'jun, n. [orig. ) the principal tower of dark-coloured : sad ; gloomy.—adv. Duskily.
a castle : a close, dark prison : a cell under —n. Duskiness.
ground. [A doublet of Donjon.] Dust, dust, «. fine particles of anything like
Dunghill, dung nil, n. a hill or heap of dung: smoke or vapour: powder : earth : the grave,
any mean situation. where the body becomes dust : a mean condi
Dunlin, dun lin, n. a kind of sandpiper, so called tion.—v.t. to free from dust : to sprimtle with
lrom its frequenting the dunes and pools by the dust. [A.S. dust ; Ger. dunst, vapour.]
seaside. [Gael, dun, hill, and Untie, a pool.] Duster, dust'er, n. a cloth or brush tor removing
Dunnlsh, dun'ish, adj. somewhat dun. dust.
Duo, dQ'o, n. a song in two parts. [L. duo, two.] Dusty, dustl, adj. covered or sprinkled with
Duodecennlal, dQ-o-de-senl-al, adj. occurring I dust: like dust.—«. Dustiness.
every twelve years. [L. duodecim, twelve, and Dutch, duch, adj. belonging to Holland, or its
annus, a year.] people—in old writers rather applied to the
Duodecimal, du-o-des'i-mal, adj. computed by Germans. [Ger. deutsch {lit.) belonging to the
twelves: twelfth.—//. a rule of arithmetic in People—O. Ger. diut-isk, of which -isk = the
which the denominations rise by twelve. (L. F. suffix -isk, and diut ■= A.S. theod, Goth.
duodecim, twelve—duo, two, and decern, ten.] t/iiuda, a nation. See Teutonic]
Duodecimo, du-o-desl-mo, adj. formed of sheets Duteous, dii'te-us, adj. devoted to duty : obedient.
folded so as to make twelve leaves. —n. a book —adv. Du'teously.—«. Du'teousness.
of such sheets—usually written ismo. Dutiful, du'ti-fool, a/lj. attentive to duty: respect
Duodecuple, du-c-dck'u-pl, adj., twelvefold : con ful : expressive of a sense of duty.—adv.
sisting of twelve. [L. duodecim, plico, to fold.] Du'tlfully.—«. Du'tifulness.
Duodenum, du-o-d6'num, «. the first portion of Duty, du'ti, n. that which is due : what one is
the small intestines, so called because about bound by any obligation to do : obedience : mili
twelve fingers' breadth in length, —adj. DU0- tary service : respect or regard : one's proper busi
de'naL [L. duodeni, twelve each.] ness : tax on goods. [Formed from O. Fr. deu
Dup, dup, v.t. (pbs.) to undo a door. [From Do ox due (mod. Fr. dn), and suffix -ty. Sec Due.J
and Up. Cf. Don and Doff. ; Duumvirate, du-um'vi-rat, n. the union of two
Dupe, dup, n. one easily cheated: one who is men in the same office : a form of government in
deceived or misled.—v.t. to deceive: to trick. — ancient Rome. [I* duo, two, and vir, a man.]
adj. Dup able. [Fr. dupe ; of uncertain origin.] Dwale, dwal, n. [bat.) deadly nightshade, which
Duple, du'pl, adj., double: twofold. [L. duplex, poisons, dulls, or stupefies: {her.) a black
duplicis, twofold, from duo, two, aud plico, to colour. [A. S. dwala, eiror, hence stupefaction,
fold. Cf. Complex.] from dwal or dot. See Dull and Dwell.]
Duplicate, ilQ'plik-at, adj., double: twofold.—«. Dwarf, dwawrf, n, an animal or plant that does
another thing of the same kind : a copy or not reach the ordinary height : a diminutive
transcript.—v.t. to double : to fold.—n, DupU- man. —v.t. to hinder from growing. [A. S.
ca tion. [L. duplico, duplicatus—duplex.] dweorg— Dut. and Scand. dwerg, Ger. zwerg.]
Duplicity, du-plislt-i, «., doubleness: insincerity Dwarfish, dwawrfish, adj. like a dwarf : very
oi heart or speech : deceit. [L. duplicitas— small : despicable. —adv. Dwarf'ishly.—n.
duplex.] Dwarf'ishness.
Durability, dur-a-billt-i, n. quality of being dur Dwell, dwel, v.i. to abide in a place : to inhabit :
able ■' power of resisting decay. to rest the attention : to continue long :—Pr.p.
Durable, dfir'a-bl, adj. ableDur'ably.
hardy: permanent.—adv. to last or—n.endure
DUTy-: «. dwelling ; pa.t. and pa.p. dwelled' or dwelt.—
Dwell er. [A.S. dwelan, to cause to wander,
ableness [L. durabilis—duro, to last.] to delay, from dwal or dol, the original form of
Durance, dGr'ans, «., continuance: imprisonment : £. Dull.] [habitation : continuance.
duress. [L. durans, pr.p. of dure] Dwelling, dwel'ing, «. the place where one dwells :
Duration, dfl-ra'shun, «., continuance in time: Dwindle, dwin'dl, v.i. to grow less : to grow
time indefinitely : power of continuance. [L. feeble : to become degenerate. —v.t. to lessen.
duratus, pa. p. of duro.] [Dim. of dwine, from A.S. dwinan, to fade =
Durbar, dur'bar, «. an audience-chamber : a re Ice. dvina, Dan. tviue, to pine away ; akin to
ception or levee, esp. a reception of native A.S. swindan, Ger. schwinden. See Swoon. J
pnnces held by the Viceroy of India. [Pers. Dye, dl, v.t. to stain : to give a new colour to :—
dar-bar, a prince's court, {lit.) a. door of admit pr.p. dyeing ; pa.p. dyed'.—n. colour : tinge :
tance.] [Fr. durer—L. duro—durus, hard.] stain: a colouring liquid. [A.S. deagan, to
Dure, dur, v.i. {obs.) to endure, last, or continue. dye, from deag or deah, colour.] [cloth, itc.
Duress, dur'es or dur*es', «. constraint : imprison Dyeing, dllng, «. the art or trade of colouring
ment : (A*, law) the plea ofcompulsion by one who Dyer, di'er, «. one whose trade is to dye cloth, &c.
has failed in an obligation or committed a crime. Dyestuffs, di'stufs, n.pl. material used in dyeing.
[O- Fr. duresce—L. duritia—durus, hard.] Dying, dtlng, pr.p. of Die.—adj. destined tor
During, dur ing, prep, for the time a thing lasts. death, mortal : occurring immediately before
[Orig. pr.p. of obs. Dure, to last.] I death, as dying words: supporting a dying
Durst, durst, pa.t. of Dare, to venture. [A.S. . person, as a dying bed : pertaining to death.—
darste. pa.t. oi dear, to dare.] h, death. [See Die. v.\
Dusk, dusk, adj. darkish : of a dark colour.—n. Dyke. Same as Dike.
twilight : partial darkness : darkness of colour. Dynamic, di-namlk, Dynamical, di-namlk-al,
—adv. Duskly.—u. Dusk'ness. [From an adj. relating to force: relating to the effects of
older form of A.S. deorc, whence E. Dark ; cf. forces in nature.—adv. Dynamically. [Gr.
Sw. dusk, dull weather.] dynamikos—dynamis, power—dytuimai, to be
Duaklsh, dusk'ish, adj. rather dusky: slightly able.]
late, tar ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mate ; mOOn ; then. 143
 Dynamics Easterling
Dynamics, di-nam'iks, n.siug. the science which termined : eager to obtain : intent : sincere.
investigates the action of force. —«. seriousness : reality.—adv. Earnestly.—
Dynamite, din'a-mlt, «. a powerful explosive n. Ear'nestness. [A.S. eornest, seriousness ;
agent, consisting of absorbent matter, as porous Dut. er/tst, Ger. emst, ardour, zeal.]
silica, saturated with nitro-glycerine. [Gr. Earnest, er'nest, ». money given in token of a
dynatnis.] bargain made : a pledge : first-fruits. [W.
Dynamometer, din-am-om'e-ter, n. an instrument ernes, an earnest, pledge-money, akin to Gael.
for measuring' effort exerted, csp. the work done earlas, whence Scot, arlcs. Perh. like Gr.
by a tfnachine. [Gr. dynamis, power, and arrabon and L. arrha, from Heb. %erabon.'\
ruetron, a measure.] Earnings, er'ningz, n.pl. what one has earned:
Dynasty, din'as-ti or dT'nas-ti, «. a succession of money saved.
kings of the same family.—adj. Dynas tic, Ire- Earshot. eVshot, «. hearing-distance.
longing to a dynasty. [Gr. dynasteia—dyHas Earth, crth, n. the matter on the surface of the
tes, a lord—dynamai, to be able.] globe : soil : dry land, as opposed to sea : the
Dysentery, dis en-ter-i, «. a disease of the entrails world : the people of this world. [A.S. corthe ;
or bowels, attended with pain and a discharge Ger. erde ; allied to Gr. era.]
of mucus and blood.—adj. Dysenter'ic. (Gr. Earth, crth, v.t. to hide or cause to hide in the
dysenteria, from dys, ill, entera, the entrails.] earth: to bury.—v.i. to burrow.
Dyspepsy, dis-pep'si, Dispepsia, dis-pep'si-n, «., Earthborn, ertnbawrn, adj., bom from the earth.
difficult digestion : indigestion. [Gr. dyspepsia Earthbound, erth'bownd, adj., bound or held
—dys, hard, difficult, andPessd, ptpso, to digest.] by the earth, as a tree.
Dyspeptic, dis-pep'tik, adj. afflicted with, per Earthen, crth'n, atij. made of earth or clay :
taining to, or arising from indigestion.—n. a earthly : frail.—n. Earth enware, crockery.
person afflicted with dyspepsy. Earthflax, erth'flaks, u. asbestos.
Earthling, erth'hng, n. a dweller on the earth.
Earthly, enh'li, adj. belonging to the earth:
E vile : worldly.—«. EarthTiness.
Earthly-minded, crth'li-inlnd'ed, adj. having the
Each, ech, adj., every one in any number separ mind intent on earthly things.
ately considered. [A.S. ale ~ A-ge-lic, from Earthnut, crth'nut, n. the popular name of
a (= aye), prefix ge, and lie, like, i.e. aye-like.] certain tuberous roots growing underground.
Eager, e'ger, adj. excited by desire : ardent to Earthquake, erth'kwak, «. a quaking or shaking
do or obtain : earnest.—adv. Eagerly. —it. of the earth : a heaving of the ground.
Eag'erness. [M. E. egre—Yr. aigre, from L. Earthward, erth'waid, adv., toward the earth.
acer, acrii, sharp—root ak, sharp. See Acrid. J Earthwork, erth'wurk, «. the removing of earth
Eagle, e'gl, n. a large bird of prey: a military in making railways, &c. : a fortification of earth.
standard, carrying the figure of an eagle : a gold Earthworm, crth'wurm, «. the common worm :
coin of the United States, worth ten dollars. a mean, niggardly person.
[Fr. aigle, from L. aquila, from root ac, sharp, Earthy, erthi, adj. consisting of, relating to, or
swift. ] [discerning. resembling earth : inhabiting the earth : gross :
Eagle-eyed, 5'gl-ld, adj. having a piercing eye : unrefined.—«. Earth'iness. {hearing.
Eaglet, e'glet, «. a young or small eagle. Ear-trumpet, eV-trumpet, «. a tube to aid in
Eagre, e'ger, «. rise of the tide in a river; same Earwax, er'waks, «. a waxy substance secreted
as Bore. (A.S. egor, water, sea.] by the glands of the ear into the outer passage.
Ear, fir, «. a spike, as of corn.—v.i. to put forth Earwig, er'wig, n. a common insect with forceps
cars, as corn. [A.S. ear; Ger. fibre.] at its tail, incorrectly supposed to creep into the
Ear, er, 7>.t. {obs.) to plough or till. [A.S. erian; brain through the car: one who gains the car
L. aro, Gr- arod—root ar, to plough.] of another by stealth for a bad end. [A.S. eor-
Ear, er, «. the organ of hearing or the external wicga; eor being E. Ear, and wicga, from
part merely : the sense or power of hearing : the wegan, to carry, akin to L. ve/to.\
faculty of distinguishing sounds : attention : Ear-Witness, eV-wit'nes, «. a witness that can
anything like an ear.—adjs. Eared', having testify from his own hearing: one who hears a
ears; Earless, wanting ears. [A.S. eare; L. thing.
auris, Ger. ohr.] Ease, cz, n. freedom from pain or disturbance :
Earache, er'iik, «. an ache or pain in the ear. rest from work : quiet : freedom from difficulty :
Eardrop, er'drop, Earring, cVring, «. a ring or naturalness. [Fr. aise ; same as It. agio.]
ornament drooping or hanging from the ear. Ease, ez, v.t. to free from pain, trouble, or
Eardrum, er'drum, «. the drum or middle cavity anxiety : to relieve : to calm.
of the ear. [See Tympanum.] Easel, eVl, n. the frame on which painters sup
Earing, ei^ing, «. [obs.) ploughing. port their pictures while painting. [Dut. czel,
Earl, crl, n. an English nobleman ranking between or Ger. esel, an ass, dim. of stem as. See AflS.J
a marquis and a viscount, —/em. Count'OSS. Easement, ez'ment, «. relief : assistance : support.
[A.S. eorl, a warrior, hero ; Ice. jarl.} East, est, «. that part of the heavens where the
Earldom, erl'dum, «. the dominion or dignity of sun first shines or rises : one of the four cardinal
an earl. [Earl, and A.S. dotn, power.] points of the compass : the countries to the east
Early, er'li, adj. in good season : at or near the of Europe.—adj. toward the rising of the sun.
beginning of the day.—adv. soon.—«. Ear'- [A.S. east ; Ger. ost ; akin to Gr. ids, the dawn ;
llness. [A.S. arlice—ar, before.] Sans, uslias, the dawn—ush, to burn.J
Earmark, er'mitrk, n. a mark on a sheep's ear. Easter, est'er, n. a Christian festival commemor
Earn, ern, v.t. to gain by labour: to acquire : to ating the resurrection of Christ, held on the
deserve. [A.S. eamian, to earn ; cog, with Sunday after Good-Friday. [A.S. Easior, from
O. Ger. arin, to reap; Ger. emte ; Goth, asans, Eastre, a goddess whose festival was held in
harvest]. April.]
Earnest, er'nest, adj. shewing strong desire : de- Easterllng, est'er-ling, n. a native of a country
fate, far ; mfi, her ; mine ; mOtc ; mate ; m<30n ; then.
 Easterly
lying to the east of us, esp. a trader from the
shores of the Baltic. [See Sterling.]
Easterly, est'er-H, adj. coming from the eastward:
looking toward the east. —adv. on the east:
toward the east.
Eastern, est'ern, adj. toward the east : connected
with the East: dwelling in the East.
Eastward, est'ward. adv. toward the east.
Easy, ez'i, adj. at ease : free from pain : tranquil :
unconstrained : giving ease : not difficult :
yielding : not straitened.—adv. Easily.—n.
Easiness.
Eat, fit, v.t. to chew and swallow: to consume :
to corrode.—v.i. to take food :—Pr.p. eat'ing;
Pa.t. ate (at or et) ; pa.p. eaten (6t'n) or {pbs.)
eat (ct).—n. Eat'er. [A.S. etan; Ger. essett,
L. edo, esse, Gr. edd, Sans, ad, to eat. ]
Eatable, et'a-bl, adj. fit to be eaten.—«. anything
used as food.
Eaves, evz, n.pl. the edge of the roof projecting
over the wall. (A.S. e/ese, the dipt edge of
thatch.]
Eavesdrop, ev/drop, «. the water which falls in
drops from the eaves of a house. —v.i. to stand
under the eaves or near the windows of'a house
to listen.—«. Eaves'dropper, one who thus
listens : one whq tries to overhear private con
versation.
Ebb, eb. n. the going back or retiring of the tide :
a decline or decay. —v.i. to flow back. : to sink :
to decay. [A. S. ebba ; Ger. ebbe, from the same
root a* even.]
Ebb-tide, eb'-tld, n. the ebbing or retiring tide.
Ebon, eb'on, adj. made of ebony; black as ebony.
Ebony, eb'on-i, n. a kind of wood almost as heavy
and hard as stone, usually black, admitting of
a fine polish. [Fr. ebine—L. ebeuus—Gr. ebenos,
from Heb. kobnim, pi. of kobni, obni—eben, a
stone.]
Ebriety, e-brre-ti, n., drunkenness. [Fr. ibrieii—
L. ebrietas, from ebrius, drunk.]
Ebullient, e-bul'yent, adj., boiling up or over.
(L. ebulliens, -eittis—e, out, and bullio, to boil.]
Ebullition, eb-ul-lish'un, «. act of boiling: agita
tion : a display of feeling : an outbreak.
Ecartc, a-kar'ta, n. a game at cards played by
two. in which the cards may be discarded or
exchanged for others. [Fr.—e, out, carte, a
card. See Card.]
Eccentric, ek-scn'trik,Eocentrlcal,ek-sen'trik-aI,
adj. departingfrom the centre: not having the
same centre as. another, said of circles : out of
the usual course : not conforming to common
rules: odd.—adv. Eocen'trically. [Gr. ek, out
of, and kentron, the centre. Sec Centre.]
Eccentric, ek-sen'trik, n. a circle not having the
same centre as another : {meek.) a wheel having
its axis out of the centre.
Eccentricity, ek-sen-tris'it-i, n. the distance of
the centre of a planet's orbitfrom the centre of
the sun : singularity of conduct : oddness.
Ecclesiastes, ek-klfi-zi-as tez, n. one of the books
of the Old Testament. [Gr., lit. a preacher.]
Ecclesiastic, ek-kle-zi-as'tik, Ecclesiastical, ek-
klfi-zi-as'tik-al, adj. belonging to the church.—
n. Ecclesias'tlC, one consecrated to the church,
a priest, a clergyman. [Low L.—Gr'. ekklisias-
tikos, from ekklesia, an assembly called out, the
church—ek, out, andkaled, to call*]
Ecclesiasticus. ek-klg-zi-as'tik-us, n. a book of
the Apocrypha. [L. —Gr., lit. a preacher.]
Ecclesiology. ek-kl£-zi-ol'o-ji, «. the science of
building and decorating ckurckes. [Gr. ekklisia,
a church, logos, a discourse.]
j fete, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Edda
Echo, ek'u, n.—pi. Echoes, ek'uz, the repetition
of a sound from some object. —v.i. to reflect
sound : to be sounded back: to resound.—v.t.
to send back the sound of : to repeat a thing
said :—Pr.p. ech'oing ; Pa.p. ech'oed. [L. echo
—Gr. echd, a sound.]
Eclalrcissement, ek-Iar'sis-mong, n. the act of
clearing up anything : explanation. [Fr.—
iclaircir, pr.p. iclaircissant, from i exy
out, and clair—L. clarus, clear.]
Eclat, e-kla', n. a striking effect : applause :
splendour. [Fr. iclat, from O. Fr. esclater, 10
break, to shine ; from the Teut. root of Ger.
schieissett, to break; cog. with E. slit.]
Eclectic, ek-lek'tik, adj., electing or choosing out :
picking out.—«. one who selects opinions from
different systems.—adv. Eclec'tically. [Gr.
ekUktikos—ek, out, legd, to choose-]
Eclecticism, ek-lek'ti-sizm, «. the practice of an
eclectic : the doctrine of the Eclectics, certain
philosophers who profess to choose from all
systems the parts they think true.
Eclipse, e-klips', «. the interception of the li^ht
of one celestial body by another : loss of bril
liancy : darkness.—v.t. to hide a luminous body
wholly or in part : to darken : to throw into the
shade, surpass. [Fr.—L. eclipsis—Gr. ekleipsis
—ekleip$t to fail—ek, out, leipd, to leave.]
Ecliptic, e-klip'tik, «. the line in which eclipses
take place, the apparent path of the sun round
the earth : a great circle on the globe corre
sponding to the celestial ecliptic —ndj. pertain
ing to the ecliptic. [Gr. ekleiptikos.]
Eclogue, ek'log, n. a pastoral poem. [L. ecloga—
Gr. eklogt, a selection, esp. of poems—ek, and
legd, to choose. See Eclectic]
Economic, ek-o-nom'ik. Economical, ek-o-nom'-
ik-al, atij. pertaining to economy : frugal : care*
ful.—adv. Econom ically.
Economics, ek-o-nom'iks, «. sing, the science of
household management ; political economy.
Economise, ek-on'o-mTz, v.i. to manage with
economy : to spend money carefully : to save.
—v.t. to use prudently : to spend with frugality.
Economist, ek-on'o-mist, n. one who is econom
ical : one who studies political economy.
Economy, ek-on'o-mi, n. the management of a
household or of money matters : a frugal and
judicious expenditure of money: a system of
rules or ceremonies: regular operations, as of
nature. [L. aconomia—Gr. oikonomia—oikos,
a house, and nomos, a law.]
Ecstasy, ek'sta-si, ». an extraordinary state of
feeling, in which the mind stands out of or is
detached from sensible things : excessive joy :
enthusiasm. [Gr. ckstasis—ek, aside, histcmi,
to make to stand.]
Ecstatic, ek-stat'ik, Ecstatical. ck-stat'i-cal, adj.
causing ecstasy: amounting to ecstasy; raptur
ous.—adv. Ecstatically.
Ecumenic, ek-G-men'ik. Ecumenical, ek-fl-men'-
ik-al, adj.general.
belonging
[L. toaxumenicus,
the whole from
inhabited
•world: Gr.
oikoumene {ge), the inhabited (world]—oikeO, to
inhabit.]
Eczema, ek'ze-ma,«. an eruptive disease ofthe skin.
I [Gr. from eksed, 1 boil out, -ek, out, zed, I boil.]
Edacious, e-da'shus, atij. given to eating : glut
tonous, —adv. Eda'ciously.—«. Edacity, e-das'-
it-i. [L. edax, edacis—edo, to eat.]
Edda, ed'a, «. the name of two Scandinavitn
books, the one a collection of ancient mytho
logical and heroic songs, the other a prose com
position of the same kind. [Ice. 4 great-grand
raOte ; mute ; mOOn ; then. IV,
 Eddy
mother,' a name given with good reason to a
collection of old and venerable traditions.]
Eddy, ed'i, «. a current of water or air running
back, contrary to the main stream, thus causing
a circular motion : a whirlpool : a whirlwind. -
v.i. to move round and round :—pr.p, edd'ying ;
Pa.p. edd'ied. [Either from an AS. ed, back,
present as /- in twit, or from Ice. ida, a whirl
pool*-/*/, back ; but the two roots are identical.]
Edomatose, e-dem'a-tos Edematous, e-dem'a-
tus, adj.. nveiling with watery humour : drop
sical. [Gr. tidema, a swelling—tided, to swell.]
Eden, e'den, «. the garden where Adam and
Eve lived: a paradise. [Heb. eden, delight,
pleasure.]
Edentate, e-den'tat, Edentatud, e-den'tat-ed,
adj., without teeth: wanting front teeth. [L.
edentatus—e, neg., and dens, deutis, a tooth.J
Edge, ej, m. the border of anything : the brink : the
cutting side of an instrument : something that
wounds or cuts : sharpness of mind or appetite :
keenness. —i'.t. to put an edge on : to place a
border on : to exasperate : to urge on : to move
by little and little.—v.i. to move sideways. [M.F..
A.S. ecg; Ger. ecke, L. acies— root ah,
sharp.]
Edgotool, ej'tiTOl, «. a tool with a sharp edge.
Edgewise, ej'wiz, adz: in the direction of the
edge: sideways. [Edge, and Wise—A.S. wisa,
manner.]
Edging, ej'ing. «. that which forms the edge: a
border : fringe.
Edible, ed'i-bl, adj. fit to be eaten. [L.edo, to eat]
Edict, C'dikt, «. something spoken or proclaimed
by authority : an order issued by a king or law
giver. [L. edictum—e, out, and dico, dictum,
to say.]
Edification, 'ed-i-fi-ka'shun, n. instruction : pro
gress in knowledge or in goodness.
Edifice, ed'i-fis, «. a large Building or house.
Edify, ed'i-fr, v.t. to build up in knowledge and
goodness: to improve the mind :—pr.p. ed'ify-
ing ; pa.p. ed'ified.—«. Ed'lfyer. [Fr. idifier—
L. crdi/ico—cedes, a house, and/acio, to make.]
Edifying, ed'i-fT-ing, adj. instructive ; improving.
—adv. Ed'lfyingly.
Edilo. e'dil, n. a Roman magistrate who had the
charge of public buildings and works. —«.
E'dlleship. [L. tedilis—cedes, a building. |
Edit, ed'it, v.t. to give out, as a book :.to superin
tend the publication of; to prepare for publica
tion. [L. edo, ed/tutn—e, out, and do, to give.]
Edition, e-dish'un, n. the publication of a book :
the number of copies of a book printed at a time.
Editor, ed'i-tur, n. one who edits a book or
journal,—/cm. Editress.—adj. Editorial, cd-i-
to'ri-al.—adv. Edito'rially.—n. Editorship.
Educate, cdu-kat, v.t. to educe or draw out the
mental powers of, as a child : to train : to teach :
to cultivate any power.—n. Educator. [L.
educo, educatus.\
Education, ed-u-ku'shun, «. the bringing up or
training, as of a child: instruction: strengthen
ing of the powers of body or mind.—aitj. Edu-
cational.
Educationist, ed-u-kii'shun-ist, n. one skilled in
methods of educating or teaching : one who pro
motes education.
Educe, e-dus', v.t. to lead or draw out: to ex
tract : to cause to appear. [L. educo, cductum
— and dtwo, to lead.]
Educible, e-dus'i-bl, adj. that may be educed or
brought out and shewn.
Eduction, e-duk'shun, u. the act of educing.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Efflorescent
Eductor, e-duk'tor, n. he or that which educes.
Eel, el, n. a well-known fish, with a slimy body,
living chiefly in mud. (A.S. al ; Ger. aal; akin
to L. anguilla, dim. of anguis, a snake.]
E'en, en, a contraction of Even.
E'er, ar, a contraction of Ever.
Efface, ef-fas', v.t. to destroy the /ace or surface
of a thing : to blot or rub out : to wear away.—
«. Efface'ment [Fr. cjfacer—L. e/ = ex,
from, and fades, the face,]
Effaceable, cf-fas'a-bl, adj. that can be rubbedout.
Effect, cf-fekt', «. the result of an action : impres
sion produced: reality: the consequence in
tended :—pl. goods : property. —v.t. to produce :
to accomplish. [L. ejficio, effectum, to ac
complish—ef, out, andJacio, to da or make.]
Effectible, ef-fekt'i-bl, adj. that may be effected.
Effection, ef-fek'sfr ioimr: creation : [geom.)
the construct proposition.
Effective, ef-fe ij. having power to effect ?
etning : powerful : serviceable.—adv.
causing somethin
EffectivelyT.—n. Effec'tiveness.
Effectual, ef-fck'tu-al, adj. producing an effect :
successful in producing the desired result. —adv.
Effectually.
Effectuate, ef-fck'tQ-ut, v.t. to accomplish.
Effeminacy, ef-fem in-a-si, ». the possession of a
womanish softness or weakness : indulgence in
unmanly pleasures.
Effeminate, ef-fem'in-at, adj., ivomanish: un
manly: weak: cowardly: voluptuous. —v.t. to
make womanish : to unman : to weaken.—v.i.
to become effeminate.—adv. Effem inately —n.
Effem'inateness. [L. effeminatus, pa.p. of
e/femino, to make womanish—e, sig. change, and
jemina, a woman.]
Effendi, ef-fen'di, k. a Turkish title of distinction.
[Turk.; from modern Gr. aphentes—Gr. aut/ten-
tes, an absolute master.]
Effervesce, ef-fer-ves', v.i. to boil up : to bubble
and hiss : to froth up —adj. Effervesc iblo. [L.
effervesco—ef, intensive, and /ervco, to boil,
bee Fervent.]
Effervescent, ef-fer-ves'ent, adj., boiling ox bubb
ling from the disengagement of gas.—u. Effer
vescence
Effete, ef-fet', adj. exhausted : worn out with age.
[L. effetus, weakened by having brought forth
young—e/, out, fetus, a bringing forth young.]
Efficacious, ef-fi-ka'shus, adj. able to produce the
result intended.—adv. Efhca'dOUSly.—«. Elti
ca'ciousness. [L. efficax—efficio.\
Efficacy, cf'ii-ka-si, «. virtue: energy.
Efflclenoe, ef-hsh'ens, Efficiency, ef-fish'n-si, «.
power to produce the result intended.
Efficient, et-fish'ent, adj. capable of producing the
desired result : effective.—«. the person or thing
th;it effects— adv. Efficiently. [L. efficiens,
-cutis, pr.p. of e/ficio.\
Effigy, effi-ji, «. a likeness or figure of a person :
the head or impression on a coin : resemblance.
[L. ejfigies—effingo—e/, inten.,/iugo, to form.]
Effloresce, ef-flo-res', v.i. to blossom forth : ichem.)
to become covered with a white dust : to form
minute crystals. [L.—c/ forth, /ioresco, to be
gin to blossom—-/loreo—/las, a flower.]
Efflorescence, ef-tlo-res'ens, «. production of
/louvers : the time of flowering : a redness of the
skin : the formation of a white powder on the
surface of bodies, or of minute crystals.
Efflorescent, ef-flo-res'ent, adj. forming a white
dust on the surface: shooting into white
threads. [L. e/florescens, -cutis, pr.p. of cjfflo-
resco.\
mote ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Effluence Elapse
Effluence, ef'floo-ens, «. aflowing out: that which Egyptian, 5-jip'shi-an, adj. belonging to Egypt.
flows from any body : issue. —n. a native of Egypt : a gypsy. [L. A^gyptius
Effluent, ef'floo-ent, adj,,fl<.wingout.—w. a stream —sEgyptus, Egypt, Gr. Aigyptos.]
that flotvs out ^/"another stream or take. [L. Egyptology, e-jip-tol'o-ji, n. the science of Egyp
effluens, -entts, pr.p. of ejfiuo—ef' {— ex), out, tian antiquities.—w. Egyptologist. [Egypt,
_Jluo, to flow.] and Gr. logos, discourse.]
Effluvium, ef-floTJ'vi-um, «. minute particles that Eh, a, int. expressing inquiry or slight surprise.
flow out from bodies : disagreeable vapours ris Eider, T'der, Eider-duck, I'der-duk, «. a ^ind of
ing from decaying matter :—pi. Effluvia, ef- seaduck, found chiefly in northern regions, and
flro'vi-a. EffluMaL [L.—e0uo.] sought after for its fine down. [Ice. eedr, an
Efflux, ef'fluks, n. act offlowing out : that which eider-duck. ] {duck.
flows out. [L. effluo, effluxum.} Eider-down, T'der-down, «. the down of the eider-
Effort, effort, «. a putting forth of strength'. EltiOgraph, T'do-graf, «. an instrument for copy
attempt : struggle. [L. e/\= ex\ °"rt forth, and ing drawings. [Gr. eidos, form, and grapho, to
fortis, strong.] write. ]
Effrontery, ef-frunt'er-i, «. shamelessness : impu Eight, 3t, adj. twice four.—n. the figure (8) de
dence. [O. Fr.—L. effrons. cffrontis—ef[ — ex), noting eight. [A.S. eahta; Scot, auckt, Ger.
forth, and frons, frontis, the lorehead. See acht. Gael, ochd, L. octo, Gr. oktd. Sans. asAtau.)
Front.] Eighteen, at'en, adj. and eight and ten : twice
Effulgence, ef-ful'jens, n. great lustre or bright nine. [Orig. eight-teen. ] [decimo.
ness : a flood of light. Eighteenmo, ftt'en-mo, adj. and n. See OctO-
Effulgent, cf-ful'jent, ad/ , shining forth: ex Eighteenth, at'enth, adj. and n. next in order
tremely bright: splendid. — anv, Efful'gently. after the seventeenth.
[L. eflulgens, -entis—ef(~ ex), out, and ftdgeo, Eightfold, at' fold, adj. eight times any quantity.
to shine.] Eighth, at'th, adj. next in order alter the seventh.
Effuse, ef-filz', v.t. to pour out: to pour forth, as —«. an eighth part. [Orig. eight-th.\
words: to shed. [L. effundo, ejfusus—ef { — Eighthly, St'th-b, adv. in the eighth place.
ex), out, and/undo, to pour.] Eightieth, atl-eth, adj. and «. the eighth tenth :
Effusion, ef-fuzhun, n. act of pouring out: that next after the seventy-ninth.
which is poured out or forth. Eighty, iit'i, adj. and «., eight times ten: four-
Effusive, ef-fu'ziv, adj., pouring forth abund score. [A.S. eahta, and tig, ten.]
antly : gushing. — adv. Effu'sively.—«. Effu'- Either, e't/tCT or Yt/tcr, adj. or pron. the one or
slveness. the other: one of two : {B.) each of vxo.—conj.
Eft, eft, «. a kind of lizard: a newt. [A.S. efete, correlative to Or: [B.) or. [A.S. argthcr, a
perh. akin to Gr. aphis, a serpent, Sans, afada, contr. of a'ghuv/her = A, aye, the prefix ge, and
a reptile—a, neg., and pad. a foot. See Newt.] hwa>ther, E. Whether. Sec also Each.]
Egg, L-g, n. an oval body laid by birds and certain | Ejaculate, e-jak'O-lat, v.t. to utter with sudden
other animals, from which their young are pro ness. —v.t. to utter ejaculations. [L. e, out, and
duced: anything shaped like an egg. [A.S. jaculor.jacutatus—jacio, to throw. )
org; cog. with Ice. egg, Ger. ei, L. ovum, Gr. Ejaculation, e-jak-u-la'shun, n. an uttering sud
don. See Oval.] denly : what is so uttered.
Egg, eg, v.t. to instigate, flee, e?gja—egg, an Ejaculatory, e-jak'Q-13-tor-i, adj. uttered in
edge ; cog. with A.S. ecg. See Edge.] short, earnest sentences.
Eglantine, egMan-tln, n. a name given to the Eject, e-jekt', v.t. to cast out: to dismiss: to
sweetbrier, and some other species of rose, dispossess of : to expel. [L. ejicio, ejectus—e,
whose branches are covered with sharp prickles. out, jacio, to throw.]
fFr. iglantine, formerly aiglantier, from an Ejection, egek'shun, «. discharge : expulsion :
O. Fr. form aigleni-, as if from a L. aculentus, state of being ejected : vomiting: that which is
prickly—aculeus, dim. of acus, a needle—root ejected.
ah, sharp,] Ejectment, e-jekt'ment, n. expulsion : disposses
Egoism, ego-izm or eg"-, «. an excessive love of sion : [taw) an action for the recovery of the
one's self: the doctrine of the Egoists- [L. possession of land.
ego, I.] Ejector, e-jekt'or, «. one who ejects or dispos
Egoist, e'go-ist or eg*-, «. one who thinks too sesses another of his land.
much of himself: one of a class of philosophers Eke, ck, v.t. to add to or increase: to lengthen.
who doubt everything but their own existence. [A.S. ecan, akin to L. augeo, to increase ; also
Egotlse, e'got-Iz or eg7-, v.t. to talk much of one's to vigeo, to be vigorous; and E. Wax.]
self. Eke, ek, adv. in addition to: likewise. [A. S.
Egotism, S'got-izm or egS «. a frequent use of eac ; Ger. auch ; from root of Eke, v. t.]
the pronoun /; speaking much of ones self: Elaborate, e-lab'or-5t, v.t. to labour on: to pro
self-exaltation. duce with labour: to take pains with: to im
Egotist, e'got-ist or eg'-, n. one fult of egotism. prove by successive operations. [L. e, intensive,
Egotistic, "e-got-ist'ik or eg-, Egotistical, €-got- and laboro, laboratus, to labour— labor, labour.]
wr/ik-al or eg-, adj. shewing egotism . self-im Elaborate, e-lab'or-at, adj., wrought with labour ;
portant : conceited. —adv. Egotistically. done with fullness and exactness : highly finished,
Egregious, e-gre'ji-us, adj* prominent : distin —adv. Elab'orately.—«. Elaborateness.
guished, in a bad sense. —aav. Egre'giously — Elaboration, c-lab-or-a'shun, n. act of elaborat
«. Egre'giOUSness. [L. egregius, chosen out ing : refinement : the process by which sub
of the flock—e, out of, grex, gregis, a flock. stances are formed in the organs of animals or
Cf. Gregarious.] plants.
Egress, 6'gres, «. act of going out: departure: Eland, eland, n. the South African antelope, re
the power or right to depart. [L. egredior, sembling the elk in having a protuberance on
egressus—e, out, forth, and gradior, to go. the larynx. [Dut. ; Ger. elend, the elk.]
Cf. Grade. 1 Elapse, chaps', v.t. to slip or glide away : to pass
fate, far : me, her ; mine , mOte ; mute : mGon ; Men- 1-17
 Elastic Element
silently, as time. [L. e, out, away, and labor, Electrician, e-lek-trish'yan, n. one who studies,
i^Psus, to slide. Sec Lapse.] or is versed in, the science of electricity.
Elastic, e-las/tik, adj. having a tendency to Electricity, e-Iek-tris'i-ti, n. the property of
recover the original form : springy : able to re attracting and repelling light bodies : the science
cover quickly a former state or condition after a which investigates the phenomena and laws of
shock.—adv. Elas'tically. (Coined from Gr. this property. [See Electric]
elad, chutno, hit. elasd, to drive ; akin to L. Electrify, c-lek'tri-fT, v.t. 10 communicate elec
alacer, alacris, brisk.] tricity to : to excite suddenly : to astonish :—
Elasticity, e-las-tis'it-i, n. springiness: power to I pa.p. clec'trified.—adj. Elec'trifiable. —v. Elec-
recover from depression. j trifica'tlon. [L. electrumt/acio, to make.]
Elate, e-laV, adj., lifted up: puffed up with suc i Electro-dynamics, e-lek'tro-di-namlks, n. the
cess.—v.t. to raise or exalt: to elevate: to i branch of physics which treats of the action of
make proud.—adv. Elat'edly.—n. Elat edness. ! electricity.
[L. elatus—e, up, out, and latus, from root of Electro-kinetics, e-lek'tro-kin-et'iks, n. that
toll*. Cf. Dilate and Tolerate.] i branch of science which treats of electricity in
Elation, e-la'shun, «. pride resulting from suc ! motion. [Sec Kinetics.]
cess : a puffing up of the mind. Electrolysis, e-lek-trol'i-sis, ft. the process ofchemi
Elbow, el'oO, n. the joint where the arm bows or cal decomposition by electricity. [Gr. elekiron,
bends : any sharp turn or bend.—v.t. to push lysis, dissolving—lyd, to loose, dissolve.]
with the elbow : to encroach on. [A S. elboga— Electro-magnetism, e-lek'tro-mag'net-izm, «. a
eln = L. ulna, the arm, bo$a, a bow or bend branch of science which treats of the relation
—bitgatt, to bend. See Ell ; also Bow, «. and ?>.t.] of electricity to magnetism.
Elbow-room, cKbc^rOOm, «., room to extend the Electro-metallurgy, e-lek'tro-met'al-ur-ji, n. a
elbmus: space enough for moving or acting. name given to certain processes by which
Eld, eld, m. old age, antiquity. [A.S. a'ld, from electricity is applied to the working of metals,
raid, old. See Old.] as in electroplating and elcctrotyping.
Elder, eld'er, n. a small tree with a spongy pith, Electrometer, e-lek-trom'e-ter, n. an instrument
bearing useful purple berries. [A.S. ellem; it for measuring the quantity of electricity. [Gr.
is perh. the same as Alder.j elekiron, and metron, a measure.]
Elder, eld'er, adj. older : having lived a longer Electroplate, e-lek'tro-plat, v.t. to plate or cover
time : prior in origin.—n. one who is older: an with a coating of metal by electrictty.
ancestor : one advanced to office on account of Electroscope, e-lck'tro-skop, n. an instrument for
age : one of the office-bearers in the Presbyterian detecting the presence of electricity in a body
Church. [A.S. yldra, comp. of eald, old. [Cf. and the nature of it. [Gr. llektron, and
Alderman and Old.] [on old age. skofied, to examine.]
Elderly, eld'cr-li, adj. somewhat old : bordering Electro-Statics, e-Iek'tro-stat'iks, n. that branch
Eldership, eld'er-ship, ft. state of being older : the of science which treats of electricity at rest.
office of an elder. [superl. of raid.) [Gr. elekiron, and Statics.]
Eldest, eld'est, adj. oldest. [A. S. yldesta. Electrotype, e-lek'tro-tlp, «. the art ofcopying an
Elect, e-lekt', v.t. to choose out: to select for any engraving or type on a metal deposited by
office or purpose : to select by vote. [L. eligo, electricity.
electus—e, out, lego, to choose.] Electuary, c-lck'tQ-ar-i, n. a composition ol
Elect, e-leki', adj., chosen : taken by preference medicinal powders with honey or sugar. [Low
from among others : chosen for an office but not L. electuariujn, a medicine that dissolves in
yet in it.—w. one chosen or set apart.—The the mouth—Gr. ekleikton—ekleichd, to lick
elect itheol.), those chosen by God for salvation. up.]
Election, e-lekshun, n. the act of electing or Eleemosynary, el-e-mos'i-nar-i, adj. relating to
choosing: the public choice of a person for charity or almsgiving : given in charity. [Gr.
office : freewill : [thcol.) the predetermination of eleimosyne", compassionatcness, alms—eleos, pity.
certain persons as objects of divine mercy : (8.) See Alms ]
those who arc elected. Elegance, el'e-gans, Elegancy, el'e-gans-t, n. the
Electioneering, e-lek-shun-er'ing, n. (also used state or quality of being elegant : the beauty of
as adj.) the soliciting of votes and other busi propriety : neatness : refinement : that which is
ness of an election. elegant. [Fr., from L. cUgantia—elegatts.)
Elective, e-lektlv, adj. pertaining to, dependent Elegant, el'e-gant, adj. pleasing to good taste :
on, or exerting the power of choice. —adv. graceful : neat : refined : nice : richly orna
Electlvely. mental.—adv. Elegantly. [Fr.—L. elegans,
Elector, e-lekt'or, «. one who elects: one who has -antis—eligo, to choose.]
a vote at an election : the title formerly belong Elegiac, el-e-jl'ak or el-Sji-ak, adj. belonging to
ing to those princes and archbishops of the elegy: mournful: used in elegies.—«. elegiac
German Empire who had the right to elect the verse.—adj. Eleglacal, el-e-jl'ak-al. [L.—Gr.
Emperor.—-Jem. Elect'ress. flezeiakos—e/egos, a lament.]
Electoral, e-lekt'or-al, adj. pertaining to elections Eleglst. el'e-jist, «. a writer of elegies.
or to electors : consisting of electors. Elegy, el'e-ji, n. a song ofmourning, a lament : a
Electorate, e-Iekt'or-at, ft. the dignity or the funeral-song. [Fr.—L.—Gr. elegos, a lament.]
territory of an elector. Element, el'e-ment, n. a first principle : one of
Electric, e-lek'trik, Electrical, e-lek'trik-al, adj. the essential parts of anything : an ingredient :
having the property of attracting and repelling the proper state or sphere of any thing or being :
light bodies when rubbed : pertaining to or pro —pi. the rudiments of anything: (chem.) the
duced by electricity.—n. any electric substance : simple bodies that have not been decomposed :
a non-conductor of electricity, as amber, glass, among the ancients, fire, air, earth, and water,
&c.~-adv. Electrically. [ L. electntm - Gr. supposed to be the constituents of all things :
llcktron, amber, in which the above property the bread and wine used at the Communion.
was first observed. ] [L. elementum, pi. elemcnta, first principles.]
143 fate, far; me, her; mine; mute ; mute; mo~On ; then.
 Elemental Elude
Elemental, el-e-ment'al, adj. pertaining to ele Elk, elk, n. the largest species of deer, found in
ments or first principles : belonging to or pro the North of Europe and in North America.
duced by elements or the elements.—adv. Ele- [From the Scand., Ice. elgr, Sw. elg; O. Ger.
ment'ally. tick ; L. alces, Gr. alke. ]
Elementary", el-e-ment'ar-i, adj. of a single ele Ell, el, n. a measure of length orig. taken from
ment : primary : uncompounded : pertaining to the arm: a cloth measure equal to ii yds.
the elements : treating of first principles. [A.S. eln, Dut. and Ger. elle, L. ulna, Gr.
Elephant, el'e-fant, n, the largest quadruped, dleup, the el-bow, the arm. SeeElbow.]
having a very thick skin, a trunk, and two ivory Ellipse, el-lips', n. an oval : (geom.) a figure pro
tusks. [Fr.—L. elephas, eUphantis—Gr. ete- duced by the section of a cone by a plane pass
phas—Heb. eleph, aUph, an ox. See Alpha.] ing obliquely through the opposite sides. [L.
Elephantiasis, el-e-fant-I'a-sis, «. a disease in ellipsis—Gr. elleipsis {lit.} a defect, so called
which the legs become thick like the elephant's. because its plane forms with the base of the
[Gr.—elephas.] cone a less angle than that of the parabola.]
Elephantine, el-e-fan'tin, adj. pertaining to the Ellipsis, el-lip'sis, n. {gram.) a figure "of syntax
elephant : like an elephant : very large. by which a word or words are left out and im
Elevate, el'e-vat, v.t. to raise to a higher posi plied.-//. Ellipses, el-lip'sez. [L.—Gr. elleipsis
tion : to raise in mind and feelings : to improve : —en, in, and leipd, to leave. Cf. Eclipse. ]
to cheer. [L. elevo, elevatus—e, out, up, leva, Ellipsoid, el-lip'soid, n. (math.) a surface, every
to raise—levis, light. See Light, adj.] plane section of which is an ellipse. iGr. el-
Elevation, el-e-va'shun, n. the act of elevating or ieipsis, and eidos, form.]
raising, or the state of being raised : exaltation: Elliptic, el-lip'tik, Elliptical, cl-lip'tik-al, adj.
an elevated place or station : a rising ground : pertaining to an ellipse: oval : pertaining to
height : {arch.) a geometrical view of the side ellipsis : having a part understood.—adv. ElBp'-
of a building : {gun.} the angle made by the line tlcally. [Gr. elleiptikes—elleipsis.]
of direction ofa gun with the plane of the horizon. Elm, elm, n, a well-known forest tree. [A.S. elm;
Elevator, el e-va-tor, n. the person or thing that Ger. ulme, L. ulmus.]
lifts up : a machine for raising grain, &c. to a j Elmy, elm'i, adj. abounding with elms.
higher floor: a muscle raising a part of the body. Elocution, el-o-kii'shun, n. style or manner of
Elevatoiy, el'e-va-tor-i. adj. able ortending toraise. speaking: utterance.—adj. Elocu tionary. [Fr.
Eleven, e-lev'n, adj. ten and one.—n, the num —L. elocutio—elequor, elocutus—c, out, and
ber ii. [A.S. en{d)luf-on, of which ((/being ex loqnor, to speak.]
crescent, and -on, a dative pi. suffix} en — A.S. Elocutionist, el-o-kfi'shun-ist, ». one versed in
an, E. One, and -lu/{ox -lif) is prob. the root elocution : a teacher of elocution.
tak, ten, successively weakened to dak, hk, lip, Eloge. a-lOzh', Eloglum, c-lO'ji-tim, «. a funeral
and lif; cf. the Goth, ain-lif] oration : a panegyric. [Fr. e"loge—L. elogium,
Eleventh, e-lev'nth, adj. and n. the next after the a short statement, an inscription on a tomb—L.
tenth. [A.S. endlyfta.] e, inten., and Gr. logos, discourse.]
BIT, elf, «. a little spirit formerly believed to haunt Elongate, e-long'gat, v.t. to make longer: to
woods and wild places: a dwarf:—//. Elves, extend. [Low L. elongo, elongatus—e, out, and
elvz. [A.S. alf; Ger. el/.] longus, long.]
Elfin, elfin, adj. of or relating to elves —n, a little Elongation, e-long-ga'shun, n, act of lengthening
elf: a child. [Dim. of Elf.] [guised. out: state of being lengthened : distance.
Elfish, elfish, Elvan, eh/an, adj. clf-like : dis- j Elope, c-lop', v.i. to escape privately, said esp. of
Elicit, e-lis'it, v.t. to entice or draw out : to bring ■ a woman, either married or unmarried, who runs
to light : to deduce. [L. elicio, elicitus—e, out, ' away with a lover. [Prob. a corr. of Dut. out-
lacie, to entice. Cf- Laco.] leopen, to run away, from ont- (Ger. ent-), away,
Elide, e-lTd', v.t. to strike out or cut off, as a and loopen = E. leap. See Leap.]
syllable. [L. elide, elisus—e, out, lade, to Elopement, c-lOp'mcnt, ft. a secret departure,
strike. Cf. Lesion.] esp. of a woman with a man.
Eligibility, el-i-ji-bil'i-ti, «. fitness to be elected or Eloquenco. el'o-kwens, tf. the utterance of strong
chosen : the state of being preferable to some emotion in correct, appropriate, expressive, and
thing else : desirableness. fluent language : the art which produces fine
Eligible, el'i-ji-bl, adj. fit or worthy to be chosen: speaking : persuasive speech.
legally qualified: desirable. —«. 'Eligibleness, Eloquent, el'o-kwent, adj. having the power of
same as Eligibility, -adv. Eligibly. [Fr.—L. speaking with fluency, elegance, and power :
eligo. See Elect, v.t.] containing eloquence : persuasive.—adv. El'O-
Eliminate, e-limln-at, to leave out of con quently. [L. eloqnens, -entis, pr.p. of eloquor.
sideration.—ft. Elimina tion. [L. elimine, eli- See Elocution ]
minatus, to turn out of doors—e, out, limen, Else, els, pron. other.—adv. otherwise: besides:
liminis, a threshold.] except that mentioned. [A.S. elles. otherwise—
Elision, e-hzh'un, n. the cutting offor suppression orig. gen. of el, other ; cf. O. Ger. alles or elles.
of a vowel or syllable. [See Elide. J See Alias.] [other places.
Elite, 5-leV. «. a chosen or select part : the best Elsewhere, cls'hwiir, adv. in another place: in
of anything. [Fr.—L. electa (Pars, a part, Elucidate, e-lQ'si-dat, v.t. to make lucid or clear:
understood). See Elect, v.t.] to throw light upon : to explain : to illustrate.—
Elixir, e-liks'er, n. a liquor once supposed to have ns. Elucidn'tIon, Elu'cidator. [Low L. elu-
the power of prolonging life or of transmuting cido, elucidatus—e, intensive, and lucidus, clear.
metals : the quintessence of anything : a sub See Lucid.]
stance which invigorates : {med.) a compound Elucidative, e-lu'si-da-tiv. Elucidatory, e-lQ'si-da-
tincture. [Ar. el-iksir, the philosopher's stone, tor-i, adj. making lucid or clear : explanatory.
from al-, the,e-liz-a-bcth'an
Elizabethan, and aksir, quintessence.]
or e-lizr-, adj. per Elude, c-lud', v.t. to avoid or escape by strata
gem : to baffle. [L. elude, elusus—r, out, lude,
taining to Queen Elizabeth or her time. to play.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute . moTm : then.
 Elusion Embolism
Elusion, c-liizhun, «. act of eluding: escape by [Fr. embarrasser—Fr. em, in, and (through
artifice : evasion. Prov. barras) Fr. barre, a bar. Sec Bar.]
Elusive, e-lQ'siv, adj. practising elusion- decep Embarrassment, em-bar'as-ment, n. perplexity or
tive.—adv. Elu'sively. confusion : difficulties in money-matters.
Elusory, e-lu'sor-i, adj. tending to elude or cheat : Embassy, em'bas-i, n. the charge or function of
evasive: deceitful. an ambassador: the person or persons sent on
Elutriate, e-UVtri-at, v.t to separate (by washing an embassy. [Low L. ambascia. Sec Ambas
out with water) the lighter from the heavier parts sador.]
of ores, pigments, &c.—n. Elutrla'tlon. [L. Embattle, em-bat'l, v t. to furnish with battle
etutrio, elutrialus, to wash out, to decant—eluo ments. [Em and O Fr. bastiller, from the
—e, out, and luo, to wash.] same root as Battlement, Bastille, and Baste,
Elvan, Elves. See under Elfish, Elf. to sew. The form of this word is due to a con
Elysian, e-lizh'i-an, adj. pertaining to Elysium : fusion with E. Battle. J
exceedingly delightful. Embattle, em-ball, v.t. to range in order of
Elysium, e-lizh'i-um. n. [myth.') the abode of the battle. ICoined from em. in, and Battle.]
blessed after death : any delightful place. [L. Embay, em-ba', v t. to inclose in a bay: to land-
—Gr. elysion [pedion], the Elysian (plain).] lock. {Em, in. into, and Bay.J
Emaciate, e-ma'shi-at, v.t. to make meagre or Embed. Same as Imbed.
lean: to deprive of flesh: to waste. —v.i. to Embellish, em-bel'ish, v.t. to make beautiful
become lean : to waste away. [L. emacio, with ornaments : to decorate : to make grace
emaciatus—e, intensive, macio, to make lean— ful : to illustrate pictorially, as a book.—«.
tnaci-cs, leanness. See Meagre. ] Embellisher. [Fr. imdxUir, embellissant—
Emaciation, c-ma-shi-a'shun, n. the condition of em, in, bel, beau, beautiful. See Beau]
becoming emaciated or lean : leanness. Embellishment, em-bel'ish-ment, «. act of em
Emanate, em'a-nat, v.i. to flow out orfrom . to bellishing or adorning : decoration: ornament.
proceed from some source : to arise. [L. Ember days, em'bcr-daz, n.pl. in R. Catholic
emano, emanatus—e, out from, maw, to flow.] and English Church, three Fast-days in each
Emanation, em-a-na'shun, «. a flowing out from quarter. [A. S. ymbrine, orig. sig. a running
a source : that which issues or proceeds from round or circuit—ymbe, round (Ger. um, L.
some source. —adj. Em'anative. ambi-), and ryne, a running, from rinnan, to run.]
Emancipate, e-mansi-pat, 7>.t. to set free from Embers, em'berz, n.pl. red-hot ashes : the
servitude : to free from restraint or bondage smouldering remains of a fire. [A.S. emyrian;
of any kind.—«. Eman'cipator. [L. e, away Ice. eimyrja. The b is excrescent.]
Irom, and mancipare, to transfer property— Embezzle, em-bczl, v.t. to waste or dissipate : tc
manceffs, mancipis, one who gets or acquires appropriate fraudulently what has been intrusted.
property, [lit.) who takes by the /land, from —«. Embezzler. [Perh. from root of Imbecile,
manus, the hand, capio, to take.] the primary sense being to weaken, waste ; [obs.)
Emancipation, c-man-si-pa'shun, it. the act of bezzle, to squander, is the same word, the firsl
setting free from bondage or disability of any syllable being dropped.]
kind : the state oi' being set free. Embezzlement, em-bcz'l-ment, n. fraudulent ap
Emancipationist, e-man-si-pft'shun-ist, //. an ad propriation of another's property by the person
vocate of the emancipation of slives. to whom it was intrusted.
Emasculate, e-mas'ku-lat, v.t. to deprive of the Embitter. See Imbitter.
properties of a male : to castrate : to deprive of Emblazon, em-bla'zn, v.t. to deck in blazing
masculine vigour: to render effeminate. —«. colours : {her.) to blazon or adorn with figures.
Emascula'tion. [Low L..emasculo, emascnlatus —«. Embla'zonment, an emblazoning. [Em
—e, priv., and masculus, dim. of mas, a mile.] and Blazon.]
Embalm, em-bam', v.t. to preserve from decay Emblazonry, em-bla'zn-ri, n. the art of emblazon
by aromatic drugs, as a dead body : to per ing or adorning : devices on shields.
fume : to preserve with care and affection.— Emblem, em'blem, «. a picture representing to the
us Embalm'er, Embalm'ing. [ Fr. embaumer^ rnind something different from itself : a type or
from em, in, and baume. See Balm.] symbol. [Lit. something inserted in a surface
Embank, em-bangk', v.t to inclose or defend with as ornament: Fr. emblime—L. emblema, inlaid
a bank or dike. [Coined from em, in. and Bank.] work—Gr. —em {— en), in, balld, to lay, to cast.]
Embankment, em-bangk'ment, n. the act of em Emblematic, em-blem-atlk, Emblematical, cm-
banking : a bank or mound. blem-at'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or containing
Embarcatlon. Same as Embarkation. emblems: representing.—adv.Emblematically.
Embargo, em-baVgO, «. a prohibition of ships to Embloom, cm-bloCm', v.t. to cover or enrich with
leave port : a stoppage of trade for a short time bloom. [Em, in, and Bloom.]
by authority :—pi. Embargoes —v.t. to lay an Embodiment, ein-bod'i-ment. n. act of embody
embargo on :—pr.p embargoing ; Pa.p. embar ing : state of being embodied.
goed. [Sp.—emhargar, to impede, to restrain Embody, em-bod'i, v.t- to form into a body: to
—Sp. em, in, and barrn, a bar See Barricade, make _ corporeal : to make tangible.—v.i. to
and Embarrass.] unite in a body or mass. [Em, in, and Body.]
Embark, em-bark', v.t. to put on board a bark or Emboguing, em-bog'ing, «. the mouth of a river.
ship: to engage in any affair.—v.i. to go on [See Disembogue.]
board ship: to engage in a business: to enlist. Embolden, em-b6ld'n, v.t. to make bold or coura
[ Fr ctnbarquer, from em, in, and barque. See geous. [Em, to make, and Bold.]
Bark, a barge.] Embolism, eu/bo-lizm, w. the insertion of days,
Embarkation, em-bar-kii'shun, n. a putting or months, or years in an account of time to pro
going on board : that which is embarked. duce regularity: (med.) the presence of ob
Embarrass, em-bai^as, v. t. to encumber: tn involve i structing clots in the blood-vessels.—adis. Em-
in difficulty, esp. in money-matters: to perplex : 1 bollsm'al, EmbOlismlC. [Fr.—Gr. embolismos
[lit.) to put a bar or difficulty in the way of. I —emballd, to cast in. See Emblem.]
150 fate, far ; me, her ; mine : mOte ; mute ; mOOn ; nfan
 Emborder Emotion
Emborder, em-bord er, v.t. to border. colour: a small printing-type- [Fr tmeraude
Embosom, em-bouz'um, v.t. to take into the (O- Fr. esmeralde\—L. smaragdus—Gr. sma-
bosom i to receive into the affections : to inclose ragdos.]
or surround. [Em, in, into, and Bosom. ] Emerge, e-merj', v.i. to rise out of: to issue or
Emboss, em-bos', v.t. to form bosses or protuber come forth : to reappear after being concealed :
ances upon : to ornament with raised-work.—«. to come into view. (L. emergo, emersus—e,
Embosser. [Em, in, into, and Boss.] out of, mergo, to plunge.]
Embossment, em-bos'inent, «. a prominence like Emergence, e-mer'jens, Emergency, e-mcr'jen-si,
a A"« : raised- work. «. act of emerging: sudden appearance: an
Embouchure, em-boo-shOor'. «. the month of a unexpected occurrence : pressing necessity.
river, of a cannon, Jic. : the mouth-hole of a Emergent, e-mer'jent, adj. emerging : suddenly
wind musical instrument. [Yr.—em-boucher, to appearing : arising unexpectedly : urgent. —adv.
put to the mouth. See Debouch, Debouchure.] Emer'gently. [L. emergens, -entis, pr.p. of
Embow, cm -bo', v.t., v.t. to bout or arch. [Em emergo.]
and BOW.] Emerods, em'e-rodz, n.pl. {£.) now Hemorrhoids.
Embowel, em-bow'el, v.t. properly, to inclose in Emersion, c-mer'shun, «. act of emerging : (astr.)
something else ; but also used for disembowel, the reappearance of a heavenly body after being
to remove the entrails from embow'el- eclipsed by another or by the sun's bright
litig : /■:."■ embow'elled. —«. Embow elmont. ness.
[Em, in, into, and Bowel.) Emery, em'er-i, n a very hard mineral, used as
Embower, em-bow'cr, z'.t. to place in a binver: to powder for polishing, &c. (Fr. imeri, {merit—
shelter, an with trees. [Em, in, and Bower ] It. smerigtio—Gr. smeris—smad, to smear.)
Embrace, em-bras', to take in the arms: to Emetic, e-met'ik, adj. causing vomiting.—«. a
press to the bosom with affection : to take medicine that causes vomiting. [Through L.,
eagerly or willingly : to comprise : to admit or fromGr. emetikos—emcd, to vomit. See Vomit.]
receive, —v. i. to join in an embrace. — '/, an em Emeu. Same as Emu.
bracing : fond pressure in the arms [O Fr. em Emigrant, em'i-grant, adj. emigrating or having
bracer (mod. Fr. embrasser) —em, L. in. in, into, emigrated.—«. one who emigrates. [L. emi-
and bras—L. brachium, an arm. See Brace.) grans, -antis, pr.p. of emigro.]
Embrasure, em-bra'zhiir, n. a door or window Emigrate, em'i-grat, v.i. to migrate or remove
with tlie sides slanted on the inside : an opening from one's native country to another-—n. Emi
in a wall for cannon. (Fr., properly, an opening gra'tion. [L. emigro, emigratns—e, from,
through which a gun may be fired - emoraser, migro, to remove.]
to set on fire, from the O. Ger. bras, fire. Sec Eminence, em'i-nens, «. a part eminent or rising
Brasier and Brass, j above the rest : a rising-ground : height : dis
Embrocate, em'bro-kfit, v.t. to moisten and rub, tinction : a title of honour.
as a sore with a lotion. [Low L. embroco, Eminent, em'i-nent, adj., rising above others :
embrocaius, from Gr. embroche, a lotion—em- conspicuous : distinguished : exalted in rank or
brechd, to soak in—em (= en), in, into, brechd, office.—adv. Eminently. [L. eminens, -entis.
to wet.] pr.p. of emineo—e. out, miueo, to project.]
Embrocation, eni-bro-kii'shun, n. act of embro Emir, e'mir, n. a Turkish title given esp. to de
cating : the lotion used. scendants of Mohammed. [Ar. amir; cog. with
Embroider, em-broid'er, v.t to ornament with Heb. amar, to command. Doublet, Ameer.]
designs in needle-work, orig. on the border.—«. Emissary, em'is-ar-i, n. one sent out on a secret
Embroiderer. [Em, on, and Fr. brotier, an mission : a spy : an underground channel by
other form of border—bord, edge. See Border.] which the water of a lake escapes.—adj. same
Embroidery, em-broid'er-i, n. the act or art of as Emissory. [L. emissanus~~emitto.\
embroidering : ornamental needle-work : varie Emission, e-mi^h'un, «. the act of emitting: that
gation or diversity : artificial ornaments. which is issued atone time. [Emissus—emitto.)
Embroil, em-broil', v.t. to involve in a broil, or in Emissory, e-mis'oH, adj. (anat.) conveying ex
perplexity : to entangle : to distract : to throw cretions from the body. [Emissus—emitto.]
into confusion. |Fr. embrouiller—em, in, and Emit, e-mit', v.t. to' send out: to throw or give
brouiller, to break out. See Broil, «.] out; to issue '.—pr.p. emitt'ing ; pa.p. emitted.
Embroilment, em-broil'ment, ». a state of per [L. emitto, emissus—e, out of, mitto, to send.]
plexity or confusion : disturbance. Emmet, emet, «. the ant. [A.S. armete ; cog.
Embryo, em'bri-o, Embryon, em'bri-on, n. the with Ger. ameise; peril, also with Ger. emsig,
young of an animal in its earliest stages of diligent. Ice. amr, work. Ant is a contr.]
development : the part of a seed which forms the Emolllate, e-mol'i-at, z>.l. to soften: to render
future plant: the beginning of anything:—//. effem inate. [ L. emollio, cmollitus—e, inten
Em'bryos, EnVbryons.—adj., ako Embryon ic, sive, and mollio, to soften—mollis, soft.]
of or relating to anything in an imperfect state : Emollient, e-mol'yent, adj., softening : making
rudimentary. [Fr.—Gr.—em (= en), in, and I supple.—n. {med.) a substance used to soften the
bryon. neuter of pr.p. of bryd, to swell.] ' tissues. [L. emolliens, -entis, pr.p. of emollio.}
Embryology, em-bri-ol'oj-i, n. science of the em Emolument, e-mol'G-ment, n. advantage : profit
bryo or fetus of animals, —«. Embryol'ogist. arising from employment, as salary or fees.
Emendation, em-en-da'shun, «. a mending or re [Fr.—L. emolumentum, for emolimentum—
moval of an error or fault : correction. [L. emolior, to work out—e, sig. completeness, and
emendatio —emendo, emendatus—e, out, away, molior, to exert one's self, to toil ; or from L.
and mendurn, a fault. See Amend.] emolere—e, and molere, to grind, thus sig. first,
Emendator, em'en-da-tor, «. a corrector of errors the produce of a mill, then, any profit.]
in writings : one who corrects or improves. Emotion, e-mQ'shun, «. a moving of the feelings
E mandatory, e-men'da-tor-i, adj. mending or agitation of mind. [L. emotio—emoveo, emotus,
contributing to correction. to stir up, agitate -f, forth, and moveo, to
Emerald, em er-ald, «. a precious stone of a green move.]
fate, far ; mfi, her ; mTne ; mflte ; mute ; mOon ; Men. 151
 Emotional
Emotional, e-mo'shun-al, adj. pertaining to
emotion.
Empale, em-pal', v.t. to fence in with pales or
stakes : to shut in : to put to death by spitting
on a stake,—«. Empale'ment. [Em, in, on,
and Pale, a stake.]
Einpannel. Same as Impannel.
Empark. Same as Impark.
Emperer. em'per-or, ft. one ruling an empire.—
/em. Empress. [Fr. empereur—L. imperator
(fern, imperatrix), a commander—impero, to
command.]
Emphasis, em'fa-sis, n. stress of the voice on par
ticular words or syllables to make the meaning
clear: impressiveness of expression or weight
of thought:—//. Emphases, -se"z, [Gr.—em
(— en), in, into, and phasis—phad, phaind, to
shew, to make clear. See Phase.]
Emphasise, em'fa-slz, v.t. to make emphatic.
Emphatic, em-fat'ik, Emphatlcal, em-fat/ik-al,
adj. uttered with or requiring emphasis: for
cible : impressive.—adv. Emphatically. [Gr.
empkain)tikos—emphasis.]
Empire, em'plr, supreme control or dominion :
the territory under the dominion of an emperor.
[Fr.—L. imperiuw—impero, to command.]
Empiric, em-pir'ik. Empirical, em-pir/ik-al, adj.
resting on trial or experiment : known only by
experience. { Fr.—L. empiricus, from Gr. em-
peirikos = empeiros—em, in, and peira, a trial.]
Empiric, em-pir'ik, «. one who makes trials or
experiments : one whose knowledge is got from
experience only : a quack.—adv. Empir ically.
Empiricism, em-pir'i-sizm, «. ( phil. } the system
which, rejecting all a priori knowledge, rests
solely on experience and induction : dependence
of a physician on his experience alone without a
regular medical education : the practice of medi
cine without a regular education : quackery.
Employ, em-ploy7, v.t. to occupy the lime or
attention of: to use as a means or agent.—ft. a
poetical form of Employment.—«. Employer.
[Fr. employer—L. implicare, to infold—in, in,
and pltco, to fold. Imply and Implicate are
parallel forms.]
Employe, em-ploy'a, n. one who is employed.
[It. employ^ pa.p. of employer. Sec Employ]
Employment, em-ploy'ment, «. act of employing :
that which engages or occupies : occupation.
Emporium, em-po'ri-um, n. a place to which
goods are extensively collected from various
parts for sale : a great mart. [L.—Gr. emporion
—emporos, a trader—em {— en), in, and Poros, a
way. See Fare.] [and Power.]
Empower, em-pow'er, v.t. to give power to. [Em
Empress. See Emperor.
Emptiness, em'ti-nes, n. state of being empty:
want of substance : unsatisfactoriness.
Empty, em'li, adj. having nothing in it: unfur
nished : without effect : unsatisfactory : want
ing substance.—v.t. to make empty: to deprive
of contents.—v.i. to become empty: to dis
charge its contents:—Pa.p. em'pticd. [A.S.
<cmttg, empty—armta, leisure, rest. The p is
excrescent.]
Empurple, em-pur'pl, v.t. to dye or tinge pnrple.
[Em and Purple.]
Empyema, em-pi-e'ma, «. a collection of pus in
the chest. [Gr. —cm {=en), in, and Pyon, pus.]
Empyreal, em-pirVal, adj. formed of pure jirc
or light : pertaining to the highest and purest
region of heaven. [Coined from Gr. empyros,
in fire—em (= en), in, and pyr, fire. See Fire.]
Empyrean, em-pi-re'an, aiij., empyreal.—n, the
162 fate, far ; m€, her ; mine ;
Enceinte
highest heaven, where the pure clement offire
was supposed by the ancients to subsist.
I Emu, e'mu, n. the Australian ostrich. [Port.
' ostrich.']
Emulate, cm'u-lat, v.t. to strive to equal or excel :
to imitate, with a view to equal or excel : to
rival.—n. Emulator. [L. amulor, amulatus
—temulus, striving with.]
Emulation, ein-u-liTshun, «. act of emulating or
attempting to equal or excel : rivalry : competi
tion : contest : (/?.) sinful rivalry.
Emulative, em'u-la-tiv, adj. inclined to emulation,
rivalry, or competition.
Emulous, em'u-lus, adj. eager to emulate : desir
ous of like excellence with another : engaged in
competition or rivalry.—adv. Em'ulOUSly.
Emulsion, e-mul'shun, n. a white liquid pre
pared by mixing oil and water by means of
another substance that combines with both. [Fr
—L. emutgeo, cmutsus, to milk out—e, out, and
mulgeo, to milk. See Milk.]
Emulsive, e-mul'siv, adj. milk-like : softening :
yielding a milk-like substance. [See Emulsion.j
Enable, cn-a/bl, v.t. to make able : to give power,
I strength, or authority to. [En, to make, and
Able.]
Enact, en-akt', v.t. to perform : to act the part of :
to establish by law. [En, to make, and Act.]
Enactive, en-akt'iv, adj. having power to enact.
Enactment, en-akt'mcnt, n. the passing of a bill
into taw: that which is enacted: a law.
Enallage, en-al'a-je, «. [gram.) the exchange
i of one case, mood, or tense for another. [Gr.
—en, and allasso, to make other—alios, another.]
Enamel. cn-am'eL ft. a substance like glass, which
is melted and used for inlaying jewellery, &c. :
any smooth hard coating, esp. that of the teeth:
anything enamelled. —v.t. to coat with or paint
in enamel: to form a glossy surface upon, like
enamel :—pr.fi. enam'elling ; pa.p. enam'elled.
—n. Enam'eller. [Fr. en (= L. in), in, and M.
E. anteI—0. Fr. esmail (now Small], from
a Teut. root, which appears in Gcr. schmelz,
schmelzen, E. Smelt, Melt.]
Enamour, en-am'ur, v.t. to inflame with love: to
charm. [Fr. en, lo make, and amour—L.
amor, love.]
Enarthrosis. en-ar-lhr5'sis, n. (anat.) a joint of
* ball-and-socket ' form, allowing motion in all
directions. [Gr.—cn, in, and arthrod, arlhrdsd,
to fasten by a joint—arthron, a joint.]
Encage, en-kaj', v.t. to shut up in a cage [En,
in, and Cage.]
Encamp, en-kamp'( v.t. to form into a camp.—
v.i. to pitch tents : to halt on a march. [En, in,
and Gamp. J
Encampment, en-kamp'inent, «. the act of en
camping : the place where an army or company
is encamped : a camp.
Encase. Same as Incase.
Encaustic, en-kaws'tik, adj., humed in or done
by heat.—n. an ancient method of painting in
melted wax. [Fr.—Gr.—engkaio, cngkausd—
en, in, and kaio, to burn. CfT Ink and Calm.]
Encave, en-kav', v.t. to hide in a cave. [En, in,
and Cave.]
Enceinte, ang-scngt', «. [/ort.) an inclosure, the
wall or rampart which surrounds a place. [Fr.
—ettceindre, to surround—L. in, in, and cingo,
ductus, to gird.]
Enceinte, ang-sengt', adj. pregnant, with child.
[Fr.—L. iticincta, girt about—ittcingo, cinctus,
to gird in, gird about—in, and cingo. Cf. Cinc
ture]
mote : mute ; mi3on ; then,
 Enchain Endurable
Enchain, en-chan', v.t. to put in chains; to hold Encumbrance, en-kum'brans, n. that which en
fast : to link together.—«. Enchain'ment. [Fr. cumbers or hinders : a legal claim on an estate.
enc/tatner—en, and chatne, a chain—L. catena.] Encyclical, en-sik'lik-al, adj. sent round to many
Enchant, en-chant', v.t. to act on by songs or persons or places, as an encyclical letter of the
rhymed formulas of sorcery : to charm : to de Pope. [Gr. engkyklios—en, in, and kyklos, a
light in a high degree. [Fr. enchanter—-L. circle.] [Same as Cyclopaedia.
incantare, to sing a magic formula over—in, Encyclopaedia, Encyclopedia, en-si-klo-pe di-a, n.
on, canto, to sing. See Chant.] Encyclopedian, en-si-kio-pe'di-an, adj. embracing
Enchanter, en-chant'er, «. one who enchants : a the whole circle of learning.
sorcerer or magician : one who charms or do- Encyclopedic, en-si-klo-pcd'ik, Encyclopedical,
lights. Enchant'ress. en-sl-klo-ped'ik-al, adj. pertaining to an encyclo
Enchantment, en-chant'mcnt, «. act of enchant pedia.
ing : use of magic arts : that which enchants. Encyclopedist, en-sT-klo-pc'dist, n. the compiler
Enchase, en-chas , v.t. to fix in a border : to adorn or one who assists in the compilation of an
with raised or embossed work. [Fr. enchAsser— encyclopedia. [hag. [En, in, and Cyst J
en, in, chAssis, caisse, a case. See Chase. Encysted, en-sist'ed, adj. inclosed in a cyst or
also Case, a covering. Chase, v.t. is a contr.] End, end, n. the last point or portion : termina
Encircle, en-serk'l, v.t. to inclose in a circle: to tion or close : death : consequence : object aimed
embrace : to pass around. [En, in, and Circle.] at : a fragment.—v.t. to bring to an end : to
Enclave, ang'-klav, «. a territory entirely inclosed destroy.—v.i. to come to an end: to cease.
within the territories of another power. [Fr.—L. [A.S. ende; Gcr. and Dan. ende, Goth, andeis ;
in, and claims, a key.] Sans, anta; also akin to L. prefix ante- and Gr.
EnclitlO, en-klit'ik, adj. that inclines or leans (!«//-.]
upon.—«. {gram.) a word or particle which Endamage, en-dam'aj, v.t. (B.) same as Damage.
always follows another word, and is so united Endanger, en-dan'jcr, v.t. to place in danger: to
with it as to seem a part of it. [Gr. etigklitikos expose to loss or injury. [En, in, and Danger.]
—en, in, h/ind, to bend, cog. with E. Lean.] Endear, en-deV, v.t. to make dear or more dear,
Enclose, en-klfiz'. Same asInclose. to make, and Dear.]
Encomiast, en-ko'mi-ast, n. one who praises, or Endearment, en-clOVmcnt, ». act of endearing :
one who utters or writes encomiums. [Gr. eng- state of being endeared ; that which excites or
kdmiastes—cngkomion,] increases affection.
Encomiastic, en-k6-mi-as'tik, Encomiastical, cn- Endeavour, cn-dev'ur, V.i. to strive to accom
kO-mi-as'tik-al, adj. containing encomiums or plish an object : to attempt or try.—v.t. (Pr.
praise: bestowing praise.—adv. Encomias'- Bk.) to exert.- «. an exertion of power
tlcally. [Gr. engkdmiastikos—engkdmion.] towards some object: attempt or trial. [Fr.
Encomium, en-ko'mi-um, n. high commendation : en devoir—en, in (with force of 'to do ' or
—Pi. Enco'mlums. [L.—Gr. engkdmion, a song ' make,' as in en-amour, en-couragc), and
of praise—en, in, kdmos, festivity.] devoir, duty. See Devoir ] (agon.
Encompass, cn-kum'pas, v.t. to compass or go Endecagon, en-dek'a-gon, n. Same as Hendec-
round : to surround or inclose. —«. Encom'pass- Endemio, en-dcm'ik, Endemloal, cn-deni'ik-al,
ment. [En, in, and Compass.] Endemlal, en-dc'mi-al, adj. peculiar to a people
Encore, ang-kor7, adv. again : once more.—v.t* or a district, as a disease.—n. a disease of an
to call for a repetition of, [Fr. (It. ancora)—L. endemic character.—adv. Endem'ically. [Gr.
{in) hanc horam, till this hour, hence = still.] endimios—en, in, and demos, a people, a district.]
Encounter, en-kownt'er, v.t. to run counter to or Ending, end'ing, n. termination : [gram. ) the
against: to meet face to face, esp. unexpect terminating syllable or letter of a word.
edly : to meet in contest : to oppose.—«. a meet Endive, en'div, n. a plant of the same genus as
ing unexpectedly : an interview : a fight. [O. chicory, used as a salad. [Fr.—L. intuSus.]
Fr. encontrer—L. in, in, and contra, against.] Endless, end'Ies, adj. without end : continual :
Encourage, en-kur'aj, v.t. to put courage in : to everlasting : objectless.—adv. Endlessly.—n.
inspire with spirit or hope: to incite.—«. En- Endlessness.
cour'ager.—adv. Encouragingly. [Fr. en- Endocardium, en-do-karMi-um. n. the lining
courager—en, to make, and courage. See membrane of the heart.—n. Endocarditis, en-
Courage] do-kar-dl'tis, disease thereof. [Gr. endon,
Encouragement, en-kur'aj-ment, n. act of en- within, and kardia, the heart. See Heart.]
couraeing : that which encourages or incites. Endogen, en'do-jen, «. a plant that grmvs from
Encrinal, en-krl'nal, EncrtniC, en-krin'ik. En- within, or by additions to the inside of the stem,
crinlt'lc, Encrtnit'lcal, adj. relating to or con as the palm, grasses, &c. [Gr. endon, within,
taining encrinites. and gen, root ofgignomai, to be produced.]
Encrinite, en'kri-nlt, n. the stone-/;/)': a fossilised | Endogenous, en-doj'e-nus, adj. increasing like
animal on a long stem or stalk, with a lily- endogens, or by internal growth.
shaped head. [Gr. en, in, and krinon, a lily.] Endorse, en-dors'. Same as Indorse.
Encroach, en-krOch', v.i. to seize on the rights of ' Endow, en-dow', v. t. to give a dowry or marriage-
others: to intrude: to trespass.—n. Encroach'er. portion to : to settle a permanent provision on : to
—adv. Encroach'ingly. [Formed from Fr. en, enrich with any gift or faculty.—n. Endow er.
and croc. a hook ; cf. accroclter [ad and cracker), [ Fr. en ( = L. in), and doner, to endow—L. doto.
to hook up. See Crochet, Crotchet, and Crook. ] See Dower.]
Encroachment, en-kroch'ment, n. act ofencroach Endowment, en-dow'ment, n. act of endowing :
ing : that which is taken by encroaching. that which is settled on any person or institu
Encrust, en-krust'. Same as Incrust. tion : a quality or faculty bestowed on any one.
Encumber. cn-kunVbcr, v.t. to impede the motion Endue, cn-du', an older form of Endow.
of, with something cumbrous : to embarrass: to Endurable, en-dur'a-bl, adj. that can be endured
load with debts. [Fr. encomirer, from en- and or borne.—adv. Endur'ably.—«. Endurablo
combrer. See Cumber.] ness.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOon ; Men. 153
 Endurance Enlighten
Endurance, en-diir'ans, «. state of enduring or | esp. a prime mover : a military machine : any
bearing : continuance : a suffering patiently thing used to effect a purpose. [Fr. engin—L.
without sinking : patience. ingenium, skill. Sec Ingenious.]
Endure, cn-dQrj v.t. to remain firm under: to Engineer, en-jin-er', n. an engine-maker or man
bear without sinking —v.i. to remain firm : to ager : one who directs military works and
last. [Fr. etulurer—en (= L. in), and durer, to engines: a Civil engineer, one who superin
last. See Dure.] tends the construction of public works. [Orig.
Endwise, end'wiz, adv., end ways: on the end: enfitter,,]
with the end forward. [End and Wise.] Engineering, en-jin-er'ing, «. the art or profession
Enema, e-ne'ma or en'e-ma, w. a liquid medicine of an engineer. (Gird. ]
throivtt into the rectum : an injection. [Or. — Engird, en-gerd', v.t. to gird round. [En and
enietni, to send in—en, in, and hiemi, to send.] English, ing^jlish, adj. belonging to England or
Enemy, en'e-mi, n. one who hates or dislikes : a its inhabitants. —n. the language or the people
foe : a hostile army [O. Fr. enemi (mod. Fr. of England. [A.S. Engiisc, from Engle, Angle,
enncwi)—I., inimiens—in, negative, and amicus, from the Angles who settled in Britain.]
a friend. See Amicable, Amity. ] Engraft. See Ingraft.
Energetic, en-cr-jet'ik, Energetical, en-er-jer*ik- Engrain, en-y,ran . Same as Ingrain,
al, adj. having or shewing energy : active : forc i Engrave, en-grfiv', v.t. to cut out with a graver a
ible : efTcctive.-rtrfz'. Energetically. [Gr. representation of anything on wood, steel, &c. :
energetikos. ] to imprint: to impress deeply. —«. Engraver.
Energy, en'cr-ji, tt. power of doing work : power [Fr. en (= L. in), and E. Grave.]
exerted : vigorous operation : strength. [Gr. Engraving, en-graVing, n. act or art of cutting
enerrcia —en, in, and ergon, work ; akin to E. designs on metal, wood, or stone : an impression
Work.] taken from an engraved plate : a print.
Enervate, en-cVvftt, v.t. to deprive of nerve, Engross, en-grus', v.t. to occupy wholly, mono
strength, or courage : to weaken.—«. Enerva polise : to copy a writing in a large hand or in
tion, en-er-va'shun. [L. enervo, enervatus—e, distinct characters.—tt. Engross'er. [From Fr.
out of, and ttetvus, a nerve. See Nerve.] en gros, in large. See GroSS.]
Enfeeble, en-fe'bl, v.t. to make- feeble : to deprive j Engrossment, en-gros'incni, «. act of engrossing :
of strength, to weaken. [Fr. en (— L. in), that which has been engrossed : a fair copy.
causative, and K. Feeble.] Engulf. Sec Ingulf.
Enfeeblement, en-fe'bl-ment, «. act of enfeebling Enhance, en-hans', v.t. to raise or heighten : to
or weakening : weakness. add to: to increase. [Prov. enatisar—cturns,
Enfeoff, en-feP, v.t. to give a fit/ or feud to : to forward, formed from L. in ante, before. See
invest with a possession in fee. [Fr. en (= L. Advance.]
in), and Feoff.] Enhancement, en-hans'ment, tt. act of enhanc
Enfeoffment, en-ferment, n. act of enfeoffing : the ing : state of being enhanced : increase : aggra
deed which invests with the fee of an estate. vation.
Enfilade, en-fi-lad', M, a line, or straight pas Enigma, en-ig'ma, n. a statement with a hidden
sage : a situation or a body open from end to meaning to oe guessed : anything very obscure :
end. —v.t. to rake with shot through the whole a riddle. [ [,, emigma —Gr. ainigma, ainigntatoi
length of a line. [Fr. enfiler—en (= L. in), —ainissomai, to sj)eak darkly—ainos, a tale.]
and,/?/, a thread. See File^ a line or wire.] Enigmatic, en-ig-mat'ik, Enigmatical, tn-ig-mat'-
Enforce, en-ffirs', v.t. to gam by force: to give ik-al, adj. relating to, containing, or resembling
force to : to put in force: to give effect to: to an enigma : obscure : puzzling.—ativ. Enig
urge. [O. Fr. enforcer—en {= L. in], and matically.
force. See Force ] Enigmatlse. cn-ig'ma-tlz, v.i. to utter or deal in
Enforcement, en-fbrs'ment, «. act of enforcing : riddles. [tises.
compulsion: a giving effect to: that which en Enlgmatist, en-ig'ma-tist, n. one who enigma-
forces Enjoin, en-join', v.t. to lay upon, as an order: to
Enfranchise, cn-fran'chiz, v.t. to give a franchise order or direct with authority or urgency. [Fr.
or political privileges to. [Fr. en {— L. in), enjoindre—L. injungere—in, and jnngo. See
and E. Franchise ] Join.]
Enfranchisement, en-fran'chiz-ment, n. act of Enjoy, en-jov', v.t. to joy or delight in : to feel or
enfranchising: admission to civil or political perceive with pleasure : to possess or use with
privileges. satisfaction or delight. [Fr. en (=h. in), and
Engage, cn-gaj', v.t. to bind by a gage or pledge : joie. See Joy.]
to render liable : to gain for service : to enlist: Enjoyment, en-joy'ment, «. state or condition of
to gain over : to win : to occupy : to enter into enjoying : satisfactory possession or use of any
contest with.—v.i. to pledge one's word: to thing : pleasure: happiness.
become bound : to take a part : to enter into Enkindle, en-kin'dl, v.t. to kimile or set on fire :
conflict. [Fr. engager—en c?age, in pledge. See to rouse. [Fr. en (= L. in), and E. Kindle.]
Gage.] Enlarge, en-larj', v t. to make larger: to increase
Engagement. en-gSj'ment, n. act of engaging: in size or quantity : to expand : to amplify or
state of being engaged : that which engages : spread out discourse : (/>.) to set at large or free.
promise : employment : a fight or battle. ■—v.i. to grow large or larger: to be diffuse in
Engaging, en-gfijing, adj. winning : attractive. speaking or writing: to expatiate. [Fr. en
—adv. Engagingly. (= L. in), and E. Large ]
Engender, en-jen'der, v.t. to gender or beget : to Enlargement, cn-Iarj'ment, n. act of enlarging :
breed : to sow the seeds of: to produce.—v.i. to state of being enlarged: increase: extension:
be caused or produced. [Fr. engendrcr—L. diffuscness of speech or writing : a setting at
ingenerare—in, and genera, to generate. See large : release.
Genus and Gender ] Enlighten, cn-llt'n, v.t. to lighten or shed light
Engine, cn'jin, ». a complex and powerful machine, on : to make clear to the mind : to impart know-
154 fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mGOn ; Men.
 Enlightenment Enthronisation
ledge to: to elevate by knowledge or religion. I ject to the influence of. [Fr. en (= L. in), to
[Fr. en {— L. in), and E. Lighten.] make, and E. Slave.]
Enlightenment, en-lit n-ment, n. act of enlighten- I Enslavement, en-slavment, «. act of enslaving :
ing : state of being enlightened. state of being enslaved : slavery : bondage.
Enlist, en-list', v.t. to enrol: to engige in public i Ensnare. Same as Insnare.
service: to employ in advancing an object. —v.i. Enstamp, cn-stamp'. v.t. to mark as with a
to engage in public service : to enter heartily stamp. [Fr. en (= L. in\ and Stamp 1
into a cause. [Fr. en (= L. in), and liste, E. Ensue, en-sG', v.i. tofollow: to succeed or come
List.J after: to result from : [B.) v.t. to follow after:—
Enlistment, en-list'ment, «. act of enlisting : Pr.p. ensu'ing ; pa.p. ensued'. [O. Fr. ensuir
state of being enlisted. ( Fr. ensuivrej—L. in, after, and sequor, to
Enliven, en-ln/n, v.t. to put life into: to excite follow. See Sue.)
or make active : to make sprightly or cheerful : Ensure. Same as Insure.
to animate.—//. Enllv'ener. [Fr. en (= L. in), Entablature, en-tab'la-tur, Entablement, en-
and E. Life. See also Live.] ta'bl-ment, n. (arch.) the superstructure, con
Enmity, cn'mi-ti, n. the quality of being an sisting of the architrave, frieze, and cornice,
enemy: unfriendliness : ill-will: hostility. [Fr. that surmounts the columns, and rests upon
inimitii, from en- (~ L. in-, negative), and their capitals. [Fr. entablement, O. Fr. enta
amitie", amity. See Amity.] blature, from L. in, in the manner of, tabula, a
Ennoble, en-no'bl, v.t. to make noble: to elevate : table.]
to raise to nobility. [Fr. ennoblir—Fx. en (= L. Entail, en-til', v.t. to cutoff an estate from the
in), and noble, E. Noble.J heirs-general, and settle 11 on a particular heir
Ennill, ang-nwS', «. a feeling of weariness or dis nr series of heirs: to bring on as an inevitable
gust from satiety, &c. [Fr. ennui—O. Fr. anoi consequence:—Pr.p. entailing; Pa.p. entailed'.
—L. in odio, as in olio habui, (lit.) 'I hold — * an estate entailed : the rule of descent of
in hatred,' i.e. I am tired of. See Annoy.] an estate. [Fr. eutailler, 10 cut into—en, in,
Enormity, e-nor'mi-ti, n. state or quality of being into, and tailler. to cut—L. talea, a twig or
enormous: that which is enormous: a great cutting. See Tally.]
crime : great wickedness. Entailment, en-taTment, ». act of entailing :
Enormous, e-nor'mus, adj. excessive : atrocious. stale of being entailed.
—adv. Enor'mously. [L. enormis—e, out of, Entangle, en-tang'gl, v.t. to twist into a tangle, or
and norma, rule. See Normal.] so as not to be easily separated : to involve in
Enough, e-nuf, adj. sufficient: giving content: complications: to perplex : to insnare. [Fr. en
satisfying want. —adz: sufficiently.—n. suffici
ency : as much as satisfies desire or want. [A.S. {— L. in), and en-tang^l-ment,
E. tangle
gc-noh, ge-nog; Goth, ga-nohs: Ger. ge-nug; Entanglement, n. state of being
Ice. g-nog-r.] [used as its plural. Enter, en'ter( v.i. to go orstate
entangled : a confused : perplexity.
come in : to penetrate :
Enow, e-now', adj. Same as Enough, but often to engage in : to form a part of.—v.t. to come
Enquire. See Inquire.
Enrage, en-raj', v.t. to make angry or furious. put into: to enrol or record. [Fr.: toentrer
or go into: to join or engage in begin : to
[Fr. enragcr—en (= L. in), and rage, E. Rage.] intrare, to go into—in, in, and a root tar,—L.to
Enrapture, en-rap'tur, v.t. to put in rapture: to cross,
transport with pleasure or delight. [Fr. en ( = Enteric,which appears in L. trans, across.]
en-ter'ik, adj. belonging to the intes
L. in), and E. Rapture.) tines. [Gr. enterikos—enteron, intestine.]
Enrich, en-rich', v.t. to make rick: to fertilise: Enteritis, en-ie-rT lis, n. inflammation of the intes
to adorn. [Fr. enrichit—en ( = L. in\, and tines.
riche, E. Rich.] [that which enriches. Enterprise, cn'ter-prTz, «. that which is taken
Enrichment, en-rich'ment, n. act of enriching:
Enrol, en-rOl , v.t. to insert in a roll or register: | hold of, entered on, or attempted : a bold or
to record: to leave in writing : -pr.p. enrolling; ! dangerous
[Fr. ertlrepris,
undertaking : an adventure : daring.
pa.p. of entreprendre—entre, in,
pa.f. enrolled'. [Fr.—en, and rolle, E. Roll.] into, and prendre, to seize—L. prehendo.]
Enrolment, en-roTmcnt, ». act of enrolling: that Enterprising, en'ter-prTz-ing, adj. forward in
in which anything is enrolled : a register. undertaking : adventurous.—adv. Enterpris
Ensample, en-sanvpl, n. a corr. of Example. ingly.
Ensconce, en-skons', v.t. to cover or protect, as Entertain, en-ter-tan', v.t. to receive and treat
with a sconce or fort: to hide safely. [Fr. en hospitably: to hold the attention of and amuse
(= L. in), and E. Sconce.] by conversation : to receive and take into con
Enshrine, en-shrln', v.t. to inclose in or as in a sideration : to keep or hold in the mind. —«.
shrine: to preserve with affection. [Fr. en Entertain'er.—,7^V'. Entertain 'in gly. [Fr. en-
( = L. in), and E. Shrine.] tretenir—entre, among, and tenir—L, teneo, to
Enshroud, en-shrowd', v.t. to cover with a shroud: hold.]
to cover up. [Fr. en ( = L. in), and E. Shroud.]
Ensign, en'stn, n. the sign or flag distinguishing a Entertainment, en-ter-tfm'ment, n. act of enter
taining: hospitality at table : that which enter
nation or a regiment : formerly the junior subal tains : the provisions of the table : a banquet :
tern rank of commissioned officers of the British amusement : a performance which delights.
infantry, so called from bearing the colours. [Fr. Enthral. Same as Inthral.
enseigne -L. insignia, pi. of insigne, a distinc Enthrone, en-thron', z\t. to place on a throne: to
tive mark—in, on, signum, a mark.]
Enslgncy, en'stn-si, Ensignship, en'sln-ship, n. exalt to the seat of royalty : to instal as a
the rank or commission of an ensign in the army. bishop.trdne—Gr.
[O. Fr. enthroner, from Fr. en, and
thronos, a throne.]
Ensilage, en'sil-aj, n. the storing of green fodder, Enthronement,
&c , in pits. [Fr.—en, and Sp. silo—L.—Gr. enthroning or ofen-thron'ment, being enthroned.
n. the act of
siros, pit for keeping corn in.] Enthronisatlon, en-thrOn-i-za'shun, n. the en
Enslave, en slav', v.t. to make a slave of: to sub- thronement of a bishop.
fate, fir ; me, her ; mine ; mote . mQto ; mOon ; then.
 Enthusiasm
Enthusiasm, en-thu'zi-azm, ». intense interest :
passionate zeal. [Gr. enthousiasmos, a god-
inspired zeal—enthousiazd, to be inspired by a
god—en, in, and theos, a god.]
Enthusiast, en-thu'zi-ast, n. one inspired by enthu
siasm : one who admires or loves intensely.
Enthusiastic, en-thu-zi-as'tik, Enthusiastical,
en-thu-zi-as tik-al, adj. filled with enthusiasm:
zealous: ardent.—adv. Enthusiastically.
Entice, cn-tTs', v.t, to induce by exciting hope or
desire : to tempt : to lead astray.—adv. En
ticingly.—*. Entic'er. [O. Fr. enticer, en-
ticher, to taint, the root of which is uncertain.]
Enticeable, en-tls'a-bl, adj. capable of being
enticed.
Enticement, en-tts'ment, «. act of enticing : that
which entices or tempts : allurement.
Entire, en-t7r\ adj. whole : complete : unmingled.
—adv. Entirely.—«. Entlre'ness. [Fr. entier
—L. integer, whole, from in, not, and tago,
tango, to touch.]
Entirety, en-tir'ti, «, completeness: the whole.
Entitle, en-tl'tl, v.t. to give a title to: to style :
to give a claim to. [Fr. en (= L. in), and Title,
bee Title.]
Entity, en'ti-ti, «., being; existence : a real sub
stance. [Formed by adding suffix -iy to L.
ens, entis, being—esse, to be.]
Entomb, en-iGom', v.t. to place in a tomb, to
bury. [En and Tomb. ]
Entombment, en-t<50m'ment, «. burial.
Entomologist, en-to-mol'o-jist, «. one learned in
entomology.
Entomology, en-to-mol'o-ji, «. the science which
treats of insects.—adjs. Entomolog'ic, Ento
mological, —adv. Entomolog'ically. [Gr.
cntoma, insects, {///.; animals cut into—tomos,
cutting—temnd, to cut, and logos, a discourse.]
Entozoa,en-to-z6'a [sing. Entozo'on , n.pl. animals
that live inside of other animals. [Gr. entos,
within, and zdon, an animal.]
Entrails, en'tralz, n.pl. the internal parts of an
animal's body, the bowels. [Fr. entrailies—
I-ow L. intralia, corr. of interanea, neut. pi. of
interaneus, inward—inter, within.]
Entrain, en-trun', v.t. to put into a train, said of
troops by railway.
Entrance, en'tran.% «. act of entering : power or
right to enter : the place for entering, the door :
the beginning. [L. intrans, pr.p. of intrare.]
Entrance, en-trans', v.t. to put into a trance : to
fill with rapturous delight. [En, in, and Trance.]
Entrancement, en-trans'ment, n. state of trance
or of excessive joy.
Entrap, en-trap', v.t. to catch as in a trap: to
insnare : to entangle. [En and Trap.]
Entreat, en-tret', v.t. [prig.) to treat, to deal with
—so in B. : to ask earnestly : to pray for.—v.t.
to pray. [En and Treat.] [prayer.
Entreaty, en-tret'i, w. act of entreating: earnest
Entrenon. Same as Intrench,
Entrust. Same as Intrust.
Entry, en'tri, «. act of entering : a passage into :
act of committing to writing : the thing entered
or written : [law) the taking possession of.
Entwine, en-twin', v.t. to twine. [En and
Twine.] [and Twist.
Entwist, en-twist', v.t. to tivist round. [En
Enumerate, e-nu'mer-ut, v.t. to count the num
ber of: to name over. [L. e, out, and nutnero,
numeratus, to number. See Number.]
Enumeration, e-iiu-mcr-a'shun, n. act o( number
ing: a detailed account : a summing up.
Enunciate, e-nun'si (or -shi) -at, v.t. to state for-
1M fate, far; me, her ; mine ;
Ephemera
mally : to pronounce distinctly.—n. Enun'cia-
tor, one who enunciates. [L. enuncio, cnuncia-
tum—e, and nuncio, to tell—nuncius, a mes
senger.]
Enunciation, e-nun-si (or -shi) -u'shun, «. act of
enunciating: manner of uttering or pronounc
ing: a distinct statement or declaration: the
words in which a proposition is expressed.
Enunciative, e-nun;si (or shi) -a-tiv, Enunclatory,
e-nun'si (or shi) -at-or-i, adj. containing enuncia
tion or utterance : declarative.
Envelop, en-vel'up, v.t. to roll or fold in: to
cover by wrapping: to surround entirely: to
hide. [Fr. envehpper ; the origin of the word
is obscure, but may perh. be found in the Teut.
root of M. E. wlapfen, E. lap.)
Envelope, en'vel-Op or ang'vel-op, n. that which
envelops, wraps, or covers, esp. the cover of a
letter. [covering on all sides.
Envelopment, en-vel'op-ment, «. a wrapping or
Envenom, en-ven'um, v.t. to put venom into: to
poison : to taint with bitterness or malice. [En,
mt and Venom.]
Enviable, en'vi-a-bl, adj. that excites envy:
capable of awakening desire to possess.—adv.
En'viably.
Envious, cn'vi-us, adj. feeling envy: directed by
envy.—adv. En'viously—n. En'viousness.
Environ, en-vT'run, v.t. to surround: to encircle :
to invest '.—pr.p. environing ; pa.p, environed.
—n. Environment, a surrounding. [Fr. envi-
ronner—environ, around—virer, to turn round,
from root of Veer.]
Environs, en'vi-runz or en-vi'-, n.pl. the places
that environ: the outskirts of a city : neigh
bourhood.
Envoy, cn'voy, «. a messenger, esp. one sent to
transact business with a foreign government : a
diplomatic minister of the second order.—n.
En'voyship. [Fr. envoye"—envoyer, to send—
en. on, and vote— L. via, a way.)
Envy, en'vi, v.t. to look upon with a grudging
eye: to hate on account of prosperity :—/r./.
en'vying ; pa.p. envied. —n. pain at the sight of
another s success: a wicked desire to supplant
one: (£.) ill-will. [Fr. envie—L. iuvutia—in,
on, and video, to look.]
Envying, en'vi-ing, n. [B.) envy, ill-will.
Enwrap. Sec Inwrap.
Eocene, e'0-sen, adj. (geol.) first in time of the
three subdivisions of the tertiary formation.
[Gr. eds, daybreak, kainos, recent.]
Eollan, e-O'li-an, Eolic, e-ol'ik, adj. belonging to
sEolia, in Asia Minor, or to the Greek dialect of
/EoUa : pertaining to sEolus, god of the winds.
Epaot, &pakt, n. the moon's age at the end of the
year : the excess of the solar month or year
above the lunar. [Gr. epaktos, brought on—epi,
on, agO, to bring.]
Epaulet, ep-awl-et', n. a shoulder-piece: a badge
of a military or naval officer, now disused in
the British army. [Fr. ipaulctte—/pau/e, the
shoulder—spatula, a blade, in Late L. the
shoulder, dim. of spat'ha—Gr. spathe, a blade.]
Epergue, e-pem', «. an ornamental stand for a
large dish for the centre of a table. [Fr. epargne,
saving—Spargner, to save : of uncertain origin.]
Epha, Ephah. O'fn, n. .1 Hebrew measure for dry
goods = 3 E. pecks and 3 pints. [Heb.—Coptic]
Ephemera, ef-em'er-a, n. a fly that lives one day
only : the Mayfly, a genus of short-lived
insects : a fever of one day's continuance only.
[Gr. ephemeros, living a day—epi, for, and
hemera, a day. ]
mute ; mute ; mOOn ; then.
 ephemeral Epopee
Ephemeral, ef-em'er-al, adj. existing only for a brated on Jan. 6, in commemoration of the
day : daily : short-lived. appearance of Christ to the wise men of the
Ephemerls, ef-em'er-is, n. an account of daily East. [Gr. epiphaneia, appearance—epi, and
transactions : a journal : an astronomical al phaind, to shew, from phad, to shine.]
manac \~pi. Ephemerides, ef-e-mer'i-dez. Episcopacy, e-pis'ko-pas-i, «. the government of
Ephemerist, ef-em'er-ist, «. one who studies the the church by bishops. [L. episcopatus—Gr.
daily motions of the planets. episkopos, an overseer, a bishop. See Bishop.]
Ephod, ef'od, n. a kind of linen surplice worn by Episcopal, e-pis'ko-pal, Oiij. governed by bis/tops:
the Jewish priests. [Heb.—aph<ul, to put on.] belonging to or vested in bishops.—adv. Epis'-
SplC, ep'ik, adj. applied to a poem which recounts I copauy.
a great event in an elevated style.—n. an epic or Episcopalian, e-pis-ko-pa'li-an, adj. belonging to
heroic poem. [L. epicus—Gt. epikos—epos, a bishops, or government by bishops.—«. one who
word. ] belongs to the Episcopal Church.
Epicene, ep'i-s6n, adj. or «., common to both Episcopallanism, e-pis-ko-pa'Ii-an-izm, epis
sexes: [gram.) of either gender. [Gr. epikoinos copalian government and doctrine.
—epi, and koinosf common. See Cenobite.] Episcopate, e-pisTco-pat, ». a bishopric : the office
Epicure, ep'i-kiir, «. a follower of Epicurus, a of a oishop : the order of bishops.
Greek philosopher, who taught that pleasure [ Episode, ep'i-sfid, n. a story coming in or intro
was the chief good : one given to sensual enjoy duced into a narrative or poem to give variety :
ment : one devoted to the luxuries of the table. an interesting incident. [Gr. epeisodion—epi,
[L. Epicurus—Gr. Epikouros.\ upon, eisodos, a coming in—eis, into, hodos, a
Epicurean, ep-i-ko-rfan, adj. pertaining to Epi- | way.]
curus: given to luxury.— «. a follower of Epi- I Episodial, e-pi-s5'di-al. Episodic, e-pi-sod'ik,
curus : one given to the luxuries of the table. Episodical, e-pi-sod'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or
Epicureanism, cp-i-kG-re'an-izm, n. the doctrine contained in an episode: brought in as a digres
of Epicurus: attachment to these doctrines. sion, [episode: incidentally.
Epicurism, cp'i-kur-izm, ». the doctrines of Epi Episodically, e-pi-sod'ik-al-1, adv. by way of
curus: luxury: sensual enjoyment. Epistle, e-pisl, n. a writing sent to one, a letter.
Epicycle, ep'i-sT-kl, n. a circle having its centre [O. Fr. epistle—L. epistola—Gr. epistole—epi,
on the circumference of a greater circle, on and stella, to send.]
which it moves. [Gr. epi, upon, kyktos, a circle.] Epistolary, e-pis'to-lar-i, adj. pertaining to or
Epidemic, cp-i-«iem'ik, Epidemical, cp-i-dem'ik-al, consisting of epistles or letters: suitable to an
adj. affecting a whole people: general.—«. a epistle : contained in letters.
disease falling on great numbers.—adv. Epi EpistollO, ep-is-tol'ik, Eplstollcal, ep-is-tol'ik-al,
demically. [Gr. cpidemos, general — epit adj. pertaining to epistles or letters : designating
among, and demos, the people.] the method of representing ideas by letters and
Epidermis, ep-t-der'mis, n. that which lies on the words.
true skin : the cuticle or outer skin of animals. Epitaph, ep'i-taf, ». an inscription upon a tomb,
—a*ljs. Epidermic, Eplder'mal. [Gr. epider- —adjs. Epitaph'ian, Epitaph'io. [Gr.epita-
mis—epi, upon, and derma, the skin.] phion—epi, upon, and taphos, a tomb.]
Epigastric, ep-i-gas'trik, adj. relating to the epi Epithalamium, ep-i-tha-la'mi-um, ft. a song in
gastrium, or upper part of the abdomen. [Gr. celebration of a marriage. [Gr. epitfuilamion—
epi, upon, and gaster, the stomach.] epi, upon, thalamos, a bedchamber, marriage.]
Epiglottis, ep-i-glot'is, «. the cartilage at the root Epithet, ep'i-thct, «. an adjective expressing some
ofthe tongue that falls upon theglottis, or open real quality of the thing to which it is applied,
ing of the larynx. [Gr.—epi, upon, and Glottis.] or an attribute expressing some quality ascribed
Epigram, ep'i-gram, n. (in anc. times) first a to it. [Gr. epithetos, added—epi, on, and
poetic inscription, then a short or pointed poem : tithimi, to place.]
a short poem on one subject ending with a witty EplthetiC, ep-i-thet'ik, adj. pertaining to an
or sarcastic thought : any concise and pointed epithet : abounding with epithets.
or sarcastic saying. [Through Fr. and L., Epitome, c-pil o-me, n. an abridgment or short
from Gr. epigramma, epigrammatos—epi, upon, summary of anything, as of a book. [Gr.—epi,
And gramma, a writing, from graphs, to write.] and temnd, to cut.]
Epigrammatic, ep-i-gram-mat'ik, Epigrammat- Epitomise, e-pit'o-mTz, v.t, to make an epitome
lcal, ep-i-gram-mat'ik-al, adj. relating to or deal of : to shorten : to condense.
ing in epigrams: like an epigram: concise and Epltomlser, e-pitVmiz-er, Epitomlst, e-pit'o-
pointed.—adv. Epigrammat ically. mist, «. one who epitomises or abridges.
Epigrammatise, ep-i-gram'at-Iz, z>.t. to make an Epoch, ep'ok or e'-, «. a point of time fixed or
epigram on.—Epigrammatist, ep-i-gram'at-ist, made remarkable by some great event from
n. one who writes epigrams. which dates are reckoned : a period remarkable
Epigraph, ep'i-graf, «. a writing, esp. on a build- j for important events. [Gr. epoch?—epechd, to
ing : a citation or motto at the commencement stop— epi. upon, and echd, to hold.]
of a book or its parts. [Gr. epi-graphe—epi, Epode, ep'fld, «. a kind of lyric poem in which
upon, and graphd, to write.} a longer verse is followed by a shorter one.—
Epilepsy, ep'i-lep-si, w. a disease of the brain j adj. Epod'lC. [Gr. epddos—epi, on, and ode,
attended by convulsions, which seizes on one \ an ode or song. See Ode. ]
suddenly, causing him to fal\.—a<lj. Epilep'tic. I Eponym, Eponyme, ep'o-nim, «. a name, as of a
[Gr. epilepsia—epi, upon, and lamband, /ipso- i country or people, derived from that of an in
mai, to seize, Sans, labk, to get.] dividual—adj. Epon'ymous. [Gr. epi, upon,
Epilogue, cp'i-Iog, n. a speech or short poem at I to, and onoma, name.]
the end of a play.—adj. Epilog'ical, -loj'. Epopee, ep'o-pfi, n. the writing of epic poetry : an
[Through Fr. ana L., from Gr. epilogos, conclu epic poem: the subject of an epic. [Fr. —Gr.
sion—epi, upon, and legi>, to speak.] epopoiia—epos, a word, an epic poem, poicd, to
Epiphany, e-pifan-i, n. a church festival cele- | make.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mCOn ; Men. 157
 Equability Ereot
Equability. fi-kwa-bil'i-ti, tt, state or condition of Equipage, ek'wi-paj, n. that with which one is
being equable or not variable. equipped: furniture required for any service, as
Equable, £ kwa-bl, adj., equal and uniform : armour of a soldier, &c. ; a carriage and attend
smooth : not variable.—adv. E quably [L. ants, retinue.—adj. Eq'uipaged, furnished with
aquabilis.] an equipage.
Equal, ekwal, adj., one or the same in regard to Equipment, e-kwip'ment, «. the act of equipping :
any quality : adequaie : in just proportion : fit : the state of being equipped : things used in
equable: uniform: equitable: evenly balanced : equipping or furnishing.
just. —n. one of the same age, rank, &c.—v.t. to Equipoise, e'kwi-poiz, »., equality of -weight or
be or to make equal to : -pr.fi, e'qualling ; Pa.p. force : the stale of a balance when the two
equalled.—adv. Equally. [L. aquatis—aquus, weights are equal. [L. aquus, equal, and PoiseJ
equal ; Sans, eka, one.} Equipollent, e-kwi-pol'ent, adj. having equal
Equalisation, e-kwal-i-za'shun, «. the act of mak poiver or force : equivalent. —«. Equipollence.
ing equal ; state of being equalised. [L. aquus, equal, and polletis, pollentis, pr.p. of
Equalise, e'kwal-Tz, v.t. to make equal. Polleo, to be able.]
Equality, e-kwol'i-ti, n. the condition of being Equiponderant, e-kwi-pon'der-ant, adj., equal in
equal: sameness: evenness. (L. aqualitas.] weight.—n. Equipon'derance. [L. aquus,
Equanimity, e-kwa-nim'i-ti, «., equality or even equal, and potulus, ponderis, weight.]
ness of mitul or temper. [L. cequanimitas— Equiponderate, c-kwi-pon'der-at, v.i. to be equal
aquus, equal, and animus, the mind-] in weight : to balance.
Equation, fi-kwii'shun, «. (alg.) a statement of Equitable, ek'wi-ta-bl, adj. possessing or exhibit
Die equality of two quantities : reduction to a ing equity: held or exercised in equity.—adv.
mean proportion. Eq uitably —«. Eq'uitableness.
Equator, 6-lcwi'tor, n. {grog.) a great circle pass Equitation, ek-wi-ta'shun, //. the art of riding 011
ing round the middle of the globe, and dividing horseback. [L. equito, to ride—equus, a horse.)
it into two equal parts', \astr.) the equinoctial. Equity, ek'wi-ti, », right as founded on the laws of
—adj. Equate rial nature : fairness: justice. [Kr. cquite—h.aquitas
Equery, Equerry, ek'we-ri or ek-wer'i, *. one —tequus, equal.]
who has the charge of horses: in England, an Equivalent, e-kwiv'a-lent, adj., equal in value,
officer under the sovereign's Master of the Horse, P^wer, effect, meaning, &c.—«. a thing equal
i Fr. /curie—Low L. scuria, a stable—O. Gcr. in value, &c—adv. Equiv'alently.—«. Equiv
skiura i.Ger. schauer\, shelter, a shed.] alence. [Fr. — L. aquus, equal, and valens,
Equestrian, c-kwe>.'tri-an, adj. pertaining to valeulis, pr.p. oivalco, to be strong.]
horses or horsemanship: on horseback.—«. one Equivocal, e-kwiv'5-kal, adj., meaning equally
who rides on horseback. [L. equester^ equestris two or more things : of doubtful meaning :
—eques, a horseman—equus.] capable of a double explanation. — adv. Equivo
Equiangular, c-kwi-ang'gG-lar, adj. consisting of cally.—«. EquiV'OCalnesS. [L. tequus, equal,
or having equal angles. (,L. aquus, equal, and and vox, vocis, the voice, a word.]
Angular] Equivocate, e-kwiv'o-kat, v.i. to use equivocal or
Equidistant, e-kwi-dis'tant, adj., equally distant doubtful words in order to mislead.
from.—adv. Equidis tantly. [L. aquus, equal, Equivocation, e-kwiv-u-ka'shun, n. act of equivo
and Distant. ; cating or using ambiguous words to mislead.—
Equilateral, e-kwi-lat'er-al, adj. having all the «. EquiVocator.
sides equal. [L. a>quus, equal, and Lateral.] Era, e'ra, n. a series of years reckoned from a
Equilibrate, e-kwi-lfbrat, v.t. to balance two particular point. [Late L. ara, a number, hence
scales equally.—n. Equilibration. [L. arquus, a space of time, orig. ' counters,' pieces of-copper
equal, and Librato ; used in counting, being the neuter pi. of as,
Equilibrium, e-kwi-lib'ri-um, unequal balancing: aris, copper.]
equality of weight or force : level position. [L. Eradicate, e-rad'i-kut, v.t. to pull up by the
aquus, and libra, a balance.] roots: to destroy. [L. eradico, to root out—e,
Equimultiple, e-kwi-murti-pl. adj., multiplied and radix, radicis, a root.]
by the same or an equal number.—n. a number Eradication, c-rad-i-ka shun, n. the act of eradi
multiplied by the same number as another. [L. cating : state of being eradicated.
aquus, eoual, and Multiple.] Erase, e-ras', v.t. to rub or scrape out : to efface :
Equine, eKwin, Equlnal, e-kwln'al, adj. pertain to destroy.— adj. Eras'able.—n. Eraser. [L.
ing to a horse or horses. [L. equinus—equus. \ crado—e, out, and rado, rasas, to scrape.]
Equinoctial, e-kwi-nok'shal, adj. pertaining to ' Erasion, e-rS'zhun, Erasement, e-raVment, Era
the equinoxes, the time of the equinoxes, or sure, e-razhtfor, «. the act of erasing: a rub
to the regions about the equator. —n. a great bing out : the place where something written
circle in the heavens corresponding to the has been rubbed out.
equator of the earth, so called because when j Erastian, e-rast'yan, n. a follower of Thomas
the sun crosses it the days and nights are equal. 1 Erastus, a Swiss physician, who maintained
Equlnoctially, e-kwi-nok'shal-i, adv. in the that the church is wholly dependent on the state
direction of the equinox. for its existence and authority.—atij. relating to
Equinox, c'kwi-noks, n. the time when the sun the Erastians or their doctrines.
crosses the equator, making the night equal in I Erastianism, e-rast'yan-izn>, n. principles of the
length to the day, about aist March and 23d Erastians: control ot the church by the state.
Sept. [L. aquus, equal, and nox, noctis, night.] 1 Ere, ar, adv., be/ore: sooner than.—p*cP- before.
Equip, e-kwip', v.t. to Jit out: to furnish with [A.S. ar; Goth, air, soon.]
everything needed fur any service or work :—■ Erect, e-rekt', v.t. to set upright: to raise: to
pr p. equipp ing ; pa.p. equipped'. [Fr. iquiper build : to exalt : to establish. [L. erectus, from
for esquipp'r, to attire ; irom a Teut. root, erigo, to set upright—e, out, and rego, to make
found in O. Oer. ski/, Ger. schiffi, E. ship and straight.]
shape 1 also Ice. skifia, to set in order.} I Erect, e-rekt', adj., upright: directed upward:
158 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mdte ; mute : moon ; then.
 Erection Esoteric
unshaken : bold.—adv. Erectly.—n. Erect'- forth : that which bursts forth : a breaking out
ness. of spots on the skin. [L. eruptio—erutupo,
Erection, e-rek'shun, n. act of erecting or rais eruptus—e, out, and rurrtpo, to break.]
ing : state of being erecied : exaltation : any Eruptive, e-rupt'iv, atij., breakingforth : attended
thing erected : a buildingof any kind. by or producing eruption : produced by eruption.
Eremite, ere-mit, ». now Hermit. Erysipelas, er-i-sip'c-las, «. an inflammatory dis
Ermine, er'min, n. a northern animal of the ease, generally in the face, marked by a bright
weasel tribe, valued for its fur ; its white fur, an redness of the skin. [Gr. —e-ryth-ros, red, and
emblem of the purity ofjudges and magistrates, pella, skin. See Bed and PeU.]
whose robes are lined with it.—adj. Br'minod, Escalade, es-ka-lad' or es'-, «. the scaling of the
adorned with ermine. [O. Fr. ermine (Fr. her- walls of a fortress by means of ladders.—v.t. to
mine) ; from L. [muz) Armenius, lit. mouse of settle: to mount and enter by means of ladders.
Armeuia% whence it was brought to Rome ; but [Fr. — Sp. escalado—escala, a ladder—L. scala.]
acc. to Skeat from O. Ger. harmin (Ger. her- Escalop, cs-kol'up. Same as Scallop.
melin), ermine-fur.J [rosus, to gnaw.] Escapade, es-ka-pad', n. a mischievous freak.
Erode, e-rod\ v.t. to eat away. [L. e, and rodo. Escape, es*kap', v.t. to flee from : to pass un
Erosion, e-rO'zhun, n. the act of eroding or eating observed : to evade. —v.i. to flee and become
away : the state of being eaten away. safe from danger: to be passed without harm.
Erosive, e-ro'siv, adj. having the property of —«. act of escapmg: flight from danger or from
eroding or eating away. prison. [O. Fr. escaper (Fr. echapper)—L. ex
Erotic, e-rot'ik, Erotical, e-rot'ik-al, adj. per cappa. lit. 'outofone'scapeorcloak.' SceCape.)
taining to love. [Gr. erdtikos—erds, erdtos, Escapement, es-kap'ment, n. part of a time
love.] piece connecting the wheelwork with the pen
Err, er, v.i. to ivander from the right way : to go dulum or balance, and allowing a tooth to
astray : to mistake : to sin. [Fr. errer—L. erro, escape at each vibration.
to stray ; cog. with Ger. irrett, and irre, astray.] Escarp, es-karp', v.t. to make into a scarp or
Errand, er'and, n. a message: a commission to sudden slope. -«. a scarp or steep slope : [fort.)
say or do something. [A.S. atrende ; Ice. the side of the ditch next the rampart. [Fr.
eyrendi; acc. to Max Mfiller, from root ar, to escarper, to cut down steep, from root of Scarp. ]
plough, to work, ende being the pr.p. suffix.] Escarpment, es-karp'ment, n. the precipitous side
Errant, er'ant, adj., erring or -wandering: rov of any hill or rock : {fort.) same as Escarp
ing : wild. [L. errans, errantis, pr.p. of erro.] Eschalot, esh-a-lot', n. a kind of small onion, for
Errantry, er'ant-ri, n. an errant or wandering merly found at Ascalon in Palestine. [(_>. Fr.
state : a rambling about like a knight-errant. eschalote—L. Ascalonius, of Ascalon.]
Erratic, er-at'ik, Erratical, er-at'ik-al, adj., wan Bscnatology, es-ka-tol'o-ji. n. \theol.) the doc-
dering: having no certain course : not station trine of tne last or final things, as death, judg
ary.—adv. Erratically. ment, the state after death. [Gr. eschatos, last,
Erratum, er-a'tum, «. an error in writing or and logos, a discourse.]
printing:—//. Errata, er-ii'ta. [L.—erro, to Escheat, es-chet', ». property which falls to the
stray.] state for want of an heir, or by forfeiture.—V.i.
Erroneous, er-o'ne-us, adj., wandering: erring: tofall to the lord of the manor or to the state.
full of error: wrong: mistaken.—adv. Erro/- [O. Fr. eschet—escheoir (Mod. Fr. ichoir)—Low
neously.— n. Erro neousness. L. excadere—L. ex, out, and coda, tu full.]
Error, er\>r, «. a wandering or deviation from Eschew, es-chOD', v.t. to shun: to flee from. [O.
truth, right, &c. : a blunder or mistake : a fault : Fr. eschever, cog. with Ger. scheuen, to shy at.]
sin. [L.—erro, to wander.] Escort, es'kort, n. a guide : an attendant : a
Erse, ers, «. corr. of Irish, the name given by the guard : a body of armed men as a guard. [Fr.
Lowland Scots to the language of the people of escorte— It. scoria, a guide—scorgere, to guide
the W. Highlands, as being of Irish origin- —L. ex, and corrigere, to set right.]
Erst, erst, adv., first: at first : formerly. [A.S. Escort, es-kort', v.t. to attend as a guard.
<trest, superl. of a>r. See Ere.] Escritoire, es-kri-twor', «. a writing-desk. [O.
Erubescent, er-CO-bes'ent, adj..growing red: red Fr. escriptoirc, Fr. icritoire—Low L. scripto
or reddish: blushing.—n. Erubesc'euco. [L. rium—scribo, scriptum, to write.]
erubcscens, -entis, pr.p. of erubesco, to grow red Esculapian, es-ku-la'pi-an, adj. pertaining to
—e, out, very much, and rubesco—rubere, to be Esculapius, and hence—to the art of healing.
red. See Ruby.] [sEsculapius, the god of the healing art.]
Eructation, er-uk-ta'shun, ft. the act of belching Esculent, esTcu-lent, adj., eatable : fit to be used
or rejecting wind from the stomach : a violent for food by man.—n. something that is eatable.
ejection of wind or other matter from the earth. [L. esculentus, eatable—esca, food—edo, to eat.]
[L. emcto, ernetatus—e, and ructo, to belch Escutcheon, es-kuch'un, «. a shield on which a
forth ; cog. with Gr. ereugomai, to vomit, aorist coat of arms is represented : a family shield :
e-rug-on.\ the part of a vessel's stem bearing her name.
Erudite, er'fi-dit, adj. learned.—o<*V. Eruditely. —adj. Escutch'eoned ('und), having an es
IL. erudto, eruditus, to free from rudeness— cutcheon. [O. Fr. escusson—L. senium, a
from, and rudis, rude.] shield. Cf. Esquire.]
Erudition, er-fi-di'shun, n. state of being erudite Esophagus or (Esophagus, e sofa-gus, ». the
or learned : knowledge gained by study : learn passage through which food is carried to the
ing, csp. in literature. stomach, the gullet. [L.—Gr. oisophagos—oiso,
Eruginous, e-rOO'jin-us, adj. resembling the rust fut. of pherd, to carry, and phagd, to eat.)
of copper or brass : rusty. [L. aruginosus - Esoteric, e*-o-ter'ik, adj., inner: secret: mys
aerugo, rust of copper—ws, arris, metal, copper.] terious : { phil.) taught to a select few :■— opposed
Erupted, c rupt'ed, adj. suddenly and forcibly to Exoteric—adv. Esoter'ically. [Gr. estfte-
thrown outt as lava from a volcano. rikos—esSteros, inner, a comp. form from esd,
Eruption, e-nip'shun, n. a breaking or bursting within—es{—eis)t into.]
f£te, fltr ; mS, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mCon ; then. 159
 Espalier Ethnography
Espalier, es-pal'yer, n. a lattice-work of wood on possessions : the legislature—king, lords, and
which to train fruit-trees : a row of trees so commons. [0. Fr. estat (Fr. itat)—L. status,
trained. [Fr.—It. spalliera, a support for the a standing, from sto, to stand.]
shoulders—sfialla, a shoulder—spatulat a blade. Esteem, es-tfim', v.t. to set a high estimate or
Cf. Epaulet.] value on : to regard with respect or friendship :
Esparto, es-par'to, «. a strong kind of grass found to consider or think. —n. high estimation or
in the south of Europe, esp. in Spam, used for value: favourable regard, [Fr. estimer— L.
making baskets, cordage, paper, &c. [Sp. ] astimo. Cf. Estimate.] [thetics.
Especial, es-pesh'al, adj., special: particular : Esthetic, Esthetics. Same as JEsthetic, X&-
principal : distinguished.—<idv. Especially. Estlmable, es'tim-a-bl, adj. that can be estimated
[O. Fr.—L. speciatis. See Special, Species, j or valued: worthy of esteem : deserving our
Espionage, es'pi-on-aj, n. practice or employment good opinion. —adv. Es'timably.
ol sfiies. (Fr. es/>ionnage—espion, a spy.] Estimate, es'tim-at, v.t. to judge of the worth of
Esplanade, es-pla-nad', «. a plane or level space a thing : to calculate. (L- wstimo, a>stimalus,
between a citadel and the first houses of the to value. Esteem and Aim are parallel forms.]
town : any space for walking or driving in. [Fr. Estimate, es'tim-at, n. a vahting in the mind :
—esplaner, to lay level—L. explano—ex, out, judgment or opinion of the worth or size of any
and plana—planus, flat. See Plain and Ex thing : a rough calculation.
plain.] Estimation, es-tim-a'shun, n. act of estimating :
Espousal, es-powz'al, «. the act of espousing or a reckoning of value : esteem, honour.
betrothing : the taking upon one's self, as a Estrange, es-tranj', v.t. to make strange; to
cause :—//. a contract or mutual promise of alienate : to divert from its original use or pos
marriage. [O. Fr. espousailUs. See Espouse. ] sessor.—n. Estrange ment. |G. Fr. eslranger,
Espouse, es-powz', v.t. to give as spouse or be from root of Strange.]
trothed; to give in marriage : to take as spouse : Estuary, es'tfl-ar-i, n. a narrow passage, as the
to wed : to take with a view to maintain : to mouth of a river, where the tide meets the cur
embrace, as a cause.—n. Espous'er. [O. Fr. rent, so called from the boiling or foaming caused
espouser, Fr. Spouser—L. spondee, sponsus, to by their meeting. [L. a>stuarium% from wst/to,
promise solemnly.] wstuare, to boil up—astus, a burning.]
Espy, cs-pl', z'.l. to see at a distance: to tpy or Etch, ech, v.t. or v.t. to make designs on metal,
catch sight of: to observe : to discover unex glass, &c by eating out the lines with an acid.
pectedly. [O. Fr. espier, from root of Spy.] [Gcr. dtzen, to corrode by acid ; from same root
Esquire, es-kwlr' or es'kwfr, n, [orig.) a sauire or as Ger. essen. See Eat.]
shield-bearer: an attendant on a knight : a Etching, Lch'ing, «. the act or art of etching or
title of dignity next below a knight : a title engraving : the impression from an etched plate.
given to younger sons of noblemen, &c. : a Eternal, £-tcr/nal, adj. without beginning or end
general title of respect in addressing letters. of existence : everlasting : ceaseless : unchange
[O. Fr. escuyer (Fr. fa/yer), from escu, now icu able.—n. The Eternal, an appellation of God.
—L. scutum, a shield.] —adv. Eternally. [Fr. Sfcruel—L. a-ternus,
Essay, es'S, «. a trial: an experiment: a writ avitemus—etvum—Gr. aion, a period of time,
ten composition less elaborate than a treatise.—
v.t. cs-sa', to try • to attempt: to make ex Eternise, an age. See Age.]
6-ter'nIz, v.t. to make eternal: to im
periment of:—pr.p. essay'ing ; pa.p. essayed'. mortalise. [Fr. itemiser.}
[Fr. essai—L. exagium—Gr. exagion, a weigh Eternity, e'-ter'ni-ti, n. eternal duration : the
ing—exagd, to lead out, export merchandise— state or time after death. [Fr. itemiti—L.
ex, out, and agO, to lead.] [of essays. a>temitas.}
Essayer, es-sa'er, Essayist, esa-ist. n. a writer Etesian, e-t£'zhan, adj. periodical : blowing at
Essence, es'cns, «. the inner distinctive nature of stated seasons, as certain winds. [Fr. itisien—
anything : the qualities which make any object L. etesius—Gr. etesios, annual—etos, a year.]
what it is : a being : the extracted virtues of any Ether, e'ther, «. the clear, upper air : the subtile
drug : the solution in spirits of wine of a vola medium supposed to fill all space : a light, vola
tile or essential oil : a perfume. [Fr.—L. essen tile, inflammable fluid. [L.—Gr. aither, from
tia—essens, esscntis, old pr.p. of esse, from root aithd. to light up.]
as, to be ; Sans, as, to be. See Are.] Ethereal, c-the're-al, adj. consisting of ether;
Essential, es-sen'shal, adj. relating to or contain heavenly : spirit-like.—adv. Ethe'really.
ing the essence : necessary to the existence of a Etherealise, e-the're-al-Iz, v.t. to convert into
thing : indispensable or important in the highest ether, or the fluid ether : to render spirit-like.
degree : highly rectified : pure.—«. something Etherise, £'thcr-Tz, v.t. to convert into ether: to
essential or necessary: a leading principle.— stupefy with ether.
adr: Essentially. Ethic, eth'ik, Ethical, eth'ik-al, adj. relating to
Essentiality, es-sen-shi-al'i-ti. «. the quality of morals: treating of morality or duty.—adv.
being essential : an essential part. Ethically. [Gr. ethikos—ethos, custom.]
Establish, es-tabiish, v.t. to settle or fix : to Ethics, cth'iks, n. sing, the science of duty : a
ordain : to found : to set up (in business).—«. system of principles and rules of duty.
EstabHsher. [O. Fr. establir, pr.p. establis- Ethiopian, e-thi-O'pi-an, Ethiopic, e-thi-op'ik,
sant—L. stabilire—stabilis, firm—sto, to stand.] adj. pertaining to Ethiopia, a name given to
Establishment, es-tab'lish-ment, n. act of estab the countries south of Egypt inhabited by the
lishing : fixed state : that which is established : negro races. [Gr. Aithtops, sunburnt, Ethio
a permanent civil or military force : one's resi pian—aithd, to burn, and ops, the face.]
dence and style of living : the church estab Ethnic, elh'nik, Ethnical, eth'nik-al, adj. con
lished by law. cerning nations or nices : pertaining to the
Estate, es-tat', n. condition or rank : property, heathen. [L.—Gr.—ethnos, a nation.]
esp. landed property : fortune : an order or class Ethnography, eth-nog'ra-fi, «. a description of
of men in the body-politic :—pi. dominions : the nations or races of the earth.—n. Ethnog'-
fate, far ; me, her ; mine : mOte ; mute ; mCOn : //ien.
 Ethnology
rapher.—adj. Ethnographic. [Gr. ethnos,
and graphd, to describe.]
Ethnology, eth-noTo-ji, n. the science that treats
of the varieties of the human race.~n. Eth-
nol oglst.- adj. Ethnolog ical, —adv. Ethno-
log ically. [Gr. ethtws, and logos, an account
—legd* to speak, j
Eti0lat6, €-ti-o-lat', V.t. {med. and bet.), to
cause to grow pale, from want of light and
fresh air.—v.i. to become pale from disease or
absence of light. —«. Etiola'tlon. [Fr. /tioler,
from e'tcule, stubble—L. sltpula, a stalk, stubble,
and therefore to blanch like stubble.]
Etiology, e-ti-ol'o-ji, «. the science of causes, esp.
of disease. [Gr. aitia, a cause, and logos, an
account—kgp, to speak.]
Etiquette, et-i-ket', «. forms of ceremony or de
corum : ceremony. [Fr. See Ticket.]
Etymologist, et-i-mol'o-jist, n. one skilled in or
who writes on etymology.
Etymology, et-i-mol'o-ji, «• an account of the
etymons or true origin of words : the science
that treats of the origin and history of words :
the part of grammar relating to inflection,—adj.
Etymological—<u*V. Etymologlcally. [rr.
—L.—Gr.—etymon, and logos, an account.]
Etymon, ct'i-mon, n. the true origin of a word :
an original root : the genuine or literal sense of
a word. [Gr.—etymos, eteos, true.]
Eucalyptus, O-kal-ip'tus, «. the ' gum-tree,' a
large evergreen, native of Australia, which is
very beneficial in destroying the miasma of
malarious districts. [Coined from Gr. eu, well,
and kalyptos, folded round—kalypto, to cover.]
Eucharist, uTca-rist, n. the sacrament of the Lord's
Supper.—adjs. Eucharist ic. Eucharist icaL
[Gr. eucharistia, thanksgiving—eu, well, and
cJuirizomai, to shew favour—charts, grace,
thanks. Cog. with E. Team.]
EulOgiC, u-loj'ik, Euloglcal, Q-loj'ik-al, adj. con
taining eulogy or praise.—adv. Eulog'lcally.
Eulogise, u'lo-jiz, v.t. to speak well of: to praise.
Eulogist, Q'lo-jist, n. one who praises or extols
another.—adj. Eulogist ic, full of praise.—adv.
Eulogist ically.
Euloglum, Q-lo ji-um, Eulogy, ulo-ji, «. a speak
ing voelt of: a speech or writing in praise of.
[I*ate L. —Gr. eulogion \c\assical, eulogia)—eu,
well, and logos, a speaking.]
Eunuch, u'nuk, n. a castrated man ; eunuchs were
employed as chamberlains in the East, and often
had great influence as chief ministers of the
kings. [Gr. eunouchos—euni, a couch, and
echo, to have charge of.) [eunuch.
Eunuchism, u'nuk-izm, n. the state of being a
Eupepsy, u-pep'si, good digestion .'—opposed
to Dyspepsy.— adj. Eupeptic, having good
digestion. (Gr. eupepsia—eu, well, and pepsts,
digestion, from Pesid, peptd, to digest.]
Euphemism, u'fem-izm, n. a soft or pleasing term
employed to express what is disagreeable. —adj.
Euphemistic. [Gr. euphimismos—eu, well
ana phimi, to speak.)
Euphonic, Q-frnnk, Euphonical, 'ik-al. Eupho
nious, O-fo'ni-us, adj. pertaining to euphony :
agreeable in sound.—adv. Euphoniously.
Euphonise, fl'fon-Ii, v.t. to make euphonious.
Euphony, ii'fo-ni, n. an agreeable sound: a pleas
ing, easy pronunciation. [Gr. eupltdnia—en,
well, .nil phdnt, sound.]
Euphrasy, Q'fra-zi, n. [bot.) the plant eyebright,
formerly regarded as beneficial in disorders
of the eyes, [Gr. euphrasia, delight, from eu-
phraind, to cheer—eu, well, phrin, the heart.]
feu, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Eve
Euphuism, Gfu-izm, n. an affectation of excessive
refinement of language : a high-flown expres
sion—«. Eu'phuist.—adj. Euphulst'lO. |trom
Euphues, a book by John Lyly in the time of
Queen Elizabeth, which brought the style into
vogue—Gr. euphyes, graceful—«*, well, phyi,
growth—phydmai, to grow.]
Eurasian, fl-razi-an, «. a descendant of a Euro
pean on the one side, and an Asian on the
other. [A contr. of European and Asian.]
Euroclydon. u-rok'li-don, n. a tempestuous south
east zutml raising great waves in the Mediter
ranean Sea. [Gr., from euros, the south-east
wind, and klyddn, a wave, from klyzd, to dash
over.]
European, u-ro-p£'an, adj. belongingto.£»n»/*.—
a native or inhabitant of Europe.
Eurythmy, Q'rith-mi, «. just proportion or sym
metry in anything. [Gr. enrythmia—eut well,
and rhythmos, measured motion.]
Euthanasia, n-than-ii'zi-a, Euthanasy, fl-than-
a-si, tt. an easy, pleasant mode of death. [Gr.
euthanasia—eu% well, and thanatos, death.]
Evacuate, e-vak'fl-at, v.t. to throw out the con
tents of : to discharge : to withdraw from. [L.
e, out, vacuo, vacuatus, to empty—vaco, to be
empty.]
Evacuation, e-vak-Q-a'shun, n. act of emptying
out : a withdrawing from : that which is dis
charged.
Evacuator, e-vak'Q-at-or, n. one who evacuates :
(law) one who nullifies or makes void.
Evade, e-vad', v.t. to escape artfully : to avoid
cunningly. [L. evado—e, out, vado, to go.]
Evanescent, ev-an-es'ent, fleeting: imper
ceptible.—ativ. Evanesc'ently.—«. Evanesc'-
ence. [L. evanescens, -entis—e, and vanesco. to
vanish—vanus, empty.]
Evangel, e"-van'jel, n. (poet.) good news, esp. the
gospel.
Evangelic, e-van jel'ik, Evangelical, 5 van-jer-
ik-aT, adj. belonging to or consisting of good
tidings : relating to the four gospels : according
to the doctrine of the gospel: maintaining the
truth taught in the gospel.—adv. Evangel
ically. Evangel Icalness. [L. evangelicus
—Gr. euanggelikos—eUi well, and anggelld, to
bring news.]
Evangellcism, e-van-jeri-sizm, Evangelicalism,
e-van-icl'ik-al-izm, «., evangelical principles.
Evangelisation, c-van-jel-i-za'shun, m. act of
evangelising or proclaiming the gospel.
Evangelise, e-van'jel-Iz, v.t. to make known the
good news : to make acquainted with the gospel.
—vd. to preach the gospel from place to place.
Evangelist, e-van'jel-ist, «. one who evangelises :
one of the four writers of the gospels ; an assist
ant of the apostles : one authorised to preach.
Evaporable, e-vap'or-a-bl, adj. able to be evapor
ated or converted into vapour.
Evaporate, e-vap'or-at, v.i. to fly off in vapour;
to pass into an invisible state. —v.t. to convert
into steam or gas. [L. e, off", vaporo, -atum—
vapor, vapour.]
Evaporation, e-vap-or-S'shun, n. act of evaporat
ing or passing off in -[■ .tin or gas.
Evasion, e-va'zhun, «. act of evading or eluding :
an attempt to escape the force ot an argument
or accusation : an excuse.
Evasive, c-va'siv, adj. that evadei or seeks to
evade : not straightforward : shuffling.—adv.
Evasively —«. Eva'slveness.
Eve, ev, Even, eVn, «. [poet.) evening: the night
before a day of note : the time just preceding a
mOt« ; mute ; mCOn ; then.
 Even Example
great event. [A.S. afen; DuL avond; Ger. Evincive, e-vins'iv, adj. tending to evince, prove,
abend, the sinking of the day, from ab, down.] or demonstrate.
Even, cVn, adj., equal: level: uniform : parallel : Eviscerate, e-vis'er-at, v.t. to tear out the vis
equal on both sides : not odd, able to be divided cera or btnuels. —n. Eviscera'tion. [L. e, out,
by 2 without a remainder.—adv. EVenly.—«. and viscera, the bowels.]
Evenness. [A.S. e/en ; Dut. even; Ger. eben Evoke, e-vOk't v.t. to call out : to draw out or
—ebetieit, to make smooth : perh. allied to L. bring forth. [L. erwo—e, out, and voce, to call.]
aquas, equal.] Evolution, ev-o-lu'shun, «. the act of unrolling
Even, ev'n, v.t. to make even or smooth.—adv. or unfolding: gradual working out or develop
exactly so : indeed : so much as : still. ment : a series of things unfolded : the doctrine
Even-handed, ev'n-hand'ed, adj. with an equal, according to which higher forms of life have
fair, or impartial hand: just. gradually arisen out of Tower : \aritk. and alg. )
Evening, eVning, n. the close of the daytime : the extraction of roots : the orderly movements
the decline or end of life. [A.S. afenung, from of a body of troops or of ships of war.—adj.
afen.] for calm mind: equable, i Evolutionary, pertaining to evolution.
Even-mlnddd, ev'n-mind'ed, adj. having an even ' Evolutionist, ev-o-lu shun-ist, n. one skilled in
Evensong, ev'n-song, n. the evening' service in evolutions or military movements : one who
church, so called because formerly chanted or believes in evolution as a principle in science or
sung. philosophy.
Event, e-vent', n. that which comes out or hap Evolve, e-volv', v.t. to roll ont or unroll: to dis
pens : the result : any incident or occurrence. close : to develop : to unravel.—v.t. to disclose
[L. eiientus—evenio—e, out, and venio, to come.] itself. [L. evolvo—e, out. volvo, to roll.]
Eventful, e-vent'fool, adj. ,fullor fruitful of events. Evulsion, e-vulfshun, «. a plucking out by force.
Eventide, cVn-tid, ». the tide or time of evening. [L. e, out, and vello, vulsus, to pluck.]
Eventual, e-vent'Q-al, adj. happening as a conse Ewe, u, n. a female sheep. [A.S. eowu ; L. rvix,
quence, ultimate or final.—adv. Event'ually, Gr. ols. Sans, avi, a sheep.]
finally : at length. Ewer, u er, «. a large jug placed on a wash-
Ever, ev'er, adv. always : eternally : at any time : stand to hold water. [O. Fr. enwier, Fr.
in any degree. [A.b. rrfrt, always; from A.S. evier—L. aquarium—aqua, water, whence also
awa, ever, which is cog. with Goth, ahvs, L. Fr. eau.)
ari'um, Gr. aidn. Sec also Age, Aye, Never.] Exacerbate, egz-as'er-b5t, v.t. to imbitter: to
Evergreen, ev'er-gren, adj. ever or always green. provoke : to render more violent or severe, as a
—k. a plant that remains green all the year. disease- [L. exacerbo, exacerbatns—ex, and
Everlasting, ev-cr-last'ing, adj. endless : eternal. acerbo, from acerbus, bitter. See Acerbity.]
—n. eternity.—adv. Everlastingly.—n. Ever- Exacerbation, egz-as-er-ba'shun, Exacerbesc-
last'ingness. [nally. ence, egz-as-er-bes'ens, n. increase of irrita
Evermore, ev-er-moV, adv. unceasingly : etcr- tion or violence, esp. the increase of a fever or
Every, ev'er-i, adj. , each one of a number: all disease.
taken separately. [A.S. tefre, ever, and ale, Exact, egz-akt', adj. precise : careful : punctual :
each.] true : certain or demonstrable.—adv. Exactly.
Everywhere, ev'er-i-hwiir, adv. in every place. —n. Exact'ness. [L. exactus, pa.p. of exigo,
Evict, c-vikt', v.t. to dispossess by law : to expel to drive out, to measure—ex, and ago, to drive,
from. [L. evktus, pa.p. of evinco, to overcome. to do.]
See Evince.] Exact, egz-akt', v.t. to force front: to compel
Eviction, e-vik'shun, n. the act of evicting from full payment of : to make great demands or to
house or lands : the lawful recovery of lands. demand urgently: to extort.—v.t. to practise
Evidence, cv'i-dens, «. that which makes evident : extortion. [See Exact, a*ij.\
pmof or testimony: a witness. - v.t, to render Exaction, egz-ak'shun, «. the act of exacting or
evident : to prove. demanding strictly : an oppressive demand : that
Evident, ev'i-dent. adj. that is visible or can be which is exacted, as excessive work or tribute.
seen : clear to the mind : obvious —adv. Evi Exaggerate, cgz-aj'er-iit, v.t. to magnify unduly :
dently {New Test.) visibly. [L. evidens, -entis to represent too strongly. (L. exaggero, exag
—f. and video, to see.] gerate -ex,aggero, to heap up—ogger, aheap.]
Evidential, cv-i-den'shal, adj. furnishing evi Exaggeration, cKz-aj-er-a'shun, «. extravagant
dence: tending to prove, —adv. Eviden tially. 1 representation : a statement in excess of the
Evil, e'vl, adj. wicked : mischievous: unfortunate. truth.
—adv. in an evil manner : badly.—«. that which Exaggerative, cgz-aj'er-fit-iv, Exaggeratory,
produces unhappiness or calamity : harm : egTr-.ij'er-a-tor-i, adj. containing exaggeration or
wickedness : depravity. [A.S. yfel ; DuL tending to exaggerate.
e-'T'el, Ger. tlbel. Ill is a doublet.] Exalt, cgz-awlt'. v. t. to raise very high : to elevate
Ev 1 doer, cAl-doo'er, «. one who docs evil. to a higher position : to elate or till with the joy
Evil-eye, C'vl-I, «. a supposed power to cause evil of success : to praise or extol : [client.) to refine
or harm by the look of the eye. or subtilise.— Exalt'edness [L. exalto—ex,
Evil favourednoss, ii'vl-fa'vurd-nes, ». (B.) ugli and a/tus, grown great by nourishing, high,
ness: deformity. [malicious: wicked. from alo, to nourish; Gr. altkd, to cause to
Evil-minded, c'vl-mlnd'ed, adj. inclined to evil : grow.] [or dignity: high estate.
Evil-speaking, e'vl-spek'ing, n. the speaking of Exaltation, egz-awlt-il'shun, n. elevation in rank
evil: slander. fdoes evil. Examination, egz-am-i-n:Vsmin, ti. careful search
Evil-worker, e'vl-wurk'er, t/. one who work-, or or inquiry : trial.
Evince, e-vins', v.t. to prove beyond doubt : to Examine, egz-am'in, v.t. to test ; to inquire into :
shew clearly: to make evident. [L. evinco—e, to question. [L. examen (= exagmen), the
intcn., and vinco, to overcome.] tongue of a balance. From the root of Exact.]
Evincible, c-vins'i-bl. adj. that may be evinced or Examiner, egz-am'in-er, «. one who examines.
made evident. —adv. EVinclbly. Example, egz-am'pl, «. th.it which is taken out
10:? fate, far; me, her; mine; mute; mute; mOOn; Men.
 Exasperate Excrementttious
as a specimen of the rest, or as an illustration Exchanger, eks-chanj'er, «. one who exchanges or
of a rule, &c. : the person or thing to be imi practises exchange: \B.) a money-changer, a
tated or avoided : a pattern : a warning : a banker.
former instance : a precedent. [Fr.—JL. cxem- Exchequer, cks-chek'er. n. a superior court which
ptum—eximo, to take out—ex, out of, and emo, had formerly to do only with the revenue, but
emptus, to take.] now also with common law, so named from the
Exasperate, egz-as'per-iit, v.t. to make very checkered cloth which formerly covered the
rough or angry : 10 irritate in a high degree. table, and on which the accounts were reckoned.
[L. ex, intensive, and asfiero, to make rough— —v.t. to proceed against a person in the Court
asfrer, rough.] of Exchequer. [From root of Check, Checker.]
Exasperation, egz-as-pcr-a'shun, n. act of irritat Excise, ek-slz', «. a tax on certain home commo
ing : state of being exasperated : provocation : dities and on licenses for certain trades.— ?'./. 10
rage : aggravation. subject to excise duty. [O. Dut. aksiis—Yx.
Excavate, eks'ka-vat, v.t. to hollow or scoop assis, assessments—assise, an assize, at which
out. [L. excavo—ex, out, cavus, hollow.] the tax was fixed. See Assess and Assize ;
Excavation, eks-ka-v;Vshun, n. act of excavating : Exciseman, ek-slz'man, n. an officer charged with
a hollow or cavity made by excavating. collecting the excise
Excavator, eks'ka-va-tor, «. one who excavates. Excision, ek-sizh'un, «. a cutting out or off of any
Exceed, ek-sed', v.t. to go beyond the limit or kind : extirpation. [Fr.—L., from excido. to cut
measure of: to surpass or excel. —v.i. to go out—ex. out. and ceedo, to cut. See Concise.]
beyond a given or proper limit. [L. ex, beyond, Excitable, ek-slt'a-bl. adj. capable of being, or
and cedo, cessum, to go.] easily excited.—n. Excitability.
Exceeding \obs.), ek-sed'ing, Exceedingly, ek- J Excitant, ek-slt'ant or ek'sit-ant, n. that which
sed'ing-li, adv. very much : greatly. , excites or rouses the vital activity of the body :
Excel, ek-sel', v.t. to rise beyond: to exceed: to a stimulant.
surpass.—v*i. to have good qualities in a high Excitation, ek-sit-a'shun. ft. act of exciting.
degree : to perform very meritorious actions : to Excitative, ek-sTt'a-tiv, Excitatory, ck-sit7a-tor-i,
be superior :—/r./. excelling; pa.p. excelled'. I adj. tending to excite.
[L. excello—ex, out, up. and a root cello, same Excite, ek-slt', v.t. to call into activity: to stir
as Gr. kello, to drive, to urge.] up: to rouse: to irritate.— «. Excit'er. [L.
Excellence, ek'sel-ens, Excellency, ek'sel-en-si, I ex, out, and root of Cite.] [excites.
n. great merit: any excellent quality: worth: \ Excitement, ek-sit'ment, n. agitation : that which
greatness : a title of honour given 10 persons j Exclaim, eks-khun', v.i. to cry out: to utter or
nigh in rank or office. [Fr.—L. exceltentia— j speak vehemently. [Fr. exclamer—L. exciamo
excellens, rising above, distinguishing one's self.] —ex, out, clattto, to shout.]
Excellent, ek'sel-ent, adj surpassing others in Exclamation, cks-kla-mushun, «. vehement
M>me good quality : of great virtue, worth, &c. : utterance : outcry : an uttered expression of
superior : valuable.—adv. Excellently. [Fr. surprise, and the like : the mark expressing this
—L. excellens, -entis—excello.} (I) : an interjection.
Except, ek-sept', v.t. to take or leave out: to Exclamatory, eks-klam'a-tor-i, adj. containing or
exclude.—v.t. to object. [L. excipio, exceptus expressing exclamation.
—ex, out, and ciifiio. to take.] Exclude, eks-kl5od', v.t. to close or shutout: to
Except, ek-sept', Excepting, ek-scptlng, prep., thrust out : to hinder from entrance : to hinder
leaving out: excluding: but. from participation : to except. [L. excludo—
Exception, ek-sep'shun, «. that which is excepted : ex, out, and claudo, to shut.]
exclusion*, objection: offence. (able. Exclusion, eks-klOo'zhun, ». a shutting or putting
Exceptionable, ek-sep'shun-a-bl. adj. objection- out : ejection : exception.
Exceptional, ek-sep'shun-al, adj. peculiar. ExolUSlonlSt, eks-kloo'zhun-ist, «. one who ex
Exceptive, ek-sept iv, adj. including, making, or cludes, or would exclude another from a privi
being an exception. lege.
Exceptor, ek-sept'or, n. one who excepts or objects. Exclusive, eks-klo7>'siv, adj. able or tending to
Excerpt, ek-serpt', «. a passage picked out or se exclude ." debarring from participation : sole :
lected from a book, an extract. [L. excerptum, not taking into account.—ti. one of a number
pa.p. of excerpo—ex, out, and carpo, to pick.] who exclude others from their society.—adv.
Excess, ek-ses', «. a going beyond what is usual Exclusively.—«. Exclu'slveness.
or proper : intemoerance : that which exceeds : Excogitate, eks-koj'i-tat, v.t to discover by
the degree by which one thing exceeds another. thinking: to think earnestly or laboriously. [L.
( L. excessus—excedo, excessus, to go beyond. 1 excogito, -atus—ex. out, and cogito, to think.]
Excessive, ek-ses'iv, adj. beyond what is right Excogitation, cks-koj-i-ta'shun, n. laborious
and proper: immoderate: violent.—adv. Ex thinking: invention: contrivance.
cessively.—«. Excesslveness. Excommunicate, eks-kom-fin'i-kat, v.t. to put
Exchange, cks-chfinj', v.t, to give or leave one | out of or expel from the communion of the
place or thing for another : to give and take [ church: to deprive of church privileges. [L. ex,
mutually: to Darter. [Fr. ichanger—ex, from, out of, and Communicate.]
and root of Change ] Excommunication, eks-kom-Qn-i-ka'shun, «. act
Exchange, eks-chanj', «. the giving and taking one i of expelling from the communion ofa church.
thing for another : barter : the thing exchanged : Excoriate, cks-kO'ri-at, v.t. to strip the skinfrom.
process by which accounts between distant [L. excorio, -atus—ex, from, corium, the skin.]
parties are settled by bills instead of money : Excrement, eks'kre-mcnt, n. useless matter dis
the difference between the value of money in charged from the nnimal system : dung.—adj.
different places : the place where merchants, Excrement'al. [L. excrementum—excemo,
&c meet for business. excretus, to separate.]
Exchangeable, eks-chanj'a-bl, adj. that may be ExcrementltlOUS, eks-kre-men-tish'us, adj. per
exchanged. - n. Exchangeability. taining to, consisting of, or containing excrement*
fate, far : me, her ; mine : mote ; mute ; moTJn ; Men.
 Excrescence Exhibit
Excrescence, eks-kres'ens, rt. that which grows Executory, egi-ek'u-tor-i, adj. executing official
out unnaturally from anything else : an out duties : designed to be carried into effect.
break : a wart or tumour: a superfluous part. Exegesis, eks-e-je'sis, «. the science of inter*
[ Fr. —L.—excresco—ex, out, and crcsca, to /•relation, esp. of the Scriptures. [Gr. exegesis
grow.] [superfluous. —€x?%eomai, to explain —cx, out, and itcgeomai,
Excrescent, eks-kres'ent, adj. , growing out : to guide—-ago, to lead.]
Excrete, eks-kret', v.t. to separate from, or dis Exegetic, eks-e-jet'ik, Exegettcal. cks-c-jet'ik-a!,
charge : to eject. [L. ex, from, and cemo, ! adj. pertaining to exegesis : explanatory.—adv.
cretus, to separate.] Exeget'ically.—n.sing. Exeget'lcs, the science
Excretion, eks-kreshun, «. act of excreting i of exegesis. [Gr. See Exegesis.]
matter from the animal system : that which is Exemplar, egz-eni'plar, «. a person or thing to be
excreted.—adj. Excre tive, able to excrete. imitated: the ideal model of an artist. [Fr.
Excretory, cks-kre'tor-i, adj. having the quality exemplaire—L. exemplar—cxemplum. See
of excreting.—«. a duct or vessel that helps to Example.]
receive and excrete matter. Exemplary, egz'em-plar-i, adj. worthy of imita
Excruciate, eks-krOo'shi-St, v.t. to torture as if tion or notice : commendable.—adv. Ex'em-
on a cross: to rack. [L. ex, out, and crucio, plarily. [See Exemplar.]
cruciatus, to crucify—crux, cruris, a cross.] Exemplification, egz-em-pli-fi-kit'shun, ». act of
Excruciation, eks-krOo-shi-a'shun, «. torture : exemplifying : that which exemplifies : a copy or
vexation. transcript.
Exculpate, eks-kur*pat.a v.t. to clear from the Exemplify, egz-em'pli-fT. v.t. to illustrate by ex
charge of afau/t or crime : to absolve : to vindi ample : to make an attested copy of : to prove
cate.—m. Exculpation. [L. exculpa, excul- by an attested copy :—pr.p. exemplifying ;
pains—ex, from, culpa, a fault.] Pa.p. exemplified. [L. exemplum, and facia,
Exculpatory, eks-kul'pa-tor-i, adj. exculpating to do or make.]
or Ireeing from the charge of fault or crime. Exempt, egz-emt', v.t. to free, or grant immunity
Excursion, eks-kur'shun, ». a going forth : an ex from.—adj. taken out: not liable to: released.
pedition : a trip for pleasure or health: a wan [Fr. —L. eximo, exemptus—ex, out, and cmo,
dering from the main subject : a digression. [L. to take, to buy. Cf. Example.]
excursia—cx, out, and curro, cursuru, to run.] Exemption, egz-em'shun, «. act of exempting :
Excursionist, cks-kur'shun-ist, n. one who goes state of being exempt : freedom from any ser
on an excur>ion or pleasure-trip. vice, duty, Sec. : immunity. [Fr. — L. exempiio.\
Excursive, eks-kur'siv, adj. rambling: deviating. Exequies, eks'e-kwiz, n.pi. a funeral procession :
—adv. Excursively.—w. Excur'siveness. the ceremonies of burial. [L. exsequia?—ex,
Excursus, eks-kur'sus, «. a dissertation on some out, sequor, to follow.]
particular point appended to a lx>ok or chapter. Exercise, eks'cr-slz, «. a putting in practice : ex
Excusable, eks-kfiz'a-bl, atij. admitting of justifi ertion of the body for health or amusement:
cation, [taining excuse. discipline: a lesson or task. [Fr. exercic*—L.
Excusatory, eks-kflz'a-tor-i, adj. making or con- exercitium—L. exerceo, -citus—ex, out, and
Excuse, eks-kQz', v.t. to free from blame or guilt : arceo, to drive.]
to forgive : to free from an obligation : to release : Exercise, eks'er-slz, v.t. to train by use: to im
to make an apology or ask pardon for. [L. prove by practice : to afflict : to put in practice :
excuse—ex, from, causer, to plead—causa, a to use.
cause, an accusation.] [of a fault. Exert, egz-ert', v.t. to bring into active operation :
Excuse, eks-kus', a plea offered in extenuation to do or perform. ( L. exsero, exsertus—ex,
Execrable, eks'e-kra-bl, adj. deserving execra out, and sera, to put together. See Series.)
tion: detestable: accursed.—adv. Ex'ecrablv. Exertion, egz-er'-.hun, «. a bringing into active
Execrate, eks'e-krat, v.t. to curse: to denounce operation: effort: attempt.
evil against: to detest utterly. [L. exsecror, Exfoliate, cks-fo'li-at, v.i. to come off in scales,
-atus, to curse—ex, from, and saccr, sacred. J —n. ExfOlla'tlon. [L- exfolio, exfoliatus—ex,
Execration, eks-e-kra'shun, «. act of execrating : off, and folium, a leaf. See Foliage.]
a curse pronounced : that which is execrated. Exhalation, egz-hal-ii'shun, n. act or process of
Execute, eks'e-kut, v.t. to perforin : to give effect exhaling: evaporation: that which is exhaled:
to: to carry into effect the sentence oi the law: vapour: steam. [L. exkalatio—exkalo, -atus.]
to put to death by law.—«. Ex'ecuter. fFr. Exhale, egz-hal', v.t. to emit or send out as vapour;
exicuter—L. exseqnor, exsecutus—ex, out, and to evaporate.—v.i. to rise or be given off as
sequor, to follow.] vapour. [Fr. exhaler—h. ex/talare—ex, out,
Execution, eks-e-ku'shun, n. act of executing or halo, haiatus, to breathe.]
performing : accomplishment : completion : carry Exhaust, cgz-hawst', v.t. to draw out the whole
ing into effect the sentence of a court of law : the of: to use the whole strength of: to wear or tire
warrant ior so doing. out: to treat of or develop completely. [L.
Executioner, eks-e-ku'shun-er, «. one who exe exitanrio, exJuxustus—ex, out, and hauria, to
cutes, e-.p. one who inflicts capital punishment. draw.] [tied: consumed: tired out.
Executive, egz-ek'u-tiv, adj. designed or fitted to Exhausted, egz-hawst'cd, adj. drawn out : emp-
execute : active : qualifying for or pertaining to Exhauster, egz-hawst'er, «. he who or that which
the execution of the Jaw.—adv. Executively. exhausts. [hnusted.
[Fr. exe'eutif] Exhaustible, egz-hawst'i-bl, adj. that may be ex-
Executive, cgz-ek'il-tiv, n. the power or authority Exhaustion, egz-hawst'yun, n. act of exhausting
in government that carries the laws into effect : or consuming: state of being exhausted : extreme
the persons who administer the government. fatigue.
Executor, cgz-ek'fi-tor, «. one who executes or Exhaustive, egz-hawst'iv, adj. tending to exhaust.
performs : the person appointed to see a will ExhaustlOSS, egz-hawstles, adj. that cannot be
carried into effect,—fem. Exec'utrix.—«. Ex exhausted.
ecutorship i Exhibit, cgz-hib'it, v.t. to holdforth or present
164 fits, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOtc ; mute ; mOUn ; Men,
 Exhibition Expect
to view: to present formally or publicly. —ns. Exonerate, egz-on'er-at, v.t. to free from the
Exhibitor, Exhibitor. [L. exhibeo, exkibitus burden of blame or obligation : to acquit. {L
—ex, out, habeo, habitus, to have or hold.] exonero, -atus—ex, from, onus, oneris, burden.)
Exhibition, eks-hi-bish'un, «, presentation to Exoneration, egz-on-er-u.'shun, «. act of exoner
view : display : a public show, esp. of works of ating or freeing from a charge or blame.
art, manufactures, Ac. : that which is exhibited : Exonerative, egz-on'ex-a-tiv, adj. freeing from a
an allowance or bounty to scholars in a univer burden or obligation.
sity. [Fr.—L. exhibitw,] Exorbitance, egz-or'bi-tans, Exorbitancy, egz-
Exhibitioner, eks-hi-bish'un-er, «. one who enjoys or'bi-tan-si, n. state or quality of being exorbi
an exhibition or allowance at a university. tant : extravagance: enormity.
Exhibltory, egz-hib'it-or-i, adj. exhibiting. Exorbitant, egz-or'bi-tant, adj. going beyond the
Exhilarant, egz-hil'a-rant, adj. exhilarating : usual limits : excessive.—adv. Exor bitantly.
exciting joy, mirth, or pleasure. [Fr. —L. exorbitans, -nils, pr.p. of exorbito—
Exhilarate, egz-hil'a-rat, v.t. to make hilarious ex, out of. and orbita, a track—orbis, a circle ]
or merry ; to enliven : to cheer. [L. exhilaro, Exorcise, eks'or-slz, v.t. to adjure by some holy
exliilaratus—ext intensive, hilaris, cheerful.) ■ name : to call forth or drive away, as a spirit :
Exhilarating, egz-hil'a-rat-ing, adj. cheering : to deliver from the influence of an evil spirit.
gladdening.—adv. Exhil'aratingly. [Through Late L., from Gr. exorkizo—ex, out,
Exhilaration, egz-hil-a-ra/shun, ». state of being horkizd, to bind by an oath—horkos, an oath.]
exhilarated : joyousness. Exorclser, cks'or-siz-L'r, Exorcist, eks'or-sist, «.
Exhort, egz-hort , v.t, to urge strongly to good one who exorcises or pretends to expel evil
deeds, esp. by words or advice : to animate : to spirits by adjurations. [Fr. exorciste—Gr. exor-
advise or warn. [Fr. exhorler —L. exhortor, histes.]
-al/ts—ex, inten., hortor, to urge.] Exorcism, eks'or-sizm, «. act of exorcising or ex
Exhortation, eks-hor-ta'shun, n. act or practice pelling evil spirits by certain ceremonies. [Fr.
of exhorting to laudable deed*; : language in exorctsme—Gr. exorhismos,]
tended to exhort : counsel. [L. exhortatio.\ Exordial, egz-or'di-al, adj. pertaining to the
Exhortative, egz-horr/a-tiv, Exhortatory, egz- exordium.
hort'a-tor-i, adj. tending to exhort or advise. Exordium, egz-or'di-um, ft. the introductory part
Exhumation, eks-hu-mii'shun, «. act of exhum of a discourse or composition. [L.—exoraior,
ing : disinterment. to begin a web—ex, out, and ordior, to begin,
Exhume, eks-hum', vd. to take out ofthe ground, to weave.]
or place of burial*, to disinter. [L. ext out of, Exostosis, eks-os-tfi'sis, n. (anat. ) morbid en
humus, the ground. See Humble.] largement of a bone. [Gr. ex, out of, and
Exigence, eks'i-jens, Exigency, eksl-jen-si, «. osteon, a bone.]
pressing necessity : emergency: distress. Exoteric, eks-o-ter'ik, Exotencal. eks-o-ter'ik-aL
Exigent, eks'i-jentj adj. pressing: demanding adj. external : fit to be communicated to the
immediate attention or action. [L. exigent, public or multitude :—opposed to Esoteric.—«.
-ntis—exigo—ex, out, ago, to drive.] Exoterlcism. [Gr. ejcOterikos—comp. formed
Exiguous, eks-ig'u-us, adj. small: slender. [L.] from exd, without.]
Exile, eks'Il, «. stale of being sent out of one's Exotic, egz-otik, Exotical, egz-ot'ik-al, adj. in
native country ; expulsion from home : banish troduced from a foreign country :—the opposite
ment : one away from his native country.—v.t. of Indigenous.—«. anything of foreign origin:
to expel from one's native country, to banish. something not native to a country, as a plant,
[Fr. exil—I., exsilium, banishment, exsul, an [L.—Gr. exdtikos—exd, outward.]
exile—ex, out of, and solum, soil, land.] Expand, eks-pand', v.t. to spread out: to open or
Exility, eks-il'i-ti, «. slenderness, smallness. [I„ lay open : to enlarge in bulk or surface.—v.i. to
exilis, slender, contr. for cxigilis. See Exigent. ] become opened : to enlarge. [L. exflattdo—ex,
Exist, egz-ist', v.i. to have an actual being: to out, and pando, pattsus, to spread.]
live : to continue to be. [L. existo, exsisto—ex, Expanse, eks-pans', «. a wide extent of space or
out, and sisto, to make to stand.] body: the firmament.
Existence, cgz-ist'ens, n. state of existing or being: Expansible, eks-pans'i-bl, adj. capable of being
continued being: life: anything that exists: a expanded or extended.—«. Expansibility.—
being. [L. existens, -cutis, pr.p. of existo,] adv. Expans'ibly.
Existent, egz-ist'ent, adj. having being. Expansion, cks-pan'shun, «. act of expanding :
Exit, eks'it, n. iorig. ) a direction in playbooks to state of being expanded : enlargement : that
an actor to go ojff the stage : the departure of a which is expanded : immensity.
player from the stage : any departure : a way Expansive, cks-pans'iv, adj. widely extended :
of departure : a passage out : a quitting of the diffusive.—adv. Expansively.—w.Expansive-
world's stage, or life: death. [L. exit, he goes | ness.
out, exeo, to go out— ex, out, and eo, ttum, to go.] Expatiate, eks-pii'shi-St, v.i. to range at large:
EXOdUS, cks'o-dus, n. a going out or departure, to enlarge in discourse, argument, or writing.
esp. that of the Israelites from Egypt : the [L. exspatior, -atus—ex, out of, and spatior,
second book of the Old Testament narrating this to roam—sfiatium, space.]
event. [L.—Gr. exodos—ex, out, hodos, a way.] Expatiatlon, eks-p5-shi-a'shun, «. act of expatiat
Exogamy, eks-og'.»m-i, «. the practice of marry- ing or enlarging in discourse.
tug only outside of one's own tribe. [Gr. exd, Expatriate, eks-patri-at, v.t. to send out ofone's
out, and gamos, marriage.] fatherland or native country : to banish or exile.
Exogen, eks'o-jen, «. a plant belonging to the [Low L. expatrio, -atus—ex, out of, patria,
tfreat class that increases by layers grmving on fatherland—pater, patns, a father.]
l lie outside of the wood. [Gr. exd, outside, and Expatriation, eks-pa-tri-a'shun, n. act of expatri
gen, root of gignomat, to be produced.] ating : exile, voluntary or compulsory.
Exogenous, oks-oj'e nus, adj. growmg by succes- j Expect, cks-pckt', v.t. to wait for: to look for
sive additions to the ou'Mde. ward to as something about to happen : to
tatc, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. li>5
 Expectance Explicit
anticipate: to hope. [L. exspecto, -atus—ex, ment or trial : to search by trial. [L. expert-
out. and ipecto, inten. of sptcio, to look. J mentuntf from experior, to try thoroughly.]
Expectance, eks-pekt'ans, Expectancy, eks- Experimental, eks-per-i-ment al, adj. founded on
pekt'an-si, ». act or state of expecting: that or known by experiment : taught by experiment
which is expected : hope. or experience.—adv. Experimentally.
Expectant, eks-pekt'ant, adj. looking or waiting Experimentalist, eks-per-i-rncnt'al-ist, Experi-
for.—//. one who expects : one who is looking ur mentlst, eks-per'i-ment-ist, n. one who makes
waiting for some benefit. experiments.
Expectation, eks-pek-ta'shun, n. act or state of Expert, eks-pert', adj. taught by practice : having
expecting, or of looking forward to as about to a familiar knowledge: having a facility of per
happen: prospect of future good : that which is formance : skilful, adroit.—«. eks'pert or eks-
expected: the ground or qualities for anticipat pert', one who is expert or skilled in any art or
ing future benefits or excellence: promise: the science : a scientific or professional witness.—
value of something expected. lexpectation. adv. Expertly.—«. Expert ness. [Fi —L.
Expoctingly, eks-pekt'ing-ll, adv. in a state of expertus—experior, to try thoroughly.]
Expectorant, eks-pek'to-rant, adj. tending to pro Explable, eks'pi-a-bl, adj. capable of being ex
mote expectoration.—n. a medicine which pro piated, atoned for, or done away.
motes expectoration. [See Expectorate. ] Expiate, eks'pi-at, v.t. to make complete atone
Expectorate, eks-pck'to-riit, v.t. to expelfrom the ment for: to make satisfaction or reparation for.
breast or lungs, by coughing, &c : to suit forth. [L. expio, expiatus—ex. intensive, and pio, to
—v.i. to discharge or eject phlegm from the appease, atone for—plus, pious.]
throat. [L. exj>ecloro, cxf>ectoratus~ex, out Expiation, eks-pi-a'shun, ». act of expiating or
of, from, and pectus, pectoris, the breast ] atoning for : the means by which atonement is
Expectoration, eks-pek-to-ra'shun, «. act of ex made: atonement. [L. expiatio.]
pectorating : that which is expectorated : spittle. Expiator, eks'pi-a-tor, «. one who expiates.
Expectorative, eks-pek'to-ra-tiv, adj. having the Expiatory, eks'pi-a-tor-i, adj. having the power
quality of promoting expectoration. to make expiation or atonement.
Expedience, eks-pe'di:ens, Expediency, ex-p£'di- Expirable, eks-pir'a-bl, adj. that may expire or
en-si, n. fitness: desirableness: self-interest come to an end.
Expedient, eks-pe'di-cnt, adj. suitable : advisable. Expiration, eks-pir-;Vshun, «. a breathing out :
—u. that which serves to promote : means suit death : end : that which is expired. [L. exspi-
able to an end : contrivance.—adv. Expe'di- ratio.}
ently. [L. expedient— expedio, to set free.J Expiratory, eks-pT'ra-tor-i, adj. pertaining to ex
Expedite, eks'pe-dlt, v.t. to free from impedi piration, or the emission of the breath.
ments : to hasten : to send forth.—adj. free from Expire, eks-pir', v.t. to breathe out: to emit or
impediment : quick : prompt.—adv. Ex'pediiely throw out from the lungs : to emit in minute
[L. expedio, -itus—ex, out, andpes, pedis, afoot.] particles.—v.i. to breathe out the breath or life :
Expedition, eks-pe-dish'un, n. speed : any under to die : to come to an end. [L. ex, out, and
taking by a number of persons : a hostile march spiro, to breathe.]
or voyage : those who form an expedition. [L. Expiry, eks'plr-i, n. the end or termination : ex
expedition piration.
Expeditious, eks-pe-dish'us, adj. characterised by Expiscate, eks-pisTcat, v.t. to fish out or ascer
expedition or rapidity: speedy: prompt.—adv. tain by artful means. [L. expiscor, cxpistatus
Expeditiously. —ex, out, and piscor, to fish—piscis, a fish ]
Expel, eIts-pel', v.t. to drive out from or cut off Explain, eks-plan', v.t to make plain or intelligi
connection with a society: to banish -—pr.p. ble : to unfold and illustrate the meaning of : to
expelling ; Pa.p. expelled'. [L. expello, expul expound. [O. Fr. explaner—L. explano—ex,
sus—ex, out, and pello, to drive.] out, piano—planus, plain.]
Expend, eks-pend', v.t. to layout: to employ or Explainable, eks-plan'a-bl, adj. that may be ex
consume in any way: to spend. [L. expettdo— plained or cleared up.
ex, out, and pernio, pensutn, to weigh.] Explanation, cks-plan-a'shun, «. act of explaining
Expenditure, cks-pend'i-tur, n. act of expending or clearing from obscurity : that which explains
or laying out : that which is expended : money or clears up : the meaning or sense given to any
spcnL [Saiv) the costs of a lawsuit. thing : a mutual clearing up of matters.
Expense, eks-pens', n. outlay: cost:—//. (Scots Explanatory, cks-plan'a-tor-i, adj. serving to ex
Expensive, eks-pens'iv, adj. causing or requiring plain or clear up : containing explanations.
much expense: extravagant.—adv. Expens Expletive, eks'ple-tiv, adj., filling out : added for
ively.—?/. Expens'iveness. ornament or merely to fill up.—n. a word or syl
Experience, eks-pe'ri-ens, «., thorough trial of: lable inserted forornament or to fill up a vacancy.
practical acquaintance with any matter gained [L. expleth as —ex, out, pleo, to fill.]
by trial : repeated trial : long and varied obser Expletory, eks'ple-tor-i, adj. serving to fill up:
vation, personal or general : wisdom derived from expletive.
the changes and trials of life.—v.t. to make trial Explicable, eks'pli-ka-bt, adj. capable of being
of, or practical acquaintance with : to prove or explicated or explained. [L. explicabilis.\
know by use : to suffer. [Fr. —L. expericntia, Explicate, eks'pli-kat, v.t. to folk out or unfold :
from exterior—ex, intensive, and old verb to lay open or explain the meaning of. ( L. ex-
Perior, to try.] plico, explicatus or explicilus—ex, out, pltco, to
Experienced, eks-pe'ri-enst, adj. taught by ex fold.]
perience : skilful : wise. Explication, eks-pli-ka'shitn, n. act of explicat
Experiential, eks-pe"-ri-en'shal, adj. pertaining to ing or explaining : explanation. [L. exp/tcatto.]
or derived from experience. Explicative, eks'pli-ka-tiv, Explicatory, eks'pli-
Experiment, eks-peri-ment, n. a trial: some ka-tor-i, adj. serving to explicate or explain.
thing done to prove some theory, or to discover Explicit, eks-plis'it, adj. not implied merely, but
something unknown.—v.t. to make an experi distinctly stated : plain in language: clear: un
iW fate, far , me, her . mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Explode Extensible
reserved.—adv. Explicitly.—*. Explic itnOSS. Expounder, eks-pownd'er, n. one who expounds:
[L. explicilus, from explico.\ an interpreter.
Explode, eks-plod', v.t. to cry down, as an actor : Express, eks-pres\ v.t. to press or force out: to
to bring into disrepute, and reject.—v.i. to represent or make known by a likeness or by
burst with a loud report. [L. explodo—ex, out, words : to declare : to designate. [L. ex, out,
and plaudo, to clap the hands.] and Press.]
Exploit, eks-ploit', «. a deed or achievement, esp. Express, eks-pres', adj. pressed or clearly brought
an heroic one : a feat.—v. to work up, utilise.— out : exactly representing : directly stated :
«. Exploita tion, the act of successfully applying explicit : clear : intended or sent for a particular
industry to any object, as the working ofmines,&c. purpose. —n. a messenger or conveyance sent on a
[Fr. exploit—L. explicitnm, ended, achieved.) special errand : a regular and quick conveyance.
Exploration, eks-plo-ra'shun, «. net of exploring, —adj. Express'lble. - adv. Expressly.
or searching thoroughly. [See Explore.] Expression, eks-presh'un, n. act of expressing or
Exploratory, eks-plor'a-tor-i, adj. serving to forcing out by pressure: act of representing or
explore : searching out giving utterance to: faithful and vivid represen
Explore, eks-ploV, v.t. to search through for the tation by language, art, the features, &c. : that
purpose of discovery : to examine thoroughly. which is expressed : look : feature : the manner
[Fr.— L. exploro, exploratttx, to search out—ex, in which anything is expressed : tone of voice or
out, and ploro, to make to flow, to weep.] sound in music—adj. Expressionless.
Explorer, eks-plCKer, n. one who explores. Expressive, eks-pres'iv, adj. serving to express or
Explosion, eks-plo'zhun, «. act of exploding : a indicate : full of expression : vividly representing:
sudden violent burst with a loud report. significant.—adv. Expressively.—w. Express'-
Explosive, eks-plo'siv, adj. liable to or causing iveness.
explosion : bursting out with violence and noise. Expulsion, eks-pul'shun, «. banishment. [X.
-ativ. Explosively. expulsio. See Expel.} [expei.
Exponent, eKs-pu'nent, ft. he or that which points tlxpulsive, eks-pul'siv, adj. able or serving to
out, or represents : (alg.) a figure which shews Expunge, cks-punj', v.t. to wipe out: to efface.
bow often a quantity is to lie multiplied by {L. ex, out, and Puttgo, to prick.]
itself, as a'* : an index. [L. expattens—ex, out, Expurgate, eks-pur'gat or eks'pur-, v.t. to purge
and potto, to place.] out or render pure: to purify from anything
Exponential, eks-po-nen'shal, adj. (alg.) pertain noxious or erroneous. [L. expurgo, expurg.tttts
ing to or involving exponents. —ex, out, and Purgo, to purge or purify, from
Export, eks-pOrt', v.t. to carry or send out of a Purus, pure.] Igating or purifying.
country, as goods in commerce.—«. Export er. Expurgation, eks-pur-gii'shun, «. act of expur-
[L. exporta—ex, out of, and Porto, to carry. Expurgator, eks'pur-ga-tor or cks-pur'ga-tor, «,
See Port.] one who expurgates or purifies.
Export, ekVpflrt, «. act of exporting: that which Expurgatory, eks-pur'ca-tor-i, adj. serving to ex
is exported : a commodity which is or may be purgate or purify.
sent Irom one country to another, in traffic. Exquisite, eks'kwi-zit, adj. of superior quality :
Exportable, eks-pOrt'a-bl, adj. that may be ex excellent: of delicate perception or close dis
ported. crimination : not easily satisfied : fastidious :
Exportation, eks-pur-ta'shun, «. act of exporting, exceeding, extreme, as pain.—n. one cxquisiicly
or of conveying goods Irom one country to nice or refined in dress : a fop.—adv. Elqui-
another. [See Export, v.t.] sltely.—n. Ex'qulsiteness. [L. exquisttus—
Expose, eks-pOz', v.t. to place or lay forth to ex, out, and qturro, qnarsitus, to seek.]
view : to deprive of cover, protection, or shelter: Exsangulous, eks-sang'gwi-us, Exsanguinous,
to make bare : to explain : to make liable to : to eks-sang'gwin-us, adj., wit/tout Stood or red
disclose.—n, Expos'er. [Fr. expostr—L. ex, blood. [L. ex, pnv., and sanguis, sanguinis,
out, and Fr. Poser, to place. See Pose, «.] blood.] [sctndo, to cut.]
Exposition, eks-po-zish un, n. act of exposing, or Exscind, ek-sind', v.t. to cut off. [L. ex, off, and
laying open : a setting out to public view : a Extant, eks'tant, adj., standing out, or above
public exhibition : act of expounding, or laying the rest : still standing or existing. [L. exstans,
o]>cn of the meaning of an author : explanation. -antis—ex, out, and sto, to stand.]
Expositor, eks-poz'i-tor, n. one who or that which Extasy. Same as Ecstasy.
expounds or explains : an interpreter. Extatio. Same as Ecstatic.
Expository, eks-poz'i-tor-i, adj. serving to ex Extemporaneous, eks-tem-po-rs'ne-us, Extem
pound or explain : explanatory. porary, eks-tein'po-rar-i, adj. done on the spur
Expostulate, eks-post u-lfu, v.i. to reason ear of the moment : done without preparation : off
nestly with a person on some impropriety of his hand.—adv. Extemporaneously. {L. extem-
conduct: to remonstrate.—n. Expost ulator poraneus -ex, and tempus, temporis, time.]
[L. expostulo, expostHiatus—ex, intensive, and Extempore, eks-tem'po-re, adv. on the spur of
postulo, to demand.] the moment : without preparation : suddenly.
Expostulation, eks-post-u-la'shun, n. act of ex [L. ex tempore—ex, out of, and tempus, tem
postulating, or reasoning earnestly with a person poris, time.]
against his conduct: remonstrance. Extemporise. eks-tem'po-rTz, v.i. to speak extern-
Expostulatory, eks-post'u-la-tor-i, adj. containing port or without previous preparation : to dis
expostulation- course without notes : to speak off-hand.
Exposure, cks-po'zhur, «. act of exposing or lay Extend, eks-tend', v.t. to stretch out : to prolong
ing open or bare : state of being laid open or in any direction : to enlarge : to widen : to hold
bare : openness to danger: position with regard out: to bestow or impart.—v.i. to stretch : to be
to the sun. influence of climate, &c. continued in length or breadth. [L. extendo,
extentus—cx,
Expound, eks-pownd', v.t. to expose, or lay open , Extensible, eks-tcns'i-bl,out. Undo, tensum, to stretch.]
the meaning of : to explain. [O. Fr. espondte— Extensile, eks-tens*rl,
L. expono- ex, and /otto, to place.] adj. that may be extended.—it. Extens ibility.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mute ; mute ; mOon ; Men. 107
 Extension Extrusion
Extension, cks-ten'shun, n. a stretching out, pro to distil.—adj. Extract'ible. [L. extrako, ex-
longation, or enlargement : that property of a tractus—ex. out, and traAo, to draw.]
body by which it occupies a portion of space. Extract, eks'trakt, n. anything drawn from a
Extensive, eks-tens'iv, adj. large : comprehensive. substance by heat, distillation, &c as an
—adv. Extens ively.—«. Extens'iveness. essence : a passage taken from a book or writing.
Extent, cks-tent', n. the space or degree to which Extraction, eks-trak'shun, n. act of extracting
a thing is extended : bulk : compass. or drawing out : derivation from a stock or
Extenuate, eks-ten'ii-at, v.t. to lessen or dimi Extractive, family : birth : lineage : adj.
eks-traktriv, that which
tendingis or
extracted.
serving
nish : to weaken the force of: to palliate.—n.
Exten'uator. [L. extenuo, exttnuatns—ex, to extract.—«. an extract. [extracts.
intensive, and tenuo, from tenuis, thin.] Extractor, eks-trakt'or, «. he who or that which
Extenuating, eks-ten'u-iit-ing, adj. lessening : i Extradition, cks-lra-dish'un, n. a delivering up
palliating—rtrft'. Exten'uatingly. I by one government to another of fugitives from
Extenuation, cks-tea-ii-a'shun, «. act ofrepresent justice. [L. ex, from, and traditio—tra*lo,
ing anything as less wrong or criminal than I Extra-judicial,traditus, to deliver up.]
it is : palliation : mitigation. eks'tra-jCo-dish'al, adj., out of
Extenuatory, eks-ten'u-a-tor-i, adj. tending to the proper court, or beyond the usual course of
extenuate : palliative. legal proceeding. [Extra and Judicial.]
Exterior, eks-te'ri-or, adj., outer: outward: on or Extra-mundane, eks'tra-mun'dan, adj., beyond
from the outside : foreign.—«. outward part or the material world. [Extra and Mundane.]
surface : outward form or deportment : appear Extra-mural, eks'tra-mu'ral, adj. without or be
ance. [L. exterior, comp. of exter, outward, yond the ivalls. [Extra and MuraL]
from ex, out.] Extraneous, eks-tran'yus adj. external: foreign:
Exterminate, eks-ter'mi-nat, v.t. to destroy not belonging to or dependent on a thing : not
utterly : to put an end to: to root out.—n. Ex- essential.—adv. Extran'eously. [L. extraneus,
ter'mlnator. [L. extermino, extcrtninatus— from extra. See Extra.]
ex, out of, and terminus, a boundary.] ExtraordinarieS, eks-tror'di-nar-iz, n.pl. things
Extermination, cks-ter-mi-na'shun, «. complete that exceed the usual order, kind, or method.
destruction or extirpation. Extraordinary, eks-tror'di-nar-i, ad}., beyond
Exterminatory, eks-tcr'mi-na-tor-i, adj. serving o?-dinary : not usual or regular : wonderful :
or tending to exterminate. special.—adv. Extraor dinarily. [Extra and
External, eks-ter'nal, adj., exterior, outward: Ordinary.]
that may be seen : apparent : not innate or in Extravagance, eks-trav'a-gans, «. irregularity :
trinsic : derived from without : accidental : excess : lavish expenditure.
foreign.—adv. Exter/nally. [L. externus — Extravagant, eks-trav'a-gant, adj., wandering
exter.] [outward forms or ceremonies. beyond bounds : irregular : unrestrained : ex
Externals, eks-ter'nalz, n.pl. the outwardparts : cessive : profuse in expenses : wasteful.—adv.
Extinct, eks-tinkt', adj. put out: no longer exist Extravagantly. [L. extra, beyond, and
ing: dead. [See Extinguish.] vagans, -autis, pr.p. of vagor, to wander.]
Extinction, eks-tingk'shun, «. a quenching or Extravaganza, elcs-trav-a-gan'za, n. an extrava
destroying : destruction : suppression. gant or wild and irregular piece of music.
Extinguish, eks-ting'gwish, v.t. to quench : to Extravasate, [It-] eks-travra-s;1t, v.t. to let out of the
destroy: to obscure by superior splendour.— !
adj. Exting'ulBhable. [L. exsttngyto, ex- I proper vessels, as blood. [L. extra, out of, and
stinctus—ex, out. and siinguo, to quench, to I vas, a vessel.]
prick, from root stig, to prick.] Extreme, eks-trem', adj., outermost: most re
Extinguisher, eks-ting'gwish-er, n. a small hollow j mote : last : highest in degree : greatest : most
conical instrument for putting out a candle. violent : most urgent. — n. the utmost point or
Extirpate, eks-ter'pat, v.t. to root ant: to destroy verge : end : utmost or highest limit or degree :
totally: to exterminate.—«. Extir'pator. [L. great necessity. —adv. Extremely. [Fr. ex
exstirpo, exstirpatus—ex, out, and stirps, a treme— L. extremus, superl. of exter, on the
root.] [total destruction, j outside, outward.]
Extirpation, eks-ter-pa'shun, n. extermination : j Extremity, eks-trem'i-ti, «. the utmost limit,
Extol, eks-tol\ v.t. to magnify : to praise :—Pr.p. \ point, or portion : the highest degree : greatest
extoll'ing : pap. extolled'. [L. extolio—ex, up, necessity, emergency, or distress. [Fr. extri-
tollo, to lift or raise.] mitf~\*. extremitas.]
Extorsive, eks-tors'iv, adj. serving or tending to Extricate, cks'tri-kat, v.t. to free from hinder-
extort.—adv. Extors ively. ances or perplexities : to disentangle : to emit.
Extort, eks-tort', v.t. to gain or draw from by —adj. Ex'tricable. [I,, extrico, extricatus—
compulsion or violence. [L. extorqueo, extortus ex, out, trictr, trifles, hindcrances.]
—ex, out, and torqueo, to twist.] Extrication, eks-tri-kii'shun, «. disentanglement :
Extortion, eks-tor'shun; u. illegal or oppressive act of sending out or evolving.
exaction : that which is extorted. Extrinsic, eks-trin'sik, Extrinsical, eks-trin'sik-al,
Extortionary, eks-tor'shun-ar-i, adj. pertaining adj. on the outside or outivnrd' : external : not
to or implying extortion. contained in or belonging to a body : foreign :
Extortionate, eks-tor'shun-at, adj. oppressive. not essential :—opposed to Intrinsic—adv. Ex-
Extortioner, eks-tor'shun-er, «. one who prac trin'slcally. [Fr.—L. extrinsecus—cxter, out
tises extortion. ward, and secus, from the same root as scquor,
Extra, eks'tra, adj. , beyond or more than is neces to follow.)
sary : extraordinary : additional. [L. extra, Extrude, eks-trood', v.t. toforce or urge out : to
beyond, outside of, contracted from extera— expel : to drive off. [L. cxtrudo, cxtrusus—ex,
exter—ex, out, and root tar, to cross.] out, and trudo, to thrust.]
Extract, eks-trakt', v.t. to draw out by force or Extrusion, cks-lruo'zhuii, u. act of extruding,
otherwise : to choose out or select : to find out : thrusting, or throwing out : expulsion.
KM fSte, fiir ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mDOn ; Men.
 Exuberance Factious
Exuberance, eks-u'ber-ans, Exuberancy, eks-O'-
ber-an-si, «. an overflowing quantity : richness :
superfluousness.
Exuberant, eks-u'ber-ant, adj. plenteous : over Fable, fa'bl, «. a feigned story or tale intended to
flowing : superfluous.—adv. Exuterantly. [L. instruct or amuse : the plot or series of events
exuberans, pr.p. of exubero—ex, intensive, and in an epic or dramatic poem : fiction : a false
uber, rich, abundant.] hood.—v.t. to feign : to invent. [Fr. fable—I*
Exudation, eks-Q-da'shun, n. act of exuding or /abtda, from/ari, to speak.]
discharging through pores : the sweat, &c. Fabric, fab'rik or fU'brik, workmanship : tex
exuded. ture : anything framed by art and labour : build
Exude, eks-fld', vd. to discharge by sweating'. ing : manufactured cloth : any system of con
to discharge through pores or incisions, as sweat, nected parts. [Fr.—L. fabrua—fabcr, a
moisture, &c.—v.i. to flow out of a body through worker in hard materials—-/alio, to make.J
the pores. [L. ex, out, sndo, to sweat.] Fabricate, (ab'ri-kat, v.t. to put together by art
Exult, egz-ult', v.i. to rejoice exceedingly : to and labour : to manufacture : to produce : to
triumph.—adv. Exult ingly. [L. exsulto, from devise falsely.—n. Fabricator. [L. /abrico,
exsiiio—ex, out or up, and salio, to leap.] /abricatus, from/abrica. See Fabric.]
Exultant, egz-ult'ant, adj., exulting; triumphant. Fabrication, fab-ri-ka'shun, «. construction :
[L. exsnltans.] manufacture : that which is fabricated or in
Exultation, egz-ul-ta'shun, n. lively joy at any vented : a story : a falsehood.
advantage gained : rapturous delight : trans- J Fabulise, fab'Q-lTz, v.t. to write /ables, or to
port. [L. exsultatio.\ speak in fables.
ExuvlSB, eks-u'vi-e, tt.pl., cast-offskins, shells, or j Fabulist, fab'u-list, «. one who invents/ables.
other coverings of animals : (geol.) fossil shells I Fabulous, fab'u-lus, adj. feigned, as a /able: re
and other remains of animals. [L., from exuo, lated in fable : false.—adv. Fab'ulously. [L.
to draw or put oft".] /abulostts. ]
Eyalet, T'a-lei, «. a division of the Turkish em Facade, fa-sad', n. the/nee or/ront of a building.
pire. (From an Arab, word sig. government, [Fr., from It. /acciata, the front of a building,
vilayet is a doublet.] /accia, the face— L. /acies. See Face.]
Eye. I, «. the organ of sight or vision, more cor Face, fas, n. the visible forepart of the head : the
rectly the globe or movable part of it : the outside make or appearance : front : cast of
power of seeing: sight: regard: aim: keen features: look: boldness: presence: [B.^ anger or
ness of perception : anything resembling an eye, favour. [ Yv./ace—h./acies, form, face—/acio, to
as the hole of a needle, loop or ring for a hook, make, akin to Gr. phaind, to cause to appear.]
&c. — z'.t. to look on: to observe narrowly: — Face, fas, v.t. to meet in the /ace or in front : to
/r./. ey'ing or eye'ing; pa.p. eyed' (Id).—«. stand opposite to : to resist : to put an addi
Eye'-shot, the reach or range of sight of the eye. tional face or surface on : to cover in front.-—
[A.S. cage; Goth, augo; Ger.auge; Slav, oho; v.i. to turn the face. [of a corpse.
allied to Or. okos, osse, the two eyes, connected Facecloth, ffis'kloth, n. a cloth laid over the face
with ossomai, to see; L. ocutus, Sans. aksha.] Facet, fas'et, n. a little /ace : a small surface,
Eyeball, I'bawl, «. the ball, globe, or apple of as of a crystal. [Fr. /acette, dim. of/ace.]
the eye. Facetiae, fa-se'shi-6, n.pl. witty or humorous say
Eyebrlght, T'brlt, n. a beautiful little plant of the ings or writings. [h.—/acetus, merry, witty. 1
genus Euphrasia, formerly used as a remedy for Facetious, fa-s£'shus, adj. witty, humorous,
diseases of the eye. [the eye. jocose.—adv. Face'tiously.—n. Face'tlous-
Eyebrow, I*brow, n. the brow or hairy arch above [Fr., from L. facetHm.\
Eyelash, T'iash, «. the line of hairs that edges the Facial, fa'shal,
(Vshal, adj. of 01or relating to the /ace.—
eyelid. [Eye and Lash.] adv. Fa'clally.
Eyeless, T'les, adj. without eyes or sight. Facile, fas'il, adj. easily persuaded: yielding:
Eyelet ilet. Eyelet-hole, I'let-hOl, ». a small eye easy of access: courteous: easy. [Fr., from
or hole to receive a lace or cord, as in garments L. /acilis, that may be done, easy, from /acio,
sails, &c. [Fr. otillet, dim. of ail, an eye.] to do.] [difficulty.
Eyelid, Hid, «. the lid or cover of the eye : the Facilitate, fa-sil'i-tat, v.t. to make easy; to lessen
portion of movable skin by means of which the Facility, fa-sil'i-ti, «. quality of being /acile or
eye is opened or closed at pleasure. easilydone : dexterity: easiness to be persuaded :
Eye-service, I'-serVis, service performed only pliancy : easiness of access : affability.—//.
under the eye or inspection of an employer. Facilities, means that render anything easy to
Eyesight, I sit, n. power of seeing : view : obser be done. [Fr. —L. /icili'tas.]
vation, [sive to the eye. Facing, ffis'ing, «. a covering in front for orna
Eyesore, I'sOr. «. anything that is sore or often- ment or protection.
Eyetooth, ftGOth, «. a tooth in the upper jaw Fac Simile. fak-sim'Me, «. an exact copy. [I..
next the grinders, with a long fang pointing /ac, contr. of /actum, made—/acio, to make,
towards the eye. [done. and similis, like. ]
Eye-Witness, f-wit'nes, «. one who sees a thing Fact, fakt, n. a deed or anything done : anything
Eyre, 5r, «. a journey or circuit : a court of itin that comes to pass : reality : truth : the asser
erant justices: justices in eyre formerly corre tion of a thing done. [L. /actum, from /acio,
sponded to our present justices of assize. [O. to make.]
Fr. eire, journey, from L. iter, a way, a journey Faction, fak'shun, «. a company of persons asso
—eo, iturn, to go.] ciated or acting together, mostly used in a bad
Eyry, Eyrie, Aerie, c're or S're, «. a place where sense : a contentious party in a state or society :
birds of prey construct their nests and hatch dissension, [h./actio, from/acio, to do.]
their eggs: a brood of eagles or hawks. [Fr. Factious, fak'shus, adj. turbulent : disloyal.—
aire, from Ger. oar, an eagle; cog. with Ice. adv. Fac'tiously.—«. Factiousness. [L. fac-
ari, an eagle.] tiosus—/actio.J
f3te, far ; m{, her; mine; mote; mute; mOOn ; Men.
 Factitious Fall
Factitious, fak-tish'us, adj., made by art, in Fr. feint {fetndre), feigned, unreal—L. fingere,
opposition to what is natural.—adv. Facti to feign or dissemble. See Feign. ]
tiously*. [L. factitius, fromfacto, to make.] Faintisn, f&nt'ish, adj., somewhat or slightly
Factor, lak'tor, «. a doer or transactor of busi faint.—n. Faint'ishness.
ness for another : one who buys and sells goods Faintness, fant'nes, ». want of strength : feeble
for others, on commission : one of two or more ness of colour, light, &c. : dejection.
quantities which, multiplied together, form a Fair, far, adj., bright: clear: free from blemish :
product.—w. Factorship. [L., Iromfacio.\ pure : pleasing to the eye : beautiful : free from
Factorage, fak'tor-aj, n, the fees or commission a dark hue : of a light shade : free from cloud* or
of a factur. rain : favourable : unobstructed : open : prosper
Factorial, fak-td'ri-al, adj. pertaining to or con ous : frank : impartial : pleasing : hopeful: moder
sisting in afactory. ate.—adv. Fairly.—k. Fair'ness. [A.S.fasger;
Factory, fak'tor-i, «. a manufactory: a trading Ice.fagr, bright, Dan.feir.) [female sex.
settlement in a distant country, as the factory Fair, far, n. a fair wontan.—1hQ Fair, n.pl. the
of the East India Company at Calcutta. Fair, far. n. a stated market. [O. Fr.frire, from
Factotum, fak-to'tum, n. a person employed to L. feria, or feria, holidays, conn, with fcstiis,
do all kinds of work. [L. facto, and totus. all.] festive. See Feast.]
Faculty, fak'ul-ti, «., facility or power to act ; an Fairy, far'i, n. an imaginary being, said to assume
original power of the mind : personal quality or a human form, and to influence thefate of man.
endowment : right, authority, or privilege to [O. Fr. faerie, enchantment—Fr.fje. See Fay,
act : license : a body of men to whom any which would have been the correct form, fairy
privilege is granted : the professor- constituting being properly an abstract word.]
a department in a university : the members of Fairy, far'i, adj. of or belonging tofairies.
a profession. [Fr.—L. facnltas—facilis, easy.J Fairyland, far i-land, «. the imaginary country of
Fad, fad, n. a weak hobby. [Fr. ftu/e, insipi 1. the fairies.
See under Fade.] Faith, fath. »., trust or confidence in any person :
Fade, fad, v.i. to lose strength, freshness, or belief in the statement of another: belief in the
colour gradually.—adj. Fadeless. [Fr. fade, truth of revealed religion : confidence and trust
insipid, from L. fatuus, silly, insipid.] in God : reliance on Christ as the Saviour : that
Faeces or Feces, fc'sez, n.pl , grounds: sediment which is believed : any system of religious
after infusion or distillation: excrement. [L.t belief: fidelity to promises: honesty: word or
pi. offrx,fret's, grounds.] honour pledged. [M. E. feith, feyth, fey—O.
Fag, fag, v.t. to become weary or tired out : to Fr. feid—Y.. fides—fido, to trust; connected
work as a fag :—Pr.p. fagg'ing ; pa.p. fagged'.— with Gr. peithd, to persuade. ]
«. one who labours like a drudge: a school-boy Faithful, fath'fool, adj. full of faith, believing :
forced to do menial offices for one older. [Ely. firm in adherence to promises, duty, allegiance,
dub. ; perh. a corr. ofFlag, todroop, which see.] &c. : loyal: conformable to truth: worthy of
Fag-end, fag'-end, «. the end of a web of clnth belief: true. The Faithful, believers.—adv.
that flags or hangs loose : the untwisted end of Faith'fully.—«. Faith'fulness.
a rope : the refuse or meaner part of a thing. Faithless, fathles, adj. without faith or belief:
FagOt or Faggot, fag'ut, n. a bundle ofsticks used not believing, esp. in God or Christianity : not
fur fuel : a stick : anything like a fagot : a adhering to promises, allegiance, or duty : delu
soldier numbered on the muster-roll, but not sive,—adv. Faithlessly.—«. Faithlessness.
really existing: a voter who has obtained his Fakir, faker or fa-ker'; n. a member of a religious
vote expressly for party purposes.—adj. got up order of mendicants in India and the neighbour
for a purpose, as in Fagot vote. IFr. fa^ot, a ing countries. [Ar. fakhar, poor.]
bundle of sticks, perh. from h. fax, a torch.) Falcate, fal'kat, Falcated, fal'kat-ed, adj. [astr.
Fahrenheit, fa'ren-hlt, u. the name applied to a and bot. ) bent like a sickle, as the crescent
thermometer, the freezing-point of which is moon, and certain leaves. [L. falcatus, from
marked at 32, and the boiling-point at 212 de falje, a sickle]
grees. [Named from the inventor, .1 German.] Falchion, fawl'shun, n. a short crooked sword,
Faience, fa'yens, «. a fine kind of painted pottery. falcated or bent somewhat like a sickle. [It.
[From Faeuza in Italy, where first made.] falcione— Low \..falcio, from h.falx, a sickle.]
Fail, fiil, v.i. to fall short or be wanting : to fall Falcon, faw'kn, «. a bird of prey formerly trained
away : to decay : to die : to miss : tote disap- ! to the pursuit of game, f Fr. ftucon—h.falco,
pointed or baffled : to be unable to pay one's from faix, a hook or sickle : the bird being so
debts.—v.t. to be wanting to : not to be sufficient called from its hooked claws.]
for:—pr.p.
L. /alio; fail'ing;
conn, withpa.p.
Or. failed'.
sphalld, to[Fr.cause
fadlir
■— to Falconer, fawTcn-er, m. one who sports with, or
who breeds and trainsfalcons or hawks for tak
fall, deceive, A.S.feallan, to fall.] ing wild-fowl. \Fr.fauconnier.\
Failing fnl'ing, 7t. a fault, weakness : a foible. Falconry, fawlcn-ri, n. the art of training or
Failure, fal'iir, «. a falling short, or cessation : hunting withfalcons. [Fr.fauconneric]
omission: decay: bankruptcy. Faldstool, fawld'stoDl, «. afolding or camp stool:
Fain, fin, adj. glad or joyful: inclined : content a kind of stool for the king to kneel on at his
or compelled to accept, for want of better.—adv. coronation: a bishop's seat within the altar: a
gladly. [A. S.ftegen, joyful ; Ice. feginn, glad.] small desk at which the litany is sung or said.
Faint, (ant, adj. wanting in strength : fading : [From Low h. faldisfolium—O. H. C>cr.faldan
lacking distinctness : not bright or forcible : (Ger. fallen,, to fold, and stual (Gcr. stn/tl),
weak in spirit : lacking courage : depressed : done stool, seat, or throne ; Fr. fauteuil is from the
in a feeble way.—v.i. to become feeble or weak : same source.]
to lose strength, colour, &c. : to swoon : to fade Fall, fawl, v.i. to drop dovjn: to descend by the
or decay: to vanish: to lose courage or spirit : force of gravity : to become prostrate : [ofariver]
to become depressed. —adv. Faintly. [Used of to discharge itself: to sink as if dead : to vanish :
anything that cannot bear trial or proof, from to die away : to lose strength : to decline in
17ii (ate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mOon ; tAcn.
 Fall
power, wealth, value, or reputation : to sink into
sin : tu depart frum tlie faith : to become dejected :
to pass gently into any state : to befall : to issue :
to enter upou with haste or vehemence : to rush :
—pr.p. fall'ing; pa.t. fell ; pa.fi. fallen (faw'lnL
[A.S. feallan; Ger.fallen ; connected with L.
/alio, to deceive, Gr. sphatld. to cause to fall,
Sans, sphal, to tremble. See Fall ]
Fall, fawl, «. the act offalling, in any of its
senses: descent by gravity: a dropping down:
overthrow : death : descent from a better to a
worse position : slope or declivity : descent of
water : a cascade : length of a fall : outlet of a
river : decrease in value : a sinking of the voice :
the time when the leaves fall, autumn : that
which falls : a lapse into sin, especially that of
Adam and Eve, called The Fall:*-//. {Afio-
cryfihai death, overthrow.
Fallacious, fal-Li'shus, adj. calculated to deceive
or mislead : not well founded : causing disap
pointment : delusive.—<idv. Fallaciously. —n.
Fallaciousness. [L. fallaciosus.\
Fallacy, fal'a-si, «. something fallacious : de
ceptive appearance : an apparently genuine but
really illogical argument. \Vx.faLace, deceit—
L. /allocia, from fallax, deceptive, fallo, to
deceive.]
Fallibility, fal-i-bill-ii, n. liability to err.
Fallible, fal'i-bl, adj. liable to error or mistake.—
adv. Fall'ibly. [Low L.fallibilis, fromfallo.]
Fallow, fal'S, adj. left untilled or unsowed for a
time.—n. land that has lain a year or more un
titled or unsown after having been ploughed.—
v.t. to plough land without seeding it. [Orig.
yellow or reddish yellow, nud applied to Lmd
unsown or left bare of a crop, from its reddish
colour; from A.S.fealo ; Ger. falb,faAJ; allied
to L. pallidas, Gr. polios, livid, bans, palita,
gray. Fallow is an extension oifal- = pal- in
Pale.]
FallOW-deer, fal'o-der, n. a species of deer smaller
than the red-deer, with broad flat antlers, and of
a vc//f>7c/j/jL-brown colour. [untilled.
FallOWness, fal'u-nes, it. state of being fallow or
False, fawls, adj., deceptive or deceiving ; un
truthful: unfaithful to obligations: untrue: not
genuine or real : hypocritical : not well founded.
—adv. Falsely.—«. Falseness. [O. Yr.fals
ifaujc';—L. falsus, pa. p. of fallo, to deceive.
Sec FaiL FalL Fallacious.)
Falsehood, fawls'hood, «. state or quality of
beingfalse: want of truth : want of honesty : de-
ccittulness : false appearance : an untrue state
ment: a lie. [False, and hood, A.S. had, state ]
Falsetto, fawl-sct'o, n. a false or artificial voice :
a range of voice beyond the natural compass.
{it. falsetto, from root of False.]
Falsification, fawls-i-fi-ka'shun, n. the act of
making;false : the giving to a thing the appear
ance of something which it is not.
Falsifier, fawls'i-ffer, n. one who falsifies or
gives to a thing a false appearance.
Falsify, fawls'i-fT, v.t. to forge or counterfeit: to
prove untrustworthy : to break by falsehood :—
pr.p. falsifying ; pa.p. falsified. [L. falsus,
false, andfacio^ to make.]
Falsity, fawU'i-ti, n. quality of being false; a
false assertion. [L,.falsilas, fromfalsus, false.]
Falter, fawl'ter, v.i. to fail or stutter in speech:
to tremble or totter : to Ix: feeble or irresolute.
[Lit., to be at fault; from root of Fault; cf.
Span.yJ«//ar, It.failure, to be deficient.]
Falteringly, fawl'ter-ing-li, ndv. in afaltering or
hesitating manner.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Fandango
]Fame fam, «. public report or rumour: renown
or celebrity, good or bad. [Fr.—h.fama, irum
fan', to speak; Gr. phemi, from phemi, to say,
make known, Sans. bhAsh, to speak, A. S. ban-
nan, to proclaim.]
]Famed, fiimd, adj. renowned.
]Familiar, fa-mil yar, adj. well acquainted or
intimate: shewing the manner of an intimate:
free : having a thorough knowledge of : well
known or understood.—«. one well or long
acquainted : a demon supposed to attend at
call.—adv. Familiarly. [L. familiaris, from
familia, a family.]
]
Familiarise, fa-mil'yar-Tz, v.t. to make thoroughly
acquainted : to accustom : to make easy by
practice or study.
}Familiarity, fa-mil-ye-arl-ti, «. intimate acquaint
anceship : freedom from constraint. [L. fami
liaritas.)
Family, fam'i-li, «. the household, or all those
who live in one house under one head : the
descendants of one common progenitor : race :
honourable or noble descent : a group ofanimals,
plants, languages, &c. more comprehensive than
a genus. [Fr.—L. J'amtlia—famulus, a servant.]
Famine, fam'in, «. general scarcity of food.
[Fr., through an unrecorded Low L, famina,
from L. fames, hunger.]
Famish, fam'ish, v.t. to starve.—v.i. to die or
suffer extreme hunger or thirst : to suffer from
exposure.
Famishment, fam'ish-ment, n. starvation.
Famous, fa'mus, adj. renowned : noted.—adv.
Famously. [L.famosus, fromfama.\
Fan, fan, «. a broad, flat instrument use-i by
ladies to cool themselves : anything ol this form,
as for winnowing grain, &c. : a small sail to
keep a windmill to the wind — v.t. to cool with
a fan : to winnow : to ventilate :—pr.p. fann'-
ing ; pa.p. fanned'. [A.S. fannt Fr. van, l>oth
from L. vannus, a fan.]
Fanatic-, fa-nat'ik, Fanatical, fa-nat'ik-al, adj.
extravagantly or unreasonably zealous, e-.p. in
religion : excessively enthusiastic.—adv. Fanat'-
ically. [Fr.—L. fanaticus, from fanum. a
temple ; it meant first belonging to a temple :
then, inspired by a god, enthusiastic, madly
enthusiastic. See Fane.]
Fanatic, fa-nat'ik, n. a person frantically or ex
cessively enthusiastic, esp. on religious sub
jects.
Fanaticism, fa-nat'i-sizm, «. wild and excessive
religious enthusiasm.
Fanciful, fan'si-fool, adj. guided or created by
fancy : imaginative : whimsical : wild. —adv.
Fan'cifully.—«. Fan'cifulness.
Fancy, fan'si, «. that faculty of the mind by which
it recalls, represents, or makes to appear past
images or impressions : an image or representa
tion thus formed in the mind : an unreason
able or capricious opinion : a whim : capricious
inclination or liking.—adj. pleasing to, or
guided by fancy or caprice.—Fancy-ball. «. a
ball at which fmcy dresses in various characters
are worn —The Fancy, n.pl. sporting characters
generally. [Contracted from fantasy, Fr. fan-
taste, through L., from Gr. phantiisi '—Gr.
phantazd, to make visible—phnind, to bring to
light, to shew, Sans. b/tA, to shine.]
Fancy, fan'si, v.t. to portray in the mind: to
imagine : to have a fancy or liking for : to be
pleased with fir.fi. fan eying ; P&-P- fan'cied.
Fandango, fan-dan'go, «. an old Spanish dance.
[Sp.]
mote ; "mute ; raOon ; then. 171
 Pane Fast
Fane, fan, «. a temple. [L. fanum, fromfori, to land : the tenant of a farm : one who collects
speak, to dedicate.] taxes, &c. for a certain rate per cent.—«. Farm'-
Fanfare, fau'far, n. a flourish of trumpets on enter ing, the business of cultivating land.
ing the lists: a boast: a bravado. [Fr. fan/are Faro, far'o, n. a game of chance played with cards.
—Sp. faitfarria, which is from Arab. farfar, [Said to be so called because king Pharaoh was
loquacious.] formerly represented on one of the cards.]
Fanfaron, fan'fa-ron, w. one who uses fanfare or Farrago, far-ni'gO, n. a confused mass. [L.—far,
bravado : a bully. [ Fr., fromfanfare.] a sort of grain.]
Fanfaronade, fan-far-on-iid', n. vain boasting : Farrier, fai^i-er, n. one who shoes horses : one
bluster. [Fr. fanfaronnade, fromfanfare.] who cures the diseases of horses. [O. Fr.
Fang, fang, «. the tooth of a ravenous beast : a ferrier, through Low L. ferrarius, from L.
claw or talon. [A.S. fang, from fori, to seize; ferrum, iron.] [of cattle.
Ger.fangen, to catch.) Farriery, faKi-cr-i, n. the art of curing the dUeases
Fanged, fangd, adj. having fangs, clutches, or | Farrow, far'o, «. a litter of pigs.—v. to bring
anything resembling them. forth pigs. [A.S. fear/t, a pig; Dan. fare, to
Fanlight, fan'llt, «. a window resembling in farrow ; Ger. ferkel, allied to L. porcus, pig,
form an openfan. verres, boar.]
Fanner, fan'er, «. a machine with revolving fans, Farther, farmer, adj. (comp. of Far), more far
used for winnowing grain, &c. or distant: tending to a greater distance:
Fanpalm, fan'pam, «. a species of palm 60 or 70 longer: additional.—adv. at or to a greater
ft. high, with ^/rtM-shaped leaves, used for um distance : more remotely : beyond : moreover.
brellas, tents, 6cc. [A rather recent form, comp. of Far, the euphonic
Fantasia, fan-ta'zi-a, n. a fanciful or fantastic tk being inserted from the analogy of Further. ]
musical composition, not governed by the ordi Farthest, far'Mest, adj. (supcrl. offar), mostfar,
nary musical rules. [It., from Gr. pkantasia. distant, or remote.—adv. at or to the greatest
Sec Fancy.] distance. [Superb of Far, coined from the
Fantastic, fan-tas'tik, Fantastical, fan-tas'tik-al, analogy of Furthest.]
adj., fanciful': not real : capricious : whimsical : Farthing, farV/ung, n. the fourth of a penny :
wdd.—adv. Fantas'tically. {New Test. ) = 1 farthings, sometimes \ of our
Fantasy, fan'ta-si, u. old form of Fancy. farthing. [A.S. forthling, fearthing, a fourth
Far, far, adj. remote : more distant of two : remote part-V^("^^( fourth, and dim. ing or ling—-feor,
from or contrary to purpose or design.—adv. to four.]
a great distance in time, space, or proportion : Farthingale, far'Ming-gfd, «. a kind of crinoline
remotely : considerably or in great part : very made of whalebone for distending the dress,
much: to a great height: to a certain point, introduced by Queen Elizabeth. [Fr. vertugnde,
d*grcc, or distance. fA.S. fear; Dut. ver, O. Fr. verdugalle—Sp. z'erdugado, hooped—
verre : Ice. Jtarri ; Ger. fertt ; allied to Gr. veniugo, a rod, a young shoot—vcrde, green—
porro, at a distance, Pro, before, Sans, pra, L. viridis, green.]
before, and also to E. rare. Fasces, fas'ez, n.pl. {Roman antiquities) ^bundle
Farce, fars, n. a style of comedy, stuffed with of rods with an axe in the middle, borne before
low humour and extravagant wit : ridiculous or the Roman magistrates as a badge of their
empty show. [Fr. farce, the stuffing in meat, authority. [L. fascis, a bundle.]
from L..farcio, to stuff. J Fascicle, fas'i-kl, «. a little bundle: [hot.) a close
Farcical, fars'i-kal, adj. of or relating to a farce: cluster, with the flowers much crowded together,
ludicrous.—adv. Farcically. as in the sweet-william, [L. fasciculus, dim. of
Fardel, faVdel, n. a pack or bundle. [O. Fr. fascis \ [adj. united as in a bundle.
fardel, Fr. fardeau, dim. offarde, a burden, of Fascicular, fas-sik'Q-lar, fasciculate, fas-sik'u-lat,
which ety. dub.] Fascinate, fas'i-nat, v.t. to fix or control by the
Fare, far, v.t. to get on or succeed : to happen glance: to charm: to enchant. [L. fascino,
well or ill to : to feed.—n. {orig.) a course orpas -atus ; prob. allied to Gr. baskaind, to bewitch.]
sage: the price of passage: food or provisions Fascination, fas-i-n;Vshun, «. the act of charm
for the table. [A.S. /aran ; Ger. fahren, 10 go.j ing : supposed power to harm by looks or spells :
Farewell, far-wcl' or far'-, int. may youfare weltI mysterious attractive power exerted by a man's
an affectionate prayer for safety or success.—n. words or manner: irresistible power of alluring.
well-wishing at parting : the act of departure.— [ L. fascinatio.]
adj. parting : final. Fascine, fas-sen', «. a fagot or bundle of rods,
Far-fetched, far'-fecht, adj., fetched or brought used in fort, to raise batteries, fill ditches, &c.
from far, or from a remote place : forced, [Fr.— L, fascina--fascis, a bundle.]
unnatural. Fashion, fash'un, n. the make or cut of a thing:
Farina, fa-ri'na, «., ground com: meal: starch: form or pattern : prevailing mode or shape of
pollen of plants. [L.—-far, a sort of grain, akin dress: a prevailing custom; manner: genteel
to E. Barley.] society : (New Test.) appearance. —v.t. to make ."
Farinaceous, far-in-a'shus, adj. mealy. to mould according to a pattern : to suit or
Farm, (arm, «. land let or rented for cultivation or adapt.—n. Fashioner. \Fr. fafon—L.factio—
pasturage, with the necessary buildings. [A.S. facio, to make.]
feorm, goods, entertainment, from Low L,.frma, Fashionable, fash'un-a-b], adj. made according
a feast, tribute, also a contract, an oath—L. I to prevailing fashion: prevailing or in use at
firtnus, firm, durable. Farm is therefore a any period ; observant of the fashion in dress or
doublet of Firm.] living: genteel: moving in high society.—adv.
Farm, farm, z'.t. to let out as lands to a tenant : to Fashionably. —n. Fash'ionableness.
take on lease : to grant certain rights in return Fast, fast, adj. firm : fixed : steadfast.—adv.
for a portion of what they yield, as to farm the firmly: soundly or sound (asleep). —Fast by,
taxes : to cultivate, as land. close to. [A.S. fest; Ger. fest; allied to
Fanner, farni'er, «. one who farms or cultivates I fassen, to seize. ]
172 fate, far ; me", her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; m03n ; then.
 Fast Fear
Fast, fast, adj. quick : rash : dissipated.—adv. ! body or of mind : toil : military work, distinct
swiftly : in rapid succession : extravagantly. from the use of arms. —v.t. to reduce to a state
[A special use offast, firm, derived from the of weariness : to exhaust one's strength : to
Scand., in the sense of urgent or pressing.) harass:—pr.p. fatigu'ing ; Pa.p. fatigued'. [Fr.,
Fast, fast, v.i. to keep from food : to go hungry : from \,.fatigo, to weary.) [slaughter.
to abstain from food in whole or part, as a Fatling, fat'ling, «. a young; animal fattened for
religious duty.—«. abstinence from food : special Fatness, fat'nes, «. quality or state of being fat :
abstinence eiiioined by the church : the day of fullness of flesh : richness : fertility : that which
fasting.—ns. Faster, one who fasts; Fasting. ' makes fertile.
religious abstinence ; Fast -day, a day of Fatten, far'n, v.t. to make fat or fleshy: to make
religious fasting. [A.S. fasta*, to fast; Ger. fertile.—v.i. to grow fat.—ns. Fatt ener, he who
fasten, Goth, fastan, to keep ; allied with Fast, or that which fattens; Fatt'ening, the process
firm, in the sense of making firm or strict.] of making fat : stue of growing fat
Fasten, fas'n, V.t. to make fast or tight: to fix Fatty, fat'i, adj. containing fat or having the
securely : to attach firmly one thing to another. qualities of fat. —«. Fatt iness. [imbecility.
—v.i. to fix itself—«. Fas tening, that which Fatuity, fa-tu'i-ti, «. the being feeble in intellect :
fastens. Fatuous, faru-us, adj. silly : without reality : de
Fastidious, fas-tid'i-us, adj. affecting superior ceptive, like the ignis-fatnus. [L. fatuus,
taste: over-nice: difficult to please.—adv. Fas- ! foolish.)
tldiously.—«. Fastidiousness. [L.fastidios/ts i Fauces, faw'sez, n.pl. the upper part of the throat
—fastidtum, loathing fistits, pride, and tte- I from the root of the tongue to the entrance of
dium, loathing.) [fortress, castle. the gullet. [L.]
Fastness, fast'nes, «. fixedness : a stronghold, Faucet, faw'set. «. a pipe inserted in a barrel to
Fat, fat, adj. plump, fleshy: fruitful: gross.—«. draw liquid. [Fr. fausset—fausser, to falsify, to
an oily substance under the skin : solid animal pierce— L.falsus. See False.]
oil: the richest part of anything.—v.t. to make Faugh, faw, int. an exclamation of contempt or
fat —v.i. to grow fat \~pr.p. fatt'ing ; Pa.p. disgust. [Prob. from the sound.]
fatt'ed. [A.S.fa>t; Ger.fett,] Fault, fawlt, n. a failing : error : blemish : a
Fat, fat, «. a vat See Vat. slight offence : [geol. and must.) a displacement
Fatal, fat'al, adj. belonging to or appointed by of strata or veins. [Fr. fauta—L. falla, to
fate: causing ruin or death: mortal: calami deceive.]
tous. —adv. Fat'ally. Faultless, fawlt'les, adj. without fault or defect,
Fatalism. fat'al-izm, «. the doctrine that all events i —adv. Faultlessly. -«. Faulvlessness.
are subject to fate, and happen by unavoidable Faulty, fawlt'i, adj. imperfect : guilty of a fault :
necessity.—n. Fat'aliSt, one who believes in blamable.—-adv. Fault ily.—//. Fault'iness.
fatalism.—adj'. Fat allstic, belonging to or Faun, fawn, n. a rural deity among the Romans—
partaking offata/ism. the protector of shepherds and agriculture. [L.
Fatality, fat-al'i-ti, «. the state of being fatal or faunus, fromfaveo,Jat/turn, to favour.]
unavoidable : the decree of fate : fixed tendency Fauna, fawn'a, tt.pl. the animals native to any
to disaster or death : mortality. region or epoch, so called because protected
Fate, fftt, n. inevitable destiny or necessity: ap by the Fauns.
pointed lot : ill-fortune: doom: final issue. [L. Favour, fa'vur, n. a regarding kindly: counten
fitntn, a prediction—-fatus, spoken—fari, to ance : good-wiil : a kind deed : an act of grace
speak.) or lenity: a knot of white ribbons worn at a
Fated, fit'ed, adj. doomed : destined. wedding.—v.i. to regard with good-will : to be
Fates, ffits, n.fl. the three goddesses of fate, on the side of: to treat indulgently: to afford
Cloiho, Lachesis, and Atropos, who were sup advantage to.—n. Fa'vourer. [Fr.—L. favor—
posed to determine the birth, life, and death of ftveo, to favour, befriend.]
men. Favourable, fii'vur-a-bl, adj. friendly: propitious:
Father, fa'Mer, n. a male parent : an ancestor or conducive to : advantageous.—adv. Fa'VOUT-
forefather : a contriver or originator : a title of ably.—«. Fa vourableness.
respect: an ecclesiastical writer of the early Favourite, fi'vur-it, «. a person or thing regarded
centuries: the first Person of the Trinity.—v.t. withfavour: one unduly loved.—adj. esteemed,
to adopt : to ascribe to one as his offspring or . beloved, preferred.—it. Fa'VOUTitism, the prac
production. [A.S. faeder; Ger. vater, L. pater, j tice of favouring or shewing partiality.
Gr. pater. Sans, pitri, from root pa, to feed.) Fawn, fawn, u, a young deer. —adj. resembling a
Fatherhood, fa'rAer-hood, ». state of being a fawn in colour. —v.i. to bring forth a fawn. [Fr.
father: fatherly authority. faon, through an unrecorded Low L. fatonus,
Father-in-law. fa'Mer-in-law, n. the father of one's an extension of L. foetus, offspring.]
husband or wife. [fathers. Fawn, fawn, v.i. to cringe : to flatter in a servile
Fatherland, fa /7/er-land, n. the land of one's way (followed by upon). —«. a servile cringe or
Fatherless, fn'Mer-les, adj. destitute of a living bow : mean flattery. —«. Fawn'er, one who
father: without a known author.—n. Fa'ther- i flatters to gain favour.—adv. Fawn'ingly.
lessness. [M.E. faunen : from Ice. fagna, to rejoice,
Fatherly, fa'Mer-li, adj. like a father in affection conn, with A-S-frgen, glad.)
and c ire: paternal.—«. Fa'therliness. Fay, fa, «. a fairy. [Fr. fee—Low L. fata, a
Fathom, faM'um, n. the distance between the ex fairy— h.fxtum, fate. See Fate.)
tremities of both arms extended or held out : a Fealty, fe'al-ti or fel ti, n. the oath sworn by the
nautical measure = 6 feet.—v.t. to try the depth vassal to befaithful to his feudal lord : loyalty :
of; to comprehend or get to the bottom of.— [O. Fr. fealte—L. fidelitas—Jidelis, faithful
adjs. Fathomable, Fatn'omless. [X.'&.faeihm ; \ —fdo, to trust.]
Dut. vadetn, Ocr.faden; cf. L. pateo, Gr. Fear, fer, n. a painful emotion excited by < lunger :
petannymi, to stretch.) apprehension of danger or pain : alarm : the
Fatigue, fa-tfig', ».» -weariness from labour of | object of fear: (7?.) deep reverence : piety
file, far ; mi, her ; nunc ; mou ; mute ; xnOon , Men.
 Fearful
towards God.—v.t. to regard with fear : to ex
pect with alarm: (/?.) to stand in awe of: to
venerate : (obs.) to terrify : to make afraid. [A.S.
fer, fear ; Ger. gefahr, Ice. far, harm, mis
chief.]
Fearful, ferTool, ad/, timorous : exciting intense
fear: terrible,—adv. FearTully.—n. FearTul-
ness.
Fearless, ferHes, adj. withoutfear' daring : brave.
—adv. Fearlessly.—«. Fearlessness.
Feasible, ftz'i-bl, adj. practicable.—adv. Feas'-
ibly.—?is. Feasibleness, Feasibility, [Fr.
faisable, that can be done—/aire, faisant—L.
facere, to do, to make-]
Feast, fest, «. a day of unusual solemnity or joy :
a rich and abundant repast : rich enjoyment for
the mind or heart.— v.i. to hold a feast : to cat
sumptuously : to receive intense delight.—v.t.
10 entertain sumptuously.—n. Feast er. [O.
Yx.feste i Fr. ftte)—"L.festum, a holiday,yfer/Kr,
solemn, festal.]
Feat, fet, «. a deed manifesting extraordinary
strength, skill, or courage. [Fr. fait, O. Fr.
faid—L.foetus, done—L.facia, to do, to make.]
Feather, feM'er, n. one of the growths which form
the covering of a bird : a feather-like orna
ment.—v.t. to furnish or adorn with feathers.—
To feather an oar, to bring it out of the water
in aflat or horizontal position. [A.S. fether;
Ger.federt conn, with L. penna (=petna), Gr.
pteron. Sans, patra—pat, to fly.]
Feathery, ferA'er-i, adj. pertaining to, resembling,
or covered withfeathers.
Feature, fet'fir, «. the marks by which anything
is recognised : the prominent traits of anything :
the cast ofthe face :—fL the countenance.—adjs.
Feat'ured, with features well marked ; Feat'-
ureless, destitute of distinct features. [O. Fr.
f/iitnre—h. factum, facturus, fut. part, of
facto, to make.]
Febrifuge, feb'ri-fuj, n. a medicine for removing
frz>er. [h.febris, andfugo, to put to flight.]
Febrile, fS'bril or feb'ril, adj. pertaining tofever ;
feverish, f Vt.febrile, from u.febris, fever.]
February, feb'rOT-ar-i, n. the second month of
the year. [L. Februarius {mensis), the month
of expiation, because on this month the great
Roman feast of expiation was held—-februa,
the festival of expiation.]
Fecal, fC'kal, adj. relating to, consisting of faeces.
Feces. See Faeces.
Feculent, fek'u-lent, adj. containing frees or
sediment : muddy : foul. —«. Fec'ulence or
Fec'ulency.
Fecund, fek und, adj.,fruitful : fertile: prolific.
[U.fecitndus—obs. fro, to bring forth.]
Fecundate, fek'und-iit, v.t. to make fruitful:
to impregnate.
Fecundation, fek-un-dA'shun, n. the act of im
pregnating : the state of being impregnated.
Fecundity, fek-und'i-ti, «. fruitfulncss : prolific-
ness in female animals.
Fed, k<\,pa.t, and pa.p. of Feed-
Federal, fed'er-al, adj. pertaining to or consisting
of a treaty ox covenant: founded upon mutual
agreement.—A Federal union or government is
one in which several states, while independent
in home affairs, combine for national or general
purposes, as in the United States and Switzer
land. In American civil war, Federal was the
name given to the states of the North which
defended the Union against the Confederate
separatists of the South. [Fr fe'de'ral—L.
fardt/s,foederis, a treaty, akin tofdo, to trust]
174 fate, far ; m€, her ; mine ;
Fell
Federalist, fcd'er-al- st, //. a supporter of a federal
constitution or ui lion.—n. Federalism, the
principle •r cause maintained by federalists.
Federate, fed'er-at, adj. united by league : con
federated.—adj. Fed'erative uniting in league.
Fee, fe, n. price paid for services, as to a lawyer
or physician : recompense : a grant of land for
feudal service : an unconditional inheritance
(often termed fee simple) : possession : owner
ship.—v.t. to p.iy a fee to: to hire :—pr.p.
feeing; pa.p. Iced'. [A.S. feoh, cattle, prop
erty ; a special kind of property, property in
land: Ger. vieh, Ice. fe; allied to L. pecus,
cattle, peennia, money.]
Feeble, fe'bl, adj. weak : wanting in strength of
body : shewing weakness or incapacity : faint :
dull.—adv. Feebly.—«. Feebleness." fO. Fr.
foible, for floihle—L. flebiiis. lamentable, from
ffeo, flere, to weep.J [irresolute.
Feeble-minded, fe'bl-mlnd'ed. adj. weak-minded :
Feed, fed, v.t. to give food to : to nourish : to
furnish with necessary material : to foster.—
v.t. to take food . to nourish one's self by eating :
— /.feed'ing ; pad. andpa /. fed. —n. an allow
ance of provender given to cattle. —n. Feed'er,
he who feeds or that which supplies. [A.S.
fedan, to feed, nourish—-foda, food.]
Feel, fel, v.t. to perceive by the touch : to handle :
to be conscious of: to be keenly sensible of: to
have an inward persuasion of. —v.i. to know by
the touch : to have the emotions excited : to
produce a certain sensation when touched, as
to feel hard or hot :—pr.p. feel ing: pa.t. and
pa.p. felt. [A.S.felan, to feel; Ocr-fiihlen;
akin to L. palpare.]
Feeler, feTer, «. a remark cautiously dropped to
sound the opinions of others :—fl. jointed fibres
in the heads of insects, &c. possessed of a deli
cate sense of touch, termed antenna.
Feoling. fol'ing, n. the sense of touch : perception
of objects by touch : consciousness of pleasure
or pain : tenderness : emotion :—//. the affec
tions or passions.—adj. expressive of great sen
sibility or tenderness : easily affected, —adv.
Feelingly.
Feet, fet, plural of Foot.
Feign, fan, v.t. to invent: to imagine: to make
a show or pretence of.—adv. Feign'edly.
Feign'ednesS. [Fr. feindre, pr.p. feignant, to
feign—L. fngo, fd}tm, to form.]
Feints fant, «. a false appearance : a pretence : a
mock-assault : a deceptive movement in fencing.
[Fr. feint, pa.p. offeintire. See Feign.]
Feldspar, feld spar, Feldspath, fcld'spath, ». a
crystalline mineral found in granite, &c. \Field
s/ar—Ger.fe/d, a field, spath, spar. See Spar.]
FeldspathiC, fcld-spath'ik, adj. pertaining to or
consisting offeldspar.
Felicitate, fe-lis'i-utt, v. t. to express joy or pleasure
to : to congratulate, [L. felicitas, from felix,
felicis, happy.] [tating or congratulating.
i'shun, «. the act of felici-
fe-Iis-i-tii's'
FeliCitOUS, fc-lis'i-tus, adj. happy : prosperous :
delightful : appropriate.—adv. Fellc'ltOUSly.
Felicity, fe-lis'i-ti, «. happiness : delight : a
blessing : a happy event.
Feline, fe lln, adj. pertaining to the cat or the cat-
kind : like a cat. [L. frlinus—feles, a cat.]
Fell, fel, n. a barren or stony hill. [Ice.)
Fell, fel, pad. of Fall.
Fell, fel, v.t. to cause to fall : to bring to the
ground : to cut down. [A.S. fellan, causal
form oifeallan, to fall. See FalL] [fella,]
FeU. fel, skin. [A.S. fel; cf. L. pel/is, Gr.
mOte ; mute ; mOOn ; then.
 Fell Ferry
Fell, fel, adj. cruel : fierce : bloody.—n. Felo Fend, fend, v.t. to ward off: to shut out. [Merely
ness—<*/v. Felly. [X.S.fol; Duffel, which an abbrev. of Defend—L. obs. Jendo, root of
appears also in O. Fr.fel.] defotulo, to fend or ward off.]
Feller, fel'er, «. a cutter of wood. Fender, fend'er, «. a metal guard before a fire to
Felloe. See Felly, n. confine the ashes : a protection for a ship's side.
Fellow, fel'o, «. an associate : a companion and | [From Fend.]
equal : one of a pair, a mate : a member of a i Fenestral, fe-nes'tral, adj. belonging to windoivs.
university who enjoys a fellowship : a member \ [L. fonestralis-—fenestra, a window, allied to
of a scientific or other society : a worthless per Gr. phaind, to shine.]
son. [M.E. folawe—Ice. folagi, a partner in Fenian, fs'ne-an. n. applied to an association of
goods, from fe (Ger. vuh), cattle, property, and Irishmen for the overthrow of the English
lag, a laying together, a law ; cf. £. fee, and government in Ireland.—«. Fe'nlanism. [Prob.
law.] [fellows or equals : sympathy. | from the Finna, an ancient Irish militia.]
Fellow feeling, fel'o-fering, «. feeling between Fennel, fen'el, «. a fragrant plant with yellow
Fellowship, fel'o-ship, «. the state of being a flowers. [A.S. final ; Ger. foncltel—L. faenicu-
follow or partner : friendly intercourse : com \ lum, fennel, from fenum, hay.]
munion : an association : an endowment in a Feoff, fef, n, a fief.—v.t. to grant possession of a
university for the support of graduates called J fief or property in land. —ns. Feoff ment, the
follows: the position and income of a fellow : j gift of a fiefox feoff ; FeofTer, he who grams
(arith.) the proportional division of profit and the fief. [O. Yr./eoffer orfiefer-O. Fr. fief]
loss among partners. i Feretory, fer'e-tor-i, «, a place in a church for a
Felly, fell, Felloe, fel'o, «. one of the curved | bier. [L. forctrum—fero, Gr. pJterd, to bear.]
pieces in the circumference of a wheel. [A.S. Ferine, ffi'rin, adj. pertaining to or like a wild
folgu : Ger.folge.} beast : savage. [L. forinus—fera, a wild
FelOB, fel'on, ». one guilty of felony ; a convict : beast—-ferus, wild, akin to Gr. ther, Ger. thier.
a wicked person.—adj. wicked or cruel. [Fr. a beast.]
—Low L. folio, a traitor, which is prob. from Ferment, fer'ment, «. what excites fermentation,
the Celtic] as yeast, leaven : internal motion amongst the
Felonious, fe-lO'ni-us, adj. wicked : depraved : parts of a fluid : agitation : tumult. [L. for-
done with the deliberate intention to commit ntentum, forfervimentum—forveo, to boil.]
crime.—adv. FeloTliOUSly. Ferment, fer-ment', v.t. to excite fermentation:
Felony, fel'on-i, «. [prig. ) a crime punished by total to inflame.—v.i. to rise and swell by the action
forfeiture of lands, &c : a crime punishable by of fermentation : to work, used of wine, &c. :
imprisonment or death. to be in excited action : to be stirred with anger.
Felspar. Same as Feldspar. Fermentable, fcr-meut'a-bl, adj. capable of fer
Felt, felt, pa.t. and pa.p. of FeeL mentation.—«. Fermentability.
Felt, felt, «. cloth made of wool united without Fermentation, fcT-ment-a'shun. «. the act or pro
weaving.—v.t. to make into felt : to cover with cess of fermenting: the change which takes
lelt, [Ger. file, woollen cloth, allied to Gr. place in liquids exposed to air : the kind of
pilos, wool wrought into felt, L. pileus, a felt- spontaneous decomposition which produces
hat. J {felt. alcohol : restless action of the mind or feelings.
Felting, fek'ing, «. the art or process of making Fermentative, fer-mcut'a-tiv, adr. causing or
Felucca, fe-iuk'a, «. a boai with oars and broad I consisting in fermentation.—n. Ferment'ative-
three-cornered sails, used in the Mediterranean. [ ness.
[It. foluca, which, like Fr. foloitqm, is from Ar. I Fern, fern, «. a plant which becomes a tree in the
fulk. a ship.] I tropics with feather-like leaves. [A.S. foam;
Female, ffi'mal, adj. of the sex that produces j Ger. Jam. J [ferns.
young: pertaining to females: [bot.) having a ; Ferny, ferni, adj., full of or overgrown with
pistil or fruit-bearing organ.—n. one of the I Ferocious, fe-ro'shus, adj. savage, fierce : cruel,
female sex. [Fr.fotne/le—L. femella, a young i —adv. Fero'ciously. Ferociousness. [Fr.
female ; dim. offemina—o\&.fooi to bring forth.] | and It feroce—L. forox, wild—;ferns, wild.]
Feminine, fem'i-nin, adj. pertaining to women : Ferocity, fe ros'i-ti, n. savage cruelty oi disposi
tender, delicate : womanly : {gram.) the gender tion : untamed fierceness.
denoting females. —adv. Femininely. [See Fcrreous, fere-us, adj. pertaining to or made ot
Female. ] iron. [h.ferreus—forrum, iron.]
Femoral, fem'o-ral, adj. belonging to the thigh. Ferret, fer'et, n. ribbon woven from spun-silk.
|L.fomoralis—femur,femoris, the thigh.] [Corr. from IlaL fioretto—L. fios, fioris, a
Fen, fen, n. a kind of low marshy land often or flower : the ribbon being prob. so called from
partially covered with water : a morass or bog. some flowering-work upon it.]
- adjs. Fenn'y, Fennlsh. [A.S./c«; Ice. fox, Ferret, fer'et, «. a tame animal of the weasel
Goth,farti, mud.] kind employed in unearthing rabbits. [Fr.
Fence, fens, n. a wall or hedge for inclosing ani furet, a ferret, prob. from L.fur, a thief.]
mals or for protecting land ; the art of fencing : Ferret, fer'et, v.t. to search out carefully and
defence.—v.t. to inclose with a fence : to for ] minutely like a ferret: to drive out by patient
tify. —v.t. to practise fencing. [Abbrev. of effort :—pr.p. ferr'eting ; pa.p. fcrr'eted.
Defence.] Ferriferous, fer-rifer-us, adj., bearing or yielding
Fenclble, fens'i-bl, adj. capable of beingfenced or I iron. [L. ferrum, iron, andforo, to bear.]
defended.—n.pl. Fenc'ibles, volunteer regi Ferruginous, I'er-rOo'jin-us, adj. of the colour of
ments raised for local defence during a special iron-rust: impregnated with iron. [L. forrn-
crisis : militia enlisted for home service. ginens—ferrugo, iron-rust—^/rrrKwz.]
Fencing, fenslng, adj. defending or guarding.— Ferrule, fer'Ool, n. a metal ring on a stiff, &c. to
n. the act of erecting a fence : the art of attack keep it from splitting. [Fr. virole, L. viriola. a
and defence with a sword or other weapon. —n. bracelet—viere, to bind.]
Fenc er, one who practises fencing with a sword. Ferry, fer'i, v.t. to carry or convey over a water
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute j mGon ; then. 175
 Fertile Fickle
in a boat \—fir.fi. ferrying ; fia-.fi. ferried.—n. Fettered, fet'erd, adj. bound by fetters: {stool.)
a place where one may be rowed across a water : applied to the feet of animals which bend back
the right of conveying passengers: the ferry ward and seem unfit for walking.
boat. [A.S. ferian, to convey, faran, to go ; Fetus, Foetus, fe'tus, «. the young of animals in
Ger. f'ihre, a terry—/ahrcn, to go, to carry.] the egg or in the womb, after its parts are dis
Fertile, fer'til, adj. able to bear or produce tinctly formed, until its birth. [L., from obs.
abundantly : rich in resources : inventive. — feo, to bring forth.]
adv. Fer'tUely. [Fr. — L.fertilis—fero, to bear.] Feu, fu, k. (/« Scotland) a tenure where the vassal,
Fertilise, fer'til-Iz, v.t. to make fertile or fruit in place of military services, makes a return in
ful : to enrich. grain or in money : a sale of land for a stipu
Fertility, fer-til'i-ti, ». fruitfulness : richness : lated annual payment, esp. for building on.
abundance. [Low L.feudum—root of Fee.]
Ferule, fer'OSl, «. a rod used for striking children Feuar, fu'ar, n. \in Scotland) one who holds real
in punishment. [L. ferula, a ame—ferio, to estate in consideration of a payment called feu-
strike.) duty.
Fervency, ferVen-si, n. state of being fervent : Feud, fud, n. a deadly quarrel between tribes or
heat of mind : eagerness : warmth ot devotion. families: a bloody strife. [A.S. fcehdh—fah,
Fervent, fcrVent, adj. ardent : zealous : warm in hostile; Gtr.fehile.]
feeling.—adv. Fer'vently. [L. ferveo, to boil, Feud, fud, n. a fief or land held on condition of
akin to Gr. therd, to heat, E. and Ger. warm, service.—adj. Feud al, pertaining to fends or
Sans, gharma, heat.] fiefs: belonging to feudalism. [Low L. feudurn,
Fervid, fer'vid, adj. very hot : having burning from root of Fee. ]
desire or emotion : zealous.—adv. Fer'vidly.— Feudalism, fud'al-izm, n. the system, during the
«. Fer'vidness. [L. fervidus.] middle ages, by which vassals held lands from
Fervour, ferVur, «. heat : heat of mind : zeal. lords-superior on condition of military service.
Festal, fcs'tal, adj. pertaining to a feast or holi Feudatory, fud'at-or-i, adj. holding lands or power
day : joyous : gay. —adv. Fes'tally. by a feudal tenure.
Fester, fes'ter, v.i. to corrupt or rankle : to sup Fever, fe'ver, n. a disease marked by great bodily
purate : to become malignant.—v.t, to cause heat and quickening of pulse : extreme excite
to fester.—n. a wound discharging corrupt ment of the passions : a painful degree of
matter. [Ety. unknown.] anxiety.—v.t. to put into a fever.—v.i. to be
Festival, fes'ti-val, n. a joyful celebration : a feast. come fevered. [Fr. fitvre—L. fehris—fcrvco,
Festive, fes'tiv, adj. festal : mirthful.—adv. Fes'- ; to be hot ; or from root of Ger. beben, to tremble,
tlvely. [L. festivus—festus. ] Gr. fi/iobos, fear.]
Festivity, fes-tiv'i-tit n. social mirth at a feast: Feverish, fe'ver-ish, adj. slightly fevered : indi
joyfulness : gaiety. cating fever : fidgety: fickle.—adv. Fe'verishly.
Festoon, fes-toon', «. a garland suspended between —«. Fe'verlshness.
two points : {arch.) an ornament like a wreath Few, fu, adj., small in number: not many.—«.
of flowers, &c,—v.t. to adorn with festoons. Few'ness. [A.S. fea, plur. feave; Goth-_/ar/x;
[Fr. festan, from L.festum*] Fr. pen; L. fattens, small.]
Fetch, fech, 7-./. to bring : to go and get : to ob Flars, fi'arz, tt.pl. [in Scotland) the prices ot grain
tain as its price : to accomplish in any way ; to legally fixed for the year, to regulate the pay
reach or attain.—v.t. to turn : {naut.) to arrive ment of stipend, rent, and prices not expressly
at. [A.S. fetian, to fetch, from root of Foot ; agreed upon. [From the root of Fee ]
Ger.fasten, to seize.] Fiasco, fi-asTco, «. a failure in a musical perform
Fetch, fech, «. a trick. [From Fetch, v.t., the ance : a failure of any kind. [It. fiasco, bottle,
meaning being, something that one goes to And, like Fr. flacon, Ger. flasche, perh. from L.
a thing contrived.] vasculum, a little vessel, vas, a vessel ; why it
Fetch, fech, Fetch-candle, fech'-kan'dl, «. the came to be used in the sense of failure, docs not
apparition of a living person : a nocturnal appear.]
light, as of a moving candle, supposed to .por Flat, fi'at, «. a formal or solemn command ; a
tend a death. (Prob. from Norwegian Vcettc- I decree. [L. 3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of jio,
lys, theVastt'sor goblin's candle = iguis-fatuus.] passive offacio, to do.]
Fere, f;*it, «. a festival or feast: a holiday.—v. t. \ Fib, fib, n. something said falsely : a soft expres
to entertain at a feast. [Fr. — L.festum.] sion for a lie.—v.i. to tell a fib or lie : to speak
Fetich, fe'tish, «. an object, either natural or arti falsely :—fr.fi. fibb'ing ; fa.fi. fibbed'. [An
ficial, considered as possessing divine power, abbrcv. of Fable.]
and worshipped, as in\V. Africa. \Yr.fituhe— Fibre, fl'ber, «. one of the small threads compos
Port, Jittico, magic ; a name given by the Port, ing the parts of animals or vegetables : any fine
to the gods of W. Africa— Port, feitico, arti thread, or thread-like substance.—adjs. Fi'bred,
ficial—\„factitius—f<ucre, to make.] having fibres ; Fi breless, having no fibres.
Fetichlsm, fe'tish-izm, Feticism, fc'tis-izm, «. tnc [Fr.—L.fbra, a thread.]
worship of afetich : a belief in charms. Fibril, fI'bril, n. a small fibre : one of the ex
Fetid, fet'id or fe'tid, adj., stinking: having a tremely minute threads composing an animal
strong offensive odour.—n. Fetidness. [L. fibre. [Low L. fibrilla, dim. of h.fibra.]
fatidus—fa-teo, to slink.] FibrillOUS, fT-bril'us, adj. formed of small fibres.
Fetlock, fct'tuk, «. a tuft of hair that grows be Flbrine, fibrin, «. an organic compound, com
hind on horses' feet : the part where this hair posed of thready fibres, found in animals and
grows. "[From root of Foot and Lock, as in plants.
Lock of hair.] Fibrous, fI'bnis, adj. composed of or containing
Fetter, fet'er, n. a chain or shackle for the feet : flbres.~n. Fi'hrousness.
anything that restrains :— used chiefly in //.— Fickle, fik'l, adj. inconstant : changeable.—».
v.t. to put fetters on: to restrain. [A.S. fetor Fickleness. [KS.ficot; Ger. ficken, to move
—fet. feet.] quickly to and fro ; cf. Fidget.]
1VU fate, far ; mO, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOon ; Men.
 Fictile
Fictile, fik'til, adj. used or fashioned by the
poller. [L. fictiiis—Jingo, to form or fashion.]
Fiction, fik'shun, «. a feigned or false story : a
falsehood : romance. [Fr.—L. fictiofictus,
pa.p. o(fiugo.] [forged —adv. Ficti tiously.
Fictitious, fik-lish'us, adj. imaginary : not real :
Fiddle, fid'l, n. a stringed instrument of music,
called also a violin-—v.t. or v.i. to play on a
fiddle :—pr.p. fidd'ling ; AM- fidd'led. —«.
Fiddler. [A.S. fithele ; Ger. fiedel. See
Violin.]
Fidelity, fi-del'i-ti, «. faithful performance ofduty :
honesty : firm adherence. [L. fidelitas—fidelis,
faithful^Wi?. to trust.]
Fidget, fij'et, v.i. to be unable to rest : to move
uneasily :—pr.p. fidg'eting ; pa.p. fidgeted.—
«. irregular motion : restlessness :—pi. gene
ral nervous restlessness, with a desire of chang
ing the position. [Ice.yf&x, to climb up nimbly ;
Ger. ficken, to move to and fro ; conn, with
Fickle. ] [etiness.
Fidgety, fij'ct-i, adj. restless : uneasy.—«. Fldg/-
Fiducial, fi-du'shi-al, adj. shewing confidence or
reliance : of the nature of a trust.—adv. Fidu'-
cially. [L. fiducia, confidence, from fido, to
trust.]
Fiduciary, fi-dfi'shi-ar-i, adj., confident ; un
wavering : held in trust.—«. one who holds any
thing in trust: [theol.) one who depends for
salvation on faith without works, an Aniino-
mian. [L.fiduciarius—fiducia.)
Fie, fT, /'///. denoting disapprobation or disgust.
[Ger. pfuil Fr. fit the sound instinctively
made in presence of a bad smell.]
Fief, fef, «. land held of a superior in fee or on
condition of military service : a feud. [Fr.—
Low L,.fieudut».]
Field, feld, «. country or open country in general :
a piece of ground inclosed for tillage or pas
ture : the locality of a battle : the battle itself:
room for action of any kind : a wide expanse :
[her.) the surface of a shield : the background
on which figures are drawn. (A.S. and Ger.
field ; Dut. veld, the open country ; cf. E. fell,
a hill.] [fields.
Fleldbook, feld'book, n. a book used in surveying
Field-day, feld'-da, n. a day when troops are
drawn out for instruction in field exercises.]
Fieldfare, fcld'ftir, n. a species of thrush, having
a reddish-yellow throat and breast spotted with
black. [A.S.fieldeJare—field, a field, andfiaran,
to fare, travel over.]
Fiold marshal, feld'-maYshal, n. an officer of the
highest rank in the army. [See Marshal.]
Field-officer, feld'-of'i-ser, n. a military officer
above the rank of captainj and below that of
general. [artillery used in the field of battle.
Fleldplece, fcld'pes, «. a cannon or piece of
Fleldlraln, ffild'tran, ». a department of the
Royal Artillery responsible for the safety and
supply of ammunition during war.
Fieldworks, feld'wurks, n.pl. temporary works
thrown up by troops in the field, either for pro
tection or to cover an attack upon a stronghold.
Fiend, fCnd, «. the devil: one actuated by the
most intense wickedness or hate. [A.S. Jeond,
pr.p. o(feon, to hate ; Ger. firiud, Dut. vijand.]
Fiendish, fend'ish, adj. like afiemi: malicious.—
h. Fiend'ishness.
Fierce, fe"rs, adj., fierocioits; violent : angry.—
adv. Fiercely.—//. Fierce'ness. [O. Vi.fers,
fiers—L ferns, wild, savage.)
Fiery, firt or ft'er-i, adj. ardent : impetuous :
irritable.—n. Fi'eriness.
L fate, far : me, her : mTne :
Filch
Fife, flf, «. a small pipe used as a wind-instru
ment for military music, an octave higher than
the flute.—v.i. to play on the fife.—«. Fifer,
one who plays on a fife. [Fr.fijre, Ger. Pfeife,
both, acc. to Littre*, from L. pipare, to peep, to
chirp. See Pipe.]
Fifteen, fiften, adj. and n. five and ten. [A.S.
fijtyue—fifi, five, iyn, ten.]
Fifteenth, fiftenth, adj. the fifth after the tenth :
being one of fifteen equal parts.—«. a fifteenth
part [A.S.fifteotha—fif, five, teotha, tenth.]
Fifth, fifth, adj. next after the fourth.—n. one of
five equal parts. [A.S.fiJta.]
Fifthly, fifth li, adv. in the fifth place.
Fiftieth, fifti-eth, adj. the ordinal of fifty.—n. a
fiftieth part. [A.S. fijtigotha.]
Fifty, fifti, adj. and «. five tens or five times ten.
[A.S. fi/tig-fif five, tig, ten.]
Fifi». fig) the fig-tree or its fruit, growing in
warm climates : a thing of little consequence.
[Fr.figue, which, like A.S. fic, Ger. fieige, is
from Y.,ficus, a fig.]
Fight, fit, v.i. to strive with : to contend in war
or in single combat.—v.t. to engage in conflict
with :—Pr.p. fight'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. fought
(fawt).—«. a struggle : a combat : a battle or
engagement. ~n. Flght'er. [A.S. ficohtan ; Ger.
fiechten ; prob. conn, with L. Pugnus, the fist,
Gr. pux, with clenched fist]
Fighting, fit'ing, adj. engaged in or fit for war.—
«. the act of fighting or contending.
Figment, fig'ment, n. a fabrication or invention.
[L.fig-menturn—jingo, to form.]
Figuration, fig-u-ri'shun, «. act of giving figure
or form : [music) mixture of chords and dis
cords.
Figurative, fig'u-ra-tiv, adj. (rhet.) representing
by, containing or abounding in figures: meta
phorical: flowery: typical.—adv. Fig'uratively.
Figure, fig'ur, «. thefiorm of anything in outline :
the representation of anything in drawing, &c. :
a drawing : a design : a statue : appearance : a
character denoting a number : value or price :
[r/ut.) a deviation from the ordinary mode of
expression, in which words are changed from
their literal signification or usage : {logic) the
form of a syllogism with respect to the position
of the middle term : steps in a dance : a type
or emblem. [Fr.—h.figura, from root ofJingo,
to form.]
Figure, fig'ur, v.t. to form or shape : to make an
image of : to mark with figures or designs : to
imagine : to symbolise : to foreshew : to note
by figures. —v.i. to make figures : to appear as
a distinguished person.—adj. Fig'urable.
Figured, fig'urd, adj. marked or adorned with
figures.
Figurehead, fig'ur-hed, n. the figure or bust on
the head or prow of a ship.
Filament, fil'a-ment, n. a slender or thread-like
object : a fibre. [Fr.—h.filum, a thread.]
Filamentous, fil-a-ment'us, adj., thrcad-\\V.e.
Fllanders, fU'an-derz, n.pl. a disease in hawks
consisting of filaments of blood, also of small
thread-like worms. [ Fr. filandres—L. filutu.]
Filature, fil'a-tur, n. the reeling of silk, or the
place where it is done. [Fr.—h. fitum, a thread.]
Filbert, fil'bert, n. the fruit or nut of the culti
vated hazel. [Prob. so called from St Philibcrt.
whose day fell in the nutting season, Aug. 22
(old style] ; so in German it is Lambertsnuss.
St Lambert's nut.]
Filch, filch, v.t. to steal : to pilfer. [Filch stands
for filk, formed from M.E. felen, to hide, by
mOte ; mute ; mfJon ; Men. 177
 Filcher Fillger-board
adding k, as talk from tell, stalk from steal, files, physically or morally. [A.S. fyldh—f'tit,
perh. from ice.fela, to hide or bury ; cf. Pilch ] foul. See Foul.]
Filcher, filch'er, n. a thief. Filthy, filth'i, adj. foul : unclean : impure.—adv.
File, t ll, n. a line or wire on which papers are Filth'ily.-«. FUth'iness.
placed in order : the papers so placed : a roll Filtrate, fil'trat, v.t. tofilter or percolate, [ing.
or list : a line of soldiers ranged behind one Filtration, fil-tra'shun, «. act or process offilter-
another.—v.t. to put upon a file : to arrange in Fimbriate, fim'bri-at, Fimbriated, fim'bri-at-ed,
an orderly manner : to put among the records adj. havingfibres on the margin : fringed. [L.
of a court : to bring before a court.— v.i. to fimbriatus—fimbria, fibres—from root of
march in a file. [Fr. file, from L. filum, a Fibre.]
thread.] Fimbriate, fim'bri-at, v.t. tofringe: to hem.
File, fTl, n. a steel instrument with sharp-edged Fin, fin, «. the organ by which a fish balances
furrows for smoothing or rasping metals, &c— itself and swims. [A.S.fin; L. pinna, a fin.]
v.t. to cut or smooth with, or as with a file. Finable, f in'a-bl, a*ij. liable to afine.
[AS. feol ; Ger. /tile; Bohem. pila, a saw, Final, fl'nal, adj. last : decisive : respecting the
pilnijJt, a file ; allied to L. polio, to polish.] end or motive.—A Final cause is the last end
Filial, fil'yal, adj. pertaining to or becoming a or purpose for which things were made, and the
son or daughter: bearing the relation of a child. doctrine offinal causes teaches that all things
—adv. Filially. (L. Julius, a son, Jilia, a were made on a plan or for a purpose.—adv.
daughter.] Fl'nally. [Fr.—\.. finalis—-finis, an end.]
Filiate, fil'i-at, v.t. Same as Affiliate. Finale, fc-na'la, n. the end : the last passage in a
Filiation, fil-i-5'shun, «. Same as Affiliation. piece of music : the concluding piece in a con
Filibuster, Filibuster, fil'i-bus-ter, *. a lawless cert. [It. finale, final—L. finis.]
military or piratical adventurer, as in the W. Finality, fl-nan-ti, w. state of being final: com
Indies ; a buccaneer. [Sp. filibuster, Sp. fili- pleteness or conclusiveness.
bote,fiibote, a small, fast-sailing vessel, from E. Finance, fi-nans', «. money affairs or revenue, esp.
flyboat.] of a ruler or state : public money : the art of man
Filiform, fil'i-form, adj. having the form of a aging or administering the public money. [Fr.—
filament: long and slender. [L. filum and Low L. financia—Low L..finare, to pay a fine
Form.] —finis. See Fine, ».]
Filigree, fitf-gre, n. extremely fine thread-like Financial, fi-nan'shal, adj. pertaining to finance.
network, containing heads : ornamental work —adv Fin&n'clally.
of gold and silver wire. [Sp. filigrana—L. Financier, fi-nan'ser, n. one skilled in finance :
filum, and granum, a grain or bead.] an officer who administers the public revenue.
Filing, fII ing, n. a panicle rubbed off with afile. Finch, finsh, n. the name of several species of
Fill, til, v.t. to make full ; to put into until all birds, many of them excellent singers [A.S.
the space is occupied : to supply abundantly : to finc ; Ger. fink ; allied to W. pine, a chaffinch,
satisfy: to glut: to perform the duties of: to also smart, gay. ]
supply a vacant office.—v.i. to become full : to Find, find, v.t. to come upon or meet with : to dis
become satiated.—n. as much as fills or satis cover or arrive at : to perceive : to experience :
fies : a full supply.—n. Fill er, he who or that to supply :—Pr.fi. fTnd'ing ; fa.t. and pa.p.
which fills. . kfyii< Mian, fullian—full, full ; found.—w.Find'er. [A.S.findan; Ger. finden.]
Gcr.fUlten. See Full.] Fine, fin, adj. excellent : beautiful : not coarse or
Fillet, fil et, n. a little string or band, esp. to tie heavy : subtle : thin : slender : exquisite : nice :
round the head : something tied up with a fillet, delicate : overdone : showy : splendid.—The Fine
as meat : the fleshy part of the thigh of meat, arts, as painting and music, arc those in which
esp. of veal : {arch.) a small space or band used the love of the beautiful and fineness of taste
along with mouldings.—v.t. to bind or adorn are chiefly concerned ; opp. to the useful or
with a fillet \—pr.p. fill'eting : j>a.p. filleted. industrial arts.—v.t. to make fine : to refine :
[Fr. filet, dim. of/7/, from L. filum, a thread.] to purify.—adv. Finely.—«. Fine'ness. [Fr.
Flllibeg, PMlibeg, tiTi-beg, n. the kilt, the dress or — L. finitus, finished, from finio, to finish,
petticoat reaching nearly to the knees, worn by finis, an end.]
the Highlanders of Scotland. [Gael, filleadn- Fine, fin, «. a composition : a sum of money im
beag—filleaiih, plait, fold, and beag, little.] posed as a punishment.—In fine, in conclusion.
Fillip, hl'ip, v.t. to strike with the nail of the —v.t. to impose a fine on : to punish by fine.
finger, forced from the ball of the thumb with a [From the Law Lat. finis, a fine, a payment
sudden jerk :—pr.p. fill'iping ; pa.p. fill'iped. — I which ends or concludes a strife—L. Jtnis, an
«. a jerk of the finger suddenly let go from the end.]
thumb. [Formed from the sound.] Finer, fin er, n. Same as Refiner.
Filly, fil'i, «. a young mare : a lively, wanton Finery, fln'er-i, n. splendour, fine or showy things :
girl. [Dim. offoal, formed by adding suffix y, a place where anything is fined or refined : a
and modifying the vowel. See Foal.] furnace for making iron malleable.
Film, film, «. a thin skin or membrane: a very Finesse, fi-nes', u. subtilty of contrivance : arti
slender thread.—v.t. to cover with a film, or fice.—v.i. to use artifice. [Fr., from root of
thin skin.—adj. Fllm'y, composed of film or Fine.]
membranes.—n. Film'iness. [A.S., formed by Finger, fing'ger, n. one of the five extreme parts of
adding suffix -m to the root of E. fell, a skin, the hand : a finger's breadth : skill in the use of
present also in Goih. fiIleitis, leathern.] the hand or fingers. —v.t. to handle or perform
Filter, fil'ter, n. a substance through which liquors with the fingers : to pilfer.—v.i. to use the
arc strained.—v.t. to purify liquor by a filter.— fingers on a musical instrument. [A.S., Ger.,
v.i. to pass through a filter : to percolate. [Fr. Dan., from root of Fang.]
fjlire—Lovt L. filtrum, felt, from Ger. root of Finger-board, fing'ger-bCrd, n. the board, or part
Felt, which see.] of a musical instrument, on which the keys for
Filth, filth. «., foul matter: anything that de- thefingers arc placed.
178 fate, far: me, her ; mine: mote : nulie: moon: then.
 Fingered Fishmonger
Fingered, fing'gerd, adj. having fingers, or any- j Fireplace, flr'pliis, «. the place in a house appro
thing like fingers. priated to the fire : a hearth.
Fingering, fing'ger-ing, n. act or manner of Fireplug, flrplug, w. a plug placed in a pipe
touching with the fingers, esp. a musical in which supplies water in case of fire.
strument. Fireproof, f lKproDf, adj. proof against fire.
Finger-post, fing'ger-pOst, «. a post with a finger Fireship, flr'ship, n. a ship filled with com-
pointing, for directing passengers to the road. . bustibies to set an enemy's vessels on fire.
Finial, fin'i-al, «. the bunch of foliage, &c at the Fireside, flrsid, «. the side of the fireplace : the
top of a pinnacle : the pinnacle itself. [From hearth : home. [bears a high degree of heat.
L. finio—finis.] Firestone, flr'ston, n. a kind of sandstone that
Finical, fin'i-kal, adj. affectedly fine or precise Fireworks, firVurks, n.pl. artificial works or
in trifles : nice : foppish.—adv. Fln'ically. preparations of gunpowder, sulphur, &c. to be
Fining, fln'ing, n. process of refining or purifying. fired chiefly for display or amusement.
Finis, fl'nis, «. the end : conclusion. [L.J Fire-worship, flr'-wur'snip, n. the worship of fire,
Finish, fin'ish, v.t. to end or complete the mak chiefly by the Parsees in Persia and India.—«.
ing of anything : to perfect : to give the last Fire'-wor'shipper. [guns : firewood : fuel.
touches to. —n. that which finishes or completes : Firing, flr'ing, «. a puttingfire to or discharge of
last touch : the last coat of plaster to a wall. Firkin, fer'kin, «. a measure equal to the j'onrtk
[Fr.finir finissant, L.fiitirv—finis, an end.] part of a barrel : 9 gallons : 56 lbs. of butter.
Finisher, fin'ish-er, n. one who finishes, com [O. Dut. vier, four, and the dim. suffix -kin.]
pletes, or perfects. Firm, ferm, adj. fixed : compact : strong : not
Finite, fi'nit, adj. having an end or limit :—opp. easily moved or disturbed : unshaken : resolute :
to Infinite.—adv. Fi'nltely.—«. Fi'niteness. decided.—adv. Firmly.—n. Firm'ness. [Fr.
[L. finitus, pa.p. offinio.] ferine—L. firruus; allied to Sans, dhri, to
Finny, fin'i, adj. furnished withfins. bear, to support.]
Fiord, fyord, n. name given in Scandinavia to a Firm, fcrm, «. the title under which a company
long, narrow, rock-bound strait or inlet. [Norw.] transacts business: a business house or partner
Fir, fer, k. the name of several species of cone- ship. [It. firma, from h.firmus.]
bearing, resinous trees, valuable for their timber. ■ Firmament, fer'ma-ment, «. the solid sphere in
[A S. furh; Ice. Jura, Ger. Johre, W. Pyr, L. which the stars were supposed 10 have been
qnercits.] fixed : the sky. [Fr. —L. firmamentnm—
Fire, I Tr, «. the heat and light caused by burning : firmus, firm or solid ; the ancients believed
flame : anything burning, as fuel in a grate, that the firmament was solid.]
&c. : a conflagration : torture by burning : severe Firmamental, fer-ma-ment'al, adj. pertaining to
trial : anything inflaming or provoking : ardour the firmament: celestial.
of passion : vigour : brightness of fancy : enthu- ] Firman, fer'man, n. any decree emanating from
siasm : sexual love. [A.S., Sw., and Dan. fyr ; the Turkish government. [ Pers. fir/ndn ; Sans.
Ger. finer; Gr. fyr; allied to Sans, pavana, Pramdna, measure, decision.]
pure, also fire.] First, ferst, adj. , foremost : preceding all others
Fire, fir, v.t. to set on fire ; to inflame : to irri in place, time, or degree : most eminent : chief.
tate : to animate : to cause the explosion of : to —adv. before anything else, in time, space, rink,
discharge.—v.t. to take fire : to be or become &c. [A.S. fiyrst ; Ice. fyrstr ; the superl. of
irritated or inflamed : to discharge firearms. fore by adding -st.\
Firearms, flr'armz, n.pl. arms or weapons which First-born, fersL'-bawm, adj. born first.—«. the
arc discharged by fire exploding gunpowder. first in the order of birth : the eldest child.
Fireball, flr'bawl, «. a ball filled with combus First-fruit, ferst'-frCDt, First-fruits, ferst'-froots,
tibles to be thrown among enemies : a meteor. n. the fruits first gathered in a season : the first
Firebox, flr'boks, n. the box or chamber of a ' profits or effects of anything.
steam-engine, in which the fire is placed. Firstling, ferst'lingj, «. the first produce or off
Firebrand, flr'brand, «. a brand or piece of spring, csp. of animals. [First and dim. ling.]
wood on fire : one who inflames the passions of First-rate, ferst'-rut, adj. of the first or highest
others. rate or excellence : pre-eminent in quality, size,
Firebrick, flrbrik, «. a brick so made as to resist or estimation.
the action of fire. Firth, ferth. Same as Frith.
Fire-brigade, fir'-brig-ad', n. a brigade or com Flsc, fisk, «. the state treasury : the public
pany of men for extinguishing fires or confla revenue. [Fr.fisc—Y..fiscus, a basket or purse,
grations. the treasury.]
Fireclay, flr^kla, ». a kind of clay, capable of Fiscal, fisk'al, adj. pertaining to the public treas
resisting fire, used in making firebricks. ury or revenue. —«. a treasurer: [in Scotland)
Firecock, ilKkok, «. a cock or spout to let out an officer who prosecutes in petty criminal cases.
water for extinguishing tires. Fish, fish, n. an animal that lives in water, and
Firedamp, fTr'damp, ». a gas, carburetted hydro breathes through gills: the flesh of fish:—//.
gen, in coal-mines, apt to take fire. Fish or Fishes.—v.t. to search for fish: to search
Fire-engine, flr'-en'jin, n. an engine or forcing- by sweeping : to draw out or up : to seek to ob
pump used to extinguish fires with water. tain by artifice. [A.S.fisc; Ger.fiscA ; lce.fisxr;
Fire-escape, flr'-es-k;tp', ». a machine used to Goth, fisks ; \j.~piscis ; Gr. icktkys ; Gael. uisg.]
enable people to escape from fires. Fisher, fish'er, Fisherman, fish'cr-man, «. one
Firefly, iIr'flT, «. a winged luminous fly which who fishes, or whose occupation is to catch fish.
emits a bright light like a firespark. Fishery, fish'er-i, «. the business of catching
Firelock, fTrfok, n. a gun in which the fire is fish : a place for catching fish.
caused by a lock with steel and flint. Fishing, fish'ing, adj. used in fishery.—«, the art
Fireman, fIr'man, w. a man whose business it is or practice of catching fish.
to assist in extinguishing fires : a man who tends Fishmonger, fish'mung-ger, n. a dealer in fish.
the fires, as of a steam-engine. [Fish and Monger.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOTJn ; then. 17:i
 Fishy Flamen
Fishy, fish'i, adj. consisting of fish : like a fish : Fixity, filcs'i-ti, n. fixedness.
abounding in fish.—n. Fish'iness. Fixture, fiks'tur, «. what is fixed to anything, as
Fissile, fis'il, adj. that may be cleft or split in to land or to a house : a fixed article of furniture.
the direction of the grain. [L. fissilis, from Fizz, fiz, Fizzle, fiz'l, v.i. to make a hissing sound.
findo, to cleave.] [Formed from the sound.]
Fission, fish'un, «. a cleaving or breaking up into Flabby, flab'i, adj. easily moved or shaken : soft
two parts. [L. fissia—findo, fissum, to cleave.] and yielding: hanging loose. —n. Flabb'iness.
Fissiparous, fis-sip'a-rus, adj., propagated by [From Flap.]
spontaneous fission into minute parts. [L. Flaccid, flak'sid, adj., flabby: lax: easily yield
fissus, pa.p. otfindo, and pario, to bring forth.] ing to pressure : soft and weak.—adv. Flao'-
Ftssirostral, fis-i-ros'tral, adj. having a deeply CiQly. [O. Fr.—L. flaccidus—flaccus, flabby ;
deft or gaping beak, as swallows, &c* [L. conn, with Flap.]
fissus, and rostrum, a beak.] Flaccidness, flak'sid-nes, Flaccidity, flak-sid'i-ti,
Fissure, fish'ur, n. a narrow opening or chasm. n. laxness : want of firmness.
[Fr.—L. fissura, fromfindo,fissus, to cleave.] Flag, flag, v.i. to grow languid or spiritless :—
Fist, fist, «. the closed or clenched hand, orig. as Pr.p. flagg'ing ; pa.p. flagged'. [From a root
used for striking. [A.S. fyst ; Gcr* faust; which is found in A.S. flavor, flying, roving;
Russ. fiaste; allied to L. pugnus, a fist, Gr. lec.fia&a, to flap; Gcr. fiackem, to flutter.]
Pux, with clenched fist.] Flag, rlag? «. a water-plant. [So called from its
Fistula, fist'Q-Ia, n. a deep, narrow, pipe-like, waving in the wind. From root of v. Flag ]
sinuous ulcer. [I*, fistula, a pipe.] Flag, flag, n. the ensign of a ship or of troops :
FiBtular, fist'u-lar, adj. hollow like a pipe. a Danner. [Dan. flag, Ger. flaggc ; from root
Fistulous, fist'u-lus, adj. of the nature or form of of v. Flag, and so called from its fluttering in the
afistula. wind.]
Fit, fit, adj. adapted to any particular end or Flag, flag, Flagstone, flag'stOn, *. a stone that
standard : qualified : convenient: proper.—v.t. separates in flakes or layers : a flat stone used
to make fit or suitable : to suit one thing to for paving. [A form offlake: lce.fiaga,a flag
another: to be adapted to: to qualify. —z:i. to or slab.] [self in religious discipline.
be suitable or becoming :—pr.p. fitt'ing ; pa.p. Flagellant, flaj'el-ant, n. one who scourges him-
fitt'ed.—adv. Fitly.—«. Fit'ness. [Ice. fit/a, Flagollate, flaj'el-iU, v.t. to whip or scourge.—
to knit together; Goth, fetjari, to adorn.] «. Flagella'tion. [L. fiagello, flagellatus—
Fit, fit, n. a sudden attack, by convulsions, as apo flagellum, dim. offiagrum, a whip.]
plexy, epilepsy, &c. : convulsion or paroxysm : Flageolet, flaj'o-lct, «. a small wind-instrument
a temporary attack of anything, as laughter, like a flute. [Fr., dim. of O. Fr. fiageol, a
&c : a sudden effort or motion : a passing pipe—Low L. flautiolus—flauta, a flute. See
humour. [A.S. fit, a song; Ice. fit, a foot; Flute.]
Sans, pada, a step, a verse of a poem. The Flaggy, flag'i, adj. flexible : weak : full of the
orig. sense was a foot or step, then a part of a plant flag.—n. Flagglness.
poem, a bout of fighting, and lastly, a sudden Flagitious, fla-jish'us, adj. grossly wicked : guilty
attack of pain. Gi. fetch,foot, fit (above).] of enormous crimes.—adv. Flagi'tlously. — «.
Fitch, fich, n now Vetch: [B.) in Isaiah, the Flagi'tiousness. | L. fiagitiosus—flagitium,
black poppy, with a seed like cummin : in anything disgraceful done in the heat of passion
Ezekicl, a kind of bearded wheat, spelt. [See —rootflag, infiagro, to burn.]
Vetch.] Flagon, flag'un, «. a drinking vessel with a nar
Fitchet, fich'et, Fitchew, fich'OO, «. a polecat. row neck. [Fr. flacon for fiascon—Low L.
[O. Fr.fissau, froom root of Dut. vies, nasty.] fiasco. See Flask.]
Fitful, fit'fooli adj. marked by sudden impulses : Flagrant, fla'grant, adj. glaring : notorious :
spasmodic—adv. Flt'fully.—«. Flt'fulness. enormous.—adv. Fla'grantly. —n, Fla'grancy.
Fitter, fit'6r, n. he who or that which makesfit. [L. fiagrans, flagrantis, pr.p. of fiagro, to
Fitting^ filing, adj. fit: appropriate.—«. anything flame.]
used in fitting up, esp. in pi.—adv. Fitt ingly. Flagship, flag'ship. «. the ship in which an
FitZ, fits, «. (a prefixJj son of: used in England, admiral sails, and which carries his flag.
esp. of the illegitimate sons of kings and Flail, flal, «. a wooden instrument for beating or
princes. [Norman fr. fiz, ft.fils—L. fitzus; thrashing com. [O. Fr. fiael—L. flagellum,
cf. Russ. suffix vitz, a son.] a scourge. ]
Five, flv, adj. and n. four and one. [A.S. fif; Flake, flak, «. a small layer or film : a very small
Gcr. fiinf; Goth,fit/if; W. pump ; L. quinque; loose mass, as of snow or wool.—v.t. to form
Gf. pente, pempe ; Sans. paruhan.] into flakes. [Scand. ; Norw. flak, a slice, Ice.
Fivefold, flv'fold, adj. five times folded or re fiagna, to flake off.] [*. Flak'iness.
peated : in fives. Flaky, flSk'i, adj. consisting offlakes or layers.—
Fives, fJvz, ti.pl. a game with a ball played against Flambeau, flam'bB, n. a flaming torch :—//.
a wall, so named because three fives or 15 are Flam/beaux (-bO). [Fr.—fiat/rbe—L. fiatnma]
counted to the game. Flamboyant, flam-boy'ant, adj. (arch.) with wav
Fix, fiks, v.t. to make firm or fast : to establish : ing or fiame-\\kc tracery. [Pr.p. of Fr. fiam-
to drive into : to settle : to direct steadily : to hoyer, to b\azv—fiamber.]
deprive of volatility.—v.i. to settle or remain Flame, flam, «. the gleam or blaze of a fire :
permanently : to become firm : to congeal. [Fr. rage : ardour of temper : vigour of thought :
—L. figo, fixus; Gr. pignumi ; conn, with ! warmth of affection : love.—v.i. to burn as
Sans. Pac, to bind.] flame: to break out in passion.—adj. Flame-
Fixation, fiks-a'shun, n. act of fixing or state of I less. [Fr. fiamme, from L. fiamma, for fiag-
being fixed : steadiness : firmness : state in \ ma—flag, root of fiagro, to burn ; Gr. phleg,
which a body does not evaporate. j Sans, bhrag, to shine.]
Fixed, fikst, adj. settled : not apt to evaporate.— Flamen, fla'men, «. [in ancient Rome) a priest
adv. Fix'edly.—n. Fix'edness. devoted to one particular god. [L., same as
180 fate, far ; mfi, her ; mine ; mote : mate ; mOon ; Men.
 Flaming Fleeting
fllamen, peril, fromfllum, a fillet of wool, as a Flatulent, flat'Q-Ient, adj. affected with air in
flamen wore a fillet round his head.] the stomach : apt to generate wind in the
Flaming, flam'ing, adj. red: gaudy; violent.— stomach : empty : vain.—adv. Flat'ulently.
adv. Fiam'ingly. [Fr. —Low L. flatuleutus—L. flo, flatus, to
Flamingo, fla-ming'gfl, n. a tropical bird of a blow.]
flaming or bright-red colour, with long legs and Flatus, fla.'tus, «. a puff of wind : air generated
neck. [Sp. flameturo— h.flamma, a name.] in the stomach or any cavity of the body. [L. ]
Flammiferous. flam-ifer-us, adj. producing Flatwise, flar/wlz, adj. or adv., flatways or with
flame. [L. flamma, andfero, to bear, produce.] the flat side downward.
Flange, flanj, n. a raised edge or flank on the Flaunt, flant or flawnt, v.t. to fly or wave in the
rim of a wheel, as of a railway carriage.—adj. wind : to move ostentatiously : to carry a saucy
Flanged'. [Corn of Flank ] appearance.—». anything displayed for show.
Flank, ftangk, n. the side of an animal from the [Prob. from a contr. of A.S. fleogan, fleou. to
ribs to the thigh : the side of anything, esp. of fly.]
an army or fleet.—v.t. to attack or pass round Flautist. See Fluter.
the side of.—v.i, to be posted on the side : to Flavorous, fl:Vvur-us, adj. of a pleasantflavour.
touch. [Fr.jfanc, perh. from h.flaccus, flabby, Flavour, fla'vur, «. that quality of anything which
the flank being the weak part of the body. See affects the smell or the palate.—v.t. to impart
Flaccid.] flavour to.—adj. Fla'VOUTlesS. [Fr.flairer—L.
Flanker, flank'er, n. a fortification which com fragro, to smell.)
mands the flank of an assailing force.—v.t* to Flaw, flaw, n. a break, a crack: a defect.— v.t. to
defend by flankers : to attack sideways. crack or break.—adj. Flawless. [Ice. flaga,
Flannel, ftan'el, «. a soft woollen cloth of loose a fragment ; W. jflaw, a splinter.]
texture.—adj. Flaan'eled. [Orig. flannen— Flawy, flawl, adj. full offlaws or cracks : faulty.
W. gwlanen, wool.] Flax, flaks, n. the fibres of a plant which are
Flap, flap, «. the blow or motion of a broad loose woven into linen cloth: the flax-plant. [A.S.
object : anything broad and flexible hanging fleax ; Ger.flocks.']
loose, as the tail of a coat.—v.t. to beat or move Flaxen, flaks'n, adj. made of or resemblingflax :
with a flap.—v.i. to move, as wings : to hang fair, long, and flowing.
like a flap '.—pr.p. flapping ; pa.p. flapped'.— «. Flay, fla, v.t. to strip off" the skin :—Pr.p. flaying ;
Flapp er. [From the sound, conn, with Flabby, pa.p. flayed'.—«. Flay'er. [A.S. flean; Ice.
Flaccid, Flag.] flaga, to cut turfs. See Flake.]
Flare, flar, v.i. to burn with a glaring, unsteady Flea, fle, «. a well-known troublesome insect.
light : to glitter or flash. —n. an unsteady, offen [\.S.flea—fleokan; cf. Ger. flok, Dut. vloo,
sive light. [From a root found in Norw. flara, Russ. blocka.\
Swed. flasa, to blaze.) Fleam, flem, «. an instrument for bleeding cattle.
Flash, flash, «. a momentary gleam of light : a [Fr. flamme—Gr. pklebotomon, a lancet—
sudden burst, as of merriment : a short transient pkleps, pklebost a vein, and torn or tarn, the
state.—v.i. to break forth, as a sudden light : to base of temnd, to cut.]
break out into intellectual brilliancy : to burst Fleck, tick, «. a spot or speckle : a little bit of a
out into violence, —v.t. to cause to flash. [From thing. [Ice. flekkr, a spot, flekka, to stain ;
the root of Swcd.flasa, to blaze : cf. Ice. flasa, Ger. fleck, a spot.]
to rush ; allied toflare andflush.] Fleck, flck, Flecker, flek'er, v.t. to spot or speckle :
Flashy, flash'i, adj. dazzling for a moment : to streak. [See Fleck, n.\
showy but empty.—adv. Flashily. — «, Flash'- ; Flection. Same as Flexion.
iness ] Fled, fled, fa.t. and pa.p. of Flee.
Flask, flask, «. a narrow-necked vessel for holding Fledge, flej, v.t. to furnish with feathers or wings.
liquids: a bottle. [A.S. flasc ; Ger. flascke; [A.S. fleogan, GcT.fliegcn, to fly.]
Fr. flasque, flacon, flascon ; Low h.flasca ; all Fledgling, flej'ling, «. a tittle bird just fledged.
perh. from L. vasculum, a little vessel, vas, a Flee, fle, v.i. to run away, as from danger.—v.t.
vessel. See Fiasco.] to keep at a distance from '.—pr.p. flee'mg ; pa.t.
Flat, flat, adj. smooth : level : wanting points of and pa.p. fled. [A.S fleohan, contractedfleon,
prominence and interest : monotonous : dejected : akin to fleogan, to fly ; Ger. flienen, akin to
(music) opposite of sharp.—n. a level plain : a ! fliegen, to fly. See Fly.]
tract covered by shallow water : something Fleece, fles, «. the coat of wool shorn from a sheep
broad : a story or floor of a house : [music) a at one time.—v.t. to clip wool from : to plunder:
character (t?) which lowers a note a semitone.— flys; to cover, as with wool.—adj. Fleeceless. [A. S.
adv. Flatly.—n. Flat'ness. [From a Teut. Fleeced, Dut. vlies, Ger. fliess.]
flest, adj. having a fleece.
root found in Ice. flatr, flat, Swed. flat ; cf. Fleecer, fles'er, tt. one who strips or plunders.
Dut. vlak, Ger.flac/t.) [flat.
Flatten, flat'n, v.t. to make flat.—v.i. to become Fleecy, Fleer,
fles'i, adj. covered with wool : woolly.
fler, v.t. or v.i. to make wry faces in con
Flatter, flat'er, v.t. to soothe with praise and tempt, to mock.—«.
servile attentions : to please with false hopes.— found in Norw. flira, mockery. [From a root
«. Flatt'erer. [Fr. flatter ,- orig. dub., perh. Fleet, flet, n. a numberSwed. of
flissa, to titter.]
ships in company,
fromflat, in the sense of making smooth by a
gentfe caress, or from rootflak orplag, to pat.] esp. ships of war: a division of the navy, com
manded by an admiral. [A.S. fleott flola, a
Flattering, flat'er-ing, adj. utteringfalse praise : ship—-fleotan, to float : conn, with Ice. floti,
pleasing to pride or vanity,—adv. Hatt'eringly. Dut. z'toot, Ger.flotte.)
Flattery, flat'er-i, «. false praise. Fleet, flet, v.i. lo pass swiftly '.—pr.p. fleet'ing ;
Flattish, flat'ish, adj. somewhat flat. Pa.p. fleet'ed. —tuij. swift: nimble: fleeting or
Flatulence, flat u-lens. Flatulency, flat'o-Icn-si, transient.—adv. Fleetly.—«. Fleet'ness. [A.S.
n. windiness : air generated in a weak stomach. fleotant to float.) [rary.—adv. Fleet'ingly.
[See FlatulentJ Fleeting, flet'ing, adj. passing quickly : tempo
fate, far ; me, her ; mine : mote : mute : mGon : t/ten- 181
 Flemish Florid
Flemish, flem'ish, adj. of or belonging to the courtship. —*. a pert, giddy girl. [A.S. flear-
Flemings or people of Flanders. dian, to trifle—-fleard, a foolish thing.]
Flense, flcns, v.t. to cut up the blubber of, as a Flirtation, rlert-a'snun, «. the act of flirting.
whale. [Dan. flense, Scot,flinch.] Flit, flit, v.i. to remove from place to place : to
Flesh, flesh, «. the soft substance which covers the flutter on the wing : to fly quickly : to be unsteady
bones of animals : animal food : the bodies of or easily moved : —pr.p. nitt'ing ; pa.p. flitt'ed.
beasts and birds, not fish : the body, not the [From a Teut. root found in Swed.flytta, Ice.
soul : animals or animal nature : mankind : flyt<*A , , t
bodily appetites : the present life : the soft sub Flitch, flich, «. the side of a hog salted and cured.
stance ol fruit : the part of a fruit fit to be eaten. [A.S. flicce ; Prov. E. flick, bacon.]
IA.S. fia>sc ; cog. forms in all the Teut. lang.] Flitting!, flit ingz, n.pl. [Pr. Bk.) wanderings.
Flesh, flesh, v.t. to train to an appetite for flesh, as Float, Hot, v.i. toflow or swim on a liquid : to be
dogs for hunting : to accustom : to glut : to use buoyed up: to move lightly and irregularly.—
upon flesh, as a sword, esp. for the first time. v.t. to cause to swim : to cover with water. —«.
Fleshed, flesht, adj. having flesh : fat. anything swimming on water: a raft: the cork
Fleshless, flcshies, adj. without flesh : lean. on a fishing-line.—«.Float'er.—adj. Float able.
Fleshly, flesh'li, adj. corporeal : carnal : not [A.S. Heotan, flotan, to float, See Fleet, «.,
spiritual. —«. Flesh'liness. and Flow.] [ing on rivers or on the sea.
Fleshy, flesh'i, adj. fat : pulpy: plump.—adv. Floatage, Flotage, flot'aj, nr. things found float-
Flesh ily.—>/. Flesh'lness. Floating, floVing, adj. swimming : not fixed :
Fleur-de-llB, fl05r'-de-le, «. the flower of the lily : circulating. —adv. Float'ingly.
—pi. Fleurs'-de-lia'. [Fr., lis being for L. FlOCCUlent, fiok'u-lent, adj. adhering in locks or
liliutn, a lily.] flakes.—«. Flocc'ulunce. [Sec Flock, a lock of
Flew, fli50, past tense of Fly. [be persuaded. wool.]
Flexibility, fleks-i-bil'i-ti, n pliancy: easiness to Flock, tlok, n. a flight of birds sitting on the
Flexible, fleks'i-bl, Flexile, fleks'il, adj. easily ground : a company : a Christian congregation.
bent: pliant: docile.—«. Flex idleness.—adv. —v.u to gather in flocks or in crowds. [A.S.
Flexibly. [Fr.—L. flexibiiis, flexilis—flecto, flocc, a flock, a company,flyg, a flying—flecgan,
flexum, to bend.] [—-flecto.) to fly.] \floccus, a lock of wool.J
Flexion, flek'shun, «. a bend: a fold. [L.flexio Flock, flok, n a lock of wool. [O. Fr. Jloc—L..
Flexor, fleks'or, «. a muscle which bends a joint. Floe, flO, H. a field of lloating ice. [Dan. its-
Flexuous, flcks'u-us, Flexoose, fleks'a-os, adj. flage, ictfloe. See Flake.]
full of windings and turnings : variable. Flog, flog, v.t- to beat or strike : to lash : to chas
Flexure, fleks'ur, «. a bend or turning : [math.) tise wiin blows :—Pr.p. flogg ing ; pa.p. flogged'.
the curving of a line or surface : the bending of [A late word ; perhaps a school-boy's abbrev.
loaded beams, [h.flexvra. See Flexible.] from L. flagellar?, to whip.]
Flicker, flik'er, v.i. to flutter and move the Flood, flud, «. a great flow of water: a river, so
wings, as a bird : to burn unsteadily, as a flame. in B. : an inundation : a deluge : the rise or flow
[A.S/flicerian ; cf- Ice. fldkra, Dnt.flikkeren.] of the tide: any great quantity.—v.t. to over
Flier, Flyer, fli'er, «. one whoflies or flees : a fly flow : to inundate : — pr.p. flood ing ; Pa.p.
wheel. flood'ed.—The Flood, the deluge in the days of
Flight, flit, «. a passing through the air : a soar Noah, [A.S. flod; Scand. flod, Ger. fluth.
ing : excursion : a sally : a series of steps : a Cog. with Flow.]
flock of birds flying together : the birds produced Floodgate, Mud gat, «. a gate for letting water
in the same season : a volley or shower : act of flow through, or to prevent it : an opening or
fleeing: hasty removal, fA.S.flyht—fleo^an.] passage : an obstruction.
Flighty, fllt'i, adj. fanciful : changeable : giddy.— Flooding, flud'ing, «. an extraordinary flow of
adv. Flight ily —«. Flight'iness. blood from the uterus. (which the tide rises,
Flimsy, flim'zi, adj. thin : without solidity, strength, Floodmark, flud'mark, n. the mark or line to
or reason : weak.— «. Flim'siness. Floor, flflr, «. the part of a room on which we
Flinch, llmsh, v.t. to shrink back : to fail.—«. stand : a platform : the rooms in a house on the
Flinch er.—«^7/. Flinchingly. [M.sL.fleccAen same level, a story. —v.t. to furnish with a floor.
—Fr./Mchir—L. flectere, to bend.] [A.S. flor; Dut. vlocr, a flat surface, Ger._/?»r,
Fling, fling, v.t. to strike or throw from the hand : flat land, W. tlawr.}
to dart : to send forth : to scatter. —v.t, to act Floorcloth, floVkloth, ». a covering for floors
in a violent and irregular manner : to upbraid : made of canvas oil-painted on both sides.
to sneer:—/r./. flin^ ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. flung. Flooring, floYing, «. material for floo-s : a platform.
—n. a cast or throw : a taunt. [Scot, fling, to Flora, nO'ra, n.pl. the whole of tiu plants of a
strike with the foot, as a horse ; cf. Ice. flengja; particular country : a catalogue of plants. [L.—
O. Svt.flenga, to strike.] flos,floris, a flower.]
Flint, flint, «. a very hard kind of stone, formerly Floral, flO'ral, adj. pertaining to Flora or to
used for striking fire : anything proverbially flowers: [bot.) containing the flower.
hard. [A.S. flint; Dan. flint; Gr. plintkos, \ Florescence, fio-res'ens, «. a bursting intoflower .*
a brick.] [hard: cruel.—«. Flint iness. I {bot.) the time when plants flower. ( \J.Jlorescens>
Flinty, flint'i, adj. consisting of or like flint : ; pr.p. offloresco, to begin to blossom -floreo, to
Flip, flip, «. a hot drink of beer and spirits sweet- j blossom -jlos, a flower.]
cned. TEty. unknown.] Floret, flu'ret, «. a little flower : [bot.) a separate
Flippancy, flip'an-si, Flippantness. flip'unt-nes, | little flower ol an aggregate flower.
//. pert fluency of speech : pertness. Floriculture, flu'ri-kiil-tur. n. the culture ojflo7vers
Flippant, flip ant, adj. quick and pert of speech : or plants.—adj. Floricul'tural. —«. FloricuT-
thoughtless,—adv. Fllpp'antly. (I'rov. IS., flip, turist, a florist. [ L. flos, floris, a flower, and
to move quickly : prob. from the sound of a Culture.]
slicht (piick blow.] Florid, flor'id, adj. bright in colour: flushed with
Flirt, flert, v.t. to trifle with love: to pLny at red : containing flowers of rhetoric or lively
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then.
 frioriferous
figures: richly ornamental —adv. Flor'idUy.—n.
Florldness. [L. floridus—flos.)
Floriferous, flo-rifer-us, adj. , bearingor producing
flowers. [L.flos,floris, andJrro, to bear.]
Florlform, flo'n-form, adj. flower-shaped. [L.
flos, and Form. ]
Florin, florin, n. (orig.) a Florentine coin stamped
with the lilyflower, the national badge of Flor
ence : a silver coin, the value of the English
florin being 2s. [Fr.( from It. fiorino—fiore, a
lily—h.flos.]
Florist, flor ist, «• a cultivator of flowers: one
who writes an account of plants.
Floscular, flos'kQ-lar, Flosculous, floslcQ-lus, adj.
composed of manyfloscutes or tubular florets.
FlOSCUle, floslcfll, n. ^.floret of an aggregate flower.
[L. flosculus, dim. offlos, a flower.)
Floss, flos, n. the loose downy or silky substance
in the husks of certain plants, as the bean : por
tions of silk broken off in unwinding it. —adj.
Floss'y. [\\. floscio—L.flujzus, loox—fluo, to
flow.]
FlOSS-Silk, fW-silk, m. an inferior kind of silk
made from floss, or ravelled fragments of fibre.
Hotage. Same as Floatage.
Flotilla, flo-til'a, «. a fleet of small ships. [Sp.,
dim. offlota, Fr. flotte, a fleet.)
Flotsam, flot'sam, FlotSOZl, flot'son, n. goods lost
by shipwreck, and found floating on the sea.
[See Jetsam.]
FlOUllce, flowns, v.i. to move abruptly or im
patiently: to plunge and struggle.— «. an im
patient gesture. [O. Sw. flunsa, Dut. plonzen,
to plunge in water.]
Flounce, downs, «. a plaited strip or border sewed
to the skirt of a dress. —v.t. to furnish with
flounces. [Fr. fronds, a plait ; prob. from Low
L. frontiare, to wrinkle the brow—L. flrous,
frontis, the brow.]
Flounder, flown'der, v.i. to struggle with violent
motion. [From a Low Gcr. root found in Dut.
flodderen.]
Flounder, flown'der, n. a small flat fish, generally
found in the sea near the mouths of rivers. [Ger.
flunder, Sw.flundra.]
Flour, flowr, «. the finely-ground meal of wheat
or other grain : the fine soft powder of any sub
stance.—v.t. to reduce into or sprinkle with
flour. [Fr.fleur (defarim, of meal), fine flour
—L. flos, jforis, a flower.]
Flourish, flur'ish, v.i. to thrive luxuriantly: to be
prosperous : to use copious and flowery language :
to make ornamental strokes with the pen.—
Flourished = lived (L. floruit).—v.t. to adorn
with flourishes or ornaments : to swing about by
way ofshow or triumph. [M. E. fhrisshen—Fr.
fleurir, from L. florescere, to blossom—flos.\
Flourish, flur'ish, n. decoration : showy splendour :
a figure made by a bold stroke of the pen : the
waving of a weapon or other thing : a parade of
words : a musical prelude.
Flourishing, flur'ish-ing, adj. thriving: prosper
ous: making a show.—adv. Flour'ishlngly.
Flout, flowt, v.t. or v.i. tojeer, mock, orinsult : to
treat with contempt.—«. a mock: an insult.
fO. Dut. fluyten (Dut. fluiten), to play the
flute, to jeer.]
Flow, flu, v.i. to run, as water: to rise, as the
tide: to move in a stream, as air: to glide
smoothly : to circulate, as the blood : lo alxjiind :
to hang loose and waving : ili.) to melt.—v.t. to
cover with water. [A.S! flowan ; Gcr. /liessen,
akin to L.plno, to rain, Gr. phted, to swim, Sans.
p/M, to swim.]
(Sue, iat ; m€, her ; mine ;
Flush
Flow, flO, n. a stream or current : the setting in ol
the tide from the ocean : abundance : copious
ness : free expression.
Flower, flow'er, n. the blossom of a plant : the best
of anything : the prime of life : the person or
thing most distinguished : a figure of speech.—
v.t. to adorn with figures of flowers.—v.i. to
blossom : to flourish. [O. Fr. flourt Fr. fleur
—L. flos, doris, akin to Blow. Bloom.]
Flower-hud, flow'er-bud, «. a bud with the un
opened flower.
Floweret, flow'er-et, «- a littleflower: a floret.
Flowerless, fluw'er-les, adj. {bot.) having no
flowers.
Flowers, flo'crz, n.pl. (B.) in Leviticus, menstrual
discharges. [Fr. fleur—h. flor, a flower.]
Flowery, flow'er-i, adj. full of or adorned with
flowers : highly embellished with figurative style,
florid.—n. Flow'eriness.
Flowing, flf/ing, adj. moving as a fluid ; fluent or
smooth.—adv. FloWlngly —«. Flowlngness.
Flown, Hon,fa.*, of Fly.
Fluctuate, fluktu-at, v.i. to float backward and
forward : to roll hither and thither : to be irreso
lute. [L. fluctuo, fluctuatus—fluctus, a wave
—flito, 10 How. Sec Flow.]
Fluctuation, fluk-tu-£'shun, «. a rising and falling,
like a ware', motion hither and thither: agita
tion: unsteadiness-
Flue, AGO, m. a smoke-pipe or small chimney.
[Corr. o(flute—O. Fr.flute. See Flute.]
Fluency, floO'eu-si, n. readiness or rapidity of
utterance : volubility.
Fluent, floTJ'ent, adj. ready in the use of words :
voluble. — adv. FlU'ently. [L. fluens, fluentis,
pr.p. oifluo, to flow.]
Fluid, floTJ'id, adj. that flows, as water : liquid or
gaseous. — ft. a liquid, not a solid.
Fluidity, flGo-id'i-ti, Fluidness, flGo'id-nes, n. a
liquid or gaseous state.
Fluke, floTJk, n. a flounder : a parasitic worm in
sheep, so called because like a miniature flounder.
[A.S.floc. a flounder.]
Fluke, flOOk, n. the part of an anchor which fastens
in the ground. [Akin to Ger. fflug, a plough,
let. fleika, to tear.]
Flume, floDm, «. the channel for the water that
drives a mill-wheel. [A.S.flum, a stream ; from
L. flutneu, a r'wcr—fluo, to flow.)
Flummery, flum'er-i, «. an acid jelly made from
the husks of oats, the Scotch sowens : anything
insipid : empty compliment. [W. llymry—llym-
rigt harsh, raw—liytn, sharp, severe.]
Flung, flung^ pa.t. and pa.p. of Fling.
Flunky or Flunkey, flungTci, n. a livery sen-ant :
a footman : a mean, cringing fellow. —«. Flun'-
kylsm. (Prob. from Fr. flauquer, to run along
by the side of: cf. henchman. See Flank.]
Fluor, floD'or, n. a beautiful mineral, often crys
tallised, and usually called Flu'or-spar.—adj.
Fluoric. [A name given by the alchemists to
all mineral acids because of theirfluidity, from
L. fluo, to flow.]
Fluorine, floTS'or-in, «. an elementary substance
allied to chlorine, obtained chiefly from fluor.
Flurry, flur'i, n. a sudden blast or gust : agita
tion : bustle.—v.t. to agitate :—fr.p. flurrying ;
pa.p. flurr'ied. [Perhaps conn, with Flutter,
Flit]
Flush, flush, n. a flow of blood to the face caus
ing redness: sudden impulse: bloom: abund
ance. — v.i. to flow suddenly: to come in haste :
to become red in the face.—v.t. to wash with
flowing water : to make red in the face : to
mOte ; mute ; mOOn ; then.
 Flush Fold
excite with joy. [Prob. through O. Fr. flust pitellus, dim. of fiuer, a boy, Sans, putra, a
Yr.flux, from L.flux—flteo, to flow.] son, from root Pu, to beget.]
FlUflh, flush, adj. fresh and vigorous : abounding : Foam, fom, n., froth: the bubbles which rise on
having the surface level with the adjacent sur the surface of liquors.—v.i. to gather foam : to
face. [Prob. same as above.] be in a rage.—v.t. [B.) {with out): to throw
Fluster, flus'ter, n. hurrying, confusion : heat.— —adj. out with rage or violence.—adv. Foam'ingly.
v.i. to bustle : to be agitated.—v.i. to make hot Foam less, without foam. [A.S. fam;
and confused. [Perh. from Scand. flausir, Ger. feint, akin to L. spuma—spuo, to spit ;
hurry, and conn, with Flutter.] Sans, phena, froth.]
Flute, floTJt, n. a musical pipe with finger-holes Foamy, fom'i, adj. frothy.
and keys sounded by Halving: a channel, as on Fob, fob, k. a small pocket for a watch. [From
a pillar, called also Flut'ing. —v.i. to play the a Low Ger. root, found only in Prov. Ger.
flute.—v.t. to form flutes or channels in. [Fr., fufifie, a pocket ]
O. Fr. flaute, It, flauto, from h.flo,flatum, Focal, ffl'kal, adj. of or belonging to afocus.
to blow.] [player. Focallse, fo'kal-Iz, v. I. to bring to a focus : to
Fluter, flonter, Flautist, flawt'ist, «. a flute- concentrate.
Flutter, flut'er, v i. to move or flap the wings FOCUS, ffllvus, k. {optics) a point in which the
without flying or with short flights : to move rays of light meet after reflection or refraction,
about with bustle : to vibrate : to be in agitation nnd cause great heat : any central point :—pi.
or in uncertainty. — z/./. to throw into disorder. — Fo'CUSes and Foci (fosT). —7'./. to bring to a
«. quick, irregular motion : agitation : confusion. focus ; p/>. fo'cu*scd. fl.. focus, a hearth.]
[A.S. Jiotorian, tofloatabout, fromflat, the sea; Fodder, fod'er, «., food for cattle, as hay and
cf. Ger. flattcrn, Low Ger. fluttem.] straw.—v.t. to supply with fodder. [A.S.
Fluvial, flWvi al, Fluviatic, fl{So-vi-at'ik, adj. of foder—foda, food.]
or belonging to rivers: growing or living in Foe, fO, «. an enemy : an ill-wisher. [A.S. fah—
streams or ponds. [L. fluvialis, fluviatictts— flan,fiogan, to hate. See Feud, a quarrel.]
flitvins, a river—fluo, to flow.] Foeman, foman, «. an enemy in wax.—pi. Foe'-
FlUZ, fluks, n. act offlowing: the motion of a men.
fluid : a flow of matter : quick succession : that FC9tUS, fc'tus. See Fetus.
which flows, as the tide : matter discharged : Fog, fog, n. a thick mist : watery vapour rising
state of being liquid.—v.t. to melt. [Fr.—L. from either land or water. [Dan. snefiog, thick
fluxus—fluo, to flow.] falling snow ; Ice.fok, a snow-drift.]
Fluxatlon, fiuks-a'shun, «. the act offluxing or Fog, fog, Foggage, fog'iij, «. grass which grows
passing away and giving place to another. in autumn after the hay is cut. [Perh. of Celt,
Fluxible, fluks'i-bl, adj. that may be fluxed or origin, as in W. fwg, dry grass, Scot, fog,
melted «. Fluxibillty. moss. ]
Fluxion, fluk'shun, n. a flowing or discharge : a Fogbank, fogTiangk, n. a dense mass of fog
difference or variation. sometimes seen at sea appearing like a bunk of
Fly, fll, v.i. to move through the air on wings : to land.
move swiftly : to pass away : to flee : to burst : I Foggy, fog'i, adj. misty : damp : clouded in
to flutter.—v.t. to avoid, flee from : to cause to j mind, stupid.—adv. Foggily.—«. Fogglness.
fly, as a kite :—pr.fi. flying ; pa.i. flew (flOo) ; Fog-signal, fog'-sig'nal, n. an audible signal used
pa.p. flown (flon).—«. a small insect with two on board ship, &c. during a fog, when visible
transparent wings, esp. the common house-fly : signals cease to be of use.
a fish-hook dressed with silk, &c. in imitation of Fogy; fo'gi, n. a dull old fellow : a person with
a fly : a light double-seated carriage : [meek.) a antiquated notions. [Kty. unknown.]
fly-wheel. [A.S. fleogan; Ger. fliegen ; from Foh, fo, int. an exclamation of abhorrence or con
a root flug. an extension of flu, which is conn, tempt. [A form of Faugh.]
with root plu, to swim. Thus Fly is akin to Foible, foi'bl, n. a weak point in one's character :
Flow.] a failing. [O. Fr. foible, weak. Sec Feeble.]
Flyblow, fll'blo, n. the egg of a fly—adj. Fly Foil, foil, v. t. to defeat : to puzzle : to disappoint :
blown, flT'blon, tainted with the eggs which —pr.fi. foil'ing ; pa.p. foiled'.—n. failure after
produce maggots. [Prov. E. blots, eggs of success seemed certain : defeat. [Fr. fouler, to
maggots.] [used on canals. stamp or crush—Low L. fullare—fulh) a fuller
Flyboat, flT'bdt, n. a long narrow swift boat of cloth. See Fuller.)
Fly-catcher, fll'-kach'er, n. a small bird, so called Foil, foil, n. a blunt sword used in fencing. [So
from its catchingflies while on the wing. called because blunted orfoiled.}
Fly-nsh, fll'-fish, v.i. tofish with flies, natural or Foilj foil, «. a leafor thin plate of metal, as tin
artificial, as bait.—//. Fly'-fish'ing. foil : a thin leaf of metal put under precious
Flying-fish, filing-fish, «. a fish which can leap stones to increase their lustre or change their
from the water and sustain itself in the air for a colour : anything that serves to set off some
short time, by its long pectoral fins, as ifflying. thing else. [Yr.feuille—L.folium, a leaf.]
Flying-squirrel, flfing-skwir'el, n. a squirrel in Foist, foist, v.t. to bring in by stealth : to insert
S. Asia and N*. America, which has a broad wrongfully: to pass off as genuine.—«. Foist'er.
fold of skin between its fore and hind legs, by [Orig. to break wind in a noiseless manner, and
which it can take gre.it leaps in the air, as if so to introduce stealthily something afterwards
flying. (and end of a book. felt to be disagreeable, from Dut. vysten, to
Flyleaf, fll'lef, n. a blank leaf at the beginning fizzle, cog. with E. FlZZ.]
Flywheel, flfhwel, n. a heavy wheel applied to Fold, fold, w. the doubling of any flexible sub
machinery to equalise the effect of the moving stance : a part laid over on another : that which
power. infolds : an inclosure for sheep : a flock of
Foal, fol, n. the young of a mare or of a she-ass. sheep: the Church.—v.t. to lay one part over
—v.i. and v.t. to bring forth a foal. [A.S.foia ; another : to inclose : to inclose in a fold. [A.S.
Ger.fohleu, Gr. pdlos; L. pullus, prob. contr. of faUi—fealdan, to fold; Scot, fauld, Ger. falte,
fate, far ; me. her ; mine ; mflte ; mute : m<50n ; Men.
 Fold Footstep
akin to L. -ptex, in duplex, double, Gr. -ploos, Fondling, fond'Iing, «. the person or iKm^fondled.
in diploos, double.] [in Tenfold. Font, font, Fount, fownt, «. a complete assort
Fold, in composition with numerals = times, as ment of types of one sort, with all that is neces
Foldage, fold'iij, «. the right offolding sheep. sary for printing in that kind of letter. [Fr.
Folding, folding, adj. that may be folded or fonte—fondre—L. fundere, to cast. See Found. ]
doubled.—«. a fold or plait : the keeping of Font, font, n. a basin for water in baptism. [L.
sheep in inclosures on arable land. fons, a fountain.]
Follaceous, fO-li-a'shus, adj. pertaining to or Food, food, «. what one feeds on: that which
consisting of leaves or laminsc. [L. foliaceus— being digested nourishes the body ; whatever
folium, a leaf.] promotes growth. — adj. Food'less, without
Foliage, fOli-aj, «., leaves: a cluster of leaves. food. [A.S. foda, from a root pa, to nourish.)
[Fr. feuillaqe—feuiile—L.folium, a leaf.) Fool, fOOl, n. one who acts stupidly : a person of
Foliaged, fG'h-ujd, adj. worked likefoliage. weak mind: a jester: (B.) a wicked person.—
Foliate, ff/li-at, v.l. (orig.) to beat into a leaf: to v.t. to deceive : to treat with contempt.—v.i.
cover with leaf-metal. to play the fool : to trifle. [O. Fr.fol (Fr.fou),
Foliated, fO'li-at-ed, adj. (mi/i. ) consisting of li.folle—h.follis, an air-bag, a grimace made
plates or thin layers. by puffing out the cheeks.] [folly.
Foliation, fo-li-a shun, «. the leafing, esp. of I Foolery, fOoTer-i, tt. an act of folly : habitual
plants. j Fool-hardy, fGoT-har'di, adj., foolishly hardy or
Foliferous, fo-lifer-us, adj., bearing or producing bold : rash or incautious. - «. Fool'-har'diness.
leaves. [L.folium, a leaf, andfero, to bear.] I Foolish, fOoTish, adj. weak in intellect : wanting
Folio, foli-O, n. a sheet of paper once folded : a discretion : ridiculous : marked with folly : de-
book of such sheets: [book-k.) a page in an i serving ridicule : (B.) sinful, disregarding God's
account-book, or two opposite pages numbered laws.—adv. Foolishly.—«. Foolishness.
as one.—adj. pertaining to or containing paper Foolscap, fOTJlzlcap, «. paper of a certain size, so
only once folded. [Abl. of L. folium, the leaf of J called from having originally borne the water-
a tree, a leafor sheet of paper. ] I mark of afool's cap and bells.
Foliole, fO'li-Ol, tt. [bot.) a single leaflet of a FooTs-errand, fo"Olz -ei^and, «. a silly or fruitless
compound leaf. [Fr., dim. of h.folium.] 1 enterprise: search for what cannot be found.
Follous, fO'li-us, adj., leafy: {bot.) having leaves Foot, foot, «. that part of its body on which an
mixed with the flowers. animal stands or walks : the lower part or ba.se :
Folk, fok, n. the people: certain people:—gen. a measure = 12 in. [orig.) ihe length of a man's
used in pi. Folk or Folks <foks). [A.S. fok ; foot : foot-soldiers : a division of a line of
Ger. volk ; akin perh. to F,.futl, Ger. voll, full.] poetry :—//. Feet (fet).—v.i. to dance : to walk :
Folkland, fok'land, «. among the Anglo-Saxons, —pr.p. footing ; pa.p. foot'ed. [AS. fot, pi.
public land as distinguished from boc-land fet ; Ger. fuss, L. pes, Pedis, Gr. pons, podos.
(book-land), i.e. land granted to private persons Sans, pad, from root Pad, to go.)
by a written charter. Football, foot'bawl, n. a large ball for kicking
Folklore, fOk'lOr, lore or knowledge of the about in sport : play with this ball.
ancient customs, superstitions, &c. of the folk Footboy, foot'boy, «. an attendant in livery.
or people. [The name was first suggested by Footbridge, foot brtj, «. a narrow bridge for foot-
W. J. Thorns ('Ambrose Merton') in 1846. passengers, [ground : a footstep.
Folkmote, fok'mOt, «. an assembly of the people Footfall, foot'fawl, n. a setting the foot on the
among the Anglo-Saxons. Foot-guardS, foot'-gardz, n.pl. guards that serve
Follicle, fol'i-kl, «. a little bag: (anat.) a gland : on foot, the elite of the British foot-soldiers.
{bot.) a seed-vessel. [Fr.-—L.folliculus, dim. of Foothold, foot'hold, «. space on which to plant
follis, a wind ball or bag.] the feet : that which sustains the feet.
Follow, fol'u, v.t. to go after or behind : to pur Footing, foot'ing, «. place for the foot to rest on :
sue : to attend : to imitate : to obey : to adopt, firm foundation : position : settlement : tread :
as an opinion ". to keep the eye or mind fixed dance : plain cotton lace.
on : to pursue, as an object of desire : to result Footlight, footllt, «. one of a row of lights in
from: [B.) to strive to obtain. —v.i. to come front of and on a level with the stage in a
after another: to result.—To follow on (B.), theatre, &c.
to continue endeavours. [A.S. fyleean, perh. Footman, foot'man, ft. {orig. and B.) a soldier
from A.S.fotc, folk, a crowd. OcT.fblgeu.] who serves on foot : a runner : a servant or
Follower, fol'O-cr, n. one who comes after: a attendant in livery :—pi. Foot'men.
copier : a disciple. Footmark, foot'mark, Footprint, footprint, «.
Following, fol'6-ing, adj. coming next after. the mark or print of a foot : a track.
Folly, fol'i, «. silliness or weakness of mind : a Footpad, foot pad, n. a highwayman or robber
foolish act: criminal weakness: (B.) sin. [Fr. on foot, who frequents public Paths or roads.
folie-fol, foolish. See Fool.] (Foot, and Pad, a path.] [travels on foot.
Foment, fo-ment', v.t. to bathe with "warm water : Foot-passenger, i^ut -p.is'en-jer, «. one who
to encourage.—«. Foment'er. [Fr.—L.fbmento Foot-pound, foot'-pownd, «. the force needed to
—fomentum forfovimentum—foveo, to warm.] raise one pound weight the height of onefoot—
Fomentation, fo-men-tashunj «. a bathing with the usual unit in measuring mechanical force.
warm water : a lotion applied hot : encourage Footrot, foot'rot, «. a rot or ulcer in the feet of
ment. sheep. [in length.
Fond, fond, adj., foolishly tender and loving : Footnile, foot'roOl, tt. a rule or measure a foot
weakly indulgent : very affectionate. — adv. Foot soldier, foot'-sul'jer, «. a soldier that serves
Fondly.—n. Fond ness. [For fonned, pa.p. on foot. [the foot of and supporting a leaf.
of M. E. fonrten, to act foolishly, fon, a fool ; Footstalk, fool'stawk, «. (bot.) the little stalk at
from Ice. fana, to be foolish.—Fond of, relishing Footstall, foot'stawl, «. a woman's stirrup.
highly.) [caress.—n. Fondler. [Foot, and Prov. E. stall, a case for the finger.)
Fondle, fondl, v.t. to treat with fofuiness: to Footstep, foot'step, ft. the step or impression of
fate, far ; me*, her ; mTne ; mote , mate ; raOOn ; Men. 135
 Pop
the foot : a track : trace of a course pursued :—
j*/. Foot'steps, course : example.
Fop, fop, «. an affected dandy. [Dut.foPpen, to
cheat, moclt,fopper, a wag.]
Fopling, fopling, «. a vain affected person.
Foppery, fop'er-i, «. vanity in dress or manners :
affectation : folly.
Foppish, fop'ish, adj. vain and showy in dress :
affectedly refined in manners.—adv. Foppishly.
—«. Foppishness.
For, for; prep, in the place of: for the sake of : on
account of : in the direction of: with respect to:
beneficial to: in quest of: notwithstanding, in
spite of; in recompense of: during.—As for, as
far as concerns. [A.S. for; Ger. fUr, nor,
akin lo L. and Gr. pro, Sans, pra, before in place
or time.]
For, for, conj. the word by which a reason is intro
duced : because : on the account that —For all
{Neiv Test.), notwithstanding.—For to (/>.), in
order to.
Forage, for'aj, n.,fodder, or food for horses and
cattle: provisions: the act of foraging.—v.t. to
go about and forcibly carry off food for horses
and cattle, as soldiers.—v.t. to plunder. —«.
For ager. [Fr. fourrage—Low L. foragium—
fodrum, which is from a Teut. root found in
Ger. futter, E. fodder, O. Dan. fader. See
Fodder, Foray.]
Foramen, fo-rii'men, n. a small opening :—//.
Foramina, fo-ram'i-na. [L.—foro, to pierce.]
Foraminated, fo-ram'i-nat-ed, Foramlnous, fo-
ram'i-nus, adj. pierced with small holes : porous.
Forasmuch, Wax-much, conj. because that.
Foray, for'u, «. a sudden incursion into an enemy's
country. {A Lowland Scotch form of Forage J
Forbade, for-bad',/*./. of Forbid.
Forbear, for-baV, v.t. to keep one's self in check :
to abstain.—v.t. to abstain from : to avoid volun
tarily : to spare, to withhold. [For-, prefix,
away, and Bear. See list of Prefixes ]
Forbearance, for-bar'ans, n. exercise of patience :
command of temper: clemency.
Forbearing, for-baVing, adj. long - suffering :
patient.—adv. Forbearlngly.
Forbid, for-bid', v.t. to prohibit : to command not
to do. [for-, prefix, away, and Bid ]
Forbidden, for-bid'n, adj. prohibited : unlawful.
Forbidding, for-bid'ing, adj. repulsive : raising
dislike : unpleasant.
Force. f<3rs, «. strength, power, energy : efficacy :
validity : influence : vehemence-: violence : co
ercion or compulsion : military or naval strength
(often in plural): an armament: {meek.) that
which produces or tends to produce a change in
a body s state of rest or motion. [Fr.—Low L.
forcia,fortia—L. for/is, strong.]
Force, fors. v.t. to draw or push by main strength :
to compel : to constrain : to compel by strength
of evidence : to take by violence : to ravish :
(/tort.) to cause to grow or ripen rapidly.
Force, fors, FOSS, fos, «. a waterfall. [Scand., as
in \ce.foss, formerlyfors. ]
Force, fors. v.t. {cookery) to stuff, as a fowl. [A
corr. of Faroe.]
Forced, furst, /. and adj. accomplished by great
effort, as a forced march: strained, excessive,
unnatural.
Forceful, fors'fool, adj. full of force or might :
driven or acting with power, —adv. Force'fully.
Forceless, furs'les, adj. weak.
Forcemeat, fors'met. «., meat chopped fine and
highly seasoned, used as a stuj'in^ or alone.
Forceps, for'seps. n. a pair of tongs, pincers, or
fate, far; me" her; mine;
Forego
pliers for holding anything hot or otherwise
difficult to be held with the hand. [L. formns,
hot, and capio, to hold.]
Forcepump, fors'pump, Forc'lng-pump, n. a
pump whichforces the water through a sidepipe.
Forcible, fors i-bl, adj. active : impetuous : done
by force : efficacious : impressive.—n. Foro'lblO-
ness.—adv. Forc'lbly.
Forcing, fOrs'ing, n. (hart.) the art of hastening
the growth of plants.
Forcipatei, for'si-pat-ed, adj. formed and opening
like aforceps. [L.—forceps,forcipis.]
Ford, ford, n. a place where water may be crossed
on foot.—v.t. to cross water on foot. —adj.
Ford'able. [A.S. farttn, to go; Ger. furt—
fahren, to go on foot ; akin to Gr. poros—root of
perao, to cross, and to E. Fare, Ferry, and Far. ]
Fore, fOr, adj., infront of: advanced in position :
coming first. —adv. at the front: in the first
part : previously. [A.S., radically the same as
For, prep. But both must be carefully distin
guished from prefix for- [Ger. ver- in vergessen,
L. Per). See list of Prefixes.]
Forearm, fOrarm, m. the forepart of the arm, or
that between the elbow and the wrist.
Forearm, fOr-arm', v. t, to arm or prepare before
hand.
Forebode, for-bOd', v.t. to feel a secret sense of
something future, esp. of evil. — «. Forebod'er.
[See Bode.] [evil.
Forebodement, for-bod'ment, n. feeling of coming
j Foreboding, fur-bod'ing, «. a boding or perception
beforehand : apprehension of coming evil-
[ Forecast, fOr-kast'. v.t. to contrive or reckon
j beforehand: to foresee —v.i. to form schemes
beforehand.—//. Forecast'er. [See Cast.]
Forecast, fOrkast, «. a previous contrivance :
foresight.
Forecastle, fOrTtas-l or fok'sl, n. a foredeck, raised
above the maindeck : more commonly the fore
part of the ship under the maindeck, the quarters
of the crew : [prig.) that part of the upper deck
of a ship before the foremast, so called from the
small turret or castle near the prow in ancient
vessels.
Foreclose, fOr-ktOz', v.t. to preclude : to prevent : to
stop. [pT.forctos, pa.p. offorelore, to exclude
—L.foris, outside, and clauda, clausus, to shut.]
Foreclosure, fOr-klO^Or, « a foreclosing: [law)
the depriving a mortgager of the right of re
deeming a mortgaged estate. [time.
Foredate, for-dat', v.t. to date before the true
Foredeck, foVdek, n. the forepart of a deck or
ship. [that is forward.
Fore-end, for'-end, n. the end that goes first or
Forefather, fOrTa-Mdr, «. an ancestor. [Fore,
and Father. I
Forefend, fOr-fend', v.t. to ward off, avert. [Pro
perlyfor/end, from the prefixfor-, and fend, an
abbrev. of defettd. See prefix for-.]
Forefinger, for'fing-ger, «. the finger before the
others, or next the thumb.
Forefoot, foVfoot, n. one of the feet of an animal
in front or next the head*
Forefront, for'front, «. the front or foremost part.
Forego, fOr-gO', v.t. to go before, precede : chiefly
used in its fr.p. foreuo'ing and pa p. foregone'.—
m. Forego er.—A foregone conclusion is a con
clusion come to before examination of the evi
dence. (Fore, and Go.]
Forego, for-gu', v.t. to give up : to forbear the use
of. [Should have been for^o, A.S. Jorgan, to
pass over, from the A.S. prefixfor-, away, and
gan, to go. See prefix for-.]
mote; mute; mOOn ; Men.
 Foreground Pork
Forest,
Foreground, foVgrownd, «. the ground or spice land covered with treesforest, n. a large uncultivated tract or
which seems to lie be/ore the figures in a picture. ground and rude pasture.—adj. and underwood : woody
Forehand, foVhand, «. the part of a horse which forest : silvan : rustic—v.t. to cover pertaining to a
is in front of its rider.—adj. taken in liand or [O. Fr forest, Fr. /W/—Low L.foresta, with trees.
done before needed. which
Forehanded, for'hand-ed, adj., forehand: season in medueval writers is the open wood, as opposed
able : formed in the foreparts. to the /arrwj(park)orwalled-in wood -forestis,
Forehead, foVhed. «. the foreoxct of the head doors. out of, not shut—L. fort's, out of doors—fores,
above the eyes, the brow. See Foreign and Door.]
Foreign, for'in, adj. belonging to another country: Forestall,
are
fSr-stawI', v.t. to buy goods before they
brought to stall or market : to anticipate.
from abroad : not belonging to, unconnected :
not appropriate. [Vr.forain—Low L.foraneus , Forester, for'est-er. «. one who has charge of a
—foras, out of doors. See Door.] forest: an inhabitant of a forest.
Foreigner, for'in-er, «. a native ofanother country. Foretaste, for-tasr/, v.t. to taste before possession :
Forejudge, for-juj', v.t. to judge before hearing to anticipate. (pation.
the facts and proof. [foresee. Foretaste, f.Vtast, n. a taste beforehand : antict
Foreknow, for-n6', v.t. to know beforehand: to Foretell, for-tel', v.t. to tell before : to prophesy.
Foreknowledge. for-nol'cj, «. knowledge of a —v.i. to utter prophecy.—«. ForeteU'er.
thing before it happens. Forethought, for'thawt, «. thought or care for the
Foreland, ftVland, », a point of land running future : provident care. [hand.
forward into the sea. Foretoken, for'to-kn, «. a token or sign before-
Forelock, fuVlok, n. the lock of hair on the fore Foretoken, for-tuTcn, v.t. to signify beforehand.
head : to take by the Forelock, to seize promptly. Foretooth, foVtGOth, «. a tooth in the forepart of
Foreman, foVman, «. the first or chief man : an the mouth :—pi. Foreteeth, for'teth.
overseer.—//. Fore'men. Foretop, foVtop, «. (naut.) the platform at the
Foremast, foVmast, ». the mast that isfore or in head of the foremast.
front* or next the bow of a ship Foretopmast, fur-top'mast, n. in a ship, the mast
Forementioned, ffJr-men'shund, adj. mentioned erected at the top of the foremast, and at the
before in a writing or discourse. top of which is the Foretop-gall'ant-mast.
Foremost, foVmOst, adj. (superl. of Fore), first m Forever, for-ev'er, adv. for ever, for all time to
place : most advanced : first in rank or dignity. come : to eternity : through endless ages.
[A.S. forma, first, superl. offore, and superl. Forewarn, for-wawrn\ v.t. to warn beforehand :
suffix -st. It is, therefore, a double superl. ; to give previous notice.—ft. Forewarning,
the old and correct form was firmest, which warning beforehanJ.
was wrongly divided for-mest instead ofform- Forfeit, ior'fit, v.t. to lose the right to by some
est, and the final -west was mistaken for -most.] fault or crime :—j*r./ forfeiting ; Pa.p. for
Forenamed. for'namd, adj. mentioned before. feited.—m. that which is forfeited : a penalty for
Forenoon, for'nuon, ». the part of the day before a crime : a fine : something depo-ited and re
noon or mid-day. fit happens. deemable.—*^". For/feitable. |Fr. forfaire,
Forenotioe. for-no'tis, «. notice of anything before forfait—Low \j.foris/acere,forisfactum, to do
Forensic, fo-ren'sik, adj. belonging to courts of beyond what is permitted, to offead—fort's, out
law, held by the Romans in the forum ; used of doors, beyond, facere, to do. J
in law pleading. [L. forensis—forum, market Forfeiture, for'fit-ur, «. act offorfeiting: state of
place, akin tofores. Sec Foreign and Door.] being forfeited : the thing forfeited.
Fore ordain, for-or-dan', v.t. to arrange or appoint Forgat, for-gat'—forgot—old pa.t. of Forget.
beforehand : to predestinate : to predetermine.— Forge, fori, «. the workshop of a fiber or work
i«. Fore-ordlna tlon. man in hard materials : a furnace, esp. one in
Forepart, for part, «. the pan before the rest : the which iron is heated : a smithy : a place where
front: the beginning: (£.) the bow of a ship. anything is shaped or made.—v. t. to form by heat
Forerank, fbrVangk, «. the rank which is before ing and hammering : to form : to make falsely :
all the others : the front. [precede. to fabricate: to counterfeit—v.i. to commit for
Forerun, for-run', v.t. to run or come before : to gery. [Fr. forge, Prov. farga—L. fabrica —
Forerunner, fOr-run'er, «. a runner or messenger faoer, a workman.] [guilty of forgery-
sent before : a sign that something is to follow. Forger, fOrj'er, «. one who forges or makes : one
Foresail, fOr'sal, «. a sail attached to the fore- Forgery, forj'er-i, «. fraudulently making or
yard on the foremast. [hand. altering any writing : that which is forged or
Foresee, for-se', v.t. or v.u to see or know before- counterfeited.
Foreshadow. fur-shad'o, v.t. to shadow or typify Forget, for-get', v. t. to lose or put away from the
beforehand. [a ship. memory: to neglect:—/*-./, forgetting; Pa.t.
Foreshlp. for'ship, «. (B.\ the bow or forepart of forgot' ; pa.p. forgot', forgott'en. [A.S.forgitan
Foreshore, for'ahr.r, n. the part immediately before —for-, prenx, away, and gitan, to get.J
the shore : the sloping part of a shore included Forgetful, for-get'fnol. adj. apt to forget : inatten
between the hiyh and low water marks. tive.—adv. Forgetfully.—«. Forget fulness.
Foreshorten, for-short'n, v.t. \in a picture) to Forget-me-not for-get'-me-not', «. a small herb
represent the shortened appearance of an object with beautiful blue flowers, regarded as the
projecting forward.—n. Foreshortening (in emblem offriendship : a keepsake.
painting:, the representation of the shortenei Forgive, for-giv*, v.t. to pardon : to overlook an
appearance of an object projecting forward. offence or debt. [A.S. forgifan—for-, prefix,
Foreshow. fnr-shO', v t. to shew or represent be away, and gtfan, to give; cf. Ger. ver-geoen.]
forehand : to predict. Forgiveness, for-giv'nes, «. pardon : remission :
Forestde, foYsTd, «. the side towards the front. disposition to pardon.
Foresight, fOr'sit, n. act of foreseeing : wise fore Forgiving, for-giv'in.:, adj. ready to pardon :
thought, prudence. fgl'»n* penis. merciful: companionate.
Foreskin, far'skin, «. the skin that covers the Fork, fork, ft. an instrument with two or more
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOle ; mute ; mOOn ; Men. l©7
 Forked
prongs at the end : one of the points or
divisions of anything fork-like :—in pi. the
branches into which a road or river divides, also
the point of separation.—v.i. to divide into two
branches, as a road or tree : to shoot into
blades, as corn.—v.t. to form as a fork : to pitch
with a fork. [A.S-fore—h.furva.]
Forked, fork'ed, Forky, fork^ adj. shaped like
a fork.—adv. Fork'edly ns. Fork edness,
Fork'iness.
Forlorn, for-lorn', adj. quite lost : forsaken :
wretched. [A.S.forloren, pa.p. offorleosan, to
lose—-for, away, and leosatt, to lose ; Ger. ver-
loren, pa.p. ofverlurm, to lose.]
Forlorn hope, for-Iorn'-hop, n. a body of soldiers
selected for some service of uncommon danger.
[From the Dut. verloren hoop, the forlorn or
lost troop. See Hope.]
Form, form, «. shape of a body : the boundary-
line of an object : a model : a mould : mode
of arrangement : order : regularity : system,
as of government : beauty or elegance : estab
lished practice: ceremony: {print.) the type
from which an impression is to be taken arranged
and secured in a chase : (in thefol. senses pron.
f5rm) a long seat, a bench : (in schools) the pupils
on a form, a class : the bed of a hare, which
takes its shape from the animal's body. [Fr.
forme—L. forma—fero, to bear, like facies,
appearance, from facio, to make.]
Form, form, v.t. to give form or shape to: to
make : to contrive : to settle, as an opinion : to
combine : to go to make up : to establish :
(gram.) to make by derivation.—v.i. to assume
a form.
Formal, form'al, adj. according to form or estab
lished mode : ceremonious : methodical : having
the form only : having the power of making a
thing what it is: essential: proper. —adv.
Form/ally. [externalforms of religion.
Formalism, form'al-izm, n. a resting in the mere
Formalist, form'al-ist, «. one who is content with
the mereforms of religion.
Formality, for-maH-ti, «. the precise observance
of forms or ceremonies : established order. IL.
formalitas—forma. ]
Formation, for-ma'shun, n a making or produc
ing : structure : (gcol.) a group of strata belong
ing to one period. \Y.. formatio.}
Formative, forma-tiv, adj. givingform : (gram.)
serving to form, not radical.—n. a derivative.
[Fr. format'i'f—formo,formatus^to shape. ]
Former, former, adj. (comp. of Fore) before in
time or order: past: first mentioned. [A.S.
forma, first, superl. of fore, and comp. suffix
-er.]
Former, form'er, n. one whoforms or makes.
Formerly, form'er-li, adv. informer times : here
tofore.
Formic, for'mik, adj. pertaining to ants, as formic
acid, originally obtained from ants. [L. for
mica, an ant.]
Formicate, for'mi-kat, adj. resembling an ant.
Formication, for-mi-ka'shun, «. a sensation like
that of ants creeping on the skin. [h. formi
catio-formicare, to creep like an ant—formica.]
Formidable, for'mi-da-bl, adj. causing fear:
adapted to excite fear.—-adv. Formidably.—//.
For'midableness. [ Fr.—L.formidabilis—for-
mido. fear.]
Formula, form'u-ta, «. a prescribed form : a formal
statement of doctrines: (math.) a general ex
pression for solving problems: (chem.) a set of
symbols expressing the components of a body :
13S fSte, far ; m£, her ; mine ;
Fortunate
—pi. Formulas, form'a-le, Fonn'ulas. [L., dim.
offorma.}
Formulary, form'Q-lar-i, «. aformula; a book of
formula; or precedents.—adj. prescribed : ritual.
[ Fr. formulaire—L. formula, j
Formulato, form'u-lat, Formulise, form'O-liz,
v.t. to reduce to or express in a formula: to
state or express in a clear or definite form
Fornicate, for'ni-klt, Fornicated, for'ni-kat-ed,
adj., arched: (bat.) arching over. [V..fornicor,
fornicatus—-fornix, fomicis, an arch.]
Fornicate, forni-kat, v.i. to commit lewdness : to
have unlawful sexual intercourse. VLt.fornicor.
fomicatus—-fornix, an arch, a vault, a brothel.]
Fornication, for-ni-ka'shun, n. sexual intercourse
between unmarried persons : (B.) adultery,
incest, and frequently idolatry.
Fornicator, for'ni-ka-tor, «. an unmarried person
guilty of lewdness :—fem. Fornicatress, for'ni-
ka-tres. [L. fornicator, and fomicatrix—
fornicor. ]
Forsake, for-sSk', v.t. to desert: to abandon:—
pr.p. forsak'ing ; pa.t. forsook' ; pa.p. forsak'en.
[A.S. forsacan--for-, away, and O. E. sake, dis
pute, strife—A.S. sacan, to strive. See Sake.]
Forsooth, for-sOTth', adv., for or in sooth or
truth: certainly. [A.S. for sothe, for truth,
sothe being the dat. of soth. Sec Sooth ]
Forswear, for-swar', v.t. to deny upon oath.—{£.)
To forswear one's self, to swear falsely, to
commit perjury. [For-, away, and Swear.]
Fort, fort, n. a small fortress. [Fr.—L. fortis,
strong.]
Foxtallce, fort'al-is, «. a small outwork of aforti
fication. [O. Fr. fortelesce—Low L. fortalitia
-fortis.]
Forte, fort, «. one's strong point, that in which
one excels. [Same as below.]
Forte, fo/ta, adv. (mus.) strongly, with em
phasis, loud. [It. forte—L. fortis.]
Forth, forth, adv., before or fonvard in place or
order : in advance : onward in time : out into
view; abroad: (B.) out. [A.S. forth; Dut.
voort, forward, Ger. fort, on, further, radically
the same as For, Fore ]
Forthcoming. fOrth'kum-ing, adj. just coming
forth : about to appear. [out delay.
Forthwith, farth-wiM', adv. immediately : with-
Fortieth, for'ti-eth, adj. the fourth tenth.—n. a
fortieth part. [A.S. femvertigotha.]
Fortification, for-ti-fi-ka'shunj n. the art of
strengthening a military position by means of
defensive works : that which fortifies.
Fortify, for'ti-fi, v.t. to strengthen against attack
with forts, &c. : to invigorate : to confirm :—
pa.p. for'tifled—«. Fortifier. [Fr. fortifier—
Low L. fortifcare—fortis, strong, facio, to
make. ]
Fortissimo, for-tts'i-mO, a lv. (mus.) very strong
or loud. [It., superl. offorte. Sec Forte, a/iv.]
Fortitude, for'ti-tiid, «. that strength of mind
which enables one to meet danger or endure
pain with calmness. [L. fortitude—fortis.]
Fortnight, fort'nTt, n. two weeks or fourteen days.
[Contr. offourteen nights.] [fortnight.
Fortnightly, fort'nlt-li, adj. and adv. once a
Fortress, for'tres, //. a fortified place : a defence.
[Fr. forteresse, another form offortelesce, which
see under Fortalice.)
Fortuitous, for-tul-tus, adj. happening by chance
or accident.—adv. Fortu itously, —ns Fortui
tousness. Fortuity. [L. fortuitus, casual.]
Fortunate, for'tu-n"it, adj. happening by good-
fortune: lucky.—adv. Fortunately.
mole ; mute ; mCOn ; then
 Fortune Fraction
Fortune, for'tGn, ». whatever comes by lot or l Found, fownd, v.t. to lay the bottom orfoundation
chance: luck : the arbitrary ordering of events : of: to establish on a basis: to originate : to
the lot that falls to one in life : success : wealth. endow. [Fr. fonder—L. fundo, fundatus, to
[Fr.—L. fortuna, a lengthened form of fors, found —fundus, the bottom. See Bottom.]
fortis, chance, from fero, to bear, and lit. Found, fownd, v.t. to form by melting and poitr-
meaning, that which is produced.] ing into a mould: to cast. [Fr. fondre—X,.
Fortune-hunter, for'tun-hunt'er, «. a man who findo,fusus, to pour. Cf. Fuse.]
huntsfor a marriage with a woman offortune. Foundation, fownd-a'shun, «. the act of founding :
Fortuneless, for'tun-les, adj. without a fortune : the base of a building : the groundwork or basis :
luckless. a permanent fund for the support of anything.—
Fortune-teller, for/tun-tel/er, n. one who pretends ». Founda tioner, one supported from the funds
to foretell one's fortune.—«. For'tune-tell'ing. orfoundation of an institution.
Forty, for'ti, adj. and ». four times ten. [A.S. Founder, fownd'er, n. one who melts and casts
feozucrtig—feoiuer, four, tig, ten.] metal, as a brassfounder.
Forum, fo'rum, n. {fig.) a market-place, esp. the Founder, fownd'er, «. one whofounds, establishes,
market-place in Rome, where public business or originates : an endower.—fern. Found'ress.
was transacted and justice dispensed : the courts Founder, fownd'er, v.i. to go to the bottom : to
of law as opp. to the Parliament. [L., akin to fill with water and sink.—v.t. to disable by in
foras, out of doors. See Door and Foreign. | juring the feet, of a horse. [Fr.fondre—fomi—
Forward, forward, Forwards, for'wardz, adv., L. fundus, the bottom.]
tozvants what is before or in front : onward : Founding, fownd'ing, n. metal-casting.
progressively. [A. S. foreiveard —fore, and Foundling, fownd'hng, «. a little child found
weard, sig. direction. Forwards—M.E. for- deserted.
ivardes, was orig. the gen. form (cf. Gcr. vor- Foundry, fownd'ri, Foundery, fownd'er-i, «. the
ivdrts).\ art of founding or casting: the house where
Forward, for'ward, adj. near or at the^n-part : in founding is carried on.
advance of something else : ready : too ready : Fount, fownt, Fountain, fownt'an, n. a spring of
presumptuous : earnest : early ripe.—adv. For/- water, natural or artificial : the structure for a
wardly. - >i. For wardness. jet of water: the source of anything, [Fr.fou-
Forward, for ward, v.t. to help on, to quicken : to taine, O. ¥v. font—Low W.Jontana—-fontauus,
send on.—«. Forwarder. adj., from L. fons, fontis, a spring—-fundo, to
Fosse. FoSS, fos, n. {fort.) a moat or trench in pour.]
front of a fortified place. [Ft. fosse, L.fossa— Fountain-head, fowntan-hed, n. the head or
fodio,fossum, 10 dig.] source of a.fountain : the beginning.
Fossil, fos'il, «. the petrified remains of an animal Four, for, adj. and «. two and two. [A.S. fcowcr;
or vegetable found imbedded in the strata of Ger. vier, Goth, fidvor, L. quatuor, Gr. let-
the earth's crust.—adj. in the condition of a tares, pisures, Sans, chatvar.]
fossil. [Fr.fossile, L. fossilis—fodio, to dig ; so Fourfold, fOr'foid, adj. folded four times : multi
called because obtained by digging.] plied four times. [Four and Fold.]
Fossillferous, fos-il-if'er-us, adj. bearing or con- Four-footed, foV-foot'ed, Oilj. having four feet.
tain'mzfossils. [L. fossilis, andjero, to bear.] Fourscore, foVskOr, adj. four times a score—So.
Fossilise, fos'il-Iz, v.t. to convert into a fossil.— Foursquare, for'skwiir. adj. having four equal
v.i. to be changed into a stony or fossilstate.— .sides and angles : square.
7i. Fossilisa'tion, a changing into a fossil. Fourteen. fOr'ten, adj. md «. four and ten.
Fossillst, fos'il-ist, «. one skilled infossils, [ing. Fourteenth, for'tenth, adj. and «. fourth or the
Fossorial, fos-fir'i-al, adj. (zool.) diggings burrow- fourth after the tenth. [A.S. feoivcrteoiha—
Foster, fos'tcr, v.t. to bring up or nurse : to en feower and teotha, tenth.]
courage.—«. Fos'terer. [A.S. fostHan, to Fourth, forth, adj. next after the third.—n. one
nourishtfostre, a nurse, fostor{=fod-stor), food. of four equal parts.—adv. Fourthly. [A.S.
See Food.] feortha.)
Foster-brother, fos'ter-bruM'er, «. a male child, Fowl, fowl, «. a bird : a bird of the barn-door or
fostered ox brought up with another of different poultry kind, a cock or hen : the flesh of fowl :—
parents. //. Fowls or FOWL—v.i. to kill fowls by shooting
Foster-child, fos'ter-child, n. a child nursed or or snaring.—«. Fowl'er, a sportsman who takes
brought up by one who is not its parent. wild-fowl. [A.S. fugcl; Ger. vogel, Ice. fugl:
Foster-parent, fos'ter-pa'rent, «. one who rears a connection with A.S. fleogan, E. fly, &c. is
child in the place of its parent. improbable.] [small-shot, used infnvling.
Fougasse, foo-gas', n. (mil.) a small mine, from Fowling-piece, fowl'ing-pes, «. a light gun for
six to twelve ieet underground. [Fr.—L. focus, Fox, foks, «. an animaF of the dog family, noted
hearth, fire.) for cunning : any one notorious for cunning.
Fought, fawt, pa t- and pa.p. of Fight. [A.S. : Ger.fucns.]
Foul, fowl, adj. filthy : loathsome : profane : im FozglOVO, foks'gluv, «. a biennial phnt wlihglove-
pure : stormy : unfair : running against : en like flowers, whose leaves are used as a soothing
tangled.—adv. Foully.—k. Foul'ness. [A.S. medicine. [A.S. foxes glofa ; cf. Norw. rev-
ful, akin to Scand.yW, Gcr.fnd, Goth,fuls; all hanskje, foxglove, from rev, a fox.]
from root /«, to stink. See Putrid.] Foxhound, foks'hownd, «. a hound used for
Foul, fowlj v.t. to makefoul: to soil.—v.i. to come chasing foxes.
into collision \—pr.i>. foul'ing ; pa.p. fouled'. Foxy, foks'i, adj. of foxes : cunning : {paint.) hav
Foul-mouthed, fowr-mowMd, adj. addicted to the ing too much of the reddish-brown or fox-colour.
use offoul or profane language. Fracas, fra-ka', n. uproar : a noisy quarrel. [Fr.
Foumart, fCo'mart, n. the polecat. [From A.S. from fracasser, to break— It. fracassare—fra,
ful, foul, and Fr. marte or martre, a marten. among, and cassare, Fr. casser, to break—L.
See Foul and Marten.] quassare, to shake.]
Found, pa.t. and pa.p. of Find. Fraction, frak'shun, n. a fragment or very small
fate, far ; ra€, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mODn ; then. 1S9
 Fractional
piece: [aritk.) any part of a unit. [Fr.—L.
fractio—frango, fractus, to break, from root
/rug, whence Gr. rhignumi, to break.J
Fractional, frak'.shun-al, adj. belonging to or con-
taining afraction or fractions.
Fractious, frak'slius, adj. ready to break out in a
passion: cross.—adv. Fractlously.—«. Frac'-
tlousness. [See Fraction.)
Fracture, frak'tflr, «. the breaking of any hard
body: a breach or part broken.—v.t. to break
through.
Fragile, fraj'il, adj., easily broken ; frail : delicate.
[L.fragilis—fromfrango, to break.]
Fragility, fra-jil'i-ti, «. the state of being fragile.
Fragment, frag'ment, n. a piece broken off: an
unfinished portion.—adj. Fragment al. [See
Fraction.] [fragments or pieces: broken.
Fragmentary, frag'ment-ar-i, adj. consisting of
Fragrance, fra'grans, n. pleasantness of smell or
perfume : sweet or grateful influence.
Fragrant, fnVgrant, adj. sweet-scented.—ativ.
Fra'grantly. [L. fragrans, fragrantis, pr.p.
of fragro, to smell.]
Frail, Ml, adj. wanting in strength or firmness:
weak.—«. Frail ness. [Fr frile; from L.
fragilis. See Fragile.]
Frailty, fralti, n. weakness: infirmity.
Frame, fram, v.t. to form : to shape : to construct
by fitting the parts to each other : to plan : to
constitute : to put a border on : [B. ) to contrive.
[A.S.fremman, to promote or make—fram, for
ward, strong, excellent; conn, with Ger. fromm,
kind, pious, Goth, fruma, first, L. primus.]
Frame, fram, «. the form : a putting together of
pans : a case made to inclose or support any
thing : the skeleton : state of miud.
Framer, friim'er, n. he who forms or constructs :
one who makes frames for pictures, &c.
Framework, fram'wurk, «. the work that forms
theframe: the skeleton or outline of anything.
Framing, fram'ing, n. the act of constructing : a
frame or setting.
Franc, frangk, «. a silver coin orig. used in
France, now also in Belgium, &c, equal to lod.
sterling.
Franchise, fran'chiz, n. aprivilege orright granted :
the right of voting for a member of Parliament
(Fr., fromfranc,francAe, free.]
Franchise, fran'chiz, v.t. to enfranchise : to give
one the franchise.
Franciscan, fran-sis'kan, adj. belonging to the
order of St Francis in the R. (J. Church.—n. a
monk of this order. [L. Franciscus, Francis.]
Frangible, fran'ji-bl, adj. easily broken.—«. Fran-
gibility. [See Fraction.]
Frank, frangk, adj. open or candid in expression.
—v.t. to send free of expense, as a letter, - adv.
Frankly (.V™ Test.) gratuitously.—/*. Frank
ness [Fr. franc—Low L. franens—0. Ger.
franko, one of the tribe called Franks, a free
man.]
Frankincense, frangkin-sens, n. a sweet-smelling
vegetable resin issuing from a tree in Arabia,
and used in sacrifices. [O. Fr. franc encens,
pure incense. See Frank and Incense.]
Franklin, frangk'lin, « an old English freeholder.
[O. Fr. frankeleyn, from root of Frank. ]
Frantic, fran'tik, adj. mad, furious : wild.—adv.
Fran'tlcally. [Fr. frenttique—l.. phreneticus
—Gr. /hrenctikos, mad, suffering from phrtnliis
or inflammation of the brain—Gr. phrin, the
heart, mind. See Frenzy.]
Fraternal, fra-ter'nal, adj. belonging to a brother
or brethren : becoming brothers-—adv. Frater'-
11*0 fate, far ; me, her : mine ;
Freemason
nally. IFr.—Low L. fratemalis—jrater, a
brother, akin to E. brotlier, Gr. phrater, a
clansman; Sans, bhratri.]
Fraternisation, fra-ter-niz-a'shun, n. the associ
ating as brethren.
Fraternise, frat'er-nlz, v.i. to associate as brothers:
to seek brotherly fellowship.—«. Frat'emiser.
Fraternity, fra-terni-ti, «. the state of being
brethren: a society formed on a principle of
brotherhood. [Fr. - -L. fraiernitas.\
Fratricide, frat'ri-sid, n. one who////j his brother ;
the murder of a brother.—^//. Fratricidal.
[Fr.—L.frater, fratris, and ctedo, to kill.]
Fraud, frawd, n. deceit : imposture : a decep
tive trick. [Fr. —L. fraus, frandis, fraud.]
Fraudful, frawd'fool, atij. deceptive : treacher
ous.—adv. Fraud fully.
Fraudless, frawd'les, adj. without fraud.
Fraudulence, frawd'u-lens, Fraudulency, frawd'-
u-leu-si, ». the being dishonest or deceitful.
Fraudulent, frawd'u-lent, adj. using, containing,
or obtained byfraud: dishonest, --adv. FraUuY-
Ulently. [O. Fr.—L.fraudulentus.]
Fraught, frawt, atij., freighted: laden: filled.
[Swed frakta, to load : allied to DuL vracht, a
cargo, Gvr.frachten, to laid.]
Fray, fra, «. an affray.—v.t. (B.) to frighten.
[Sec Affray.] [fr.tycr—L. fricare, to rub.]
Fray, fri, v.t. to wear off by rubbing. [Fr.
Freak, frek, «. a sudden caprice or fancy: sport.
[AS. free, bold, rash; Ger. frech, \cc.frekr.\
Freak, frek, v.t. to spot or streak : to variegate.
[From a root found in Ice. freknur, Dan.frcgue,
which in pi. = Freckles.]
Freakish, frekish, adj. apt to change the mind
suddenly : capricious-—-adv. Freak ishly.—«.
Freak'ishness. [Sec Freak, «.]
Freckle, frek'l, v.t. to spot: to colour with spots.
—«. a yellowish spot on the skin : any small
spot.—adj. Freck'ly. full of freckles. [Dim. of
Freak, v.t.]
Free, fre, atij. not bound : at liberty : not under
arbitrary government : set at liberty: guiltless:
frank : lavish : not attached : exempt vfol. by
from) : having a franchise (foL by of) : gratui
tous : idiomatic, as a translation.—adv. Free ly.
—«. Free'ness [A.S.freo; Ger.frci, Ice.yW.]
Free, fre, v.t. to set at liberty: to deliver from
what confines : to rid IfoL by from or oj ) '.
Pr.p.
pr.p. free'in
free'ing ; pa.p. freed',
Free-agency,
roe agency, frc'-a'jen-si, n. state or power of
actingfreeIy~t or without necessity
neo or constraint
upon the will.—«. Free'-a'gent.
Freebooter, fre'bo"ot-er, n. one who roves about
freely in search of booty : a plunderer. [See
Booty.]
Freedman, fred'man, «. a man who has beeu a
slave, and has beenfreed or set free.
Freedom, fre'dum, «. liberty: frankness: separa
tion : privileges connected with a city . improper
familiarity : license.
Free-hand, fre'-hand, adj. applied to drawing by
the unguided hand. [liberal.
Free-handed, frff'-hand'ed, adj. open-handed :
Free-hearted, fre'-hart'ed, adj. open-hearted :
liberal.
Freehold, fre'hOld, «. a property hellfree of duty
except to the king.— «. Freeholder, one who
possesses a freehold.
Freeman, fre'man, «• a man who is free or enjoys
liberty : one who holds a particular franchise or
privilege:—//. Freemen.
Freemason, fre'ma-sn, «• one of an association
orig. of masons or builders in stone who were
mote ; mute ; moon ; then.
 Freestone Fright
freed from the laws that regulated common irritation : ill-humour. {A.S.fretan, to gnaw
labourers, and now composed of persons united er-, intensive prefix, and etan, to eat.]
for social enjoyment and mutual assistance — «. Fret, fret (Jt.) pa.p. of Fret, to wear away.
Freemasonry, the institutions, practices, &c. Fret, fret, «. the worn side of the bank of a river.
of freemasons. [From Fret, to wear away.]
Freestone. frfi'ston, «. stone composed of sand or Fret, fret, vd. to ornament with raised-work : to
grit. (So called because it can befreely cut.] variegate:—/?*./, frett'ing ; Pa.p. frett'ed. [A.S.
Freethinker, frfi thingk-er, w. one who professes frattoian, Goth,fratvian, to adorn.]
to be free from common modes of thinking in ' Fret, fret, ft. (lit*) the interlacing of bars or fillets
religion : one who discards revelation.—n. Free'- | of iron : [arch. ) an ornament consisting of small
thinking, the habit of mind of a freethinker. fillets intersecting each other at right angles :
Free-trade, frfi'-trad, «., free or unrestricted ' (her.) bars crossed and interlaced.—adj. Frett'ed,
trade: free interchange of commodities. ornamented with frets. [O. Fr. jrele, a ferrule
Free-will, frfi'-wil, «.,freedom of the will from re —It. ferrata, the grating of a window—L.
straint : liberty of choice.—adj. spontaneous. ferrum, iron.]
Freeze, friz, v.i. to become ice or like a solid body. Fret( fret, «. a short wire on the finger-board of a
—v.t. to harden into ice : to cause to shiver, as guitar or other instrument.—v.t. to furnish with
with terror '.—jr.p. freez ing : pad. froze; pa p. i frets. [Prob. the same word as the above.]
frOz'en. [A.S. freosan; Dut. vriezen, Ger. Fretful, frei'fool, adj. ready to fret : peevish.—
frieren, to freeze.] adv. Fret'fully.—n. Fret fulness.
Freezing-point, freeing-point, n. the temperature Fretting, fret'ing, adj.t wearing out: vexing, —
at which water freezes, marked 32" on the Fah
renheit thermometer, and oa on the Centigrade. Fretwork, «. peevishness. [raised-work.
fret'wurk, n. work adorned with frets :
Freight, friit, «. the lading or cargo, esp. of a ship : Friable, frfa-bl, adj. apt to crumble: easily
the charge for transporting goods by water.— reduced to powder.—ns. Fri ableneas. Friabil
v.t. to load a ship.—n. Freight age, money ity. [Fr.— L. friabilis—frio, friaturn, to
paid for freight—«. Freight'er, one who crumble.]
freights a vessel. [A late form of Fraught, Friar, friar, «. a brother or member of certain
from Fr. fret—O. Ger. freht (Ger. fracht).] religious orders in the R. C. Church. [Fr. fre're,
French, frensh, adj. belonging to France or its L.frater a brother. See Brother] [friars.
people.—n. the people or language of France. Fliary, frl ar-i, n. a monastery or residence of
Frenzy, fren'zi, n. violent excitement approaching Fribble, frib'l, vd. to trifle.—«. a trifler. [Perh.
to madness : mania. —adj. Fren'zied, Fren'zlcal, from Fr.fn'vole—h.frivo/rts, trifling.]
partaking of frenzy, [Through Fr. and L,, from Fricassee, frik-as-se', «. a dish made of fowls cut
Late Gr. phrenisis = Gr. pnrenitis, inflamma into pieces and cooked in sauce. - v.t. to dress as
tion of the brain—phrin, the heart, the mind.] a fricassee :—/*"./. fricassee'ing ; pa.p. fricas
Frequency, tVc'kwcn-si, «. repeated occurrence of seed'. [Fr. fricassee - fricasser, of which the
anything. orig. is unknown; perh. from frico, fricare, to
Frequent, frfi'kwent, adj. coming or occurring rub.]
often.—adv. Frequently.—«. Fre'quentness. Friction, frik'shun, «. the act of rnbbing : {mech.)
[L. frequent, frequentist allied to the root of the resistance to a body from the surface on
Farce.] which it moves.—n.pl. Friction whcols, wheels
Frequent, fre-kwent', vd. to visit often.—n. Fre- that lessen friction. [Fr.—L. frictto—frico,
queut'er. frictum, to rub.]
Frequentation, fre-kwent-a'shun, n. the act of Friday, frT'da, n. the sixth day of the week.
visiting often. [A.S. FrigediPg—Frig, Ice. Frigg, the wife of
Frequentative, fre-kwenta-tiv, adj. {gram.) de the god Odin, and da>?, day.]
noting the frequent repetition of an action.— ». Friend, frend, «. one Moving or attached to an
{gram.) a verb expressing this repetition. other: an intimate acquaintance; a favourer:
FTeSCO, fres'kO, n. a painting executed on plaster one of a society so called. [A.S. frcottd, pr.p. of
while wet or fresh.—v.t. to paint in fresco:— frton, to love.]
pr.p. fres'coing ; Pn.p. frescoed. [It. fresco, Friendless. frcnd'Ies, adj. without friends: desti
fresh. See Fresh. J tute. —n. Friend lessness.
Fresh, fresh, adj. in a state of activity and health : Friendly, frend'li. atlj. like a friend : having the
new and strong: recently produced or obtained: disposition of a friend : favourable. —«. Friend'-
untried : having renewed vigour : healthy : not llness. [esteem : friendly assistance.
salt.—adv. Freshly.—«. Freshness. [A.S. Friendship, frend'ship, n. attachment from mutual
fersc; cog with Dut. versek, Ger. frisch, O. Frieze, frez, «. a coarse woollen cloth with a nap
GtT.frisg, from which come Fr. frais, fratche, on one side.—adj. Friezed', having a nap. (Fr.
It. fresco.] frise 1 prob. from Dut. VriesLtmi, Fnesland,
Freshen, fresh'n, v.t. to make fresh : to take the whence the cloth came.]
saltness from.—v.i. to grow fresh : to grow brisk Frieze, fre"z, n. (arch.) the part of the entabla
or strong. ture of a column between the architrave and
Freshet, frcsh'et, n. a pool or stream of fresh , cornice, often ornamented with figures. [Fr. ;
water : the sudden overflow of a river from rain | of dub. origin.]
or melted snow. [From Fresh, with dim. Frigate, frig fa, «. a quick-sailing ship-of-war of
suffix -et.] second-rate power. [ Fr. frigate—It. fregata ;
Freshman, fresh'man, n. one in the rudiments of j of dub origin.]
knowledge, esp. a university student in his first I Frigate-bird, irig'at-berd, «. a large tropical sea-
year. bird, with very long wings, prob. named from its
Fret, fret, v.t. to wear away by rubbing : to eat I rapidjiigkt.
into: to vex.—z'.i. to wear away: to vex one's I Frigatoon, frig-a-to7)n', «. a small Venetian vessel.
self: to be peevish :—pr.p. frett'ing : p't.p. I Fright, frit, n. sudden fear : terror. [ A.S. fythtu,
frett'ed. —n. agitation of the surface of a liquid : I akin to Ger. furckt^ fear.)
fiite, far : m£, her ; mine ; mOte : mute : moon : then. 191
 Fright Froth
Fright, frit. Frighten, frit'n, v.t. to make afraid : of a frog. [A.S. froga, frosc ; cog. with Ice.
to alarm. froskr; Ger.frosch, Dan-yrtF.]
Frightful, frlt'fool, adj. full of what causes fear : Frolic, frol'ik, adj. merry: pranky.—«. gaiety: a
terrible : shocking.—adv. Fright'fully. — n. wild prank: a merry-making.—v. i. to play wild
Fright'fulness. pranks or merry tricks: to gambol :—pr.p.
Frigid, frij'id, adj. frozen or stiffened with cold : frol'icking ; pa.p. frol'icked. [Dut. vrolijk,
cold : without spirit or feeling : unanimated. i merry, from a root preserved in Ger.frok, and
—adv. Frigidly.—«. Frig/idness. [L.frigidus I suffix dijk 1= E. like, ly) ; cf. GeT.frtiklick, joy
—frigeo, to be cold—frigus, cold ; akin to Gr. ! ful, gay.]
rhigos, cold. See Freeze.] Frolicsome, frol'ik-sum, adj. gay : sportive.—«.
Frigidity, frij-id'i-ti, «. coldness : coldness of Frolicsomeness.
affection : want of animation. From, from, prep.,forth: out of, as from a source :
FrigoriflO, frig-or-ifik, adj., causing coLi. [L. | away: at a distance: springing out of: by
frigus,frigoris, cold, andfacio, to cause.] reason of. [A.S. ; akin to Goth, fram, Ice.
Frill, fril, v.i. to ruffle, as a hawk its feathers, fram andfra, Dan. frcm, forth, forwards.]
when skivering—v.t. to furnish with a frill. Frond, frond, «. a leafy branch or stalk, esp. the
[O. Fr.fritter, to shiver—O. Fr.fri/leux, chilly fern. [L.. frons,frond'is, a leaf.]
— L. friguiulus, somewhat co\d—frigidus. See FronddSCOnCe, fron-des'ens, w. act ofputting forth
Frigid.] [of linen. leaves: the season for putting forth leaves. [L.
Frill, fril, «. a ruffle : a ruffled or crimped edging frondescens—frondesco, to grow leafy.]
Fringe, frinj, «., loose threads forming a border: frondiferous, fron-difer-us, adj., bearing
the extremity.—v.t. to adorn with fringe: to ducingy>v«kr. [h.frons, and fero, to bear.]
border.—a*ij. Fringe'less. [Fr. frange (cf. Front, frunt, «. theforehead: the whole face : the
Wal. frimbie, Jintbrie —L. fimbria, threads, forepart of anything : the most conspicuous part :
fibres, akin lofibra, a fibre.] boldness : impudence.—In front Of, before.—adj.
Fringy, frinj'i, adj. ornamented withfringes. of, relating to, or in the front.—v.t. to stand in
Frippery, frip'er-i, «., worn-out clothes : the place front of or opposite: lo oppose face to face. —
where old clothes are sold : useless trifles. [Fr. v.t. to stand in front or foremost : to turn the
friperic—friper, to wear; of doubtful origin.] front or face in any direction. (Fr.—L. from,
Frisk, frisk, v.i. lo gambol : to leap playfully.— froniis, the forehead ; allied to Brow.]
n. a frolic.—ft. Frisk'er. [O. Ft. frisque ; Low Frontage, frunt'aj, «. thefront part of a building.
L. friscus—root of Ger.frisc/u See Fresh.] Frontal, front'al, adj. of or belonging to thefront
Frisket, frisk'et, n. [print.) the light frame which or forehead.—«. a front-piece : something worn
holds a sheet of paper before it is laid on the on the forehead or face: (arch.) a pediment
form for impression, so called from the quickness over a door or window. [Fr.—L. frontale—■
of its motion. [Ft.frisque/te—0. Fr.frisque.] frons, a front ornament for horses.]
Frisky, frisk'i, adj. lively : jumping with gaiety : Fronted, frunt'ed, adj. formed with afront.
frolicsome.—adv. Friskily.—n. FrlBk'iness. Frontier, front'er, n. that part of a country which
Filth, frith, Firth, ferth, «. a narrow inlet of the fronts another : the boundary of a territory.—
sea, esp. at the mouth of a river. [From Ice. adj. lying on the frontier: bordering. [Fr.fron
fidrtkr; cf. Dan. and Norw. ford; conn, with tiers, from L. frons.]
fare andford, L. por/us, Gr. porthmos.\ Frontispiece, front'i-spes, n. the principal front or
Fritter, frit'er, «. a piece of meatfried: a kind of face of a building : a figure or engraving in
pancake: a fragment.—v.t. to break into frag front of a book. [Fr.—Low L. frontispicium—
ments : to waste away by degrees. [Fr.friture frons, and specio, to see ; not conn, with Piece.]
—frire, to fry—L. frigere,frictum, to fry.] Frontless, frunt'les, adj. void of shame or
Frivolity, fri-vori-ti, n. acts or habits of trifling : modesty.
levity. Frontlet, fruntlet, n. a little band worn on the
Frivolous, friVol-us. adj. trifling: slight: silly. front or forehead. [Dim. of Front.]
—ad->. Frivolously.—«.
r'olously.—«. FriVolousness.
FriVo" [L. Frost, frost, «. the state of the atmosphere in
frivolus, which orig. seems to have meant which water freezes : frozen dew, also called^
rubbed a7oay—l*.friare,fricare, to rub.] hoarfrost.—v.t. to cover with anything resent-
FrlZZ or Friz, friz, v.t. to curl: to render rough bling hoar-frost. [A_S.forst—freosan ; cf. Ger.
and tangled.—n. a curl. [Fr. friser, to curl ; frost, Goxh.frius.]
perh. from root of Frieze, the cloth, and so Frost bite, frost'-bit, «. the freezing or depression
meaning to raise the nap on cloth.] of vitality in a part of the body by exposure to
Frizzle, trizl, v.t. to form in small short curls. cold. [by frost.
[Dim. of Frizz.] Frost-bitten, frost'-bit'n, adj. bitten or affected
Fro, frO, adv., from: back or backward. [A Frost-bound, frost'-bownd, adj. bound or confined
shortened form of from; but perh. directly by frost.
derived from Ice.yr.ri, from.] Frosting, frost'mg, «. the composition, resembling
Frock, frok, m- a monk's cowl : a loose upper gar \ioax-j~rost, used to cover cake, &a
ment worn by men : a gown worn by females. Frost hail, frost'-nal, «. a nail driven into a horse
[Fr. froc, a monk's cowl—Low L. frocus—L. shoe to prevent the horse from slipping on ice.
floccus, a flock of wool ; or more prob. (acc. to Frost-work, frost'-wurk, «., work resembling
lirachct and Littrc) from Low L. hrocus—O. hoar-frost on shrubs.
Ger. hroch (Ger. rock), a coat.] Frosty, frost'i, adj. producing or containing/V-cr/:
Frocked, frokt, adj. clothed in a frock. chill in affection: frost-like-—adv. Fro8fily.—
Frog, frog, n. an ornamental fastening or tasselled «. Frost'iness.
button for afrockor c\oa\t. [From root ofFrock. ] Froth, froth, ft. the foam on liquids caused by
Frog, frog, «. an amphibious reptile, with webbed boiling, or any agitation: fig., an empty show
feet, remarkable for its rapid swimming and leap in speech: any light matter.—v.t. to cause
ing : a soft, horny substance, in the middle of a froth on.—v.t. to throw up froth. [Scand., as in
horse's foot, so called from its likeness to the leg Ice.fraud,froda, Dan.fraade, Swed. fragdci.]
l'.t' fate, far ; me", her ; mine : mote ; mute ; moDn ; Men.
 Frothy
Frothy, froth'i. adj. full of froth or foam : empty :
unMibsuntial.—^.Froth'ily.-H.Froth'inesa.
Frounco, frowns, v.i. {obs.) to frown or wrinkle
the brow.—v.t. to plait : to curl : 10 wrinkle up :
to frown.—«. a plait or curl. [Kr. froncer—L,.
frons, frontis, the brow. See Flounce, «., of
which it is an older form.]
Froward, fro'ward, adj. self-willed : perverse :
unreasonable : -opp. to Toward, —adv. Fro'-
wardly. «. Fro'wardness. [Scand. Eng. for
A.S.frotn, away, averse, and affix -ward.\
Frown, frown, v.i. to wrinkle the brow, as in
anger: to look angry.—v.t. to repel by a
frown.—«. a wrinkling or contraction of the
brow in displeasure, &c : a stern look.—adv.
Frown'ingly. [From a Fr. frogner in se re-
/ro^ner, to knit the brow : ong. unknown.]
Frowsy, frnw'si, adj. fetid : ill-scented : dingy.
Frozen, fi-oz'n, of Freeze.
Fructescence, fnik-tes'cns, n. the time for the
ripening of fruit. [Fr., from L. fructesco, to
bear fruit—fructus, fruit]
Fructiferous, fruk-tifer-us, adj., bearing fntit.
(L fruclifer—fructus, sendfero, to bcar.j
Fructification, fruk-ti-fi-ka'shun, n. act offructi
fying, or producing fruit: [bat.) all the parts
that compose the flower and fruit.
Fructify, fruk'ti-fl, v.t. to make fruitful: to
fertilise.—v.i. to bear fruit. [L. fructifico—
fructus, andfacio, to make.]
Frugal, frOo'gal, adj. economical in the use of
means: thrifty.— Fru'gally. [Fr.—L.
frugalis—frugi, temperate, fit for food—-frux,
frugis, fruit.] [thrift.
Frugality, frOT-gal'i-ti, n. prudent economy :
Frugiferous, frfiO-jifer-us, adj. , fruit-bearing.
[L. frux,frugis, fniit, andfero, to bear.]
FrugivoroUB, frtfG-jiv'o-rus, adj.,feedingonfruits
or seeds. [L. frux, frugis, and voro, to eat.]
Fruit, frOot, «. the produce of the earth, which
supplies the wants of men and animals : the
part of a plant which contains the seed : the
offspring of animals : product, consequence,
effect, advantage. [O. Fr. fruict, Fr. fruit—
L fructus, fromfruor,fructus, to enjoy.]
Fruitage, frODt'aj, n., fruit collectively : fruits.
Fruiterer, frOOt'er-er, n. one who deals infruit.
Fruitery, frOUt'er-i, m. a place for storing fruit:
fruitage.
Fruitful, frfSOt'fool, adj. producing fruit abund
antly : productive.—adv. Fruit'fully.—«.
Fruit'fulness.
Fruition, fri>i>-ish'un, enjoyment: use or pos
session of anything, esp. accompanied with
pleasure. [O. Fr. fruition, from L. fruor, to
enjoy]
Fruitless, frfiot'Ies, adj. barren : without profit :
useless.—adv Fruitlessly. - «. Fruit lessness
Frumentaceous, frOO-men-ia'shus, adj. made of
or resembling wheat or other grain. [L. fru~
mentaceus—frumentum, forfrugimentum, corn
—frux,frugis, fruit.]
Frumenty, frOo'men-ti, Furmenty, fur'men-ti, n.
food made of wheat boiled in milk. [O. Fr.
froumenti, wheat boiled—-froument—L. fru-
mentunt.)
Frush, fnish, n. the frog of a horse's foot : a
disease in that part of a horse's foot. [Ger.
frosck. See Frog, a reptile.]
Frustrate, frus'trat, v-t. to make vain or ofno
effect: to bring to nothing: to defeat. [L.
frustro, frustratus—frustra, without effect, in
vain.]
Frustrate, frus'trat (obs.) pa.p. of Frustrate.
M fate, far . m*. her . mine :
Full
Frustration, frus-tra'shun, «. disappointment :
defeat. [ L. frustratio. ]
Frustum, frus'tum, n. a piece or slice of a solid
body: the part of a cone, which remains when
the top is cut off by a plane parallel to the
base. [L. frustum, a piece, a bit.]
FrutOSCent, frOO-tesent, adj. becoming shrubby.
or like a shrub. [L. frtttsx, fruticis, a shrub. J
FrutiCOBO, frCSO'ti-kos, FrutlCOUS, frGO'ti-kus, adj.,
skrttbdike : shrubby. [L.fru/icosus—frutex.]
Fry, frl, v.t. to dress food with oil or fat in a pan
over the fire :—pr.p. frying; Pa.p. fried.—v.i,
to undergo the action of heat in a frying-pan : to
simmer.—n. a dish of anything fried. [Fr.frire
—h.frt'go; cf. Gr. pkrygp, Sans, bhrij, to fry.]
Fry, frT, n. a swarm of fishes just spawned : a
number of small things. [Fr. frai. frayer, act
of fertilising in fishes, from L. fricare, to rub ;
but cf. Goth.fraiv, Ice.frio, seed, egg.]
Fuchsia, fu'shi-a, n. a plant with long pendulous
red flowers, originally natives of S. America.
[Named after Leonard Fuchs, a German botanist
of the 16th century.]
Fudge, fuj, int. stuff: nonsense: an exclamation
of contempt [From the sound; cf. Prov. Fr.
fuche, Ger.futsch.]
Fuel, fuel, n. anything that feeds a fire : what
ever supports heat, excitement, or energy. [O.
Fr. fbuai/le—how L. foallia, fuel—Low L.
jocate~L. focus, a fireplace.]
Fugacious, ffl-gji'shus, adj. apt to flee away:
fleeting.—ns. Fuga'clousness, Fugac'ity. [L.
fugax.fugacis, from fugio; Gr. pheugd, to flee.
Sans, bhuj, to bend.]
Fugitive, fQj'i-tiv, adj. apt to flee away : uncer
tain : volatile : perishable : temporary.—«. one
who flees or has fled from his station or
country : one hard to be caught.—adv. Fug/I-
tively.—n. Fug'itiveness. [ Fr.—L.fugitivus,
from fugio, to nee.]
Fugleman, ffl'gl-man, n. (Jit.) a wing-man, a
soldier who stands before a company at drill as
an example. [Ger. fliigelmann, the leader of a
wing or hie—fliigel, a *ing.]
Fugue, fug, n. (mus.) a composition in which the
parts folloiv or pursue one another at certain
distances. [Fr.—lufuga, from L.fuga, flight.]
Fuguist, fiig'ist n. one who writes or playsfugues.
Fulcrum, ful'krum, n. (meek.) the prop or fixed
point on which a lever moves : a prop :—pi.
Ful'ora or Ful'crums. [L. fulcrum, a prop,
fromfulcio, to prop.]
Fulfil, fool-fir, v.t. to complete : to accomplish :
to carry into effect '.—pr.p. fulfilling ; pa.p.
fulfilled'.—«. Fulflll'er.
Fulfilment, fool-fil'ment, n. full performance :
completion : accomplishment
Fulgent, ful'jent, adj., shining: bright : dazzling.
—adv. Ful'gently.—n. Ful'gency. [L. fid-
gens, -entis, pr.p. offu/geo, to flash, to shine.]
Fuliginous, fu-lij'i-nus, adj. sooty : smoky. [L.
fuliginosus—fuligo, soot.]
Full, fool, adj. having all it can contain : having
no empty space' abundantly supplied or fui-
nished : abounding : containing the whole
matter: complete: perfect : strong: clear. — n,
complete measure : highest degree : the whole :
time of full-moon.—n. FulTness or Ful'ness.
[A.S. full; Goth, fulls. Ice. fullr, Ger. voll,
L. plenus, Gr. pleos. See Fill ]
Full, fool, adv. quite : to the same degree : with
the whole effect : completely.
Full, fool, v.t. {obs.) to bleach or whiten cloth.—
1 n. Full'er, a bleacher or cleanser of cloth.
mOte ; mote ; mOOn ; Men. 108
 Full Furbelow
("Through A. S. fullinn, to whiten as a fuller, an old word ; acc. to Skeat, prob. imported
from h.fullo, a fuller.] from the Irish, in which occursfonn, delight.]
Full, fool, v.t. to press or pound cloth in a mill : Funambulate, fu-nam'bu-liit, v.i. to walk or
to scour and thicken in a mill.—n. FulTer. dance on a rope.—n. Funambula'tlon. [Sp.—
[ Through Fr. fouler, to tread, to full or thicken L. funis, a rope, and ambulo, to walk. See
cloth, from h.fullo, a cloth-fuller.] Amble.}
Full-blown, fooT-blOn, etdj. blown or fully ex Funambulist, ffi-nanVbu-list, n. a rope-dancer.
panded, as a flower. Function, fungk'shun, n. the doing of a thing :
Full bottomed, fooT-bot'umd, adj. having a full duty peculiar to any office or profession : the
or large bottom, as a wig. peculiar office of any part of the body or mind :
Fuller'S-earth, fooTer*-crth, w. a soft earth or power: (math.) a quantity so connected with
clay, capable of absorbing grease, used in full another that any change in the one changes the
ing or bleaching cloth. other. [O. Yt.—V,.functio, fromfungor, func
Full-faced, fool'-fast, adj. having a full or broad tus, to perform. ]
face. Functional, fungk'shun-al, adj. pertaining to or
Full-hearted, fooT-hart'ed, adj. full of heart or Scrformed by functions :—opp. to Organic or
courage : elated. tructural.—adv. Functionally.
Full-orbed, fool'-orbd, adj. having the orb or disc Functionary, fungk'shun-ar-i, n. one who dis
fully illuminated, as the full-moon : round. charges anyfunction or duty : one who holds an
Fully, fool'li, adv. completely : entirely. office.
Fulmar, ful'mar, n. a species of petrel inhabiting Fund, fund, h. a sum of money on which some
the Shetland Isles and other northern regions, enterprise is founded or expense supported ; a
valuable for its down, feathers, and oil. [Named supply or source of money : a store laid up :
from thefoul smell of its oil. See Foumart.] supply :—pi. permanent debts due by a govern
Fulminate, fiil'min-at, v.i, to thunder or make a ment and paying interest. —v.t. to form a debt
loud noise : to issue decrees with violence.—v.t. into a stock charged with interest : to place
to cause to explode : to send forth, as a denun money in a fund. [Fr. fond, from L,. fundus,
ciation. [Lit. to hurl lightning, L. fidmitio, the bottom. See Found, to lay the bottom of.]
fulminatus—fuhHen (forfulgimen), lightning— Fundament, fund'a-ment, n. the lower part or
fulgeo, to shine. 1 scat of the body. [Fr.—L. fumiamentum,
Fulminate, fuTmin-at, «. a compound of fulminic fromfundus.]
acid with mercury, &c. Fundamental, fun-da-ment'al, adj. pertaining to
Fulmination, ful-min-a'shun, n. act of fulminat or serving for the foundation : essential : im
ing, thundering, or issuing forth : a chemical portant.— «. that which serves as a foundation
explosion : a denunciation. or groundwork : an essential.—adv. Funda-
Fulminic, ful-min'ik, adj. pertaining to an acid ment'ally.
used in preparing explosive compounds. Funeral, fu'ner-al, burial: the ceremony, &c.
Fulsome, ful'sum, adj. cloying : nauseous : offen connected with burial.—tuff, pertaining to or
sive : gross : disgustingly fawning.—adv. Ful'- used at a burial. [Low L. funcralis—L.funus.
somely.—«. FuTsomeness. [A.S. /«/, full, in funeris, a funeral procession.]
the sense of producing satiety, and then dis Funereal, fQ-ne'rc-al, adj. pertaining to or suiting
gust, and affix -some.] a funeral : dismal: mournful. [ L. funcrcus.)
Fulvous, fuTvus, Fulvid, ful'vid, adj. deep or Fungoid, fung'goid, adj. resembling a mush
dull yellow: tawny. [L. fnlz'us, deep yellow, room. [L. fungus, and Gr. eidos, appearance.]
tawny.] Fungous, fung'gus, adj. of or like fungus : soft :
Fumarole, fum'a-n"l, «. a smoke-hole in a volcano spongy: growing suddenly : ephemeral.
or sulphur-mine. [It.fumaro/a — h. funrus.] FungUS, fung'gus, «. {lit. } a. spongy plant : an order
Fumble, fum'bl, v.i. to grope about awkwardly: j of plants including mushrooms, toadstools,
to do anything awkwardly: to handle much. — i mould, &c. : proud-flesh formed on wounds ■—
v.t. to manage awkwardly.—«. Fum'bler. Fuilgi, fun'jT, or Funguses, fung'gus-ez. [L.
[From Dut.fommelen, to fumble or grabble ; cf. fungus, a mushroom—Gr. sphonggos, sponggos.
Dan. famle. Ice. falma, to grope about; all a sponge.]
come from the root of A.S. folm, the palm of Funicle, fu'ni-kl, n. a small cord or ligature: a
the hand. Cf. Palm.] fibre. [L. funiculus, dim. offunis, a cord or
Fume, fiim, smoke or vapour: any volatile rope.] [funicle.
matter : heat of mind, rage : anything unsub Funicular, fil-nik'G-lar, adj. consisting of a
stantial, vain conceit.—v.i* to smoke : to throw Funnel, fun'el, n. a tube or passage for the escape
off vapour: to be in a race. [Fr.—L. fumus, of smoke, &c. : an instrument for pourini; fluids
smoke, from root d/tfi, to blow, whence Dust.] into close vessels, as bottles, &c [Ely. dub. ;
Fumiferous, fum-ifer-us, adj. producing fumes pcrh. from W.jTvftcl, air-hole—ffwn, breath ; or
or smoke. [L. fnmifcr—Junius, and fero, to from L. in-fundibulum—fundo, to pour.] [iTy.
bear, to produce.] Funny, {un"\, adj. full of fun : droll.—adv. Funn.'-
Fumigate, fum'i-gat, v.t. to expose to smoke or FuT, fur, «. the short, fine hair of certain animals :
gas, csp. for disinfecting : to perfume. [L. their skins with the fur prepared for garments:
fumigotfitmigatus—fumus, and -ig — -ag, the a fur-like coating on the tongue, the interior of
base of ago, lo drive. } boilers, &c.—v.t. to line with fur : to cover with
Fumigation, fum-i-ga'shun, w. act of fumigating morbid fur-like matter :—f*r.p funding ; Pa.p.
or of applying purifying smoke, &c. to. furred'. [O. Fr. fentrre, Fr. fourrean (cf.
Fumitory, fum'i-to-ri, n. a plant of a disagreeable Sp. forro, It. foderoy lining1—Teut, root found
smell. [O. Fr. fnme-terre, earth-smoke—L. in Goth.yWr, Ger. fntter, a case or sheath.]
fuHius, smoke, and terra, earth.] FurbelOW, furTw-l"", «. [lit.,*, plait or flounce: the
Fumoua, fum'us, Fumy, fum'i, adj. producing fringed border of a gown or petticoat. [Fr., It.,
fumes. and Sp.falbala ; of unknown origin. The word
Fum, fun, n. merriment : sport. [Ety. dub. ; not simulates an English form—fur-below.)
1M fate, far ; me", her : mine : mate ; mule ; mo"On ; then.
 Furbish
Furbish, fur'bish, v.t. to purify or polish : to rub
up until bright. [Fr. fourbir—O. Ger. /urban,
to purify.]
Furcate, furlcSt, <uij. forked: branching like the
prongs of a fork. (L. , fromfurca, a fork.]
Furcation, fur-ki'shun, «. aforking or branching
out.
Furfuraceous, fur-fii-ra'shus, adj. , branny : scaly :
scurfy. [L.fnr/uracelis—furfur, bran.]
Furious, fQ'ri-us, adj. full of fury : mad : violent.
—adv. Furiously.—«. Fu rlousness. [ Fr.
furieux — L. furiosus —furia, rage. See
Fury.]
Furl, furl, v.t. to draw or roll up, as a sail. [Contr.
of obs. furdle, from Fardel, «.]
Furlong, fur'long, «. 40 poles : one (th of a mile.
[A.S.furiattg, lit. the 'length ofa furrow'—-furh,
furrow lang, long.]
Furlough, fur'lu, «., leave of absence. —v.t. to
grant leave of absence. [From Dut verlof,
where ver = E. for-, intensive, and lof fc.
leave; cog. Ger. verlaub—root of erlauben, to
give leave to.]
Furmenty. See Frumenty.
Furnace, fur/n;Is, n. an oven or inclosed fireplace
for melting ores and other purposes : a time or
place of grievous affliction or torment. [Fr.
fournaise—lu.fornax—furnus, an oven.]
Furnish, fur'nish, r.t. to fit up or supply com
pletely, or with what is necessary : to equip.—
«. Furnisher. [Yr.foumir—O. Ger. frumjan,
to do, to perfect.]
Furniture, fur'ni-tflr, n. movables either for use
or ornament, with which a house is equipped:
equipage : decorations. [Fr fonrttiture.]
Furrier, iur'i-er, //. a dealer infurs and fur-goods.
Furriery, lurt-er-i, n.tfurs in general: trade in
furs.
Furrow, fur'fl, «. the trench made by a plough:
any trench or groove: a wrinkle on the face. —
v.t. to form furrows in : to groove : to wrinkle.
[A.S. furh; cog. with Ger. jun ite ; and cf. L.
Porca, a sow, a ridge-]
Furry, fur7!, adj. consisting of, covered with, or
dre-sed infur.
Further, furMcr, adv. to a greater distance or
decree : in addition. —adj. more distant : addi
tional. [A.S, furthur, cither a comp. offurth
[— forth), or more prob. offore, with comp. suffix
-tlwr or -tliur, which corresponds to Goth, -thar
= Gr. -ter (in proteros, — Sans. -tarn. Cf.
After.]
Further, fur'Mcr, v.t. to help forward, promote.
[A.S. fyrtkran.)
Furtherance, fur7//cr-ans, n. a helping forward.
Furthermore, furVZ/er-mOr, adv. in addition to
what has been said, moreover, besides.
Furthermost, fur '///cr-mijst, adj., most further:
most remote.
Furthest, fur7/lest, adv. at the greatest distance.
—adj. most distant. [A superl. either offurth
(t= forth), or moru prob. ofJore. See Further.]
Furtive, fiir'tiv, adj. stealthy : secret.—a<iv.
Fur tively. [Vr.—L.furtivrts—fnr, a thief.]
Fury, ffl'ri, «. , rage : violent passion : madness :
{tuyth.) one of the three goddesses of ven
geance : hence, a passionate, violent woman.
[Fr. furie—L. furia—furo, to be angry.]
Furze, furz, n. the whin or gorse, a prickly ever
green bush with beautiful yellow flowers, so
called from the likeness of its spines to those of
the ./Fr-trce. [A.S. fyrs ; cog. with Gael preas,
a brier.]
Furzy, furz'i, adj. overgrown withfurze.
fiite, far ; me", her ; mine ;
*7
FUSCOUS, fusTcus, adj. brown : dingy. [L.fuscus,
akin tofurvus {forfus-vus}.]
Fuse, fuz, v.t. to melt: to liquefy by heat.—v.t.
to be melted : to be reduced to a liquid. [L.
fundo,fusutn, to melt.]
Fuse, fiiz, n. a tube filled with combustible matter
for firing mines, discharging shells, &c [A
corr. of Fusil.]
Fusee, fu-zC, «. a match or cigar light : a fuse : a
fusil.
Fusee, fu-ze', tt. the spindle in a watch or clock on
which the chain is wound. \Yx.fusie, a spindle-
ful, from L.fusus, a spindle.]
Fusel-Oil, fu'zel-oil, «. a nauseous oil in spirits
distilled from potatoes, barley, &c [Gcr. jusel,
bad spirits.] [—«. Fusibil ity.
Fusible, fQz'i-bl, adj. that may befused or melted.
Fusil, fuYil, n. a light musket or firelock. [Fr.
fusil, a flint, musket, same as It. focile—Low L,
focile, steel \\o strike fire with), dim. offocus, a
fireplace.]
Fusllade, foYil-.l. :, «. a simultaneous discharge of
jSrrarms. —v.t. to shoot down by a simul
taneous discharge of firearms. [Tr.—fusil, a
musket.]
Fusilier, Fuslleer, fu-zil-cV, n. (prig.) a soldier
armed with a fusil, but now armed like other
infantry.
Fuslng-point, fQz'ing-point, tt. the temperature at
which any solid substance is fused—that is,
becomes liquid.
Fusion, fu'zhun, m. act of melting : the state of
fluidity from heat : a close union of things, as if
melted together.
FUSS, fus, tt. a bustle or tumult : haste, flurry.—
adj. TUBS'j.—adv. Fuss'ily. [A.S. fus, ready,
prompt to find —fundian, to strive after—ftutan,
to find.]
Fustet, fus'tet, n. the wood of the Venice sumach :
a dyestuflT. [Fr. fustet. dim. of O. Fr. fust—L.
fustis, a stick, in Low L. a tree.]
Fustian, ftist'yan, tt a kind of coarse, twilled
cotton cloth : a pompous and unnatural style of
writing or speaking : bombast.—adj. made of
fustian : bombastic. [O. Fr. fustaitte, Fr.
futaine— lt_ fustagno—Low L. fustaneum,
from Fostat (a suburb of Cairo) in Egypt, where
first made.]
Fustic, fus'tik, n. the wood of a W. Indian tree,
used as a dyestuff. [Vr.fustoc—L.fttstis.]^
Fustigatlon, fus-ti gii'shuii, «. a beating with a
stick. [L. fustigo, fustigatus, to beat with a
stick—fustts, a stick.]
Fusty, fiist'i, adj. (lit.) smelling of the ivood of
the cask, as wine : ill-smelling.—n. Fust iness.
[O. Fr.fust, wood ot a cask— L.fustis.]
Futile, fu'til, adj. useless; unavailing : trifling.—
adv. Fu'tilely. [Fr.—L. futilis—fud, root of
fundo, to pour.]
Futility, fu-til'i-ti, «. uselessness.
FuttOCKS, fut'uks, n.pl. a curved timber forming
part of one of the ribs of a ship. [Pern, cor
rupted fromfoot-hooks.}
Future, fflt'ur, adj., about to be: that is to come :
[gram.) expressing what will be.—tt. time to
come. [L futurus, fut. p. of esse, to l>c.]
Futurity, fOt-QKi-ti, n. time to come: an event or
state of being yet to come.
Fuzz, fuz, v.t. to fly off in minute particles with a
fizzing sound like water from hot iron-—tt. fine
light particles, as dust.—n. Fuzz ball, a kind of
fungus, whose head is full of a fine dust. [Akin
to FIZZ ; Ger. pfnschen, to fizz.]
Fy, ft, int. Same as Fie.
mOte ; mine ; mSOn ; Men. l»f>
 Gabardine Gallery
gavn\, gain. The word is quite independent of
G Fr. gagner, with which it has been confused.]
Gainer, gan'er, ft. one who gains profit, &c.
Gabardine, Gaberdine, gab-ar-de"n' or gab'ar-din, Gainful, gan'fool, adj. productive of wealth : ad
n. a coarse frock or loose upper garment : a vantageous. — adv. Gain'fully.—«. Gain'ful-
mean dress. [Sp. gabardina—Sp. gabau, a ness. [or acquired by labour or enterprise.
kind of greatcoat, of which ety. dub.] Gainings, gan'uigz, ft.pl. what have been gained
Gabble, gab'l, v.i. to talk inarticulately: to Gainless, gan'les, adj. unprofitable. —«. Gain'-
chatter: to cackle like geese.—ns. Gabbler, lessness.
Gabbling. [Prob. from Ice. gabba ; cf. Fr. Gainsay, gun's;! orgiin-sa', v.t. to say something
gaber, DuL gabbercn, to joke, and many other against: to deny: to dispute.—«. Gainsayer
forms, which are all imitative.] (B. ), an opposer. [A. S. gegn, against, and Say.]
Gabion, gii'bi-un, tt. {fort.) a bottomless basket of Gairish. See Garish. \gata, a way.]
wicker-work filled with earth, used for shelter Gait, gat, «., way or manner of walking. [Ice.
from the enemy's fire. [ Fr. — 1 1. gabbione, a large Gaiter, gat'er, n. a covering of cloth fitting down
cage—gabbia—L. cavea, a hollow place—cavus, upon the shoe- [Fr. guttre, gueslre.]
hollow.] [thrown up as a defence. Gala, gfi'la, n.,show: splendour: festivity, as a
Gabionnade, ga-bi-un-ad", n. a line of gabions gala-day. [Fr. gala, show—It. gala, finery :
Gable, ga'bl, n. [arch.) the triangular part of from a Teut. root found in A.S. gal, merry.]
an exterior wall of a building between the top Galaxy, gal'ak-si, n. thi Milhy-W'ny, or the
of the side-walls and the slopes of the roof. luminous band of stars stretching across the
[Perh. of Celt, origin, as in Ir. gabhal, a fork or heavens : any splendid assemblage. [Through
gable ; cf. Ger. giebel, a gable, gabel, a fork.] Fr. and L., from Gr. gala.vias—gala, galaktos,
Gablet, gil'blct, n. a smallgable or canopy. akin to L. lac, lactis, milk.]
Gaby, ga'bi, ft. a simpleton. [From a Scand. root Galbanum, gal'ban-um, Galban, gal'ban, n. a
seen in Ice. gapi—gafia, to gape. See Gape.] resinous juice obtained from an Eastern plant,
Gad, gad, tt. a wedge of steel : a graver : a rod used in med. and in the arts, and by the Jews in
or stick. [Prob. from Scand. gaddr, a goad, the preparation of the sacred incense. [L.—Gr.
and cog. with A.S. gad, a goad.] chalbane—Heb. c/telbetiah, from cheleb. fat.]
Gad, gad, v.i. to rove about restlessly, like cattle Gale, gal, ft. a strong wind between a stiff" breeze
stung by the gadfly:—Pr.p. gadd'ing ; pa.p. and a storm. [Prob. from Scand., as in Dan.
gadded. gal, mad, Norw. galen, raging.]
Gadfly, gad'fll, ft. a fly which pierces the skin of Gale, gfil, ft. the wild myrtle, a shrub found in
cattle in order to deposit its eggs. [From Gad, bogs. [Prov. E.—A.S. gageI; Scot, gaul, Dut.
tt. and Fly.]
Gaelic, ga'lik, adj. pertaining to the Gaels or Galeated, giile-at-ed, adj., kelmeted : having a
Scottish Highlanders.—n. the northern or Ga- flower like a helmet, as the monk's-hood. [L.
dJtelic branch of the Celtic family of languages, galeatus~galea, a helmet.]
embracing the Irish, the Highland-Scottish, and Galena, ga-le'na, ft. native sulphuret of lead. [L.
the Manx: (more commonly,! the Highland-Scot galena, lead-ore—Gr. galene, calmness : so called
tish dialect. [Prob. originally a Celtic word, of from its supposed efficacy in allaying disease.]
which the Latinised form is Callus. The O. Gallot, Galliot, gal'i-ut, n. a smallgalley or brig-
Ger. word walk or ivalah (E. Welsh), applied antine : a Dutch vessel carrying a mainmast, a
by the Teutons to their neighbours, is not louud mizzen-mast, and a large gaff-mainsail. [Fr.,
till the 8th cent., and is merely a form of L. Gal- dim. ofgalie, a galley.]
lus, a Gaul, a stranger or foreigner. See Welsh. ] Gall, gawl, n. the grccnish-.jW/!7w fluid secreted
Gaff, gaf, n. a boat-hook or fishing-spear : a kind from the liver, called bile : bitterness : malig
of boom or yard. [Fr. gaffe, from a Celt, root nity. [A.S. gealla, gall ; allied to Ger. galU,
found in Irish gaf, a hook—root gabh, to take ; Gr. cltole, L. ffl—all from the same root as E.
allied to L. capio, E. Have.] yelloxv, Ger. gclb, L. helvtts.]
Gaffer, gaf*er, «. [orig.) a word of respect applied Gall, gawl, v.t. to fret or hurt the skin by rubbing :
to an old man, now expressive of familiarity or to annoy: to enrage.—«. a wound caused by
contempt. [Contr. ofgratttfer. the West of Eng rubbing. [O. Fr. ga/let a fretting of the skin—
land form of Grandfather. See Gammer.] L. callus, hard thick skin.]
Gag. £ag» v.t. to forcibly stop the mouth : to Gall, gawl, Gall-nut, gawl'-nut, n. a light nut-like
silence y—pr.p. gagg'ing ; pa.p. gagged'.—w. ball which certain insects produce on the oak-
something thrust into the mouth or put over it tree, used in dyeing. [Fr. galle—L. galla, oak-
to enforce silence. [Ety. dub. ; prob imitative.] apple, gall-nut.]
Gage, gaj, n. a pledge : security for the fulfilment Gallant, gal'ant, adj. {orig.) gay, splendid, mag
of a promise : something thrown down as a nificent (B.) : brave: noble.—adv. Gall'antly,
challenge, as a glove.—v.i. to bind by pledge —n. Gall'antness. [Fr.galant; It. galante—
or security. [Fr. gage—gager, to wager—Low gala. See Gala. J
L, vadium, which is cither from L. vas, vadis, Gallant, gal-ant', adj. courteous or attentive to
a pledge, or from a Teut. root found in Goth. ladies : like a gallant or brave man.—ft. a man
vadi, A.S. wed, a pledge, Ger. tvette, a bet ; of fashion : a suitor : a seducer.—v.t. to attend
the two roots, however, are cog. See Bet.] or wait on, as a lady.
Gage, giij, v.t. to measure. Same as Gauge. Gallantry, gal'ant-ri, ft. bravery : intrepidity :
Gaiety, gae-ti, «. merriment : finery : show. attention or devotion to ladies, often in a bad
Gaily, ga-li, adv. in a gay manner. See Gay. sense.
3ain, gan, v.t. to obtain by effort : to earn : to be Galleon, gal'i-un, n. a large Spanish vessel with
successful in: to draw to one's own party : to lofty stem and st«rn. [Sp. galeon—Low L.
reach : {Nciu Test.) to escape.—ft. that which is galea; cf. Galley.]
gained: profit: -opp. to Loss. [M.E. gainen, Gallery, gal'er-i, tt. a balcony surrounded by
to profit, from the Scand., in Ice. gagn, Dan. rails : a long passage : the upper floor of seats in
190 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moOn ; then.
 Galley Ganoid
a church or theatre : a room for the exhibition of Gamble, gam'bl, v.i. to play for money in games
works of art: (fort.) a covered passage cut , of chance.—v.t. to squander away.—«. Gam'-
through the earth or masonry. [Fr. galerie— bler.
It. galleria—Low L. galeria, an ornamental Gamboge, gam-bOoj' or gam-boj', «. a yellow
hall : perhaps from Gala.] gum-resin used as a pigment and in medicine.
Galley, gal'i, «. a long, low-built ship with one [So named from Cambodia, in Asia, where it is
deck, propelled bv oars : [on boardship) the place obtained.]
where the cooking is done : a kind of boat at Gambol, gam'bol, v.u to leap or skip : to frisk or
tached to a ship-of-war : {print.) the frame dance in sport. —pr.p. gam'boling ; P&-P- gam'-
which receives the type from the composing- boled.—n. a skipping : playfulness. [Fr. gam
stick. [O. Fr. galte—how L. galea; origin bade, a gambol, from gambe, old form of Fr.
unknown.] jamoe, the leg—Low L. gamba, a thigh.]
Galley-slave, gal'i-slav, «. une condemned for Game, gam, n., sport of any kind : an exercise for
crime to work like a slave at the oar of a galley. amusement : the stake in a game : wild animals
Galliard, gal'yard, n. a lively dance. [From the protected by law and hunted by sportsmen.
Sp. gailardo, lively, gay.] [A.S. gatnen, play; cog. with Ice. gaman, Dan.
Gallic, gal ik, adj. pertaining to Gaul or France. gammen, O- Ger. gaman, mirth, joy.]
[L. Gallicus—Gallia, Gaul.] Game, gam, v.i. to play at any game : to play for
Gallic Aoid, gal'ik as'id, «. a crystalline substance money, to gamble.—«. Gaming, the practice of
obtained from gall-nuts, mango seeds, &c playing for money.
Gallicism, gal'i-sizm, n. a mode of speech peculiar Gamecock, gam'kok. n. a cock trained to fight.
to the French: a French idiom. Gamekeeper, gamlccp-er, «. one who keeps or
Galligaskins, gal-i-gasTiinz, n.pl. large, open hose has the care of game.
or trousers : leggings worn by sportsmen. [Prob. Game-laws, gam-lawz, «.//. laws relating to the
a corr. of Fr. Greguesques, Grecians.] protection o?certain animals called game.
Gallinaceous, gal-in-a'shus, adj. pertaining to the Gamesome, gam'sum, adj. playful.
order of birds to which the domestic fowl, phea Gamester, gam'ster, «. one viciously addicted to
sant, &c. belong. [L. gallina, a hen—gallits, a g'iming or playing for money : a gambler.
cock.] Gammer, gam'er, w. an old woman—the correla
Galliot. SeeGaliot. tive of Gaffer. [Contr. of grammer, the West
Gallipot, gal'i-pot, n. a small glazed pot for con of England form of Grandmother. See Gaffer. ]
taining medicine. [Corr. of O. Dut. gleypott a Gammon, gam'un. ». the leg or thigh of a hog
glazecfpot—Dut. gleis, glazed.] pickled and smoked or dried.—v.t. to cure, as
Gallon, gal'un, n. the standard measure of capacity bacon '.—pr.p. gamm'oning ; pa.p. gamm'oned.
= 4 quarts. [O. Fr. gallon (Fr.jalc), a bowl.] [O. Fr. gatnbon, old form ofjambon, a ham.]
Galloon, ga-lOon', n. a kind of lace : a narrow Gammon, gam'un, n. a hoax: nonsense.—v.t* to
ribbon made of silk or worsted, or of both. [Sp. hoax, impose upon. [AS. gamcn, a game. See
galon—gala, finery.] Game.]
Gallop, gal'up, v.i. to leap in running : to ride at Gamut, gam'ut, n. the musical scale : the scale or
a galloping pace.—«. the pace at which a horse compass of wind instruments. [So called from
runs when the forefeet are lifted together and the the Gr. gamma, which stood first in the scale
hindfeet together : a quick dance {in this sense invented by Guy of Arezzo, and thus gave its
pron. gal-op'). [Fr. galopert from a Teut. root name to the whole scale ; and L. ut, the syllable
found in Goth, gahlaupan, Ger. Liufen, A.S. used in singing the first note of the scale.]
gehleaptiu, to leap.] Gander, ganger, «. the male of the goose. [A.S.
Gallopade, gal-up-fid', n. a quick kind of dance— gandra, from older form ganra, with inserted d.
then, the music appropriate to it.—v.i. to perform Gang, See Goose.]
a gallopade. [Fr.] gang, «. a number of persons going together
Galloway, gal'o-wa, «. a small strong horse orig. or associated for a certain purpose, usually in a
from Galloivay in Scotland. bad sense. [A.S.—gangan, to go.]
Gallows, gal'iis, «. an instrument on which crimi Gangboard, gangliord, «. a board or plank on
nals are executed by hanging. [AS. galga; which passengers may go or walk into or out of
Ger. galgen.} a ship.
Galoche, Galosh, ga-losh , «. a shoe or slipper Gangliac, gang'gli-ak, Ganglionic, gang-gli-on'ikf
worn over another in wet weather. [Fr. galoche, Ganglion,adj. pertaining to a ganglion.
of which ety. dub. ; either from L. gallica, a of a tendon: gang^gli-on, «. a tumour in the sheath
slipper, from Gallicus, pertaining to Gaul, or nerve :-/>/. Gang/lia an enlargement in the course of a
from L. calopedia, a wooden shoe—Gr. kalo- Gangrene, or Ganglions. [Gr.]
podion, dim. of kalopous, k.ilapous, a shoe gang'gren, n. loss of vitality in some
maker's last —kdlon, wood, andpotts, the foot.] part of the body : the first stage in mortification.
Galvanic, gal-van'ik, adj. belonging to or exhibit- —v.t. to mortify.—v.i. to become putrid. [Fr.
—L. gaugrarntt—Gr. ganggraina, from graind,
•"g galvanism. to gnaw.]
Galvanise, gal'van-T*, v.t. to affect with galvan Gangrenous, gang'gren-us, adj. mortified.
ism—n. Gal'vanlBt, one skilled in galvanism.
Galvanism, gal'van-izm, «. a branch of the science Gangway, gangVa, «. a passage or way by which
of electricity, which treats of electric currents to go into or out of any place, esp. a ship : (naut. )
a narrow platform of planks along the upper
produced by chemical agents. [From Galvani part of a ship's side. [A.S gang, and Way.]
of Bologna, the discoverer, I737-9&1
Galvanometer, gal-van-om'et-er, n. an instrument northerngan'ct,
Gannet, n. a web-footed fowl found in the
seas. [AS. ganot, a sea-fowl, from
for measuring the strength of galvanic currents.
[Galvani, and Gr. metron, a measure.] root ofgan'oid,
Gander.]«. one of an order of fishes hav
Gambado, gam-ba'dO, n. a leather covering for the Ganoid, ing shining scales, enamelled and angular, as the
legs to defend them from mud in riding. [It. sturgeon. [Gr. ganos, splendour, eidos, form.)
gamba, the leg.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mTne ; mote ; mute : mOon : then. U>7
 G-antlet
Gantlet, «. a glove. Same as Gauntlet
Gantlet, gant'lct( Gantlope, gant'lop, «. a pun
ishment consisting in driving a criminal through
a lane formed by two files of men, who each
strike him as he passes—said to have been in
troduced by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.
[Sw. gatlopp—gata (E. gate), a street, a line of
soldiers, fopfi (E. leap), course.]
Gaol, Jail, jal, «. a prison—«. Gaol'er, Jail'er,
one who has charge of a gaol or of prisoners,
called also a turnkey. [O. Fr. saiole, Fr. gedle
—Low L. gabiola, a cage, dim. of Low L.
gabia, a cage, which is a corr. of cavea, a
cage, coop, lit. a hollow place—L. cavus, hollow.
See Cage.]
Gap, gap, n. an opening made by rupture or part
ing : a cleft : a passage. [From Gape.]
Gape, gap, v.i. to open the mouth wide : to yawn :
to stare with open mouth : to be open, like a
gap.—«. act of gaping : width of the mouth
when opened. [A.S. geapan, to gape ; Ice.
gapa, to open.]
Gaper, giip'er, «. one who gapes.
Gap-toothed, gap'-tCOtht, aiij. having gaps or in
terstices between the teeth.
Gar, gar, Garfish, gaVfish, n. a long, slender
hsh with a pointed head. [A.S. gar, a dart.]
Garb, garb, n. fashion of dress : external appear
ance. [O. Fr., from O. Ger. garawi, prepara
tion, dress, O. Ger. garo, ready ; cf. A.S. gearu,
ready, E. Yare.j
Garbage, gaKbTij, «. refuse, as the bowels of an
animal. [Prob. from Garble.]
Garble, gar^bl, v.t. to select out of a book or
writing what may serve our own purpose, in a
bad sense : to mutilate or corrupt.—«. Gar/hler,
one who garbles or selects. [O. Fr.—Sp. gar-
billar, to sift—garbillo, a sieve ; of dub. origin.]
Garden, gat-Mii, «. a piece of ground on which
flowers, &c. are cultivated.—v.i. to work in a
garden : to practise gardening. [O. Fr. gardin,
Fr. jardin, from root of Ger. garten, A.S.
geard, E. yard, Goth, gards.]
Gardening, gar'dn-ing, «. the art of laying out
and cultivating gardens.—n. Gar'dener, one
who cultivates or has charge of a garden.
Gargle, gar^gl, v.t. to make a liquid gurgle or
bubble in the throat without swallowing it : to
wash the throat, preventing the liquid from
going down by expelling air against it.—n. a
preparation for washing the throat [Fr. gar-
gouiller—gargouille^ the wcasand or throat.
.See Gargoyle. ]
Gargoyle, gar-goil, «. a projecting spout, convey
ing the water from the roof-gutters of buildings,
often representing human or other figures, f Fr.
gargouille, the throat, mouth of a spout, dim.
from root garg or t;org in Gorge.]
Garish, gir'ish, adj. showy: gaudy. —adv. Gar/-
lshly.-«. Gar'ishness. [O. E. gare. to stare ;
a form of M. E. gasen, whence Gaze, which see. ]
Garland, garland, n. a wreath of flowers or
leaves : a name for a book of extracts in prose
or poetry.—v.t. to deck with a garland. [O.
Fr. garlande; origin doubtful.]
Garlic, gar'lik, «. a bulbous-rooted plant having a
SLingem taste, u^ed as seasoning.—adj. Gat"'-
Cky, like garlic. [' Spear-leek ' or 'spear-
plant,' from the shape of its leaves, from A.S.
garieac—gar, a spear, and leac, a leek, plant.]
Garment, gar'mcnt. «. any article of clothing, as
a coat or gown. [O. Fr. gamiment—gamir, to
furnish.]
Garner, gilr'ner, n. a granary or place where
iaa fate, far ; ine, her ; mine ;
Gasify
grain is stored up.—v.t. to store as in a garner.
(O. Fr. gemier (Fr. grenier)—L. granaria% a
granary—granutu, a grain. See Granary.]
Gamet, gaVnet, «. a precious stone resembling
the grains or seeds of the pomegranate : [naut. )
a sort of tackle fixed to the mainstay in ships.
[Fr. grettat—L. [pomum) granatum, grained
(apple), the pomegranate—grauum, a grain.]
Garnish, garnish, v.t. to furnish : to adorn : to
surround with ornaments, as a dish. [Fr. gar-
nir, to furnish, old form guamir, wamir, to
warn, defend—from
•wamian, a Teut.
Ger. warnrn. root found in A.S.
E. warn.]
Garnish, garnish, Garnishment, ga/nish-ment,
it, that which garnishes or embellishes : orna
ment.
Garnishor, gar'nish-er, n. one who garnishes.
Garniture, gar'nit-ur, «.,furniture : ornament.
Garret, gar'et, >» a room next the roof of a
house. [O. Fr. garite, a place of safety—O.
Fr. garir, Fr. guirir, from a Teut. root lound
in Ger. ivckren, Goth, varjan, A.S. warian, to
defend, E. wary, warn] [a poor author.
Garreteer, gar-ct-eV, ». one who lives in a garret :
Garrison, gar'i-sn, n. a supply of soldiers for guard
ing a fortress : a fortified place.—v.t. to furnish
a fortress with troops : to defend by fortresses
manned with troops. [Fr. garnison—garnir, to
furnish. See Garnish]
Garrotte, gar-rot', Garrote, gar-rOt', ». a Spanish
mode of strangling criminals with a cord placed
over the neck and twisted tight by a stick: the
brass collar afterwards used in strangling.—v.t.
to strangle by a brass collar tightened by a
screw, whose point enters the spinal marrow :
to suddenly render insensible by semi-strangula
tion, and then to rob:—pr.p. garrott'ing, garr5t/-
ing ; pa.p. garrott ed, garrSred. [Sp. garrvte,
a cudgel, a packing-stick ; of uncertain origin.]
Garrotter, gar-rot'er, GaiToter, gar-rOt'cr, «. one
who garrottes.
Garrulity, gar-ari-ti, Garrulousness. gar'Q-lus-
nes, n, talkativeness : loquacity.
Garrulous, gar'Q-ius, adj. talkative. [L. garru-
lus—root of garrio, to chatter.]
Garter, gar'ter, n. a string or band used to tie the
stocking to the leg: the badge of the highest
order of knighthood in Great Britain, called the
Order of the Garter.—v.t. to bind with a garter.
[Norm. Fr. gartier, Fr. jarretiires—jarret, the
ham of the leg, from Bret, gar (W. gar)t the
shank of the leg.]
Gas, gas, n. fluid in the form of air: any kind of
air, esp. that obtained from coal, used in lighting
houses.— Gas 63. [A word invented by Van
Helmont, a chemist of Flanders, 1577—1644 ; the
form of the word was prob. suggested by Flem,
geest, Ger. geist, spirit.J
Gasalier, gas-a-leV, n. a hanging frame with
branches for gas-jets.
Gasconade, gas-kon-ad'. «. a boasting or bragg
ing like a Gascon: bravado. —v.i. to brag or
boast.—ns. Gasconading, Gasconad'er. {Gas
con, a native of Gascony in France—a province
who«e inhabitants are noted for boasting.]
Gaseous, giiz'e-us, adj. in the form ofgas or air.
Gas-fitter, gas'-fit'er, «. one who fits up the pipes
and brackets for ^j-lightmg.
Gash, gash, v.t. to make a deep hack or cut into
anything, esp. into flesh —n. a deep, open
wound. [Ety. dub.]
Gasify, gas'i-fT, v.t. to convert iuto gas :—-pf.p.
gas ifying ; pa.p. gas'ified. — «. Gasifica tion.
[Gas, and h. facto, to make.]
mote ; mute ; mOOn ; then.
 Gasometer Gemmule
Gasometer, gaz-om'ct-er, n. an instrument for ; Gayety, ga e-ti, «. Same as Gaiety-
measuringgas i a place for holding gas. [Gas, Gaze, gaz, v.i. lo look fixedly.—n. a fixed look : a
and Gr. metron, a measure.] look of prolonged attention : the object gazed
Gasp, gasp, v.i. to gape in order to catch breath : at. [From a Scand. root preserved in Swed.
to breathe laboriously or convulsively.—«. the gasa, to stare ; akin to the Goth* base gats.
act of opening the mouth to catch the breath : Sec Aghast and Ghastly.]
a painful catching of the breath. [Ice. geispa, Gazelle, Gazel, ga-zel', «. a small species of ante
to yawn ; thus gaspa stands for gafisa, an ex lope with beautiful dark eyes, found in Arabia
tension of Ice. gapa, to gape ; hence Gasp is and N. Africa- [B*r.—Ar. ghazal, a wild goat.]
etymologically a freq. of Gap©.] Gazette, ga-zet', «. a newspaper : the official
Gastric, gas'trik, adj. belonging to the belly or newspaper.—v.t. to publish in a gazette :—pr.p.
stomach. [Gr. gastir, the belly.] gazett'ing; pa.p. gazetted. [Fr.—It. gazzetta,
Gastronomy, gas-tron'oni-i, «. the art or science a Venetian coin worth about ^d., the sum charged
of good eating. [Gr. paster, and nomos, a rule.] for a reading of the first Venetian newspaper, a
Gat, gat (B.)pa.t. of Get. written sheet which appeared about the middle of
Gate, gat, «. a passage into a city, inclosure, or the 16th century during the war with Soliman II.;
any large building : a frame in the entrance into or from It. gazzetta, in the sense of a magpie =
any inclosure: an entrance. [A.S. gcat, a way, a chatterer.]
a gate ; cog. forms exist in all the Teut, Gazetteer, gaz-et-eV, ft. {orig.) a writer for a
languages. ] gazette ; a geographical dictionary.
Gated, gated, adj. furnished with gates. Gazing-stock, gaz'ing-stok, n. something stuck up
Gateway, gat'wa, «. the way through a gate : a to be gazed at: a person exposed to public view
gate itself as an object of curiosity or contempt.
Gather, gaM'er, v.i. to collect: to acquire: to Gear, ger, n. dress : harness : tackle : (meek.)
plait : to learn by inference. —v.i. to assemble or connection by means of toothed wheels.—v.t. to
muster: to increase: to suppurate. —«. a plait put in gear, as machinery. [A.S. gearwe, pre
or fold in cloth, made by drawing the thread paration—gearu, ready. Tare is a doublet:
through. [A.S- gaderiatt—A.S. gaed, com? also Garb.] [toothed wheels and pinions.
pany.] [gleaner. Gearing, ger'ing, «. harness: {meek.) a train of
Gatherer, ga//i'er-er, n. one who collects : a Geese, plural of Goose.
Gathering, ga/Zt'er-ing, «. a crowd or assembly : Gehenna, ge-hen'a, n. Hit.) the valley ofHinnom.
a tumour or collection of matter near Jerusalem, in which the Israelites sacrificed
Gaucno, ga-o'cho, «. a native ol the La Plata their children to Moloch, and to which, at a
pampas of Spanish descent, noted for their later time, the refuse of the city was conveyed to
marvellous horsemanship. be slowly burnt—hence (New Test.) hell. [L.
Gaudy, gawd'i, adj. showy : gay.—adv. Gaud'ily. ■— Heb. Ge, valley of, and I-fittnom.}
—n. Gaud'iness, showiness. [M. E. gaude, an Gelatin, Gelatine, jel'a-tin, n. an animal sub
ornament; from L. gaudium, joy—gaudere.] stance which dissolves in hot water and forms a
Gauge, gaj, «. a measuring-rod : a standard of jelly when cold. [Fr.—L. gelo. gelatum, to
measure : estimate.—v.t. to measure the contents freeze—gelu, frost.]
of any vessel : to estimate ability. [O. Fr. Gelatinate, je-lat'in-at, Gelatinise, je-lat'in-iz,
gauger—gauge, a liquid measure, old form of v.t. to make into gelatine or jelly.—v.i* to be
jauge, a measuring-rod—Low L. gaugia.] converted into gelatine or jelly.—«. Gelatina'-
Gauger, gfij'er, «. an excise officer whose busi tion. [intojelly.
ness is to gauge or measure the contents ofcasks. Gelatinous, je-lat'in-us, adj. resembling or.formed
Gauging, gaj'ing, «. the art of measuring cask? Geld, geld, v.t. to emasculate or castrate : to de
containing excisable liquors prive of anything essential: to deprive of any
Gaul gawl, «. a name of ancient France: an in thing obscene or objectionable.—n. Geld'er.
habitant of Gaul.—adj. Gaul ish. [L. Gallia.} [Scand., as in Ice. gelda, Dan. gilde. See
Gaunt, gant, adj. thin : of a pinched appearance. Cullion.] [animal, especially a horse.
—adv. Gauntly.—«. Gaunt'ness. [Ety. dui>.] Gelding, ^ekring, ». act of castrating : a castrated
Gauntlet, gant'let, n. the iron glove of armour, Gelid, jel'id, adj., icy cold: cold.—adv. Gel'idly.
formerlythrown down in challenge : a long glove —ns. Gel'Idneas, Gelldlty. [L. grlidus—gelu.)
covering the wrist. [Fr. gantelet—gant, from a Gem, jem, *. [lit.) leaf-bud: any precious stone,
Teut. root : cf. Ice. vottr, a glove, Dan. vante.] esp. when cut : anything extremely valuable
Gauze, gawz, n. a thin, transparent fabric, orig. of or attractive.—v.t. to adorn with gems :—pr.p.
silk, now of any fine hard-spun fibre.—adj. gemm'ing: Pa.p. gemmed'. [Fr. gemme—L.
Gauz'y, like gauze. [Fr. gaze—Gaza in Pales gemma, a bud ; allied to Gr. gemd, to be full.]
tine, whence it was first brought.] Gemini, jem'i-nT, fi.pl. the twins, a constellation
Gave, gav.pa.l. of Give. containing the two bright stars Castor and
Gavelkind, gav'el-klnd, n. tenure by which lands Pollux. [L., pi. of geminus, twin-bom, for
descend from the father to all the sons in equal genminus—gen, root ofgigfto, to beget.]
portions. [Celt, ; Ir. gab/tail, a tenure, cine, a Geminous, jem'in-us, adj. (hot.) double^ in pairs.
race.] Gemmate, jem'at, adj. (Jbot.) having buds. [L.
Gavotte, ga-vot', n. a lively kind of dance, some gemmatus, pa.p. of gemmo, to bud—gemma.]
what like a country-dance, orig. a dance of the Gemmation, jem-mii'shun, n. (bat.) act or time of
Gavotes, the people of Gap, in the Upper Alps. budding; arrangement of buds on the stalk.
Gawk, gawk, n. a cuckoo : a simpleton : a tall, Gemmiferous, jem-mifer-as, adj., producing
awkward fellow.—adj. Gawk'y, like a cuckoo, biuis. [ L. gemmijet—gemma, SLwdfero, to bear.]
awkward. [A.S. geac; Scot, gotvk, Ger. gauck, Gemmiparous, Jem-mip'ar-us, adj. {mooI.) repro
cuckoo, a simpleton. See CuokOO.] ducing by buds growing on the body. [L,
Gay, ga, adj., lively; bright; sportive, merry: gemma, a bud, parte, to bring forth.]
showy.—adv. Gaily or Gayiy. [Fr. gai; prob, Gemmule, jem'ul, tu a little gem or leaf-bud.
from root of Ger. jilhe, quick, lively.] [Fr.—L. gemmula, dim. ofgemma.)
fate* far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mdoo ; tken. Itf9
 Gender Gentle
Gender, jen'der, v.t. to beget.—v.i. (B.) to copu Genet. Same as Jennet.
late. [An abbrev. of Engender.} Genet, jen'ct, «. a carnivorous animal, allied to the
Gender, jen'der, n. kitid, esp. with regard to sex : civet, of a gray colour, marked with black or
[gram. ) the distinction of nouns acc, to sex. brown, a native of Africa, Asia, and S. Europe.
[ Fr. genre—L. genus, generis, a kind, kin.] I Fr. genetie—Sp. gitteta : of Eastern origin.]
Genealogical, jen-e-a-loj'ik-nl, adj. pertaining to Geneva, je-ne'va, «. a spirit distilled from grain
or exhibiting the genealogy or pedigree of fami and flavoured with juniper-berries, also called
lies or persons.— adv. Genealogically. Hollands, [Fr. genievre—L. jumperus, the
Genealogist, jen-e-al'o-jist, n. one who studies or juniper; corrupted to Geneva by contusion with
traces genealogies or descents. the town of that name. See Gin.]
Genealogy, jen-e-al'o-ji, n., history of the descent Genial, je'ni-al, adj. cheering : merry : kindly :
offamilies: the pedigree of a particular person sympathetic: healthful.—adv. Ge'nially. [Fr.
or family. [Fr.—L.—Gr. gettealogia—genea, —L. genialis, from genius, the spirit of social
birth, descent, and -logia, an account—legein, enjoyment.]
to speak of. See Genus and Logic] Geniality, je-ni-al'i-ti, Genialness. je'ni-al-nes, n.
Genera. See Genus. quality of being genial; gaietv : cheerfulness.
General, jen'er-al, adj. relating to a genus or Geniculate. je-nik'u-lat, Geniculated, je-nik'Q-
whole class : including many species : not special : lat-ed, adj. [bat.) bent abruptly like the knee:
not restricted : common : prevalent : public : jointed : knotted.—//. GenlCUla tlon. [L. genicu-
loose: vague. [Fr.—L. generalis—genus.] latus—geniculum, a little knee—genu, the knee.]
General, jen'er-al, «. the whole or chief part : an Genital, jen'i-tal, adj. belonging to generation, or
officer who is head over a whole department : a the act of producing. [Fr.—L. genitalis—gigrto,
military officer who commands a body of men not grnitns, to beget. See Genus.] [generation.
less than a brigade : the chief commander of an Genitals, jenl-ttlz, n.pl. the exterior organs of
army in service : in the R. C. Church, the head Genitive, jen'i-tiv, adj. {gram.) applied to a case
of a religious order, responsible only to the Pope. properly denoting the class or kind to which a
Generalisation, jen er-al-i-za'shun, n. act of thing belongs, represented in modern English by
generalising or of comprehending under a the Possessive case. [L. genitivus (gigno,
common name several objects resembling each genitus, to beget), as if indicating origin, a mis
other in some part of their nature. translation of Gr. genikos—genos, a class.]
Generalise, jen'er-al-Tz, v.t. to make general: to Genius, je'ni-us or jen'yus, «. a good or evil spirit,
reduce to or include under a genus or general supposed by the ancients to preside over every
term ". to infer from one or a few the nature of a person, place, and thing, and esp. to preside
whole class. [Fr. ginc'raliser—gintral.] over a man's destiny from his birth ■'—//. Genii,
Generalissimo, jen-cr-al-is'i-mo, «. the chief je ni-T. [L. genius—gigno, genitus, to beget,
general or commander of an army of two or produce. See GenUS.]
more divisions, or of separate armies. [It.] Genius, jen'yus or je'ni-us, «. the special inborn
Generality, jcn-er-al'i-ti, «. state of being general faculty of any individual : special taste or dis
or of including particulars: the main part: the position qualifying for a particular employment :
greatest part. [Fr.—L. generatitas.] superior inborn power of mind: a man having
Generally, jcn'cr-al-i, adv. in general: commonly: such power of mind : peculiar constitution or
extensively: most frequently: in a general way: character ofanything :—/*/. Geniuses, j en'yus-ez.
without detail : (/?.) collectively, together: [Pr. Gennet. Same as Jennet.
Bk.) without restriction or limitation.] Genre-painting, zhongr-pruit'ing. «. (fiaint.) the
Generalship, jen'cr-al-ship, «. the office or skill of general name applied to all compositions with
a general or military officer : military skill. figures that are not specifically landscapes or
Generant, jen'er-ant, n. the power that generates historical paintings. [Fr. genre, kind, sort—L.
or produces. [L., pr.p. ofgenera, to generate.] genus. Cf. Gender.]
Generate, jen'er-at, v.t. to produce one s kind : to Gent, jent, n. familiar abbrev. of Gentleman : one
bring into life: to originate. [L. genera, gem- who apes the gentleman.
ratus—genus, a kind.] Genteel, jen-tel , adj. well-bred : graceful in man
Generation, jen-er-a'shun? n. a producing or ners or tn form.—adv. Genteel ly, n. Genteel'-
originating : that which is generated : a single ness, same as Gentility. [Lit. belonging to a
stage in natural descent : the people of the same noble race or family, from Fr. gentil— L.
age or period : race :—fl. [B.) genealogy, his gentHis—gens, a Roman clan or family—gen,
tory. [Fr.—L. generation root of Gr. gignomai, to beget. See Genus.]
Generative, jen'er-a-tiv, adj. having the power of Gentian, jenshan, «. a plant the root of which is
generating or producing : prolific. used in medicine, said to have been brought into
Generator, jen'er-a-tor, n. begetter or producer : use by Gentius, king of lllyria, conquered by the
the principal sound in music, [L.] Romans in 167 B.C.
Generic, je-ner'ik, Generlcal, jc-ncr'ik-al, adj. Gentile, jen'til, n. (B.) any one not a Jew : a
marking or comprehending a genus.—adv. heathen.—adj. belonging to any nation but the
Genetically. [Fr. ginerique.} Jews: [gram.) denoting a race or country.
Generosity, jen-er-osl-ti, n. nobleness or liberality [L. gentilis—gens, a nation ; the Jews spoke of
of nature, [Fr. ge'ne'rosite'—L. generoutas.] those who did not acknowledge their religion as
Generous, ien'er-us, adj. of a noble nature : cour the nations.]
ageous : liberal : invigorating in its nature, as Gentility, jen-til'i-ti, n, good birth or extraction :
wine.—adv. Gen'erously—«. Gen orousness. good-breeding : politeness of manners.
[Lit. and orig. of a high or noble genits or Gentle, jent7!, adj. well-born : mild and refined in
family. O. Fr.—L. generesus—genus, birth.] manners : mild in disposition : amiable : soothing.
Genesis, jen'e-sis, n. , generation, creation, or pro —adv. Gently.—« Gentleness. [Fr.—L.
duction : the first book of the Bible, so called gentilis. See Genteel.]
from its containing an account of the Creation. Gentle, jen'tl, «. the maggot of the blue-bottle
[L. and Gr.—Gr.gignowri—obs. genii, to beget.] used as bait in .ingling. [Ety. dub.]
•2W fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mOon ; then.
 Gentlefolks
Gentlefolks, jen'tl-foks, n.pl.jfolk ofgoodfamily
or above the vulgar. [See Folk ]
Gentleman, jen'tl-man, «. a man of gentle or
good birth : one who without a title wears a
coat of arms : more gen. every man above the
rank of yeoman, including the nubility : one
above the trading classes : a man of refined
manner* : an officer of the royal household :—in
pi. a word of address :—pi. Gen tlemen ',—fem.
Gentlewoman
Gentlemanlike, jen'tl-man-llk, Gentlemanly,
jen'tl-man-li, adj. well-bred, refined, generous.
—n. Gen'tlemanliness.
Gentry, jen'tri, «. the class of people between the
nobility and the vulgar. [M. E. gentrie is a
corr. of an older form gentrise, from O. Fr. gente-
rise, gentilise, which was formed from adj. gentil,
gentle, like noblesse from noble.]
Genuflection, Genuflexion, jen-u-flek'shun, n.
act of oeruling the knee, esp. in worship. [Fr. —
L. genu, the knee, jlexio, a bending—-flecto,
flexum, to bend.]
Genuine, jen'G-in, adj. natural, not spurious or
adulterated: real: pure.— adv. Gen'uinely.—«.
Genuineness. [ Fr. ; L. genuinus — gigno,
genitus, to beget, to be born.)
Genus, jc'nus, «. a group consisting of a number
of species having common marks or character
istics : [log.) a class of objects comprehending
several subordinatespecies:—f>L Genera, jen'cr-a.
1 1,, genus, generis, birth ; cog. with Gr. genos—
gignontai, obs. gend, Sans, jan, to beget, E.
Kin]
Geocentric, jc-o-sen'trik, Geocentrlcal, je-o-sen'-
trik-al, adj. having the earth for its centre:
(astr.) as seen or measured from the earth.—
adv. Geocen'trically. [Gr. ge, the earth, and
kentron, a centre.]
Geode, je od. «. imin.) a rounded nodule of stone
with a hollow interior. [Gr. goddes, earth-like,
earthen—ge, earth, eidos, form.]
Geodesic, je-o-des'ik, Geodeslcal, je-o-des'ik-al,
Geodetic, je-o-dct'ik, Geodetlcal, je-o-det'ik-al,
adj. pertaining to or determined by geodesy.
Geodesy, jc-od'e-si, n. a science whose object is to
measure the earth and its parts on a large scale.
[Fr. giotiesie—Gr. geodaisza—ge, the earth,
dais, to divide.]
Geognosy, je-og'no-si, n. a branch of geology
which explains the actual mineral structure of
the earth without inquiring into its history or
the mode of its formation.—«. Ge'Ognost.—adj.
Geognost'lC. [Fr. giognosie—Gr. ge, the earth,
and gnosis, knowledge—gigndshd, to know.]
Geogony, jc-og'o-ni, «. the doctrine of the pro
duction or formation of the earth.—adj. GeO-
gon'lc. [Fr. giogonie—Gx. ge, the earth, gone,
generation—gend, gignomai, to be born, pro
duced.}
Geographer, je-og'ra-fer, n. one who is versed in,
or who writes on geography.
Geographic, jc-o-gmfik, Geographical, je-o-
grafik-al, adj. relating to geography, —adv.
Geographically.
Geography, je-og'ra-fi, n. the science which de
scribes the surface of the earth and its inhabit
ants : a book containing a description of the
earth. [Fr.—L.—Gr. ge5graphia—gi, the earth,
graphi, a description—graphd, to write, to
describe.]
Geological, je-o-lojlk-al, adj. pertaining to geology.
—adv. Geologically. [Fr. gfologique.}
Geologise, je-ol o-jTz, v.i. to .'tudy geology.
Geologist, je-ol'o-jist, n. one versed in geology.
fite, far : me, her ; mine ;
Gerund
Geology, je-ol'o-ji, n. the science that treats of
the structure and history of the earth, of the
changes it has undergone, and their causes, and
of the plants and animals imbedded in its crust.
[Fr. gfolegie—Gr. ge, the earth, logos, a dis
course.] [inancy.
Geomancer, je'o-man-scr, n, one skilled in geo-
Geomancy, je"o-man-si, «., divination by figures
or lines drawn on the earth. [Fr. giomancie—
Gr. gi, the earth, and manteia, divination.]
GeomantlC, je-o-man'tik, adj. pertaining to geo-
mancy.
Geometer, je-om'e-ter, Geometrician, je-om'e-
trish-yan, n. one skilled in geometry.
Geometric, je-o-met'rik, Geometrical, je-o-met'-
rik-al, adj. pertaining to geometry : according
to or done by geometry.- adv. Geomet'rically,
Geometry, je-om'e-tri, «. the science of measure
ment : that branch of mathematics which treats
of magnitude and its relations. [Fr.— L.—Gr.
gedmetria—gedmetred, to measure land—gi, the
earth, metreo, to measure ]
Geoponic, je-o-pon'ik, Geoponlcal, je-o-pon'ik-al,
adj. penaining to tilling the earth or lo agricul
ture. [Fr. gioponique—Gr. gedponihos—ge, the
earth, ponos, labour—penomai, to labour.]
Georama, je-o-ra'ma or je-o-ra'ma, «. a spherical
chamber with a general view of the earth on its
inner surface. [Gr. ge, the earth, horama, a
view—horaS, lo see.]
Georgian, jorj'i-an, adj. relating to the reigns of
the four Georges, kings of Great Britain.
Georgic, jorj'ik, Georglcal, jorj'ik-al, adj. relating
to agriculture or rustic affairs, [L. georgicus,
Gr. gedrgikos—gedrgia, agriculture—gi, the
earth, and er^on, a work.]
GeorglC, jorj'ik, «. a poem on husbandry.
Gerah, ge'ra, n. {B.) the smallest Hebrew weight
and coin, ^ of a shekel, and worth about ljd.
[Hcb. gerahrn bean.]
Geranium, jc-ra'ni-um, «. a genus of plants with
seed-vessels like a crane's bill. [L.—Gr. gera-
nion—geranos, a crane.]
Gerfalcon, jerTaw-kn, «. Same as Gyrfalcon.
Germ, jerm, n. rudimentary form of a living thing,
whether a plant or animal : (bot.) the sced-bud
of a plant : a shoot : that from which anything
springs, the origin : a first principle. [Fr. germe
—L. germen, a bud.]
German, jer'man, Germane, jer-man', adj. of the
fir*t degree, as cousius-german : closely allied.
[b'r.—L. germanus, prob. for gennin-anus—
germen, bud, origin.]
German, jer'man, n. a native of Germany : the
German language.—//. Ger mans —adj. of or
from Germany. [L. Germani, variously given
as meaning ' the shouters,' from Celt, gairm, a
loud cry ; 'neighbours,' i.e. to the Gauls, froir
the Celtic ; and ' the war-men,' from Ger. ivehr
— Fr. guerre, war.]
German-silver, jer'man-sil'ver, n. an alloy of
copper, nickel, and zinc, white like silver, and
first made in Germany.
Germen, jcrm'en, «. Same as Germ.
Germinal, jerm'in-al, adj. pertaining to a germ.
Germinant, jerm'in-ant, adj., sprouting : send
ing forth germs or buds.
Germinate, jerm'in-iit, v.i. to spring from a
germ: to begin to grow.—n. Gonnma tion.
[L. germino, germinatns—germen.)
Gerund, jeAind, «. a part of the Latin verb ex
pressing the carrying on of the action of the
verb.—adj. Gerurid'ial. [L. gerundium—g*ro,
to bear, to carry.]
mote ; mute ; mODn ; then. 301
 Gestation
Gestation, jes-ta'shun, «. the act of carrying the
young in the womb : the state or condition in
which the young is so carried. {Fr.—L. gestatio
—gesto, gestatum, to carry—gerv. to bear.]
GesiatOiy, jes'ta-tor-i, adj. pertaining to gesta
tion or carrying : that may he carried.
GestlC, jes'lik, adj. pertaining to bodily action or
motion. [L. gestus—carriage, motion—gtro. )
Gesticulate, jes-tik'u-lat, v.i. to make gestures or
motions when speaking : to play antic trick*.
[L*. gesticuhr, gesticuiatns—gesttculus, dim. of
gestus, a gesture—gero, to carry.]
Gesticulation, jes-tik-Q-Ui'shun, «. act of making
gestures in speaking : a gesture : antic tricks.
GestlCUlator, jes-tik'G-Iat-or, «. one who gesticu
lates or makes gestures.
GestlCUlatory, jes-tik'ti-15-tor-i, adj. representing
or abounding in gesticulation or gestures.
Gesture, jes'tur, «. a bearing, position, or move
ment of the body : an action expressive of sen
timent or passion. [From fut.p. of L. gero, to
carry. ]
Get, get, v.t. to obtain: to beget offspring: to
learn : to persuade : [B. } to betake, to carry. —v.i.
to arrive or put one's self in any place, state,
or condition: to become :—/r./. getting; pa.t.
got ; P<]jp. got, (obs.) gott'en.—Get at, to reach :
Get off, to escape : Get on, to proceed, ad
vance : Get over, to surmount : Get through,
to finish : Get up, to arise, to ascend. [A.S.
gitan, to get ; allied to chad, root of Gr. chan-
danii, and lied, root of L. pre-hendo, to seize.]
Getter, get'er, «. one who gets or obtains.
Getting, get'ing, «. a gaining : anything gained.
Gewgaw, gfi'gaw, «. a toy: a bauble.—adj.
showy without value. [Acc. to Skeat, a redu
plicated form of A.S. gi/an, to give ; preserved
also in Northern E., as gijj-gajf, interchange of
intercourse.] [Ice. gcysa, to gush.]
Geyser, gi'ser, «. a boiling spring, as in Iceland.
Ghastly, gast'li, adj. deathlike : hideous.—«.
Ghastliness. [A.S. gastlic, terrible, fromrutsI,
an extended form of the base gais, and -lie
[— like, -ly). See Aghast and Gaze ]
Ghaut, gawt, n. (in India) a mountain-pass: a
chain of mountains : landing-stairs for bathers
on the sides of a river or tank. [Hind, ghat, a
passage or gateway.]
Gnee, ge, n. clarified butter, made in India, esp.
from buffaloes' milk. [The Indian name.]
Gherkin, gerlcin, «. a small cucumber used for
pickling. [Dut. agurkje, a gherkin ; a word of
Eastern origin, as in Pcrs. khiydr.]
Ghost, gOst, n. [lit.) breath, spirit: the soul of
man : a spirit appearing after death.—adj.
Ghostlike.—To give up the ghost (B.), to
die. [A. S. gast ; Ger. geist.]
Ghostly, gost'li, adj., spiritual: religious: per
taining to apparitions. —n. Ghostliness.
Ghoul, gGol, n. a demon supposed to feed on the
dead. [Pcrs. ghol, a mountain demon.]
Giant, jl'ant, n. a man of extraordinary size : a
person ofextraordinary powers. —Jem. Gl'antess.
—adj. gigantic. [rr. giant—L. gigas—Gr,
gigas, gigantos, of which cty. uncertain.]
Giaour, jowr, «. infidel, term applied by the
Turks to all who are not of their own religion.
[ Pcrs. gaivr.]
Gibberish, gib'er-ish, «. rapid, gabbling talk : un
meaning words.—adj. unmeaning. [Obsolete
gibber, to gabble or jabber. See Gabble ]
Gibbet, jib'et, «. a gallows : the projecting beam
of a crane.— v. t. to expose on a gibbet, to exe
cute. [Fr. gibet ; origin unknown.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Gimlet
Gibbon, gib'un, n. a kind of long-armed ape,
native of the East Indies.
Gibbose, gib-bCs', adj., humped: having one or
more elevations. [Fr. gibbcux—L. gibbosus—
gibbus, a hump.]
Gibbous, gib'us, Oil/., hump-backed : swelling,
convex, as the moon when nearly full.—adv.
Glbb'ously.—«. Gibb ousness.
Gibe, jib, v.t. to sneer at: to taunt. —«. a scoff
or taunt: contempt.—adv. Gib'lXLgly. [From
Scand., as in Ice. geipa, to talk nonsense.]
Giblets, jiblets, n.pt. the internal eatable parts of
a fowl, taken out before cooking it.—adj. Giblet,
made of giblets. [O. Fr. gibelct ; origin un
known ; not a dim. ofgibier, game.]
Giddy, gid'i, adj. unsteady, dizzy : that causes
giddiness : whirling : inconstant : thoughtless.
—adv. Giddily.-//. Giddiness. [A.S. gyd-
dian, to sing, be merry.] ISee Gyrfalcon.]
Gler-eagle, jer'-e'gl, «. {B.) a species of eagle.
Gift, gift, «. a thing given : a bribe : a quality
bestowed by nature : the act of giving.—v.t. to
endow with any power or faculty. [See Give.]
Gifted, gift'ed. adj. endowed by nature.
Gi(S» gifii n- a light, two-wheeled carriage : a long,
light boat. [Found in Ice. gigja, a fiddle (Fr.
gtgne, a lively dance1, and properly meaning a
thing that moves lightly. 'J
Gigantic, ji-gan'tik, adj. suitable to a giant:
enormous.—adv. Gigan tically.
Giggle, gig'l, v.i. to laugh with short catches of
the breath, or in a silly manner. —«. a laugh of
this kind.—n. GlggTer. [From the sound.]
GigOt, jig'ut, «. a leg of mutton. [Fr.—O. Fr.
a leg '• ^ word of unknown origin. There
is another giguet an old stringed instrument.]
Gild, gild, v.t. to cover or overlay with gold: to
cover with any gold-like substance: to adorn
with lustre:—pr.p. gild'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p.
gilded or gilt- [A. S. gyldan—gold. See Gold.]
Glider, gild'er, w. one whose trade is to gild or
cover articles with a thin coating of gold.
Gilding, gild'ing, «. act or trade of a gilder ; gold
laid on any surface for ornament.
Gill, gil, «. (//., the breathing organs in fishes and
certain other aquatic animals : the flap below the
bill of a fowl. [Scand., as in Dan. gi&Ue, a gill,
Swcd. gdl.)
Gill, jil, n. a measure = \ pint. [O. Fr. gelU ;
cf. Low L. gillo, a flask ; allied to Fr. jale, a
large bowl, E. gallon. Sec Gallon,]
Gill, jil, «, ground-ivy : beer flavoured with ground-
ivy. [From Gillian or Juliana (from Julius), a
female name, contracted Gill, Jill.]
Gillie, GUly, gil'i, «. a youth, a man-servant.
[Gael, gille, a lad, Ir. cede. See Culdee.]
Gillyflower, jil'i-flow-er, n. popular name for
stock, wallflower, &c, so callea from its clove
like smell. [Fr. girojUe—Gx. karyophyllott, the
clove-tree—karyon, a nut. phyllon, a leaf.]
Gilt, gilt, adj. gilded. -W)'. Gilt edged, having
gilded edges, as the leaves of a book.
Gilt gilt,/,?.*, and pa.p. of Gild.
Gimbals, gim'balz. two rings for suspending
the manner's compass so as to keep it always
horizontal. [L. gemeili, twins.]
Gimblet. Same as Gimlet. [Ety. dub.]
Gimcrack, jim'krak, «. a toy : a trivial mechanism.
Gimlet, gimlet, n. a small tool for boring holes
by luimbling or turning it with the hand. —v.t.
to pierce with a gimlet: (naut.) to turn round
(an anchor! as if turning a gimlet. [Fr. gibclet,
gimbclet, from a TeuL root, whence also E.
Wimble. |
mote ; mute ; moon ; thea.
 Gimp
Gimp, gimp, «. a kind of trimming, &c. of silk,
woollen, or cotton twist. [Fr. guimpc, from
O. Gcr. wimpal, a light robe ; E. wimble.]
Gin jin, «. Same as Geneva, of which it is a
contraction.
Gin, jin, «. the name of a variety of machines,
esp. one with pulleys for raising weights, &c. : a
pump worked by rotary sails: a trap or snare
[B.]. —v.t. to trap or snare: to clear cotton of
its seeds by a machine \~pr.p, ginn ing ; Pa.p.
ginned'. [Contr. from Engine ; but in the sense
of snare, it is derived from Scand,, Ice. ginna,
to deceive.]
Ginger, jin'jcr, «. the root of a plant in the E. and
W. Indies, with a hot and spicy taste, so called
from being shaped like a horn. [Old form in
M. E. gingivere—O. Fr. gingibre—h. zingiber—
Gr. zingiberis—Sans-cr/V/^vi-rrra—prittgu, horn,
vera, shape.] [flavoured with ginger.
Gingerbeer, jin'pcr-be'r, n. an effervescent drink
Gingerbread, jin'jer-ored, «. sweet bread
flavoured with ginger.
Gingerly, jin'jer-li, adv. with soft steps: cau
tiously, [trom a Scand. root, seen in Swed.
gingla, to totter.]
Gingham, ging'ham, n. a kind of cotton cloth.
(Fr. guittgan, acc. to Littrc, a corr. of Gttin-
gamp, a town in Brittany, where such stuffs are
made. ]
Ginglejing'l. Same as Jingle.
Gipsy, Gypsey, Gypsy, jip'si, n. one of a wander
ing race, originally from India, now scattered
over Europe : a reproachful name for one with
a dark complexion : a sly, tricking woman.
[Lit. Egyptian, because supposed to come from
Egypt, M. E. Gyptian.\
Giraffe, ji-raf or zhi-raf, n. the camelopard, an
African quadruped with remarkably long neck
and legs. [Fr.—Sp. girafa—Ax. zaraf.]
Gird, gerd, v.t. to bind round: to make fast by
binding : to surround : to clothe : Pad. and
Pti.p. girded or girt. [A.S. gyrdan ; akin to
Ger. gUrten ; from a root gard, whence also E.
Garden and Yard ]
Girder, gerd'er, «. one who or that which girds :
one of the principal pieces of timber in a floor
binding the others together: {engineering) any
simple or compound beam sustaining a weight,
and supported at both ends.
Girdle, gerd'l, n. that which girds or encircles,
esp. a band for the waist: an inclosure: {jew.}
a horizontal line surrounding a stone.—v.t. to
bind, as with a girdle: to inclose: to make a
circular incision, as through the birk of a tree
to kill it. [A.S. gyrdel—gyrdan, to gird]
Girl, gerl, a female child : a young woman.
[Prob from O. Ger. gSr, a child, with suffix -/
= da.]
Girlhood, gerlliood, u. the state of being a girl.
Girlish, gerl'ish, adj. of or like a girl.—adv.
Girl ishly —*. Girrishness.
Girt, girt, Girth, gcrM, «. belly-band of a saddle :
measure round the waist.
Girt, gert, v.t. to gird.
Gist, jist, «. the main point or pith of a matter.
[The word in this sense comes from an old
French proverb, ' I know where the hare lies'
(O. Fr. gist, Ft. gtt), i.e. I know the main point
— Fr. gisir, to lie — L. jacere.]
Give, giv, v.t. to bestow : to impart : to yield : to
grant : to permit : to afford ; to furnish : to pay
or render, as thanks : to pronounce, as a decision :
to shew, as a result : to apply, as one's self: to
allow or admit.—v.i. to yield to pressure : to
fate, far ; me, her ; mlno;
Glandered
begin to melt : to grow soft :—Pr.p. giv'ing ; Pa.t.
gave ; Pa.p. given (giv'n).—Give chase, to pur
sue : Give forth, to emit, to publish : Give in,
to yield: Give out, to report, to emit: Give
over, to cease : Give place, to give way, to
yield : Give Up, to abandon. [A S. gifan ; Ger.
geben, Goth, giban, from a Teut. root gab, to
give.]
Giver, giv er, «. one who gives or bestows.
Gizzard, giz'ard, n. the muscular stomach of a
fowl or bird. [M. E. giser, Fr. ge"sier~L.
gigerium, used only in pi. gigeria, the cooked
entrails of poultry.]
Glabrous, gla'brus, adj., smooth : having no
hairs or any uuevenuess. [L. glaber, smooth;
akin loglnbo, to peel, Gr. glaphd, to carve.]
Glacial, gla'shi-al, adj., icy: frozen: pertaining
to ice or its action, esp. to glaciers. [Fr.—L.
glacialis—glacies, ice.]
Glacier, gla sher or glas'i-er, n, a field or, more
properly, a slowly moving river of ice, such as is
found in the hollows and on the slopes of lofty
mountains. [Fr.—glace, ice—L. glacies, ice.]
Glacis, gla'sis or gla-seV, «. a gentle slope : {fort.)
a smooth sloping bank. [Fr.—0. Fr. glacier, to
slide—glace, ice.]
Glad, gl id, adj. pleased : cheerful : bright : giving
pleasure. —v.t. to make glad:—/?./, gladd ing ;
pa.p. gladd'cd.—adv. Gladly.—//. Glad'ness.
[A.S. ghed ; Ger. glatt, smooth, Ice. glathr,
bright, Dan. glad: the root meant 'shining,'
and is found also in Glade-. J [animate.
Gladden, glad'n, v.t. to make glad : to cheer : to
Glade, glad, n. an open space in a wood. [Scand.,
as in Norw. glette, a clear spot among clouds,
Ice. glita, to shine, glathr, bright; the original
sense being, a ' bright opening.' See Glad.]
Gladiate, glad'i-at, adj., sword-shaped. [L.
gladius, a sword ]
Gladiator, glad'i-a-tor, «. in ancient Rome, a
professional combatant with men or beasts in the
arena. [L. {lit.) a swordsman—glatlius, a
sword.]
Gladiatorial, glad-i-a-toVi-al, Gladiatory, glad'-
i-a-tor-i, adj. relating to gladiator* or prize
fighting.
Gladiole, glad'i-ol, Gladiolus, gla-di'o-lus, «. the
plant sword-lily. [L. gladiolus, dim. ofgladius.]
Gladsome, glad'sum, adj., glad: joyous: gay.—
tuiv. Glad'somely.—«. Gladsomeness.
Glair, glar, n. the clear part of an egg used as
varnish : any viscous, transparent substance.—
v.t. to varnish with white of egg.—adjs, Glair'y,
Glar'eous. [Fr. glaire — Low L. clara ovi%
white of egg—L. clams, clear. Sec Clear.]
Glaive, glav, «. Same as Glave.
Glamour, glan/er, n. the supposed influence of a
charm on the eyes, making them see things
as fairer than they are. [Scotch : Ice. glam,
dimness of sight.]
Glance, glans, «. a sudden shoot of light : a dart*
ing of the eye : a momentary view. —v.i. to dart
a ray of light or splendour : to snatch a moment
ary view : to fly off obliquely : to make a pass
ing allusion. —v.t. to dart suddenly or obliquely.
—adv. Glanc'ingly. [From a Teut. root found
in Swed. glans, Dut. glans, Ger. glanz, lustre,
and allied to obs. E. glint, E. glitter, glass.]
Gland, gland, n. a fleshy organ of the body
which secretes some substance from the blood :
{bot.) a small cellular spot which secretes oil or
aroma. [ Fr. glandc- - L. glans, glandis, an
acorn ; from the likeness of shape to an acorn.]
Glandered, gland'erd, ad)*, affected with glanders.
mote ; mute ; mOXia ; Men.
 Glanders
Glanders, gland'erz, ». [in horses) a disease of the
glantis of the lower jaw and of the mucous
membrane.
Glandiferous, gland-ifer-us, adj., bearing acorns
or nuts. [L. glamiifer—glans, glandis, and
fero, to bear.]
Glandiform, gland'i-fonn, adj. resembling a
gland: nut-shaped. [L.glans, andjbrma, form. J
Glandular, gland'Q-lar, GlandUlous, gland'u-lus,
adj. containing, consisting of, or pertaining to
glands.
Glandule, gland'ul, «. a smallgland.
Glare, glar, n. a clear, dazzling light : overpower
ing lustre : a piercing look.—v.t. to shine with a
clear, dazzling light: to be ostentatiously splen
did : to look with piercing eyes. [Pern, from
A.S. gber, a pellucid substance, amber; akin to
Glaai]
Glaring, glar'ing, adj. bright and dazzling:
barefaced:* notorious.—adv. Glaringly.—«.
Glar'ingness.
Glass, glas, ». the hard, brittle, transparent sub
stance in windows : anything made of glass,
esp. a drinking-vessel, a mirror, &c. :—//.
spectacles : the quantity of liquid a glass holds.
—adj. made of glass.—v. I. to case in glass.—adj.
Glasslike. [A.S. glees; widely diffused in the
Teut. languages, and from a Teut. base gal, to
shine seen also in Glow, Gleam, Glad, Glance,
and Glare.]
Glass-blower, glas'-blO'er, «. one who blows and
fashions ^wj.
Glasswort, glasVurt, n. a plant so called from
its yielding soda, used in making glass. [Glass,
and A.S. wyrt, a plant.]
Glassy, glas'i, adj. made of or like glass.—adv.
Glass'ily.—n. Glass Iness.
Glaucoma, glawk-o'ma, u. a disease of the eye,
marked by the green colour of the pupiL [See
Glaucous.]
Glaucous, glaw'kus, adj. sea-green : grayish blue :
[bet. ) covered with a fine green bloom. [L.
glaucus, bluish—Or. glauleos, blue or gray,
or'£' gleaming, akin to glaussfi, to shine.]
Glave, glav, «. a sword. [Fr.—L. gladius {~
cladius, akin to clades). See Claymore.]
Glaze, glaz, v.t. to furnish or cover with glass: to
cover with a thin surface of or resembling glass:
to give a glassy surface to.—n. the glassy coat
ing put upon pottery : any shining exterior.
[M. K.glasen—Glass.]
Glazier, gUVzi-cr, «. one whose trade is to set
glass in window-frames, &c. [For glaz-er; like
latv-y-er for laio-er. ]
Glazing, glazing, «. the act or art of setting
glass: the art of covering with a vitreous sub
stance : {paint.') semi-transparent colours put
thinly over others to modify the effect.
Gleam, glem, z>.i. to glow or shine : to flash.—«.
a small stream of light : a beam : brightness.
[A.S. gUem, gleam, brightness; akin to Glass,
Glow.]
Gleamy, glcml, adj. casting beams or rays oflight.
Glean, glen, v.l. to gather in handfuls the corn
left by the reapers : to collect what is thinly
scattered.—v.t. to gather after a reaper.— «. that
which is gleaned: the act of gleaning. ~ns.
Glean'er, Gleaning. [O. Fr. glener (Fr.
glaner), through Low L. forms, from A.S. gelm>
a handful.]
Glebe, gl5b, n. the land belonging to a parish
church or ecclesiastical benefice : [mining) a
piece of earth containing ore. [Fr.—L. gleba,
a clod, soil. Cf. Globe.]
204 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Gloom
Globous, glgb'us, Gleby, gleb'i, adj.% cloddy,
turfy. (L. glebosus—gleba.]
Glede, gled, n. [B.) the common kite, a rapacious
bird. [A.S. glida, ' the gUder,' akin to glidan, to
glide.]
Glee, gle, «. joy: mirth and gaiety: [mus.) a
song or catch in parts. [A.S. gleo, mirth, song ;
Ice. gly.]
Gleeful, gle'foo!, adj. merry.
Gleeman, gle'man, n. a minstrel. [See Glee.]
Gleet, glet, «. a glairy discharge from a mucous
surface.—adj. Gleet'y. [From root of Glide.]
Glen, glen, n. a narrow valley worn by a river: a
depression between hills. [Celt., as in Gael.
and Ir. gleann, \V. glyn.]
Glib, glib, adj. moving easily : voluble.—ativ.
Glibly. -«. Glib'ness. [A contr. of Dut.
glibberig, slippery.]
Glide, gltd, z'.i. to slide smoothly and easily:- to
flow gently : to pass rapidly.—n. act of gliding.
—adv. GUd'ingly. [A.S. glidan, to slip, to
slide; Gcr. gleiten, to move smoothly, closely
akin to Glad ]
Glimmer, glnn'er, v.t. to burn or appear faintly.
—«. a faint light : feeble rays of light : \miit.)
mica. [From a Teut. root, found in Dan. and
Gcr. glimmer, of which the base is seen in
Gleam. ]
Glimmering, glim'er-ing, n. Same as Glimmer, «.
Glimpse, ghmps, n. a short gleam : a weak light :
transient lustre: a hurried view: fleeting enjoy
ment : the exhibition of a faint resemblance.—
v.i. to appear by glimpses, [M. E. glimsen, to
glimpse—glim. See Glimmer.]
Glisten, glis'n. Glister, glis't6r, v.t. to glitter or
, sparkle with light : to shine. [ From base glis;
to shine, with excrescent cf. Dut. glinsteren.
See Glitter.]
Glitter, glit'er, v.i. to glisten, to sparkle with
light : to be splendid : to be showy.—«. lustre :
brilliancy. [Scand., as in Ice. glitra, to glisten.
Ice. glit, glitter ; closely akin to Glisten,
Glister, &c]
Glittering, glit'er-ing. adj., shining: splendid ;
brilliant.—adv. Glitt'eringly.
Gloaming, gjomlng, n. twilight, dusk. [A.S
xlomting, Scot. gUamin, akin to Gloom.]
Gloat, glOt. v.i. to look eagerly, in a bad sense
to view with joy. [Scana., as in Ice. gloita, to
grin.]
Globate, glob'at, adj. like a globe: circular. [L-
globo, globatus, to form into a ball—globus.]
Globe, glflb, n. a ball: a round body, a sphere :
the earth : a sphere representing the earth (ter
restrial globe) or the heavens (celestial globe).
[Fr. —L. globus; akin to gleba, a clod.]
Globose, glob-Os', GlODOUS, glob us, adj. globular.
—«. Globo'sity.
Globular, glob'u-lar, Globulous, glob'O-lus, adj.
like a globe: spherical. -a^z/. Glob'ularly.—m.
Globularlty.
Globule, glob'Cil, n. a little globe or round particle.
Glome, glom, «. {bot. ) a globular head of flowers.
[L. glomus = globus, and conn, with Clump,
Lump.]
Glomerate, glom'er-at, v.t. to gather into a ball :
to collect into a spherical mass.—adj growing in
rounded or massive forms: conglomerate. [L.
glomeroy -atus—glomus, glomeris, a clue of
yarn.]
Glomeration, glom-er-a'shun, w. act of gathering
into a ball: a body formed into a ball.
Gloom, glCOm, «. partial darkness: cloudiness:
heaviness of mind, sadness : hopelessness : sul
mOte ; mute ; m<5ou ; then.
 Gloomy
lenness. —v.i. to be sullen or dejected: to be
cloudy or obscure. [A.S. glom, gloom; Prov.
Ger. glumm. gloomy, K. Glum ]
Gloomy, glOTm'i, adj. dim or obscure: dimly
lighted: sad, melancholy.—adv. Gloomily.—«.
Gloominess.
Glorify, glO'ri-fT, v.t. to make glorious: to honour :
to exalt to glory or happiness : to ascribe honour
to, to worship \-~pa.p. glorified.—«. Glorifica
tion. [L. gloria, andfacia, to make.]
Glorious, glo'ri-us, adj. noble, splendid : confer
ring renown.—adv. Gloriously—n. Glorlous-
ness. [L. gloriosus.\
Glory, glo'ri, n. renown : honour: the occasion of
praise : an object of pride : excellency : splen
dour : brightne>s : circle of rays surrounding the
head of a saint : {li.) the presence of God : the
manifestation of God to the blessed in heaven :
heaven.—v.i. to boast : to be proud of anything :
to" exult :—pa.p. glo ried. [Fr.—L. gloria jlor
cloria), akin to clams, from root of L. clu-eo,
Gr. klu-o, to be f.ime.l ; E. Louol]
GIOSS, gibs, «., brightness or lustre, as from a
polished surface : external show.—v.t. to give a
superficial lustre to : to render plausible : to
palliate. [Ice. glossi, brightness, t,rloa, to glow.
See Glass.]
Gloss, glos, «. a remark to explain a subject : a
comment.—v.i. to comment or make explanatory
remarks. [L. glossa, a word requiring explana
tion—Gr. gidssa, the tongue.]
Glossarial, glos-;Vri-al, adj. relating to a glossary :
containing explanation.
Glossarist, glos'ar-ist, n. a writer of a glossary.
Glossary, glos'ar-i, «. a vocabulary of words requir
ing special explanation [From Gr. gidssa.)
Glossator, glos-a'tor, n. a writer of glosses or
comments: a commentator.
Glossography. glos-og'raf-i, n. the writing of
glossaries or comments.—«. GlOSSOg rapher -
adj. Glossographlcal. [Gr. gidssa, andgraph5,
to write.]
Glossology, glos-ol'o-ji, «. the science of language :
the knowle '^e of the definition of technical
terms —n. Giossol'ogist adj. GlOSSOlOglcaL
[Gr. glossa, and logos, a discourse.]
Glossy, gfos'i, adj. smooth and shining : highly
polished.—adv.
olisnea. Gloss ily—>.-. Glossiness.
Glottis, glot'is, n. the opening of the larynx or
entrance to the windpipe.—adj. Glott'aL [Gr.
tV'tis—gidssa, the tongue.]
tologyj glot-ol'o-ji, n. the science of language,
comparative philology. [Gr. gldtta, Attic for
gidssa, and logos, a discourse.]
Glove, gluv, «. a cover for the hand, with a sheath
for each ringer.—v.t. to cover with or as with a
glove. |A.S. glof [— ge-lof) ; allied to Scot.
loaf, Ice. lo/i, palm of the hand.]
Glover, gluv er, ». one who makes or sells gloves.
Glow, glo, v.i. to shine with an intense heat: to
feel great heat of body : to be flushed : to feel
the heat of passion : to be ardent.—n. shining or
white heat : unusual warmth : brightness of
colour: vehemence of passion. [A.S. glowan,
to glow, as a fire ; Ger. gluheu, Ice. gloa, to
glow. ]
Glow-worm, glo'-wurm, n. the female of a certain
insect, which glows or shines in the dark.
Gloze, glGz, v.t. to give a false meaning to: to
flatter : to wheedle.— v.t. to palliate by specious
explanation. [M. E. glosen, to make glosses,
from M. E. glose, a gloss. See GlOSS a remark.]
Glucose, gloTJ-kGs', ». the peculiar kind of sugar in
the juice of fruits. [Gr. glykys, sweet.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Gnaw
GlUO, glCo, n. a sticky substance obtained by boil
ing to a jelly the skins, hoofs, &c. of animaJs.—
v.t. to join with glue:-/r,/. gluing ; pa.p.
glued'. [Fr. glu—Lovf L. gins, glutis—gluo, to
draw together.] [—n. Glu'eyness.
Gluey, gloTl'i, adj. containing glue : sticky: viscous.
Glum, glum, adj. frowning : sullen : gloomy.
[From root of Gloom.]
Glume, gloom, n. the husk or floral covering of
grain and grasses.—adj. Gluma'ceous. [L.
gluma, husk—glubo, to peel oft" bark.]
Glut, glut, v.t. to swallow greedily: to feast to
satiety : to supply in excess :—pr.p. glutting ;
pa.p. glutt'ed. —n. that which is gorged: more
than enough : anything that obstructs the pas
sage. [L. glutio - root glu, akin to Sans, grt, to
devour, and L. gida, and gnrgulio, the throat :
from the sound of swallowing. J
Gluten, glOO'ten, «. the viscid, sticky substance
seen in the dough of wheaten bread. [L. gluten,
the same as glus. See Glue I
Glutinate, gloo'tin-iit, v.t. to linite, as with glue,
—n. Glutina'tion. [L. glittino, glutinatnm—
gluten.] V
Glutinatlve, glOO'tin-a-tiv, adjy having the quality
ofgluing or cementing: tenacious.
Glutinous, glo7>'tin-us, adj., gluey: tenacious:
{bet.) covered, as a leaf, with slimy moisture-
«. Glu'tinousness.
Glutton, glut'n, n. one who eats to excess : a
carnivorous quadruped in northern regions,
once thought very voracious. [ Fr glouton—L.
gtuto, from L. root of Glut. J [glutton.
Gluttonise, glut'n-iz, v.t. to cat to excess, like a
Gluttonous, glur/n-us, Gluttonlsh, glut'n-ish, adj.
given to, or consisting in gluttony.—adz>.
Gluttonously. ,
Gluttony, glut'n-i, n. excess in eating.
Glycerine, glis'6r-in, n. a colourless, viscid liquid
of a sweet taste. [Fr.—Gr. glykeros = giykys,
sweet.]
Glyph, glif, rt. (arch.) an ornamental sunken
channel or fluting, usually vertical. [Gr. glyph?
—gtyPh*\ to hollow out, carve.]
Glyphography, i;lif-og'raf-i, n. a process of taking
a raised copy of a drawing by electrotype. —
adj. Glyphograph'to. [Gr. ghpho, to carve,
engrave, and grap/tef drawing—grap/td, to write.]
Glyptic, glip'tik, adj. pertaining to carving on
stone, &c. : (win.) figured.—Glyp'tiCS, n.sing.
the art of engraving, esp. on precious stones.
Glyptodon, gup'tod-on, «. a lossil animal of S.
America with fluted teeth. [Gr. glyptos, carved,
and odous, odontos, tooth.]
Glyptography, ^hp-tog'raf-i, «. a description of
the art of engraving on precious stones. —adj.
Glyptograph iC. [Gr. glyptos, carved, and
grapiid, to write.]
Guar, nar, v.i. to snarl or growl. [From a Tcut.
root found in Ger. knurrett, Dan. kuurre} to
growl ; formed from the sound.]
Gnarl, narl, v.i. to snarl or growl. [Freq. ofGnar]
Gnarl. narl, n. a twisted knot in wood.—adj.
Gnarled, knotty, twisted. [From a Teut. root,
as in Ger. ktwrren, Dan. knort, a knot, gnarl,
and prob. akin to gnarl in the sense of pressing
close together.]
Gnash, nash, v.t. to strike the tseth together in
rage or pain.— v.i. to grind the teeth. [From
the sound.] [irritating bite. [A. S. gnwt.]
Gnat, nat, «. a small winged insect with an
Gnaw, naw, v.t. to bite so as to make a noise
with the teeth : to bite off by degrees : to bite
in agony or rage : (Jig-) to torment.—v.i. to use
mote ; mute ; moon ; then.
 Gneiss Gold
the teeth in biting [A.S. gnagan ; cf. Dut. Gobble, gobl, v.t. to swallow in lumps : to swal
knagen. Ice. ttaga, Prov. E. nag, to tease, worry.J low hastily.—v.i. to make a noise in the throat,
Gneiss, Ms, «. \g<rol., a species of stratified rock as a turkey. [Kr. goher, to devour, with E.
composed of quartz, felspar, and mica. [Ger. suffix -le—a Celt, word gob, the mouth, which
gneisst a name used by the Saxon miners, of has also passed into prov. E.J
unknown origin.] Gobelin, gob'e-lin, «. a rich Krench tapestry.
Gneissold, msoid, adj. having some of the char [Krom the Gobelins, Flemish dyers settled in
acters ofgneiss. (Gneiss, and Gr. euios, form.] Paris in the 16th century.)
Gnome, nom, tt. a sententious saying.—adj. Goblet, gob'let, «. a large drinking cup without a
Gnom'lc. [Gr. gnome, an opinion—gndnai, handle. [Fr. gobelet, dim. of Low L. gubellus,
gigndskd, to know.] which again is a dim. of L. citfia, a caik. See
Gnome, nom, «. a kind of sprite, said to preside Cup.]
over the inner parts ofthe earth and its treasures : Goblin, goblin, «. a frightful phantom : a fairy.
a dwarfor goblin. [Fr.—a word traced by Littre [Fr. goblin—Low L. gobelinus—Gr. kobdlos, a
to Paracelsus, and perh. formed from Gr. gndme, mischievous spirit. See Cobalt.]
intelligence, because it was supposed these Goby, gG'bi, n. a genus of small sea-fishes, which
spirits could reveal the treasures of the earth.] build nests of seaweed. [L gobius—Gr, kdbios.]
Gnomon, nG'mon, «. the pin of a dial, whose Go-by, g5'-bT, n. a going by without notice :
shadow points to the hour : the index of the escape by artifice : evasion.
hour-circle of a globe : [grow.) a parallelogram Go-cart, gO'-kurt, n. a cart or contrivance for
minus one of the parallelograms about its teaching children logo or walk.
diagonal. [Gr. gndtndn, an interpreter—gndnai, God, god, «. the Supreme Keing : the Creator and
to know.] Preserver of the world : an object of worship,
GnomonlC, no-mon'ik, Gnomonical, nO-mon'ik-al, an idol: {B.) a ruler.—fern. Goddess. [A.S.
adj. pertaining to the art of dialling. —adv. god; Ger. gott, Goth, guth, Dut. god, and in
Gnomon'ically.—n.sing. Gnomon'ics, the art all the other Teut. languages ; all from a Tcut.
of dialling. root gutha, God, and quite distinct from good ;
Gnostic, nos'tik, ». one of a sect in the beginning perh. conn, with Pers. khoda, lord, and Sans.
of the Christian era who pretended that they gj/dha, secret.]
alone had a true knowledge of religion.—adj. per Godfather, god'fa-///er, n. a man who, at a child's
taining to the Gnostics or their doctrines. [Gr. baptism, engages to be its father in relation to
gndstikos, good at knowing—gign&skd, to know.] God or its religious training.—fern. God mother.
Gnosticism, nos'li-sizm, «. the doctrines of the —ns. God child. God -daughter, God son.
Gnostics. Godhead, god'hed, n. state ol being a god : deity ;
Gnu, nil, n. a kind of antelope in S. Africa, re divine nature. [God, and Head, which see in
sembling the horse and ox. [Hottentot, gnu.) list of Affixes.]
Go, gO, v.i. to pass from one place to another: to Godless, god'les, adj. livingwithout God : impious :
be in motion : to proceed : to walk : to depart atheistical.—adv. Godlessly —«. God lossnoss.
from : to lead in any direction : to extend : to Godlike, godUk, adj. like God : divine.
tend : to be about to do : to pass in report : to Godly, godli, adj. like God in character: pious :
pass, as in payment : to be accounted in value : according to God's \zw.—advs. Godly, Godlily
to happen in a particular way : to turn out : —n. Godliness. [God, and ly = like.\
to fare '.—pr.fi. gO'ing ; fia.t. went : fia.fi. gone Godmother. See Godfather.
(gon).—Go about {B. J, to set one's self about : Godsend, god'send, «. an unexpected piece of
to seek: to endeavour. —Go beyond (/?.), to good-fortune. [God an ! Send.]
overreach.—Go to, int. (B.) come now ! [A.S. Godson, god'sun, n. Sec Godfather.
gan, gangan ; Ger. ge/ien, Dan. gaa.\ Godspeed, god'sped, n. for %ood sfieed or success,
Goad, god, «. a sharp-pointed stick, often shod fCfT A.S. gM-sfiSdig, successful.]
with iron, for driving oxen : a stimulus.—v.t. to Godward, god'wawrd, adv., toivard God. [God,
drive with a goad : to urge forward. [A.S. gad, and A.S. weani, L. versus, sig. direction.]
a goad.] Godwit, god'wit, tt. a bird with a long bill and long
Goal, gul, *. a mark set up to bound a race : the slender legs, that frequents marshes. [Perh. from
winning-post; also the starting-post: the two A.S. god, good, and wiht, creature.]
upright posts between which the ball is kicked Goer, go'er, tt. one who or that which goes: a
in the game of football : an end or aim. [Kr. horse, considered in reference to his gait.
gaule, a pole ; prob. of Teut. origin, as Kris. Goggle, gog'l, v.i. to strain or roll the eyes.—adj.
wain, a staff, Goth, ivalus ; but acc. to Littre* rolling : staring : prominent.—n. a stare, or
from L. vallus, a stake.] affected rolling of the eye :—fil. spectacles with
Goat, got, n, the well-known quadruped, allied to projecting eye-tubes: blinds for shying horses,
the sheep. [A.S. gat; Ger. geiss—obs. and [Prob. freq. of Celt, gog, to move slightly; gog,
prov, Ger. geisien gehen, to go ; like Gr. aix, a nod.]
a goat—at'ssif, to leap; akin to L. h&dus.] Going, go'ing, «. the act of moving : departure :
Goatmoth. got'moth, u. one of the largest of [B.) course of life, behaviour.—Going forth, n.
British moths, which has a goatlike odour. (B.) an outlet.- Goings or goings out, n. [B )
Goat's'-beard, -berd, Goats-rue, -roTJ, Goat's'- utmost extremity: departures or journcyings.
stones. -stOnz, Goat s'-thorn, -thorn, n. names Goitre, Goiter, goi'ter, «. a tumour on the fore-
of plants. | part of the throat, being an enlargement of one
Goatsucker, gOt'suk-er, n. a kind of swallow of the glands. [Kr. gottre—h. gnttur, the
erroneously thought to suck goats. throat. Cf. Cretin.] [goitre.
Go-between, gO'-be-twen', n. one who is agent Goltred, Goltered, goi'terd. adj. affected with
lietween two parties. Goitrous, goi'trus, adj. pertaining to goitre.
Gobbet, gob'et, «. a mouthful: a little lump Gold, gold, tt. one of the precious metals much
[Fr. ^MW—Gael, gob, the mouth, from the used for coin: money, riches: yellow, gold
sound.] colour. [A.S. : also in most Aryan languages, as
fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moT>n ; Men.
 Gold-beater
Ice. gull, Ger. gold, Goth, gul-th, Russ. zla-io,
Gr. ckry-sos. Sans, hirana—all from a primary
form ghar-ta, fioni a root gliar, to be yellow,
from which also green, yellow, are derived.]
Gold-beater, gold -bet'er, «. one whose trade is to
beat gold into gold-leaf.—«. Gold'-beat'ing.
Gold-dust, gOld'-dust, n. gold in dust or very fine
particles, as it is sometimes found in rivers.
Golden, guld'n, adj. made of gold: of the colour
of gold : bright: most valuable: happy: highly
favourable. [A.S. gylden—gold.}
Goldfinch, gohi'finsh, w. a singing-bird or finch
with £0&/-colouied wings.
Goldfish, gOld'fish, n. a small ^wtf-coloured fish,
native to China, kept in this country in glass
globes and ponds.
Gold-leaf, gfild'-leT, n. gold beaten extremely thin,
or into leaves, and used for gilding.
Goldsmith, gCtd'smith, n. a smith or worker in
gold and silver.
GoldylockS. goid'i-loks, «. a plant with yellow
flowers, like tocks of hair : wood crowfoot.
Golf, golf, u. d game pluyed with a club and ball,
in which he who drives the ball into a series of
small holes in the ground with fewest strokes is
the winner. [From name of a Dut. game—Dut.
Ma club : cf. Ger. kolbe, Ice. kolfr. See Club.]
Golosh, go-losh', «. Same as Galoche.
Gondola, gon'do-la, n. a long, narrow pleasure-
boat used at Venice. [It., a dim. ofgonda—Gr.
kondy, a drinking-vesscl, said to be a Pers. word.]
Gondolier, gon-do-leV, «. one who rows agondola.
Gone, pon, pa.p. of Go.
Gonfalon, gonfa-lon, n. an ensign or standard
with streamers, —n. Gon'falonier, one who bears
the foregoing. [Fr. —It. gonfalon*.]
Gong, gong, «. a musical instrument of circular
form, made of bronze, producing, when struck
with a wooden mallet, a loud sound. [Malay.]
Gonorrhea, gon-or-re'a, n. an inflammatory dis
charge of mucus from the membrane of the
urethra. [Gr. gonorrhoia—gont, that which
begets, and rked, to flow. ]
Good, good, adj. having qualities, whether physi
cal or moral, desirable or suitable to the end
proposed : promoting success, welfare, or happi
ness : virtuous : pious : kind : benevolent : proper :
fit : competent : sufficient : valid : sound : ser
viceable : beneficial : real : serious, as in good
earnest : not small, considerable, as in good
deal: full, complete, as measure: unblemished,
honourable, as in good name:—comp. Bettor :
superl. Best.—As good, as, the same as, no less
than. [A.S. god \ closely akin to Dut. goed,
Ger. gut. Ice. gotltr, Goth, gods.]
Good, good, n. that which promotes happiness,
success, &c. :—opposed to Evil : prosperity :
welfare : advantage, temporal or spiritual : moral
qualities: virtue: {B. ) possessions:—//, house
hold furniture : movable property : merchandise.
Good, good. int. well ! right !
Good breeding, good-bred'ing, n. polite manners
formed by a good breeding or education.
Good-bye, good-bl', n. or int. contracted from God
be with you: farewell, a form of address at
parting.
Good-day, good-di', int. a common salutation,
a contr. of / wish you a good day. [panion.
Good-fellOW, good-fel'o, n. a jolly or boon com-
Good-fellowship, good-fel o-snip, «. merry or
pleasant company : conviviality. [See Fellow.]
Good-Friday, good-frl'di, n. a fast, in memory of
our Lord's crucifixion, held on the Friday of
Passion-week.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Gorgon
Good-humour, goou-yCTO mur. «. a good or cheerful
temper, from the old idea that temper depended
on the humours of the body.—adj. Good-
hu'moured. —adv. Good-hu'mouredly.
Goodly, good'li, adj., good-like; good-looking:
fine : excellent ',—comp. Good lier ; superl. Good
liest—n. Goodliness.
Goodman, good-man' k. (£.) the man or master
of the house ; the co-relative to it is Goodwlfe.
Good-nature, good-nit'tur, «. natural goodness and
mildness of disposition. —adj. Good-na'tuxed —
ativ. Good-na'turedly. [lence.
Goodness, good'nes, «. virtue : excellence : benevo-
Good-nlgnt, good-nit', int. a common salu
tation, a contr. of / wish you a good night.
Good-speed, i^ood-sped'. «. a contr. of I -wish you
good steed. [Cf. Speed and Godspeed.]
Good-Will, good-wd'. n. benevolence : well-wishing :
the custom of any business or trade.
Goose, g&os, «. a web-footed animal like a duck,
but larger and stronger : a tailor's smoothing-
iron, from the likeness of the handle to the neck
of a goose : a stupid silly person :—pi. Goese.
[A.S. gos (from older form gausr. akin to Ice.
gas (also for gans), Ger. gans, L. anser ( —
hans-er), Gr. chen. Sans, hatnsa, Russ. gus':
from base ghan-, root gha-, to gape ^whence
Gannot. Gander, and Yawn , with s added.]
Gooseberry, goUz'ber-i, «. the berry or fruit of a
shrub of the same name. [Goose- is for grose-
or groise-, which appears in O. Fr. groisele, a
gooseberry, Scot, grosart, and is from the O.
Ger. krus (Ger. kraus), crisp, curled, from
the hairs with which the coarser varieties are
covered. ]
Goose-grass, gooV-gras, n. a common creeping
plant, a favourite food of the goose.
Goose-quill, gCOs'-kwil, n. one of the quills or
large wing-feathers of a goose, used as pens.
Goosery, gOoVer-i, «. a place for keeping geese.
Gopher, go'ler, «. (£.) a kind of wood, prob. fir.
[The Heb. word.]
Gorcock, gor'kok, n. the moorcock or red grouse.
[Got is cither derived from Gorse, furze ; or it
may be from its cry.]
Gorcrow, gorTtrO, n. the gore or carrion cro^v.
[A.S- gor, filth, carrion, and Crow.]
Gordian, gord'yan, adj. intricate : difficult. (The
Gordian knot was a knot so tied by Gordius,
king of Phrygia, that no one could untie it.]
Gore, gflr, n. clotted blood: blood. [A.S. gor,
blood, dung, dirt ; akin to Sw. gorr, Ice.
gam-ir, gorn, guts ; L, /lira, gut.]
Gore, gor, n. a triangular piece let into a garment
to widen it : a triangular piece of land.—?/./', to
shape like or furnish with gores : to pierce with
anything pointed, as a spear or horns. [A.S.
gara, a pointed triangular piece of land—gar, a
spear with triangular blade. ]
Gorge, gorj, u. the throat : a narrow pass
among nills: {fort.) the entrance to an outwork.
—v.t. to swallow greedily: to glut—v.i. to
feed. [Fr.— L. gurges, a whirlpool; from its
gaping appearance
gullet ; akin to Sans,orgar-gar-a,
voracity, whirlpool.]
applied to ■ the
Gorgeous, gor'ju% adj. showy: splendid.—adv.
Gorgeously —«. Gor'geousness. [O. Fr. gor
gias, beautiful, gaudy—gorgias, a ruff, Fr. gorge,
the throat. See Gorge.]
Gorget, gorget, «. a piece of armour for the
throat: a military ornament round the neck.
[O. Fr. gorgette—Fr. gorge. See Gorge.]
Gorgon, gor'gun, n. a labled monster of so horrible
an aspect that every one who looked on it was
mOte : mute ; moOn ; then. ■>Q7
 >^3-orgon jgk. Graceful
turned to stone : a'uyihing very ugly. [L. rind of a gourd used as a drinking-cup : the
gorgon—Gr. gorgd—gorges, grim.] gourd plant. [Fr. congourde— L. cucitrbita, a
Gorgon, gor'gun, Gorgonean, Gorgonlan, gor- gourd,]
gO'ni-an, adj. like a gorgon : very ugly or Gourmand, gSOr'mand, n. one who eats greedily ;
terrific. a glutton.—adj. voracious : gluttonous. [Fr.
Gorilla, gor-il'a, n. the largest of the monkey gourmand, a glutton ; origin unknown.]
tribe, found on the west coast of tropical Africa. Gout, gowt, m. a disease of the smaller joints, and
[The African word.] esp. of the great toe. [Fr. goutte—L. gutta, a
Gonnand. Older form of Gourmand. drop, because the disease was supposed to be
Gormandise, gor'mand-Iz, v.i. to eat like a gor- caused by a humour settling on thejoints in drops.]
mand.—n. Gor'mandiser. Gout, goo, n. taste : relish. [Fr.—L. gustus,
Gormandising, gor'mand-Iz-ing, «. the act or taste : akin to Gr. geud, to make to taste. J
habit of eating Tike a gormand or voraciously. Gouty, gowt'i, adj. relating to gout : diseased
Gorso, gors, «. a prickly shrub growing on waste with or subject to gout.—adv. Gout'ily. — «.
places, the furze or whin. [A.S. gorst, furze.J Goutiness.
Gory, gor'i, adj. covered with gore : bloody. Govern, guv'ern, v.t. to direct: to control: to
Goshawk, gos'hawk, «. a short-winged hawk, rule with authority : (gram.) to determine the
once used for hunting -wild-geese and other fowl. mood, tense( or case of.—v.i. to exercise autho
[A.S. gs, goose, fta/uc, hawk.] rity : to administer the laws.—adj. Gov'eraable.
Gosling, goz'ling, n. a young goose. [A.S. gos, [Fr. gouvemer (It. governare) — h. guberno,
goose, ling, little. J to steer a ship, to rule, borrowed from Gr.
Gospel, gos pel, «. the Christian revelation : the kybemad, akin to Gr. kybe, head.]
narrative of the life of Christ, as related by Governance, guv'fir-nans, n., government: con
Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John: a system of trol : direction.
religious truth. [A.S. godspell; commonly Governante, guv-cr-nanr* or guv'-, «. The same
derived from A.S. god, good, and spell, story, as Governess. [Fr.—gom>ertuint1 pr.p. of
and so a translation of Gr. en-anggelion, good gouvemer.\
news ; but more prob. from god, God, and spell, Governess, guv'ir-nes, n. a lady who has charge
a narrative, God-story ; so also the Ice. is guth- of the instruction of young ladies: a tutoress.
spjall, God-story, and not gvth-spjall, good- [O. Fr. govertusse—L. gubernatrijc—guberno.]
story ; and the O. Ger. was got ^Gotl; -f/V/, not Government, guv'eYn-ment, «. a ruling or man
gnat (good/ -spel.\ aging : control : system of governing : the per
Gossamer, gos'a-mer, w. very fine spider-threads sons authorised to administer the laws : the
which float In the air ur form webs on bushes in territory over which sovereign power extends :
fine weather. [M. E. gossamer, perh. formed I {gram.) the power of one word in determining
(ramgodand summer—M. K.samare—Romance 1 the form of another.—<x*(/. of or pursued by
samarra, the skirt of a maniua, from the legend I government. [Fr. gouvernement—gouvemer.]
that it is the shreds of the Virgin Mary's shroud Governmental, guv-ern-meni/al, adj. pertaining
which she cast away when she was taken up to ! to or sanctioned by government.
heaven ; Skeat thinks it is formed of goose and 1 Governor, guv'ern-ur, n. a ruler : one invested with
summer, of which summer may (as in Ger. | supreme authority : a tutor : {machinery) a
madeken-sommer) mean ' summer-film.'] regulator, or contrivance for maintaining uniform
Gossip, gos'ip, «. a familiar acquaintance : one velocity with a varying resistance : (£,) a pilot.
who runs about telling and hearing news : idle ' —«. Governorship.
Lalk.—v.i. to run about telling idle tales: to talk : Gowan, gow'an, *. the wild daisy. [Celt., as in
much: to chat.—n. Gosslpry.—adj. Goss'ipy. Ir. and Gael, gugan, bud, daisy.]
[Orig. a sponsor in baptism, or one related in Gown, gown, n. a woman's upper garment : a long
the service of Cod; M. E. gossib (earlier form, loose robe worn by professional men. [W. gwnt
godsib)—God, and sib, peace, relationship ; cf. akin to gwnio, to stitch.]
Ger. sippe, Ice. sif, affinity, Scot, sib, related.] | Gowned, gownd, adj. dressed in a gown.
Got, Gotten. See under Get. Gownman, gown'man, Gownsman, gownz'man,
Goth, goth, «. one of an ancient Germanic nation : w. one whose professional habit is a goru/i, as a
a rude or uncivilised person, a barbarian. [A.S. divine or lawyer, and esp. a member of an
Geatas, L. Gotlti, Gr. Gothoi, Goth. Guthans, English university.
the Goths.J Grab, grab (vulgar) v.t. to seise or grasp suddenly :
Gothamlte, goth'a-mlt, orGothamist, goth'a-mist, —Pr.p. grabb ing ; pa.p. grabbed'. [From same
n. a simpleton: a wiseacre. (Orig. 'man of root as Grapple, Grasp, Grip. Cf. Sw. grabba,
Gotham,' a village of Nottinghamshire, which to grasp, Ger. greifen, to seize. ]
got a reputation for foolish blundering.] Grabble, grab'l, v.i. to grope. [Freq. of Grab.]
Gothic, goth'ik, adj. belonging to the Goths or Grace, gris, «. easy elegance in form or manner :
their language : barbarous : romantic : denoting what adorns and commends to favour : adorn
a style of architecture with high-pointed arches, ment, embellishment: favour: mercy, pardon:
clustered columns, &c [Applied to architecture the undeserved kindness and mercy of God :
as a term of reproach at the time of the divine influence : eternal life or salvation : a
Renascence.] [bring back to barbarism. short prayer at meat : the title of a duke or an
Gothicise, goth'i-slz, z>.t. to make Gothic: to archbishop:—//, {w'uh good) favour, friendship:
Gothicism, goth'i-sizm, n. a Gothic idiom or style {myth.) the three sister goddesses in whom
of building : rudeness of manners. beauty was deified.—v.t. to mark with favour:
Gouge, gOoj or gowj, n. a chisel, with a hollow to adorn. —Days Of Grace, three days allowed
blade, for cutting grooves or holes.—v,t. to for the payment of a note or bill of exchange,
scoop out, as with a gouge : to force out, as the after being due acc. to its date. [Fr.—L. gratia,
eye with the thumb. [ Fr. - Low L. guvia, a favour—gratus, agreeable ; akin to Gr. charts,
kind of chisel.] grace.] [Grace'fully.—«. Grace'fulness.
Gourd, gOrd or ©Cord, n. a large fleshy fruit : Graceful, gras'fool, adj. elegant and easy.—adv.
Cite, far ; m£, her ; mine ; mOte : mute ; mtion ; than.
 Graceleas Grandsire
Gracoloss, grasTes, adj. wanting grace or excel grain is to dye deeply, also, to dye in the wool
lence : depraved: wicked. - adv. Gracelessly. —v.t. to paint in imitation of wood. [Fr.—L.
—n. Grace lessness. granum, seed, which is akin to E. Com.]
Gracious, gri'shus, adj. abounding in grace or Grained, grand, adj. rough, as if covered with
kindness: benevolent: proceeding from divine graifts. [the grain of wood.
favour : acceptable.—adv. Gra'ciously.—«. Gra'- Grainer, gran'er, «. one who paints in imitation of
ciousness. GrallatonaL gral-a-toYi-al. Grallatory, gral'a-
Gradation, gra-da'shun, «. a rising step by step: tor-if adj. of or relating to the grallatores or
progress from one degree or state to another: wading birds, as the crane, stork, &c. [L.
state of being arranged in ranks: ntus.) a grallator, one walking on stilts—gratia?, stilts,
diatonic succession of chords : I paint.) the contr. of graduta*, dim. of gradus, a step —
gradual blending of tints.—adj. Grada tional. gradior, to step.]
[Fr. — L. gradatio, a rising by steps—gradus, a Gram, Gramme, gram, n. a French unit of
step.] [tious or stages. weight, equal to 15*432 English grains. [Gr.
Gradationed. gra-da'shund, adj. formed bygratia- giamma, ;i letter, a small weight.]
Grade, gr&d, «. a degree or step in rank or dig Gramlneal, gra-min'e-al, Gramineous, gra-min'c-
nity: the degree of slope on a road. [Fr.—L. us, adj. like or pertaining to grass: grassy. [L.
gradus, a step—gradior, to step, to go.] gramineus—gramen, -inis, grass. See Grass.]
Gradient, gra'di-ent, adj. gradually rising : GramlnifoliOUS, gram-in-i-fc'li-us, adj. bearing
rising with a regular slope.—n. the degree of leaves. [L. gramen, andfolium, a leaf.]
slope on a road or railway : the difference in the Graminivorous, gram-in-iv'o-rus, adj., feeding qt
height of the barometer between one place and subsisting on grass and herbs. [L. gramen,
another place at some distance : an incline. [L. gramirtis, grass, and voro, to eat greedily.]
gradient, -entis, pr.p. ofgradior, to step.] Grammar, gram'ar, «. the science of the right use
Gradual, grad'u-al, adj. advancing by grades or of language: a book which teaches grammar:
degrees : regular and slow.—adv. Gradually . any elementary work. [Fr. grammaire ; from
—n. Gradual ity. Low L. gramma, a letter, with the termination
Gradual, grad'u-al, Grail, gral, «. in the Roman •arius—Gr. gramma, a letter—graphd, to write.]
Church, the portion of the mass between the Grammarian, gram-ma'ri-an, n. one versed in, or
epistle and the gospel, formerly always sung who teaches grammar. [Fr. grammairieu.]
from the steps of the altar : the book containing Grammar-SChool, gram'ar-sk6"ol, n. a school in
such anthems. [Low L.gradual* (Of gradate) which grammar is taught : a higher school, in
—L. gradus, a step. Grail is from O. Fr. which Latin and Greek arc taught.
greei—graduate.] Grammatic, gram-mat'ik, Grammatical, gram-
Graduate, grad'Q-at, v.t. to divide into regular mat'ik-al, adj. belonging to or according to the
intervals : to mark with degrees : to proportion. rules of grammar.—adv. Grammatically.
—v.i. to pass by grades or degrees : to pass [ Fr.—L. grammaticus— Gr. £ rammatikos—
through a university course and receive a degree. gramma, grammatos, a letter.]
—». one admitted to a degree in a college, uni Grammaticisetgram-mat'i-slz, v.t. to make gram
versity, or society.—«. Graduation. [Low L. matical, —v.i. to act the grammarian.
graduatus—L. gradus, a step, a degree.] Grampus, gram'pus, n. a large voracious fish of
Graduator, grad'u-ii-tor, ». a mathematical instru the Dolphin family, common in Arctic seas and
ment for graduating or dividing lines into regu on British coasts. [A corr., through It., Port.,
lar intervals. or Sp., of the L. grandis piscis, great fish.]
Gradus, gradus, n. a dictionary of Greek or Granary, gran'ar-i, «. a Morehouse for grain or
Latin prosody. [Contr. of gradus ad ParnaS' thrashed corn. [L. g*'attaria—granum.]
sum, a step or stair to Parnassus, the abode of Grand, grand, adj. of great size, extent, power,
the Muses.] or dignity: splendid: illustrious: noble: sub
Graff, «. and v. (B.) old form of Graft. lime: chief: of the second degree of parentage
Graft, graft, n. a small branch used in grafting. or descent, as Grandfather, a father or mother's
—v.t. to make an incision in a tree or plant, and father, Grand child, a son or daughter's child ;
insert in it a small branch of another: to insert so Grandmother, Grandson, Grand'-
in something anything not belonging to it.—v.i. daugh'ter, &c.-Grand-Ju'ry. a jury that de
to insert cuttings into a tree.—ft. Graft'er. cides whether there is sufficient evidence to put
[Grig. GT»ff—O. Fr. graffe (Fr. grefie)-L. anaccused person on trial.—adv. Grand'ly.—«.
grapkium, a style or pencil (which the inserted Grand'ness. [Fr. grand—L. graniiis, great.]
slip resembled)—Gr. graphd, to write. J Grandam, gran'dam, «. an old dame or woman :
Grail. See Gradual. a grandmother. [Grand and Dam, a mother.]
Grail, gral, tt. {in medieval legend] the Holy Cup Grandee, gran-del', «. a Spanish nobleman of the
in which Christ celebrated the Lord's Supper. first rank: a man of high rank or station.—«.
[Orig. the San Great, * Holy Dish ' (not Sang Grandee ship. [Sp.—L. grandu, great.]
Heal, 'Holy Blood '), in which it is said Joseph Grandeur, grand'Gr, n. vastness: splendour of
of Arimathca collected our Lord's blood ; from appearance : loftiness of thought or deportment.
O. Fr, groat or great, a flat dish—Low L. ! [Fr.t from grand, great. Sec Grand.]
gradate, prob. a corr. of cratelia, dim. of crater, Grandiloquent, cran-dil'o-kwent, adj. speaking
a bowl. Cf. Crater.] 1 grandly or bombastically: pompous.—adv.
Grain, grin, n. a single small hard seed : (col I Grandiloquently.—n. Grandiloquence. [L.
lectively) the seeds of certain plants which form I grandis, and toquor, to speak.]
the chief food of man : a minute particle : a Grand-master, grand'-mas-ter, n. title of the head
very small quantity : the smallest British weight : I of the religious orders of knighthood (Hospital
the arrangement of the particles or fibres of any lers, Templars, and Teutonic Knights) : the
thing, as stone or wood : texture : the dye made I head, for the time being, of the Freemasons.
from cochineal insects, which, in the prepared I Graudsire, grand'sir, n. a grandfather : any
state, resembles grains of seed : hence to Dye in ancestor. [See Grand.]
fate, far ; ma, her : mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. '200
 Grange
Orange, grfinj, «. a farmhouse with its stables
and other buildings. [Fr. grunge, barn— Low
L. granea—L. granum, grain.]
Granite, gran'it, n. an igneous crystalline rock,
composed of grains of quartz, feld>par, and
mica, and of a whitish, grayish, or reddish
colour. [It. granite, granite, grained—L.
granum, grain.] (of, or like granite.
Granitic, gron-it'ik, adj. pertaining to, consisting
Granitiform, gran-it'i-form. Granitoid, gran'i-
toid, adj. of theform of or resembling granite.
GranivoTOUS, gran-iv'or-us, adj., eating grain :
feeding on seeds. [L. granum, and voro, to cat.]
Grant, grant, v.t. to bestow or give over : to give
possession of: to admit as true what is not yet
proved : to concede. [M. E. grauntcn, graunt ;
O. Fr. graanter, craanter, creanier, to pro
mise, as if from a Low L. credento—L. credo,
to believe.]
Grant, grant, n. a bestowing : something bestowed,
an allowance : a gift : a transfer or conveyance
by deed or writing.
Grantee, grant-e', «. the person to whom a, grant,
gift, or conveyance is made.
Grantor, grant or, «. the person by whom a grant
or conveyance is made
Granular, gran'Q-lar, Granulary, gran'u-lar-i,
adj. consisting of or like grains.—-adv. Gran'U-
larly.
Granulate, gmn'u-ktt, v.t. to form or break into
grains or small masses : to make rough on the
surface.—v.i. to be formed into grains.—adj.
granular : having the surface covered with small
elevations. [Formed from Granule.]
Granulation, gran-u-la'shun, «. act of forming into
grains, esp. of metals by pouring them through
a sieve into water while hot :—//. the grain-like
bodies which form in sores when healing.
Granule, gran'ul, n. a littlegrain. [L. granulum,
dim. ofgranum. See Grain.] [tides.
Granulosis, gran'O-lus, adj. full of grains or par-
Grape, griip, «. the fruit of the vine : a mangy
tumour on the legs of horses : grapeshot. [O.
Fr. grappe, a cluster of grapes, which came in
E. to mean a single berry ; from O. Ger. chrap/o,
a hook. It properly meant a hook, then clustered
fruit, hooked on, attached to, a stem (Brachet).]
Grapery, gnip'er-i, n. a place where grapes are
grown.
Grapeshot, grap'shot, «., shot or small iron balls
clustered or piled on circular plates round an
iron pin, and which scatter on being fired.
Graphic, gr.if'ik, Graphical, graf'ik-al, adj. per
taining to writing, describing, or delineating:
picturesquely described. —adv. Graphically.
[L. grapnicus—Gr. graphikos—graphd, to write. ]
Graphite, graflt, n. a mineral, commonly called
blacklead or plumbago 'though containing no
lead) largely used in making pencils. [Gr.
graph*.]
Grapnel, grap'nel, n. a small anchor with several
claws or arms : a grappling-iron. [ Fr. grappin ;
O. Fr. grappit; from root of Grapple.]
Grapple, grap'l, v.t. to gripe or seize : to lay fast
hold of. —v.i. to contend in close fight. [Dim.
of Grab.]
Grappling-iron, grapling-T'um, n. a large grapnel
formerly used for seizing hostile ships in naval
engagements.
Grapy, grap'i, adj. made of or like grapes.
Grasp, grasp, v.t. to seize and hold by clasping
witn the fingers or arms : to catch at—v.i. to
endeavour to seize : to catch (followed by at).—
n. gripe of the hand : reach of the arms : power
^10 late, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Grave
of seizure. [M. E. graspen = grapsen. See
Grope and Grapple.]
Grass, gras, n. common herbage : an order of
plants with long, narrow leaves, and tubular
stem, including wheat, rye, oats, &c.—v.t. to
cover with grass. (A.S. g*zrs, gws ; Ice.,
Ger., Dut., and Goth, gras; prou. allied to
green and grww. ]
Grasshopper, gras'hop-cr, «. a hopping insect that
feeds on grass, allied to the locust.
Grass-plot, gras'-plot, «. a plot of grassy ground.
Grassy, gras'i, adj. covered with or resembling
grass: green. —«. GrassIness.
Grate, griit, n. a framework composed of bars
with interstices, csp. one of iron b irs for hold
ing coals while burning. [Low L. grata, a
grate, hurdle, lattice—from L. crates, a hurdle.
Sec Crate.]
Grate, grit, v.t. to rub hard or wear away with
anything rough : to make a harsh sound : to irri
tate or offend. [Fr. gratter; through Low L.,
from O. Ger. chrazon (Ger. kratzen), to scratch,
akin to Sw. kratta.\
Grated, grat'ed, atij. having a grate or grating.
Grateful, griii'foo!, adj. causing pleasure : accept
able : delightful : thankful : having a due sense
of benefits.—adv. Grate'fully.—«. Grate'ful-
noss. lO. Fr. gral—L. grains, pleasing,
thankful, and Full. Sec Grace.]
Grater, grat'er, n. an instrument with a rough
surface for grating or rubbing down a body.
Gratification, grat-i-fi-ki'shun, n. a pleasing or
indulging : that which gratifies : delight. [L.
grati/icatio.]
Gratify, grat'i-fT, v.t. to do what is agreeable
to: to please: to soothe: to indulge ;—p,i.p.
grat'ified.—«. Grat'lfler. [Fr.—L. gratificor—
gratus, andfacio, to make.]
Grating, grat ing, *. the bars of a grate ; a par
tition or frame of bars.
Grating, gritting, adj. rubbing hard on the, feel
ings : harsh : irritating.— Gratingly.
Gratis, gra'tis, adv. for nothing : without pay
ment or recompense. [L. contr. of gra/its,
ablative pi. of gratia, favour—gratus.]
Gratitude, grat'i-tOd, n. warm and friendly feel
ing towards a benefactor : thankfulness. [Fr.—
Low L. gratitudo. ]
Gratuitous, gra-tii'i-tus, adj., done or given
gratis or for nothing : voluntary : without
reason, ground, or proof. — Gratuitously.
[L. gratuttus—gratus. ]
Gratuity, gra-tfi'i-ti, «. a present: an acknow
ledgment of service, generally pecuniary. [Fr.
—Low L. gratuitas—h. gratus.]
Gratulate, grat'u-lat, v.t. to Congratulate.
Gratulation, grat-u-la'shun, n. Congratulation.
Gratulatory, grat'u-la-tor-i. adj. Congratulatory.
Gravamen, grav amen, n. grievance : substantial
ground of complaint or accusation. [L.—gravis,
heavy.]
Grave, grav, v.t. to carve or cut, on a hard sub
stance : to engrave.—v.i. to engrave:—Pa.p.
graved' or grav'en. —n. a pit graved or dug out,
csp. one in which to bury the dead : any place
of burial : (fig.) death : destruction. [A S. gru-
fan ; cog. with Dut. graven (whence Ft. graver],
Ger. graben, Goth, graban; Gr. graphd, to
grave, scratch, L. scribere, to write, scrobs, a
ditch ]
Grave, grSv, v.t. to smear with graves or greaves,
a mixture of tallow, rosin, &c. boiled together.
[See Greaves.)
Grave, grav, adj. {fig.) weighty : of importance :
mGte ; mute ; mODn ; Men,
 Gravel
not gay: sober: solemn: (mus.) not
acute : low. —adv. Gravely.—«. Grave'ness.
[Fr. —L. gravis ; Sans, guru ]
Gravel, grav'el, «. small stones often intermixed
with sand: small collections of gravelly matter
in the kidneys or bladder.—^./, to cover with
gravel : to puzzle '.~pr.fi. grav'elling ; pa.p.
grav'elled.—adj. GraVelly. (O. Fr. gravelle—
Fr. greve or grave, a sandy shore ; prob. Celt.,
as in Bret, grot/an, sand, W. gro, pebbles.]
Graver, grav'er, n. an engraver: a tool for
engraving on hard substances.
Graves. Same as Greaves, tallow-drippings.
Gravid, grav'id, adj., fteavy, csp. as being with
child : pregnant. [L. gravidus—gravis, heavy.]
Graving, grav ing, n. act of graving or cutting
out on hard substances : that which is graved
or cut out: carved-work : act of cleaning a
ship's bottom—«. Grav ing dock, a dock into
which ships are taken to be graved.
Gravitate, grav'i-tat, v.i to be acted on by
graz'ity : to tend towards the earth. [From L.
gravis, heavy.]
Gravitation, grav-i-ta'shun, «. act of gravitating :
the tendency of all bodies to attract each other.
Gravity, grav'i-ti, «. weightiness : the tendency
of matter to attract and dc attracted, thus caus
ing weight : state of being grave or sober :
relative importance: (mus.) lowness of a note.
[Fr. gravite—L. gravitas—gravis, heavy.]
Gravy, grav^i, n. the juices from meat while cook
ing. (Prob. orig. an adj. formed from Greaves,
the dregs of tallow.]
Gray, gru., adj. of a white colour mixed with
black: ash-coloured: {Jig.) aged.—n. a gray
colour: an animal of a grayish colour, as a
horse, &c.—n. Gray'ness. [A.S. graeg; allied
to Ger. grau, and L. ratms, tawny.]
Graybeaiu, gra'be'rd, n. one with a gray beard,
hence, an old man : a coarse earthenware vessel
for holding liquors.
Grayish. grfi'ish, adj. somewhat gray.
Grayling, gra'ling, n. a silvery gray fish of the
salmon family, but with a smaller mouth and
teeth, and larger scales.
Graystone, gra'stOn, n. a grayish or greenish vol
canic rock allied to basalt.
Graywaolce, gra'wak-e, «. a kind of sandstone,
consisting of rounded pebbles and sand firmly
united together. [Ger. grawivacke—grau, gray,
and Wacke. ]
Graze, griz, v.t. to eat or feed on grass : to feed
witn grass.—vd. to eat grass : to supply grass.
[From Grass.]
Graze, griiz, v.t. to pass lightly along the surface.
—«. Graz'er, an animal which grazes. [Ety.
dub. ; pcrh. only a special use of Graze above :
perh. coined from rase (Fr. raser), the form of
the word being modified by confusing it with
graze [the above word). See Base.]
Grazier, gra'zher, n. one who grazes or pastures
cattle and rears them for the market. [For
gras-er—OrrOAB. )
Grease, gres, n. soft thick animal/at .* oily matter
<if any kind: an inflammation in the heels of a
horse, marked by swelling. &c.—v.t. (sometimes
pron. grez; to smear with grease. [Fr. graisse,
from gras, fat— L. crassus. gross, thick.]
Greasy, grC'zi or gres'i, adj. of or like grease or
oil: smeared with grease: smooth: fat.—adv.
Greasily.—«. Greas'iness.
Great, griit, adj. large : long-continued : superior :
distinguished: highly gitted : noble: mighty:
: of high rank : chief: proud : weighty :
fate, far ; me, h6r ; mine ;
Green-siclmess
indicating one degree more remote in the direct
line of descent, as"Great -grand father. Great'-
grand'son.—adv. Greatly.—/*. Great'ness.
[A.S. : Dut groot, Ger. gross; pcrh. allied to
Grand, Gross, Grow.]
Greatcoat, grat'kot, «. an overcoat.
Great-hearted, grut'-hart'ed, adj. having a great
or noble heart : high-spirited : noble.
Greaves, grevz, «.//. the sediment of melted
tallow, pressed into cakes for dogs' food. [Sw.
grevar, leavings of tallow, Ger. griebe.]
Greaves, gr£vz, n.pl. ancient armour for the legs,
of leather, &c [O. Fr greves, from gtH'e, the
shin-bone.]
Grebe, greb, n. an aquatic bird, having a long
conical beak, short wings, and no tail. [Kr.
grebe; from the Celtic, as in Bret, krib, a comb,
W. crib, crest, one species having a crest.)
Grecian, gre'shan, adj. pertaining to Greece.—n.
a native of Greece : one well versed in the Greek
language and literature: \B.) a Jew who spoke
Greek. [A.S. and Fr. Grec—L. Gra'cus—Gr.
Graikos.}
Grecise, gre"slz, v.t. to make Grecian : to translate
into Greek.—v.i. to speak Greek. [guagc.
Grecism, gre'sizm, «. an idiom of the Greek Ian-
Greed, grcd, ». an eager desire or longing : covct-
ousness. [See Greedy.]
Greedy, gr€d'i, adj. having a voracious appetite:
covetous : eagerly desirous.—adz'. Greed'lly. —
n. Greed'iness. [A.S. gra-d/g, Dut. gretig,
Goth, gredags, hungry ; Sans, gridhnu (from v.
gridk, to be greedy, j]
Greek, grck, adj. Grecian.—«. a Grecian : the
language of Greece: (/?.) a Greek by race, or
more frequently a Gentile as opposed to a Jew.
Greek-fire, grek'-fTr, n. a combustible substance
inextinguishable by water, used by the Greeks
of the ByKintine empire against the Saracens.
Green, gren, adj. ol the colour ofgrowing-p\a.x\\s :
growing : vigorous : new : unripe : inexperienced :
young.—«. the colour of growing-plants : a small
green or grassy plat :—//. fresh leaves : wreaths ;
the leaves of green vegetables for food, &c.—«.
Green'ness. [A.S. grau; Ger. griin, Dut.
groen, green, Ice. grimn, allied to Grow.]
Greenback, gren'bak, «. popular name for the
paper money first issued by the United States in
1862.
Green-cloth, grCn'-kloth, n. formerly, a court for
regulating the affairs of the royal household,
and which had power to punish offenders within
the palace, and 200 yds. beyond the gates, so
called from the green cloth on the table round
which it sat. [tables, as grasses, turnips, &c-
Greon crop, gren'-krop, «. a crop of green vege-
Greenery, gren'er-i, «. green plants : verdure.
Greengage, grCn'gaj, n. a green and very sweet
variety ol the plum. [Latter part of the word
obscure.]
Greengrocer, gren'gr3-ser, n. a grocer or dealer
who retails greens, or fresh vegetables and fruits.
Greenhorn, gren'horn, «. a raw, inexperienced
youth.
Greenhouse, gre'n'hows, «. a house to shelter
tender plants from the cold weather.
GreenUh, grfin'ish, adj. somewhat green.—n.
Green ishnoss
Greenroom, gren'rOum, n. the retiring-fwwz ol
actors in a theatre, winch originally had the walls
coloured green.
Greensand, greVsand, «. a sandstone in which
green specks of iron occur.
Green-Sickness. gren'-sik'nes, n. chlorosis, a dis
m<3tc ; mute ; mOOn ; Men. 211
 Greenstone
ease of young females characterised by general
languor and a pale or greenish colour of skin.
Greenstone, gr6n'st3n, n. a variety of trap-rock of
a green colour.
Greet, gr€t, v.t. to salute or address with kind
wishes : to send kind wishes to : to congratulate.
—v.i. to meet and salute :—pr.p. greeting ; pa.p.
greet'ed. [A.S- gretan, to go to meet; Dut.
groeten, Ger. grUssen, to salute. ]
Greeting;, grCYing, «. expression of kindness or
joy : salutation.
Gregarious, gre-gfL'ri-us, adj. associating or living
in flocks or herds.—adv. Grega'rlously.—n.
Groga'riousnoss. [L. gregarius—grex, gregis,
a flock.]
Gregorian, gre-go'ri-an, adj. belonging to or
established by Pope Gregory; as the Gregorian
chant or tones, introduced by Gregory 1. ,6th
cent.), and the calendar, reformed by Gregory
XIII. (16th cent.)
Grenade, gre-nad', n. a small shell of iron or glass,
filled with powder and bits of iron, and thrown
from the hand, so called from its resembling a
pomegranate. [Fr. —Sp. granada—L. grana-
tum, a pomegranate—granum, a grain.]
Grenadier, gren-a-der', «. (on'g.) a soldier who
threw grenades: formerly, a member of the first
company of every battalion of foot.
Grew, grOo, past tense of Grow.
Grey, grit Same as Gray.
Greyhound, gnVhownd, n. a swift hunting hound,
of slender form, great length of limb and muzzle,
and great keenness of sight. [Ice. greyhnndr
—Ice. grey, a dog, and hundr (E. hound), a
hound. ]
Griddle, grid!, n. a flat iron plate for baking
cakes. [W. greidell—greidio, to scorch or
singe; Gael, greidil, Scot, girdle.]
Gridiron, grid'T-urn, «. a frame of iron bars for
broiling flesh or fish over the fire. [M. E.
gredire, a griddle, and from the same Celtic
root as griddle ; but the termin. -ire became
identified with M. E. ire, iron.]
Grief, grcT, «. , heaviness of heart : sorrow ; regret :
mourning: cause of sorrow: affliction: [B.)
bodily as well as mental pain. [Fr. grief—
grez'er, to burden—L. gravo, to grieve—gravis,
neavy.] [hardship: injury: grief.
Grievance, greVans, «. cause of grief: burden :
Grieve, gr£v, v.t. to cause griefor pain of mind
to: to make sorrowful: to vex: B. ) also, to
inflict bodily pain.—v.i. to feel grief: to mourn.
Grievous, grSv'us, adj. causing or full of griff:
burdensome : painful : heinous : atrocious : hurt
ful.—*. GrlevWsness. [(/?.) severely.
Grievously, grev'us-li, adv. in a grievous manner:
Griffin, grifin, Griffon, grif'un, «. an imaginary
animal, with the body and legs of a lion, and the
crooked beak and wings of an eagle. [Fr. griffon
— L. and Gr. gryps—Gr. grypos, hook-nosed. J
Grig, grig, «. a small lively eel, the sand-eel.
[Prov. E. grig, a cricket: from its wriggling
motion.]
Grill, gril, v.t. to broil on a gridiron : to torment.
[Fr. griller—gril, a gridiron—L. craticula, dim.
of crates, a grate. ]
Grilse, grils, «. a young salmon on its first return
from salt water. [Sw. graalax, a gray salmon.]
Grim, grim, adj. of forbidding aspect : ferocious :
ghastly : sullen.—adv. Grimly. —«. Grim/ness.
[A.S. grim ; Ger. grimmig—grimm, fury, Dut.
grimmig, Ice. grimmr.)
Grimace, gri-mas', «. a distortion of the face, in
jest, &c. : a smirk. [Fr., of uncertain orig., perh.
212 fate, far ; me", her ; mine ;
Grooer
from root of Tee. and A.S. grima, a mask or
phantom.] [torted.
Grimaced, gri-masd', adj. with a grimace: dis-
Grimalkln, "gri-malTcin, «. an old cat. [Gray,
and malkin, a dirty drab, a hare, a dim. of
Moll or Mary.]
Grime, grim, n. ingrained dirt.—v.t. to soil deeply
[From a leut. root found in Dan. grim, soot,
Fris. grime, a dark spot on the face.]
Grimy, grlml, adj. full ofgrime: foul.
Grin, grin, v.t. to set the teeth together and with
draw the lips.—v.t. to express by grinning:—
fr.p. grinning; Pa.p. grinned'.—«. act of grinn
ing. [A.S. grennian; Ice. grenja, Ger. grcinen,
Dut. grijnen, to grumble, Sc. gtm ; allied to
E. groan, Fr. grogncr.]
Grind, grind, v.t. to reduce to powder by friction :
to wear down or sharpen by rubbing : to rub
together: to oppress or harass.—v.i. to be moved
or rubbed together \~pr.p. grinding; Pa.t. and
Pa.p. ground. [A.S. grittdan.]
Grinder, grtnd'er, n. he or that which grinds : a
double or jaw tooth that grinds food.
Grindstone, grind'ston, «. a circular revolving
stone for grinding or sharpening tools.
Grip, grip. Gripe, grip, «., grasp or firm hold with
the hand, &c. : oppression : pinching distress:—
//. Gripes, severe pains in the bowels. [See
Gripe, v.]
Gripe, grip, v.t. to grasp with the hand : to seize
and hold fast : to squeeze : to give pain to the
bowels. —Griping, part. adj. avaricious: of a
pain that catches or seizes acutely. [A.S.
gripan; Ice. grtpa, Ger. greifen, Dut. grijpt'n .
allied to Grab.]
Grisette, gri-zet', «. a gay young Frenchwoman
of the lower class. [Fr. grisette, a gray gown,
which used to be worn by that class—grist gray.]
Grisled, griz'ld. Same as Grizzled.
Grisly, grizli, adj. frightful : hideous. [A.S.
gryslic, agrt'san, to dread ; Ger. grdsslich,
grieseln, to shudder.]
Grist, grist, n. corn for grinding at one time :
supply: profit. [A.S. grist, gersf, a grinding ;
from root of Grind.]
Gristle, gris'l, «. a soft, clastic substance in animal
bodies, also called cartilage. [A.S. gristel ; a
dim. of grist and grind, because one must
crunch it in eating.] [«. Gristliness.
Gristly, gris'li, adj. consisting of or like gristle. —
Grit, grit, n. the coarse part of meal : gravel : a
kind of hard sandstone :—fl. oats coarsely
ground, groats. [A.S- greot, grytt ; Dut, gritt,
groats, Ger. gries, gravel, akin to groat, grout.]
Gritty, grit'i, adj. consisting of or having grits or
hard particles.—». Gritt mess.
Grizzle, griz'l, n. a gray colour. [Fr. gris, gray—
O. Ger. gris, gray, Ger. greis.)
Grizzled, griz'ld, adj., gray, or mixed with gray.
Grizzly, griz li, adj. of a ^tyi^ colour.
Groan, gron, v.i. to utter a moaning sound in dis
tress : (flg.) to be afflicted. ~«. a deep moaning
sound as of distress : a sound of disapprobation.
[A. S. graniatt,] [any low rumbling sound.
Groaning, gron'ing, «. a deep moan as of pain :
Groat, grawt or grot, ». an old English coin = 4<i.
[O. Low Ger. grote, a coin of Bremen ; like Dut.
groot — great, so called because greater than the
copper coins formerly in use (Skeat) ; Ger.
grosclten—Low L. grossns, thick.]
Groats, grawts or grots, ti.pl. the grain of oats
deprived of the husks. [A.S. gntt, coarse meal. ]
Grocer, gros'cr, «. a dealer in tea, sugar, S:c.
| [Fr. grassier, from root of Gross ; the word, for
mOte ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Grocery Growl
merly grosser, orig. meant one who sold whole- 1 Ground-floor, grownd'-flOr, n. the floor of a house
sale.] [articles sold by grocers. \ on a level with the street or exterior ground.
Grocery, groVer-i, «. (generally used in pi. ) Ground-ivy, grownd'-I'vi, «. a plant which creeps
Grog, grog, «. a mixture of spirit and cold water. ] along the ground, like ivy.
[Derived from ' Old Grog, a nickname given Groundless, grownd'les, adj. without ground,
by the sailors to Admiral Vernon, who first in foundation, or reason.—adv. Groundlessly.—
troduced it, because he used, in bad weather, to n. Groundlessness.
wear a grogram cloak. ] Groundling, grownd'ling, n. a small fish which
Grogram. grog'ram, n. a kind of cloth made of keeps near the bottom of the water : a spectator
mIk and mohair, of a coarse grain or texture. in the pit of a theatre. [Both formed from
[O. Fr. gros'grain, of a coarse grain or texture. Ground and double dim. -ling.]
See Gross and Grain.] Ground-nut, grownd'-nut, «. a term applied to the
Groin, groin, «. the part of the body just where fruit of some plants and the root of others
the legs begin to divide: {arch.) the angular found in the ground.
curve formed by the crossing of two arches. Ground-plan, grownd'-plan, «., plan of the hori
[Ice. grein, division, branch—greina, to divide ; zontal section of the lowest ox ground story of a
Sw. gren, branch, space between the legs ; Scot. building.
graine, graue, the branch of a tree or river.] Ground-plot, grownd'-plot, «. the plot of ground
Groined, groind, adj. having groins or angular on which a building stands.
curves made by the intersection of two arches. Ground-rent, grownd'-rent, «., rent paid to a
Groom, grOOm, n. one who has the charge of landlord for liberty to build on his ground.
horses : a title of several officers of the royal Grounds, grownds, n.pi. dregs of drink : sediment
household : a bridegroom. —z'.t. to tend, as a at the bottom of liquors. [Gael, and Ir. grunn-
horse. —H. Grooms raan, attendant on a bride das ; conn, with Ground.]
groom at his marriage. [Ety. dub. ; prob. from Groundsel, grownd'sel, n. an annual plant, about
A.S. guma (in bridegroom), a man, which is a foot high, with small yellow flowers. [A.S.
allied to Goth, gnma, Ice. gnmi, L. homo.] grundswelige—grund, ground, and swelgan, to
Groove, grCRiv, n. a furrow, or long hollow, such swallow; therefore lit. ground-rwalloivcr.]
as is cut with a tool.—v.t. to grave or cut a Ground-swell, ground'-swel, n. a broad, deep
groove or furrow in. [A.S. grof, grref—grafan, swell or undulation of the ocean, proceeding
to dig ; Ger. grade —graoert, to dig ; Dut. groeve, from a distant storm.
a furrow, pit ; from root of Grave.] Groundwork, grownd'wurk, n. the ivork which
Grope, grop, v.i. (orig.) to gripe or feel with the forms the ground or foundation of anything :
hands : to search or attempt to find something, the basis : the essential part : the first principle.
as if blind or in the dark.—v.t. to search by Group, group, n. a number of persons or things
feeling, as in the dark. [A.S. grapian% to together : (art) an assemblage of persons, ani
seize, handle ; allied to Grab, Gripe.] mals, or things, forming a whole.—v.t. to form
Gropingly, grOp'ing-li, adv. in a groping manner. into a group or groups. [Fr. groupie—It. groppo,
Grosbeak. Same as Grossbeak. a bunch, knot ; from a root found in Ger. kropf,
Gross, gros, adj. coarse : rough : dense : palpable : a protuberance.)
whole : coarse in mind : stupid : sensual : ob Grouping, gro<5p'ing, n. {art) the act of disposing
scene.—«. the main bulk : the whole taken to and arranging figures or objects in groups.
gether : a great hundred, i.e. twelve dozen.— Grouse, grows, «. the heathcock or moorfowl, a
adv. Grossly.—u. Gross'ness. [Fr. gros—Low bird with a short curved bill, short legs, and
L. grossus—L. crassus. ] feathered feet, which frequents moors and hills.
Grossbeak, grdVbek, «. a genus of birds with a [Prob. formed from the older grice Ion the ana
thick strong convex beak. Gross and Beak ] logy of mouse, mice)—O. Fr. griesc/w, of un
Grot, grot. Grotto, grot'O, n. a cave : a place of known origin.]
shade, for pleasure, made like a cave :—pi. Grout, growt, n. coarse meal : the sediment of
Grots, Grottos. [Fr. grotte—L. crypta ; thus liquor : lees : a thin coarse mortar : a fine
a doublet of Crypt ; grotto is the It. form.] plaster for finishing ceilings. [A.S. grut, coarse
Grotesque, gro-teslc', adj. extravagantly formed : meal; cog. with Dut. grut, Ice. grautr, por
ludicrous.—n. {art) extravagant ornament, con ridge, Ger. griitzc, groats.]
taining animals, plants, &c. not really existing. Grove, grov, n. a wood of small size, generally of
—adv. Grotesquely.—;/. Grotesque'ness. [Fr. a pleasant or ornamental character : an avenue
grotesque—It. grottesca—grotto; because old of trees. [A.S. graf; a grove, a lane cut anions
grottos were commonly adorned with quaint trees—gra/an, to dig. See Grave, Groove.]
and extravagant paintings.] Grovel, grov'el, v.i. to crawl on the earth: to be
Grotto. See Grot. mean:—pr.p. grov'elling: Pa.p. grov'elled.—
Ground, grownd, pad. and pa.p. of Grind- Grov'eller. [Perh. from Ice. grujla, to grovel,
Ground, grownd, «. the surface of the earth : a from gruja, as in gmfa nidr, to stoop down.
portion of the earth's surface : land : field : the See Grab, Grope.]
floor, &c. : position : field or place of action : Grow, grtJ, v.i. to become enlarged by a natural
[lit. 6x jig. ) that on which something is raised : process : to advance towards maturity : to in
foundation : reason : [art) the surface on which crease in size : to develop : to become greater
the figures are represented. [A.S. grnnd ; cog. in any way ; to extend : to improve : to pass
with Ger. Dan. and Sw. grund. Ice. grunnr, from one state to another: to become.—v.t. to
Goth, grundus ; prob. conn, with grind, and cause to grow : to cultivate :—/«./. grew (grtSO} ;
orig. meaning 'earth ground small.'] ^o./. grown. —«. Grow'er. [A.S. growan; Ice,
Ground, grownd, v.t. to fix on a foundation or groa: conn, v/'ith green.]
principle : to instruct in first principles.—v.i* to Growl, growl, v.i. to utter a deep, murmuring
strike the bottom, and remain fixed. sound, like a dog: to grumble surlily. —v.i. to
Groundage, grownd'aj, «. the tax paid by a ship express by growling.—*. Growler. [Dut. and
for the ground or space occupied while in port. Ger. grolten, to be angry, to roar ; allied to Gr.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mate ; mute ; mOOn ; Men. 213
 G-rowl
gryllisd, to grunt, gryllos, a pig : from the sound.
See Grudge and Grunt.]
Growl, growl, «. a murmuring, snarling sound,
as of an angry dog.
Growth, grdth, «. a grooving: gradual increase:
progress : development : that which has grown :
product.
Grub, grub, v.i. to di^ in the dirt : to be occupied
meanly. —v.t. to dig or root out of the ground
(generally followed by uf>,:—pr.p. grubb'ing :
p.i.fi. grubbed'. [Ety. dub. ; but prob. allied to
Grab, Gripe. ]
Grub, grub, «. the larva of the beetle, moth, &c.
[Same word as above.]
Grubber, gruber, ti. he or that which grubs: an
instrument for dicing up the rout-, of trees, &c
Grub-Street, grub-stret, «. a street in London
inhabited by shabby liierary men.—adj. applied
to any inc.in literary production.
Grudge, gruj, v.t. to murmur at : to look upon
with envy : to give or take unwillingly. —v.i. to
shew discontent. -«. secret enmity or envy : an
old cause of quarrel. [M. E. grucchen, gruggen
— O. Fr. grouchc*-, groucer, gruger, from an
imitative root gru, which is found in Gr. gry,
the grunt of a pig, also in growl, grunt.]
Grudgingly, gruj'in^-li. adv. unwillingly.
Gruel, gr{5u'el, «. a thin food, m;ide by boilinL'
groats or oatmeal in water. [O- Fr. gruel \ Yt.
gruau), groats — Low L. gruteliuvi, dim. of
grutnm, meal—O. Ger. grut, Croats, A.S. grut.]
Gruesome, grGT/sum, adj. horrible : fearful.
[Scan. : cog. with Ger. grausam.\
Gruff, Kruf, adj. rough, stern, or abrupt in manner :
churiUh.—m^'. Gruffly.—n. Grufrness. [Dut.
grof; cog. with Sw. grof, Dan. grov, Ger. grab,
coarse : prob. imitative.]
Grumble, grum'bl, v.i. to murmur with discon
tent: to growl: to rumble.— «. GrunVbler.—■
adv. Grum'bllngly. [Fr. grommeUr; from
O. Ger. grummeht.]
Grume, groom. «. a thick consistence of fluid : a
clot as of blood. [0. Fr. grume, a knot, a
bunch (Fr. grutneau, a clot of blood)—L. gru-
f/uts, a little heap.]
Grumous, grODm'us, adj. thick : clotted.
Grumpy, grum'pi, adj. surly : liissatisfied : melan
cholic. [ From same root as Grumble.]
Grunt, grunt, v.i. to make a sound like a pig.—
n. a short, guttural sound, as of a hog.—«.
Grunt'er. [Like words are found in most
l'.uropean languages; all from the sound. See
Growl and Grudge.]
Guaiacuni, gwA'ya-kum, «. a genus of trees in the
W. Indies, that yield a greenish resin used in
medicine. [Sp. guayaco, from a Haytian word.]
Guano, goc-a'nO or gwa'nO, n. the long-accumu
lated dung of certain scafowl, found on certain
coasts and islands, esp. about S. America, much
used for manure. [Sp. guano or huatw, from
Peruvian huantt, dung. |
Guarantee, gar-an te', Guaranty, gar'an-ti, ».
a warrant or surely : a contract to sec per
formed what another has undertaken : the per
son who makes such a contract.—v.t. to under-
Like that another shall perforin certain engage
ments : to make sure :—pr.p. guarantee ing ;
/<*-/• guaranteed'. [(). Fr. garantie. guarantee^
pa.p. of garantir, to warrant—garant, war
rant. Sec Warrant.]
Guard, gard, v.t. to ward, watch, or take care of:
to protect from danger. —v.i. to watch : to be
wary.—«. that which guards from danger: a
man or body of men stationed to protect : one
1!1 I fate, far ; inc. her ; mine ;
Guild
who has charge of a coach or railway-train :
state of caution : posture of defence : part of the
hilt of a sword: a watch-chain:—pi. troops
attached to the person of a sovereign. [0. tr.
garder, guarder—O. Ger. ivartcn ; cog. with
E. ivard.\ [turned towards the beholder.
Guardant, gaYdant, tuij. {her.) having the face
Guarded, giirded, adj. wary: cautious: uttered
wiih caution.—adv. Guardedly.—«. Guard'-
edness.
Guardian, gard'yan, «. one who guards or takes
care of: {/aw) one who has the <\irc of an
orphan minor. —<uij. protecting. —«. Guardian
ship, [modaiiuii ufguards.
Guardroom, gard'rdom, «. a room for the accom-
Guardshlp, gard ship, «. a ship of war that
guards or superintends marine affairs in a har
bour.
Guardsman, gards'man, «. a soldier of the guards.
Guava, gwa'va, n. a genus of trees and shrubs,
of tropical America, with yellow, pear-shaped
fruit which is made into jelly. [Sp. guayaba ;
of W. Indian origin.]
Gudgeon, guj'un, «. a small fresh-water fish, allied
to the carp, easily caught—hence, any one easily
cheated. [ Fr. goujo/t—L. $<>bio—Gr. kobias.
See Goby. J
Guelder-rose, gcl'der-ru/, a tree with large white
ball-shaped flowers. [So called from Gueldrcs in
Holland—also called snowball-tree]
Guerdon, gcrMun, «. a reward or recompense.
[O. Fr. guerdon, guerredon (It. guidardone')—
Low L. widerdonum, corr. from O. Ger. widar-
lon, A.S. widhcrlcan—widher (same as with
in E. withstand), against, lean {same as E.
loan}, reward ; or more prob. the latter part of
the word is from L. donum, a gift.]
Guerilla, Guerrilla, ger-ril'a, «. a mode of har
assing an army by small bands adopted by the
Spaniards against the French in the Peninsular
War: a member of such a band.—adj. conducted
by or conducting petty warfare. [Sp. guerrilla,
dim. of guerra (Fr. guerre Ger. werrxi,
war. See War.]
Guess, ges, v.t. to form an opinion on uncertain
knowledge. —v.i. to judge on uncertain know
ledge: to conjecture rightly. [M. E. gessen ;
cog. with Dut. gissen ; Dan gisse. Ice. giska,
for git-ska—geta, to get, think, A.S. gitan,
whence E. Get. See also Forget.]
Guess, ges, « judgment or opinion without suffi
cient evidence or grounds.
Guesswork, gus'wurk, n., work done by guess.
Guest, gest, u. a visitor received and entertained.
[A.S. gest, gitst; allied to Dut. an-! Ger. gast,
L. hostis, stranger, enemy. Cf. Host, an army. ]
Guest-Chamber, gest'-cham'ber, u. \B. \ a chamber
or room for the accommodation o$guests.
Guffaw, guf-faw', «. a loud laugh. [From the
sound.!
Guidance, gTd'ans, «. direction : government.
Guide, gid, v.t. to lead or direct : to regulate : to
influence. —«. he who or that which guides : one
who directs another in his course of life : a
soldier or other person employed to obtain
information for an army. [Fr. guider; prob.
from a Tent, root, ;ts in A.S. wttan, to know,
observe, wis, wise, Ger. weisen, to shew, and so
conn, with wit and wise.] [tourists.
Guidebook, gld'book, n. a book of information fur
GuidepOSt, gTd'pust, n. a post erected at a road
side, to guide the traveller.
Guild, gild, n. (org.) an association in a town
where payment was made for mutual support
mote ; mine ; luoou ; tattu.
 Guile Gusset
and protection : an association of men for Gullible, gul'i-bl, adj. easily gulled or deceived.—
mutual aid : a corporation.—Guild hall. «. the n. Gullibility.
hall of a guild or corporation, esp. in London. Gully, gull, n. a gullet or channel worn by run
[A.S. gild, money, gildan, to pay : it is the same ning-water.—?', t. to wear a gully or channel in,
word as Gold and Gild. J [A form of Gullet.]
Guile, gll, «. wile, jugglery : cunning : deceit. Gulp, gulp, v.t. to swallow eagerly or in large
[O. Fr. guil!t, deceit; Ironi a Teut. root, as in draughts. [Dut. gulpen, to swallow eagerly,
A.S. wut Ice vel, a trick. See Wile.) from Dut. gulp, a great draught.]
Guileful, eil'fool, adj. cr.ifty : deceitful.—adv. Gum, gum, n. the flesh of the jaws which sur
Guile fully. —«. Guile'fulness. rounds the teeth. [A.S. goma ; Ice. gotnry Ger.
Guileless, gil'les, adj. without deceit: artless.— gunmen, roof of the mouth, palate.]
adv. Guilelessly.—«. Guilelessness. Gum, gum, n. a substance which exudes from cer-
Guillemot, gil'e-mot, «. a genus of marine birds lain trees, and hardens on the surface, —v.t. to
having a pointed bill and very short tail [Fr.] smear or unite with gum :—pr.p. gumin'ing ;
Guillotine, gd'O-tCn, n. an instrument for behead- I pa.p. gummed'. [Fr. gomme—L. guwmi—Gr.
ing—consisting of an upright frame down which kommi.]
a sharp heavy axe descends on the neck of the GummiferouS, gum-if'er-us, adj. producinggum.
victim—adopted during the French Revolu [L. gummi, andfero, 10 bear, to produce.]
tion, and named after Guillotin, a physician, Gummous, gum us, Gummy, gum'i, adj. consist
who fir>t proposed its adoption.—v.t. to beluad ing of or resembling gum: producing or covered
with the guillotine. with gum.—«. Gumm'iness. [L. gummosus.)
Guilt, gilt. «. punishable conduct : the state of Gun, gun, «. a firearm or weapon, from which
having broken a law : crime. [Orig. a payment balls or other projectiles arc discharged, usually
or fine for an offence ; A.S. gylt, gildan, by means of gunpowder: now, generally applied
to pay, to atone.] to cannon. [Ety. dub. ; perh. from W. givn, a
Guiltless. nilt'lcs, adj. free from crime : innocent bowl, gun.] [a gun.
—adv. Guilt lessly. - u. Guiltlessness. Gun-barrel, gun'-bar'el, «. the barrel or tube of
Guilty, gili'i, adj. justly chargeable with a crime : Gunboat, gun'bdt, «■ a boat or small vessel of
wicked. —Guilty of (sometimes in B.)t deserving. light draught, fitted to carry one or more guns.
—adv. Guiltily.—«. Guilt'iness. [A.S, gyltig.] Gun-carriage, gun'-kar'ij, n. a carriage on which
Guinea, gin i, «. an English gold coin, no longer a gun or cannon is supported.
used = ais., so called because lu st made of gold Gun-cotton, gun'-kot'n, u. cotton rendered highly
brought from Guinea, in Africa. explosive like gunpowder. [by a ship of war.
Guinea-fowl, gin'i-fowl, Guinea hen. gin'i-hen, «. Gunnage, gun'aj, «. the number of guns carried
a fowl like the turkey, of a dark-gray colour, Gunner, gun'er, «. one who works a gun or can
witli white spots, originally from Guinea, in non : \naut.) a petty officer who has charge of
Africa. the ordnance on board ship.
Guinea-pig, gin'i-pig, «. a small S. American Gunnery, gun'er-i, n. the art of managing guns,
animal, belonging to the Rodcntia, and some or the science of artillery.
what resembling a small pig. [Prob. a mistake Gunny, gunl, «. a strong coarse cloth manu
for Guiana-pig.] factured in India from jute, and used as sacking.
Guise, glz, «., manner, behaviour: external ap [Prob. a native word.]
pearance: dress. [Fr. guise; from O. Ger. Gunpowder, gun'pow-der, n. an explosive powder
wisa [Ger. weise), a way, guise, which is cog. used for guns and firearms.
with
■wise, A.S.
guide.]wist wise, ivisa, cause,[masmanner,
mummer.E. Gunshot, gun'shot, n. the distance to which shot
can be thrown from a gun.—adj. caused by the
Gulser, glz'er, «. a person in disguise : a Christ- shot of a gun.
Guitar, gi-taV, n. a musical stringed instrument Gunsmith, gun'smith, «. a smith or workman who
like the violin in shape, but larger, and played makes or repairs guns or small-arms.
upon with the fingers. [Fr. guitare ; from L. Gunstock, gun'stok, «. the stock or piece of wood
cithara—Gv. kitkara, a lyre or lute. See on which the barrel of a. gun is fixed-
Cithern.] Gunwale, gun'el, «. the vtale or upper edge of a
Gules, gulz, n. (ker.) a red colour, marked in ship's side next to the bulwarks, so called be
engraved figures by perpendicular lines. [Fr. cause the upper guns are pointed from it. [See
gueules ; of doubtful origin: acc. to Brachet, Wale.]
from Pcrs ghul, a rose ; but acc. to other autho Gurgle, gur'gl, v.i. to flow in an irregular noisy
rities, it is from Fr. gneule—h. gttla, the throat, current, as water from a bottle : to make a bub
prob. from the colour of the open mouth of the bling sound. [Through an It. go>gPgliare, from
heraldic Hon.] the same root as Gorge ; cf. Gargle.]
Gulf, gulf, n. a hollow or indentation in the sea- Gurnet, gur'net, Gurnard, gur'nard, «. a kind of
coast : a deep place in the earth : an abyss : a fish. [Supposed to be so called from the sound
whirlpool: anything insatiable. [Fr. golfe—Late it makes when taken out of the water ; from O.
Gr. kolphos, Gr. kolpos, the bosom, a fold, a gulf. ] Fr. goumauld—Yv. grogner, to grunt—L.
Gnlfy, gulf'i, adj. full ofgulfs or whirlpools. grunnio, to grunt.]
Gull, gut, «. a web-footed sca-fowl, named from its Gush, gush, v.i. to flow out with violence or
wailing cry. [Corn, gul/an, W. gwylau, Bret. copiously.—«. that which flows out : a violent
giuelan—Bret, gzutla, to weep, to cry.] issue of a fluid [From a Teut. root found in
Gull, gal, v.t. to beguile : to deceive.—n. a trick : Ice. gusat to gush, A.S. gtolan, Ger. giessen,
one easily cheated. [Same word as gull, a sea- akin to Gr. eked, to pour ]
fowl, the bird being thought stupid.] GushingJ, gushing, adj. rushing forth with violence,
Gullet, gul'ct, n. the throat : the passage in the as a liquid: flowing copiously: effusive.—adv.
neck by which food is taken into the stomach. | Gush'ingly.
[Fr. goulet, the gullet, dim. of O. Fr. goule, Fr. | Gusset, gus et, «. the piece of cloth in a shirt
gueuU —L, gula, the throat.] which covers the armpit : an angular piece of
laic, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mSOn ; then. 21*
 Gust Hack
cloth inserted in a garment to strengthen some to move spirally.—adj. (Sot.) winding round.
part of it. [Fr. goussei, armpit, gusset—gousse, [L. gyro, gyratum, to move in a circle.J
It. guscio, a pod, husk ; from the fancied like Gyration, jl-ra'shunf «. act of whirling round a
ness of the armpit to the hollow husk of a bean central point : a spiral motion.
ur pea.] Gyratory, ji'ra-tor-i, adj. moving in a circle.
Gust, gust, n. a sudden blast of wind : a violent Gyre, jlr, «. a circular motion. [L. gyrus—Gr.
hurst of passion. [Ice. gustr, blast, from root of gyros, a ring, round.]
Gush] Gyrfaloon, Gierfalcon, jerTaw-kn, «. a large
Oust, gust, Gusto, gust'o, «. sense of pleasure of falcon, found in the northern regions of both the
tasting-: relish : gratification. [L. gustus, taste; Old and New Worlds. [Low L. gyrofalco; from
akin to Gr. geuo, to make to taste.] Ger. geier (O. Ger. girt, voracious), a vulture,
Gustatory, gust'a-tor-i, adj. pertaining to, or andfalke, falcon.]
tending to please the taste. [Gust'iness. Gyromancy, jl'ro-man-si, «., divination by walk
Gusty, gust i, adj. stormy : tempestuous, —n. ing in a circle. [Gr. gyros, a circle, and man-
Gut, gut, n. the intestinal canal.—v.t. to take out teta, divination.]
the bowels of : to plunder '.—pr.p. gutt'ing ; pa.p. Gyroscope, jl'ro-skOp, n. an instrument shewing
gutt'ed. [A.S. gut, the orig. sense being chan to the eye the effects of rotation. [Gr. gyros,
nel; cf. A.S. gcotan, to pour, Prov. E. gut, a and skoped, to see. )
drain, O. Dut. gote, a channel.] Gyve, jlv, «. a fetter, esp. one to confine the legs
Gutta-percha, gut'a-pcrch'a, «. the solidified juice —used commonly in pi.—v.t. to fetter. [W.
of various trees in the Malayan Islands. [Malay gefyn, fetters.]
gatah, guttaJt, gum, percka, the tree producing
it.]
Gutter, gut'er, n, a channel at the eaves of a roof
for conveying away the drops: a channel for Ha, ha, int. denoting surprise, joy, or grief; and,
water. —v.t. to cut or form into small hollows. — when repeated, laughter. [From the sound.]
v.i. to become hollowed : to run down in drops, Habeas-corpus, habe-as-kor'pus, «. a writ to a
as a candle. [Fr. gouttie're—goutte—L. gutta, jailer to produce the body of one detained in
a drop.] prison, and to state the reasons of such detention,
Guttural, gur/ur-al, adj. pertaining to the throat: that the court may judge of their sufficiency.
fonncd in the throat. —«. {gram.) a letter pro [ Lit. have the bodyy from L. habeo, to have, and
nounced in the throat.—adv. Gutt'UXally. [L. corpus, the body.]
guttur, the throat.] Haberdasher, hab'er-dash-er, «. a seller of small-
Guy, gT, n. (naut.) a rope to guide or steady any wares, as ribbons, tape, &c. [O. Fr. kapertas ;
suspended weight. [Sp. guia, a guide ; from of uncertain origin.] [a haberdasher.
the same source as Guide.J Haberdashery, hab'er-dash-er-i, n. goods sold by
Guy, gT, n. an effigy of Guy Fawkes, dressed up Habergeon, ha-bcKje-un, n. a piece of armour to
grotesquely on the day of the Gunpowder plot : defend the neck and breast. [Fr. haubergeon%
an odd figure. dim. of O. Fr. hauberc. See Hauberk.]
Guzzle, guz'l, v.i. to eat and drink with haste and Habiliment, ha-biri-uient, «. a garment :—pi.
greediness.—v.t. to swallow with exceeding clothing, dress. [Fr. habillemettt—habillcr, to
relish.—«. Guzzler. [O. Fr. des-gouziller, to dress—L. hab:lis, fit, ready—habeo.]
swallow down—gosier, the throat.] Habit, hab'it, «. ordinary course of conduct :
Gymnasium, jim-na'zi-um, «. [orig.) a place where tendency to perform certain actions : general
athletic exercises were practised naked: a school condition or tendency, as of the body : practice :
for literature
gymnasticsand: a science
school for the Gymnasia,
higher branches
of :—■//. jim- custom : outward appearance, dress : a garment,
esp. a tight-fitting dress, with a skirt, worn by
nii'zi-a. [L.—Gr. gymnasion—gymttazd, to ex- ladies on horseback.—v.t. to dress '.—Pf.p. habit
ercise—gy/nnos, naked.] ing : pa.p. hab'ited. [Fr —L. habitus, state,
Gymnast, jim'nast, «. one who teaches or prac dress— liabco, to have, to b« in a condition.]
tises gymnastics. [Fr. gyntnaste -Gr. gym- Habitable, hab'it-a-bl, adj. that may be dwelt in.
Hastes. ] —adv. Hab'itably.—«. Hab'itableness. [Fr.
Gymnastic, jim-nas'tik, Gymnastical, jim-nas'- —L. habitabilis—habito, habitatus, to inhabit,
tik-al, adj. pertaining to athletic exercises.— freq. of habco, to have.]
n.pi. used as sing. Gymnas tics, athletic exer Habitat, hab'it-at, n. (nat. hist, and bol.) the
cises: the art of performing athletic exercises. natural abode or locality of an animal or plant.
—adv. Gymnas'tically. [L. gymnasticus— [3d pers. sing. pres. ind. of L. kabito.}
Gr. gymnastikos, relating to gymnastics. See Habitation, hab-i-tii'shun, n. act of inhabiting or
Gymnasium.] dwelling: a dwelling or residence. [Fr.—L.
Gymnosophist, jim-nos'of-ist, n. one of a sect of haHtatio—kabito.)
Indian philosophers who lived an ascetic life and Habitual, ha-bit'u-al, adj. formed or acquired by
went naked. [Gr. gymnos, naked, soft/ios, wise.] habit or frequent use : customary.—adv. Habit
Gynarchy jin'ar-ki, «., government by afemale. ually [Low L. /labilttalis—L. habitus.)
[Gr. gyne, a woman, arch?, rule] Habituate, ha-bit'u-at, v.t. to cause to acquire a
Gynecocracy, jin-e-kok'ra-si, Gyneocrasy, jin-e- habit: to accustom. [L. habituo, habituatum
ok'ra-si, «., government by women. [Gr. gyne, —habitus, held in a state or condition.]
a woman, krated, to rule.] Habitude, h.-ib'i-tfld, «. tendency from acquiring a
Gyp, jip, n. at Cambridge, a college servant. habit: usual manner. (L. habitudo—habeo, \
Gypseous,jiprsum,
■Gypsum, jip'se-us,«.adj. of or resembling
.sulphate gypsum.
of lime ; when cal Hack, hak, v.t. to cut : to chop or mangle : to notch.
—n. a cut made by hacking.—Hacking COUgh,
cined it is plaster of Paris. [L.—Gr. gypsos, a broken, troublesome cou?h. [A.S. haccan ;
chalk.] Dut. Jtakkcn, and Ger. hacken. See Hash.]
Gypsy. See Gipsy. Hack, hak, «. a hackney, esp. a poor and jaded
Gyrate, jl'rftt, v.i. to whirl round a central point : one : any person overworked on hire : a literary
fate, far; me, her ; mine; mute ; mute; moon ; Men.
 Hackle Half-blooded
drudge, —adj. hackney, hired. —v.t. to offer for Hail, hal, int. or imp. [lit.) may you be in health,
hire : to use roughly. [Contr. of Hackney ; cf. [Ice. heillf hale, healthy, much u*ed in greeting.
Cab.] Sec Hale, Healthy, Heal, and Whole.]
Hackle, hakl, «. an instrument with hooks or iron I Hall, hal, v.t. to greet : to call to, at a distance :
teeth for sorting hemp or flax : any flimsy sub ■ to address one*passing. [Same word as above.]
stance unspun : a feather in a cock's neck : a hook Hall, hal, n. frozen rain or particles of ice falling
and fly for angling, dressed with this feather. from the clouds. —v.t. to rain hail. [M. E. hawel
[Out. hekel, dim oihaak, a hook; akin to Ger. —A.S. kagal; Ger. hagel, and in most other
hecliel—haken, E. Hook.] Teut. languages.] [like hail.
Hackle, hakT, v.t. to dress with a hackle, as flax : Hailshot, hal'snot, «. small shot which scatters
to tear rudely asunder. Hailstone, hal'ston, n. a single stone or ball ofhail.
Hackly, hakli, adj. rough and broken, as if hacked Hair, har, ft. a filament growing from the skin of
or chopped : (ntin.) covered with sharp points. an animal : the whole mass of hairs which forms
Hackney, hak'ni, w. a horse for general use, esp. a covering for the head or the whole body : [dot. )
for hire.—v.t. to carry in a hackney-coach : to minute hair-like processes on the cuticle ofplant* :
use much : to make commonplace. [Fr. haquenie anything very small and fine.—auij. Hair less.
—Dut. hakke-nei, an ambling nag ; prob. from [A.S. h<er, a common Tent, word.]
hakken (E. Hack, to cut), and negge (E. Nag, Hairbreadth, haVbredth, Hair'8-breadth, harz'-
a small horse).] bredth, «. the breadth of a hair: a very small
Hackney, hak'ni, Hackneyed, hak'nid, adj. let I distance.
out for hire : devoted to common use : much Haircloth, harkloth, n. cloth made partly or
used. [for hire. j entirely of hair. [of a few fine hairs.
Hackney-coach, hak'ni-koch, «. a coach let out Hair-pencil, haV-pen'sil, «. an artist's brush made
Had, ftn.t. and pa.p. of Have: (B.) = held. Acts I Hair-powder, har-pow'der, n. a white powder for
xxv. 26. [Contr, from A.S. hd/ed, h&fd'=haved.J dusting the hair. [minute distinctions.
Haddock, had'uk, n. a sea-fish of the cod family. Hair-splitting, har'-spliring, «. the art of making
[Ety. dub. ; cf. W. hatiog, prolific—h<ul, seed ; Hairspring, har'spring, «. a very fine AasrHkc
perh. from Low L. gatlus, cod—Or. gados, and spring on the balance-wheel of a watch.
dim. termination ock.] Halrstroke, haVstrflk, «. in writing, a stroke or
Hades, ha'dez, n. the unseen world : the abode line as fine as a hair.
of the dead. [Gr. haides, kadis—prob. from a, Hair-trigger, haV-trig'cr, n. a trigger which dis
priv., and tdein, to see, 'The Unseen.'] charges a gun or pistol by a hairhfce spring.
Haemal, Haematite, &c. See Hemal, Hematite. Hairworm, haVwurm, «. a worm, like a horse
Haemoglobin, he-mo-glob'in, «. the colouring hair, which lives in the bodies of certain insects.
matter of the blood. [Gr. haima, blood, L. Hairy, haVi, adj. of or resembling hair: covered
globus, a round body.] with hair.—». Hairiness.
Hemorrhage, &c. See Hemorrhage. Hake, hak, Hakot, hak'ut, n. a sea-fish of the cod
Haft, haft, «. a handle. [A. S. hte/t, from the root family. [Lit. the ' hooked fish?' A.S. hacod,
of have ; cog. with Dut. and Ger. he/t.\ Norw. hake-Jisk, Ger. hecht, a pike.]
Hag, hag, «. an ugly old woman : {orig.) a witch. Halberd, hal'berd, «. a Poleaxe : a weapon con
[Shortened from A.S. hag-tesse, a witch or fury; sisting of an axe and heavy dagger fixed on a
Ger. and Dan. hexe ; pern. conn, with Ice. hagr, Pole. [Fr. hallcbarde—O. Ger. helmbarte (Ger.
wise, or with A.S. haga, a hedge, because hellebarte), the long-handled axe, from O. Ger.
witches were thought to frequent bushes.] halm, a handle, barte, an axe.]
Haggard, hag'ard, adj., ivila, applied to an un Halberdier, hal-berd-eV, n. one armed with a
trained hawk, [Fr. —Ger. hager, lean—hag, a halberd.
thicket.] Halcyon, hal'si-un, n. the kingfisher, a bird that
Haggard, hag'ard, adj. lean : hollow-eyed.—adv. was once believed to make a floating nest on the
HaWardly. [Lit. 'hag-like.' See Hag.] sea, which remained calm while it was hatching.
Haggis, hag is, «. a Scotch dish made of different —adj. calm : peaceful : happy.—Hence Halcyon-
p:*rts of sheep or lamb chopped up with suet, days, a time of peace and happiness. [L.—Gr.
onions, oatmeal, &c, and boiled in a sheep's alkyon, halkydn ; the fancied ety., with which
maw. [Scot, hag, to chop, E. Hack ; cf. Fr. the fable is associated, is from hals, the sea, and
hackis, from hacker. ] fishly. kyd, to conceive, to breed ; true ety. dub , prob.
Haggish, hag'ish, adj. hag-like.—adv. Hagg'- correctly spelt alkyon without an aspirate, and
Haggle, hag'1, v.t. to cut unskilfully : to mangle. conn, with alccdo, the true L. name for the bird.]
[Freq. of Hack, to culJ Hale, hal, adj., healthy: robust: sound of body.
Haggle, hag'l, v.i. to be slow and hard in making [M. E. htd—Ice. heill; cog. with Whole.]
a bargain: to stick at trifles. —n. Haggler. Hale, hal, v.t. to drag. [A variant of Hani.]
[Prob. same as above.] Half, hiif .pi. Halves, havz), «. one of two equal
HaglogTapha, hag- or ha-ji-og'raf-a, Hagiog- parts. —adj. having or consisting of one of two
raphy, hag- or ha-ji-og'raf-i, n.pl. the last of equal parts : being in part : incomplete, as
the three Jewish divisions of the Old Testament, measures.—adv. m an equal part or degree :
comprehending the hooks of Psalms, Proverbs, in part : imperfectly. [A.S. heal/, half; the
Job, Daniel, Ezra, Nehcmiah, Ruth, Esther, word is found in all the Teut. languages ; there
Chron., Cant., Lament., Kccles.—adj. Hagiog'- is also a parallel form heal/, sig. side or part,
raphal. [Gr. hagiographa (biolia)-hagios, which may have been the original meaning. See
holy, graphs, to wnte. ] Behalf.]
Haglograpner, hag- or ha-ji-og'raf-er, «. one of Half-blood, haf-bliid, «. relation between those
the writers of the Hagiograpka, a sacred writer. who are of the same father or mother, but not
Haglology. hag-orha-ji-oVoj-i, «. history of saints. of both.
[Gr. hagios, holy, and logos, discourse.] Half-blooded, haf'-blud'cl, Half-breed, haf'-bred,
Hah, ha, int. Same as Ha. adj. produced from a male and female of differ
Haha, haha', n. Same as Hawhaw. ent blood or breeds.
late, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOtc ; mute ; moon ; Meu. -17
 Half-bred Hand
Hair-bred, haf'-bred, adj., halfox not well bred stopping : {mil.) a stop in marching. [A.S.
or trail cd : wanting in refinement. /wall ; Ice. tuiltr, Dan. and Swcd. halt.]
Half-brother, haf'-bruM'er, Half-sister, h;if'-sis'- Halter, hawlrer, ti. a head-rope for holding and
ter, «. a brother or sister by one parent only. leading a horse : a rope for hanging criminals :
Half-caste, haf'-kast, n. a person one of whose a strong strap or cord.—v.t. to catch or bind
parents belongs to a Hindu caste, and the other with a rope. [A.S. /tealfler; Ger. halfter; the
is a European. root is uncertain.]
Half-cock, liiif'-kok, «. the position of the cock of Halting, hawlt'ing, ml;, holding back: stopping:
a gun when retained by the first notch. limping.—adv. Halt'ingly. [parts.
Half-moon, haf-mCon, «. the moon at the quar Halve, hav, v.t. to divide into halves or two equal
ters when but haIfof it is illuminated : anything Halved, havd, adj. divided into halves: {but.)
semicircular. [military officer*'.. appearing as if one side were cut away.
Half-pay, haf'-pa, n. reduced pay, as' of naval or Halyard, Halliard, hal'yard, «. [naut.) a rope by
Halfpenny, hupen-i [pi. Halfpence, haf'pens which yards, sails, &c. are hauled or hoisted.
or hii'pens), «. acoppercoin worth halfa penny: [See Yard and Hale, v.]
the value of half a penny.—«. Halfpenny Ham, ham, «. the hind part or inner bend of the
worth, the worth or value of a halfpenny. knee : the thigh of an animal, esp. of a hog
Half-tint, haf'-tint, ft. an intermediate tint. salted and dried. [A.S. hamvt ; Ger. hamme,
Half-way, h.if'-w.l, adv. at half' the way or dis O. Ger. kamma, from root ham or team, to
tance : imperfectly.—adj. equally distant from bend, Celt, cam, crooked, bent.]
two points. [intellect : silly. Hamadryad, ham'a-drl-ad, «. [myth.\ a dryad or
Half-witted, hSf'-wired, adj. weak in wit or wood-nymph, who lived and died along with the
Half-yearly, haf'-yer'li, adj. occurring at every tree in which she dwelt :—pi. Ham adryads and
half-year or twice in a year. —adv. twice in a Hamadry'ades l-Hz). [Gr. hanuuiryas—liama,
year. together, drys, a tree.]
Halibut, hal'i-but, «. the largest kind of fl it-fishes. Hamitic, ham-it'ik, adj. pertaining to Ham, a son
[M. K. halt, holy, and butte, a flounder, plaice, of Noah, or to his descendants.
the fish being much eaten on fast- or holy-days; Hamlet, ham'let, «. a cluster of houses in the
cf. Dut. heilbot, Ger. heilbutt.] country: a small village. [0. Fr. hamel (Fr.
Hall, hawl, n. a large room or passage at the hameau), and dim, affix -el—from the O. Ger.
entrance of a house : a large chamber for public chatu, Ger. hehn, A.S. luiin, a dwelling; E.
business: an edifice in which courts of justice home : conn, also with Gr. ledttii, a village. See
are held : a manor-house (so called because Home.]
courts of justice used to be held in them): the Hammer, ham'er, n. a tool for beating, or driving
edifice of a college : at Oxford, an unendowed nails: anything like a hammer, as the part of a
college: at Cambridge, a college. [A.S. heal, clock that strikes the bell : the baton of an
a word found in most Tent, languages, which auctioneer.—v.t. to drive or shape with a ham
has passed also into Fr. Italic, from the root of mer: to contrive by intellectual labour. [A.S.
A.S. hclan, to cover; allied to L. cella; not hamor; Ger. luimmcr, Ice. hamarr.)
conn with L. aula.] Hammercloth. ham'cr-kloth, «. the cloth which
Halleluiah, Hallelujah, hal-e-loo'ya. «. an ex covers a coach-box. [An adaptation of Dut.
pression of praise. [Heb. 1 Praise ye Jehovah,' kernel, heaven, a covering ; Ger. {SkeatJ.J
halelu, praise ye, and fait, Jehovah, God.] Hammerman, ham'cr-man, n, a man who ham
Halliard. Sec Halyard mers.
Hall-mark, hawl'-mark, «. the mark made on Hammock, ham'nk, «. a piece of sirong cloth or
plate at Goldsmiths' Halt to shew its purity. netting suspended by the corners, and used as a
HallOO, hal-lGo', int., n. a hunting cry : a cry to bed by sai!or>. [Hamaca, an American Indian
draw attention.—v.i. to cry after dogs : to raise word, meaning a net]
an outcry.—v.t. to encourage or chase with Hamper, ham'per, 7:t. to impede or perplex : to
shouts. [From the sound, like A.S. ealA, Fr. shackle.—«. a chain or fetter. [A corr. through
halle ! Ger. halloh.] M. E. hamelen and obs. hamble from A.S.
Hallow, hal'o, v.t. to make Italy: to set apart for hamelian, to maim, the root of which is seen in
religious use: to reverence. [A.S. halgian, Goth, hanfsy maimed, Scot, hummel cow, i.e.
hnligan—hau^, holy; cunn. with Hale, Heal, maimed, deprived of its homs.]
Holy, Whole.l [Hallows or AU-Saints'-Day. Hamper, ham'per, «. a large basket for conveying
Halloween, hal'o-cn, «. the evening before All- goods.—v.t. to put in a hamper. [Contr. from
Hallowmas, hal'o-mas, n. the mass or feast of Hanaper. ]
All-Hallows. [Hallow and Mass.] Hamster, ham'ster, «. a species of rat provided
Hallucination, hal-lu-sin-a'shun, «. error: delu with cheek-pouches. [Ger ]
sion : [wed.) perception of things that do not Hamstring, hamst ring, «. the string or tendon of
exist. [L. halluctnatio—haHuetrior, alucinor, the ham.—v.t. to lame by cutting the hamstring.
-alum, to wander in mind.] Hanaper, han'a-per, «. a large strong basket for
Hallucinatory, hal-lii'sin-a-tor-i, adj. partaking packing goods, esp. crockery : \orig.) a royal
of or tending to produce hallucination. treasure-basket : a treasury or exchequer. [Low
Halo, hfi'lo, «. a luminous circle round the sun or L. hanaperiurn, a large vessel for keeping cups in
moon, caused by the refraction of light through —O. Fr hanap, a drinking-cup—O. Ger. htta/f,
mist : {paint. ) the bright ring round the heads Ger. napf, A.S. hmeep, a bowl.]
of holy persons HalOS, ha'loz. [L. kalos— Hand, hand, n. the extremity of the arm below
Gr. halos, a round thrashing-floor.] the wrist : that which docs the duty of a hand
Halser, hawz'cr, «• See Hawser. by pointing, as the hand of a clock : the fore
Halt, hawlt, v.t. (mil) to cause to cease march foot of a nurse : a measure of fuur inches : an
ing. —v.i. to stop from going on: {mil.) to stop agent or workman : performance : power or
in a march : to limp : {/>., to Ijc in doubt : to manner of performing : skill : possession : style
hesitate : to walk lamely.—adj. lame.—n. a of handwriting : side : direction.—v.t. to give
218 fate, far; me, her; mine; mole ; mute; moon; Men.
 Hand-barrow Harbinger
with the hand : to lead or conduct : {naut.) to Handsome, hand'sum or han'sum, adj. good-look
furl, as sails.—«. Hand or. - Hand down, to ing: with dignity: liberal or noble: generous:
transmit in succession. Handover head, rashly. ample.—adv. Hand'somely «. Handsome
—Hand to mouth, without thought for the ness. [Hand, and affix some ; Dut. hand^aam,
future, precariously.—Off Hand ur Out of easily handled.]
Hand, immediately.—To bear a Hand, make Handspike, hand'spik, «. a spike or bar used with
haste to help. [A.S. liand; found in all the the hand as a lever.
Teut. languages, and pern, from the base of HandStaves, hand'stavz, n.pl. (&.) staves for the
A.S. hentan, Goth. hintluin, to seize] hand, probably javelins.
Hand baiTOW, hand'-bar'O, m, a barrow, without Handwriting, hand'rTt-ing. n. the style of writing
a wheel, carried by the Juimls of men. peculiar to each hand or person : writing.
Handbill, hand'oil, «. a bill or pruning-hook Handy, hand'i, adj. dexterous : ready to the
used in the hand: a bill or loose sheet, with hand: convenient: near. [A.S. hendig, from
Mime announcement. Hand ; Dut. handig, Dan. ha-ndig. ]
Handbook, hand 'hook, «. a manual or book of Handywork. Same as Handiwork.
reference for the fuuui: a guide-book for Hang, hang, v. t. to houk or fix to some high point :
travellers. to suspend ; to decorate with pictures, &c. as a
Handbreadth, hand'bredth, «. the breadth of a wall : to put to death by suspending, and chok
hand: a palm. [hand. ing, —v.i. to be hanging so as to allow of free
Handcart, hand'kart, «. a small cart drawn by motion : to lean, or rest for support : to drag : to
Handcuff, hand'kuf, «. a cuffor fetter for the haml. hover or impend : to be in suspense : to linger :
—v.t. to put handcuffs on :—/>*./. hand'euffing ; —py.p, hang ing ; pa.t, and pa.p. hanged' or
fa.fi. hand'eutred (-kuff. [A.S. handiosp, hung. [A.S. hangian, causal form of /ten, pa.p.
handcofis—liand, and cosp, a fetter, the latter hangen; Dut and Ger. hangen, Goth, haltan.)
being nullified by confusion with Cuff.] Hanger, hung'cr, «. that on which anything is
Handful, hand fool, «. as much as Jills the hand: hung : a short sword, curved near the point.
a small number or quantity I—//. Hand'fulS. Hanger-on, hang'er-on, «. one who hangs on or
Hand-gallop, hand -gal up, «. an easy gal/'ofi, in sticks to a person or place: an importunate
which the speed of the horse is restrained by the acquaintance : a dependent.
hand pressing the bridle. Hanging, hang'ing, adj. deserving death by hang'
Handglass, hand'glas, n. a glass or small glazed ing.—n. death by the halter: that which is
frame used to protect plants, able to be lifted by hung, as drapery, &c. :—used chiefly in //. —
the hand. [thrown by the hind. Hang-dog. adj. like a fellow that deserves hang
Hand-grenade, hand'-gre-niid', n. agrenade to be ing, as in 'a hang-dog look.'
Handicap, hand i-kap, «. a race in which the Hangman, hang'man, n. a public executioner.
horses carry different weights, or are placed at Hank, hangk, n. (lit.) that by which anything is
different distances, or start at different times, so hung or fastened : two or more skeins of thread
that all shall have, as nearly as possible, an tied together. [Ice. hanhi, cord ; Ger. Junkcl, a
equal chance of winning. [Orig. applied to a handle, henken, to hang ; from root of Hang.]
method of settling a bargain or exchange by Hanker, hangk'er, v.i. to long for with eagerness
arbitration, in which each of the parties ex and uneasiness : to linger about. [A freq. of
changing put his hand containing money into a Hang, in the sense of to hang on; cf. Dut.
cap, while the terms of the award were being hunheren.]
stated, the award being settled only if money Hanseatic, han-se-at'ik, adj. pertaining to the
was found in the hands of both when the arbiter Hanse cities in Germany, which leagued together
called ' Draw.'] for protection about the 12th century. [O. Fr.
Handicraft, handl-kraft, «. a craft, trade, or hanse, league—O. Ger. hansa, troop, association. ]
work performed by the ha/id. Hansom-cab, han'sum-kab, n. a light two-wheeled
Handicraftsman, nand'i-krafts-man, a. a man cab or carriage with the driver's seat raised be
skilled in a handicraft or manual occupation. hind. [From the name of the inventor.]
Handiwork. Handywork, hand'I-wurk, «. work Hap, hap. «. chance : fortune : accident, [Ice.
done by the hands : work of skill ur wisdom. happ, good-luck.]
[A.S. handgnoeorc—hand, hand, and gewcorc, Hap hazard, hap'-haz'ard, n. that which happens
another form of uvorc. work.] by hazard: chance, accident. [Haplessly.
Handkerchief, hangTcer-chif, n. a piece of cloth Hapless, hap'les, adj. unlucky: unhappy. —a rv.
for wiping the nose, &c. : a neckerchief. [Hand Haply, hap'Ii, adv. by lutp, chance, or accident :
and Kerchief.] perhaps : it may be.
Handle, hand'I, v.t. to touch, hold, or use with the Happen, hap'n, v.i. to fall out : to take place.
hand: to make familiar by frequent touching : Happy, hap'i, adj. lucky, successful : possessing
to manage : to discuss : to pracuse. —v.i. to use or enjoying pleasure or good : secure of good :
the hands. [A S. haminan, from Hand. ] furnishing enjoyment : dexterous. —adv. Happ'-
Handle. hand'I, n. that part of anything held in ily.—«. Happiness [See Hap.]
the hand: [fig., that of which use is made : a Harangue, ha-rang', « a loud speech addressed to
tool. a multitude: a popular, pompous address. —v.i.
Handless, handles, adj. without hands. to deliver a harangue.—v.t. to address by a
Handmaid, hand'mad, Handmaiden, hand'm.id-n, harangue :—Pr.p. haranguing (-rang'ing) ; Pa.p.
n. a female servant. harangued (-rangd'.i. — n. Harang'uer. [ Fr.,
Handsel, hand'sel, «. money for something sold from O. Ger. hring ;Ger. ring, A-S. hring)t a
given into the hands of another : the first sale ring, a ring of people assembled.]
or using of anything : a first instalment or ear Harass, haras, v.t. to fatigue: to annoy or tor
nest : a new-year's gift.—v.t, to give a handsel : ment.—/; Har'asser. [ Fr. iiarasser; prob. from
to use or do anything the first lime. [A.S. O. Fr. Jiarer, to incite a dog, from the cry har,
handselen, a giving into hands—liand, and made in inciting a dog to attack.]
sellan, to give, whence K. sell.] Harbinger, har'bin-jer, «. {orig.) one who goo6
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; snOOa ; Men. ■2VJ
 Harbour Harness
forward to provide harbour or lodging : a fore- | scared brain like that of a hare: giddy : heed
lunner.—v.t. to precede, as a harbinger. [M. E. less.
herbergeour—O. Fr. herberge (Fr. auberge)— Harelip, harlip, ft. a fissure in one or both lips,
O. Ger. herebcrga. See Harbour.] generally the upper, like that of a /tare.—adj.
Harbour, har'bur, «. any refuge or shelter: a port Harelipped.
for ships,—v.t. to lodge or entertain : to protect : Harem, ha'rem, ft. the portion of a house allotted
to possess or indulge, as thoughts.—v.i. to take to females in the East, forbidden to all males
shelter.— Harbourless. [M. E. herberwe ; except the husband : the collection of wives
prob. through O. Fr. herberge from O. Ger. belonging to one man. [Ar. haram, anything
hcreberga, a military encampment, from heri forbidden—harama, to forbid.]
(Ger. iteer}, and bergan, to shelter ; a similar Haricot, har'i-ko, n. small pieces of mutton, partly
form occurs in Ice.] boiled, and then fried with vegetables : the
Harbourage, haVbur-aj, «. place of harbour or kidney-bean. [Fr. haricot, a stew, a kidney-
shelter : entertainment. [entertains. bean, so called because used in a stew : of
Harbourer, haVbur-cr, «. one who harbours or unknown origin.]
Harbour-master, har'bur-inas'ter, «. the master Hark, hark, int. or imp., hearken, listen. [Contr.
or public officer who has charge of a luxrbour. of Hearken.] [substance.
Hard, hard, adj. not easily penetrated : firm : Harl, harl, «. the skin of flax: any filamentous
solid : difficult to understand or accomplish : Harlequin, haVle-kwin or -kin, «. the leading
difficult to bear : painful : unjust : difficult to character in a pantomime, in a tight spangled
please : unfeeling : severe : stiff : constrained. dress, with a wand, by means of which he is
—adv. with urgency : with difficulty : close, supposed to be invisible and to play tricks : a
near, as in Hard by ; Hard-a-lee; i.e. close to buffoon. [Fr. harlequin, arUquut; It. arlec-
the lee-side, &c. : earnestly: forcibly.—To die chino ; ety. unknown.]
hard, to die only after a desperate struggle for Harlequinade, harle-kwin- or -kin-ad7, «. exhibi
life.—ft. Hard'ness {B.)y sometimes hardship. tions of harlequins : the portion of a pantomime
[A.S. /teard; Dut. hard, Ger. /tart, Goth. in which the harlequin plays a chief part. [Fr. 1
hardus ; allied to Gr. kratys, strong.] Harlot, harlot, «. a woman who prostitutes her
Harden, hard'n, v.t. to make hard or harder: to body for hire.—adj. wanton : lewd. [O. Fr.
make firm : to strengthen : to confirm in wicked artot, herlot ; origin dub., perh. from Ger. kcrl,
ness : to make insensible.—v.i. to become hard A.S. ccorl, the word being orig. used for a person
or harder, either lit, or fig.—n. Hard ener. of either sex, and in the sense offellow, a rogue.]
[A.S. heardian. See Hard.] Harlotry, haVlot-ri, «. trade or practice of being a
Hardened, hard'nd, ady. made hard, unfeeling. harlot or prostitute : prostitution.
Hard-favoured, hard'-fa'vurd, adj. having coarse Harm, harm, n. injury: moral wrong.—v.t. to in
features. jure. [A.S. fteann; Ger. harm, conn, with
Hard-featured, hard'-fet'Qrd, adj. oKhard, coarse, gram, grief.]
or forbiddinzfeaturej. Harmattan, har-mat'an, «- a hot, dry, noxious
Hard-fiSted, nard'-fist'ed, adj. having hard or wind which blows periodically from the interior
strongfsts or hands : close-fisted: niggardly. of Africa. (Arab.]
Hard-handed, hard'-hand'ed, adj. having hard or Harmful, ri;irm'fool, adj. injurious, hurtful.—adv.
tough hands: rough: severe. [gent. Harmfully.—«. Harm'fulness.
Hard-headed, h:i.rd'-hed'cd, adj. shrewd, intelii- Harmless, harm'les, adj. not injurious : unharmed.
Hard-hearted, hard'-hart'ed, adj. having a hard —adv. Harmlessly. — n. Harm'lessness.
or unfeeling heart: cruel.—«. Hard -heart ed- Harmonic, har-mon'ik, Harmonical, har-mon'ik-
ness. al, adj. pertaining to harmony: musical: con
Hardihood, Hardiness. See Hardy. cordant : recurring periodically.—Harmonic
Hardish, hiird'ish, adj. somewhat hard. Proportion, proportion in which the first is to
Hardly, hardli, adz>. with difficulty : scarcely, not the third as the d;ffercnce l)eiween the first and
quite : severely, harshly. second is to the difference between the second
Hard-mouthed, hard'-mow/Ad, adj. having a and third, as in the three numbers 2, 3, and 6. —
mouth hard or insensible to the bit : not easily adv. Harmonically.
managed. Harmonics, har-mon'iks, rt.pl, used as sing the
Hards, hiirdz, tt.pl. coarse or refuse flax. science of harmony or of musical sounds :—as
Hardship, hard'ship, «. a hard state, or that which pi. consonances, the component sounds included
is hard to bear, as toil, injury, &c. in what appears to the > ar to be a single sound.
Hard-visaged, hard'-viz'ajd,*!*//. ofa hard, coarse, Harmonious, har-mo'ni-u:;, adj. having harmony:
or forbidding visage. symmetrical : concordant.—adv. Harmo'nl-
Hardware, hard'wftr, n. trade name for all sorts o'usly.—n. Harmo'nlousness.
of articles made of the baser metals, such as iron Harmonise, hiir'mon-iz, v.i. to be in harmony: to
or copper. [Hard and Ware.] agree.—v.t. to make in harmony : to cause to
Hardy, hard'i, adj. daring, brave, resolute : con agree : (mus.) to provide parts to. —u Harmon-
fident : impudent : able to bear cold, exposure, ls'er. [many: a musical composer.
or fatigue.—adv. Hardily.—ns. Hardihood, Harmonist, har'mon-Ut, n. one skilled in har-
Hardiness. [Fr. Aardi—O. Ger. ftarti (Ger. Harmonium, har-mO'ni-um, ft. a musical wind-
hart) : A.S. heard, hard. See Hard.] instrument with keys, so called from its harmo
Hare, bar, n, a common and very timid animal, Harmony, nious sound.
harrmo-ni, u. afitting together of parts
with a divided upper lip and long hind-legs,
which runs swiftly by leaps. [A. S. hara ; Dan. so as to form a connected whole : [mus.) a com
and Sw. hare, Ger. hose; Sans, caca—faf, to bination of accordant sounds heard at the same
jump.] lime : concord : a book with parallel passages
Harebell, harljel, n. a plant with blue bcll-shapcd regarding the same event. [Fr.—L.—Gr. Itar-
flowers. [Hare and Bell; a fanciful name ] monia—harmos, a fitting—ard, to fit.]
Harebrained, haVbrund, adj. having a wild, | Harness, haVnes, n. formerly, the armour of a
 Harp
man or horse : the equipments of a horse.—v.t.
to equip with armour : to put the harness on a
horse. [Fr. harnais ; from the Celt., as in Low
Bret, harnez, old iron, also armour, from Bret.
houattt, iron ; W. haiartt, Gael, iarunn; conn.
with E. iron, Ger. risen, &c-]
Harp, harp, n. a triangular musical instrument
with strings struck by the fingers.—v.t. to play
on the harp: to dwell tediously upon anything.
[A.S. hearpe ; Dan. karpe, Ger. har/e.]
Harper, harp'er, Harpist, harp'ist, n. a player on
the harp.
Harpoon, har-pOfln', «. a dart for striking and
killing whales.—v.t. to strike with the harpoon.
[Dut. harpoen—Fr. harpon ; origin uncertain,
perh. from O. Ger. har/an, to seize.]
Harpooner, har-pcon'er, Harponeer, har-pon-eV,
n. one who uses a harpoon.
Harpsichord, hiirp'si-kord, n. an old-fashioned
keyed musical instrument strung with c/tords or
wires, like a harp. [O. Fr. harpe-choriie. See
Harp and Chord.]
Harpy, haVpi, n. {myth.) a hideous rapacious
monster, half bird and half woman : a species of
eagle : an extortioner. [Gr., pi. harpyiai,
' snatchers,' symbols of the storm-wind—harpazd,
to seize.] [bus, «. Same as Arqueouse.
Harquebus, Harquebuse, Harquebuss, haVkwi-
Harrldan, harl-dan, n. a worn-out strumpet.
[Another form of O. Fr. haridelUt a lean horse, a
jade, ety. unknown.]
Harrier, har'i-er, «. a hare-hound, a dog with a
keen smell, for hunting hares. [Formed like
graz-i-cr. ]
Harrier, har'i-er, «. a kind of hawk so named from
its harrying or destroying small animals.
Harrow, har*0, n. a frame of wood or iron toothed
with spikes for tearing and breaking the soil, &c.
—v.t. to draw a harrow over : to harass : to tear.
—adj. Harr owing, acutely distressing to the
mind.—adv. Harr'owingly. [A.S. kyrwe, a
harrow ; Dan. harv, a harrow.]
Harry, hart, v. t, to plunder : to ravage : to
destroy : to harass '.—pr.p. harrying ; pa.p.
harried. [A.S. licrgian, from root of A.S.
here, gen. herg-es, an army ; Ger. heer.]
Harsh, harsh, adj. rough : bitter : jarring : abu
sive : severe-—-adv. Harshly.—n. Harsh'ness.
[M. E. harsh; from a root found in Dan. /tarsk,
rancid, Ger. harsch, hard.]
Hart, hart, «. the stag or male deer:—fern. Hind,
[Lit. 'a homed animal,' from A.S. heart ; Dut.
hert, Ger. hirsch ; conn, with L. cervtts, W.
cant', a stag, also with Gr. keras, E. horn.]
Hartshorn, hartsliorn, «. a solution of ammonia,
orig. a decoction of the shavings of a hart's horn.
Hartstongue, harts'tung, n. a species of fern
shaped like the tongue of a hart.
Harum-scarum., hfi'rum-ska'rum, adj. flighty :
rash. [Prob. compounded of an obs. v. h ire, to
affright, and Scare.]
Harvest, harvest, «. the time of gathering in the
crops or fruits : the crops gathered in : fruits :
the product of any labour : consequences.—v.t.
to reap and gather in. [A.S. haerfest; Ger.
herbst, Dut. herfst; conn, with L. carpo, to
gather fruit, Gr. karpos, fruit.]
Harvester, harVest-cr, «. a reaper in harvest.
Harvest-home, haVvest-h5m, «. the feast held at
the bringing home of the harvest. [harvest.
Harvest-man, har*vest-man, n. {B.) a labourer in
Harvest-moon, harVest-miSon, «. the moon about
the full in harvest, when it rises nearly at the
same hour for several days.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Hatti-sheriff
Harvest-queen, haVvest-kwCn, «. an image of
Ceres, the queen or goddess of fruits, in ancient
times carried about on the last day of harvest.
Has, haz, 3d pers. sing. pres. ind. of Have.
Hash, hash, v.t. to hack: to mince: to chop
small. —n. that which is hashed : a mixed dish of
meat and vegetables in small pieces : a mixture
and preparation of old matter. [Fr. /tocher—
Ger. hacken; same root as E. hack.]
Hashish, hash'esh, «. name g^iven to the leaves of
the Indian hemp, from which a strongly intox
icating preparation is made. [Ar.]
Hasp, hasp, n. a clasp : the clasp of a padlock.—
v. t. to fasten with a hasp. [A. S. htepse ; Dan.
and Ger. haspe.]
Hassock, has'uk, n. a thick mat for kneeling on in
church. [W. hesgog, sedgy, hesg, sedge, rushes ;
from being made of coarse grass.]
Hast, hast, 2d pers. sing. pres. ind. of Have.
Hastate, hastat, Hastated, hastat-ed, adj. (Sot.)
shaped like a spear. [ L. hastatus—hasta, a spear.]
Haste, hast, n. speed : quickness : rashness : vehe
mence. [From a Teut. root, seen in Sw., Dan.,
and Ger. hast, whence also Fr. hate. See Hate.]
Haste, hast. Hasten, has'n, v.t. to put to speed : to
hurry on : to drive forward.—%>.L to move with
speed : to be in a hurry I—pr.p. hasting, hasten
ing (has'ningi ; pa.p. hast'ed, hastened (has'nd).
Hastiness, husr/i-nes, n. hurry : rashness : irrita
bility, [passionate.—adv. Hastily.
Hasty, hasr/i, adj. speedy : quick : rash : eager :
Hat, hat, «. a covering for the head : the dignity
of a cardinal, so named from his red hat. [A.S.
ha>t ; Dan. hat. Ice. hattr; conn, with Sans.
chhad, to cover. J
Hatable, hSt'a-bl, adj. deserving to be hated.
Hatch, hach, «. a door with an opening over it, a
wicket or door made of cross bars : the covering
of a hatchway. [North E. heck, from A.S. haca,
the bar of a door ; Dut. hek, a gate.]
Hatch, hach, v.t. to produce, especially from eggs,
by incubation: to originate: to plot.—v.i. to
produce young : to be advancing towards matur
ity.—«. act of hatching : brood hatched. [Lit.
to produce young by sitting in a hatch or coop,
a hatch being anything made of cross bars of
wood (Skea<), and hence the same word as
Hatah, a door.]
Hatch, hach, v.t. to shade by minute lines cross
ing each other in drawing and engraving.—//.
Hatching, the mode of so shading. [Fr.
hacher, to chop, from root of Hack.]
Hatchel, hach'el, n. Same as Hackle.
Hatchet, hach'et, «. a small axe. [Fr. hachctte.
See Hatch, to shade.]
Hatchment, hach'ment, n. the escutcheon of a
dead person placed in front of the house, &c.
[Corrupted from Achievement.]
Hatchway, hach'wa, n. the opening in a ship's
deck into the hold or from one deck to another.
Hate, hilt, v.t. to dislike intensely.—«. extreme
dislike : hatred —». Hat'er. [A.S. hatian, to
hate; Ger. hassen, Fr. hair; conn, with L.
odisse, and Gr. k?ddf to vex. Hate is from the
same root as Haste, and orig. meant to pursue,
then to persecute, to dislike greatly.]
Hateful, hat'fool, adj. exciting hate : odious :
detestable ; feeling or manifesting hate.—adv.
Hatefully.—n. Hate'fulness. Dignity.
Hatred, hat'red, « extreme dislike : enmity: ma-
Hatted, hat'ed, adj. covered with a hat.
Hatter, hat'er, n. one who makes or sells hats.
Hatti-sheriff, hat'i-sher'if, «. a Turkish decree of
the highest authority. [Ar., ' noble writing,']
mote ; mute ; m<50n ; then* 221
 Hauberk Headland
Hauberk, hawtjerk. n. a coat of mail formed of Hawk, hawk, v.t. to carry about for sale : to cry
rings interwoven. [0. Fr. haubere—Q. Ger. hals- for sale. [See Hawker.]
berge—hals, the neck, and bergan, to protect.] Hawker, hawk'er, «. one who carries about goods
Haughty, hawt'i, adj. proud ; arrogant : con- for sale on his back, a peddler. {From an O.
temptuous.—adv. Haughtily.—n. Haughti Low Ger. root found in O. Dut. heukeren, to
ness. [M. E. hautein—O. Fr. hautain, haul, hawk, and Ger. hSlur, a hawker; conn, with
high — L. alius, high.] Huckster.]
Haul, hawl, v.t. to drag: to pull with violence. — Hawse, hawz, n. the situation of the cables in
n. a pulling : a draught, as of fishes. —«. Haul er. front of a ship's bow when she has two anchors
[A.S. kalian, to get; Ger. ha/en, DuL halen, out forward :—pi. the holes in a ship's bow
to fetch or draw.] through which the cables pass. [M. E. hals,
Haulage, hawl'aj, «. act of hauling: charge for A.S. hals or heals, the neck, applied to the cor
hauling or pulling a ship or boat. responding part of a ship ; Ice. and Ger. hals.]
Haulm, Haum, hawm, n. straw: stubble. [A.S. Hawseholes, hawz'holz. Sec Hawse.
healmi Dut. lialm, Russ. soloma, Fr. chautnc, Hawser, Halser, hawz'er, «. a small cable : a
L. calamus, Gr. kalamos, a reed ] large towline. [From haivse, meaning orig. the
Haunch, hansh, n. the part between the last rib rope which passes through the hawses at the
and the thigh: the hip. [Fr. kanche—O. Ger. bow of a ship.]
nucha, the leg, of the same root as Ankle.] Hawthorn, haw'thorn, «. the hedge or white
Haunt, hiint, v.t. to frequent; to follow importu thorn, a shrub with shining leaves, and small red
nately : to inhabit or visit as a ghost.—v.i. to be fruit called haivs, much used for hedges.
much about : to appear or visit frequently.—«. a Hay, ha, «. grass after it is cut down and dried.
place much resorted to. [Fr. hantcr; acc. [A.S heg, hig; Ger. heu, Ice. hey; from root of
to Littre", a corr. of L. habt'tare.] Hew.] [in the field.
Hautboy, hO'boi, n. a high-toned tvoodtn wind- Haycock, huTcok, n. a cock or conical pile of hay
instrument, of a tapering lube, and having holes Hay-fever, h;Vfe"'ver, «. an ailment in time of
and keys, also called Oboe ;T/bo-i) : a large kind haymaking marked by excessive irritation of the
of strawberry. [Fr. hautbois—haut, high, bets, nose, throat, &c, and accompanied with violent
wood ; It. oboe—L. altus, high, and Low L. sneezing. [and drying grass for hay.
boscus, a bush. See Bush.] Haymaker, hamak-er, n. one employed in cutting
Have, hav, v.t. to own or possess: to hold: to Hazard, hazard, «. a game or throw at dice :
regard : to obtain : to bear or beget : to elTect : chance : accident : risk.—v.t. to expose to
to be affected by:—pr.p. hav'ing; pa.t. and chance: to risk. [Fr. hasard ; prob. through
fa.p. had. [A. S. habban ; Ger. haben, Dan. the Sp. from Arab, al zar, the die; but Littre"
have ; allied to L. capio, to take, Gr. kdpe, a prefers to derive it from Hazart, a castle in Syria
handle.] where the game was discovered during the
Haven, ha'vn, n. an inlet of the sea, or mouth of a crusades.]
river, where ships can get good and safe anchor Hazardous, hazard- us, adj. dangerous: perilous:
age : any place of safety: an asylum. [A.S. uncertain.—adv. Hazardously.
htefene; Dut. haven. Ger. ha/en, Ice. hfffn, Fr. Haze, haz, «. vapour which renders the air thick :
htiz're, O. Fr. havle; from Teut. base hob in obscurity. [Ety. dub.]
Have.] Hazel, ha'zl, n. a well-known tree or shrub.—adj.
Haversaok, hav'er-sak, n. a bag of strong linen pertaining to the hazel : of a light-brown colour,
for a soldier's provisions. [Lit. 'oat-sack,' Fr. like a hazel-nut. [A.S. itasel ; Ger. haset, L.
havresac—Ger. habersack—liabcr ov hafer, Dan. corulus (for cosulns).] [nut.
Havre, prov. E. haver, oats, and Sack.] Hazelly, ha'zel-i, adj. light-brown like the hasel-
Havoc, hav'uk, «. general waste or destruction: Hazel-nut, ha'zl-nut, «. the nut of th ; hazel-tree.
devastation. —v.t. to lay waste.—int. an ancient Hazy, haz'i, adj. thick with luize.—n. Haziness.
hunting or war cry. [Ety. dub. : cf. A.S. ha/oc, He, lie, pron. of the third person : the male person
a hawk, and W. ha/og, destruction, which prob. named l>efore : anyone. —adj. male. [A.S. he;
is derived from the E.j Dut hij. Ice. hautt.]
Haw, haw, n. {prig.) a hedge or inclosure : the Head, hed, «. the uppermost or foremost part of
berry of the hawthorn. [A.S. haga, a yard or an animal's body : the brain ; the understanding :
inclosure ; Dut. haag, a hedge, Ice. hagi, a a chief or leader: the place of honour or com
field. See Hedge.] mand : the front : an individual : a topic or chief
Haw, haw, v.i. to speak with a hmu or hesitation. point of a discourse : the source or spring: height
—n. a hesitation in speech. [Formed from the of the source ofwater : highest point ofanything :
sound.] a cape: strength. [A.S. heafod; Ger. luiupt, L.
Hawfinch, haw'finsh, n. a species of grossbeak, a caput, Gr. ksphald.]
very shy bird, with variegated plumage, living Head, hed, v.t. to act as a head to, to lead or
chiefly in forests. [See Haw, a hedge.] govern: to go in front of: to commence: to
Hawhaw, haw-haw', n. a sunk fence, or a ditch check : {naut.) to be contrary.—v.i. to grow to
not stun till close upon it. [Reduplication of a head : to origin.ite.
Haw, a hedge.] Headache, hed'itk, « an ache or pain in the head.
Hawk, hawk, «. the name of several birds of prey Headband, hed'band, «. a band or fillet tor the
allied to the falcons. [A.S. hafoc; Dut. havik, head : the band at each end ol a book.
Ger. habicht. Ice. h'tukr; from Teut, root /tab, Head-dress, hed'-dres, w. an ornamental dress or
to seize, seen in E. Have.] covering for the head, worn by women.
Hawk, hawk, v.i. to hunt birds with hawks trained Headgear, hed'ger, «. gear, covering, or orna
for the purpose : to attack on the wing. — n. ment of the head.
Hawk'er. Headiness. See under Heady. {head.
Hawk, hawk, v.u to force up matter from the Heading, hed'ing, n. that which stands at the
throat.—«. the effort to do this. [W. hochi ; Headland, hed'land, n. a point of (and running
Scot, haugh ; formed from the sound.] out into the sea. like a /wad, a cape.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mute ; mute ; mGOn ; then.
 Headless
Headless, hcdles, adj. without a head.
Headlong, hedlong, adv. with the head first:
without thought, ra>hly : precipitately.—adj.
rash : precipitous, steep. [Head and adv.
termination -ing.t, linga, seen also in Darkling,
Sidelong, and in Learn ing.] [vancea
Headmost, hed'most, adj., most aliead or ad-
Headpiece, hed'pes, «. a piece of armour for the
head, a helmet.
Headquarters, hed'kwor-terz, «. the quarters or
residence of a commander-in-chiefor general.
Headsman, hedzman, «. a man who cuts off
heads% an executioner.
Headstall, hed'stawl, «. the part of a bridle round
. the head. [From Stall, a place or receptacle.]
Headstone, hed'stOn, u. the principal stone of a
building : the corner-stone : the stone at the
head of a grave.
Headstrong, hed'strong, adj. self-witled : violent.
Headway, hed'wa, n. the way or distance gone
ahead or advanced : motion of an advancing
ship. [against a ship's head.
Headwind, hed'wind, «. a wind blowing right
Heady, hed'i, adj. affecting the head or the brain :
intoxicating : inflamed : rash.—adv. Head'ily.
—n. Headlness.
Heal, hel, v.t. to make whole and healthy:
to cure : to remove or subdue : to restore to
soundness: (if.) often, to forgive, —v.i. to grow
sound :—/r./», heal ing ; Ax./, healed'.—«
HeaTer. [A.S. luelan, as Harland, the Healer,
Saviour : from A.S. hal, whole ; Ger. heil.
"Whole is simply another form of the A.S. root.
See Hail, Hale.]
Healing, hellng, ft. the act or process by which
anything is healed or cured.—adj. tending to
cure : mild.—adv. Heallngly.
Health, helth, n., wholeness or soundness of body :
soundness and vigour of mind : (£.) salvation,
or divine favour. [A.S. luelth—hal, whole.]
Healthful, helth'fool, adj. full of or enjoying
health : indicating health : wholesome : salutary.
—adv. Health/fully.—//. Health/fulness.
Healthless, helth'les, adj. sickly, ailing.—n.
Health'lossness.
Healthy, helth i, adj. in a state of good health ;
conducive to health: sound: vigorous.— atlv.
Healthily.—m. Healthiness.
Heap, hep, u. a pile or mass heaved or thrown to
gether : a collection : [£.) a ruin.—v.t to throw
in a heap or pile : to amass : to pile above the
top:—fr.p. heaping; pa.p. heaped'. [A.S.
heap; Ice. hopr, Ger. hanje.]
Hear, h5r, v.t. to perceive by the ear: to listen
to : to grant or obey : to answer favourably : to
attend to: to try judicially.—v.i. to have the
sense of hearing : to listen : to lie told :—/re
hearing ; pad. and Pa.p. heard (herd).—n.
Hear'er. [A.S. hyran; Ice. /utyra, Ger. Affirm,
Goth, hansjan.]
Hearing, herlng, «. act of perceiving by the ear :
the sense of perceiving sound : opportunity to
be heard : reach of the ear.
Hearken, hark'n, v.i. to hear attentively : to
listen : to grant. [A.S. hyrcnian, from Hear ;
O. Dut. harchen, Ger. horchen.] [port.
Hearsay, heVsa, «. common talk : rumour : re-
Hearse, hers, n, {orig.) a triangular framework for
holding candles at a church service, and esp. at
a funeral service : a carriage in which the dead
arc conveyed to the grave. [Fr. herse. It.
erpice—L. hirpex, hirpicis, a harrow, which,
from its triangular shape, gave rise to the derived
meanings.}
fate, far ; me, her ; mine j
Heave
Heart, hart, n. the organ that circulates the blood :
the vital, inner, or chief part of anything : the
seat of the affections, Sec, esp. love : courage :
vigour : secret meaning or design : that which
resembles a heart [A.S. heorte ; Dut. hart,
Ger. hers; cog. with L. cor, cordis, Gr. hardia,
her, Sans. hrid.\
Heartache, hiirt'ak, n. sorrow : anguish.
Heart-breaking, hart'-braklng, adj. crushing with
grief or sorrow. [or grieved.
Heart-broken, hart'-brGk'n, intensely afflicted
Heartburn, hart'burn, «. a disease of the stomach
causing a burning-, acrid feeling near the heart.
Heartburning, hart'burn-ing, «. discontent :
secret enmity.
Heartease. hart'Sz, «., ease of mind : quiet.
Hearten, hart'n, v.t. to encourage.
Heartfelt, hart'felt, adj., felt deeply.
Hearth, harth, n. the part of the floor on which
the fire is made : the fireside : the house itself.
[A.S. hearth; Ger. herd.]
Hearthstone, harth stOn, «. the stone ofthe hearth.
Heartless, harries, adj. without heart, courage, or
feeling.—adv. Heartlessly—«. Heartlessness.
Heartlet, hart let, «. a little heart
Heart-rending, hart'-rendlng, adj. deeply afflic
tive : agonising.
Heart s-ease, harts'-Ez, «. a common name for the
pansy, a species of violet, an infusion of which
was once thought to ease the lovesick heart.
Heartsick, hart'sik, atij. pained in mind : de
pressed.—7i. Heart'sickness.
Heartwholo, hart'hOl, adj., whole at heart ;
unmoved in the affections or spirits.
Hearty, hartl, adj. full of or proceeding from the
heart: warm: genuine: strong : healthy, — adv.
Heart ily.—«. Heart iness.
Heat, het, n. that which excites the sensation of
warmth : sensation of warmth : a warm temper
ature : the warmest period, as the heat of the
day : indication of warmth, flush, redness : ex
citement : a single course in a race : animation.
—v.t. to make hot : to agitate.—v.i. to become
hot \-~pr.p. heating ; pa.p. heat'ed. IA.S.
Jurto, which is from adj. hat, hot: conn, with
Ger. hitse, Goth, heito, Ice. hita. See Hot.]
Heater, het'er, «. one who or that which heats.
Heath, heth, n. a barren open country : a small
evergreen shrub with beautiful flowers, that
grows on heaths. [A.S. hath; Ger. heide,
Goth. haithit a waste.]
Heathen, he'Mn, «. an unbeliever when Christian
ity prevailed in cities alone : an inhabitant of an
unchristian country: a pagan*, an irreligious
person.—adj. pagan, irreligious [Lit. a dweller
on the heath or open country, A.S. heethen, a
heathen ; Dut. and Ger. heiden. See Heath, and
cf. Pagan.]
Heathendom, he'Mn-dum, «. those regions of the
world where heathenism prevails.
Heathenise, h6'Mn-Iz, v.t. to make heat/ten.
Heathenish, he"Mn-ish, adj. relating to the
heathen: rude : uncivilised: cruel.—adv. Hea'-
theniBhly.—«. Hea'thenishness.
Heathenism, he'Mn-izm, n. the religious system
of the heathens : paganism : barbarism.
Heather, heMer, n. a small evergreen shrub,
growing on /teatits. —adj. Heath'ery. [A
Northern E. form, appearing to be nothing more
than heath er — inhabitant of the heath (Skeat .]
Heathy, heth'i, adj. abounding with heath.
Heave, hfiv, v.t. to lift up : to throw : to cause to
swell : to force from the breast.—v.i. to be
raised : to rise and fall : to try to vomit '.—Pr.p.
mote ; mute ; mfiOn ; thca.
 Heaven
heav'ing ; Pad. andpa.p. heaved' or (naut.) hflve.
—k. an effort upward : a throw : a swelling : an
effort to vomit. [A.S. kebban; Ger. heben, Goth.
kafjan, to lift.]
Heaven, hev'n, «. the arch of sky overhanging the
earth : the air : the dwelling-place of the Deity
and the blessed : supreme happiness. [A.S.
heofon; O- Ice. hi/inn; origin doubtful, though
conn, by some with heave, and so meaning the
' heaved ' or ' lifted up. ']
Heavenly, hev'n-li, adj. of or inhabiting heaven :
celestial : pure : supremely blessed : very excel
lent, —adv. in a manner like that of heaven : by
the influence of heaven. —«. Heav'enliness.
Heavenly-minded, hcv'n-li-mTnd'ed, adj. having
the mind placed upon heavenly things : pure.—
ft. Hoav only mind edness.
Heavenward, hcVn-ward, Heavenwards, hev'n-
wardz, adv., toward or in the direction of
heaven. [Heaven, and ward, sig. direction.]
Heave-offering, heV-of'er-ing, n. a Jewishoffering
heaved or moved up and down by the priest.
Heaver, hcv'er, n. one who or that which heaves.
Heavy, hev'i, adj. weighty : not easy to bear :
oppressive : afflicted : inactive ; inclined to slum
ber : violent : loud : not easily digested, as food :
miry, as soil : having strength, as liquor : dark
with clouds: gloomy: expensive: {£$.) sad.—
adv. , also Heavily —«. Heaviness. [A.S.
hefig—hebban, to heave, and so meaning hard to
heave; O. Ger. kepig, hebig.\
Hebdomadal, heb-dom'a-dal, Hebdomadary, heb-
dom'a-dar-i, adj. occurring every seven days :
weekly. [L. hebdomadalis—Gr. hebdomas, a
period of seven days—hepta, seven.]
Hebdomadary, heb-dom'a-dar-i, «. a member of a
chapter or convent whose week it is to officiate
in the choir, &c.
Hebraic, he-braik, Hebr&lca], he-bra'ik-al, adj.
relating to the Hebrews, or to their language.
Hebratcally, he-bra'ik-al-i, adv. after the manner
of the Hebrew language : from right to left.
Hebraise, heltra-Iz, v.t. to turn into Hebrew.
Hebraism, he'bra-izm, «. a Hebrew idiom.
Hebraist, he'bra-tst, n. one skilled in Hebrew.
Hebraistic, he-bra-istlk, adj. of or like Hebreiu.
Hebrew, he'broo', «. one of the descendants of
Abraham, who emigrated from beyond the
Euphrates into Palestine : an Israelite, a Jew :
the language of the Hebrews.—adj. relating to
the Hebrews. [Fr. Hibreu—L. Hebreeus—Gr.
Hebraios—Heb. ibhri, a stranger from the other
side of the Euphrates—ebher, the region on the
other side—abar, to pass over.]
Hecatomb, hek'a-t6T5m or -torn, m. among the
Greeks and Romans, a sacrifice of a hundred
oxen: any large number of victims. [Gr. heka-
tombi—hekaton, a hundred, and botts, an ox.]
Heckle, heki. Same as Hackle.
Hectic, hek'tik, Hectical, hek'tik-al, adj. pertain
ing to the constitution or habit of body :
affected with hectic fever,—adv. Hec'tlcally.
[Fr. —Gr. hektikos, habitual—kexis, habit.]
Hectic, hek'tik, n. a habitual or remittent fever,
usually associated with consumption.
Hector, hek'tor, «. a bully : one who annoys.—v.t.
to treat insolently : to annoy.—vd. to play the
bully. [From Hector, the famous Trojan leader.]
Hedge, hej, «. a thicket of bushes : a fence round
a field, &c.—v.t. to inclose with a hedge : to ob
struct : to surround: to guard. [A.S. hege ;
Dut. hegge, Ice. hetvr,]
Hedgebill. hcj'bil, Hedging-bill, hejmg-bil, «.
a bill or hatchet for dressing hedges.
224 fate, far ; me, htr ; mine ;
Heliacal
Hedgeborn, hej'bawrn, adj. of low birth, as if
born by a hedge or in the woods : low : obscure.
Hedgehog, hej'hog, n. a small prickly-backed
quadruped, so called from its living in hedges and
bushes, and its resemblance to a hog or pig.
Hedger, hej'cr, «. one who dresses hedges.
Hedgerow, hej'rO, n. a row of trees or shrubs for
hedging fields.
Hedgescnool, hej'skCol, n. an open-air school
kept by the side of a Itedge, in Ireland.
Hedge-sparrow, hcj'-spar'o, «. a little singing
bird, like a sparroiv, which frequents hedges.
Heed, bed, v.t. to observe: to look after: to
attend to.—n. notice : caution : attention. [A.S.
hedan ; Dut. /toeden, Ger. hl'iten.]
Heedful, hed'fool, adj. attentive : cautious.—adv.
Heed'fully.—«. Heed'fulness.
Heedless, hed'lcs, adj. inattentive : careless.—
adv. Heedlessly. — «. Heed lessness.
Heel, hel, n. the part of the foot projecting behind :
the whole foot (csp. of beasts) : the covering of
the heel : a spur : the hinder part of anything.—
v.t. to use the heel : to furnish with heels.
[A.S. hela ; Dut. kit11 prob. conn, with L.
calx, Gr. lax, the heel.]
Heel, hel, v.i. to incline: to lean on one side, as a
ship. [A.S. hyldan : Ice. halla, to incline.)
Heelpiece, hcTpes, n. a piece or cover for the heel.
Heft, heft. Same as Haft.
Hegemony, he-jem'o-ni, «., leadership.—adj.
Hegemonic. [Gr. hegemonia—hegemdn, leader
—hegeistltai, to go before.]
Heglra, Hejira, he-jl'ra, n. the flight of Moham
med from Mecca, July 16, 622 A.n., from which
is dated the Mohammedan era : any flight. [Ar.
hijrak, flight.]
Heifer, hefer, n. a young cow. [A.S. heahfore ;
acc. to Skeat from A.S. heah, high, andfear, an
ox, and so meaning afull-gnnvn ox.\
Heigh-ho, hT'-ho, int. an exclamation expressive
of weariness. [Imitative.]
Height, hit, n. the condition of being high: dis
tance upwards: that which is elevated, a hill :
elevation in rank or excellence : utmost degree.
[Corr. of highth—A.S. heahthu—heah, high.
Sec High.]
Heighten, hlt'n, v.t. to make higher: to advance
or improve : to make brighter or more promi
nent.
Heinous, ha'nus, adj. wicked in a high degree :
enormous : atrocious.—adv. Hei'nously. — n.
Hei'nousness. [O. Fr. liahws. Fr. haineux —
haine, hate, from hair, to hate, from an O. Ger.
root, found in Ger. hassen, Goth, hatyan, to
hate. See Hate.]
Heir, fir, n. one who inherits anything after the
death of the owner: one entitled to anything
after the present possessor. —fern. Heiress ; "tr'esX
—ns. Hetr'dom, Heirship. [O. Fr. heir—L.
heres, an heir, allied to L. herns, a master.^ and
Gr. cheir, the hand, from a root ghar, to seize]
Heir-apparent, ar-ap-piir'ent, n. the one appar
ently or acknowledged to be heir.
Heirless, arles, adj. without an heir.
Heirloom, arloGm, «. any piece offurniture or
personal property which descends to the heir.
[Heir and loom—M. E. lome—A.S. loma, gl
ioma, furniture. See Loom. «.]
Heir-presumptive, iir-pre-zump'tiv, «. one who is,
presumed to be or would be heir if no nearer
relative should be bom.
Helira. See Hegira.
Held, pad. and paj>. of Hold.
Heliacal, he-lfak-al, adj. relating to the sun -*
mSte ; mute ; mOOn : then.
 Helical Hematite
{astr. 1 emerging from the light of the sun or fall Hellhound, hel'hownd, w. a hound of hell: an
ing into it. —adv. Heli acally. [Or. heliakos— agent of hell.
helios, the sun.] [See Helix.] Hellish, hel'ish, adj. pertaining to or like hell:
Helical, hel'ik-al, adj. spiral.—adv. Helically. very wicked.—rt^.Hell'ishly.—w. HelTishness.
Heliocentric, he-li-o-sen'trik, Hellocentiical, he- Helm, helm, ». the instrument by which a ship is
li-o-sen'trik-al, mtj. {astr ) as seen from the suns steered : the station of management or govern
centre.—miv. Heliocen tncally. [From Gr. ment. [A S. /telma ; Ice. hjalm, a rudder,
helios, the sun, kentron, the centre.] Ger. helm, a handle ; allied to helve.)
Heliograph, hc'li-o-graf, «. an apparatus for tele Helm, helm, Helmet, hel'met, «. a covering of
graphing by means of the sun's rays. armour for the head : [pot. ) the hooded upper
Heliography, he-li-og'ra-fi, «. the art of taking lip of certain flowers. [A.S.—helan, to cover;
pictures by $un\\g\\\., photography : the art of Ger. helm, a covering, helmet. Helmet is from
signalling by flashing the rays of the sun. — the O. Fr. healmet, dim. of /teabne, the O. Fr.
atij. Heliograph ical. ->:. Heliog raphor. [Gr. form of the same word.]
helios, the sun, graph?, a painting—graphs, Helmed, helmd', Helmeted, hel'met-ed, adj.
to grave.] furnished with a helmet.
Hellolater, h5-Ii-ol'a-ter, n. a worshipper of the Helminthic, hel-min'thik, adj. pertaining to
sun. [Gr. helios, the sun, latris, a servant.] worms: expelling worms.—n. a medicine for
Hellolatry, he-li-ol'a-tri, «., tvorship of the sun. expelling worms. [From Gr. helmins, helmiu-
[Gr. helios, the sun, latreia, service, worship.] tfios, a worm—he/led, helissd, to wriggle.]
Heliometer, hfi-li-om'e-tcr, «. an instrument for HelminthOid, hel'min-thoid, adj. worm-shaped.
measuring the apparent diameter of the sun or [Gr. helmins, and eidos, form.]
other heavenly body. [Gr. helios, and metron, Helmlnthology, hel-min-thol'o-ji, n. the science or
a mrasure.] natural history of worms, -adj. Helmlntho-
Helioscope, heli-o-skop, «. a telescope for viewing log/ical.—n. Helmlnthol ogist. [From Gr.
the sun without dazzling the eyes.—adj. Helio- hei'mins, and logos, a discourse.]
SCOp'iC. [Fr. h/lioscope—Gr. helios, the sun, Helmsman, hclmz'man, n. the man at the helm.
skoped, to look, to spy.] Helot, hel'ot or he'lot, n. a slave, among the Spar
Heliostat, he'li-o-stat, n. an instrument by means tans. [Gr. ; said to be derived from Helos, a
of which a beam of sunlight is reflected in an town in Greece, reduced to slavery by the
invariable direction. [Gr. helios, andstatos, fixed.] Spartans.]
Heliotrope, he'li-o-trOp, «. a plant whose flowers Helotism, hel'ot-izm or he'lot-izm, «. the condi
are said always to turn round to the sun: juin.) tion of the Helots in ancient Sparta : slavery.
a bloodstone, a variety of chalcedony of a dark- Helotry, hel'ot-ri or he'lot-ri, «. the whole body
green colour variegated with red : an instru of the Helots : any class of slaves.
ment for signalling by flashing the sun's rays. Help, help, v.t. to support: to assist: to give
[ Fr. —L.—Gr. heliotropion—helios, the sun, means for doing anything : to remedy : to pre
trofios, a turn—trepd, to turn.] vent.—v.i. to give assistance: to contribute :—
Hollotypo, hc'li-o-tlp, n. a photograph. [Gr. Pa.p. helped7, (&.) holp'en.—«. means or strength
helios, the sun, and typos, an impression.] given to another for a purpose : assistance : re
Hellsphexlo, hel-i-sfer ik, Helispherical, hel-i- lief: one who assists: {Amer.)a. hired man or
sferik-al, adj., winding spirally round a sphere. woman. [A.S. helpan ; Goth, hilpan. Ice.
Helix, he'liks, n. a spiral, as of wire in a coil : hialpa, Ger. helfen, to aid, assist.]
[zool.) the snail or its shell : the external part of Helper, help'er, n. one who helps : an assistant.
the ear:—pi. Helices, hel'i-s€z. [L.— Gr. helix Helpful, hclp'fool, adj. giving help : useful.—«.
—helissd, to turn round.] Help'fulness.
Hell, hel, «. the place or state of punishment of Helpless, help'les, adj. without help or power in
the wicked after death : the abode of evil spirits : one's self : wanting assistance.—adv. Helr/-
the powers of hell : any place of vice or misery : lessly.—«. Helplessness.
a gambling-house. [A.S. hel, helle ; Ice- hel, Helpmate, help'mat, «. a mate or companion who
Ger. h&lle (O. Gcr. hella). From Hel (Scand.), helps: an assistant : a partner: a wife. [Formed
Hell AS.), or Hella \0. Ger.), the Teut. god on a misconception of the phrase an help meet
dess of death, whose name again is from a 'leut. in Gen. ii. 18, 20.]
root seen in A.S. helan, to hide, Ger. hehlen, Helter-skelter, hel'tcr-skel'ter, adv. in a confused
cog. with L. eel-are, to hide.] hurry : tumultuously. Jlmitative.]
Hellebore, hel'e-bdr, «. a plant used in medicine, Helve, helv, «. a luxndle : the handle of an axe or
anciently used as a cure for insanity. [Fr. hclli' hatchet, —v.t. to iurnish with a handle, as an
bote—L. lielleborus—Gr. helleboros.\ 1 axe. [A.S. hieI/, hel/e, a handle ; O. Dut. helve.]
Hellenic, hel-leu'ik or hel-lc'nik, Hellonlan. hel- Helvetic, hel-vet'ik, adj. pertaining to Switzer
Ic'ni-an, adj. pertaining to the Hellenes or land. [L.—Helvetia, L. name of Switzerland.]
Greeks : Grecian. [Gr. Hellenios, Hellenikos Hem, hem, n. the border of a garment doubled
—Hellenes, a name ultimately given to all the down and sewed, —v.t. to form a hem on: to
Greeks—Helten, the son of Deucalion, the Greek edge:—fir.p. heinm'ing ; pa.p. hemmed'.—Hem
Noah.] in, to surround. [A.S, hem, a border; tier.
Hellenlse, hcl'en-Iz. v.i. to use the Greek language. liamme, a fence, Fris. kdmel, an edge.]
[Gr. /tellenizd—Hellen.) Hem, hem, u. (int.) a sort of half cough to draw
Hellenism, hel'en-izm, n. a Greek idiom. [Fr. attention, —v.i. to utter the sound hem .'—pr.p.
Hetl/uisme—Gr. Hellenismos. \ hemming; pa.p, hemmed'. [From the sound.]
Hellenist, hel'en-ist, n. one skilled in the Greek Hemal, he mal, adj. relating to the blood or blood
language: a Jew who used the Greek language vessels. [Gr. haima, blood.]
as his mother-tongue. (Gr. Hellenistes.] Hematlne, hem'a-tin, n. the red colouring matter
Hellenistic, hcl-en-ist'ik, Hellenlstlcal, hel-en- in the blood. [Fr.—Gr. haima, blood.]
ist'ik-al, adj. pertaining to the Hellenists : Greek Hematite, hem'a-ttt, n. imin.) a valuable ore of
with Hebrew idioms, —adv. Hellenist toaUy. iron, sometimes of a reddish-brown colour, with
0 ftiU, far ; m£( her ; mine ; mOte j mute ; mo~On ; then.
 Hemiptera
a blood-red streak. —adj. Hematlt'lo. [L.—
Gr. itaimatites, blood-like —haima, haimatos,
blood 1
Hemiptera, hem-ip'ter-a, «. an order of insects,
having four wings, the two anterior of which are
scarcely perceptible. [Gr. hemi, half (cog. with
Lat. semi), and pteron, a wing.]
Hemisphere, hem'i-sfer, n. a half-sphere: half of
the globe, or a map of it. [Gr. h/misphairion—
hemi, half, and sphaira, a sphere.]
Hemispheric, hem-i-sfer'ik. Hemispherical, hem-
i-sfer ik-al, adj. pertaining to a hemisphere.
Hemistich, hem'i-stik, «., half a line, or an in
complete line in poetry. [L. hemistichium—Gr.
hemistichion—hemi, half, stichos% a line.]
Hemistichal, he-mis'tik-al, adj. pertaining to or
written in hemistichs.
Hemlock, hein'lok, n. a poisonous plant used in
medicine. [A.S. hemlic—leac, a plant, a Leek,
the first syllable being of unknown origin. Cf.
Charlock and Garlic]
Hemorrhage, hem'or-aj, n. a bursting or flowing
of blood. —adj. Hemorrhagic (hem-or-aj'ik).
[Gr. haimorrhagia—haima, blood, rhignymi,
to burst.]
Hemorrhoids, hem'or-oidz, n.pl. painful tubercles
around the margin of the anus, from which blood
occasionallyJlows.—attj. Hemorrhoid'al. [(.Jr.
haimorrhotdes—haima, blood, rheH, to flow.]
Hemp, hemp, «. a plant with a fibrous bark used
for cordapc, coarse cloth, &c. : the fibrous rind
prepared for spinning.—adjs. Hemp'Oil, made of
hemp; Hemp'y, like hemp. [A.S. htrnep. Ice.
itampr ; borrowed early from L. cannabis—Gr.
kannabis, which is considered to be of Eastern
origin, from Sans, fana, hemp. Cf. Canvas.]
H6H, hen, n. the female of any bird, esp. of the
domestic fowl. [A.S. henn, akin to Ger. henne,
Ice. liana, the fern, forms respectively of A.S.
hana, Ger. hahn. Ice. hani, the male of birds,
a cock ; orig. the singer or crier, akin to L.
cano. to sing.]
Henbane, hen'ban, n. a plant which is a bane or
poison to domestic fowls: the stinking night
shade, used in medicine for opium.
Hence, hens, adv., from this place or time : in
the future : from this cause or reason : from this
origin.—int. away ! begone ! [M. E. hennes,
henen—A.S. heonan, from the base of He ; Ger.
hinnen, Itin. hence ; so L. hinc, hence—hie, this.]
Henceforth, hens-forth' or hens'-, HenTOfonrard,
hens-for'ward, adv. from this time forth or for
ward.
Henchman, hensh'man, «. a servant : a page.
[Usually dcrivedfrom haunch-man,d. Flunkey ;
perh., however, from 7^.. S. hengest, a horse, Ger.
Itengst, and man, and meaning a groom i Skeat).]
Hencoop, hen'koTJp, n. a coop or large cage for
domestic fowls.
Hendecagon, hen-dek'a-gon, n. a plane figure of
eleven angles and eleven sides. [Fr. hend/ca-
gone—Gr. hendeka, eleven, gdnia, an angle.]
Hendecasyllable, hen-dek'a-sil'a-bl, n. a metrical
line ofeleven syllables.—adj. Hendec'asyllab ic.
[(Jr. hendeka, eleven, syllabi, a syllable.]
Hendladys. hen-dl'a-dis, n. a figure in which one
and the same notion is presented in two ex
pressions. [Gr. Hen dia dyoinf one thing by
means of two.]
Hen-harrier, hen'-har'i-er, n. a species of falcon,
the common harrier. [See Harrier, a hawk. )
Henna, hen'a, n. a pigment used in the East for
dyeing the nails and hair. [Ar. hinna, the shrub
from whose leaves it \% made.]
fate, fir ; mi, her ; mine ;
Herbivorous
Henpecked, hen'pckt, adj. weakly subject to
his wife, as a ct>ck flecked by the hen.
Hep, hep, «. See Hip, the fruit of the dogrose.
Hepatic, hep-at'ik, Hepatical, hep-at'ik-al, adj.
pertaining to the liver: liver-coloured. [L.
ltepa/icus~GT. hepar, htpatos, the liver.]
Hepatitis, hep-a-tl'tis, n. inflammation of the
liver. [Gr. hepar, hepatos, the liver.]
Hepatoscopy, hep-a-toskop-i, n. divination by in
spection of the livers of animals. [Gr. hepato-
skopia—hipar, hiflatos, liver, shopeS, to inspect.]
Heptade, hep'tad, n. the sum or number of seven,
[Fr.—Gr. lieptas, heptados—kepta, seven.]
Heptaglot, hcp'ta-glot, adj. in seven languages.
—n. a book in seven languages. [Gr. he'pta-
glottos—hepta, seven, gldtta, gldssa, tongue,
language. ]
Heptagon, hep'ta-gon, n. a plane figure with seven
angles and seven sides.—adj. Heptag'onal.
(Gr. heptagdnos, seven-cornered—hepta, and
gdnia. an angle.]
Heptahedron, hep-ta-he'dron, «. a solid figure
with seven bases or sides. [Gr. hepta, seven,
hedra, a seat, a base.]
Heptarchy, hep'tar-ki, n. a government by seven
persons : the country governed by seven : a
period in the Saxon history of England (a use
ofthe word now disapproved by historians).—adj.
Heptar'chlC. [Gr. hepta, seven, archi, sove
reignty.]
Her, her, pron. objective and possessive case of
She.—adj. belonging to a female. [M. E. here
—A.S. hire, genitive and dative sing, of heo,
she.]
Herald, her'ald, «. in ancient times, an officer who
made public proclamations and arranged cere
monies : in medieval times, an officer who had
charge of all the etiquette of chivalry, keeping
a register of the genealogies and armorial bear
ings of the nobles : an officer whose duty is to
read proclamations, to blazon the arms of the
nobility, &c. : a proclaimer : a forerunner.—v./.
to introduce, as by a herald : to proclaim. [O.
Fr. heralt ; of Ger. origin, O. Ger. hari (A.S.
here, Ger. heer), an army, and wald = wait,
strength, sway. See Wield, Valid.]
Heraldic, her-al'dik, adj. of or relating to heralds
or heraldry —adv. Heral'dically .
Heraldry, her'ald-ri, «. the art or office of a
herald: the science of recording genealogies
and blazoning coats of arms.
Herb, herb or erb, n. a plant the stem of which
dies every year, as distinguished from a tree or
shrub which has a permanent stem.—adj. Hert)'-
less. [Fr. herbe -L. herba, akin to Gr. phorltc,
pasture—flherbo, to feed, to nourish.]
Herbaceous, hcr-ba'shus, adj. pertaining to or of
the nature of herbs: \botA having a soft stem
that dies to the root annually. [L. herbaceus.]
Herbage, herb'sj or erb'aj, «. green food for
cattle : pasture : herbs collectively.
Herbal, herb'al, adj. pertaining to herbs.—«. a
book containing a classification and description
of plants : a collection ot preserved plants.
Herbalist, herb'al-ist, «. one who makes collec
tions of herbs or plants : one skilled in plants.
Herbarium, her-ba'ri-um, w. a classified collection
of preserved herbs or plants.—//. Herbariums
and Herba ria. [Low L.—L. herba.]
Herbesoent, her-bes'ent, adj., grmvingmta herbs,
becoming herbaceous. [L. hcrbescens, -en/is,
pr.p. ofherbesce, to grow into herbs.]
Herbivorous, hcr-biv'or-us, adj. , eatingax living on
herbaceous plants* [L. herba, voro, to devour. J
mote ; mute ; moon ; then.
 Herborlaation
Herborisation, hrrb-or-i-za'shun, «. the seeking
for plants : {mm.) the figure of plants.
Herborise, herb'o-rljf, v.u to search for plants:
to botamse.—v.t. to form plant-like figures in, as
in minerals. [Fr. herboriser, for herbariscr—L.
herlti.]
Herculean, her-kille-an, adj. extremely difficult
or dangerous, such as might have been done by
Hercules, a Greek hero famous for his strength :
of extraordinary strength and size.
Herd, herd, «. a number of beasts feeding together,
and watched or tended : any collection of beasts,
as distinguished from a nock : a company of
people, in contempt: the rabble.—v.i. to run in
herds.—v.t. to tend, as a herdsman. [A.S.
neard, herd; cognate words are found m all the
Teut. languages.]
Herd, herd, n. one who tends a herd. [A.S.
keorde, hirde, from heord or herd, a herd of
beasts : Ger. hirt. J
Herdsman, herdz'man !'.. Herd/man), «. a man
employed to herd or tend cattle.]
Here, her, adv. in this place : in the present life
or state.—Here'abOUt, adv. about this place. —
HereafVer, adv. after this, in some future time
or state.—*, a future state.— Here and There.
adv. in this place, and then in that : thinlv :
irregularly.—Hereby', adv. by this.—Herein',
ad:-, in this.—Hereof, adv. of this.-Hereto-
fore', adv. before this time: formerly.—Here
unto', adv. to this point or time.—Hereupon',
adv. on this: in consequence of this.—Here
with', adv. with this. [A.S. her; Ger. hier,
from the demonstrative stem hi-. See Her, and
cf. Who, Where.] [herited.
Hereditable. he-red'it-a-bl, adj. that may be in-
Heredltament, her-e-dit'a-ment, «. all property
of whatever kind that may pass to an heir.
Hereditary, he-red'i-tar-i, adj. descending by in
heritance: transmitted from parents to their off
spring —adv. Hered itarily. [L. hereditarius—
hereditas, the state of an heir—heres, an heir. ]
Heredity, he-rcd'i-ti, n- the transmission ofqualities
from the parents or ancestors to their offspring.
Heresiarch, her'e-si-ark or he-rff'zi-ark, «. a leader
in heresy, a chief among heretics. [Gr. hairesis,
heresy, and arches, a leader—archd, to lead.]
Heresy, he^e-si, n. an opinion adopted in opposi
tion to the usual belief, esp. in theology :
heterodoxy. [ Fr. hirisie—L. haresis—Gr.
hairesis—haired, to take or choose.]
Heretic, her'e-tik, n. the upholder of a heresy.—
adj. Heretical —adv. Heret'ically. [Gr. hai.
retikot, able to choose, heretical.) [Here.
Hereby, Hereunto, Herewith, &c. See under
Heilot, her'i-ot, *. a tribute of munitions of war
anciently given to the lord of the manor on the
decease of a tenant : a duty paid to the lord of
the manor on the decease of a tenant. [A.S.
heregeatu, a military preparation—lure, an
army, geattve, apparatus.]
Heritable, her'it-abl, adj. that maybe inherited.
—Heritable Property {Scotch law) real pro
perty, as opposed to movable property, or
chattels. —Heritable Security, same as English
mortgage. [O. Fr fieritable, hereditable—-how
L. hereditabili*—L. hereditas.]
Heritage, her'it-aj, n. that which is inherited:
{B. , the children (of God . [Fr. —Low L. herita-
gium. htrreditagium — Y,. hereditas.]
Heritor, her'it-or, n. (in Scotland ) a landholder in
a parish. [Low L. heritator, for Juereditator—
L. hereditas.)
Hermaphrodiam, her-maf'rod-iTm, Hermaphrod
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Herpes
itism, her-marrod-it-izm, n. the union of the
two sexes in one body.
Hermaphrodite, her-maf'rod-Tt, n. an animal or
a plant in which the two sexes are united : an
abnormal individual in whom are united the
properties of both sexes. —adj. uniting the dis
tinctions of both sexes. [L, —Gr. Herma
phrodites, the son of Hermes and Aphrodite,
who, when bathing, grew together with the
nymph Salmacis into one person.]
Hermaphroditic, her-maf-rod-it ik, Hermaphrod-
itical, her-maf-rod-it'ik-at, adj. pertaining to a
hermaphrodite : partaking of both sexes.
Hermeneutlc, her-me-nu'tik, Hermeneutical, her-
me-niVlik-al, adj., interpreting: explanatory.—
adv. Hermeneu'tically.—n. sing. Hermeneu'-
tlCS, the science of interpretation, esp. of the
Scriptures. [Gr. hermineutikos—hermeneus, an
interpreter, from Hermes, Mercury, the god of
art and eloquence.]
Hermetic, her-met'ik, Hennetical, her-mct'ik-al,
adj. belonging in any way to the beliefs current
in the middle ages under the name of Hermes,
the Thrice Great : belonging to magic or alchemy,
magical: perfectly close.—adv. Hermetically.
—Hermetically sealed, closed completely,
said of a glass vessel, the opening of which is
closed by melting the glass. [From Hermes
Trismegistos, Hermes ' the thrice-greatest,' the
Gr. name for the Egyptian god Thoth,who was
god of science, esp. alchemy, and whose magic
seat was held by medieval alchemists to make
vessels and treasures inaccessible.]
Hermit, her'mit, n. one who retires from society
and lives in solitude or in the desert. [M. E.
eremite, through Fr. and L. from Gr. eremites
—eremos, solitary? desert.]
Hermitage, hcr'imt-.ij, «. the dwelling of a
hermit: a retired abode: a kind of wine, so
called from Hermitage, a district of France.
Hern. Same as Heron.
Hernia, her'ni-a, n. a rupture, esp. of the abdo-
men.—adj. Her'nial. [L.]
Hero, he'rO, n. [prig.) a warrior, a demigod: a
man of distinguished bravery: any illustrious
person : the principal figure in any history
or work of fiction.—-/em. Heroine, her'o-in.
[Through Fr. and L. from Gr. herds ; akin to
L. vir, A.S. wer, a man, Sans, vira, a hero.]
Herodians, he-rfl'di-ans, «./»/. a party among the
Jews, taking their name from Herod, as being
his especial partisans.
Heroic, he-rO'ik, Herolcal, he-rO'ik-al, adj. becom
ing a hero : courageous : illustrious : designating
the style of verse in which the exploits ol heroes
are celebrated.—«. a heroic verse.—adv. Hero'-
ioally.
Heroi comic, her'o-i-kom'ik, Heroi -comical, her/-
o-i-kom'ik-al, ailj. consisting of a mixture of
heroic and comic; designating the high bur
lesque, [courage : boldness.
Heroism, herVizm, n. the qualities of a hero:
Heron, hcr'un, «. a large screaming water-fowl,
with long legs and neck —n. Her'onry, a place
where herons breed, f Fr.— O. Ger. heigro, cog.
with A.S. hragra, Ice. hegri, all imitative ol" its
croak. |
HeronshaW, her'un-shnw, n. a young heron.
[Properly, heronsewe (cty. unknown.1, which was
confounded with the old form hemshaw, a
heronry, from Heron, and shaw, a wood.]
Hero-worship. he"ro-wur'ship, «. the worship of
heroes: excessive admiration of great men.
Herpes, her'pez, n. a kind of skin disease. [So
mote ; mate ; moon ; then.
 Herring
called from its creeping over the skin, from Or.
kcrfes, hcrpj), to creep. ]
Hening, her ing, n. a common small sea-fish found
moving in great shoals or multitudes. [A.S.
luering [Gcr. hariug)—here (Ger. heer), an
army or multitude ; or peril, corr. from L. halec,
fish-pickle.]
Hera, herz, pron. possessive of She.
Herse. Same as Hearse.
Herself, her-self, pron. the emphatic form of She
in the nominative or objective case : in her real
character : having the command of her faculties :
sane. [Her and Self.]
Hesitancy, herf-tan-si, Hesitation, hez-i-ta'shun,
». wavering : doubt : stammering.
Hesitate, hcz'i-Ult, v.i. to stop in making a
decision: to be in doubt: to stammer.—adv.
Hesitatingly. [L. htrsito, luestlatum, freq.
of hiereo. h&sum, to stick, adhere.]
Hesper, hes'per, Hesperus, hes'per-us, «. the
ewning-%\ax or Venus. [L. and Gr. kespteros,
evening, also L. vesper.] [west.
Hesperian, hes-pfi'ri-an, adj. of Hesperus or the
Heterocercal, het-er-o-serkal, atij. having the
upper fork of the tail different from or longer
than the lower, as the shark : —opposed to
HomocercaL [Gr. heteros, different from, and
kerkos, the tail.]
Heteroelite, het'cr-o-klTt, Heteroclitic, het-er-o-
klit'ik, Heteroolltlcal, het-er-o-klit'ik-al, adj.,
irregularly inflected: irregular. [Gr. hetero-
klitos—heteros, other, and hlitos, inflected—
klino, to inflect.]
Heteroelite, her*er-o-klTt, n. (gram.) a word irre
gularly inflected: anything irregular.
Heterodox, het'er-o-doks, adj. holding an opinion
other or different from the established one, esp.
in theology : heretical. [Gr. heterodoxos—Heteros,
other, doxa, an opinion—doked, to think.]
Heterodoxy, het'er-o-doks-i, n. heresy.
Heterogeneous, het-er-o-jen'e-us, Heterogeneal,
het-er-o-jen e-al, adj. of anotlter race or kind:
dissimilar :—opposed to Homogeneous.—adv.
Heterogen'eously.—ns. Heterogeneity, Het-
erogen'eousness. [Gr. Iteterogenes—lteteros,
other, genos. a kind.] _ [Cossacks. [Russ ]
Hetman, het'man, «. the chief or general of the
Hew, hQ, v.t. to cut with any sharp instrument:
to cut in pieces: to shape :—Pa.p. hewed' or
hewn. [A.S. heawan; Ger. haucn.]
Hewer, hirer, n. one who hews.
Hexagon, heksa-gon, n. a plane figure with six
angles and sides. — adj. Hexag'onal —adv.
Hexag'onally. [Gr. hexagdfwn — hex, six,
gdnia, an angle.]
Hexahedron, heks-a-he'dron, n. a cube, a regular
solid with six sides or faces, each of these being
a square.—adj. Hexahe'draL [Gr. hex, six,
hed-ra, a base.]
Hexameter, heks-am'et-er, n. a verse of six mea
sures or feet.—adj. having six metrical feet.
[L.—Gr. hex, six, metron, a measure.]
Hexapla, heks'a-pla, «. an edition of the Scrip
tures in six different versions, esp. that pre
pared by Origen of Alexandria.—adj. Hex'-
aplar. [Gr. hcxaplous, sixfold.]
Hcxapod, heks'a-pod, «. an animal with six feet.
[Gr. hexapous, -ptnlos~hex, six, pons, a foot ]
Hexastlch, heksVstik, «. a poem of six lines or
verses. [Gr. hexastichos—hex. six, stichos, aline ]
Hoxastyle, heks'a-stll, n. a building with six pil
lars. [Gr. /tekastylos~hcx, six, stylos, a pillar.]
Hey. hii, int. expressive of joy or interrogation.
[From the sound, like Ger. Aei.]
ftUa, far; m6, her ; mTna ;
Hieroglyph
Heyday, hS'da, n/t. expressive of frolic, exultation,
or wonder. [Ger. heula, or Dut. hei daar,
(Ger.) da, (Dut.) daar = There.)
Heyday, ha'da, n. the wild gaiety of youth. [For
high day : M. E. Jiey-day.]
Hiatus, hl-a'tus, n. a gap : an opening : a defect :
(gram.) a concurrence of vowel sounds in two
successive syllables. [L., from hie, to gape;
Gr. chaind, to gape ; from root cka, the sound
produced by gaping.]
Hibernal, hl-ber nalt adj. belonging to iviJiteri
wintry. [Fr. — L. hibemalis—hicrns, Gr. cheima,
winter. Sans, hima, snow.]
Hibernate, hT'ber-nat, v.i. to winter: to pass the
winter in sleep or torpor.—«. Hibernation, the
state of torpor in which many animals, pass the
winter. [L. hiherno, hibernatum—hiberna,
winter-quarters.]
Hibernian, ht-berni-an, adj. relating to Hibernia
or Ireland.—«. an Irishman. [From L. Hibcmia,
Gr. louemia, Ireland.]
Hibernianism, hi-ber'ni-an-izm, Hibernlolsm,
hi-bcr'ni-sizm. «. an Irish idiom or peculiarity.
Hiccough, Hiccup, Hlckup, hik'up, «. a sudden
and involuntary kind of cough. —Z'.i. to have a
cough of this kind : —Prp. hiccoughing ^hik'up-
ing); pa.p. hiccoughed [hik'upt.. [Imitative ;
there are similar words in many languages, as
Dut. hik, Dan. hikke, Bret. hik.\
Hickory, hik'or-i, «. the name of several American
nut-bearing trees. [Ety. unknown.
Hid. Hidden. See Hide.
Hidalgo, hi-dal'gS, n. a Spanish nobleman of the
lowest class. [Sp. hijo de algo, the son of some
thing, i.e., of a good house, and without mixture
of Moorish or Jewish blood.]
Hidden, hid'n, adj. concealed : unknown.
Hide, hid, v.t. to conceal: to keep in safety.—v.i.
to lie concealed ',—pa.t. hid ; pa.p. hidd'en, hid.
[A.S. Aydan, to hide ; allied to Gr. kentko. and
perh. to L. custos (— cud-las), a protector.]
Hide, hid, n. the skin of an animal.—v.t. to flog
or whip. [A.S. hyd; Ger. haul, allied to L..
cutis, Gr. skutos.]
Hide, hid, n. an old measure of land varying from
60 to 120 acres. [A.S. hid, contracted for hfgid
= hiiuisc, both words meaning as much land as
could support a family, and so conn, with A.S.
hiivan, domestics. See Hive.]
Hidebound, hld'bownd, adj. having the hide
closely bound to the body, as in animals : in
trees, having the bark so close that it impedes
the growth.
Hideous, hid'e-us, adj. frightful : horrible :
ghastly.—<z*7z>. Hid'eously.—«. Hid'eousness.
[Fr. huieux—O. Fr. hute, hisde, dread; perh.
from L. hispidus, rough, rude.]
Hiding, hid ing, n. a place of concealment.
Hie, hi, v.i. to hasten /r./. hie"ing ; pa.p. hied'.
[A.S. higian, to hasten.]
Hlerarch. hl'cr-ark, n. a ruler in sacred matters.
—adj. Hl'erarchal. [Gr. hierarches—hieros,
sacred, archo, to rule.]
Hierarchy, hfer-ark-i, «., rule in sacred matters:
persons that so rule : the body of the clergy : a
government by priests.—adj. Hierarchical.
Hieratic, hT-er-at'ik, adj., sacred: relating to
priests. [L. hieraticus—Gr, hicratihos.]
Hieroglyph, hi'er-o-glif, Hieroglyphic, hi-er-o-
glifTk, «. the sacred characters of the ancient
Egyptian language: picture-writing, or writing
in which figures of objects are employed instead
of conventional signs, like the alphabet : any-
symbolical figure. -as/js. Hieroglyphic, Hlero
mOtc i mui« ; m&Drt • tkma.
 Hieroglyphist Hindu
glyph'lcal. —adv. Hleroglyph'ically. [Gr. kit- High-road, hi'-rod, n. one of the public or
roglyphikon—hieros, sacred, glyPho, to carve.] chief roads.
Hieroglyphist, hx-er-o-glif'ist, «. one skilled in High-seasoned, hf-s£'znd, adj. made rich or pi
reading hieroglyphics. quant with spices or other seasoning.
Hierographlc, hi-er-o-gTaf'ik, Hlerographical, High souled, hi'-sold, adj. having a high or lofty
hl-cr-o-graf'ik-al, adj. pertaining to sacred soul or spirit. [ostentatious.
writing. [Gr. Itierographikos—hieros, sacred, High-sounding, hi'-sownd'ing, adj. pompous :
and graphikos, from graphd, to write.] High spirited, hl'-spir'it-cd, adj. having a high
Hlerology, hi-er-ol'o-ji, n. the science which treats spirit or natural fire : bold : daring : irascible.
of sacred matters, especially sacred writing and Hic;ht, hit, a pass, verb, used in the third pcrs.
inscriptions. [Gr. hierologia—hieros, sacred, sing., he was or is called or named. [A.S- hatan,
and iogns, a discourse or treatise.] to be called— hatan, to call ; Ger. heissen.]
Hierophant, hl'er-o-fant, «. one who shews or High-tasted, hl'-tast'ed, adj. having a strong
reveals sacred things : a priest. [Gr. hiero- piquant taste or relish.
pltantes—hieros, sacred, pluiino, to shew.] High-treason, hl'-tre'zn, «. treason against the
Higgle, hig'l, v.i. to haivk about provisions for sovereign or state, being the highest civil offence.
sale : to make difficulty in bargaining: to charier. High-water, hT'-waw'tcr. n. the time at which the
—«. Higgler. [A form of Haggle, and Hawk, tide is highest: the greatest elevation of the tide.
to sell.] Highway, hl'wa, «. a high or public way or road.
High, hi, aiij. elevated : lofty : tall : eminent in Highwayman, hi'wa-man. u. a robber who attacks
anything : exalted in rank : dignified : chief : people on the public way.
noble: ostentatious: arrogant: proud: strong: High-wrought, hf-rawt, adj. wrought with ex
powerful: angry: loud: violent: tempestuous: quisite skill : highly finished.
excellent : far advanced : difficult : dear: remote Hilarious, hi-la'ri-us, adj. gay : very merry. [L.
in time. —adv. aloft : eminently : powerfully : hi/art's—Gr. hilaros—hilaos, kindly, gay, cheer-
profoundly.—adv. High'ly. [A.S. heah; Goth. f L] [mem.
hauhs. Ice. har, Ger. hoch.\ Hilarity, hi-lar'i-ti, n. gaiety : pleasurable excite-
High admiral, hl'-ad'mi-ral, «. a high or chief Hilary, hil'ar-i, adj. the name applied to one of
admiral of a fleet. the four terms of the law-courts of England,
High-altar, hf-awl'tar, n. the principal altar in a from nth to 31st January, so called from St
church Hilary, whose festival is Jan. 13.
High-bailiff, hf-baTif, n. an officer who serves I Hill, hil, n. a high mass of land, less than a moun
writs, &c. in certain franchises, exempt from the tain. [A.S. hyll; allied to L. collis, a hill, and
ordinary supervision of the sheriff. root eel in celsus, high, Gr. koldnos, a hill.]
High-boril, hT'-bawro, adj. of high or noble birth. Hillock, hil'uk, //. a small hill.
High bred, hT'-bred, adj. of high or noble breeds ; Hilly, hil'i, adj. full of hills.-n. HiU'iness.
training, or family. ! Hilt, hilt, «. the handle, esp. of a sword. [A.S. hilt;
High-Church, hf-church, n. a party within the Dm. hilte. O. Ger. htlza ; n- >t conn, with Hold.)
Church of England, who exalt the authority and ! Hilted, hilt'ed, adj. having a hilt.
jurisdiction of the church, and attach great im I Him, him, pron. the objective case of He. [A.S.
portance to ecclesiastical dignities, ordinances, ! he, dative him, acc. nine.]
and ceremonies. —ns. High'-Church'man, Htgh'- Himself, him-self', pron. the emphatic and reflect
church ism. [or glaring colour. ive form of He and Him ; it also expresses the
High-coloured, hf-kul'urd, adj. having a strong proper character or state of mind of a person.
High-day, hi'-di, «. a holiday: (/>. ) broad day Hln, bin, n. a Hebrew liquid measure, contain
light, [pampered.—». High -feeding. ing about 6 English quarts. [Heb.]
High-fed, hl'-fcd, adj., fed highly or luxuriously : Hind, hind, n. the female of the stag. [A.S. hind;
Highflier, hl'fll-er, n. one who flies high, or Ger. hinde, hitidin, O. Ger. hinda, kinta.\
runs into extravagance of opinion or action.— Hind, hind, «. a farm-servant, a ploughman, a
a>lj. High' fly'lng. [turgid. peasant. [Lit. a domestic, from A.S. hitta,
High-flown, hi'-flon, adj. extravagant : elevated : hiivan, domestics —line, a house. See Hive.]
High-handed, hf-hand'ed, adj. overbearing : vio Hind, hind, adj. placed in the rear: pertaining 10
lent, [high or full of courage. the part behind: backward: opposed to Fore.
High-hearted, hT'-hart'ed, adj. with the heart [A.S. hindan, from the base hi, seen also in He,
Highland, hi'land, «. a mountainous district. Hence, and Hither.]
Highlander, hl'iand-er, n. an inhabitant of a Hinder, hlnd'cr, adj. comparative of Hind, but
mountainous region. [occasions. used in the same significations.
High-mass, hl'-mas, «. the mass read on hi\h Hinder, hin'der, v.t. to put or keep behind: to
High-minded, hi'-mmd'ed, adj. having a high, stop, or prevent progress : to embarrass.—v.i.
proud, or arrogant mind: having honourable to raise obstacles. [A.S. hiudrian ; Ger. hin-
pride : magnanimous. — «. High'-mind'edness. dern ; from Hind, adj.]
Highness, hl'nes, «. the state of being high : dig Hinderance, hin'dcr-ans, Hindrance, hin'drans, «.
nity of rank : a title of honour given to princes. act of hindering: that whicli hinders: obstacle.
High-place, hl'-plas, «. (/?.) .m eminence on which Hlndennost. hind er must. Hindmost. hTnd'most,
unlawful worship was performed by the Jews. adj. superlative of Hind ; furthest behind. [For
High-pressure, hf-preshiir, adj. applied to a •most, see Aftenr.ost and Foremost.]
steam-engine in which the steam is raised to a Hindi, hin'df, «. one of the languages of Aryan
high temperature, so that the pressure may stock now spoken in North India. [Pcrs. Hind,
exceed that of the atmosphere. ' India.']
High-prlest, hi'-prest, «. a chiefpriest. Hindoostanee. See Hindustani
High principled, hi'-prin'si-pld, adj. of high, Hindrance. Sec Hinderance.
noble, or strict principle. Hindu, Hindoo, hin'doTV, u. a native of'Hindustan:
High proof, hi'-proof, asij.} proved to contain now more properly applied to native Indian
much alcohol : highly rectified. believers in Brahmamsm, as opp. to Moham-
tite, 1.1 r ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; /hen.
 Hinduism Ho
iiicfUns. &c. (Lit. a dweller on the banks of the I for its. [A.S. his, possessive of he, and orig.
river Siudhu, Sans, for Indus.] | of*7.J
Hinduism, HindOOism, hindoT>izm, «. the religion Hispid, his'pid, adj. {dot.) rough with or having
and customs of the Hindus. strong hairs or bristles. (L. hisp/dus.)
Hindustani, hin-dCO-stan'e, «. a dialect of Hindi, Hiss, his, v.i. to make a sound like the letter s, as
also called Urdu (* language of the camp,' I the goose, serpent, &c. : to express contempt,
'l urk. nrdU or ordiit 'camp'), being likewise the &c. by hissing.—v.t. to condemn by hissing.
chief official and commercial language of India. [A.S. hysian; formed from the sound.]
Hinge, hinj, «. the hook or joint on which a door HiSS, his, ». the sound of the letter s, an exprcs-
or lid Jumgs: that on which anything depends | sion of disapprobation, contempt, &c.
or turns. —z./. to furnish with hinges: to bend. Hissing, his'ing, n. the noise of a hiss : object of
—v.i. to hang or turn as on a hinge :—pr.p, hisMng : object or occasion of contempt.
hing'ing; pa.p. hinged'. [M. E. henge, from Hist, hist, int. demanding silence and attention :
M. E. hengen, to hang, which, according to hush I silence ! [Formed from the sound.]
Skeat, is of Scand. origin, as in Ice. /tenja, to Histology, his-iol'o-ji, «. the science which treats
hang, but cog. with A.S. iiangiatt.] of the minute structure of animal and vegetable
Hinny, hin'i, n. the produce of a stallion and a tissue. [Gr. histos, beam of a loom, web, texture
she-ass. [L. hinnus—Gr. hinnos, giunos, a —histemi, to make to stand >thc beam in the Gr.
mule.] loom was uprightl, and logos, a discourse.]
Hint, hint, w. a distant allusion : slight mention : Historian, his-to'ri-an, «. a writer of history*
insinuation.—v.t. to bring to mind by a slight Historic, his-tor'ik, Historical, his-tor'ik-al, atij.
mention or remote allusion : to allude to.—v.i. pertaining to history : containing history : de
to make an indirect or remote allusion : to rived from history.—adv. Historically.
allude. [Lit. a thing takm, from A.S. hentan, Hlstoriette, his-tor-i-et', a short history or
to seize, and so allied to hunt and Jutiui.] story. [Fr.]
Hip, hip, n. the haunch or fleshy part of the thigh. Historiographer, his-to-ri-og/ra-fer, n. a writer
—v-t. to sprain the hip;—Pr.p. hipp'ing ; pap. of history : a professed or official historian.
hipped'. [A.S. hype; Goth, hups, Ger. hiifte.] Historiography, his-tO-ri-og'ra-fi, «. the art or
Hip, iiip, Hop, hep, «. the fruit of the wild brier employment of writing history. [Gr. historio~
or dogrose. [M. E. kept ; from A.S. heope.\ graphia—hi'storia, and grap/u', to write.]
Hlpplsh, hip'ish, adj. somewhat hypochondriac History, his'to-ri, n. an account of an event : a
[A familiar corr. of Hypochondriac.J systematic account of the origin and progress
Hippocampus, hip'o-kam-pus, n. a genus of fishes of a nation : the knowledge of facts, events, &c.
with head and neck somewhat like those of a [L. and Gr. historic — dr. histored, to learn by
horse, and a long, tapering tail which they can inquiry—histdr, knowing, learned, from the
tivist round anything. [Gr. hippokampos— root id-, in eidenai, to know, which is found
hippos, a horse, kampe, a turning.] also in L. videre, Sans. 7>id,' E. wit.]
Hippocentaur. hip-o-sent'awr, «. Same as Cen Histrionic, his-tri-on'ik, HistrionlcaL his-tri-on'-
taur. [Gr. hippos, a horse, and OentauT.] ik-al, adj. relating to the stage or stage-players :
Hippodrome, hip'o-drOm, «. a rwzecourse for befitting a theatre.—adv. Histrionically. [L.
horses and chariots : an equestrian circus. [Gr. histrionicus—histrio, Etruscan, primary form
hippodromos—hippos, a horse, dromos, a course.] hister, a player.]
Hippogliff, hip'o-grif, n. a fabulous winged ani Hlstrlonism, nis'tri-o-nizm, ». the acts or practice
mal, half horse and half griffin. [Fr. hippo- of stage-playing, or of pantomime.
griffe—Gr, hippos, a horse, and gryps, a griffin.] I Hit, hit, v.t. to light on that which is aimed at :
Hlppopathology, hip-o-pa-thol'o-ji, «. the path to touch or strike : to reach : to suit.—v.i. to
ology of the horse; the science of veterinary i come in contact : to chance luckily : to succeed :
medicine, [fir. hippos, a horse, and Pathology.] —pr.p. hitt'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. hit.—«. Hitt'er.
HippophagOUS. hip-pof'a-gus, adj., horse-eating. 1 [Ice. hitta, to light on, to find; perh. allied to
|Gr. hippos, a horse, and phago, to cat.] L. cado, to fall.]
Hippophagy, hip-pof'a-ji, «. the act or practice of Hit, hit, n. a lighting upon: a lucky chance: a
feeding on horse-fiesh.—«. Hippoph agist stroke : a happy turn of thought or expression.
Hippopotamus, hip-o-pot'a-mus, n. the ri7>er- Hitch, hich, v.i. to move by jerks, as if caught by
horse—an African quadruped, one of the largest a hook : to be caught by a hook : to be caught
existing, of aquatic habits, having a very thick or fall into.—v.t. to hook: to catch.—//, a jerk :
skin, short legs, and a large head and muzzle. a catch or anything that holds : an obstacle : a
[L.—Gr. hippopotamos—/uppos, and potauios, a sudden halt: [naut.) a knot or noose. [Ety. dub. ]
river.] Hither, hiMer, adv., to this place.—adj. toward
HlppUiic, hip-u'rik, adj. denoting an acid ob the speaker : nearer. [A.S. hither, hidcr, from
tained from the urine of horses. I Fr. hippu- ttie Teut. base hi and affix -tcr. as in Af-ter,
noue—Gr. hippos, a horse, and ouron, urine.] Whe ther ; Gfth. hidre. Ice. hedhra. See He.]
Hire, hir. «., wages for service : the price paid Hithermost, \\\th er-mGst, adj. nearest on this side.
for the use of anything. —v.t. to procure the use Hitherto, hiM'er-tOB, adv., to this place or time :
or services of, at a price : to engage for wages : as yet. [place.
to let for compensation : to bribe.—n. Hirer. Hitherward, hi/4'er-ward, adv., towards this
[A.S. hyr, wages, hyrian, to hire; Ger. heuer, Hive. hTv, n a swarm of bees in a box or basket :
Dut. huur, Dan. Ayre.] the habitation of bees : any busy company.—v.t.
Hireling, hlr'ling, n. a hired servant / a merce to collect into a hive : to lay up in store.— v.i. to
nary : a prostitute. |A.S. hyr/ing.) take shelter together : to reside in a body.—«.
Hires, hirz (&.), n. plural of Hire, not now used. HiVer. [Lit. a house or family, from A.S. hitvt
Hirsute, hir-sut', adj., hairy: rough: shaggy: a house, hiivan, domestics ; conn, with Goth.
itjot.) having long, stifiish hairs. [L. hirsutus— heiv. Ice. hiu, family.]
hirsus, hirtus, rough, hairy, shaggy. ] Ho, Hoa, ho. int. a call to excite attention : hold 1
His, hiz, pron. possessive form of He:(i?.) used stop! [Formed from the sound- J
230 fate, far; me, her; mine; mote ; mule; moon ; Men.
 Hoar
Hoar, hor, adj., white or grayish-white, esp. with
age or frost.—n. hoariness. [A.S. har, hoary,
gray ; Ice. luirr.\
Hoard, hOrd, «. a store: a hidden stock: a trea
sure.—v*t. to store : to amass and deposit in
secret.—v.i. to store up : to collect and form a
hoard.—«. Hoard'er. [A.S. hprd; Ice. hodd,
Ger. hart ; from the same root as house.\
Hoard, hGrd, Hoarding, hard ing, «. a hurdle or
fence inclosing a house and materials while
builders are at work. [O. Fr. horde; Dut.
horde, a hurdle ; same root as Hurdle.]
Hoar-frost, hur'-frost, «., white frost : the white
particles formed by the freezing of dew.
Hoarhound, Horehound, hor'hownd, «. a plant of
a whitish or downy appearance, used as a tonic.
[M. E. horehune—A.S. harhune, from har, hoar
or white, and hune (ace. to Skeat, meaning
' strong-seented ') ; cf. L. cunila, Gr. komle,
wild marjoram.]
Hoarse, hors. adj. having a harsh, grating voice,
as from a cold : harsh : discordant.—ativ.
Hoarsely.—n. Hoarseness. [A.S. has; Ice.
hass, Dut. heesch, Ger. heiser. hoarse.]
Hoary, hOVi, adj., white or gray with age : [hot.)
covered with short, dense, whitish hairs.—«.
Hoar iness. [Sec Hoar. J
Hoax, hOks, n. a deceptive trick : a practical joke.
—r'./. to deceive : to play a trick upon for sport,
or without malice. —«. Hoax'or. [Corr. of hocus.
See Hocus-pocus ]
Hob, hob, «. the projecting nave of a wheel : the
flat part of a grate, orig. the raised stones between
which the embers were confined. [Ger. hub, a
heaving ; W. hob, a projection. Sec Hump. |
Hob, hob, n. a clownish fellow : a rustic : a fairy.
[A corr. of Robin, which again is a Fr. corr. of
Robert.]
Hobble, hobl, v.i. to walk with a limp : to walk
awkwardly: to move irregularly.—v.t. to fasten
loosely the legs of.—«. an awkward, limping
gait : a difficulty.—«. Hobbler.—adv. Hobr/-
lingly. [Freq. of Hop.}
Hobbledehoy, hobl-de-hoi', «. a stripling, neither
man nor boy. [Ely. unknown ]
Hobby, hob'i, Hobby horse, hob'i-hors, «. a strong,
active horse : a pacing horse : a stick or figure of
a horse on which boys ride : a subject on which
one is constantly setting off: a favourite pursuit.
[O. Fr. hobin, Dan. hoppe, a mare ; cog. with
Hop.] [hobereau.]
Hobby, hob'i, «. a small species of falcon. [O. Fr.
Hobgoblin, hob-gob'iin, »i. a fairy : a frightful
apparition. [Hob, Robin, and Goblin.]
Hobnail, hob'nil, rt. a nail with a thick, strong
head, used in the shoes of horses, and sometimes
of men : a clownish fe'ilow, so called from the
hobnails in his shoes.—adj. Hob'nailed. [From
Hob, a projecting head.]
Hobnob, hob'nob, adv., have or not have, a
familiar invitation to drink. [A.S. habban, to
have, and nabban, not to have.]
Hock, hok, //. and v. See Hough
Hock, hok, «. properly, the wine produced at
Hochheim, in Germany : now applied to all
white Rhine wines.
Hockey, hok i. Hookey, hook'i, n. a game at ball
played with a club or hooked stick.
Hock'le, hok'l, v.t. to hamstring. [See Hough.]
Hocus-pOCUS, hO'kus-pfl'kus, «. a juggler: a jugg
ler's trick.—v.t. also To Hocus to cheat :Tpr.p.
ho'cussing : Pa.p. ho'cussed. [The meaningless
gibberish of a juggler ; there is no ground for
the ordinary etymologies. ]
file, fir ; mi, her ; mine ;
Hold
Hod, hod, »• a kind oi trough borne on the
shoulder, for carrying bricks and mortar. [Fr.
hotte, a basket carried on the back ; of Teut.
origin, and prob. cog. with E. Hut.]
Hoddengray, hodn'gra, n. coarse cloth made of
undyed wool. [Said to be from Hoiden, and
Gray.]
Hodgepodge, hoj'poj, «. See Hotchpotch.
Hodman, hod'inan, «. a man who carries a hod:
a mason's labourer.
Hodometer, ho-dom'e-ter, «. an instrument
attached to the axle of a vehicle to register the
revolutions of the wheels. [Gr. hodos, a way,
and metron, a measure.]
Hoe, hO, «. an instrument for hewing or digging
up weeds, and loosening the earth.—v.t. to cut
or clean with a hoe : to weed.—v.i. to use a hoe:
~~pr.p. hoeing; A* A hoed'.—«. Ho'er. [Fr.
hone— O. Ger. houwa (Ger. haue), a hoe, from
O. Ger. houwan, to strike, E. Eew.]
Hog, hog, «. a general name for swine : a castrated
boar: a ptg.~7'.r. to cut short the hair of:—
Pr.p. hogg'ing ; pa.p. hogged'. [W. hwch ; Bret.
hoc'h, houch, swine—heuc'ha, to grunt.]
Hoggerel, hog'er-el (in Scot. Hogg), «. a young
sheep of the second year. [I), hokkeltng, a
beast of one year old, from being fed in the hok
or pen.]
Hogget, hog'et, «. a boar of the second year : a
sheep or colt after it has passed its first year.
Hoggish, hog'ish, adj. resembling a ho£ : brutish:
filthy : selfish.—adv. Hoggishly.—«. Hoggish-
ness.
Hogmanay, hog-ma-na', «. {in Sect.) the old name
for the last dav of the year. |Etv- unknown. 1
Hog-ringer, hog'-ring'cr, «. one who puts rings
into the snouts of hogs.
Hogshead, hogz'hed, n. a measure of capacity =
52$ iinperi.il gallons, or 63 old wine gallons ; Of
Claret = 46 gallons ; of Beer = 54 gallons ; of
tobacco (in united Slates) varies from 750 to
1200 lbs. : a large cask. [Corr. of O. Dut.
okshoo/d. ox-head; the cask perh. was so called
from an ox's head having been branded upon it.J
Hog s lard hogz'-lard, «. the melted fat of the hog.
Holden, hoi'dn, «. a rompine, ill-bred girl : a
flirt.—adj. rude, rustic, bold. —v. i. to romp
indelicately. [M. E. hoydon—O. Dut. lieyden,
a clownish person, a form of Heathen.]
Hoist, hoist, v.t. to lift: to raise with tackle : to
heave.—ft. act of lifting : the height of a sail :
an apparatus for lifting heavy bodies to the
upper stories of a building. [I* urmerly hoise or
hoyse, from O. Dut. hyssen, Dut. hijschen, to
hoist.]
Hoity-toity, hoi'ti-toi'ti, int. an exclamation of
surprise or disapprobation.—adj. giddy, flighty,
gay, noisy. (Like hut and tut, interjections,
expressive of disapprobation-]
Hold, hold, v.t. to keep possession of or authority
over : to sustain : to defend : to occupy : to de
rive title to : to bind : to confine : to restrain : to
continue : to persist in : to contain : to celebrate:
to esteem.—v.i. to remain fixed to be true or
unfailing: to continue unbroken or unsubdued :
to adhere : to derive right :—prp. hOld'ing ; /a. t.
held; pap. held [obs. hOld'en).—To hold over,
to keep possession of land or a house l>eyond
the term of agreement.—Hold of [Pr. Bk.) to
regard.—«. Hold er. [A.S. healdan ; O. Ger.
haltan, Goth, haldan, Dan. holde, to keep.]
Hold, hold, «., act or manner holding: seizure:
power of seizing : something for support : a place
of confinement : custody : a fortified place :
mOte ; mute ; mCon : then. 231
 Hold
[mus. ) a mark over a rest or note, indicating
that it is to be prolonged.
Hold, hold, «. the interior cavity of a ship between
the door and the lower deck, used for the cargo.
[Due. hoi, a cavity or hole, with excrescent d.
See Hole.]
Holden, hold'n [B.) old fa.p. of Hold.
Holdfast, hOld'fast, «. that which holds fast : a
long nail : a catch.
Holding, hold'ing, n. anything held: a farm held
of a superior : hold : influence : [Scots law)
tenure.
Hole, hoi, «. a hollow place : a cavity : an opening
in a solid body : a pit : a subterfuge: a means
of escape. —v.t. to form holes in: to drive into
a hole.—v.t. to go into a hole. [A.S- hoi, a
hole, cavern ; Dut. hoi, Dan. hul, Ger. hohl,
hollow; conn, with Gr. koilos, hollow.]
Halibut. See Halibut.
Holiday, hol'i-dii, n. \orig.) holy-day {which see):
a day of amusement.
Holily. See Holy.
Holiness, ho'li-ncsf n. state of being holy : religious
goodness : sanctity : a title of the pope.
Holla, hol'a. Hollo, Holloa, hoI'Oor hol-l0\ int.,
ho, t/iere : attend : (ttaut.) the usual response to
Ahoy.—«. a loud shout.—v.t. to cry loudly to
one at a distance. [Ger. holla is from Fr. hoid —
ho, and ld—L>. iliac, there ; the other forms are
due to confusion with Halloo.) [Holland.
Holland, hol'and, n. a kind of linen first made in
Hollands, hol'andz, «. gin made in Holland.
Hollow, hol'0, adj. vacant: not solid: containing
an empty space : sunken : unsound : insincere,
—«. a hole: a cavity: any depression in a
body : any vacuity : a groove : a channel. —v.t.
to make a hole in : to make hollow by digging :
to excavate. [A.S. holh, a hollow place—A.S.
hoi, E. Hole.]
Hollow-eyed, hol'o-Id. adj. having sunken eyes.
HollOW-hearted, hoi O-hart'ed, adj. having a hol
low or untrue heart : faithless: treacherous.
Hollowness, hol'6-nes, n. the state of being hollow :
cavity: insincerity: treachery'.
Hollow-ware, hol'o-war, «. trade name for hollow
articles of iron, as pots and kettles.
Holly, hol'i, «. an evergreen shrub having prickly
leaves and scarlet or yellow berries. [M. E.
holin—A.S. holegn, the holly; cog. with W.
celyn, Ir. cuileann.\
Hollyhock, hol'i-hok, «. a kind ofmallow, brought
into Europe from the Holy Land. [M. E. holi-
hoc—holt, holy, and A.S. hoc, mallows ; W.
htfeys. ]
Holm, holm or hflm, «. a river-islet : rich flat
land near a river. [AS. holm, a mound; in
various Teut. tongues.]
Holm-oak, holm'- or hGm'-Sk, n. the ilex or ever
green oak, so called from some resemblance to
the holly. [Holm- is a corr. of holin, the M. E.
form of holly, which see.]
Holocaust, hol'o-kawst, «. a burnt sacrifice, in
which the whole of the victim was consumed.
[L.—Gr. holokauston—holot, whole, and kaustos,
burnt.]
Holograph hol'o-graf, n. a document wholly
written by the person from whom it proceeds.—
adj. Holographic [Gr.—holos, whole, and
graj>hd. to write.}
Holometer, hol-om'ct-er, «. an instrument for
taking all kinds of measures. [Fr. holomltrt—
Gr. holos, whole, and metron, measure.]
Holpen, hulp'n old jn\.p. of Help.
Holster, hOl'ster, n. the leathern case carried by a
fute, far j me, her ; mine :
Homeopathic
horseman at the forepart of the saddle for cotter-
ing-R pistol.—-adj. Hol'stered. [Ace to Skeat,
from Dut. holster, a pistol-case—kullen, to cover,
which is cog. with A.S. heUtn, to cover.]
Holt, holt, «. a wood or woody hill : a hole, or
other place of security, esp a deep hole in a
river, where there is protection fir fish. [AS.
holt, a wood ; Ice. holt, a copse, Ger. holz. ]
Holus-bolus, hol'us-bO'his, «. adv. all at a gulp:
altogether. [A vulgarism, formed from whole,
and bolus, a pill.]
Holy, ho'li, adj. perfect in a moral sense : pure in
heart: religious: set apart to a sacred use.—
adv. Hollly. [A.S. halig, lit. whole, perfect:
healthy—haI, sound, whole ; conn, with Hall,
Heal, whole.]
Holy-day, hO'li-da, «. a holy day : a religious festi
val : a day for the commemoration of some event.
Holy Ghost, ho'li gOst, Holy Spirit, ho'li spirit.
n. the third person of the Trinity. [Holy and
AS. gdst. See Ghost.]
Holy-office, hO'li-ofis, n. the holy tribunal: the
Inquisition. [Holy and Offloe.]
Holy One, hO'li wun, «. the one who is holy by
way of emphasis : God : Christ : one separated
to the service of God.
Holy orders, hO'li or'ders, n. ordination to the
rank of minister in holy things : the Christian
ministry. (Holy and Orders.]
Holy-rood, ho'li-rOOd, n. the holy cross, in R.
Caih. churches, over the entrance to the
chanceL [Holy and Rood.]
Holy Spirit. See Holy Ghost.
Holystone, hO'Ii-stOn, «. a stone used by seamen
for cleaning the decks.—v.t. to scrub with a
holystone.
Holy Thursday, ho'Ii-thurz'da, n. the day on
which the ascension of our Saviour is commem
orated, ten days before Whitsuntide.
Holy-water, hO li-waw'ter, «., water consecrated
by the priest for sprinkling persons and things.
Holy-week, hOli-wek, «. the week before Easter,
kept holy to commemorate our Lord's passion.
Holy-writ, hO'li-rit, n. the holy writings: the
Scriptures.
Homage, hom'aj, n. the submission and service
which a tenant promised to his feudal superior,
in these words, homo vester devenio, I become
your man ; the act of fealty : respect paid by
external action : reverence directed to the Su
preme Being : devout affection. [Fr. hommagg
—Low L. homaticum—L. homo, a man.]
Home, hOm, «. one's house or country : place of
constant residence: the seat, as of war.—adj.
pertaining to one's dwelling or country : domes
tic : close : severe. —adv. to one's habitation or
country : close : closely : to the point.—adj.
Homeless.—//. Homelessness. [A.S. ham ;
Dut. and Ger. heim, Goth, haims ; from a root
ki, to rest, which appears also in Gr. kr-imai. to
lie, kome, a village, L. civis, a citizen, E. hive.)
Home-bred, hom'-bred, adj. bredat Itome: native :
domestic : plain : unpolished.
Home-farm, hum'-farm, n. the farm near the
home or mansion of a gentleman.
Home-felt, hOm'-felt, adj. , felt in one's own
breast ; inward : private.
Homely, hom'H. adj. pertaining to home: fami
liar : plain : rude.—«.Homeliness.—Wr'.Home'-
lily. [the south coast of England.
Homelyn, hom'cl-in, n. a species of ray, found on
Home-made, hOm'-mad, adj., made at home:
made in one's own country : plain.
Homeopathio, ho-me-o-path'ik, adj. of or per
mOte ; mute ; mOUn ; Men.
 Homeopathiat Honey-mouthed
taining to homeopathy.—adv. Homoopath'- Homologous, hO-mol'o-gus, adj. agreeing : corre
lcally [lieves in or practises homeopathy. sponding in relative position, proportion, value,
Homeopathlst, ho-me-op'a-thist, n. one who be- or structure. [Gr. homologos—homos, the same,
Homeopathy, ho-me-op a-thi, *. the system of and logos—legd, to say.]
curing diseases by small quantities of those Homologue, hom'o-log, n. that which is homolo
drugs which excite symptoms similar to those gous to something else, as the same organ in
of the disease. (Lit. similar feeling or affec different animals under its various forms and
tion, from Gr. homoiopatheia—hotnoios, like, functions.
pathosi feeling.] Homology, ho-mol'o-ji, «. the quality of being
Homer, ho mer, n. a Hebrew measure containing homologous : affinity of structure, and not of
as a liquid measure about 2 barrets, as a dry form or use.—aitj. HomolOg/lcal.
measure 8 bushels. [Heb. chomer, a heap— Homonym, hom'o-nim, «. a word having the same
chamart to swell up.] sound as another, but a different meaning. [Fr.
Homeric, ho-mer'ik, ai/j. pertaining to Homer, fwmonyme—Gr. homdnymos—homos, the same,
the great poet of Greece : pertaining to or re and onoma, name.]
sembling the poetry of Homer. Homonymous, ho-mon'i-mus, adj. having the
Home-Rule hom'-rOVl, «. (1* Ireland) a form of same name : having different significations :
home government claimed by the league so ambiguous: equivocal.—adv. Homon ymously.
called, the chief feature of it being a separate Homonymy, ho-mon'i-mi, n. sameness of name,
parliament for the management of internal with difference of meaning : ambiguity: equi
affairs. vocation. [Fr. homonymie—Gr. homdnymia.]
Homesick, hom'sik, adj.. sick or grieved at sepa Homophone, hom'o-fon. «. a letter or character
ration from home.—«. Homo sick ness. having the same sound as another. [Gr. homos,
Homospun, hom'spun, adj., s*un or wrought at the same, and phone, sound.]
home ; not made in foreign countries : plain : Homophonous, ho-mof'o-nus, adj. haying the same
inelegant.—n. cloth made at home. sound, n. Homoph'ony.
Homesta.ll, hflm'stawl, Homestead, hom'sted, n. Homoptera, hom-op'ter-a, «. an order of insects
the place of a mansion-house : the inclosurcs having two pair of wings uniform throughout.
immediately connected with it : original station. —adj. Homop'terous. [Gr. homos, the same,
[Home and Stall and Stead.] uniform, and pteron, a wing.]
Homestead. See under Homes tall. Homotype, hom'o-t!p, n. that which has the same
Homeward, hom'ward, adv., toward home: fundamental type of structure with something
toward one's habitation or country. —adj. in the else. [Gr. homos, the same, and typos, type.]
direction of home. [Home, and ward, sig. Hone, hon, n. a stone of a fine grit for sharpening
direction. J instruments.—v.t. to sharpen as on a hone.
Homeward-bound, hom'ward-bownd, adj., pound [A.S. han ; Ice. hein ; allied to Gr. konos, a cone,
Jwmeiuard or to one's native laud. [See Bound, Sans, cana, a whetstone ; from a root ka, to
adj.] sharpen. See Gone.]
Homewards, hom'wardz, a*tv., toward home. Honest, on'est, adj. full of honour: just : the opp.
Homicidal, hom'i-sld-al, adj. pertaining to homi of thievish, free from fraud: frank: chaste:
cide : murderous : bloody. (/»'.) also, honourable.—adv. Hon'estly. [L.
Homicide, hom'i-sTd, »., manslaughter: one who hontstus—honor. ]
kdls another. [Fr.—L. homicuiium—homo, a Honesty, on'es-ti, «. the state of being honest :
man, and cttdo, to kill.] integrity : candour : a small flowering plant so
HomiletlCS, hom-i-let'iks, n.sing. the science called from its transparent seed-pouch: {B.}
which treats of homilies, and the best mode of becoming deportment
preparing and deliveringthem.—adjs. Homilet'ic, Honey, hun'i, «. a sweet, thick fluid collected by
Hornliet'lcal. [gregation. bees from the flowers of plants : anything sweet
Homihst , hom'i-list, n. one who preaches to a con- like honey. —v.t. to sweeten : to make agree
Homily, hom'i-li, n. a plain sermon preached to a able:—pr.p. hon'eying ; pa.p. hon'eyed (-'id).
mixed assembly : a serious discourse. [Gr. [A. S. hunig ; Gcr. honig, Ice. hunang.]
homilia, an assembly, a sermon—homds, the Honeybear, hun'i-bur, «. a South American car
same, cog. with E. Same, and He, a crowd.] nivorous mammal about the size of a cat, with
Hominy, hom'i-ni, «. maize hulled, or hulled and a long protrusive tongue, which he uses to rob
crushed, boiled with water. [American Indian, the nests of wild bees.
auhuminea, parched corn. J Honey-buzzard, hun'i-buz'ard, «. a genus of
Hommock. hom'uk, n. a hillock or small conical buzzards or falcons, so called from their feeding
eminence. [A dim. of Hump.] I on bees, wasps, &c
Homocentric, ho-mo-sen'trik, adj. having the 1 Honeycomb, hun'i-kOm, n. a comb or mass of
same centre. [Fr. homocentrique—Gr. homo- waxy cells formed by bees, in which they store
hentros—homos, the same, and keniron, centre.] their honey: anything like a honeycomb. —adj.
Homocercal, ho-mo-ser'kal, adj. having the upper Hon'eycombed (-komdi, formed like a honey
fork of the tail similar to the lower one, as the comb. [Honey, and Comb, a hollow cell.]
herring. [Gr. homos, the same, kerkos, tail.] Honeydew, hun'i-dG, «. a sugary secretion from
Homoeopathy, &a Sec Homeopathy. the leaves of plants in hot weather : a fine sort
HomogeneaC ho-mo-ie'ni-al, Homogeneous, ho- of tobacco moistened with molasses.
mo-jfi'ni-us, adj. of the same kind or nature : Honeyed, Honied, hun'i- 1, adj. covered with
having the constituent elements all similar. —rts. honey: sweet.
Homoge'neousness, Homogeneity. [Gr. homo- Honeymoon, hunl-moon, Hon'eymonth, -munth,
gene's—homos, one, same, and genos, kind.] n. the honey or sweet moon or month, the first
Homologate, ho-mol'o-gat, v.t. to say the same : month after marriage.
to agree : to approve : to allow.—n. Homologa Honey-mouthed, hun'i-mowMd, adj. having a
tion [Low L. homologo, homologatum—Gr. honeyed mouth or speech: soft or smooth in
homologed—homos, the same, and legd, to say.] speech.
fate, far ; nit!, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. 133
 Honeysuckle Hornblende
Honeysuckle, hun'i-suk-1, n. a climbing shrub with Scand. hut, begone ; Fr. huer, to call ; W. hwt,
beautiful cream-coloured flowers, so named be off with it. ]
cause honey is readily sucked from the flower. Hop, hop, v, t. to leap on one leg : to spring : to walk
[A S. hunig-sucle.] lame : to limp :—Pr.p. hopp mg ; fa.t. and p-i.p.
Honoy-tonguod, hun'i-tungd, adj. having a hopped'.—n. a leap on one leg : a jump : a spring.
iumeved tongue or speech : soft in speech. [A.S. hoppian, to dance ; Ger. hiip/en.]
Honied. Same as Honeyed. Hop, hop, n. a plant with a long twining stalk, the
Honorarium, hon-ur-a'n-um, n. a voluntary fee bitter cones of which are much used in brewing
paid to a professional man for his services. [L. and in medicine.—v.t. to mix with hops. — v.i. to
honorarium (donum), honorary {gift'.J gather hops:—pr.p. hopp'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p.
Honorary, on'ur-ar-i, atij., con/erring honour: hopped'. [Dut. hop; Ger. hop/en.}
holding a title or office without performing ser Hopbiud, hopTjind (corr. into hopbine), n. the
vices or receiving a reward. —«. a fee. [L. stalk of the hop. [-bind expresses the clinging
honorarius —honor.] of the stalk to its support ; cf. Bindweed.]
Honour, on'ur, «. the esteem due or paid to worth : Hope, hop, v.i, to cherish a desire of good with
respect : high estimation : veneration, said of expectation of obtaining it: to place confidence
God : that which rightfully attracts esteem : (in).—v.t. to desire with expectation or with
exalted rank : distinction : excellence of char belief in the prospect of obtaining. [A.S. hopian;
acter : nobleness of mind : any special virtue Dut. h^pen, Ger. hoffen, perhaps akin to L.
much esteemed : any mark of esteem : a title of cup-io, to desire.)
respect :—//. privileges of rank or birth : civilities Hope, hop, «. a desire of some good, with expecta
paid: the four highest cards in card-playing: tion of obtaining it : confidence : anticipation : he
academic prizes or distinctions.—adj. Hon'our- who or that which furnishes ground of expecta
less. [L. honor.) tion : that which is hoped for. [A.S. hopa ; Ger.
Honour, on'ur, v.t, to hold in high esteem; to hojf-nnng.]
respect: t6 adore to exalt: to accept and pay Hope, hop, n. troop, only in the phrase forlom-
when due.—adj. Hon oured. hope. \X5wt. vertoren hoop—hoop, a band of
Honourable, on'ur-a-bl, adj. worthy of honour : men. E. Heap. See also Forlorn.]
illustrious: actuated by principles of honour: Hopeful, hop'fool, adj. lull of hope : having quali
conferring honour: becoming men of exalted ties which excite hope : promising good or suc
station: a title of distinction.—adv. Honour- cess, —adv. Hope'fUlly.—«. Hope fulness
ably. Hopeless, hGp'les, adj. without hope : giving no
HonourableneSB, on'nr-a-bl-nes, n. eminence : con ground to expect good or success : desperate.—■
formity to the principles of honour: fairness. adv. Hopelessly.—«. Hopelessness.
Hood, hood, «. a covering for the head : anything Hopper, hop'er, «. one who hops : a wooden trough
resembling a hood : an ornamental fold at the through which grain passes into a mill, so called
back of an academic gown.—v.t, to cover with from its hopping or shaking motion : a vessel in
a hood: to blind.—adj. Hooded. [A.S. hod; which seeucorn is carried for sowing.
Dut. hoed, Gcr. hut, conn, with Heed.] Hopple, hop'l, v.t. to tie the feet close together to
Hoodwink, hood'wingk, i>.t. [lit.) to make one prevent hopping or running. —n. chiefly in
tvink by covering the eyes with a itood; to fetter for horses, &c. when left to graze. [Frra
blindfold : to deceive. [Hood and Wink.] of Hop.]
Hoof, h&nf, «. the horny substance on the feet of Hopscotch, hop'skoch, n. a game in which chil
certain animals, as horses, &c. : a hoofed animal : dren hop over lines scotched or traced on the
—pi. Hoofs or Hooves.—adj. Hoofed'. [A.S. ground.
hof; Ger. huf, Sans. fapha.] Hopvino, hopVln, «. the stalk or stem of the
Hook, hook, n. a piece of metal bent into a curve, hop. [See Vine, and cf. HopMndL]
so as to catch or hold anything: a snare: an Horal, horal, adj. relating to an hour.
instrument for cutting grain. [A.S. hoc; Dut. Horary, hOrar-i, adj. pertaining to an hour: not
Itaak, Ger. haken, allied to Gr. kyklos, a circle.] ing the hours : hourly : continuing an hour.
Hook, hook, v.t. to catch or hold with a hook : to Horde, hord, «. a migratory or wandering tribe or
draw as with a hook : to insnare.—v.i. to bend : clan. [ Fr. —Turk, ordtt, camp —Pers, 6rd&,
to be curved.—adj. Hooked'.—By hook or by court, camp, horde of Tatars.]
crook, one way or the other. Horehound. Sec Hoarhound
Hookah, hOo'ka, n. a pipe in which the smoke is Horizon, ho-rfzun, n. the circle bounding the view
made to pass through water. [Ar. huqqa.\ where the earth and sky appear to meet. [Fr.
Hook-nosed, hook'-nozd, adj. having a hooked or —L.—Gr. horizon [kyhtos), bounding (circle),
curved nose. iwrizd, to bound—horns, a limit.]
Hooky, hook'i, adj. full of or pertaining to hooks. Horizontal, hor-i-zon'tal, adj. pertaining to the
Hoop, hoOp, n. a pliant strip of wood or metal horizon: parallel to the horizon : level : near the
formed into a ring or band, for holding together hon/un.—adv. Horizon tally.—«. Horizontal'-
the staves of casks, &c. : something resembling
a hoop : a ring :-—/*/. elastic materials used to Horn, horn, n. the hard substance projecting from
expand the skirt of a lady's dress.—v.t. to bind the heads of certain animals, as oxen, &c. : some
with hoops: to encircle. [Akin to Dut. Iioep; thing made of or like a honi : a symbol of
cf. Ice. /top, a bay, from its round form.] strength: (w«r.)a wind-instrument consisting
Hoop, huOp, v.i. to call out. S;ime as Whoop. of a coiled brass tube. —v.t. to furnish witn
Hooper, hoOp'er, n. one who hoops casks : a cooper. horns.—adj. Horned'. [A.S. horn; Scand. and
Hooplng-COUgh. See under Whoop. Gcr. horn, C<:lt, corn, L. cornn, Gr. heras.]
Hoopoe, hoopo. Hoopoo, h^np'Oo, n. a bird with a Hombill, horn'bil, «. a bird about the size of the
large crest. [1- upupa, Gr. epops— imitative. ] turkey, having a homy excrescence on its bill.
Hoot, hoot, v.t. to shout in contempt : to cry like Hornblende, horn'blend, ». a mineral of various
an owl. —v.t. to drive with cries of contempt. colours, found ineranite and other igneous rocks
—n. a scornful cry. (An imitative word; cf. that contain quartz. [Ger., from horn, burn,
234 fate, far ; me, her ; nunc ; mOte ; mute ; mOTm ; Men,
 Hornbook
from the shape of its crystals; and -blende—
bienden, to dazzle, from its glittering appear
ance. J
Hornbook, horn'book, «. a first book for children,
which formerly consisted of a single leaf set in a
frame, with a thin plate of transparent ham in
front to preserve it.
Horned-owL See HornowL
Homot, horn'et, «. a species of wasp, so called
from its antenna; or /torus. [A.S. hyrnet, dim.
of /torn.]
Horafoot, horn'foot, adj. having a hoof or /torn
on thefoot.
Horning, homing, «. appearance of the moon
when in its crescent form.
Hornowl, horn'owl, Horned-owl, hornd'-owl, «.
a species of owl, so called from two tufts of
feathers on its head, like horn*.
Hornpipe, horn'plp, «. aWelsh musical instrument,
consisting of a wooden pipe, with a /torn at each
end : a lively air : a lively dance.
Homstone, horn'ston, «. a stone much like flint,
but more brittle. [Horn and Stone, j
Hornwork, horn'wurk, «. {fort.) an outwork
having angular points or horns, and composed
of two demi-bastions joined by a curtain.
Horny, horn'i, adj. like horn : hard : callous.
Horography, hor-og'ra-fi, u. the art ofconstructing
dials or instruments for indicating the hours.
[Gr. hora, an hour, and grap/id, to describe.]
Horologe, hor'o-loj, n. any instrument for telling
the hours, [O. Fr. horoioge (Fr. korloge)—
L. horologium—Gr. hdrologion—hdra, an hour,
and legd, to tell.J
Horology, hor-ol'o-ji, «. the science which treats
of the construction of machines for telling the
/tours.—adj. Horolog-leal.
Horometry, hor-om'et-ri, «. the art or practice of
measuring time.—adj. Horomet'ricaL [Gr.
hora, an hour, and metron, a measure.]
Horoscope, hor'o-skop, «. an observation of the
heavens at the /tour of a person's birth, by which
the astrologer predicted the events of his life : a
representation of the heavens for this purpose.
[Fr.—L.—Gr. /tdroskopos—hdra, au hour, and
shaped, to observe,J
Horoscopy, hor-os'kop-i. n, the art of predicting
the events of a person's life from his horoscope :
aspect of the
io. stars at the time anofastrologer.
birth.—adj.
Horoscop ■/,*. Horos'COpist,
Horrent, hor'ent, adj. standing on end, as bristles.
[L. horrens, -en/is, pr.p. of horreo, to bristle.]
Horrible, horf-bl, adj. causing or tending to
cause horror; dreadful: awful: terrific.—adv.
Horribly.—n. Horrlbleness. [L. horribilis—
horreo. ]
Horrid, hor^d, adj, fitted lo produce horror :
shocking: offensive.—adv. Horridly. —n. HoiT/-
idness. ( L. horridus, orig. bristling—horreo.
See Horror.]
Horrific, hor-rif'ik, adj. exciting horror : frightful.
Horrify, hor'i- fr, v. t. to strike with Iwrror :—pa.p.
horrified. [L. horror, andfacto, to make.]
Horror, hor'ur, «. a shuddering : excessive fear :
that which excites horror. [Lit. 'a bristling,' as
of hair, L.—horreo, to bristle, to shudder.]
Horse, hors, n. a well-known quadruped ' ^collec
tively) cavalry : that by which something is sup
ported.—v.t. to mount on a horse : to provide
with a horse : to sit astride : to carry on the
back. — v.t. to get on horseback. [A.S. hors,
Ice. hross, O. Ger. hros (Ger. ross), perh. akin
to Sans, hresh, to neigh, but more prob. conn,
with L. curro, cursus, to run ; cf. Courser.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Hosiery
Horseblock, hors'btok, m. a block or stage by
which to mount or dismount from a horse.
Horseboat, hors'bot, ». a boat for carrying
horses.
Horse-breaker, hors'-brak'er, Horse tamer, hors'-
tam'cr, n. one whose business is to break or
tame horses, or to teach them to draw or carry.
Horse-chestnut, hors'-clics'nut, «. a large variety
of chestnut, prob. so called from its coarseness
contrasted with the edible chestnut : the tree
that produces it. [See Chestnut.]
Horsefly, hors'fll, n. a large Jly that stings
horses.
Horse-guards, hors'-gardz, «. horse-soldiers em
ployed as guards : the 3d heavy cavalry regi
ment of the British army, forming part of the
household troops : {formerly) the official resi
dence in London of the commander-in-chief of
the British army.
Horsohoe, hors'ho, Horserake, hors'rak, &c. n. a
hoe, rake, &c. drawn by horses.
Horselaugh, hors'Iaf, n. a harsh, boisterous laugh.
[Hoarse and Laugh.]
Horseleech, hors'lech, «. a large species of leech,
so named from its fastening on horses when
wading in the water. [between two horses.
Horse litter, hors'-lit'er, «. a litter or bed borne
Horseman, hors'man, n. a rider on horseback : a
mounted soldier.
Horsemanship, hors'man-ship, «. the art of rid
ing, and of training and managing horses.
Horse-power, hors'-pow'cr, «. the ptrwer a /torse
can exert, or its equivalent = that required to
raise 33,000 lbs. avoirdupois one foot per minute :
a standard for estimating the power of steam-
engines.
Horserace, hors'ras, *. a race by horses.
Horseraclng, hors'ras-ing, «. the practice of
racing or running horses in matches.
Horse-radish, horseradish, n. a plant with a pun
gent root, used in medicine ana as a salad. [So
named from a notion of its being wholesome for
horses.)
Horseshoe, hors'shOO, n. a shoe for horses, con
sisting of a curved piece of iron : anything
shaped like a horseshoe.
Horsetail, hors'tal, «. a genus of leafless plants
with hollow rush-like stems, so called from their
likeness to a horse's tail.
Horse-trainer, hors'-tran'er, n. one who trains
horses for racing, &c.
Horsewhip, horrhwip, n. a whip for driving
horses.—v.t. to strike with a horsewhip: to
lash.
Hortative, hort'a-tiv, Hortatory, hort'a-tor-i, adj.,
inciting: encouraging : giving advice. [L. hor-
tor, Itortatus, to incite.]
Horticultural, hor-ti-kul'tur-al, adj. pertaining to
the culture ofgardens.
Horticulture, hor'ti-kul-tQr, n. the art of cultivat
inggardens. [L, /tortus, a garden, and Culture ]
Horticulturist, hor-ti*kul'tur-ist, n. one versed in
the art of cultivatinggardens.
Hosanna, ho-zana, ». an exclamation of praise
to God, or a prayer for blessings. [Lit. ' save, I
pray thee/ Gr. hdsanna—Hcb. hoshiahnna—
yasha, hoshia, to save, and na, I pray thee.]
Hose, lu"z, n. a covering for the legs or feet :
stockings : socks : a flexible pipe for conveying
fluids, so called from its shape:—//. Hose ;
{B.) Hos'en. [A.S. hosa; Dut. hoos, Ger. hose.]
Hosier, ho'zhi-er, n. one who deals in hose, or
stockings and socks, &c.
Hosiery, nO'zhi-er-i, «., hose in general.
mote ; mute ; moon j then.
 Hoepioa House-surgeon
Hospice, hos'pSs, n. an Alpine convent where Hotpress, hot'pres, v.t. to press paper, &c. be
travellers are treated as guests, [Fr., from L. iween hot plates to produce a glossy surface.
kospttium—hospes, a stranger who is treated as Hotspur, hot'spur, «. one pressing his steed with
a guest, one who treats another as his guest.] spurs as in hot haste : a violent, rash man.
Hospitable, hos'pit-abl, adj. pertaining to a hast or Hottentot, hot'n-tot, «. a native of the Cape of
guest : entertaining strangers and guests kindly Good Hope : a brutish individual. [Dut., be
and without reward: shewing kindness, —adv. cause the language of the S. Africans seemed to
Hos pitably. —». Hos'pitableness. the first Dutch settlers to sound like a repetition
Hospital, hospit-a] or os'-, «. a building for the of the syllables hot and lot ; DuL en — and.]
reception and treatment of the old, sick, &c.( Houdah. See Howdah.
or for the support and education of the young. , Hough, hok, Hock, hok, «. the joint on the hind-
[Orig. a place for the entertainment of strangers leg of a quadruped, between the knee and fet
or guests, from O. Fr. hospital—Uw L. hos- lock, corresponding to the ankle-joint in man :
filiate—hospes, a guest. See Hospice, j in man, the back part of the knee-joint: the
Hospitality, hos-pi-tal'it-i, «. the practice of one ham.—v.t. to hamstring :—-pr,/. houghing;
who is hospitable: friendly welcome and enter pa.p. houghed (hokt'). [A.S. hok, the heel.]
tainment ofguests. Hound, hownd, «. a dog used in hunting.—v.t. to
Hospitaller, hos'pit-al-er, «. one of a charitable set on in chase : to hunt : to urge on. [Orig.
brotherhood for the care of the sick in hospitals: the dog generally, from A.S. huntt: akin to Gr.
one of an order of knights, commonly called kySn, kynos, L. cams. Sans, cvatt.]
Knights of St John, who during the Crusades Houndfish. Same as Dogfish.
built a hospital for pilgrims at Jerusalem. Hound's-tongue, howndz'-tung. «. a plant, so
Hospodar, hos'po-dar, nAformerly} the title of the j called from the shape of its leaves. [A.S.
princes of Moldavia and Wallachia. [Slav.] I hundestunge.]
Host, host, «. one who entertains a stranger or Hour, owr, n. 60 nun. or the 24th part of a day :
guest at hishouse without reward : an innkeeper. the time indicated by a clock, &c. : a time or
—/em. Hostess. [O. Fr. hoslc—l,. hospes.] occasion:—//, (myth.) the goddesses of the
Host, host, «. an army : a large multitude, [Orig. seasons and the hours: in the R. Cath. Church,
an enemy ; O. Fr. host—L. hostis, an enemy.] ; prayers to be said at certain hours, [Orig.
Host, host, «. in the R. Cath. Church, the a definite space of time fixed by natural laws;
consecrated bread of the Eucharist, in which I O. Fr. hare, Fr. heure—L. horn — Gr. hora.
Christ is offered. [L. hostia, a victim—hostio, See Year.]
to strike.] Hourglass, owr'glas, «. an instrument for meas
Hostage, hos'taj, «. one remaining with the uring the hours by the running of sand from one
enemy as a pledge for the fulfilment of the con glass vessel into another.
ditions of a treaty. [O. Fr. hostage, Fr. dtags Hourl, how'ri, n. a nymph of the Mohammedan
—Low L. obsidaticus—obses, ofisuiis, a hostage.] paradise. [Pcrs. hurt—hura, a black-eyed girl.]
Hostel, hos'tel. Hostelry, hos'tel-ri, «. an inn. Hourly, owrli, adj. happening or done every hour:
[(). Fr. hostel', hastellerie. See Hotel.] frequent.—adv. every hour: frequently.
Hostile, hos'til, adj. belonging to an enemy : Hourplate, owr'plat, «. the plate of a timepiece
shewing enmity : warlike : adverse.—adv. Hos - on which the hours are marked : the dial.
tilely. [L. hostilis—hostis.\ House, hows, «. a building for dwelling in : a
Hostility, hos-til'it-i, «. enmity :—//. Hostilities, dwelling-place : an inn : household affairs : a
acts of warfare. family : kindred : a trading establishment : one
Hostler, osier, «. he who has the care of horses of the estates of the legislature: {astroI.) the
at an inn. [Orig. one who kept a house for twelith part of the heavens:—//. Houses
strangers, O. Fr. hosteller—hostel— L. hospes.) ihowz'ez^. [A.S. hus ; Goth, hits, Ger. hans.)
Hot, hot, attj. having heat : very warm : fiery : House, howz, v.t. to protect by covering : to shel
pungent : animated : ardent in temper : vio ter : to store.—v.t. to take shelter : to reside.
lent : passionate : lustful,—adv. Hotly. —n. Housebreaker, hows'brak-er, n. one who breaks
Hot'ness. [A.S. hat ; Ger. heist, Sw. liet. See open and enters a house for the purpose of
Heat. ] 1 stealing.—«. Houso breaking.
Hotbed, hot'bed, «. a glass-covered bed heated Household, hows'hOld, «. those who are held to
for bringing forward plants rapidly : any place gether in the same house, and compose a family.
favourable to rapid growth. —The Household, the royal domestic establish
Hotblast, hot'blast, n. a blast of heated air ment. —adj. pertaining to the house and family.
blown into a furnace to raise the heat. —Household Troops, six regiments whose
Hot-blooded, hot'-blud'ed, adj. having hot blood : peculiar duty is to attend die sovereign and
high-spirited : irritable. defend the metropolis. [of a house.
Hotchpotch, hoch'poch, Hotchpot, hoch'pot, Householder, hows'hold-er, n. the holder or tenant
Hodgepodge, hoj'poj, «. a confused mass of Housekeeper, hows'kep-er, «. a female servant
ingredients shaken or mixed together in the who keeps or h is the chief care of the house.
same pot, [Fr. hochepot—hacker, to shake, and Housekeeping, hows'kep-ing, «. the keeping or
pot, a pot—O. Dut. hutsen, to shake, and Dut. management of a house or of domestic affairs;
pot, a pot. Sec Hustle and Pot.] hospitality.—atlj. domestic
Hotel, hO-tel', «. a superior house for the accom Houseless, hows'les, adj. without a house or home :
modation of strangers i an inn : in France also having no shelter.
a palace. [M. E. hostel—O. Fr. hostel ;Fr. Housemaid, hows'mad, n. a maid employed to
kdtel)—L. kospitalia, guest-chambers—hospes. keep a house clean, &c.
See Hospital ] 1 House steward, hows'-stQ'ard. «. a stcivard who
Hot-headed, hot'-hed'ed, adj. hot in the head : manages the household- affairs of a great family.
having warm passions : violent : impetuous. House-surgeon, hows'->ur'jun, //. the surgeon or
Hothouse, hot'hows, «. a house kept hot for the medical officer in a hospital who resides m the
rearing of tender plants. house.
23ti fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; inoou ; Men.
 House-warming
House-warming, hows'-wawrm'ing, n. an enter
tainment Riven when a family enters a new
house, as if to warm it.
Housewife, hows'wlf, «. the mistress of a house :
a female domestic manager.—adj. House'wifely.
Housewife, huz'if, «. a small case for articles of
female work, properly spelt Hussif, which see.
Housewifery, hows'wlf-n, «. business of a house-
•wife.
Housing, howling, n. an ornamental covering for
a horse : a saddle-cloth :—//. the trappings of a
horse. [Fr. housse ; prob. from O. Ger. hulst, a
covering—huilen, to cover. Cf. Holster, Husk.J
Hove, pa.t. and pa.p. of Heave.
Hovel, huVel, «. a small or mean dwelling: a
shed. —v.t. to put in a hovel: to shelter:—pr.p.
hov'elling ; pa.p. hov'elled. [Dim. of A.S. Ao/y
a dwelling.]
Hover, hover or huv'cr, v.i. to remain aloft flapp
ing the wings: to wait in suspense: to move
about near. [Prob. from A.S. hof, and there
fore lit. to dwell', O. Fris. hovia, to receive
into one's house ; cf. W. hojian, to hang over.]
How, how, adv., in ivhat manner : to what extent :
for what reason: by what means: from what
cause: in what condition: (AVw Test.) some
times = that [A.S. hu, hwu, from the inter
rogative wha, who, as L. qui, how, from quis,
who.] [withstanding: yet: however.
Howbeit, how-be'it, conj., be it how it may: not-
Howdah, Houdah, how'da. n. a seat fixed on an
elephant's back. [Ar. hawtlaj.}
However, how-ev'er, adv. and conj, in whatever
manner or degree: nevertheless: at all events.
[How, Ever.]
Howitzer, how'its-er, n. a short, light cannon,
used for throwing shells. [Ger. haubitze, orig.
haufnitz—Bohem. kau/nice, a sling.]
Howker, how'ker, «. a Dutch vessel with two
masts : a fishing-boat with one mast used on the
Irish coast. [Dut. hoeker.)
Howl, howl, v.i. to yell or cry, as a wolf or dog :
to utter a long, loud, whining sound : to wail :
to roar.—v.t. to utter with outcry .—pr.p. howl'-
ing ; pa.p. howled'.—», a loud, prolonged cry of
distress : a mournful cry. [O. Fr. huller ; from
L. ul/t/are, to shriek or howl—ulula, an owl ;
conn, with Gr. Aulas, Ger. heulen, E. awl.]
Howlet, how'let. Same as Owlet.
Howsoever, how-so-ev'er, adv. in what way
soever: although: however.
Hoy, hoi, n. a large one-decked boat, commonly
rigged as a sloop. [Dut. heu, Flem. hui.]
Hoy, hoi, /«/., ho ! stop ! [From the sound.]
Hub, hub, «. the projecting nave of a wheel : a
projection on a wheel for the insertion of a pin :
the hilt of a weapon : a mark at which quoits,
&c. arc cast. [A form of Hob.]
Hubble-bubble, hub'l-bub'l, «. a kind of tobacco-
pipe, used in the E. Indies, in which the smoke
is drawn through water with a bubbling sound.
Hubbub, hub'ub, h. a confused sound of many
voices : riot: uproar. [Either from the repetition
of hoop, whoop [which see), or in imitation of
the confused noise of numerous voices, like
mur-mur'm Latin. Cf. Barbarian.]
Huckaback, huk'a-bak, «. a coarse variety of
table-linen, having raised figures on it. [Perh.
because sold by hucksters with their goods on
their back.]
Hucklo, huk'l, n. a hunch : the hip. [Dim. of
Huck, a Prov. E. form of Hook, from its bent
or jointed appearance.]
Huckle backed, hukl-bakt, Huck-ahouldered,
f&ta, f&r ; mi, her ; mine ;
Hull
huk-shoTddrd, adj. having the back or shoulders
round like a hunch.
Huckle-bone, huk'l-bon, n. the hipbone.
Huckster, huk'stdr, «. a retailer of small wares, a
hawker or peddler: a mean, trickish fellow.—
/em. Huck'streSS. —v.i. to deal in small articles.
[Orig. and properly a fern, form of an O. Low
Ger. root, of which hawker is the masculine.
This root is found in Dut. heuker, a retailer, from
O. Dut. hncken, to stoop or bow, and conn, with
Ice. huka, to sit on one's hams (whence E.
Hug); Ger. hucke, the bent back. See Hawker,
Hook, Huckle.]
Huddle, hud'l, v.i. to put up things confusedly :
to hurry in disorder: to crowd.—v.t. to throw
or crowd together in confusion : to put on
hastily. —«. a crowd : tumult : confusion. [M. E.
hodren; pcrh. conn, with root of Hide, to con
ceal, and so orig. meaning to crowd together
for concealment or shelter.]
HudibrastlC, hQ-di-bras'tik, adj. similar in style to
Hudibras, a satire by Butler, 1612-80; doggerel.
Hue, hu, «. appearance: colour: tint: dye.—adj.
Hueless. [A.S. kiw. Meow ; Goth, kiwi, Swed.
hy, appearance, complexion.]
Hue, ho, «. a shouting.—Hue and cry, the old
practice of pursuing felons with loud hootitigand
crying. [Fr. huerf of imitative origin ; cf. W.
hwa, to hoot.]
Huff, huf, n. sudden anger or arrogance : a fit of
disappointment or anger : a boaster.—v.t. to
swell : to bully : to remove a ' man * from the
board for not capturing pieces open to him, as
in draughts.—v.i. to swell : to bluster. [An
imitative word; the idea of ' puffing ' or * blowing '
being present in it.]
Huffish, huf'ish, adj. given to huff: insolent :
arrogant.—adv. Huff'lShly. — n. Huff'lshness.
Huffy, huf'i, adj. given to huff: puffed up : petu
lant.—«. Huff'iness.
Hug, hug, v.t. to embrace closely and fondly : to
congratulate (one's self) : [naut. ) to keep close to.
—v.i. to crowd together :—pr.p. hugg'ing ; pa.p.
hugged'. —n. a close and fond embrace: a par
ticular grip in wrestling. [Scand., orig. to squat
or cower together, as in Ice. huka, to sit on
one's hams. See Huckster.]
Huge, huj, adj. (comp. Hug'er; superl. Hug'est;
having great dimensions, especially height ;
enormous: monstrous: (if.) large in number. —
adv. Hugely.—«. Huge'ness. [M. E. huge;
formed by dropping a ^supposed article) from
O. Fr. ahuge, the root of which may prob. I>e
found in Dut. hoog, Ger. hoch, E. Hlgh.|
Hugger-mugger, hug'er-mug'er, n. secrecy : con
fusion. [Pcrh. a rhyming extension of Hug.]
Huguenot, hQ'ge-not or -no, ;/. the name formerly
given in France to an adherent of the Reforma
tion. [15 false etymologies have been given of
this name, which most authorities now regard as
a dim. of Fr. Ungues, Hugh, the name of some
one of the French Calvinists, and afterwards
applied as a nickname to them all.*
Hulk, hulk, n. the body of a ship : an old ship
unfit for service : anything unwieldy—often con
founded in meaning with Hull, the body of a
ship :—pi. The Hulks, old ships used as
prisons. [Orig. a large merchant-ship, from Low
L. hulka—Gr. holkas, a ship which is towed—
hrlko, to draw.]
Hull, hul, «. the hush or outer covering of any
thing.—v.t. to strip off the hull : to husk. [A.S.
hulu, a husk, as of corn—helan, to cover ; Ger.
halie, a covering, hehlen, to cover. ]
mute ; muto ; tnOOn ; then. '237
 Hull Hundredweight
Hull, hul, n. the frame or body of a ship.—v.t. to HumlC, hu'mik, adj. denoting an acid formed by
pierce the hull ;as with a cannon-ball).- v.i. to the action of alkalies on humus.
float or drive on the water, as a mere hull. Humid, hu'mid, adj., moist: damp: rather wet.
[Same word as above, perh. modified in meaning —«. Hu'mldness. [L. hnmidus—humeo, to be
by confusion with Dut. hot, a ship's holt], or moist.] [degree of wetness.
with Hulk. J Humidity, hu-mid'i-ti, «. moisture : a moderate
Hully, hul'i, adj. having /risks or pods. Humiliate, hu-mil'i-at, v.t. to make humble : to
Hum, hum, v.i. to make a buzzing sound like bees : depress : to lower in condition. [L. humilio,
to utter a low, droning sound : to supply an -dtum. ]
interval in speaking by an audible sound.—v.t. Humiliation, hu-mil-i-a'shun, n. the act of humil
to sing in a low tone :—Pr.p. humm'ing ; pa.p. iating: abasement: mortification.
hummed'.—n. the noise of bees and some other Humility, hu-mil'i-ti, n. the state or quality of
insects : any low, dull noise. —int. a sound with being humble : lowliness of mind : modesty.
a pause implying doubt. [An imitative word ; [Fr. humiliti—L. humilitas.]
cf. Ger. hummen, humsen; Dut. hommelen.] Humming-bird, hum'ing-bcrd, n. a tropical bird,
Human, hu'man, adj. belonging or pertaining to of brilliant plumage and rapid flight, so called
man or mankind : having the qualities of a from the humming sound of its wings.
man.—adv. Hu'manly. [Fr.—L. humanns— Hummock, hum'uk. Same as Hommock.
homo, a human being.] Humoral, O'mur-al, adj. pertaining to or proceed
Humane, hQ-man', adj. having the feelings proper ing from the humours.
to man : kind : tender : merciful.—adv. Hu Humoralism, O'mur-al-izm, m. the state of being
manely. humoral l the doctrine that diseases have their
Humanise, hrt'man-Tz, v.t. to render human or seat in the humours. --«. Hu moralist, one who
humane : to soften.—v.i. to become humane or favours the doctrine of humoralism.
civilised. Humorist, ii'mur-ist, n. one whose conduct and
Humanist, hu'man-ist, ft. a student of polite conversation are regulated by humour or caprice :
literature : at the Renascence, a student of one who studies or portrays the humours of
Greek and Roman literature : a student of people.
human nature. [L. [Uttrm) humaniores, polite Humorless, u'mur-les, adj. without humour.
(literature':.J Humorous, u'mur-us, adj. governed by humour:
Humanitarian, hu-man-i-tS'ri-an, n. one who capricious : irregular : full of humour : exciting
denies Christ's divinity, and holds him to be a laughter.—adv. Hu'morously.—«. Hu'morous-
mere man.—adj. of or belonging to humanity, ness.
benevolent Humour, tl'mur, «. the moisture or fluids of ani
Humanity, hfi-man'it-i, «. the nature peculiar to mal bodies : an animal fluid in an unhealthy
a human being : the kind feelings of man : state : state of mind (because once thought to
benevolence : tenderness : mankind collectively : depend on the humours of the body) : disposi
—pi. Humanities, in Scotland, grammar, rhe tion : caprice : a mental quality which delights
toric, Latin, Greek, and poetry, so called from in ludicrous and mirthful ideas. —v.t. to go in
their humanisingeffects, —Professor OfHuman with the humour of : to gratify by compliance.
ity, in Scotch universities, the Professor of [O. Fr. humor (Fr. humeur)—L. humor—
Latin. [Fr.—L. humanitas—humanus.] humeo, to be moist.]
Humankind, hu'man-kTnd, «. the human species. Hump, hump, «. a lump or hunch upon the back.
Humble, hum'bl, um'bl, adj. low : meek : modest. [Prob. a form of Heap ; a Low Ger. word, as in
—v.t. to bring down to the ground : to lower : Dut. homp; cf. Gr. kyphos, a hump, Sans.
to mortify : to degrade.—«. Hum'bleneSB.— knbja, humpbacked; allied toHunch.]
adv. Hum'Dly. [Lit. 'on the ground,' from Fr. Humpback, hump'bak, «. a back with a hump or
— L. humiiis, low—humus, the ground.] hunch : a person with a humpback.—adj. Hump'-
Humble-bee, hum'bl-be, «. the humming-bee ; a backed, having a humpback.
genus of social bees which construct their hives Humus, hum'us, Humine, hfim'in, «. a brown or
under ground. [Hum-b-le is a freq. of Hum.] black powder in rich soils, formed by the action
Humbug, hum'bug, «. an imposition under fair of air on animal or vegetable matter. [Lit. the
pretences : one who so imposes.—v.t. to deceive : 1 ground, soil ; ' L., akin to Gr. chamai, on the
to hoax :—pr.p. hum'bugging ; pa.p. hum'- ground.]
bugged. [Orig. a false alarm, a bugbear, from Hunch, hunsh, «. a hump, esp. on the back: a
Hum and Bug, a frightful object. Approba lump.—Hunch/back, n. one with a hunch or
tion in public places was formerly expressed by hump on his back —Hunch backed, adj. having
humming, which in stang E. came to be conn, a humpback. [The nasalised firm of Hook;
with anything flattering, deceiving, false,] cog. with Ger. hucke, the bent back; cf. Scot,
Humdrum, hum'drum, adj. dull : droning : mono to hunker down, to sit on one's heels with the
tonous.—«. a stupid fellow. [Compound of knees bent up towards the chin.]
Hum and Drum. ] Hundred, hun'drcd, n. the number of ten times
Humectant, hu-mek'tant, adj. pertaining to reme ten : a division of a county in England, orig.
dies supposed to increase the fluidity of the supposed to contain a hundred families. [A. S,
blood. [L. humectans—humeo^ to be moist.] hundred—old form hund, a hundred, with the
Humective, hu-mek'tiv, adj. having the power to superfluous addition of red or rerd (E. rate), a
moisten. reckoning : cogs, of A. S. hund are 0. Ger. hunt,
Humeral, hfl'mer-al, adj. belonging to the Goth, hund, W. cant, Gael, ciad, Lat. ccni-um,
shoulder. (Fr. —L. humerus, the shoulder.] Gr. he-kat-on. Sans, fata, a hundred.)
Humerus, hii'mer-us, n. the arm from the shoulder Hundredfold, hun'dred-ffild, adj., folded a hun
to the elbow : the bone of the upper arm. [L. dred times, multiplied by a hundred.
' the shoulder.'] Hundredth, hundredM, adj. coming last or form
Humhum, hum'hum, n. a kind of plain, coarse ing one of a hundred.—«. one of a hundred.
cotton cloth used in E. Indies. [?] Hundredweight, hun'dred-wat, «. a weight the
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Hung Hyades
twentieth part of a ton, or 112 lbs. avoirdupois; lentry : to clash : to rattle, fFreq. of Hurt in
ori^'. a hundred lbs., abbreviated cwt. [c. stand its original sense.]
ing for L. centum, ivt. for weight). Hurtless, hurt'les, adj. without hurt or injury,
Himg,/rt t. and pa.p. of Hang. harmless.—adv.HurVlessly.—«. HuTtlessness.
Hunger, hung'ger, n. desire for food : strong desire Husband, huz'band, «. a married man : (/?.) a
for anything.—v.i. to crave food: to long for. man to whom a woman is betrothed : one who
[A.S. hungor in.!, hyngran (v. ) ; corresponding manages affairs with prudence : [naut.) the
words are found in all the Teut. languages.J owner of a ship who manages its concerns in
Hunger-bitten, hung'ger-bit'n, adj. bitten, pained, person.—v.t. to supply with a husband : to
or weakened by hunger. manage with economy. [M. E. husbonde—A.S.
Hungry, hung'gri, adj. having eager desire : - husbonda, Ice. hnsbondi—has, a house, and Ice.
greedy: lean: poor.-—adz/. Hung'ruy. bomlt\ (or buandi, inhabiting, pr.p. of Ice. bua to
Hunks, hungks, n.sing. a covetous man : a miser. dwell, akin toGer. batten, to till. See Bondage, j
Hunt, hunt, v.t. to chase wild animals for prey or Husbandman, huz'band-man, «. aworking farmer :
sport: to search for: to pursue.—v.i. to go out one who labours in tillage.
in pursuit of game : to search.—n. a chase of Husbandry, huz'band-ri, n. the business of a
wild animals : search : an association of hunts- farmer : tillage : economical management : thrift.
ni'-ii. — Hunt down, to destroy by persecution or Hush, hush, int. or imp. silence ! be still !—adj.
violence.—Hunt out, up, after, to search for, silent: quiet.—v.t. to make quiet. [Imitative.
seek. {A.S. huntian; A.S. hentan, to seize, Cf. Hist and Whist.]
Goth, kinthan ; from the same root is E. Hush-money, hush'-mun'i, «., money given as a
hand.] [in the chase,—-/em. Hunt'ress. bribe to hush or make one keep silent.
Hunter, hunt'er, n. one who hunts : a horse used Husk, husk, «. the dry, thin covering- of certain
Hunting-box, hunting-boles, Hunting-seat, hunt'- fruits and seeds.—v.t. to remove the husks from.
jng-set, n. a temporary residence for hunting;. \Hulsk with the / dropped, from M. E. hulen
Huntsman, hunts man, «. one who hunts : a ser (with suffix -sk)—helan, to cover ; cf. Ger. hillse,
vant who manages the hounds during the chase. Dut. hulse, &c, in all of which the / has been
Huntsmanship, hunts'man-ship, ». the qualifica retained.] [of husks.
tions of a huntsman. Husked, huskt', adj. covered with a husk : stripped
Hurdle, hur'dl, *. a frame of twigs or sticks inter Husking, husk'ing, n. the stripping of husks.
laced : [agri.) a movable frame of timber or iron Husky, husk'i, adj. hoarse, as the voice : rough
for gates, &c.—v.t. to inclose with hurdles. in sound,—adv. Huskily.—n. Husk ine88. [A
[A.S. hyrdel; Gcr. kArde, Goth, haurds, a coir, ofhusty, from M. E. Jwst{Scot, host, acough)
wicker-gate, L. crates. See Cradle and Crate. ] —A.S. hvjosta, a cough ; cog. with Ger. husten ]
Hurdy-gurdy, hurMi-gurMi, «. a musical stringed Hussar, hooz-zaV, n. [orig.) a soldier ofthe national
instrument, like a rude violin, the notes ofwhich cavalry of Hungary : a light-armed cavalry
are produced by the friction of a wheel [Prob. soldier. [Hun. kusza*—huss, twenty, because
a rhyming imitation of its sound.] at one time in Hungary one cavalry soldier used
Hurl, hurl, v.i. to make a noise by throwing : to to be levied from every twenty families.]
move rapidly: to whirl.—v.t. to throw with Hussif, huz'if, «. a case for needles, thread, &c,
violence : to utter with vehemence.—«. act of used in sewing. [Ice. husi, a case—hus, a
hurling, tumult, confusion.—n. Hurl'er. [Contr. house. The -f was added through confusion
of Hurtle, which see.] with Housewife.] [Contr. of Housewife.]
Hurly-burly, hur'li-bur'li, «. tumult: confusion. Hussy, huz'i, n. a pert girl : a worthless female.
[Hurly is from O. Fr. hurler, to yell, orig. hniier, Hustings, hus'tingz, n. sing, the principal court
whence E. HowL Burly is simply a rhyming of the City of London : {formerly) the booths
addition.] where the votes were taken at an election of a
Hurrah, Hurra, hoor-r5', :>.>t. an exclamation of M.P., or lne platform from which the candidates
excitement or joy.—». and v.i. [Dan. and gave their addresses [A.S. husting, a council,
Swed. hurra.] But a Scand. word, and used in speaking of
Hurricane, hui^ri-kan, n. a storm with extreme the Danes—Ice. husthing—hus, a house, and
violence and sudden changes of the wind, thing, an assembly ; cogs. E. H0U86 and Thing.]
common in the E. and W. Indies. [Sp. kura- Hustle, hus'l, v.t. to shake or push together : to
can ; from an American-Indian word, prob. crowd with violence. [O. Dut. hutsen, hutselen%
imitative of the rushing of the wind.] to shake to and fro. See Hotchpotch.]
Hurry, hurt, v.t. to urge forward: to hasten.— Hut, hut, «. a small or mean house : [mil) a small
v.i. to move or act with haste \—pa.p. hurried. temporary dwelling.—v.t. [mil.) to place in huts,
—n. a driving forward : haste : tumult.—adv. as quarters '.—pr.p hutting ; pa.p. hutt'ed. [Fr.
Hurr'yingly. [An imitative word, to which huttc—Q. Ger. hutta (Ger. hStte).]
correspond O. Swed. hurra, to whirl round, and Hutch, huch, «. a box, a chest : a coop for rabbits.
other Scand. forms.] [Fr. huche, a chest ; from Low L. hutica, a box.]
Hurry-Skurry, hur'i-skur'i, n. confusion and Huzza, hooz-za.', int. and n. hurrah ! a shout of
bustle. [Hurry, with the rhyming addition joy or approbation.—v.t. to attend with shouts
skurry.] of joy.—v.i. to utter shouts of joy or acclama
Hurt, hurt, v.t. to cause bodily pain to : to tion :—Pr.p. huzza'ing ; pa.p. huzzaed (-z5d'j.
damage : to wound, as the feelings ;—pa.t. [Ger. hussa : the same as Hurrah.]
and pa.p. hurt.—«. a wound : injury. (Lit. to Hyacinth, hl'a-sinth. «. [myth.) a flower which
butt or thrust like a ram, O. Fr. hurter (Fr. sprang from the blood of Hyakitithos [Gr.], a
heurter), to knock, to run against : prob. from youth killed by Apollo with a quoit : a bulbous-
the Celtic, as in W. hivrdd, a thrust, the butt rooted flower of a great variety of colours : a
of a ram, Corn, hordh, a ram.] precious stone, thejacinth. [Doublet, Jacinth.]
Hurtful, hurt'fool, adj. causing hurt or loss : mis Hyacinthine, hT-a-sinth'in, adj. consisting of or
chievous.—adv. Hurt'fuuy.—«. Hurt'fulness. resembling hyacinth; curling like the hyacinth.
Hurtle, hurtl, v.t. to dash against : to move vio- Hyades, hra-dez, Hyads, hradz, n. a cluster of
fate, far ; me*, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mOon ; thm*.
 Hyaena Hyperbola
five stars in the constellation ef the Bull, sup measuring the specific gravity of liquids, also
posed by the ancient?, to bring rain when they the strength of spirituous liquors.—adjs.
rose with the sun. [Gr. hyades—hyein, to rain.J Hydromet'ric, Hydromet'ricaL—n. Hydrom'-
HyeBna. See Hyena. etry. [Gr. hyddr, tnctron, a measure.]
Hyaline, hl'a-lin, adj., glassy: consisting of or Hydropathist, hl-drop'a-thist, n. one who prac
likeglass. [Gr. hyalines—hyalos, glass, probably tises hydropathy.
an Egyptian word meaning a transparent stone. J Hydropathy, hT-drop'a-thi, n. the treatment of
Hybernate, &c. See Hibernate, &c. disease by cold water.—adjs. Hydropathic,
Hybrid, hi brid, «. an animal or plant produced Hydropath'ioaL— Hydropathloally. [Gr.
from two different species : a mongrel : a mule : hyddr, water, and pathos, suffering, from pascho,
a word formed of elements from different pathein, to suffer.]
languages. [Lit. something unnatural, from Hydrophobia, hl-dro-fo'bi-a, n. an unnatural dread
L. hibrida, a mongrel, pern, from Gr. hybris, of water, a symptom of a disease resulting from
hybridos, outrage, insult.J the bite of a mad animal, hence the disease
Hybrid, hi'brid. Hybridous, hib'rid-us, adj. pro itself.— Hydrophobic [Gr. hyddr, water,
duced from different species: mongrel. and phobos, fear. ]
Hybridism, hl'brid-izm, Hybridity,hib-rid'i-ti, n. Hydropsy, hl'drop-si, «. Same as Dropsy.
state of being hybrid. Hydrostatics, hl-dro-statlks, //.//. used as sing:
Hydatid, hid'a-tid, n. a watery cyst or vesicle a branch of Hydrodynamics, which see.—atijs.
sometimes found in animal bodies. (Gr. hvdatis, Hydrostatic, Hydrostat icaL —adv. Hydro-
a watery vesicle—hyddr, hydatos, water.] Stat ically. [Gr. hyddr, water, and Statics. J
Hydra, hl'dra, «. [myth.) a water-serpent with Hyemal, hi-e'mal, adj. belonging to winter :
many heads, which when cut oft" were succeeded done during winter. [L. hiemalis—hiems,
by others : any manifold evil : a genus of fresh winter. See Hibernal. ]
water polypes remarkable for their power of Hyena, Hyaena, hT-en'a, «. a bristly-maned
being multiplied by being cut or divided. [L.— quadruped of the dog kind, so named from its
Gr. hydra—hyddrt w.itcr, akin to Sans, udras, likeness to the saw. [L. —Gr. hyaina [lit.)
an otter, also to E. Otter,] ' sow-like '—hysr a sow.]
Hydrangea, hT-dran'je-a, n. a genus of shrubby Hygeian, hl-je'an, adj. relating to health and its
plants with large heads of showy flowers, pieservation. [Gr. hygift.t, health, the goddess
natives of China and Japan. [Lit. the 'water- of health, hygies, healthy—root hyg, Sans, ug,
vessel ; ' so called from the iTM/-shaped seed- L. veg, vig.\
vessel. Coined from Gr. hydor, water, and Hygiene, hi'ji-cn. Hygienics, hi-ji-en'iks, Hygi-
anggeion, vessel.] enism, hfji-en-izm, n. the science which treats uf
Hydrant, hYdrant, n. a machine for discharging the preservation of health.—adj. Hygienic. [ Fr.J
water: a water-plug. [Gr. hydor, water.] HygleniBt, hi'ji-en-ist, n. one skilled 111 hygiene.
Hydraulic, hi-drawl'i-t, HydraulicaL hT-drawl'- Hygrometer, hl-grom'et-er, «. an instrument for
ik-al, adj. relating to hydraulics : conveying measuring the moisture in the atmosphere,
water : worked by water.—adv. HydrauTically. [Gr. hygros, wet, metran, a measure.]
[Lit. 'belonging to a water-organ or water-pipe, Hygrometry, hl-grom'et-ri, w. fhe art of measur
from Gr. hydor, water, aulos, a pipe.] ing the moisture in the atmosphere, and of
Hydraulics, hl-dniwl'iks, n.pl. used as sing, the bodies generally.—adjs. Hygromet ric, Hygro-
science of hydrodynamics in its practical appli met'rlcal.
cation to water-pipes, &c. Hygroscope, hT'gro-skOp, n. an instrument for
Hydrocephalus, h7-dro-sef'a-lus. *., water in the shelving the moisture in the atmosphere.—adj.
heati : dropsy of the brain. [Gr. hyddr, water, Hygroscopic. [Gr. hygros, showed, to view.)
hep/tale, the head.] Hymen, hl'men, n. [myth.': the god of marriage :
Hydrodynamics, hl-dro-di-nam'iks, n.pl. used as marriage. — adjs. Hymene al, Hymene'an. [L.,
sing, the science that treats of the motions and Gr. hymen, perh. conn, with Gr. hymnos, a
equilibrium of a material system partly or festive song, a hymn.]
wholly fluid, called Hydrostatics when the Hymn, him, «. a song of praise.—v.t. to celebrate
system is in equilibrium. HydrokinetiCS when it in song : to worship by nymns.—v.t. to sing in
is not.—adjs. Hydrodynam'ic, Hydrodynam'- praise or adoration. [L. hymnus—Gr. hymnos.\
ical. [Gr. hyddr, water, and Dynamics.] HymniC, him'nik, adj. relating to hymns.
Hydrogen, hlclro-jen, «. a gas which in combina Hymnologist, him-nol'o-jist, ». one skilled in hym-
tion with oxygen produces water, an elementary nology : a writer of hymns.
gaseous substance, the lightest of all known sub Hymnology, him-nol'o-ji, n. the science whjch
stances, and very inflammable.—adj. Hydrog'- treats of hymns : a collection of hymns, [tir.
enous [A word coined by Cavendish (17661 hymnos, a hymn, logos, a discourse.]
from Gr. hyddr, water, and gen-nod, to produce.] Hypallage, hi-pala-jc, «. an interchange : in
Hydrograpner, hT-drogVa-fer, n. a describer of rhetoric, a figure in which the relations of
waters or seas : a maker of sea-charts. things in a sentence are mutually interchanged,
Hydrography, hT-drog'ra-fi, «. the art of measur but without obscuring the sense, as he covered
ing and describing the size and position ofwaters his hat with his head, instead of he covered his
or seas: the an of making sea-charts,—adjs. head with his hat. [Fr.—L., Gr., from hyfral-
Hydrograph'ic, Hydrograph'icaL—adv. Hy- lassd, to interchange—hypo, under, and allassd,
drograph'ically. [Gr. hydor, water, graphd, to change.]
to write.] Hyperbaton, hl-per'ba-ton, n. [rhet.) a figure by
Hydrokinetics, hT-dro-ki-net'iks, n.pl. used as which words are transposed from their natural
sing, a branch of Hydrodynamics, which see. order. TGr. a 'transposition,' from hyperbaina
[Gr. hyddr, water, and see Kinetics. ] —hyper, beyond, and baind, to go.]
Hydrology, hl-drol'o-ji, «. the science which treats Hyperbola, hT-per'bo-la, n. (georn,) one of the
of water. [Gr. hyddr, water, logos, a discourse.] conic sections or curves formed when the inter
Hydrometer, hi-drom'et-er, n. an instrument for secting plane makes a greater angle with the
fate, far; me, her; mine: mote ; mQte ; rnoun : then.
 Hyperbole
base than the side of the cone makes.—adjs.
Hyperbolic, Hyperbolical.—adv. Hyperboli-
Cally. [L. (///. ) a ' throwing beyond '—Gr.
hyperbole, from hyperballd—hyper, beyond,
balls, to throw.]
Hyperbole, hl-per'bo-le', «. a rhetorical figure
which produces a vivid impression by represent
ing things as much greater or less than they
really are : an exaggeration.—adjs. Hyper
bolic, Hyperbolical.—adv. Hyperbollcally.
[A doublet of the above.]
Hyperbolise, hl-pcr'boI-Tz, v.t. to represent hyper-
bolically.—v.i. to speak hyperboucally or with
exaggeration.—». Hyper'boLlsm.
Hyperborean, hl-pcr-bo're-an, adj. belonging to
the extreme north.—n. an inhabitant of the ex
treme north. [Gr. hypcrlioreos—hyper, beyond,
and Boreas, the north wind.]
HypercritiC, hi-per-krit'ik, «. one who is over-
critical.—adjs. Hyperergic, Hypercritical.
over-critical.—adv. Hypercrit ically.—n. Hy-
pcrcrit'icism. [Gr. hyper, over, and Critic]
Hypermetrical, hT-per-met'rik-al, adj., beyond
or exceeding the ordinary metre of a line :
having a syllable too much. [Gr. hyper, and
Metrical.]
Hyperphysical.hT-per-fiz'ik-al, adj. beyond phys
ical laws : supernatural.
Hypertrophy, hl-per'tro-fi, «. , over-nourishtneni :
the state of an organ, or part of the body
when it grows too large from over-nourishment.
[From Gr. hyper, and trop/ie, nourishment—
trephd, to nourish.]
Hyphen, hi'fen, «. a short stroke { - ) joining two
syllable* or words. [Gr. hypo, under, hen, one.]
Hypnotism, hip'no-tizm, //. a sleep-like condition
induced by artificial means: a nervous sleep
like the condition under mesmerism. [Coined in
1843 from Gr. kypnos, sleep.]
Hypochondria, hip-o-kon'dri-a, «. a nervous
malady, often arising from indigestion, and tor
menting the patient with imaginary fears. [L.,
Gr., from hypo, under, chomiros, a cartilage, be
cause the disease was supposed to have its seat
in the parts under the cartilage of the breast.]
Hypochondriac, hip-o-kon'dri-ak, adj. relating
to or affected with hypocliondrm: melancholy.—
«. one suffering from hypochondria.
Hypocrisy, hi-pok'ri-si, n. a feigning to be what
one is not : concealment ot true character. [Lit.
'the acting of a part on the stage,' from Gr.
hypokrisis—hypokrirwmai, to play on the stage,
from hypo, under, krinS, to decide.]
Hypocrite, hirVo-krit, n. one who practises hypo
crisy.—adj. Hypocrit'lc, practising hypocrisy.—
adv. Hypocritically [Lit. 'an actor, Fr.—L.,
Gr. hypokritis.]
Hypogastric, hip-o-gas'trik, adj. belonging to the
lower part of the abdomen. [Gr. hy/o, under,
eastfr, the belly.]
Hypostasis, hT-pos'ta-sis, n. a substance : the
essence or personality of the three divisions of
the Godhead. -adjs. Hypostatic, Hypostat'-
ical.—adv. Hypostat'ically. [Lit. a 'standing
under,' L-, Gr. hypostasis—hyphistend—hypo,
under, histimi, to make to stand.]
Hypotenuse, hr-pot'en-us or hip-, Hypothenuse,
hl-poth'en-us, «. the side ofa right-angled triangle
opposite to the right angle. [Fr. —Gr. hypotei-
nousa [gramme), (lit.) (a line) ' which stretches
under'—hypo, under, teind, to stretch.]
Hypothec, hl-poth'ek, n. in Scotch law, a security
in favour of a creditor over the property of his
debtor, while the property continues in the
P fate, lax ; m£, her ; mine :
Icefield
debtor's possession. [Fr. —L. hypolheca—Gr.
hypotheke, a pledge.]
Hypothecate, hl-poth'c-kat, v.t. to place or assign
anything as security under an arrangement: to
mortgage.—w. Hypothecation. [Low L hypo
thecs, hypothecatum—kyPotheca, a pledge, from
Gr. hypotheke—hyjfa, under, tithemi, to place.]
Hypothesis, hi-poth'e-sis, «. a supposition : a pro
position assumed for the sake of argument ; a
theory to be proved or disproved by reference to
facts : a provisional explanation of anything.
[Lit. 'that which is placed under,' Gr. hypo,
under, tithimi, to place.]
Hypothetic, hl-po-thet'ik, Hypothetical, hl-po-
thet'ik-al, adj. belonging to a hypothesis: con
ditional.—a*tv. Hypothet'ically. [Gr. kypo-
thetikos. ]
Hyson, hl'son, n. a very fine sort of green tea.
[Chinese ' first crop.']
Hyssop, his'up, n. an aromatic plant. [Fr.—L.
hyssopum—Gr. hyssopos—Heb. ezobh.]
Hysteric, his-ter'ik, Hysterical, his-ter'ik-al, adj.
resulting from the nvomb : convulsive: affected
with hysterics.—adv. Hysterically. [L. hys
tericus—Gr. hysterikos—hystera, the womb.]
Hysterics, his-ter'iks, Hysteria, his-ter'i-a, n.
a disease resulting from an affection of the
womb, causing nervous or convulsive fits.
Hysteron-proteron; his'ter-on-prot'er-on, n. a
figure of speech in which what should follow
comes first: an inversion. [Gr. {lit.) 'the last
first."J
I
Z, T, pron. the nominative case singular of the first
personal pronoun : the word used by a speaker or
writer in mentioning himself. [M. E. ich\ A.S.
ic ; Ger. ich. Ice. eh, L. ego, Gr. egJft Sans. aham.\
Iambic, T-am'bik, Iambus, T-amlnis, n. a metrical
foot of two syllables, the first short and the
second long, as in L. fides ; or the first unac
cented and the second accented, as in deduce1.
[L. iambus—Gr. iamios, from iapts, to assail,
this metre being first used by writers of satire.]
Iambic, T-am'bik, adj. consisting of iambics.
Ibex, T'beks, «. a genus of poats, inhabiting the
Alps and other mountainous regions. [L.J
Ibis, fbis, n. a genus of wading birds like the
stork, one species of which was worshipped by
the ancient Egyptians [L., Gr. ; an Egyptian
word ]
Icarian, T-k;Vri-an, adj. belonging to Icarus: ad
venturous or unfortunate in flight. [L. Icarius
—Gr. Ikarios—Iharos, who fell into the sea on
his flight from Crete, his waxen wings being
melted by the sun.]
Ice, Is, u. water congealed by freezing : concreted
sugar.—v.t. to cover with ice : to freeze : to
cover with concreted sugar :—pr.p. Tc'ing ; pa.p.
Iced'. [A.S. is; Ger. eis, Ice., Dan. is.]
Iceberg, Is'berg, n. a mountain or huge mass of
floating/??. [From Soand. or Dut., the latter
part berg^ mountain.]
Iceblink, Ts'blingk, n. the blink or light reflected
from ice near the horizon.
Iceboat, Is'bOt, n. a boat used for forcing a pass
age through or being dragged over ice.
Icebound, Is'bownd, adj., bound, surrounded, or
fixed in with ice.
Icecream, isltrem, Iced-cream, TitMcrem, n.t
cream sweetened or flavoured, and artificially
frozen.
Icefield, Ts'feld, «. a largejield or sheet of ice.
mOte : mute ; mCDo : Men.
 Icefloat Idlotism
Icefloat, Ts'flfit, Icefloe, Is'flo, «. a large mass Ideal, T-d5'al, adj. existing in idea : mental : ex
offloating ice. isting in imagination only : the highest and best
Icehouse, Ts'hows, «. a house for preserving; ice. conceivable, the perfect, as opp. to the real, the
Iceland-moss, is'land-mos, «. a lichen found in the imperfect.—«. the highest conception of any
northern parts of the world, esp. in Iceland and thing.—adv. Ide'aUy.
Norway, and valuable as a medicine and as an Idealisation, I-de"-al-!-z.Vshun, n. act of forming in
article of diet. idea, or of raising to the highest conception.
Icepack, Is'pak, «. drifting ice packed together. Idealise, I-de'al-Iz, v.t. to form in idea: to raise
Icoplant, Is'plant, n. a plant whose leaves glisten to the highest conception.—v.i. to form ideas.
in the sun as if covered with ice. Idealism, i-de'al-izm, ft. the doctrine that in exter
Ichneumon, ik-nii'mun, n. a small carnivorous nal perceptions the objects immediately known
animal in Egypt, famed for destroying the croco are ideas: any system that considers thought or
dile's eggs : an insect which lays its eggs on the the idea as the ground either of knowledge or
larvae of other insects. [Gr. [lit.) the 'hunter,' existence : tendency towards the highest con
from ichnei/d, to hunt after—iclinos, a track.] ceivable perfection, love for or search after the
Ichnography, ik-nog'raf-i, «. a tracing out : best and highest, [of idealism.
{arch.) a ground-plan of a work or building.— Idealist, I-de'al-ist, «. one who holds the doctrine
adit. Ictihograph'ic, Ichnograph'ical.—adv. Idealistic, I-dc-al-ist'ik, adj. pertaining to idealists
Ichnograph'lcaUy. [Gr. ichnographia—ichnos, or to idealism.
a track, graphs^ to grave. 1 Ideality, T-dfi-al'i-ti, «., ideal state: abilityand dis
Ichnology, ik-nol'oj-i, «., footprint lore ; the sci position to form ideals of beauty and perfection.
ence of fossil footprints. [Gr. ichnos, a track, Identical, I-dcn tik-al, adj. the very same : not dif
a footprint, and logos, discourse.] ferent, -adz: Identically. -«. Identicalness,
Ichor, ITcor, n. {myth.) the ethereal juice in the identity. [L. as if identicut—idem, the same.]
veins of the gods : a watery humour : colourless Identify, T-dcn'ti-fl, v.t. to make to be the same:
matter from an ulcer.—adj. I'chorous, [Gr. to ascertain or prove to be the same :—pa.p.
ichdr, akin to Sans, tick, to sprinkle, Ger. teihen, Identified.—n. Identification. [Fr. identifier
to filter.] (It. identificare)—L. as if identicut—idem, the
Ichthyography, ik-thi-og'ra-fi, «. a detcription of same, andfacio, to make.]
or treatise on Jishes. [Gr. ichthys, ichthyos, a Identity, i-den'ti-ti, «. state of being the same:
fish, graphs to write.] sameness. [Fr.—Low L. identitat—L. idem,
Ichthyolite, ik'thi-o-llt, n. afith turned into stone, the same.]
a fossil fish : the impression of a fish in a rock. Ideographic, id-e-o-grafik, Ideographical, -1k-al,
(Gr. ichthys^ a fish, and lit/tot, a stone.] adj. representing ideas by pictures instead of
Ichthyology, lk-thi-ol'o-ji, n. the branch of zoology words. [Gr. idea, idea, graphs, to write.)
that treats of fishes.~adj. Ichthyolog-'ical.— Ideology, T-dc-ol'o-ji, n. the science of ideas,
w. Ichthyol ogist, one skilled in ichthyology. metaphysics. [Gr. idea, and logos, discourse.]
[Gr. ichtfiys, a fish, logos, discourse, science.] Ides, Idz, n.sing. in ancient Rome, the 15th day
IohthyophagOUS, ik-thi-of'a-eus, adj., eating or of March, May, July, Oct., and the 13th of the
subsisting on fish. [Gr. tchthys, a fish, phagd, other months. [Fr.—L. idut, origin doubtful,
to eat.] said to be Etruscan.]
Ichthyosaurus, ik-thi-o-sawr'us, «. thefish-lizard, Idiocrasy, id-i-ok'ra-si, «. Same asIdiosyncrasy.
a genus of extinct marine reptiles, uniting some [Fr. —Gr. idiokrasia—idios, peculiar, and krasis.
ofthe characteristics of the Saurians with those of See Crasis.] [an idiot: imbecility: folly.
fishes. [Gr. ichthyt, a fish, sauros, a lizard.] Idiocy, id'i-o-si, Idiotcy, id'i-ut-si, n. state of being
Icicle, m-kl, «. a hanging point of ice formed by Idiom, id'i-um, n. a mode of expression peculiar
the freezing of dropping water. [A.S. tsgicel, to a language. [Fr.—L.—Gr. ididma, peculi
for iscsgicel ; ises being the gen. of is, ice, and arity -idiod, make one's own—idios, one's own.]
gicel, a dim. of a Celt, word sig. ice (Ir. aigh). Idiomatic, id-i-o-mat'ik, Idlomatical, id-i-o-mar/-
Cf. Ice. jSknll, icicle, also a dim.] ik-al, adj. conformed or pertaining to the idioms
Icily, Iciness. See Icy. [sugar. of a language, —adv. Idlomat ically. [Gr.
Icing, Is'ing, «. a covering of ice or concreted ididmatikos—idiSma, idiomaios. peculiarity.]
Iconoclasm, I-kon'o-klazm, «. act of breaking Idiopathic, id-i-o-path'ik, adj. [wed.) primary, not
images. —adj. Iconoclast'lc, image-breaking ; depending on or preceded by another disease.—
pertaining to iconoclasm. aitv. Idlopath'ioally.
Iconoclast, T-kon'o-klast, «. a breaker of images, Idiopathy, id-i-op'a-tni, «. a peculiar affection or
one opposed to idol-worship. [Coined from Gr. siate: [ttted.) a primary disease, one not occa
etkon, an image, and klastcs, a breaker—klad, sioned by another. [Gr. idios, peculiar, pathos,
to break.] suffering—fiathcin, to suffer.]
Iconology, I-kon-ol'o-ji, n. the doctrine of images, Idiosyncrasy, id-i-o-sin'kra-si, m., peculiarity of
especially with reference to worship. [Gr. eikdn, temperament or constitution : any character
and logos, science, discourse.] istic of a person. —adj. Idiosyncratic [Gr.
Icosahedral, l-kos-a-he'dral, adj. having twenty idios. one's own, peculiar, and syncrasis, a mix
equal sides or faces. ing together—svn, together, and krasis, a mix
Icosahedron. T-kos-a-h£'dron, n. {geom.) a solid ing. Sec Crasis.]
having twenty equal sides or faces. [Gr. eikosi, Idiot, id'i-ut, n. one deficient in intellect : a foolish
twenty, hedra, base—hed~, root of hesomai, E. or unwise person. [Fr. — L. idiota—Gr. idtotfs,
Sit.] orig. a 'private man,' then an ignorant, rude
Icy, is'i, adj. composed of, abounding in, or like person—idios, one's own, peculiar.]
ice: frosty: cold: chilling: without warmth of IdlOtcy. Same as Idiocy.
affection.—adv. Io'ily.—«. Ic iness. Idiotic, id-i-ot'ik, Idiotical, id-i-otlk-al, adj. per
Idea, T-de'a, «. an image of a thing formed by the taining to or like an idiot : foolish.—adv.
mind : a notion : thought : opinion. [L.—Gr. Idiot'ically.
ulea—idein, to sec ; akin to Wit.] Idiotism, id i-ut-izm, «. an idiom. [L.—Gr.—
fate, far ; m€, her ; mine ; mOte ; unite ; mCOn ; Men.
 Idle
idiotizo, to put into common or current language
—ididtes. See Idiot.]
Idle, I'dl, adj. vain : trifling : unemployed : averse
to labour : not occupied : useless ; unimportant :
unedifying. —v.t. to spend in idleness.—ns.
I'dler, I'dleness —adv. I'dlv. [A.S. idel; Dut.
ijdel, Ger. et'tel, conn, with Gr. itharos, clear,
aitlitr, upper air, from aitho, burn. The orig.
sense was prob. ' clear ;' then pure, mere, sheer ;
than vain, unimportant (Ske.it . ]
Idol, T'dul, «. a figure : an image of some object
of worship : a person or thing too much loved or
honoured. [L. idolum—Gr. eiddlon—eidos, that
which is seen—idein, to see. See Wit.]
Idolater, T-dol'a-ter, n. a worshipper of idols: a
great admirer,—f^m. Jdol'atress. [Fr. idoi&tre,
corr. of L.—Gr. ctddlotatres—eidolon, idol,
latres, worshipper.} [to adore.
Idolatrise, T-dol a-trTz, v.t. to worship as an idol:
Idolatrous, T-(iol'a-trus, adj. pertaining to idolatry,
—adv. Idol'atrously. [cessive love.
Idolatry, I-dol'a-tri, n. the worship of idols: ex-
Idollse, T'dul-Iz, v.t. to make an idol of, for wor
ship : to love to excess.—n. Idolls'er,
Idylj Idyll, I'dil, «. a short pictorial poem,
chiefly on pastoral subjects : a narrative poem.
[L. idyllium—Gr. euiyllion, dim. of eidos,
image—eidomai, to seem. See Wit.]
Idyllic, I-dil'ik, adj. of or belonging to idyls.
If, if, conj. an expression of doubt: whether: in
case that: supposing that. [A. S. gif; cog.
with Dut. of. Ice. ef, if, e/a, to doubt ; O. Ger.
ibu, ipu, dative case of iba, a condition.]
Igneous, ig'ne-us, adj. pertaining to, consisting
of, or likefire : \geol. ) produced by the action of
fire. [L. igneus—ignis, fire, cog. with Sans.
agfii.] [L. ignescens—ignis.]
Igriescont, ijj-nes'ent, adj. emitting sparks of fire.
Ignis-fatUUS, ig'nis-fat'Q-us, n. a light which mis
leads travellers, often seen over marshy places,
of which the cause is not well understood, also
called ' Will-o'-the-wisp' :—pi. Ignes-fatui, ig'-
nez-fat'Q-i. [L. ignis, fire,fatuus, foolish.]
Ignite, ig-nlt', v.t. to set on fire, to kindle: to
render luminous with heat.—v.i. to take fire: to
burn. [See Ignition.]
Ignitible, ig-nit'i-bl, adj. that may be ignited.
Ignition, ig-nish'un, «. act of setting on fire :
state of being kindled, and esp. of being made
red-hot. [Fr., coined from L. ignio, Ignitus,
to set on fire—ignis, fire.]
Ignoble, ig-nO'bi, adj. of low birth : mean or
worthless: dishonourable.—adv. Igno'bly.—n.
Igno Dleness. [Fr.—L. ignobilts — int not,
gnobilis, nobilis, noble.]
Ignominious, ig-n3-min'i-us, adj. dishonourable :
marked with ignominy: contemptible: mean.
—adv. Ignomin'iously.—«. Ignomln'iousness.
Ignominy, lg'no-min-i, «. the loss of one's good
name: public disgrace: infamy. [Fr.—L. ig-
nominia—in, not, gnomen, nornen, name. See
Name]
Ignoramus, ig-nO-ra'mus, n. an ignorant person,
e<p. one making a pretence to knowledge :—pi.
Ignoramuses. [L. 'we are ignorant,' ist pers.
pi. pres. ind. of ignoro.]
Ignorance, ig'nO-rans, m. state of being ignorant :
want of knowledge :—pi. in Litany, sins com
mitted through ignorance. [Fr.—L. ignorantia.]
Ignorant, ig'nG-rant, adj. without knowledge :
uninstrucled : unacquainted with.—adv. Ig'no-
rantly. [Fr.—L. ignorans, -antis, pr.p. of
ignoro. See Ignore. ]
Ignore, ig-noY, v.t. wilfully to disregard: to set
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Illogical
aside. [Fr.—L. ignoro, not to know—in, not,
a.n<\gno-, root of (g\nusco, to know. See Know.]
Iguana, i-gwa'na, n. a genus of tropical lizards,
having a large dewlap under the throat. [Sp.,
said to be a Haytian word.]
Ilex, I'leks, n. the scientific name for Holly (which
see) : the evergreen or holm oak. [L.]
Iliac, il'i-ak, adj. pertaining to the lower intes
tines. [Fr., through a Low L. iliacus—ilia, the
flanks, the groin.J
Iliad, il'i-ad, n. an epic poem by Homer, giving
an account of the destruction of Ilium or
ancient Troy. [L. Jlias, Hindis—Gr. /lias,
fliados {poiesis, a poem), relating to Ilium, the
city of Ilos, its founder.]
Ilk, ilk, aitj. the same. [Scot., from A.S. ylc,
from_y- or i- (base of He), and lie = like.]
HI, il, adj. (comp. worse ; supcrl. worst), evil,
bad : contrary to good : wicked : producing
evil: unfortunate: unfavourable: sick: diseased:
improper : incorrect : cross, as temper.— adv.
not well : not rightly: with difficulty. — «. evil:
wickedness : misfortune. —HI, when compounded
with other words, expresses badness of quality
or condition. [From Ice. illr, a contr. of the
word which appears in A.S. yfel, E. EvU.]
Hlapse, il-laps', n. a sliding in: the entrance of
one thing into another. [L. illapsus—illabor—
in, into, labor, to slip, to slide.]
Hlation, il-lashun, n. act of in/erring from pre
mises or reasons : inference : conclusion. [ Fr.
—L. illatio, a bringing in. a logical inference—
infero, illatum—in, in, \\\x.otfero, to bear.]
Illative, il'la-tiv, adj. denoting an inference : that
may be inferred.—adv. Hlatively.
Hl-blood, il'-blud, «. ill feeling : resentment.
Hi-bred, il'-bred, adj. badly bred, or educated :
uncivil.—«. ni-breed'ing.
Illegal, il-le'gal, adj. contrary to law.—adv. Hle'-
gally. [Fr.—L. in, not ; see Legal.]
niegalise, il-le'gal-iz, v.t. to render unlawful.
Illegality, il-le-gal'i-ti( n. the quality or condition
of being illegal.
Illegible, il-lej'i-bl, adj. that cannot be read: in
distinct.—adv. Illegibly.—ns. Hleg'ibleness,
Illegibility. [Fr.-L. in, not ; see Legible.]
Illegitimate, il-lc-jit'i-mut, adj., not according to
law: not born in wedlock : not properly inferred
orreasoned : not genuine. —adv. Elegit imately.
—n. Illegitimacy. [L. in, not ; see Legiti
mate.] [ugly.
Ill-favoured, il-fa'vurd, adj. ill-looking : deformed :
Illiberal, il-lib er-al, adj. niggardly : mean.—adv.
Hlib'eraUy.—«. Illiberal'ity. [Fr.—L. in,
not, and Liberal.]
Illicit, il-lis'it, adj., not allowable: unlawful:
unlicensed.—adv. Hlic'itly.—n. Illic itness.
[Fr.—L. illicitus—in, not, and licitus, pa.p. of
liceo, to be allowable. See License.]
Hlimitable, U-lim'it-a-bl, adj. that cannot be
bounded: infinite.—adv. inim itably.—«. Hlim'-
itableness. [L. in, not, and Limitable.J
Hlision, il-lizh'un, u. the act of dashing or strik-
ingagainsi. [L. illisio—illido, to strike againsi
—in, in, upon, lted*>, to dash, to strike.]
IUiteracy, il-lit'er-a-si, «. state of being illiterate :
want of learning.
Illiterate, il-lit'er-at, adj., not learned: unin-
structed : ignorant.—adv. Hlit'erately.—n. H-
lit'erateness. [L. in, not, and Literate.J
Ill-natured, il-na'turd. adj. of an ill nature or
temper: cross: peevish.—adv. Hl-na'turedly.
Hlness, il'nes, n. sickness : disease.
Illogical, il-loj'i-kal, adj. contrary to the rules of
mOte ; mute ; mOOn ; then. 243
 Ill-starred
logic—adv. IUog1caUy.—n. IUoglcalness.
[L in, not, and Logical.]
Ill-starred, il'-stard, adj. born (according to an
ancient superstition) under the influence of an
unlucky star; unlucky.
Illude, it-lQd', v.t. to play upon by artifice : to
deceive. [L. Uludo, iilusum—in, upon, ludot
to play.]
Illume. See Illumine.
Uluminate, il-lfl'min-at, v.t. to light up: to en
lighten : to illustrate : to adorn with orna
mental lettering or illustrations.—adj. enlight
ened. [L. illumino, illuminatus—in, in, upon,
and lumino, to cast light—lumen (= lucimen)—
luceo, to shine, light.]
niumlnati, il-lQ-min-a'tl, n.pl. the enlightened, a
name given to various sects, and esp. to a
society of German Freethinkers at the end of
last century.
Illumination, il-lu-min-a shun, «. act of giving
light : that which gives light : splendour :
brightness : a display of lights : adorning of
books with coloured lettering or illustrations :
[B.) enlightening influence, inspiration.
Illuminative, il-Iu'min-fi-tiv, adj. tending to give
light : illustrative or explanatory.
Illuminator, il-lu'min-u-ior, «. one who illumin
ates, especially one who is employed in adorn
ing books with coloured letters and illustra
tions.
Illumine, il-Ia'min Illume, il-lum', v.t. to make
luminous or bright : to enlighten : to adorn.
Illusion, il-lu'zhun, n. a playing upon : a mock
ing : deceptive appearance : false show : error.
[Fr. See Elude.]
Illusive, il-lQ'siv, Illusory, il-Iu'sor-i, adj., de
cerning by false appearances : false.—adv. Il
lusively.—/*. IUu'siveness.
Illustrate, il-lus'trat, v.t. to make distinguished :
to make clear to the mind : to explain : to ex
plain and adorn by pictures.—«. IllUS'trator.
[L. illastro, illustratum, to light up—illustris.
See Illustrious. ]
Illustration, il-lus-tra'shun, «. act of making
lustrous or clear : act of explaining : that which
illustrates : a picture or diagram.
Illustrative, il-lus'tra-tiv, adj. having the quality
of making clear or explaining.—adv. Illus
tratively.
Illustrious, il-lus'tri-us, adj. morally bright, dis
tinguished : noble: conspicuous: conferring
honour.—adv. Ilias'triouBly.—«. Illus trious-
ness. [L. illustris, prob. for illuccstris—in,
in, and lux, lucis, light.]
HI will, il-wil', «. unkind feeling : enmity.
Image, im'aj, n. likeness : a statue : an idol : a
representation in the mind, an idea : a picture
in the imagination : {optics) the figure of any
object formed by rays of light. — v.t. to form an
image of: to form a likeness of in the mind.
[Fr. —L. imago, an image, from root of imitor,
to imitate. See Imitate.]
Imagery, im'a-jer-i or im'aj-ri, n. {prig.) images
in general : the work of the imagination : mental
pictures: figures of speech.
Imaginable, im-aj'in-a-bl, adj. that may be im
agined.—adv. Imaginably.—/;. Imaginable-
ness.
Imaginary, im-aj'in-ar-i, adj. existing only in the
imagination : not real : \alg.) impossible.
Imagination, im-aj-in-a'shun, n. act of imagining:
the faculty of forming images in the mind : that
which is imagined : contrivance. [See Imagine ]
Imaginative, uu-aj'in-a-tiv, adj. full of imagina-
244 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Immaterialism
tion : given to imagining: p/oct-cding from tho
imagination.—«. Imaginativeness.
Imagine, im-aj'in, z>. t. toform an image of in the
mind: to conceive: to think: (B.) to contrive
or devise.—v.i. to form mental images : to
conceive.—«. Imag/iner. [Fr. —L. imagine—
imago, an image.]
Imago, i-ma'go, n. the last or perfect state of insect
life, when the case covering it is dropped, and
the inclosed image or being comes forth. [L.J
Iman, i-man', Imam, i-mam', Imaum, i-mawm',
n. a Mohammedan priest : a Mohammedan
prince with both temporal and spiritual autho
rity. [Ar. Imam, chief.]
Imbank, im-bangk'. Same as Embank.
Imbecile, im'be-sel, adj. without strength either
of body or of mind : feeDle.—n. one destitute of
strength, either of mind or body. [Fr. imbecile—
L. imbecilius ; origin unknown. Sec Embezzle.]
Imbecility, im-be-sil'i-ti, «. state of being imbecile :
weakness of body or mind.
Imbed, im-bed', v.t, to lay, as in a bed: to place
in a mass of matter. IE. In (= into) and Bed.]
Imbibe, im-bib', v.t. to drink in: to absorb: to
receive into the mind. —n. Imbib er. [Fr. — L.
imbiho—in, in, into, and bibo, to drink.]
Imbitter, im-bit'er, v.t. to make bitter: to render
more violent : to render unhappy.—n. Iinbltt'-
erer. [E. In and Bitter.]
Imbody, im-bod'i. Same as Embody,
Imborder, im-bor'der, v.t. to border.
Imbosom, im-booz'um. Same as Embosom.
Imbricate, im'bri-kiit, Imbricated, im'bri-kat-ed,
adj. bent like a gutter-tile : [dot.] overlapping
each other like tiles on a roof. [L. imbricatus,
pa.p. of imbrico, to cover with tiles—imbrex, a
gutter-tile—imber, a shower.]
Imbrication, im-bri-ka'shun, n. a concave inden
ture as of a tile : an overlapping of the edges.
Imbroglio, im-brol'yo, «. an intricate plot in a
romance or drama : a perplexing state of matters :
a complicated misunderstanding. [It.]
Imbrown, im-brown', v.t. to make browtt: to
darken: to obscure. [E. In and Brown.]
Imbrue, im-br5D', v.t. to wet or moisten : to soak :
to drench ; causal of imbibe. [0. Fr. cmbrturr
—O. Fr. bevre (Fr. boire)—L. bibere, to drink.]
Imbue, im-biV, z'.t. to cause to drink: to moisten :
to tinge deeply : to cause to imbibe, as the mind.
[L. imbuo—in, and root of bibo, to drink; akin
to Gr. pi,Po, root ofpino. Sans, pa, to drink.]
Imitable, im'it-a-bl, adj. that may be imitated or
copied: worthy of imitation. —«. Imitabil'lty.
Imitate, im'i-tat, v.t. to copy, to strive to be the
same as : to produce a likeness of.—//. Im'ltator.
[L. imitor, imitatus, ety. unknown.]
Imitation, im-i-ta'shun, «. act of imitating: that
which is produced as a copy, a likeness.
Imitative, im'i-tat-iv, adj. inclined to imitate :
formed after a model.—adv. Im'ltatively.
Immaculate, invmak'il-lat, Oiij., spotless: un
stained: pure. —adv. Immac ulately. ->;. Im-
mac'ulateness. Immaculate Conception, the
R. Cath. doctrine that the Virgin Mary was
born without original sin. [L. immaculatus—
in, not, and mando, to stain—macula, a spot.]
Immanent, im'a-ncnt, adj., remaining tutthin:
inherent. [L. immanens, -eutt's, pr.p. of itn-
maneo—in, in or near, vtaneo, to remain.]
Immaterial, im-a-te'ri-al, adj., not consisting of
mutter: incorporeal: unimportant.—adv. Im
materially. -r. Immate'rialise. [Fr.—L. in,
not, and Material]
Immaterialism, im-a-t€'ri-al-izm, «. the doctrine
mote ; mike : moTJn : Men.
 Immateriality
that there is no Material substance.—«. Imma-
tB'rlalist, one who believes in this.
Immateriality, im-a-tc-ri-al'i-ti, «. the quality
ufl>eing immaterial or of not consisting of matter.
Immature, im-a-tur', Immatured, im-a-turd',
adj. not ripe: not perfect: come before the
natural time.—adv. Immaturely. —us. Imma
ture ness. Immaturity. [L. in, not, and
Mature.]
Immeasurable, im-mezh'Qr-a-bl, atij. that cannot
be measured. —adv. Immeas'urably.—«. Im-
meas'urablenesa. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Meas
urable. |
Immediate, im-mfi'di-at, adj. with nothing- in the
middle between two objects : not acting by
second causes : direct: present: without delay.
—adv. Immediately. — n. Imme'diatenoss.
[Fr. —Low L. immedtatus—in, not, and rnedius,
the middle.]
Immemorial, im-me-m3'ri-al, adj. beyond the
reach of memory.—adv. Immemo'rially. (Fr.
—L. in, not, and Memorial.]
Immense, im-mens', adj. that cannot be measured:
vast in extent : very large.—adv. Immense ly.
—n. Immense'ness. [Fr.—L. immcnstts—tn,
not, meustts, pa.p. oimetior, to measure.]
Immensity, im-mens'it-i, n. an extent not to be
measured: infinity: greatness.
Immensurable, im-mens'ur-a-bl, aiij. that cannot
be measured.—u. Immensurablllty. [Fr.—L.
in, not, and mensurabilis —metior.]
Immerge, im-merj', v.t. to plunge something into.
|L. in, into, and mergo, mersits to plunge.]
Immerse, im-mers*, v.t. to immerge or plunge
something into: to engage deeply: to overwhelm.
Immersion, un-mer'shun, n. act of immersing or
plunging into : state of being dipped into : state
of being deeply engaged.
Immethodical, im-me-thod'ik-al, adj. without
method or order: irregular. —adv. Immethod-
ically. [L. in, not, and Methodical. |
InimigTant, im'i-grant, «. one who immigrates.
Immigrate, im'i-grat, v.i. to migrate or remove
into a country. [L. immigro—in, into, and
mtgro, migratum, to remove.]
Immigration, im-i-gra'shun, n. act of immigrating.
Imminent, im'i-nent, adj. near at hand : threaten
ing : impending.—adv. Imminently.—n. Imm'-
inence. [L. imminens, -entis—in, upon,
mineo, to project.]
Immission, im-mish'un, n. act of immitting.
Immit, im-mif", v.t. to send into: to inject :—pr.j>.
immitt'ing ; Pa.p. immitt'ed. [L. immitto—tn,
into, mitto, missus, to send.]
Immobility, im-mo-bil'i-ti, «. the being immov
able. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Mobility.]
Immoderate, im-mod'er-at, adj. exceeding proper
bounds.—adv. Immod'erately. [L. in, not,
and Moderate.]
Immodest, im-rnod'est, adj. wanting restraint :
impudent : wanting shame or delicacy-—adv.
Immodestly. — «. Immod esty, want of mod
esty, [Fr.—L. in, not, and Modest I
Immolate, im'o-Iiit, v.t. to offer in sacrifice- [Lit.
'to sprinkle meal on a victim,' L. immolo, immo-
latus—in, upon, tnola, meal.] [a sacrifice.
Immolation, im-o-la'shun, «. act of immolating :
Immoral, im-mor'al, aiij. inconsistent with what
is right : wicked.—adv. Immor'ally. [Fr.—L.
in, not, and Mural. |
Immorality, im-mor-al'i-ti, n. quality of being im
moral : an immoral act or practice.
Immortal, im-morla!, adj. exempt from death:
imperishable : never to be forgotten fas a name.
(ate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Impassable
poem, &c).—n. one who will never cease to
exist.—adv. Immortally. [Fr.—L. in, not,
and Mortal.]
Immortalise, im-mor'tal-Tz, v.t. to make immortal.
Immortality, im-mor-tali-ti, n. quality of being
immortal ; exemption from death or oblivion.
Immortelle, im-mor-tel', n. the flower commonly
called everlasting. [Fr. [fleur) immortelle%
immortal (flower,).]
Immovable, im-mOOv'a-bl, adj. steadfast : un
alterable
fall.—adv.: that cannot be impressed
Immovably.—us. or made to
Immoveableness,
Immovability. [Fr.—L.in, not.andMovable.]
Immovables, invmo~oVa-blz, n.pt. fixtures, &c,
not movable by a tenant.
Immunity, im-mun'i-ti, »., freedom from any
obligation or duty: privilege. [Fr.—L, im-
munitas—in, not, munis, serving, obliging.]
Immure, im-muV, v.t. to wall in: to shut up : to
imprison. [Fr. —L. in, in, and mums, a wall.]
Immutability, im-mut-a-bil'i-ti. Immutableness,
im-mut'a-bl-nes, n. unchangcableness.
Immutable, im-mut'a-bl, adj. unchangeable. —
adv. Immut'ably. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Mut
able.]
Imp, imp, n. a little devil or wicked spirit.—v.t.
{falconry) to mend a broken or defective wing
by inserting a feather: to qualify for flight. —adj.
Impish, like an imp: fiendish. [Lit. and orig.
a graft* offspring; from Low L. impotus, a
graft—Gr. etnphytos, ingrafted—en, and root
phy-, to grow ; akin to Be.]
Impact, im'pakt, «. a. striking against: collision:
the blow of a body in motion impinging on
another body : the impulse resulting from col
lision. —Impact', v.t. to press firmly together.
[L. impactus, pa.p. of i/u/>ingo. See Impinge.]
Impair, im-paV, v.t. to make worse: to diminish
in quantity, value, or strength: to injure: to
weaken. [M. E. empeiren—O. Fr. emprirer
(Fr. empirer , from L. im {= in), intensive, and
Low L. pejorare, to make worse—L. /ejor,
worse.] [palement.
Impale, Impalement. Same as Empale. Em-
Impalpable, im-pal'pa-bl, adj. not perceivable by
touch : not coarse : not easily understood.—adv.
Impal'pably - n. Impalpability. [Fr.—L. in,
not, and Palpable.]
Impanel, Impannel, im-pan'I, v.t. to enter the
names of a jury in a list, or on a piece of parch
ment called a panel:—Pr.p. impan'elling ; Pa.p.
impan'elled. [L. in, in, and Panel.]
Imparity, im-par'i-ti, «., want of parity or
equality : indivisibility into equal parts. [L. in,
not, and Parity.]
Impark, im-park', v.t. to inclose for a park: to
shut up. [L. in, in, and Park.]
Impart, im-part', v.t. to bestow a part of : to give :
to communicate : to make known.—v.i. to give
a part. [O. Fr. —L. impartio—in, on, and Pars,
Partis, a part]
Impartial, im-par'shal, adj. not favouring one
more than another: just.—adv. Impartially.
[Fr.—L. in, not, and Partial.]
Impartiality, im-par-shi-al'i-ti, «. quality of being
impartial : freedom from bias.
Impartible, im-part'i-bl, adj. capable of being
imparted.—n. Impartibillty. [From Impart.]
Impartible, im-part'i-bl, adj. not partible : indi
visible, n. Impartibillty. [L. in, not, and
Partible.)
Impassable, im-pas'a-bl. adj. not capable of being
pas»ed.—adv. Impassably.—ns Impassabil-
itv ImnafHrableness. [L. in, not, Passable.]
mote ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Impassible Impetus
Impassible, im-pas'i-b], adj. incapable of passion tive : not fulfilling its design : liable to err.—ns.
or feeling.—us. Impassibility, Impassible- Impoi fectness, Imperfec tion, —adv. Imper
ness, quality of being impassible. [Fr.—L. im- fectly. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Periect.]
Passibilis —in, not, and potior, passu*, to suffer.] Imperforable, im-per'for-a-bl, adj. that cannot
Impassioned, im-pa>h'und, Irapassionate, im- be perforated or bored through.
pash'un-at, adj. moved by strong passion or Imperforate, im-perTo-rat, Imperforated, im-
feeling : animated : excited. [L. in, intensive, peVfo-rat-ed, adj. not pieroed through : having
and Passion | no opening. —n. Imperfora'tion. [L. in, not,
Impassive, im-pas'iv, atij. not susceptible of pain and Perforate.]
or feeling.—adv. Impassively.—;/. Impass'- Imperial, im-pe"'ri-al, adj. pertaining to an empire
iveness. or to an emperor : sovereign : supreme : of
Impatient, im-pii'shent, adj. not able to endure superior size or excellence.—«. a tuft of hair on
or to wait : fretful : restless.—adv. Impa'- the lower lip : a kind of dome, as in Moorish
tiently.—«. Impa'tlence, want of patience. buildings : an outside scat on a diligence.—adv.
Impawn, im-pawn', v.t. to pawn or deposit as Impe rially. [Fr. —L. impcrialis—imperium,
security. [L. in. intensive, and Pawn. \ sovereignty. Sec Empire.]
Impeach, tm-pech', v.t. to charge with a crime : Imperialism, iin-pe'ri-al-izm, n. the power or
to cite before a court for official misconduct : authority of an emperor; the spirit of empire.
to call in question. —«. Impeach ment, an accu Imperialist, im-pe'n-al-ist, «. one who belongs to
sation presented by the House of Commons 10 an emperor; a soldier or partisan of an emperor.
the House of Lords, as the supreme court of Imperiality, im-pe-ri-al'i-ti, «. imperial power,
criminal jurisdiction. [Lit. ' to hinder,* Fr. right, or privilege.
empeclier (It. tmpacciare) ; either from L. im- Imperil, im-pcril, v.t. to put in Peril: to endan
pingere, to strike against, or impedicare, to ger. [L. in, in, and Peril.]
fetter. See Impinge and Impede.] Imperious, im-pe'ri-us, adj. assuming command ;
Impeachable, im-pech'a-blj adj. liable to im haughty : tyrannical ; authoritative.—adv. Im-
peachment : chargeable with a crime. pe'rioualy.—«. Impe'riousness. [L. imp*-
Impearl, im-perl', v.t. to adorn with or as with riosus.]
pearls: to make like pearls. [L. in, in, and Pearl.J Imperishable, im-pcr'ish-a-bl, adj. indestructible :
Impeccable, im-pek'a-bl, adj. not liable to sin.— everlasting.—ns. Imperishableness, Imperish
ns. Impeccability, Impooc'ancy. [L. in, not, ability.—adv. Impertshably. [Fr.—L» =
and Peccable.] not, and Perishable.]
Impecunious, im-pe-ku'ni-us, adj. having no Impermeable, im-per'me-a-bl, adj. not permitting
money ; poor.—«. ImpecunlOS'lty. [L. in, passage : impenetrable. —ns. Impermeability,
priv., ana pecunia, money.] Impern.eablone.ss -adv. Imper'meably. [Fr.
Impede, im-ped', v.t. to hinder or obstruct. [Lit —L. in, not, and Permeablo.j
' to entangle the feet,' from L. impedio—in, in, Impersonal, im-per'sun-al, adj. not representing a
and pes, pedis, a foot] person: not having personality: {gram.) not
Impediment, im-ped'i-ment, n. that which im varied acc. to the persons.—miv. Imper'son-
pedes : hindcrancc : a defect preventing fluent ally,—«. Impersonality. [Fr.—L. in, not,
speech. and Personal]
Impedltlve, im ped'i-tiv, adj. causing hindenance. Impersonate, im-per'sun-fit, v.t. to invest with
Impel, im-pel', v.t. to drive or urge forward : to personality or the bodily substance of a person :
excite to action : to instigate :—pr.p. impelling ; to ascribe the qualities of a person to : to per
Pa.p. impelled'.—n. Impell'er. [L. impcUo, sonify.—«. Impersonation. [L. in, in, and
itnpuUus—in, on, and pdlo, to drive.] Personate. |
Impellent, iin-pel'ent, adj. having the quality of Impersuasible, im-per-swi'zi-bl, adj. not to be
impelling or driving on.—«. a power that impels* moved by persuasion or argument. [L. in, not,
Impend, im-pend', v.i. to hang over: to threaten : and Persuaslble.]
to be near. [L. in, on, and p^nd'o, to hang.] Impertinence, im-per'ti-nens, «. that which is
Impendent, im-pend'ent, Impending, im-pend'- impertinent, out of place, or of no weight : in
ing, adj., hanging over: ready to act or happen. trusion : impudence.
Impenetrable, im-pen'e-tra-bl, adj. incapable of Impertinent, im-per'ti-nent, adj. not pertaining
being pierced : preventing another body from to the matter in hand : trifling : intrusive :
occupying the same space at the same time : not saucy : impudent. - adv. Imper tinently. [Fr.
to be impressed in mind or heart.—adv. Impen —L. in. not, and Pertinent.]
etrably.—«. Impenetrability, quality of being Imperturbable, im-per-tur'ba-bl, adj. that cannot
impenetrable. [Fr.- L. in, not, and Penetrable.] be disturbed or agitated : permanently quiet.—
Impenitent, im-pen'i-tent, adj. not repenting of I «. Imperturbability. [L. imperturbabilis—
sin.—«. one who does not repent : a hardened 1 in, not, and perturbo, to disturb.]
sinner.—adv. Impen'itently. —«. Impeni Importurbation, im-per-tur-b.Vsh.un, w. freedom
tence. [Kr.-L. in, not, and Penitent.} from agitation of mind-
Impennate, im-pen'at, Impennous, im-pcn'ua, Imperviable, im-per'vi-a-bl, Impervious, im-per/-
adj. wingless : having very short wings useless vi-us, adj. not to be penetrated.—ns. Imper'vi-
for flight. [L. in, not, and Pennato.J ableness, Impervlabillty, Imper'viousness —
Imperative, im-per'a-tiv, adj. expressive of com adv. Imper viously [L. in, not, and Pervious. J
mand: authoritative : obligatory.—adv. Im Impetigo, im-pe-ti'go, n, a skin disease charac
peratively. [Fr.— L. imperatives—impero, to terised by thickly-set clusters of pustules. [L.
command—in, and paro, to prepare.] impflo, to attack.]
Imperceptible, im-pcr-sep'ti-bl, adj. not discern Impetuous, im-pet'u-us, adj. rushing upon with
ible : insensible: minute.—ns. Impercep tible- impetus or violence : vehement in feeling : furi
ness, Imperceptibil'ity —adv. Imperceptibly. ous : passionate.—ns. Impet'uousness, impet
[L. in, not, and Perceptible. J uosity.—adv. Impet uously
Imperfect, im-perTekt, adj. incomplete : defec- Impetus, im'pe-tus, n. an attack : assault : force
'216 fete, far; me, her ; mine; mote ; mute; moon; Men.
 Impiety Imprecate
or quantity of motion : violent tendency to any Import, im'pOrt, «. that which is brought from
point : activity. [L.—r«, and peto, to fall upon.] aoroad : meaning : importance : tendency.
Impiety. See Impiousnuss. Importable, im-port'a-bl, adj. that may be im
Impinge, im-pinj', v.i- to strike or fall against: ported or brought into a country: (obs.) not to
to touch upon. [L. impingo—in, against, be borne or endured : insupportable.
and pango, to strike.] Important, im-port'ant, adj. of great import or
Impingement, im-pinj'ment, «. act of impinging7. consequence : momentous.—adv. Import antly.
Impingent, nn-pin/ent, adj. striking against. —«. Import ance.
Impious, im pi-us, adj. irreverent: wanting in Importation, im-pOr-t&'shun, n. the act of im
veneration for God : profane.—adv. Im piously. porting: the commodities imported.
[Fr.—L. in, not, and Pious.] Importer, im-pOrt'er, «. one who brings in goods
Impiousness, im'pi-us-nes, Impiety, im-pl'e-ti, n. from abroad.
want of piety : irreverence towards God : neglect Importunate, im-port'u-nat, adj. troublesomcly
of the divine precepts. urgent : over-pressing in request.—adv. Import'-
Implacable, im-plik a-bl, adj. not to be appeased : unately.—«. Import'unateness. [Coined from
inexorable: irreconcilable. — adv. Implacably. the word following.]
—ns. Impla'cableness, Implacability. [Fr.— Importune, im-por-tfln', v.t. to urge with trouble
L. in, not. and Placable.] some application : to press urgently. [In M. E.
Implant, im-plant', v.t. to plant or fix into: to an adj., and sig. 'troublesome,' through the Fr.,
plant in order to grow : to insert : to infuse. [Fr. from L. importunus, orig. * difficult of access,'
—L. in. into, and Plant.] from in, not, and portus, a harbour. Cf. Oppor
Implantation, im-plan-tfi'shun, n. the act of im tune.]
planting or infixing, csp. in the mind or heart. Importunity, im-por-tun'i-ti, «. the quality of
Implead, im-pled', v.t. to put in or urge a plea : being importunate : urgent request. [L. impor-
to prosecute a suit at law.—n. Implead'or. [Fr. tunitas.\ [posed or laid on.
—L. in, in, and Plead.] Imposable, im-poYa-bl, adj. capable of being im-
Implement, im'ple-ment, n a tool or instrument Impose, im-poz , v.t. to place upon : to lay on : to
of labour, —v.t. to give effect to. [Low L. im enjoin or command : to put over by authority or
plementum, an accomplishing—L. im-pleo, to force : to obtrude unfairly : to palm off.—v.u to
fill, to discharge ; akin to ple-nus. See Full.] mislead or deceive [Fr. imposer—im {— L. in),
Impletion, im-ple'shun, n. a filling : the state of on, and poser, to place. See Pose.]
being full. [From impieo. See Implement. ] Imposing, im-poz'ing, adj. commanding : adapted
Implex, im'pleks, adj. not simple : complicated. to impress forcibly, - adv. Impos ingly.
[L. implexus—implecto—in, into, and plecto, Imposition, im-po-zish'un, n. a laying on: laying
akin to Gr. plekd, to twine.] on of hands in ordination : a tax, a burden : a
Implicate, im'pli-kut, v.t. to infold : to involve : deception. [Fr.— L.—impono, impositns, to lay
to entangle. [L. implico, hnplicattts, implicitus on—in, on, and potto, to place. ]
—im {— in), in, and plica, a fold. See Ply. Im Impossible, im-pos'i-bl, adj. that which cannot be
ply and Employ are doublets.] done: that cannot exist: absurd. —«. Impossi
Implication., im-pli-ka'shun, «. the act of impli bility. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Possible.]
cating : entanglement : that which is implied. Impost, im'pOst, *. a tax, csp. on imports : (arch.)
Implicative, impli-k;i-tiv, adj. tending to impli that part of a pillar in vaults and arches on
cate.—adv. Implicatevcly. which the weight of the building is laid. [O. Fr.
Implicit, im-plis it, adj. implied: resting on or impost, Fr. impdt—L. impono, to lay on.]
trusting another : relying entirely.—adv. Im Imposthumate, lm-pos'tum-ut, v.i. to form an
plicitly.—».Implicitness. [Lit. infolded, from imposthume or abscess. - v.t. to aflect with an
L. implicitns—implico. See Implicate.] imposthuine.-«. Imposthuma'tion, the act of
Implore, im-plor/, v.t. to ask earnestly : to beg. forming an abscess : an abscess.
[Fr.—L. imploro—in, and ploro, to weep aloud.] Imposthume, im-pos'tum, «. an abscess : a gather-
Imploringly, lm-ploVing-li, adv. in an imploring or I ing ot corrupt matter in .1 cavity in the tissues.
very earnest manner. [A corr. of L. apostema—Gr. aphistimi, to
Imply, im-pll', v.t. to include in reality : to mean : I separate—apo, away, histimi, to make to stand.]
to signify :—pa.p. implied'. [Lit. to infold— \* Impostor, im-pos'tur, u. one who practises impo-
implko. Cf. Implicate ] [ sition or fraud. [L-iwy*o/w, to lay on.]
Impolicy, im-pol'i-si, «- imprudence. 1 Imposture, im-pos'tur, n. imposition or fraud.
Impolite, im-po-lfi', adj. of unpolished manners : Impotent, im'po-tent, adj. powerless : unable :
uncivil.—adv. Impolitely. -«. Impolite noss. imbecile : useless : wanting the power of self-
( L. in, not, and Polite. ] restraint,—adv. Im'potently.—ns. Impotence,
Impolitic, im-pol'i-tik. adj. imprudent : unwise : Im'potency. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Potent.]
inexpedient.—adz-. Impoliticly. [L. in, not, Impound, im-pownd', v.t. to confine, as in a pound:
to restrain within limits : to take possession of.
and Politic]
Imponderable, im-pon'der-a-bl, adj. not able to —n. Impound'age, the act of impounding cattle.
be weighed : without sensible weight. —Impon'- [E In and Pound, an inclosurc.j
derables, «.//. fluids without sensible weight, Impoverish, im-pov'er-ish, v.t. to make poor: to
the old general name given to heat, light, elec exhaust the resources as of a nation !, or fertility
tricity, and mannerism, when they were sup (as of the soil .—n. Impov erishment. [A corr.
posed to be material—ns. Impon'derableness, of appovriss-ant, pr.p. of O. Fr. appnvrir (Fr.
Imponderability. [L. in, not, and Ponder app(iuvrir) — YT. prefix ap* (= L. ad), towards,
able.] [derable. and O. Fr. piwre (Fr. pauvrc), poor— L. pauper, ]
Imponderous, im-pon'der-us. Same as Impon- Impracticable, im-prak'tik-a-bl,a<//. not able to be
Import, im-port', v.t. to carry into : to bring from done : unmanageable: stubborn.—adv. Imprac
aoroad : to convey, as a word : to signify : to be ticably, —ns. Impracticability, Imprac'tio-
of consequence to : to interest. [Fr. —L. im- Imprecate, ableness. [L. in, not, and Practicable.]
porto, -atus—in, in, and porto, to carry.] im'pre-kat, v.t. [lit.) to pray for good
fate, far ; mfl, her ; mine ; mate ; mate ; moon ; then.
 Imprecatory
or evil upon : to curse. —*. Impreca'tion, the
act of imprecating : a curse. [L. imprtcor, im-
precatus—in, upon, precor, precatum, to pray.]
imprecatory, im pre-ku-tor-i, adj. cursing.
Impregnable, im-preg/na-bl, adj. that cannot be
taken or seized : that cannot be moved or
shaken : invincible.—adv. Impreg'nably.—«.
Impregnability. [Fr. imprenable—L. in, not,
and prehendo, to take. See Get.]
Impregnate, im-preg/nat, v.t. to make pregnant .
to come into contact with an ovum, so as to
cause it to germinate : to impart the particles or
qualities of one thing to another. [Low L. im-
preegno, -atus—in, and pragtuius, pregnant.
See Pregnant.]
Impregnation, im-preg-na'shun, n. the act of
impregnating: that with which anything is im
pregnated.
Impress, im-pres', v.t to press upon: to mark by
pressure : to produce by pressure : to stamp : to
fix deeply (in the mind) : to force into service,
csp. the public service.—n. Im press, that which
is made by pressure : stamp, likeness : device,
motto. [L. in, in, premo, pressus, to press.]
Impressible, im-pres'i-bl, adj. capable of being
impressed or made to feel : susceptible.—adv.
Impresslbly. —«. Impressibility.
Impression, im-presh'un, n. the act of impressing :
that which is produced by pressure : a single
edition of a book : the effect of any object on
the mind : idea : slight remembrance, adj. Im
pressionable, able to receive an impression.
Impressive, im-preslv, adj. capable of making
an impression on the mind : solemn.—adv. Im
pressIvely.—«. Impress iveness.
Impressment, im-pres'ment, «. the act of impress
ing or seizing for service, esp. in the navy. [A
word coined from press, in Pressgang.]
Imprimatur, im-pri-mii'tur, «. a license to print a
book, &c [Lit. ' let it be printed ; ' from L. im-
prima—in, on, and pre/no, to press.]
Imprint, im-print', v.t. to print in or upon: to
print : to stamp : to impress : to fix in the mind.
—«. Imprint, that which is imprinted : the
name of the publisher, time and place of publi
cation of a book, &c. printed on the title-page :
also the printer's name on the back of the title-
page, and at the end of the book. [L. in, in or
upon, and Print.]
Imprison, im-priz'n, v.t. to put in prison: to shut
up : to confine or restrain.—«. Xmpris'onment,
the act of imprisoning or state of being im
prisoned : confinement or restraint. [Fr.—L.
in, into, and Prison.]
Improbable, im-prob'a-bl, adj. unlikely.—aiiv.
Improbably.—u. Improbability. [Fr.—L. in,
not, and Probable.]
Improbity, im-prob'i-ti, n. want of probity or in
tegrity : dishonesty. [L. in, not, and Probity.]
Impromptu, im-promp'tfl, adj., promfit, ready:
off-hand.—adv. readily.—n. a short witty saying
expressed at the moment : any composition
produced at the moment. [Fr.— L.—in, and
prompttts, readiness. See Prompt.]
Improper, im-prop'er, adj. not suitable : unfit :
unbecoming : incorrect : wrong.—aa t. Improp'-
erly. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Proper]
Impropriate, im-pro'pri-at, v.t. (lit.) to appro
priate to private use : to place ecclesiastical
property in the hands of a layman. —«. Impro
priation, the act of appropriating : the pro
perty impropriated. [L. in, in, and Propria,
Propriatum, to appropriate—proprius, one's
own, proper.]
fate, far : me, her ; mine ;
Impute
Impropriety, im-pro-prT'e-ti, ». that which is im
proper or unsuitable : want of propriety or fit
ness. (L in, not, and Propriety.]
Improvable, im-pr5oVa-bI, adj. able to be im
proved : capable of being used to advantage.—-
adv. Improbably.—us. Improvabil ity, Im-
prov'ableness.
Improve, im-prc*oV, v.t. to make better : to ad
vance in value or excellence : to correct : to
employ to good purpose.—v.u to grow better :
to make progress : to increase : to rise fas
prices).—*. Improv'er. [Prefix in- and O. Fr.
prover—L. Probare, to try, to consider as good. ]
Improvement, im-prCSoVinent, «. the act of im
proving : advancement or progress : increase,
addition, or alteration : the turning to good
account : instruction.
Improvident, im-provl-dent, adj. not provident
or prudent: wanting foresight: thoughtless.—
ativ, Improvldently.—>/. Improvidence. [L.
in, not, and Provident.] ting manner.
Improvlngly, im-prooVmg-li, adv. in an improv-
Improvisate, im-prov'i-sat, Improvise, im-pro-
v\7?f v.t. preparation
•without to compose :and recite,about
to bring esp. on
in averse,
sud
den : to do anything off-hand.—n. Improvis'er.
[Fr. improviser—It. imprwisare—L. in, not,
and provisus, foreseen. See Provide.]
Improvisation, ini-prov-i-sa.'shun, «. act of impro
vising : that which is improvised.
Improvisatore, im-pro-viz-a-tG'ra, «. one who im-
prpvises: one who composes and recites verses
without preparation '.—pi. Improvisator! (-rfi).
[It. See Improvlsate.J
Imprudent, im-prOo'dent, adj- wanting foresight
or discretion : incautious : inconsiderate.—adv.
Imprudently.—«. Impru'denoe. [Fr.—L. in,
not, and Prudent.]
Impudent, im'pu-dent, adj., wanting shame or
modesty : brazen-faced : bold : rude : insolent.—
adv. Impudently.—». InTpudenoe. [Fr.— L.
in, not.pudens, -entis, frompudco, to be ashamed ]
Impugn, im-pun', v,U to oppose : to attack by
words or arguments: to call in question. — n.
Impugn'er. [Fr.—L. impu^no—in, against,
pug/to, to fight.]
Impugnable, im-pun'a-bl, adj. able to be im
pugned or called in question.
Impulse, im'puls, Impulsion, im-purshuu, «. the
act of impelling or driving on : effect of an
impelling force force suddenly communicated :
influence on the mind. [From Impel.]
Impulsive, im-pulslv, adj. having the power of
impelling or driving on : actuated by mental
impulse: [mech.) acting by impulse: not con
tinuous.—adv. Impulsively.—«. Impulsive
ness.
Impunity, im-pun'i-ti, n. freedom or safety from
punishment : exemption from injury or loss.
[ Fr. —L. impunitas—in, not, poena, punishment.]
Impure, im-pQr', adj. mixed with other .sub
stances: defiled by sin: unholy: unchaste:
unclean.—adv. Impurely, -ns. Impur ity,
Impure ness, quality of being impure. [Fr. —
L. in, not, Pure.]
Impurple, im-pu/pl. Same as Empurple.
Imputable, im-pflt'a-bl, adj. capable of being im
puted or charged : attributable.—adv. Imput'-
ably.—ns. Imput'ableness, Immutability.
Imputation, im-pu-ta'shun, «. act of imputing or
charging : censure : reproach : the reckoning as
belonging to. [puted. —adv. Imput'atively.
Imputative, im-put'a-tiv, adj. that may lie im-
Impute, im-put", v.t. to reckon as belonging to —
mote : mute ; moon : then
 In Incarnate
in a bad sense : to charge.—//. Iraput or [Fr. the form of an arch, before being separated from
itnputer—L. imputo, -atum—in, and puto, to the original stem. [L. in, and Arch.]
reckon.] Inarticulate, in-ar-tik'Ql-iU, adj. not distinct :
In, in, prep, denotes presence or situation in place, \*ool.) not jointed.—adv. tnartlc'ulately. —ns.
time, or circumstances—within, during : by or Inarticulateness, Inarticula tion, indistinct
through.—adv. within : not out. [AS. in ; ness of sounds in speaking. [L. in, not, and
Dut., Ger., and Goth, in, Scand. i; W.yn, Ir. Articulate.]
in; L. in, Gr en; Sans, ana.] Inartificial, in-art-i-fish'yah adj. not done by
Inability, in-a-bil'i-ti, «. want of sufficient power : art : simple.—adv. Inartific'ially. [L» in, not,
incapacity. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Ability. J Artificial. J
Inaccessible, in-ak-ses'i-bl, adj. not to be reached, Inasmuch, in-az-much', adv. since : seeing that
obtained, or approached.—adz/. Inaccess ibly. this being the case. [In, As, and Much.]
~ns. Inaccess ibility, Inaccess idleness. [ fr r. Inattention, in-at-ten'shun, ». want of attention
—L. in, not and Accessible.] [mistake. neglect : heedlessness. [Fr.—L. in, not, Atten
Inaccuracy, in-ak'kur-a-si, n. want of exactness: tion. ] [attentively.
Inaccurate, in-ak'kOr-at, adj. not exact or cor Inattentive, in-at-tentlv, adj. careless.— aiiv. In
rect : erroneous adv. Inaccurately. [L, in, Inaudible, in-nwd'i-bl, adj. not able to be heard.
not, and Accurate.] —adv. Inaud'ibly.—ns. Inaudibility, Inaud'
Inaction, in-ak'shun, n. want of action : idleness : ibloness. [L. in, not, and Audible.]
rest. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Action J Inaugural, in-aw'gur-al, adj. pertaining to, done,
Inactive, in-akt'iv, adj. having no power to move : or pronounced at an inauguration.
idle: lazy: [chem.) not shewing any action.— Inaugurate, in-aw'gur-iit, v.t. to induct into an
oih>. Inact'lvely. [L. in, not, and Active.] office in a formal manner ; to cause to begin : to
Inactivity, in-akt-iv'i-ti, «. want of activity : in make a public exhibition of for the first time.
ertness : idleness. [L. in, not; and Activity.] [L. iuauguro, -atum. See Augur.]
Inadequate, in-ad'e-kwat, adj. insufficient.—aiiv. Inauguration, in-aw-gur-a'shun, n. act of inau
Inadequately,—ns. Inad equacy, Inad'e- , gurating (in its different meanings).
quateness, insufficiency. [L. in, not, Ade Inaugurator, in-aw'giir-a-tor, n. one who inau
quate.] gurates.
Inadmissible, in-ad-mis'i-bl, adj. not admissible or Inauspicious, in-aw-spish'us, adj. not auspicious :
allowable.—n Inadmissibility. [Fr.—L. in, ill-omened: unlucky.—adv. Ihauspi ciously.
not, Admissible.] ft. Inauspi'ciousness. [L. in, not, and Au
Inadvertence, in-ad-vert'ens, Inadvertency, in- spicious.]
ad-vert'en-si, n. lack of advertence or attention : Inborn, in'bawrn, adj., born in or with: im
negligence : oversight. planted by nature. [E. In and Born.]
Inadvertent, in-ad-vert'ent, adj. inattentive.— Inbreathe, in'bre7/(\ v.t. to breathe into. [E.
adv. Inadvertently. [L. in, not, Advertent.] In and Breathe.] [natural.
Inalienable, in-al'yen-a-bl, adj. not capable of Inbred, in'bred, adj., bred within: innate:
being transferred.—n. Inal'lenableneas. [Fr. Inbreed, in-br£d', v.t. to breed or generate within,
L. in, not, Alienable.] [E. In and Breed.]
Inamorato, in-am-o-ra'to, n. one who is enamoured Inca, ing'ka, «. a name given to the ancient kings
or in love :—pi. Inamora'ti (-«). (It. See En and princes of Peru :—//. Incas, ing'kaz.
amour.] Incage, in-kaj'. Same as Encage.
Inane, in-5n' adj., empty : void : void of intelli Incalculable, in-karku-la-bl, adj. not calculable
gence : useless. [L. inanis.] or able to be reckoned, -adv. Incalculably.
Inanimate, in-an'im-at, adj. without animation or [L. in, not, Calculable.)
life : dead. [L. in, not, Animate.] Incandescent, in-kan-des'ent, adj. white or glow
Inanimation, in-an-im-a'shun, n. want of anima ing with heat.—n. Incandes'cence, a white-
tion : lifelessness. [L. in, not, and Animation.] heat. [L. iticandescens—in, and candesco, in
Inanition, in-a-nish'un, //. state of being inane : ceptive of candeo, to glow. Cf. Candle.]
emptiness: exhaustion from want of food. [Fr., Incantation, in-kan-ta'shun, «. a magical charm
from root of Inane.] uttered by singing: enchantment. [L. incan-
Inanity, in-an'i-ti, n empty space : senselessness. tatio, from root of Enchant.]
Inapplicable, in-ap'plik-a-bL adj. not applicable Incapable, in-kap'a-bl, adj. not capable : insuffi
«>r suitable.—w. Inapplicabil'lty. [L. in, not, cient : unable: disqualified.—adv. Incapably.
Applicable.] —n. Incapability. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Cap
Inappllcatlon, in-ap-plik-a'shun, «. want of appli able.]
cation or attention. [L. in, not, Application.] Incapacious, in-kap-a'shus, adj. not capacious or
Inapposite, in-ap'poz-it, adj. not apposite or suit large : narrow. [L. in, not, and Capacious.]
able.—adv. Inap'posltely. [L. in, not, Ap Incapacitate, in-kap-as'i-tat, v.t. to deprive of
posite] capacity : to make incapable : to disqualify. [L.
Inappreciable, in-ap-pr£'shi-a-bl, adj. not appre in, not, and Capacitate.]
ciable or able to be valued. [L. in, not, Appre Incapacity, in-kap-as'i-ti, n. want of capacity or
ciable.] power of mind : inability : disqualification. [Fr.
Inapproachable, in-ap-proch'a-bl, adj. inaccess —L. in, not, and Capacity. See Capacious.]
ible. [L. in, not. Approachable.] Incarcerate, in-kaVser-at, v.t. to imprison : to
Inappropriate, in-ap-pro'pri-at, adj. not suitable. confine.—n. Incarcera tion, imprisonment. [L.
—adv. Inappro priately Inappro pnate- in, and carcer-o, -atus—career, a prison, a word
ness. [L. in, not, Appropriate.] of doubtful origin.]
Inapt, in-apt', adj. not apt : unfit.—adv. In Incarnadine, in-kar'na-din, v.t. to dye of a red
apt ly Inapt itude, unfitness- [L. in, not, colour. [Fr., from root of Incarnate.]
Apt.] Incarnate, in-kaVnai, v.t. to embody in JJesh.—
Inarching, in-arch'ing, n. a method ofgrafting by adj. invested with flesh. [Low L. incarn-o,
which branches are united together, generally in •atus—iu, and caro, carnis, floh. Cf. Carnal.]
fate, tar ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men- 1MJ
 Incarnation
Incarnation, in-kax-na'shun, n. act of embodying
in flesh : act of taking a human body and the
nature of a man : an incarnate form : manifesta
tion : isnrg. ) the process of healing, or forming
new flesh.
Incarnative, in-kaVna-tiv, adj. causing new flesh
to grow.—«. a medicine which causes new flesh
to grow.
Incase, in-kits', v.t. to put in a case: to surround
with something solid. [Fr. encaisser—L. in, in,
and Case. J
Incasement, in-kas'ment, «. act of inclosing with
a. case : an inclosing substance.
Incautious, in-kaw'shus. adj. not cautious or
careful.—adv. Incau tiously.—n. Incau tloua-
ness, want ofcaution. [L. in, not,andCautiOUS.]
Incendiary, in-sen'di-ar-i, «. one that sets fire to
a building, &c. maliciously : one who promotes
quarrels.—adj. willully setting fire to : relating
to incendiarism : tending to excite sedition or
quarrels.—«. Incen'tiiarism. [L. incendiarius
—incemiium, a burning— incendo, incensus, to
kindle, allied to candeo. to glow.]
Incense, in-sens', v.t. to inflame with anger. [Sec
above word.]
Incense, in'sens, « odour of spices burned in
religious rites : the materials so burned. [Fr.
encens -L. inccjisum, what is burned. Sec In
cendiary.]
Incentive, in-sent'iv, adj. inciting: encouraging.
—n. that which incites to action or moves the
mind : motive. [L. incentivus, striking up a
tune, hence provocative, from incino—in, and
carta, to sing. Cf Chant, Enchant.]
Inception, in-sep'shun, «. a beginning.—adj. In-
cep'tive, beginning or marking the beginning.
[L.incipio, iuceptus, to begin—in, on, and capio,
to seize.]
Incertitude, in-ser'ti-tud, n. want of certainty :
doubtfulness. [From L. incertus—in, not, and
certus, certain.]
Incessant, in-ses'ant, adj. not ceasing: uninter
rupted : continual. —adv. Incessantly. [L.
incess-ans, -anlis—in, not, and cesso, to cease.]
Incest, in'scst, n. sexual intercourse within the
frohibited degrees of kindred. [Fr. incestc—
* incestus, unchaste—in, not, and castus,
chaste. Cf. Chaste. ]
Incestuous, in-sest'fl-us, adj. guilty of incest.—
adv. Incest'uously.
Inch, insh, n. the twelfth part of a foot: pro
verbially, a small distance or degree.—By
inches, by slow degrees. [A.S. yncc, an inch
— L. uncut, the twelfth part of anything, an
inch, also an ounce (twelfth of a pound). Doub
let Ounce.]
Inch, insh, Inched, insht, adj. containing inches.
Inchoate, in'kG-at, axij. only begun: unfinished. —
«. Inchoa'tion, beginning.—-adj. Inchoative,
inceptive. ' [L. htchoo, inchoatus, to begin.]
Incidence, in'si-dens, «. afalling upon : the meet
ing of one body with another.—Angle of Inci
dence, the angle at which a ray of light or
radiant heat falls upon a surface. (See Incident. ]
Incident, in'si-dent, aiij.,falling upon : fortuitous :
liable to occur: naturally belonging.^*/, that
whichfalls out or happens : an event: a subor
dinate action : an episode. [Fr. — L. inclde/is.]
Incidental, in-si-dent'al, adj., fallingout: coming
without design : occasional : accidental.—adv.
Incident ally.—n. Incident'alness.
Incipient, in-sip'i-cnt, adj. beginning.—adv. In-
cip'iently. — ns. Incipience, Incip'iency.
[Pr.p. of L. incipio. See Inception.]
Ate, fax ; rae, her ; mine ;
Income
Incircle, in-scrkl. Same as Encircle.
Incise, in-slz', v.t. to cut into: to cut or gash : to
engrave. [Fr. inciscr—L. incuio, iucisus—in,
into, and cwdo, to cut. Cf. Caesura and Ex
cision]
Incision, in-sizh'un, n. the act of cutting into a
substance : a cut : a gash.
Incisive, in-sl'siv, adj. having the quality of cut
ting into, or penetrating as with a sharp instru
ment : trenchant: acute: sarcastic. [Fr. in-
asif—L. incisus.) [Inci'sory. [L.]
Incisor, in-sl'zor. «. a cutting or fore tooth. —adj.
Incitatlon, in-si-lii'shun, «. the act of inciting or
rousing : that which stimulates to action : an
incentive. [Fr.—L. Sec Incite.]
Incite, in-slt/, z'.t. to rouse: to move the mind to
action : to encourage : to goad.—adv. Incit'-
ingly.—n. Incit'er. [Fr.—L. i/tcito—in, and
cito, to rouse—cieo, to put in motion j
Incitement, in-slt'ment. Same as Incitation.
Incivility, in-si-vil'i-ti, «. want of civility or
courtesy: impoliteness: disrespect: an act of
discourtesy (in this sense has a Incivilities).
[L. in, not, and Civility.]
Inclement, in-klem'ent, adj. unmerciful : stormy :
very cold —adv. Inclem'ently.—«. InclenV-
ency. [Fr.—L. in. not, and Clement.]
Inclinable, in-klln'a-bl, adj. that may be inclined
or bent toivards ; leaning: tending: somewhat
disposed.—«. Inclin'ableness.
Inclination, in-kli-na'shun, «. the act of inclining;
or bending towards : tendency : natural aptness :
favourable disposition : affection : act of bowing :
angle between two lines or planes.
Incline, in-klln', v.i. to lean towards: to deviate
from a line toward an object : to be disposed :
to have some desire.—v.t. to cause to bend
towards : to give a leaning to : to dispose : to
bend.—n. an inclined plane : a regular ascent
or descent. [Fr.—L. incline—in, towards, clino ;
cog. with Gr. klind, to bend, and E. lean.]
Inclose, in-kloz', v.t. to close or shut in; to con
fine : to surround : to put within a case : to
fence. [Fr.—L. include, inclusus—tn, in, and
claudo, to shut.]
Inclosure, in-klo'zhflr, n. act of inclosing : state of
being inclosed : that which is inclosed : a space
fenced off: that which incloses : a barrier.
Include, in-klo"od', v.t. to close or shut in: to
embrace within limits : to contain : to compre
hend.' [L. includo, inclusus—in, in, and claudo,
to shut. See Close.]
Inclusion, in-kloo'zhun, «■ act of including.
Inclusive, in-kloo'siv, adj., shutting in : inclos
ing : comprehending the stated limit or extremes.
—adv. Inclusively.
Incognisable, Incognizable, in-kog'niz-a-bl or in-
kon'iz-;i-bl, adj. that cannot be known or dis
tinguished. [Prefix in-, not, Cognisable. ]
Incognito, in-kog'ni-to, adj., unknoivn : disguised.
— adv. in concealment : in a disguise : under an
assumed title. [It.—L. incognitas—in, not,
and cognitus, Vnovtxx—coguosco, to know.]
Incoherence, in-ko-her'ens, «. want of coherence
or connection : looseness of parts : want of con
nection : incongruity. [Fr.—L. in, not, and
Coherence]
Incoherent, in-k5-heVent, adj. not connected :
loose : incongruous.—adv. Incoher'ently.
Incombustible, in-kom-bust'i-bl, adj. incapable of
being consumed by fire. ns. Incombustibil ity,
Incombustlbleness.—ri£rV'. Incombust'ibly.
[L. in, not, and Combustible.]
Income, in'kum, n. the gain, profit, or interest
mote ; mute ; mJon ; Men.
 Incommensurable
resulting from anything; revenue. [E. In and
Gome.]
Incommensurable, in-kom-en'su-ra-bl, adj. hav
ing no common measure.—ns. Incommensura
bility, Incommen'surableness.—adv. Incom-
mensurably. [Fr.—L. w, not, and Commen
surable, j
Incommensurate, in-kom-en'sG-rat, adj. not ad
mitting of a common measure : not adequate :
unequal. —adv. Incoinmen surately.
Incommode, in-kom-cid', v.t. to cause trouble or
inconvenience to: to annoy: to molest. [Fr.—
L. incommodo—incontmodus, inconvenient—in,
not, and commodus. See Commodious.]
Incommodious, in-kom-o'di-us, adj. inconvenient:
annoying. —«. Incommo'diousness.—adv. In-
commo'diously. [L. in, not, and Commodious ]
Incommunicable, in-kom-un'i-ka-bl, adj. that
cannot be communicated or imparted to others.
—ns. Incommunicabinty, Incommun'lcable-
ness.—adv. Incommun icably. [Fr.—L, in,
not, and Communicable.]
Incommunicative, in-kom-un'i-ka-tiv, adj. not
disposed to hold communion with : unsocial.—
adv. Incommun'icatively.
Incommutable, in-kom-ut'a-bl, adj. that cannot
be commuted or exchanged. —ns. Incommuta-
bil ity, Incommut'ableness.—adv. Incommut'-
ably. [Fr —L. in, not, and Commutable.]
Incomparable, in-korn'par-a-bl, adj. matchless. -
n. Incom parabloness.—adv. Incom parably.
[Fr.—L. in, not, and Comparable.]
Incompatible, in-kom-pat'i-bl, adj. not consistent :
contradictory :—//. things which cannot co-exist.
—«. Incompatibility,—adv. Incompat ibly.
[Fr.—L. in, not, -and Compatible.]
Incompetence, in-kom pc-tens, Incompetency,
in-kom'pe-ten-si, n. state of being incompetent :
want of sufficient power; want of suitable
means : insufficiency.
Incompetent, in-kom'pe-tcnt, adj. wanting ade
quate powers : wanting the proper qualifications :
insufficient.—adv. Incom'petently. [Fr.—L. in,
not, and Competent]
Incomplete, in-kom-pleY, adj. imperfect.—n. In-
complete'ness. —adv. Incompletely. [L. in,
not, and Complete.]
Incompliant, m-kom-plT'ant, Incompliablo. in-
kom-pli'a-bl, adj. not disposed to comply:
unyielding to request.—«. Incompliance.—adv.
Incompli antly. [L. in, pot, and Compliant.]
Incomprehensible, in-kom-pre-hen'si-bl, adj. [Pr.
Bk.) not to be comprehended, or contained
within limits: not capable of being under
stood : inconceivable.—ns. IncomprehensibiT-
lty, Incomprehen'slbleness, Incomprehen'-
sion.—adv. Incomprehen sibly. [Fr.—L. in,
not, and Comprehensible. J
Incomprehensive, in-kom-pre-hen'siv, adj. lim
ited.—«. Incomprehen siveness.
Incompressible, m-kom-pres'i-bl, adj. not to be
compressed into smaller bulk. —«. Incompressi-
bil'lty. [L. in, not, and Compressible.J
Incomputable, in-kcm-pGt'a-bl, adj. that cannot
be computed or reckoned. [L. in, not, and
Computable.]
Inconceivable, in-kon-seVa-bl, adj. that cannot be
conceived by the mind : incomprehensible.—
«. Inconceiv'ableness.—adv. Inconceivably.
[Fr.—L. in. not. and Conceivable I
Inconclusive. in-kon-klGOs'iv, adj. not settling a
point in debate.—adv. Inconclusively. —«.
Inconcluslveness. [L. in, not, and Conclusive.]
Incondensable, in-kon-dens'a-bl, adj. not to be
fate, far ; me, her ; mTne :
Incorporate
condensed or made more dense or compact.—n.
Incondensabil ity. [L. in, not, Condensable.]
Incongenlal, in-kon-je'ni-al, adj. unsuitable : un
sympathetic—«. Inconge niality. [See Con
genial.]
Incongruous, in-kong'grOO-us, adj. inconsistent :
unsuitable.—//. Incongru'ity.—adv. Incongru
ously. [L. in, not, and Congruous.]
Inconsequent, in-kon'se-kwent, <ulj. not follow
ing from the premises. —n. Incon'sequcnco.
[L. in, not, and Consequent.]
Inconsequential, in-kon-sc-kwcn'shal, adj. not
regularly following from the premises.—a/iv.
Inconsequentially.
Inconsiderable, in-kon-sid'cr-a-bl, adj not w- rthy
of notice : unimportant. —adv. Inconsid'erably.
[Fr.—L. in, not, and Considerable ]
Inconsiderate, in-kon-sid'er-iit, adj. not con
siderate : thoughtless: inattentive- —adv. In-
consid'erately.—«. Inconsid'erateness.
Inconsistent, in-kon-sist'ent, atij, not consistent :
not suitable or agreeing with: contrary: not
uniform : irreconcilable.—ns. Inconsist'ence,
Inconsistency.—adv. Inoonsist'ently. [L. in,
not, and Consistent.]
Inconsolable, in-kon-sul'a-bl, adj. not to be com
forted.—adv. Inconsol'ably. [Fr.—L. in, not,
and Consolable.j
Inconspicuous, in-kon-spik'u-us, adj. not conspic
uous : scarcely discernible.—adv. Inconspic
uously /:. Inconspic uousnoss.
Inconstant, in-kon'stant, adj. subject to change :
fickle.—n. Incon stancy —adv. Incon stantly.
[Fr.—L. in, not, and Constant ]
Inconsumable, in-kini->um'a-bl,(i<^". that cannot be
consumed or wasted. [L. in, not. Consumable ]
Incontestable, in-kon-test'a-bl, adj. too clear to
be called in question : undeniable. —adv. Incon-
test ably. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Contestable ]
Incontinent, in-kon'ti-nent, adj. not restraining
the passions or appetites : unchaste.—ns.
Incontinence, Incoutinency.—adv. Incon
tinently. [Fr —L. in, not, and Continent.}
Incontinently, in-kon'ti-nent-li, adv. immediately.
[Same root as above.]
Incontrollable, in-kun-troTa-bl, adj. that cannot
be controlled.—adv. Inoontroll'abry. (L. in,
not, and Controllable.]
Incontrovertible, in-kon-tro-vcrt'i-bl, adj. too
clear to be called in question.—«. Incontro-
vertlbil'ity.—adv. Incontrovert'lbly. [I., in,
not, and Controvertible. ]
Inconvenience, in-kon-ven'yens, Inconvenioncy,
in-kon-ven'yen-si, w. the being inconvenient:
want of convenience : that which causes trouble
or uneasiness. —, . t. Inconvon ience, to trouble
or incommode.
Inconvenient, in-kon-ven'yent, adj. unsuitable :
causing trouble or uneasiness : increasing rliffi-
culty : incommodious —adv. Inconveniently.
(Fr.—L. in, not, and Convenient.]
Inconvertible, in-kon-vert'i-bl, adj. that cannot
be changed.—n. Inconvertibility. [L. in, not,
and Convertible. ]
Inconvlncible, in-kon-vins'i-bl, adj. not capable
of conviction.—ad?'. Iuconvmc ibly. [L. in,
not, and Convincible.]
Incorporate, in-kor'po-riit, v.t. to form into a
body, to combine into one mass: to unite: to
form into a corporation.—v.t, to unite into one
mass : to become part of another body.—adj.
united in one body: mixed. [L. tucorftoro,
-atum - in, into, corfioro, to furnish with a body.
See Corporate ]
mOte : mQte ; moon ; tAc-u. 251
 Incorporation Indefensible
Incorporation, in-kor-po-ra'shun, n. act of incor [Lit. to tread orpress in ; h.inculco, iticidcatum
porating : state of being incorporated : formation —in, into, calco, to tread—calx, the heel.]
of a legal or political body : an association. Inculcation, m-kul-ka'shun, n. act of impressing
Incorporeal, in-kor-po're-al, adj. not having a by frequent admonitions.
body: spiritual. — adv. Incorpo'really. [L. in, Inculpable, in-kid'pa-bl, adj. blameless,—adv.
not, and Corporeal.] Incul'pably. [L. in, not, and Culpable.]
Incorrect, in-kor-ekt', adj. containing faults : not Inculpate, in-kul'pat, v.t. to bring into blame:
accurate : not according to the rules of duty.— to censure. —n. InCUlpa'tlon. [Low L. incul/>ot
adv. Incorrectly, —«. Incorrectness. [Fr.— tttcidpatum—L. in, into, culpa, a fault.]
L. in, not, and Correct.] Inculpatory, in-kul'pa-tor-i, adj. imputing blame.
Incorrigible, in-korl-ji-M, adj. bad beyond cor Incumbency, in-kum'ben-si, «. a lying or resting
rection or reform. —ns. Incorrlgibleness, In on ; the holding of an office : an ecclesiastical
corrigibility. - adv. Incorrigibly. benefice. [See Incumbent.]
Incorrodible, in-kor-Od'i-bl, adj. not able to be Incumbent, in-kum'bent, adj., lying or resting
rusted, [L. in, not, and Corrodlble.] on ; lying on as a duty : indispensable.—n. one
Incorrupt, in-kor-upt', adj. sound : pure : not who holds an ecclesiastical benefice (in England
depraved : not to be tempted by bribes.—adv. or Ireland).—adv. Incuml>ently. [L. incurn-
Incorruptly. [L. in, not, and Corrupt.] betts, -entis, pr.p. of incuinbo, incubo, to lie
Incorruptible, in-kor-upt'i-bl, adj. not capable of upon. See Incubate.] [Encumbrance.
decay: that cannot be bribed : inflexibly just.— Incumber, Incumbrance. Same as Encumber,
adv. Incorrupt'ibly.—«. Incorrupt ibleness. Incunabula, in-ku-nab'u-Ia, fi.pl. books printed in
Incorruption, m-kor-up'shun, n. state of being the early period of the art, before the year 1500.
incorrupt or exempt from corruption. [L. incunabula, (lit.) ' swaddling-clothes,' hence
Incorruptness, in-kor-upt'nes, «. a being exempt * beginnings. 'J
from corruption or decay : purity of mind. Incur, in-kur', v.t. to become liable to: to bring-
Incrassate, in-kras'at, v.t. to make thick.—v.i. on \—pr.p. incurring ; Pa.p. incurred'. ["Lit. to
[med.) to become thicker.—adj. made thick or run into, to jail upon ; L. inenrro, incursum—
fat: {dot.) thickened towards the flower.—n. in, into, curro, to run.]
Incras&a'tion. [L. incrasso, -atum—in, into, Incurable, in-kur'a-bl, adj. not admitting of cor
crasso, to make thick—crassus, thick. See rection.—«. one beyond cure.—ns. Incur'able-
Crass.] ness, Incurability —ativ. Incur ably. [Fr.—
Incrassative, in-kras'a-tiv, adj., thickening.—n. L. in. not, and Curable.]
that which has power to thicken. Incursion, m-kur'shun, «. a hostile inroad. [Fr.
Increase, iu-kres , v.i. to groiv in size : to become —L. incursio—incurro.]
greater: to advance.—v.t. to make greater: to Incursive, in-kur'siv, adj. pertaining to or making
advance: to extend : to aggravate.—In'crease, an incursion or inroad.
n. growth : addition to the original stock : profit : Incurvate, in-kurVru, v.t. to curve or bend. —
produce : progeny. (Through Norm. Fr. from adj. curved inward.—«. Incurva'tion. [L.
L. incresco—in, in, cresco, to grow. J incurvo, incurvatuiu—in, in, and curvus, bent.
Incredible, in-kred'i-bl, adj. surpassing belief. — See Curve.]
adv. Inored'ibly—«. Incredibility. [Fr.—L. Indebted, in-det'ed, adj. being in debt: obliged
in, not, and Credible. See Creed. J by something received. — «. Indebtedness. [Fr.
Incredulous, in-krcd'u-lus, adj. hard of belief.— —L. in, in, and Debt.]
adv. Incred ulously. - «. Incredulity. Indecent, in-dC'scnt, adj. offensive to common
Increment, in'krc-ment, «. act of increasing or modesty.—adv. Inde'oently.—«. Inde'cency.
becoming greater : growth : that by which any [Fr.—L. in, not, and Decent.]
thing is increased : [math.) the finite increase of Indecision, in-de-sizh'un, «. want of decision or
a variable quantity : (rhet.) an adding of par resolution : hesitation. [Fr.—L. in, not, and
ticulars without climax, see 2 Peter i. 5-7. [L. Decision.]
incrementum—incresco. See Increase.] Indecisive. in-de-sT'siv, adj. unsettled : wavering.
Increscent, in-kres'ent, adj. increasing : growing. —adv. Indeci'sively.—n. Indeci'siveness.
[L. in, and Crescent.] Indeclinable, in-de-klln'a-bl, adj. {gram.) not
Incriminate, in-krim'in-at. Same as Criminate. varied by inflection.—adv. Indeclin'ably. [L.
Incrust, in-krust', v.t. to cover with a crust or in, not, and Declinable.]
hard case : to form a crust on the surface of. Indecomposable, in-de-kom-poYa-bl, adj. that can
TFr.—L. incrust-o, -atus—in, on, and crusta. not be decomposed. [L. in, not, Decomposable.]
See Crust.] Indecorous, in-de-ku'rus, adj. not becoming:
Incrustation, in-krus-ta'shun. «. act of incrust- violating good manners. —adv. Indecorously.
ing : a crust or layer of anything on the surface [L. in, not, and Decorous.]
of a body : an inlaying of marble, mosaic, &c. Indecorum, in-de-ko'rum, u. want of decorum or
Incubate,
them, [L.iu'ku-bfit, v.i. to tit onupon,
eggscubo,
to hatch propriety of conduct. [L. in, not, and Decorum.]
iucubo, •atum—iff, to lie Indeed, in-ded', adv. in fact : in truth : in reality.
down.] [E. In and Deed.]
Incubation, in-ku-ba'shun, n. the act of sitting on Indefatigable, in-de-fat'i-ga-bl, adj. that cannot
eggs to hatch them : [med.) the period between be fatigued or wearied out : unremitting in
the implanting of a disease and its development. effort : persevering.—ativ. Indefatlgably.—«.
Incubator, inlcu-ba-tor, «. a machine for hatching Indefatlgableness. [Fr.—L. indefatigabili*
eggs by artificial heat. —in, not, de, down, andfati^o, to tire.]
Incubus, inlcu-bus, «. a sensation during sleep as Indefeasible, in-de-fezl-bl, adj. not to be defeated
of a weight lying on the breast, nightmare : any or made void. —adv. Indefeaslbly. —«. Inde-
oppressive or stupefying influence :—//. In'CU- feaslbility. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Defeasible.]
buses, Incubi (inlcu-bi). [L-mo^.] Indefectible, in-dc-fekt'i-bl, adj. incapable of
Inculcate, in-kul'kat, v.t. to enforce by frequent d«fect : unfailing. [L. in, not, and Deiectible.]
admonitions or repetitions.—«. InCUl'cator Indefensible, in-de-fetis'i-bl, adj. that cannot be
2d2 fate, far ; me, her : mine ; mote ; mule ; mOon ; than.
 Indefinable
maintained or justified —<uhf. Indefensibly.
[L in, not, and Defensible.]
Indefinable, in-de-fin'a-bl, adj. that cannot be
defined, —adv. Indefin ably. [L. in, not, and
Definable.]
Indefinite, in-def'i-nit, adj. not limited : not pre
cise or certain. —atlv. Indefinitely. -«. Indef-
inlteness. [L. in, not, and Definite.]
Indelible, in-del'i-bl, adj. that cannoL be blotted
out or effaced.—adv. Indelibly.—«. Indel i
bility. [Fr.—L. in, not, and deUbilis—deleo, to
destroy.]
Indelicacy, in-deH-ka-si, n. want of delicacy or
refinement of taste and manners : rudeness.
Indelicate, in-del'i-kat, adj. offensive to good
manners or purity of mind : coarse.—adv. In
delicately. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Delicate.]
Indemnification, in-dem-ni-fi-kii'shun, n. act of
indemnifying : that which indemnifies.
Indemnify, in-dcm'ni-fi, v.t. to make good for
damage done : to save harmless:—pa.p. indem
nified. [Fr.—L. indentnis, unharmed—in, not,
and damnum, loss ; andfacto, to make.]
Indemnity, in-dem'ni-ti, n. security from damage,
loss, or punishment : compensation for loss or
injury. [Fr.—L. indemnitas.)
Indemonstrable, in-de-mon'stra-bl, adj. that can
not be demonstrated or proved. [L. in, not,
and Demonstrable.]
Indent, in-dent', v.t. to cut into points like teeth :
to notch : {print.) to begin further in from the
margin than the rest of a paragraph.—n. a cut
or notch in the margin : a recess like a notch.
[Low L. indento—L. in, dens, dentis, a tooth.]
Indentation, in-den-tiishun, n. act of indenting
or notching : notch : recess.
Indenture, in-dent'Gr, n. a written agreement be
tween two or more parties: a contract.—v.t. to
bind by indentures: to indent. [Indentures
were originally duplicates indented bo as to cor
respond to each other ]
Independent, in-de-pend'ent, adj. not dependent
or relying on others : not subordinate : not sub
ject to bias : affording a comfortable livelihood :
belonging to the Independents.—adv. Inde
pendently, us. Independence. Independ'-
ency. [L. in, not, and Dependent]
Independent, in-de-pend'ent, n. one who in ecclesi
astical affairs holds that every congregation is
independent of every other and subject to no
superior authority.
Indescribable, in-dc-skrTb'a-bl, adj. that cannot
be described. [L. in, not, and Describable. ]
Indestructible, in-de-struk'ti-bl, adj. that cannot
be destroyed.—adv. Indestructibly—«. Inde
structibility. [L. in, not, and Destructible.]
Indeterminable, in-dc-ter'min-a-bl, adj. not to be
ascertained or fixed.—adz>. Indeterminably.
[L. in. not, and Determinable.]
Indeterminate, in-cle-ter'min-at, ad/, not deter
minate or fixed : uncertain.—adv. Indeter'niin-
ately.
Indetermlnatlon, in-de-ter-min-a'shun, n. want
of determination : a wavering state of the mind :
want of fixed direction. [mined : unsettled.
Indetermined, in-de-ter'mind, adj. not deter-
Index, in'deks, u. pi. Indexes, in deks-ez, and in
math.. Indices, in'di-sez , anything that indi
cates or points out : a hand that directs to any
thing, as the hour of the day, &c. : the fore
finger : alphabetical list of subjects treated of in
a book : [math.) the exponent of a power.—v.t.
to provide with or place in an index. [L. index,
indicts—indico, to shew.]
fate, far ; mS, her : mine :
Indignity
Indiaman, in'di-a-maw or ind'ya-man, n. a large
ship employed in trade with India.
Indian, in'di-an, adj. belonging to the Indies,
E:\st or West, or to the aborigines of America.
■—n. a native of the Indies : an aboriginal of
America. —Indian corn, maize, so called lo
calise brought from \V. Indies.—Indian file,
following one another in single file, like Indians
through a wood.—Indian ink, a substance used
in water-colours, composed of lampblack and
animal glue, orig. used in India, or rather in
China.—Indian or India rubber, caoutchouc,
so named from its rubbing out pencil-marks.
[From the river Indus, and applied by mistake
to the W. Indies by their first discoverers, who
thought they had arrived at India. See
Hindu]
Indicate, in'di-kst, v.t. to point out: to shew.
[L imit'eo, -alum—in, and dico, to proclaim. )
Indication, in-di-ka'shun, ». act of indicating:
that which indicates : mark : token : symptom.
Indicative, in-dik'a-tiv, adj., pointingout : giving
intimation of: {gram.) applied to the mood of
the verb which indicates, i.e. affirms or denies.
—adv. Indic'atively.
Indicator, in'di-ka-tor, n. one who indicates: an
instrument on a steam-engine to shew the pres
sure.—adj. In'dicatory, shewing.
Indict, in-dit', v.t. to charge with a crime formally
or in writing, esp. by a grand-jury. [L. in, and
dido, freq. of duo, to say.]
Indictable, in dTt'a-bl, adj. liable to be indicted.
Indictlon, in-dik'shun, «. [//'/.) a proclamation: a
cycle of fifteen years, instituted by Constantine
the Great. [L. indictio.]
Indictment, in-dtt'ment, «. the written accusation
against one who is to be tried by jury.
Indifferent, in-dif'er-ent, adj. without importance :
of a middle quality : neutral: unconcerned.—us.
Indifference, IndlfTerency. [Lit. 'without a
difference ; ' L. in, not, and Different.]
Indifferentism, in-diPer-ent-izm, «. indifference,
esp. in matters of belief: unconcern.
Indifferently, in-dif'er-ent-li.rt*/:' in an indifferent
manner: tolerably, passably: [Pr. Bk ) without
distinction, impartially. [poverty.
Indigence, in'di-jens, «., want of means : extreme
Indigenous, in-dij'en-us, adj., native born or ori
ginating in : produced naturally in a country,
[L. indigenus—iudu or in, in, and gen, root of
g'gno, to produce.]
Indigent, in'di-jent, adj., in need of anything :
destitute of means of subsistence: poor. —adv.
In'dlgently. [Fr. — L. indigens, -entis, pr.p.
of ittdigco—indu or in, in, and egeo, to need ]
Indigested, in-di-jes'tcd, adj. not digested : unar-
ranged : not methodised. [L. in, not, and
Digested. See Digest. ]
Indigestible, in-di-jest'i-bl, adj. not digestible: not
easily digested : not to be received or patiently
endured.—adv. Indigest'ibly.
Indigestion, in-di-jest'yun, «. want of digestion :
painful digestion. [L. in, not, and Digestion.]
Indignant, in-dig'nant, adj. affected with anger
and disdain.— adv. Indig'nantly. (Lit. 'con
sidering as unworthy ' or 'improper,' from L.
indignans, -antis, pr.p. of indignor—«i, not,
dignus, worthy.]
Indignation, in-dig-n£'shun, n. the feeling caused
by what is unzvorthy or base : anger mixed with
contempt. [Fr.—L. imlignalio ]
Indignity, in-dig'ni-ti, n. unmerited contemptuous
treatment : incivility with contempt or insult.
[Lit. 'unworthiness/ Fr. -L. iwiignitas.]
mfltc : mute ; mODn ; Men.
 Indigo Indurate
Indigo, in'di-gq, n. a blue dye obtained from the Indoctrinate, in-dok'trin-at, v.t. to instruct in any
stalks of the indigo or Indian plant. [Fr,—Sp. doctrine: to imbue with any opinion. —n. In
indico—L. indicum, from Indicus, Indian.] doctrination. [L. in, into, doctrina, doctrine.
Indirect, in-di-rekt', adj. not direct or straight : See Doctrine.]
not tending to a result by the plainest course : Indolent, in'do-lent, adj. indisposed to activity.
not straightforward or honest.— Indirectly. — adv. In'dolently.—«. Indolence. [Lit. and
—n. Indirectness. [Fr.—L. in, not, and orig. 'free from pain 'or ' trouble,' from L. in,
Direct] not, dolens, -cutis, pr.p- of doleo, to suffer pain.]
Indiscernible, in-diz-crn'i-bl, adj. not discernible. Indomitable, in-dom'it-a-bl, adj. that cannot be
—iuiv. Indiscern lhly. [L. not, and Dis tamed : not to be subdued.—adv. Indom itably.
cernible.] [L. indomints, untamed—in, not, domo, to tame.]
Indiscovorable, in-dis-kuv'cr-a-bl, adj. not dis Didorse, in-dors', v.t. to write upon the back of :
coverable. [L, in, not, and Discoverable.] to assign by writing on the back of : to give one's
Indiscreet, in-dis-kreV, adj. not discreet: impru sanction to.—n. Indors er. [Through an old
dent : injudicious.—adv. Indiscreetly. —«. In- form endosse, from Fr. endosser— Low L. in-
discreet'ness. [Fr. -L. in, not, and Discreet] dorso—L,. in. upon, dorsum, the back.]
Indiscretion, in-dis-kresh'un, ti. want of discre Indorsee, in-dor-se', n. the person to whom a bill,
tion : rashness : an indiscreet act. Sec. is assigned by indorsement.
Indiscriminate, in-dis-krim'i-niit, adj. not distin Indorsement, in-dors'ment, «. act of writing on
guishing : confused.—adv. Indiscriminately. the back of a bill, &c. in order to transfer it :
[L. in. not, and Discriminate.J that which is written on a bill, &c. : sanction
Indispensable, in-dis-pens'a-bl, adj. that cannot given to anything.
be dispensed with : al)so!utely necessary. — adv. Indubious, in-du'bi-us, adj. not dubious : certain.
Indispensably —w. Indispens ableness. [L. [L. in, not, and Dubious.]
in, not, and Dispensable.] Indubitable, in-du'bit-a-bl, adj. that cannot be
Indispose, in-dis-poz', v.t. to render indisposed or doubted: too plain to be called in question :
unfit : to make averse to. [Fr.—L. in, not, certain.—adv. Indulritably.—w. Indu bitablo-
and Dispose, j ness. [Fr.—L. iudubitabilis—in, not, dubtto,
Indispose I, in-dis-pozd', adj. averse : disinclined : to doubt. See Doubt]
slign ly disordered in health.—n. Indisposed- Induce, in-dus', v.t. to prevail on : to cause :
ness. [physics) to cause, as an electric state, by mere
Indisposition, in-dis-po-zish'un, n. state of being proximity of surfaces.—«. Induc'er. [L. in
indisposed : disinclination : slight illness. duce, ituiuctum - in, into, duco, to lead.]
Indisputable, in-dis'pu-ta-bl, adj. too evident to Dlducement, in-dus'ment, n. that which induces
be called in question : certain.—adv. Indis'- or causes : {law} a statement of facts introducing
putably.-w. Indls'putablenesa. [Fr.—L. in, other important facts.
not, ami Disputable. ] Inducible, in-dus'i-bl, adj. that maybe induced:
Indissoluble, in-dis'ol-u-bl, adj. that cannot be offered by induction.
broken or violated : inseparable: binding forever. Induct, in-dukt', v.t. [lit.) to bring in: to intro
—adv. Indlss'olubly.—ns. Indiss'olubleness, duce : to put in possession, as of a benefice.—«.
Indissolubility. [Fr.—L. in, not, Dissoluble J Induct or. [See Induce.]
Indistinct, in-dis-tingkt', adj. not plainly marked : Inductile, in-duk'til, adj. that cannot be drawn
confused: not clear to the mind.—adv. Indis out into wire or threads. —n. IndUCtU'ity.
tinctly—n. Indistinct ness. [L. in, not, and Induction, in-duk'shun, n. introduction to an
Distinct] office, especially of a clergyman : the act or
Indistinguishable, in-dis-ting'gwish-a-bl, adj. that process of reasoning from particulars to generals :
cannot be distinguished.—adv. Indistin guish- [physics) the production by one body of an op
ably. posite electric state in another by proximity.—
Indite, in-dlt', v./. to dictate what is to be uttered adj. Induc'tional. [See Induce. ]
or written : to compose or write, -ns. Indlt'er, Inductive, in-duk'tiv, adj., leoiiing or drawing:
Inditeinent [O. Fr. cnditcr, ettdicter, from leading to inferences : proceeding by induction
root of Indict] in reasoning. —adv. IndUO'tlvely.
Individual, in-di-vid'u-al, adj. not divided; sub Indue, in-du'j v.t. to put on, as clothes: to invest
sisting as one : pertaining to one only.—n. a or clothe with : to supply with \—pr.p. indil'ing :
single person, animal, plant, or thing.—adv. Pa.p. indued'.—n. Indue ment. [L. induo, in-
IndlVld'ually. [L. individuns, and suffix -al— ducrc, to put on.]
in, not, dividuus. divisible—divido, to divide.] Indue, in-du', v.t. a corr. of Endue (which see),
Individualise, in-di-vid'G-al-Tz, v t. to distinguish which has been very generally confused with
each individual from all others : to particularise. Indue, to invest with.
—«. Individualisa tion. Indulge, in-dulj', v.t. to yield to the wishes of: to
Individualism, in-di-vid'il-al-izm, «. the state of allow, as a favour: not to restrain, as the will,
regard to individual interests instead of those &c—v.i. to allow one's self. —*. Indulg er
of society at large. [See Indulgent.]
Individuality, in-di-vid-G-al'it-i, «. separate and Indulgence, m-dul jens, n. permission : gratifica
distinct existence : oneness : distinctive character. tion : in R. Catholic Church, a remission, to a
Individuate, in-di-vid'Q-at, v.t. to indivuiutilise : repentant sinner, of punishment which would
to make single. —n. Individua'tIon. Otherwise await him in purgatory. [Fr. ]
Indivisible, m-di-viz'i-bl, adj. not divisible.—«. Indulgent, in-dul'jent, adj. yielding to the wishes
{math.) an indefinitely small quantity. —adv. In- of others : compliant: not severe. —adv. Indul'-
divls ibly.—n. Indivis'ibleness. [Fr.—L. in, gently. [Fr. —L. indulgcns, -cutis, pr.p. of in-
not, and Divisible.) dulgeo, which perh. is from in, towards, and
Indocile, in-do'sll or in-dos'il, adj. not docile : not dulcis, swoct.]
disposed to be instructed.—n. IndOClI'lty. [Fr. Indurate, in'du-rat, v.t. to harden, as the feel
— L. in, not, and Docile.] ings.—v.i. to grow hard: to harden.—n. In-
2oi fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; m60n ; Men.
 Indusial
dura'tion. [L. induro, induration—in, in,
duro, to harden—durus, hard.J
Indusial, in-dQ'zi-al, adj. (geol.) composed of
indtaia, or the petrified larva-cases of insects.
Indusium, in-du'zi-um, «. {bot.) a sort of hairy
cup inclosing the stigma of a flower : the scale
covering the fruit-spot of ferns. [Lit. 'an under
garment;' L.—tudtto.]
Industrial, in-dus'tri-al, adj. relating to or con
sisting in industry.—adv. Indus trially.
Industrialism, in-dus'tri-al-izm, n. devotion to
labour or industrial pursuits: that system or
condition of society in which industrial labour is
the chief and must characteristic feature, opp.
to feudalism and the military spirit.
Industrious, in-dustri-us, adj. diligent or active
in one's labour : laborious : diligent in a parti
cular pursuit.—adv. Industriously. [Fr.—L. :
pcrh. from indtt, old form of in, within, and
stmo, to build up, to arrange.]
Industry, in'dus-tri, ». quality of being industri
ous : steady application to labour : habitual
diligence.
Indwelling, in'dwel-ing, adj., duelling within.—
«. residence within, or in the heart or soul. [£.
In, within, and Dwelling.]
Inebriate, in-4'bri-ut, v.t. to make drunk: to in
toxicate. [L. inebri'i, inebnatum—in, inten.,
ehrio, to make drunk—ebrius, drunk. See
Ebriety.]
Inebriation, in-S-bri-a'shun, Inebriety, in-e-brr-
e-ii, «. drunkenness: intoxication.
Inedited, in-ed'it-ed, adj. not edited : unpublished.
[L in, not, and Edited.]
Ineffable, in-ef'a-bl, adj. that cannot be spoken
or described.—adv. Ineffably.—n. Ineff'able-
ness. [Fr. —L. ine/fabilis—tn, not, effabilis—
effor, to speak, to utter—efy for ex, o\x\.,/ari, to
speak.]
Ineffaceable, in-ef-faVa-bl, adj. that cannot be
rubbed out—adv. Ineffaco'ably. [Fr.—L, in,
not, and EfTacoablo. ]
Ineffective, in-cf-fek'tiv, adj. inefficient : useless.
—adv. Ineffectively. [L. in, not, and Effec
tive.]
Ineffectual, in-ef-fck'tu-al, adj. fruitless.—adv.
Ineffec tually.—«. Ineffec tualness.
Inefficacious, in-ef-fi-ka'shus, adj. not having
power to produce an effect.—adv. Inefflca'-
ciously.
Inefficacy, in-ef'fi-ka-si, n. want of efficacy or
power to produce effect.
Inefficient, in-ef-fish'ent, adj. effecting nothing.
—adv. Inefficiently. —«. Ineffic iency.
Inelegance, in-el'e-gans, Inelegancy, in-cle-gan-
si, «. want of elegance : want of beauty or polish.
Inelegant, in-el'e-gant, adj. wanting in beauty,
refinement, or ornament.—adv. Inel'egantly.
[L. in, not, and Elegant ]
Ineligible, in-ci'i-ji-bl, atij. not capable or worthy
uf being chosen.—a<iv. Ineligibly.—«. Ineligl-
bll'ity. [Fr. - L. in, not, and Eligible. ]
Ineloquent, in-el'o-kwent, adj. not fluent or per
suasive. [Fr. — L in, not, and Eloquent.)
Inept, in-ept', adj. not apt or fit : unsuitable :
foolish : inexpert.—aiiv. Ineptly.—«. Inept'-
itude. [Fr. —L. ineptus—in, not, aptus, apt.
See Apt ]
Inequality, in-e-kwol'i-ti, n. want of equality :
difference : inadequacy : incompetency : un-
cvenness : dissimilarity. [Fr.—L. in, not, and
Equality.]
Inequitable, in-ek wi-ia-bl, adj. unfair, unjust.
[L. in, not, and Equitable.]
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ;
Inextricable
Ineradicable, in-e-rad'i-ka-bt, adj. not able to be
eradicated or rooted out.—adv. Inerad icably.
[L. in, not, and root of Eradicate.]
Inert, in-ert', adj. dull : senseless : inactive :
slow : without the power of moving itself, or of
active resistance to motion : powerless.—adv.
Inertly.—«. Inert'ness. [Lit. without art or
skill, from L. inert, inertis—mt not, and an,
artis, art. See Art.]
Inertia, in-er'shi-a, «., inertness: the inherent pro
perty of matter by which it tends to remain for
ever at rest when still, and in motion when
moving.
Inessential in-es-sen'shal, adj. not essential or
necessary. [L. in, not, and Essential.]
Inestimable, in-es'tim-a-bl, adj. not able to be
estimated or valued : priceless.—adv. Ines'-
timably. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Estimable.]
Inevitable, in-evlt-a-bl. atij. not able to be evaded
or avoided : that cannot be escaped : irresist
ible.—adv. Inevitably.—n. Inevltablenes3.
[Fr.—L. ineviiabilis~in, not, and ri'iiabiiis,
avoidable—evito, to avoid—e, out of, and vita,
to avoid.]
Inexact, in-egz-akt', adj not precisely correct or
true.—«.Inexact'ness. [L. in, not, and Exact ]
Inexcusable, in-eks-kuYa-bl, adj. not justifiable:
unpardonable.—adv. Inexcus ably. —«. Inex-
cus'ableness. [Fr. — L. in, nut, and Excus
able. ]
Inexhausted, in-egz-hawst'ed, adj. not exhausted
or spent. (L. in, not, and Exhausted. \
Inexhaustible, in-egz-hawst'i-bl, adj. not able to
be exhausted or spent : unfailing. —adv» In
exhaustibly ~n. Inexhaustibility.
Inexorable, in-egz'or-a-bl, adj. not to be moved
by entreaty: unrelenting : unalterable.—adv.
Inex'orably.—us. Inex'orablenoss, Inexora
bility. [Fr.—L. inexorabilis—in, not, and
exorabilis, from exoro—ex, and oro, to entreat,
from os, oris, the mouth.]
Inexpedient, in-eks-pe'di-ent, adj not tending to
Eroniotc any end : unfit : inconvenient.—adv.
aexpe'diently —ns. Inexpe'dienco, Inexpe
diency. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Expedient]
Inexpensive, in-ek.s-pcns'iv, adj. uf>Iight expense.
Inexperience, in-eks-pe"ri-ens, want of experi
ence. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Experience.]
Inexperienced, in-eks-pe'ri-enst, adj. not having
experience : unskilled or unpractised.
Inexpert, in-eks-pert', adj. unskilled.—n. Inex
pert ness. [L. inx not, and Expert.]
Inexpiable, in-eks'pi-a-bl, adj. not able to be ex
piated or atoned fur.—adz>. Inex'piably. —«,
Inex'plableness. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Ex-
piable ]
Inexplicable, in-eks'pli-ka-bl, adj. that cannot be
explained: unintelligible, -ativ. Inexplicably.
—ns. Inexplicabillty, Inex'plicableness. [Fr.
—L. in, not, and Explicable.]
Inexplicit, in-eks-plis'it, adj. not clear. [L. in,
not, and Explicit. J
Inexpressible, in-eks-pres'i-bl, adj. that cannot be
expressed : unutterable : indescribable.—ad-;:
Inexpressibly. [L. /«f nut, Expressible.]
Inexpressive, in-eks-presiv. adj. not expressive
or significant.—«. Inexpresslveness.
Inextinguishable, in-eks ting'gwish-a-bl, adj.
that cannot be extinguished, quenched, or de
stroyed.— adv. Inextinguishably. [Prefix x'«-,
not, and Extinguishablo. ]
Inextricable, in-eks'tri-ka-bl, adj. not able to be
extricated or divmtangled.— adv. Inex tri-
cably. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Extrlcable.J
mote ; mute ; moon ; tk+n. 25.r>
 Infallible Inflexible
Infallible, in-fal'i-bl, a rj. incapable of error : Infertile, in-fer'tU, adj. not productive : barren.—
trustworthy: certain.—adv. Infallibly.—«. In n. Infertility. [L. in, not, and Fertile ]
fallibility. (Fr.—L. in, not, and Fallible.] Infest, in-fest', v.t. to disturb : to harass. [Fr.—
Infamous, ln'fa-mus, adj., of illfame or bad re L. infesto, from infestus, hostile, from in and an
port : having a reputation of the worst kind : old verbfendere, to strike, found in of-fendere,
publicly branded with guilt : notoriously vile : defendere.]
disgraceful.—adv. In'famoUSly. [Prefix in-, Infidel, in'fi-del, adj., unbelieving: sceptical: dis
not, and Famous.] believing Christianity: heathen. —n. one who
Infamy, in'fa-mi, «., illfame or repute: public withholds belief, esp. from Christianity. [Fr.— L.
disgrace : extreme vileness. infidelis—in, not, fi'delis, faithful—-fides, faith.]
Infancy, in'fan-si, n. the state or time of being Infidelity, in-fi-del'i-ti, «., want ojfaith or belief:
an infant i childhood: the beginning of any disbelief in Christianity: unfaithfulness, esp. to
thing. the marriage contract : treachery.
Infant, in'fant, n. a babe : [Eng. law) a person Infiltrate, in-fil'trfit, v.t. to enter a substance by
under 21 years of age.—adj. belonging to infants filtration, or through its pores.— «. Infiltra'-
or to infancy : tender : intended for infants. [L. tion, the process of infiltrating, or the substance
infant, -antis, that cannot speak—in, not, and infiltrated. [L. in, in, and Filtrate.]
fins, pr.p. offari, to speak, Gr. phemi. See Infinite, in'tin-it, adj. without end or limit : with
Fame.] out bounds: (math.) either greater or smaller
Infanta, in-fan'ta, n. a title given to a daughter of than any quantity that can be assigned.—adv.
the kings of Spain and Portugal, except the In'finitely.—«. Ul'finlte, that which is infinite :
heiress-apparent. [Sp., from root of Infant.] the Infinite Being or God. [L. in, not, and
Infante, in-fan't:"i, «. a title given to any son of the Finite]
kings of Spain and Portugal except the heir- Infinitesimal, in-fin-i-tes'im-al, adj. infinitely
apparent. ISp., from root of Infant.] small.—«. an infinitely small quantity.—adz:
Infanticide, in-fant'i-sTd, infant or child Infinltes'imally.
murder: the murderer of an infant. —adj. In- Infinitive, in-fin'it-iv, adj. [lit.) unlimited, unre
fant'icidal. [Fr.—L. infanticidium— iufans, stricted : {gram.) the mood of the verb which
and ceedo, to kill.] expresses the idea without person or number. —
Infantile, in'fant-Il or-D, Infantine, in'fant-Tn or adv. Infinitively. [Fr.—L. infnitivns.]
-in, adj. pertaining to infamy or to an infant. Infinitude, in-fini-tud, Infinity, in-fin'i-ti, «.
Infantry, in'fant-ri, «. foot-soldiers. [Fr. infante- boundlessness : immensity : countless or in
rie—It. infanteria—infante, fante, a child, a definite number.
servant, a foot-soldier, foot-soldiers being form Infirm, in-ferm', adj. not strong : feeble : sickly :
erly the servants and followers of knights.] weak : not solid : irresolute : imbecile. [L. in,
Infatuate, in-fat'fl-at, v.t. to make foolish. : to not, and Firm.]
affect with folly : to deprive of judgment: to in Infirmary, in-ferm'ar-i, n. a hospital or place for
spire with foolish passion : to stupefy.—«. In- the infirm. [Fr.—Low L. infimtaria.\
fatua'tlon. [L. infatuo, -atum—in, andfatuns, Infirmity, in-ferm'it-i, n. disease : failing : defect :
foolish.] imbecility.
Infatuate, in-fai'u-iit, adj., infatuated or foolish. Infix, in-fiks', v.t. tofix in : to drive or fasten in :
Infect, in-fekt/, v.t. to taint, especially with to set in by piercing. [L. in, in, and Fix.]
disease: to corrupt: to poison. LL.it. 'to dip Inflame, in-flam', v.t. to cause tojlame: to cause
anything into,' from Fr. infect—L. inficio, in- to burn : to excite : to increase : to exasperate.—
freturn—in, into, andfacto, to make.] v.t. to become hot, painful, or angry. [Fr.—
Infection, in-fek'shun, «. act of infecting: that L. in, into, and Flame.]
which infects or taints. Inflammable, in-flam'a-bl, adj. that may be
Infectious, in-fek'shus, Infective, ih-fek'tiv, adj. burned : combustible : easily kindled.—H. In-
having the quality of infecting: corrupting: flammabirity.—adv. Inflanun'ably.
ant to spread.—adv. Infec tiously.—w. Infec Inflammation, in-flam-a/shun, n. state of being
tiousness. iu flame : heat of a part of the body, with pain
Infelicitous, in-fe-lis'i-tus, adj. not felicitous or and swelling : violent excitement : heat.
happy. [L. in, not, and Felicitous.] Inflammatory, in-flam'a-tor-i, adj. tending to in
Infelicity, in-fe-lis'i-ti, «. want of felicity or happi flame: inflaming: exciting.
ness : misery : misfortune : uufavourableness. Inflate, in-fl.it', v.t. to swell with air : to puff up.
Infer, in-fcV, v.t. to deduce : to derive, as a con \ —adv. Inflat'ingly. [L. in/to, inflatum—in,
sequence :—/r./. inferring ; pa.p. inferred'. into, andjlo, to blow, with which it is cog.]
[Fr. —L. infero—in, into, andfero, to bring.] Inflation, in-fla'shun, «. stale of being puffed up.
Inferable, in-fer'a-bl, Inferrible, in-ferT-bl, adj. Inflatus, in-fkl'tus, «. a blowingor breathing into:
that may be inferred or deduced. inspiration. [L.]
Inference, in'fer-ens, «. that which is inferred or Inflect, in-flekt', v.t, to bend in : to turn from a
deduced : conclusion : consequence. direct line or course : to modulate, as the voice :
Inferential, in-fer-en'shal, adj. deducible or (gram.) to vary in the terminations. [L. in-
deduced by inference.—adv. Inferen'tially. ficcto—in, in, andflecto,flexum, to bend.]
Inferior, in-fe'ri-ur, adj., lower in any respect: Inflection, in-flek'shun, w. a bending or deviation :
subordinate: secondary.—«. one lower in rank modulation of the voice : (gram.) the varying in
or station : one younger than another. [Fr.— termination.—adj. Infleo'tionaL
L. inferior, comp. of inferus, low.] Inflective, in-flekt'iv, adj. subject to inflection.
Inferiority, in-fe-ri-or'i-ti, «. the state of being Inflexed, in-flckst', adj., bent inward: bent :
inferior : a lower position in any respect. j turned.
Infernal, in-fer'nal, adj. belonging to the lotver Inflexible, in-fleks'i-bl, adj. that cannot be bent :
regions or hell : resembling or suitable to hell : unyielding: unbending.—ns. Inflexibility, In-
devilish.—adv. Infer nally. [Fr.—L. infemus flexibleneBS.—adv. Inflexibly. [Fr.—L. in,
—inferos. ] not, Flexible.]
25(1 fate, far; mC, h6r; mine; mote; unite; m073n ; Men.
 Inflexion
Inflexion. Same as Inflection.
Inflexure, in-fleks'ur, w. a bend or fold.
Inflict, in-flikt', v.t. to lay on : to impose, as pun
ishment [Lit. ' to strike against,' L. in, against,
and Jfigpj to strike. ]
Infliction, in-flik'shun, n. act of inflicting or im
posing : punishment applied.
Inflictive, m-flikt'iv, adj. tending or able to inflict.
Inflorescence, in-flor-es'ens, «. character or mode
of flowering of a plant. [Fr.—L. inflorescens—
infloresco, to begin to blossom. See Florescence.]
Influence, in'floo-ens, n. power exerted on men or
things: power in operation: authority.—v.t. to
affect : to move : to direct. [Orig. a term in
astrology, the power or virtue supposed to flow
from planets upon men and things ; Fr.—Low L.
inflmntia—L. in, into, and flno, to flow.]
Influential, in-floo-cn'shal, adj. having or exerting
influence or power over.—adv. Influen'tially.
Influenza, in-Aoo-en'za, «. a severe epidemic
catarrh, accompanied with weakening fever.
[It.—L., a by-form of Influence, which see.]
Influx, in'fluks, n. aflowing in ; infusion : abund
ant accession. [L. injlnxns—itifltu>.\
Infold, in-fOld', v.t. to inwrap : to involve: to
embrace. [E. In, into, and Fold.]
Inform, in-form', v.t. to give form to : to animate
or give life to: to impart knowledge to: to tell.
(Fr.—L. in, into, and Form.]
Informal, in-form'al, adj. not in proper form :
irregular.—adv. Inform'aHy. —n. Informality.
I L. in, not, and FormaL]
Informant, in-form'ant, n. one who informs or
gives intelligence.
Information, in-for-ma'shun, w. intelligence given :
knowledge : an accusation given to a magistrate
or court.
Informer, in-form'er, n. one who informs against
another for the breaking of a law.
Infraction, in-frak'shun, ». violation, esp. of law.
[Fr.—L. in/ractio—in, in, and frango, fractus,
to break. See Fraction.]
Infrangible, in-fran'ji-bl, adj. that cannot be
broken : not to be violated. — rts. Infrangibll'ity,
Infran'glbleness. [Sec Infraction.}
Infrequent, in-fr£/kwent, adj. seldom occurring :
rare: uncommon. —adv. Infrequently. —n. In-
fre'quency. [L. in, not, and Frequent.]
Infringe, in-frinj', v.t. to violate, esp. law: to
neglect to obey. [Lit to ' break into, ' from L. in
fringe—in, andfrango,} [non-fulfilment
Infringement, in-frinj^nent, «. breach : violation :
Infuriate, in-m'ri-fit, v.t. to enrage: to madden.
[L. in, and furio, -alum, to madden—furo, to
rave.]
Infuse, in-fflz', v.t. to pour into', to inspire with :
to introduce : to steep in liquor without boiling,
[Fr.—L. in, into,fundo,fusum, to pour.]
Infusible, in-faVi-bl, adj. that cannot be dissolved
or melted. [L. in, not, and Fusible.]
Infusion, in-fu'zhun, ft. the pouring of water,
whether boiling or not, over any substance, in
order to extract its active qualities : a solution
in water of an organic, esp. a vegetable sub
stance : the liquor so obtained : inspiration : in-
stilling.
Infusoria, in-fQ-sO'ri-a, n.pL microscopic animal-
cula found in infusions of animal or vegetable
material exposed to the atmosphere. [L.]
Infusorial, in-fa-so'ri-al, Infusory, in-ffl'sor-i, adj.
composed of or containing infusoria.
Ingathering, in'gaM-er-ing, n. the collecting and
securing of the fruits of the earth : harvest.
[E. In and Gathering.]
Q fute, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Inhere
Ingenious, in-jf'ni-us, adj. of good natural abili
ties: skilful in inventing: shewing ingenuity:
witty.—adv. Inge'niously —«. Inge'niousness.
[ Fr.—L. ingeniosus— iiigeuium, mother-wit, from
in, and gen, root ofgigno, to beget.]
Ingenuity, in-jen-u'i-ti, n. power of ready inven
tion : facility in combining ideas : curiousness in
design. [Orig. meant 'ingenuousness;' L. in-
genuitas—iugenutis.]
Ingenuous, in-jen'u-us, adj. frank : honourable :
free from deception.—adv. Ingen'UOUSly.—«.
Ingen'uousness. [Lit. ' free-born, of good
birth ; ' L. ingenuus.]
Inglorious, in-glS'ri-us, adj. not glorious : without
honour: shameful, —adv. Inglo'rlously.—«. In-
glo'riousness. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Glorious.1
Ingot, ingot, «. a mass of unwrought metal, esp.
gold or silver, cast in a mould. [ Lit. ' something
poured in,' from A.S. in, in, and goten, pa.p. of
geotan, to pour ; cog. with Ger. giessen, Goth.
gjutan, and L. fu-n-do, fud-i, to pour. The
Ger. ein-guss is an exact parallel to ingot.]
Ingraft, in-graft', v.t. to graft or insert a shoot
of one tree into another : to introduce something
foreign : to fix deeply. [Fr.—L. in, into, and
Graft.]
Ingraftment, in-graft'ment, n.t ingrafting; the
thing ingrafted : a scion.
Ingrain, in-gran', v.t. {orig.) to dve in grain
(meaning with grain), that is, cochineal : hence,
to dye of a fast or lasting colour : to dye in the
raw state : to infix deeply. [L. in, into, and see
Grain.] [gratus.]
Ingrate, in'grat, ad/, unthankful. [Fr.—L. in-
Ingratlate, in-gra'sni-at, v.t. to commend to
grace or favour [used reflcxively, and followed
by with) : to secure the good-will of another,
[L. in, into, and gratia, favour. See Grace.]
Ingratitude, in-grat'i-tfld, n. unthankfulness : the
return of evil for good. [Fr.—L. not, and
Gratitude.]
Ingredient, in-gre'di-ent, n. that which enters
into a compound : a component part of any
thing. [Fr.—L. ingrediens, -cutis, pr.p. of in-
gredior—in, into, andgradior, to walk, to enter.
See Grade and Ingress.]
Ingress, in'gres, «., entrance: power, right, or
means of entrance. [L. ingressus—ingredior.]
Inguinal, ing'gwin-a], adj. relating to the groin.
[L. inguinalis—inguen, ingniuis, the groin.]
Ingulf, m-gulf, v.t. to swallow up wholly, as in a
gulf: to cast into a gulf: to overwhelm.—«.
Ingulfment. [E. In and Gulf.]
Ingurgitate, in-gur'ji-tat, v.t. to swallow up
greedily, as in a gulf. [L. ingurgito, -atum—
in, into, and gurges, a gulf, whirlpool.]
Inhabit, in-hab'it, v.t. to dwell in: to occupy.
[Fr.—L., from in, in, and habito, to have fre
quently, to dwell—habeo, to have. Cf. Habit.]
Inhabitable, in-hab'it-a-bl, adj. that may be in
habited. [Late L, inhabitabilis.]
Inhabitant, in-hablt-ant, Inhab'iter (/>'.), n. one
who inhabits : a resident. [L. inhabitant.]
Inhalation, in-ha-la'shun, n. the drawing into the
lungs, as air, or fumes.
Inhale, in-haT, v.t. to draw in the breath: to
draw into the lungs, as air.—n. Inhal'er. [L,
inhalo, to breathe upon—in, upon, and halo, to
breathe.]
Inharmonious, in-har-m5'ni-us, adj. discordant :
unmusical.—adv. Inhamo'nlousjy.— «. Inhar-
mo'nlousness. [Prefix in-, not, Harmonious.]
Inhere, in-her', v.i. to stick fast: to remain firm
in. [L. infurreo—in, and h&reo, to stick. ]
mote; mate; mSOn; Men. 267
 Inherence Innate
Inherence, in-heVens, Inherency, in-heVen-si, *. animal body with any liquid : a liquid to be in
a sticking fast : existence in something else : a jected into any pari of the body.
fixed state of being in another body or substance. Injudicial, in-joo-dish'al, adj. not according to
Inherent, in-heVent, adj., stickingfast: existing law-forms. [L. in, not, and Judicial.]
in and inseparable from something else : innate : Injudicious, in-joo-dish'us, adj. void of or want
natural.—<wp. Inherently. [L. iu/uertus.) ing in judgment : inconsiderate.—adv. Inju-
Inherit, in-her'it, v.t. to take as heir or by descent di ciously. -n. Injudi ciousness. [Fr,—L. in,
from an ancestor: to possess. —v.i. to enjoy, as not, and JUdiClOUS.]
property. [L. in, and Fr. he'riter—L. heredito, Injunction, in-jungk'shun, n. act of enjoining or
to inherit. See Heir.] commanding : an order : a precept : exhortation :
Inheritable. Same as Heritable. a writ of prohibition granted by a court of equity.
Inheritance, in-her'it-ans, «. that which is or may [L. injunctio—in, and jungo, junctum, to join.]
be inherited : an estate derived from an ancestor : Injure, in'joor. v.t. to act with injustice or con
hereditary descent : natural gift : possession. trary to law: to wrong : to damage : to annoy.
Inheritor, m-hcr'it-or, n. one who inherits or may [Fr. injuriei—L. injuriar—injuria, injury—in,
inherit : an heir. —/em. Inner 1tress, Inheritrix. not, andjus,juris, law.]
Inhesion, in-he'zhun. Same as Inherence. Injurious, in-jo"o'ri-ust adj. tending to injure :
Inhibit,
back: in-hib'it,
to check.v.t.[L.to inhibeo,
hold in or back : to keep
in, unjust : wrongful : mischievous: damaging repu
•hibitum—in, tation.—adv. Injuriously.—«. Inju'riousness.
and habeo, to have, to hold. Cf. Habit.] Injury, in'joor-i, «. that which injures: wrong;
Inhibition, in-hi-bish'un, n. the act of inhibiting mischief: annoyance: [Pr. Bk.) insult, offence.
or restraining: the state of being inhibited : pro Injustice, in-jus'tis, n. violation or withholding of
hibition : a writ from a higher court to an inferior another's rights or dues : wrong : iniquity. [Fr.
judge to stay proceedings. —L. injustitia, in, not, and Justice.]
Inhibitory, in-hib'it-or-i, adj. prohibitory. Ink, ingit, n. a coloured fluid used in writing,
Inhospitable, in-hos'pit-a-bl, ouij. affording no printing, &c.—v.t. to daub with ink. (0. Fr.
kindness to strangers. —adv. Inhos pitably.— enaue tFr. enere) — L. encaustum, the purple-
n. Inhos'pitableness, [Fr.—L. in, not, and rea ink used by the later Roman emperors—Or.
Hospitable.] Ltality or courtesy to strangers. eugkauston—engkaid, to burn in. See En
Inhospitality. in-hos-pi-tal'i-ti, «. want of hospi- caustic |
Inhuman, in-hu'man, adj. barbarous : cruel : un Inkholder, ingk'hcld-cr, Inkstand, ingk'stand,
feeling.—adv. Inhu'manly. [Fr. —L. in, not, «. a vessel for Itolding ink.
and Human.] Inkhorn, ingk'horn, n. \obs.) an m£holder, for
Inhumanity, in-hQ-manl-li, n. the state of being merly of hom: a portable case for ink, &c.
inhuman : barbarity : cruelty. Inking roller, ingk ing-roTert n. a roller covered
Inhumation, in-hu-ma'shun, n. the act ofinhuming with a composition for inking printing types.
or depositing in the ground : burial. Inking table, ingk'ing-tfi'bl, n. a tabic or flat sur
Inhume, in-hum', v.t. to inter. [Fr. —L. inkumo face used for supplying the inking-roller with
—in, in, and humits, the ground.] ink during the process of printing.
Inimical, in-im'i-kal, adj. like an enemy, not Inkling, ingk'ling, n. a hint or whisper : intima
friendly: contrary: repugnant.—adv. Inim'i- tion, [From the M. E. verb to inkle (for im-k-le,
cally. [L. iniuiicalis-—imtuicus—in, not, and cog. with Ice. ym-ta, to mutter, from ym-r, a
amicus, friendly—amo, to love.] humming sound), a freq. formed from an imi
Inimitable, in-inYit-a-bl, adj. that cannot be imi tative base -urn (Sw. hum, E. Hum .J
tated : surpassingly excellent.—adv. Inimit Inky, ingk'i, adj. consisting of or resembling ink :
ably. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Imitable.] blackened with ink.—n. Ink iness.
Iniquitous, in-ik'wi-tus, adj. unjust : unreasonable : Inlaid, in-lad', pa.p. of Inlay.
wicked —Wz'. Inlq'uitously Inland, in'land, n. the interior part of a country.
Iniquity, in-ik'wi-ti, n. want of equity or fairness : - adj. remote from the sea : carried on or pro
injustice: wickedness: a crime. [Fr. —L. ini- duced within a country : confined to a country.
quitas—iniquus, unequal—in, not, and organs, [A.S inland, a domain—in, and land.]
equal or fair.] Inlander, in'land-er, n. one who lives inland.
Initial, in-ish'al, adj. commencing : placed at the Inlay, in-la'( v.t. to ornament by laying in or
beginning. —«. the letter beginning a word, csp. inserting pieces of metal, ivory, &c. \—pa.p. In
a name.—v.t. to put the initials of one's name to. laid'. —n. pieces of metal, ivory, &c for inlaying.
[L. initialis—initium, a beginning, into, initus —mi. inlay ing. Inlay or. [E. In and Lay.]
—in, into, eo, Hum, to go.] Inlet, in'let, n. a passage by which one is let in :
Initiate, in-ish'i-iit, v.t. to make a beginning: to place of ingress : a small bay. [E. In and Let. ]
instruct in principles : to acquaint with : to wtro- Inly, in'li, adj., inward : secret.—adv., inwardly :
duce into a new state or society.—v.i. to perform in the heart. [A.S. inlie—in, and lie, like.]
the first act or rite. —n. one who is initiated.— Inmate, in'mSt, u. one who lodges in the same
adj. fresh : unpractised. [See Initial] house with another : a lodgei : one received
Initiation, in-ish-i-a'shun, n. act or^process of ini into a hospital, &c. (In and Mate.J
tiating or acquainting one with principles before Inmost. Sec Innermost.
unknown : act of admitting to any society, by Inn, in, n. a house for the lodging and entertain
instructing in its rules and ceremonies. ment of travellers: a hotel: (/?.) a lodging. —
Initiative, m-ish'i-a-tiv, odj. serving to initiate : Inns of Court, four societies in London for
introductory.—n. an introductory step. students-at-law, qualifying them to be called
Initiatory, in-ish'i-a-tor-i, adj. tending to initiate: to the bar. [A.S. in, inn, an inn, house—in,
introductory.—«. introductory rite. inn, within, from the prep, in, in; Ice. inni, a
Inject, in-jekt', v.t. to throw into: to cast on. house, inni, within.]
[L. injicio, injectum—in, into, jacio, to throw.] Innate, in'at or in-nat', adj., inborn: natural :
Injection, in-jek'shun, n. act of injecting or throw inherent.—«. Inn'ateness.—miv. Innately. [L.
ing in or into : the act of filling the vessels of an innatus—innaseor—in, in, nascor, to be born.]
268 (Aim, far; me, her; mine; mote ; mute; moon; then.
 Innavigable Inscrutable
Innavigable, in-nav'i-ga-bl, adj. impassable by time.—adv. Inopportunely. [Fr.—L. in, not,
ships.—adv. Innavigably. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Opportune.]
and Navigable.] (terior. [A.S.] Inordinate, in-oi^di-nat, adj. beyond usual bounds :
Inner, in'cr, tuij. {comp. of In), further in : in- irregular: immoderate.—adv. Inordinately. —
InnermoBt, iner-mOst, Inmost, in'm&st, adj. n. Inor dlnateness. [L. in, not, and Ordinate. ]
(superl. of Inj, furthest in: most remote from Inordination, in-or-di-nii/shun, n, deviation from
the outward part. [A.S. innemest ; for the ter rule : irregularity.
mination -most, see Aftermost, Foremost.] Inorganic, m-or-gan'ik, adj. without life or organ
Innerve, in-erv', v.t. to supply with force or isation, as minerals, &c.—adv. Inorganically.
nervous energy.—n. Innervation, special mode [Fr.—L. in, not, and Organic] [ganic.
of activity inherent in the nervous structure : Inorganlsed, in-or'gan-izd, adj. Same as Inor-
nervous activity. [Fr.—L. in, in, and Nerve.] Inosculate, in-os'ku-lat, v.t. and v.i. to unite by
Inning, in'ing, n. the /'//gathering of grain : turn mouths or ducts, as two vessels in an animal
for ubing the bat in encket (in this sense used body: to blend.—n. Inosculation. [L. in,
only in the pi.) :—//. lands recovered from the and oscnlor, -atum, to kiss.]
sea. [A verbal noun from old verb to inn, i.e. to Inquest, in'kwest, n. act of inquiring : search :
house corn, which is from noun Inn.] judicial inquiry : a jury for inquiring into any
Innkeeper, inlccp-er, n. one who keeps an inn. matter, esp. any case of violent or sudden
Innocence, in'o-sens, Innocency, in'o-sen-si, ». death. [O. Fr. enquesU; see Inquire. Doub
harmlessncss : blamelessncss : purity : integrity. let Inquiry.]
Innocent, in'o-sent, adj. not hurtful: inoffen Inquietude, in-kwl'et-iidj «. disturbance or un
sive : blameless : pure : lawful.—n. one free easiness of body or mind. IFr.—L. in, not,
from harm or fault.—adv. Inn ocently. [Fr.— and Quietude.]
L. inuocens, -entis—in, not, and noceo, to hurt. Inquire, in-kwlr', vd. to ask a question : to make
Cf. Noxious.] an investigation.—vd. to ask about : to make an
Innocuous, in-nok'Q-us, adj. not hurtful: harm examination regarding.—n. Inqulr'er. [L. in
less in effects.—adv. Innoc'uously.—«. Innoc'- quire—in, and quarro, quasitum, to seek.]
uousness. [L. iunocuus.} Inquiring, in-kwTr'ing, adj. given to inquiry.—
Innovate, ino-vat, v.t. to introduce something adv. Inquir'ingly.
nnv.—v.i. to introduce novelties : to make Inquiry, in-kwl'n, *. act of inquiring : search for
changes.—m. Innovator, Innova'tion. [L. knowledge : investigation : a question. [Doub
iimovo, -novatum—-in, and novus, new.] let Inquest.]
Innoxious. Same as Innocuous —adv. Innox'- Inquisition, in-kwi-zish'un, n. an inquiring or
lously. [L. in, not, and Noxious.] searching for: investigation: judicial inquiry:
Innuendo, in-ii-en'do, n. a side-hint : an indirect a tribunal in some Catholic countries for examin
reference or intimation. [Lit. a suggestion con ing and punishing heretics. [Fr.—L. inquisitio ;
veyed by a nod; L. ; it is the gerund ablative see Inquire.]
of ittrtne—in, and nuo, to nod.) Inquisitional, in-kwi-zish'un-al, adj. making in
Innumerable, in-nu'mer-a-bl, adj. that cannot be quiry : relating to the Inquisition.
numbered : countless,—adv. Innumerably. — Inquisitive, in-kwiz'i-tiv, adj., searching into :
n. Innu'merableness. [Fr.—L. in, not, and apt to ask questions : curious. —adv. Inquis'l-
Numerable.] tively.—«. Inquls'ltlveness.
Innutrition, in-nu-trish'un, n. want of nutrition : Inquisitor, in-kwiz'i-tur, n. one who inquires: an
failure of nourishment. official inquirer : a member of the Court of In
Innutritious, in-nu-trish'us, adj. not nutritious : quisition.—adj. Inquisito'rial. -adv. Inquisl-
without nourishment. [L. in, not. Nutritious.] to'rially. [L.]
Inobservant, in-ob-zerv'aiit, adj. not observant : Inroad, in'rOd, «. a riding into an enemy's coun
heedless [L. in, not, and Observant.] try : a sudden or desultory invasion : attack :
Inobtruslve, in-ob-trOo'siv, adj. not obtrusive.— encroachment. [£. In, into, and Road.]
adv. Inobtru slvely. —«. Inobtru sivoness. [L. Insalivatlon, in-sal-i-va'shun, «. the process of
in, not, and Obtrusive.] mixing the food with the saliva.
Inoculate, in-ok'Q-lat, v.t. to insert an eye or Insalubrious, in-sa-lOO'bri-us, adj. not healthful :
bud: to ingraft : to communicate disease by in unwholesome.—n. Insalubrity. [L. in, not,
serting matter in the skin.—v.i. to propagate by and Salubrious.]
budding : to into,
practise
•aturn—in, andinoculation.
ocuins, an [L.eye.inocuio,
See Insane, in-san', adj. not sane or of sound mind:
mud : pertaining to insane persons : utterly un
Ocular] wise.—^?'. Insanely. [L. in, not. and Sane.]
Inoculation, in-ok-fl-Ia'shun, n. act or practice of Insanity, in-san'i-ti, n. want of sanity : state of
inoculating : insertion of the buds of one plant being insarfe : madness.
into another: the communicating of disease by Insatiable, in-sa'shi-a-bl, Insatiate, in-sa'shi-at,
inserting matter in the skin. adj. that cannot be satiated or satisfied. —adv.
Inodorous, in-fl dur-us, atij. without smell. [L. Insa tiably.—nr. Insa'tiableness, Insatiabil
in, not, and Odorous.) ity. [Fr.—L. in, not, Satiable, Satiate.]
Inoffensive, in-of-fen'siv, adj. giving no offence : Inscribe, in-skrlb', v.t. \o write upon: to engrave,
harmless.—adv. Inoffen'slvely. —*, Inofl'on - as on a monument : to address : to imprint
siveness. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Offensive.] deeply: [geotn.) to draw one figure within
Inofficial, in-of-fish'al, adj. not proceeding from another.—«. Inscrlb'er. [L. inscribo, inscrip-
the proper officer : without the usual forms of tus—in, upon, and scribo, to write.)
authority.—adv. Inoffic ially. [Fr.— L. in, not, Inscription, in-skrip'shun, n. a writing upon :
and Official. ] that which is inscribed : title : dedication of a
Inoperative, in-op'er-a-tiv, adj. not in action : book to a person. [See Inscribe.]
producing no effect. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Inscriptive, in-skrip'tiv, adj. bearing an inscrip
Operative.] tion : of the character of an inscription.
Inopportune, in-op-por-tCin', adj. unseasonable in Inscrutable, in-skrOOt'a-bl, adj. that cannot be
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; raOte : mute : mOOn : then.
 Insect Inspirit
scrutinised or searched into and understood : favour.—v.t. to creep or flow in : to enter gently :
inexplicable.—adv. Inscrut'ably.—ns. Inscmt- to obtain access by flattery or stealth.—«. Ill-
ability, Inscrut'ableness. [Kr.—L. insemta- sin'uator. [L. insinuo, -atum—in, and sinus,
bilis—in, not, and scrutar, to search into.] a curve, bosom.]
Insect, in'sekt, n. a small animal, as a wasp or Insinuating, in-sin'a-at-ing, adj. tending to in
fly, with a body as if cut in the middle, or sinuate or enter gently : insensibly winning con
divided into sections : anything small or con fidence.—adv. Insinuatingly.
temptible.—adj. like an insect : small : mean. Insinuation, in-sin-fi-a'shun, n. act of insinuating :
[Fr.—L. insectumt pa. p. of inseco—in, into, and power of insinuating : that which is insinuated :
seco, to cut.] [insect. a hint, esp. conveying an indirect imputation.
Insectile, in-sck'til, adj. having the nature of an Inslnuative, in-sin u-a-tiv, adj., insinuating or
Inaectlon, in-sek'shun, n. a cutting in : incision. stealing on the confidence : using insinuations.
Insectivorous, in-sek-tiv'or-us, adj., devouring ox Insipid, in-sip'id, adj., tasteless: wanting spirit
living on insects. [L. insectum, and voro, to or animation : dull.—adv. Insip'idly.—ns. Izi-
devour.] sip idness. Insipidity, want of taste. [Fr.—
Insecure, in-se-kuV, adj. apprehensive of danger L. insipidus—in, not, sapidus, well-tasted—
or loss : exposed to danger or loss. —adv. Inse sapio, to taste.]
curely.—n. Insecurity. [L. in, not, and Insist, in-sist', v.t. to dwell on in discourse : to
Secure.] persist in pressing.—«. Insistence. [Fr.—L.
Insensate, in-sen'sat, adj. void of sense : want- , in, upon, sisto, to stand.]
ing sensibility : stupid. [ L. insensatus—in, Insnare, in-snaV, v.t. to catch in a snare: to
not, and sensatus, from sensus, feeling.] entrap : to take by deceit : to entangle. [E.
Insensible, in-sen'si-bl, adj. not having feeling : In and Snare. )
callous : dull : imperceptible by the senses.— Insobriety, in-so-brfe-ti, n. want of sobriety : in
adv. Insen'slbly.—«. Insensibility. [Fr.—L. temperance. [Prefix in-, not, and Sobriety.]
in, not, and Sensible.] Insolate, in'so-Iat, v.t. to expose to the sun's rays.
Insentient, in-sen'shi-ent, adj. not having per —n. Insola tion. [L. in, in, and sot, the sun.]
ception. [L. in, not, and Sentient.) Insolent, in'so-lent, adj. haughty and contemptu
I&Beparable, in-sep'ar-a-bl, adj. that cannot be ous : insulting : rude.—adv. In Solently.—«.
separated.—ativ. Inseparably.—ns. Insep'ar- Insolence. [Lit. 'unusual,' Fr.—L. insoiens—
ableness. InBeparability. [Kr.—L. in, not, in, not, solens, pr.p. of soleo, to be accustomed-]
and Separable.] Insolidlty, in-so-hd'i-ti, «. want of solidity : weak
Insert, in-scrr*, v.t. to introduce into : to put in ness. [Prefix in-, not, and Solidity. J
or among. [L. in, and sero, sertum, to join.] Insoluble, in-sol'u-bl, adj. not capable of being
Insertion, in-ser'shun, n. act of inserting : con dissolved : not to be solved or explained.— ns.
dition of being inserted : that which is inserted. Insolubil'ity, Insol'ubleness. [Fr.—L. in, not,
Insessorial, in-ses-sO'ri-al, adj. having feet (as and Soluble.]
birds) formed for perching or climbing on trees. Insolvable, in-solv'a-bl, adj. not solvable : not to
[L. insessor, from insideo, insessum—in, on, and be explained. [L. in, not, and Solvable.]
sedeo, to sit.J Insolvent, in-solv'ent, adj. not able to pay one's
Inseverable, in-seVer-a-hl, adj. that cannot be debts : pertaining to insolvent persons.—n. one
severed or separated. [L. in, not, and Sever who is unable to pay his debts,—«. Insolv'ency.
able.] [sheath. [E. In and Sheathe ] [L. in, not, and Solvent.]
Instaeathe, in-shfiM', v.t. to put or hide in a Insomnia, in-som'ni-a, tu sleeplessness.—adj. In-
Inshore, in-shor1, adv., on or near the shore. [E. Som'nlOUS. [L. insomnis, sleepless.]
In and Shore.] Insomuch, in-so-much', adv. to such a degree :
Inshrine, in-shrln'. Same as Enshrine. so. [In, So, Much.]
Inslccatlon, in-sik-ka'shun, u. act of drying in. Inspan, in-span', v.t. to yoke draught-oxen or
[L. in, in, and sicco, sicca turn, to dry.} horses to a vehicle. [E. In, and Span, a yoke
Inside, in'sTd, n. the side or part within. —adj. Inspect, of oxen.J
being within: interior.—adv. or prep, within the in-spekt', v.t. to look into: to examine :
sides of: in the interior of. [E. In and Side.] to look at narrowly : to superintend. _ [L. in-
Insidious, in-sid'i-us, a*ij. watching an oppor specto, freq. of inspicio, inspectum—in, into, and
tunity to insnare : intended to entrap : treach specio, to look or see.]
erous.—adv. Insidiously.—^. Insid iousness. Inspection, in-spek'shun, n. the act of inspecting
[Lit. ' sitting in wait,' from Fr. — L. insidiosus— or looking into : careful or official examination.
insidite, an ambush—insideo—in, sedeo, to sit.] Inspector, in-spekt'ur, n. one who looks into or
Insight, in'slt, «., sight into : view of the interior : oversees: an examining officer: asupcrintendent.
thorough knowledge or skill : power of acute —n. Inspect orship, the office of an inspector.
observation. [E. In and Sight.) Inspirable, in-splr'a-bl, adj. able to be inhaled.
Insignia, in-sig'ni-a, n.pl.. signs or badges of office Inspiration, in-spi-ri'shun, «. the act of inspiring
or honour : marks by which anything is known. or breathing into : a breath : the divine influence
[L., pi. of insigne, from in, and signurn, a mark.] by which the sacred writers were instructed :
Insignificant, m-sig-nifi-kant, adj. destitute of superior elevating or exciting influence.
meaning : without effect : unimportant : petty. Inspiratory, in-splr'a-tor-i or in'spir-a-tor-i, adj.
—adv. Insignificantly, —ns. Insignificance, belonging to or aiding inspiration or inhalation.
Insignificancy. [L. in, not, and Significant. J Inspire, in-spTr/, v.t- to breathe into: to draw or
Inslgnificatlve, in-sig-nif'i-ka-tiv, adj. not sig inhale into the lungs : to infuse by breathing, or
nificative or expressing by external signs. as if by breathing : to infuse into the mind : to
Insincere, in-sin-seV, adj. deceitful : dissembling : instruct by divine influence : to instruct or affect
not to be trusted : unsound.—adv. Insincere ly. with a superior influence.—v. i. to draw in the
—n. Insincerity. [Fr.—L. in, not, Sincere.] breath.—n. Insplr er. [Fr.—L. inspiro—in,
Insinuate, in-sin'Q-at, v.t. to introduce gently or into, and spiro, to breathe.]
artfully : to hint, esp. a fault : to work into Inspirit, in-spir'it, v.t. to infuse spirit into : to give
fate, far ; me", her ; mine ; mOtc ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Inspissate
new life to : to invigorate : to encourage. [In
and Spirit.]
Inspissate, in-spis'at, v.t. to thicken by the evap
oration of moisture, as the juices of plants.—n.
Inspissa'tlon. [L. inspissot -atutn—in, and
spisstts, thick.]
Instability, in-sta-bill-ti, n. want of stability or
steadiness : want offirmness : inconstancy : fickle
ness : mutability. (.Fr.—L. int not, and Sta
bility.)
Install, Instal. in-stawl', v.t. to place in a stall ox
seat : to place in an office or order : to invest
with any charge or office with the customary
ceremonies. [Fr.—Low L.—L. in, in, and Low
L. stallum, a stall or seat—O. Ger. stal (Ger.
stall, E. Stall).]
Installation, in-stal-a'shun, n. the act of install
ing or placing in an office with ceremonies.
Instalment, in-stawl'ment, n. the act of installing :
one of the parts of a sum paid at various times :
that which is produced at stated periods.
Instance, in'stans, «. quality of being instant or
urgent : solicitation : occurrence : occasion : ex
ample.—v.t. to mention as an example or case
in point. [Fr.—L. instantia—instant.]
Instant, in'stant, adj. pressing, urgent: imme
diate : quick : without delay : present, current,
as the passing month.—«. the present moment
of time: any moment or point of time.—adv.
In'stantly, on the instant or moment : immedi
ately:
•antis, (/?.)
prp.importunately, zealously, [h.instans,
of insto, to stand upon—in, upon,
sto, to stand.]
Instantaneous, in-stan-tan'e-us, adj. done in an
instant : momentary : occurring or acting at
once : very quickly.—adv, Instantan'eously.
Instanter, in-stan'ter, adv. immediately. (L.
See Instant.] [install. [In and State.]
Instate, in-stat', v.t. to put in possession : to
Instead, in-sted', adv., in the stead, place, or room
of. [M. E. in stede—A.S. on stede, in the place.
See Stead]
Instep, in'step, n. the prominent upper part of the
human foot near its junction with the leg: in
horses, the hindleg from the ham to the pastern
joint. [Prob. from In and Stoop, as if sig. the
*in-bend' (Skeat).]
Instigate, in'sti-gat, v.t. to urge on: to set on:
to incite. [L. instigo—in, and root stig, Gr.
stixd, Sans, tij, to prick. See Stigma and Sting.]
Instigation, in-sti-ga'shun, n. the act of instigating
or inciting : impulse, esp. to evil.
Instigator, in'sti-gat-ur, n. an inciter to ill.
Instil, in-stil', v.t. to drop into: to infuse slowly
into the mind :—Pr.f. insiill'ing; Pa.p. instilled
[Fr.—L. instillo—in, and stillo, to drop. See
Distil.]
Instillation, in-stil-5'shun, Instilment, in-stil'-
ment, «. the act of instilling or pouring in by
drops : the act of infusing slowly into the mind :
that which is instilled or infused.
Instinct, in'stingkt, n. impulse : an involuntary or
unreasoning prompting to action : the natural
impulse by which animals arc guided appar
ently independent of reason or experience. [L.
ittstinclus, from instinguo, to instigate—in, and
stingito—stig. ] [moved: animated.
Instinct, in-stingkt', adj., instigated or incited :
Instinctive, in-stingkt'tv, adj. prompted by in
stinct : involuntary : acting according to or
determined by natural impulse.—adv. Instinct'-
ively.
Institute, in'sti-ttlt, v.t. to set up in: to erect:
to originate : to establish : to appoint : to com-
fate, far; mC, her; mine;
Insnlt
mencc : to educate.—n. anything instituted or
formally^ established : established law : precept
or principle : a book of precepts or principles :
an institution : a literary and philosophical
society. [Lit. to 'cause' to 'stand up,' L. instituo
—i'k, and statuo,to cause to stand—sto, to stand.]
Institution, in-sti-tu'shun7 n. the act of instituting
or establishing : that which is instituted or estab
lished : foundation: established order: enact
ment ; a society established for some object :
that which institutes or instructs : a system of
principles or rules.
Institutional, in-sti-ta'shun-al, Institutionary,
in-sti-tQ'shun-ar-i, adj. belonging to an institu
tion : instituted by authority : elementary.
Institutist, in'sti-tut-ist, n. a writer of institutes
or elementary rules.
Institutive, in sti-tflt-iv, adj. able or tending to in
stitute or establish : depending on an institution.
Instruct, in-strukt', v.t. to prepare: to inform:
to teach : to order or command.—n. Instruct'or :
—fern. Instruct'ress. [Lit. to ' put in order,'
L. inslruo, instrueturn—in, and struo, to pile
up, to set in order.] [structed.
Instructlble, in-strukt'i-bl, adj. able to be in-
Instruction, in-struk'shun, n. the act of instruct
ing or teaching : information : command.
Instructive, in-strukt'iv, adj. containing instruc
tion or information : conveying knowledge.—
—adv. Instructively. — n. Instruct'iveness.
Instrument, in'stroo-ment, n. a tool or utensil :
a machine producing musical sounds : a writing
containing a contract : one who or that which
is made a means. [Lit. ' that which instructs'
or 'builds up,' Fr.—L. instrumentum—instruo.
See Instruct.]
Instrumental, in-stroo-menr/al, adj. acting as an
instrument or means : serving to promote an
object : helpful : belonging to or produced by
musical instruments.—adv. Instrument'ally.—-
n. Instrumental'lty, agency.
Instrumentalist, in-stroo-ment'al-ist, n. one who
plays on a musical instrument.
Instrumentation, in-stroo-men-tashun, n. (music)
the arrangement of a composition for perform
ance by different instruments : the playing upon
musical instruments.
Insubjeotlon, in-sub-jek'shun, «. want of subjec
tion or obedience. [Prefix in-, not, and Subjec
tion.]
Insubordinate, in-sub-or'din-at, adj. not subordin
ate or submissive : disobedient.—«. Insubordin
ation. [In, not, and Subordinate.]
Insufferable, in-sufer-a-bl, adj. that cannot be
suffered or endured : unbearable : detestable.—
adv. Insufferably. [In, not, and 8ufferable]
Insufficient, in-suf-nsh'ent, adj. not sufficient: de
ficient : unfit: incapable. —adv. Insufficiently.
—n. Insuffi ciency. [In. not, and Sufficient.)
Insular, in'su-Iar, adj. belonging to an island:
surrounded by water.—adv. In'SUlarly. —n.
Insular ity, the state of being insular. [Fr.—
L. insutaris—insula, an island. See Isle.]
Insulate, in'sd-lat, v.t. to place in a detached
situation: to prevent connection or communica
tion : 'electricity) to separate by a non-conductor.
—n. Insula tion. [Lit. to make an island of ;
from L. insula.]
Insulator, in'sfi-Iat-ur, n. one who or that which
insulates : a non-conductor of electricity.
Insult, in-sult'. v.t. to treat with indignity or con
tempt : to abuse : to affront.—In sult, «. abuse :
affront: contumely. [Fr. — L. insulto—insilio,
to spring at—in, upon, and salio, to leap.]
mote; mute; moon ; Ate& 261
 Insultingly Intent
Insultingly, in-sult'ing-li, adv. in an insulting or | Integrate, in'te-grSt, v.t. to make up as a whoh :
indolent manner. to make entire : to renew.—«. IntegVa'tlon. [L.
Insuperable, in-sfi'per-a-bl, adj. that cannot be I integro, integratum—integer. See Integer.]
passed mtcr; insurmountable: unconquerable. — Integrity, in-teg'ri-ti, tt. {lit.) entireness, whole
adv. Insuperably.—«. Insuperability. [Fr. ness : the unimpaired stale of anything : upright
— L. insuperabilis—in, not, superabilis—supero, ness : honesty: purity. (Sec Integer.]
to pass over —super, above.) Integument, in-teg'u-ment, u. the external pro
Insupportable, in-sup-pori'a-bl, adj. not support tective covering of a plant or animal.—adj.
able or able to be supported or endured : un Integument'ary. [ L. integumcntum—iutego
bearable: insufferable.—adv. Insupport'ably.— —in, upon, tego, to cover,]
n. Insupport'ableness. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Intelleot, in'tcMckt, «. the mind, in reference to
Supportable.] ils rational powers : the thinking principle. [Fr.
Insuppressible, in-sup-pres'i-bl, adj not to be —L. intellectus—intelligo, to choose between—
suppressed or concealed. [L. in, not, and Sup- inter, txitwecn, lego, to choose.]
presslble.] Intellection, in-teUek shun, n. the act of under
Insurable, in-shooVa-bl, adj. that may be insured. standing: {p/iil.) apprehension or percep
Insurance, in-sho~oVaiis, «. the act of insuring, or tion.
a contract by which one parly undertakes for a Intellective, in-tcl-lekt'iv, adj. able to under
payment or premium to guarantee anotheragainst stand: produced or perceived by the under
risk or loss : the premium so paid. standing.
Insure, in-shOoV, v.t. to make sure or secure : to Intellectual, in tel-lekt'u-al, adj. of or relating to
contract for a premium to make Rood a loss, as the intellect or mind : perceived or performed
from fire, &c. or to pay a certain sum on a certain by the intellect : having the power of under
event, as death.—z>.i. to practise making insur- : standing, -adv. Intellect ually.
ance. (Fr.—L. in, intensive, and Sure.] Intellectuallsm, in-tel-lekt'ii-al-ism, n. system of
Insurer, in-shCfoVer, «. one who insures. doctrines concerning the intellect : the culture
Insurgency, in-sur'jen-si, tt. a rising1 up or of the intellect.
against : insurrection : rebellion. Intellectuallst. in-tel-lekt'u-al-ist, tt. one who
Insurgent, in-sur'jent, adj. , rising up or against : overrates the human intellect.
rising in opposition to authority : rebellious.—n. Intelligence, in-teH-jens, «., intellectual skill or
one
ity : who rises in[L,.opposition to established authorto knowledge : information communicated : news :
a rebel. insurgens, •entis—insurgo, a spiritual being.
rise upon—in, upon, and surgo, to rise.] Intelligent, in-tel'i-jent, adj. having intellect ;
Insurmountable, in-sur-mownt'a-bl, adj. not sur endowed with the faculty of reason : well-
mountable : that cannot be overcome.—adv. In- informed-—adv. Intelligently. [L. intelligens,
surmount'ably. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Sur -entis, pr.p. of intelligo.}
mountable. ] Intelligential, in-tel-i-jen'shal, adj. pertaining to
Insurrection, in-sur-rek'shun, ft. a rising up or the intelligence : consisting of spiritual being.
against : open and active opposition to the exe Intelligible, in-tel'i-ji-bl, adj. that may be under
cution of the law : a rebellion. —adjs. Insurrec'- stood: clear.—adv. Intelligibly.—tts. InteU'l-
tional, Insurrectionary. [L, insurrectio—in gibleness. Intelligibility.
surgo. See Insurgent.) Intemperance, in-tem'per-ans, «. want of due
Insurrectionist, in-sur-rek'shun-ist, n. one who restraint : excess of any kind : habitual indul
favours or takes part in an insurrection. gence in intoxicating liquor. [Fr. —L. in, not,
Insusceptible, in-sus-sep'ti-bl, adj. not suscep- 1 and Temperance.]
tible : not capable of feeling or of being affected. Intemperate. in-terrrpcr-St, adj. indulging to ex
—«. Insusceptibility. [L. in, not, and Sus cess any appetite or passion : given to an im
ceptible.) moderate use of intoxicating liquors : passionate :
Intact, in-takt', adj., untouched: uninjured. [L. i exceeding the usual degree.—adv. Intem'per-
intactus—in, not, tango, tactus, to touch. Sec ately.—«. Intem'pGrateness
Tangent and Tact.) Intend, in-tend', v.t. to fix the mind upon : to
Intactible in-taWt'i-bl, adj. = Intangible. design : to purpose.—v.i. to have a design : to
Int.igliated, in-tal'yat-ed, adj. formed in intaglio: purpose. [Orig. ' to stretch ' out or forth, M. E.
engraved. attend—Fr. entendre—h. intendo, intentum
Intaglio, in-tal'yO, n. a figure cut into any sub and intensum—in, towards, trrtdo, to stretch.)
stance : a stone or gem in which the design is Intendant. in-tend'ant, tt. an officer who superin
hollowed out, the opposite of a cameo. [It.— tends.—n. Intend'ancy, his office.
intagliare—in, into, tagliare, to cut—Low L. Intended, in-tend'ed, adj. purposed : betrothed.
taleo, to cut twigs—L. talea, a rod, twig. See —n. an affianced lover.
Tally and Detail.] Intense, in-tens', adj. closely strained : extreme
Intangible, in-tan'ji-bl, adj. not tangible or per in degree: verv severe.—adv. Intensely, —us.
ceptible to touch.—ns. Intan'gibloness. Intan Intenso'nesa, Intensity. [See Intend. ]
gibility - > /-. Intan'glbly. [See Intact.] Intensify, in-tens'i-fT, 7'. t. to make more intense.
Integer, m'te-jcr, tt. that which is left untouched —v.t. to become intense : pa.p intens'ified.
or undiminished, a whole : [arith.) a whole Intension, in-tcn'shun, «. a straining or bending :
number. [L. —in, not, and tag, root of tango, increase of intensity : {logic} the sum of the
to touch. Doublet Entire.] qualities implied by a general name.
Integral, in'te-gral, adj., entire or whole: not - Intensive, in-tens'iv, adj., stretched: admitting
fractional. —n. a whole : the whole as made up of increase of degree : unremitted : serving to
of its parts —adv. Integrally.—n. Integral intensify : (gram.) giving force or emphasis. —
calculus, a l>ranch of the higher mathematics. ad7>. Intensively.—« Intenslveness.
Integrant, in'te-grant, adj. making part of a Intent, in-tent', adj. having the mind intense or
whole: necessary to form an integer or an entire bent on : fixed with close attention : diligently
thing. [L. integrans, -antis, pr.p. of integro.] applied.—n. the thing aimed at or intended : a
fate, Hir ; mi, her: mine; mule; mute; moon; then.
 Intention Interject
design : meaning.—adv. Intently. —n. Intent'- 1 Intercommunion, in-ter-kom-un'yun, «., conf
ness. [See Intend.] munion between or mutual communion.
Intention, in-ten'shun, n. {lit.) a stretching of the Intercommunity, in-ter-kom-un'i-ti, n. mutual
mind towards any object : fixed direction of communication : reciprocal intercourse.
mind : the object aimed at : design : purpose. Intercostal, in-ter-kost'al, adj. [anat.) lying be
Intentional, in-ten'shun-al, IMentioned, in-ten'- tween the ribs. [Fr.—L. inter, between, and
shund, adj., with intention', intended : designed. Costal.}
—Well (or 111) Intentloned, having good (or Intercourse, in'ter-kOrs, n. connection by deal
ill) designs.—adv. Inten tionally. ings: communication: commerce: communion.
Inter, in-ier'f v.t. to bury :—/r./. interring ; Pa. 6. [Fr.—L. inter, between, and Course.]
interred'. [Fr. enterrer—Low L. interro—L. Intercurrent, in-ter-kur'ent, adj., naming be
in, into, terra, the earth.] tween : intervening.—n. Intercurr ence. [L.
Interaction, in-ter-ak'shun, »., action between inter, between, and Current.]
bodies, mutual action. [L. inter, between, and Interdependence, in-ter-dc-pend'ens, «. mutual
Action.] dependence : dependence of parts one on another.
Intercalary, In-terTcal-ar-i, Intercalar, in-ter'- [L. inter, between, and Dependence.]
kal-ar, adj. inserted between others. Interdict, in-ter-dikt\ v.t. to prohibit : to forbid :
Intercalate, in-terTcal-at, v.t. to insert between, to forbid communion.—n. Interdiction. [L.
as a day in a calendar.—n. Intercala tion. [L. interdico, -dictum—inter, between, and dico, to
intercalo, -atum—inter, between, calo, to call. say, pronounce.]
Sec Calends.] Interdict, in'ter-dikt, n* prohibition : a prohibi
Intercede, in-ter-se"d', v.t. to act as peacemaker tory decree : a prohibition of the Pope restrain
between two : to plead for one.—«. Interced'er. ing the clergy from performing divine service.
[Fr. —L. intercede, -cesium—inter, between, Interdictive, m-ter-dikt'iv, Interdictory, in-ter-
cedo, to go. See Cede. J dikt'or-i, adj. containing interdiction: prohibi
Intercedent, in-ter-sed'ent, adj. going between : tory.
pleading for.—adv. Interced ently Interest, in'ter-est, n. advantage : premium paid
Interoellular, in-tcr-sel'O-lar, adj. lying between for the use of money in Compound Interest,
cells. [L. inter, between, and Cellular.] the interest of each period is added to its prin
Intercept, in-ter-sept', v.t. to stop and seize on its cipal, and the amount forms a new principal for
passage : to obstruct, check : to interrupt com the next period] : any increase : concern : special
munication with : to cut off: (math.) to take or attention : influence over others : share : par
comprehend between.—ns. Interceptor, Inter ticipation. [O. Fr. interest (Fr. intcrit)—L.
cept or. Intercep'tion.—adj. Intercept'ive. interest, it is profitable, it concerns—inter,
[Fr.—L. intercipw, -ceptum— inter, between, between, and esse, to be. See Essence.]
capio, to seize] [or pleading for another. Interest, in'ter-est, v.t. to engage the attention :
Intercession, in-ter-sesh'un, «. act of interceding to awaken concern in : to excite (in behalf of
Intercessions!, in-ter-sesh'un-al, adj. containing another). [Fromobs. intercss—O. Fr. iuteresser,
intercession or pleading for others. to concern—L. interest**]
Intercessor, in-ter-ses'ur, «. one who goes be Interested, in'ter-est-ed, adj. having an interest
tween: one who reconciles two enemies: one or concern : liable to be affected.—adv. In'ter-
who pleads for another : a bishop who acts dur estedly.
ing a vacancy in a see.—adj. Intercesso rial Interesting, in'ter-est-ing, adj. engaging the
Intercessory, in-tcr-ses'or-i, adj. interceding. attention or regard : exciting emotion or passion.
Interchange, in-ter-chanj', v.t. to give and take —adv. In terestingly.
mutually : to exchange : to succeed alternately. Interfere, in-ter-feV, v.i. to come in collision : to
ft. mutual exchange : alternate succession. intermeddle : to interpose : to act reciprocally-
[Fr.—L. inter, between, and Change.] said of waves, rays of light, &c. —ns. Inter-
Interchangeable, in-ter-chanj'a-bl, adj. that may fer'er, Interference. [Lit. 'to strike between,'
be interchanged : following each other in alter through O. Fr., from L. inter, between, and
nate succession, —adv. Interchange'ably. —ns. ferio, to strike.]
Interchange ableness, Intorchangoabil ity. Interfluent, in-ter'floo-cnt, Interfluous, inter*-
Interciplent. in-ier-sip'i-cnt, adj., intercepting.— floo-us, adj., jlowing between. [L. interfluens,
«. the person or thing that intercepts. [L. inter- —inter, between, andJluo, to flow.]
cipiens, -entis, pr.p. of intercipw.] Interfollaoeous, in-ter-fo-li-ashus, adf. placed
Interclude, in-ter-kloTJd', v.t to shut out from between leaves. | L. inter, between, Foliaceous.]
anything by something coming between : to in Interfretted. in-tcr-frel'ed, adj., fretted between
tercept : to cut off.—//. Interclu'sion. [L. in- or interlaced. [L. inter, between, and Fretted.]
tercludo—inter, between, claudo, to shut.] Interfused, in-ter-fuzd', adj., poured or spread
Intercolonial, in-ter-kol-o'ni-al, adj. pertaining to between. [L. inter/usus—inter, between, and
the relation existing between colonies. [L. inter, /undo, to pour.] ling between.
between, and Colonial.] Interfusion, in-ter-fu'zhun, n. a pouringor spread-
Intercoluniniation, in-ter-ko-lum-ni-a'shun, m. Interim, in'tcr-im, «. time between or intervening :
[arch.) the distance between columns, measured j the mean time. [L.—inter, between.]
from the lower part of their shafts. [L. inter, Interior, in-te'ri-ur, adj., inner: internal: re
between, and root of Column.] mote from the frontier or coast : inland.—n. the
Intercommune, in-ter-kom-un', v.t. to commune inside of anythinc : the inland part of a country.
between or together. [L. inter, between, and —adv Inte'riorly. [L.—corap. of interns,
Commune.] inward.] [a space or region between others.
Intercommunicable, in-ter-kom-Gn'i-ka-bl, adj. Inter] acency, in-ter-jfi'sen-si, n. a lying between :
that may be communicated between or mutually. Interjacent, m-ter-ja'sent, adj., lying between:
Intercommunicate, in-ter-kom-Qn'i-kat, v.t. to intervening. [L. inter, between, and jaceo,
communicate between or mutually.—n. Inter to lie.]
communication. Interject, in-ter-jekt\ v.t. to throw between: to
fate, far ; me", her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moDn ; Men. 2C3
 Interjection
insert.—v.i. to throw one's self between. [L.
inter, between, and jacto, freq. of jacio, to
throw. ]
Interjection, in-ter-jek'shun, «. a throwing be
tween: {gram.) a word thrown in to express
emotion.—adj. Inter]ec'tional. [Fr.—L. in
terjection
Interjunction, in-tcr-jungk'shun, «. a junction
or joining between* [C inter, between, and
Junction.]
Intorknlt, in-ter-nit', v.t. to knit together: to
unite closely. [L, inter, between, and Knit.]
Interlace, in-ter-las', v.t. to lace togetlier: to
unite : to insert one thing within another : to
intermix.—n. Interlace'ment. [L. inter, be
tween, and Lace.]
Interlard, in-ter-lard', v.t. to mix in, as fat with
lean : to diversify by mixture. [L. inter, be
tween, and Lard.]
Interlay, in-ter-la', v.t. to lay among or between.
[L. inter, between, and Lay.]
Interleave, in-ter-lcv', v.t. to put a leafbetween :
to insert blank leaves in a book. [L. inter, and
Leaf.]
Interline, in-ter-lin', v.t. to write in alternate
lines: to write between lines. [L. inter, be
tween, and Line.]
Interlinear, in-ter-lin'c-ar, adj. written between
lutes. [L. inter, between, and Linear.]
Interlineation, in-ter-lin-e-;Vshun, «. act of inter
lining : that which is interlined.
Interlink, in-ter-lingk', v.t. to connect by uniting
links. [L. inter, between, and Link.]
Interlobular, in-ter-lob'u-lar, adj. being between
lobes. [L. inter, between, and Lobular.]
Interlocatlon, in-ter-lo-kii'shun. n. a placing be-
twecu. [L. inter, between, and Location. J
Interlocution, in-ter-lo-ku'shun, n. conference :
an intermediate decree before finrd decision.
[Fr.—L. interlocutio, from interloquor—inter,
between, and loguor, locutits, to speak.]
Interlocutor, in-ter-lok'ii-iur. n. one who speaks
between or in dialogue : [Scotch law) an inter
mediate decree before final decision.—adj. In
terlocutory.
Interlope. in-ter-lflp', v.t. to intrude into any
matter in which one has no fair concern. —«.
Interloper. [L. inter, between, and Dut.
loopen, to run ; Scot. loup ; E. leap.]
Interlude, in'ter-lo"od, *. a short dramatic per
formance or play between the play and after
piece, or between the acts of a play : a short
piece of music played between the parts of a
song. [From L. inter, between, Indus, play.]
Interluded, in-ter-loTWl'ed, adj. inserted as an
interlude: having interludes.
Interlunar, in-ter-lco'nar, Interlunary. inter-
lOD'nar-i, adj. belonging to the time when the
moon, about to change, is invisible. [Lit. 'be
tween the moons ; ' L. inter, between, and Lunar.]
Intermarry, in-ter-mar'i, v.i. to marry between
or among: to marry reciprocally or take one and
give another in marriage.—n. Intermarr'iago J
Intermaxillary, in-ter-maks'jl-ar-i, adj. situated
between thejazubones. [L. inter, between, and
Maxillary.]
Intermeddle, in-ter-med'l, v.i. to meddle or mix
with: to interpose or interfere improperly.—«.
Intermedd ler. [Fr.—L. inter, among. Meddle.]
Intermediate, in-ter-me'di-fu, Intermediary,
in-ter-me di-ar-i, Intermedial, in-ter-me'di-al,
adjs. in the middle between : intervening.—adv.
Intermediately. [L. inter, between, and
Mediate, Mediary, Medial]
late, far ; m£, her ; mine :
Interpetalary
Intermedium, in-ter-mC'di-um, n. a medium be
tween : an intervening agent or instrument.
Interment, in-tcr'ment, n. burial. [From Inter.]
Interrnigration. in-tcr-mi-gra/shun, ». reciprocal
migration. [L. inter, among, and Migration.]
Interminable, in-ter'min-a-bl, Interminate. in-
ter'min-iit, adj. . without termination or limit;
boundless: endless. —adv. Interminably.—n.
Inter minableness. [L. interminabilis—in,
not, and terminus, a boundary.]
Intermingle, in-ter-ming'gl, v.t. or v.i. to mingle
or mix together. [L. inter, amonc, Mingle.]
Intermission, in-ter-mish'un, n. act of intermitt
ing : interval : pause.—adj. Intennlss'lve, com
ing at intervals.
Intermit, in-ter-mit', v.t. to cause to cease for a
time : to interrupt. [L. intermitto, -missum—
inter, between, and mitto, to cause to go.]
Intermittent, in-ter-mit'ent, adj., intermitting or
ceasing at intervals, as a fever.—adv. Intermitt-
lngly.
Intermix, in-ter-miks', v.t. or z>.i. to mix among
or together. [L. inter, among, and Mix.]
Intermixture, in-ter-miks'tur, «. a mass formed
by mixture : something intermixed.
Intermundane, m-ter-mun'dan, adj., behueen
worlds. [L. inter, between, and Mundane ]
Intermural, in-ter-mQ'ral, adj. lying between
walls. [L. inter, between, and Mural. ]
Intermuscular, in-ter-mus'ku-lar, adj. between
the muscles. [L. inter, between, and Muscular.]
Intennutation, in-ter-mu-til'shun, «., mutual
change : interchange. [L. inter, between, and
Mutation.]
Intern, in-tern', v.t. {mil.) to disarm and quarter
in a neutral country such troops as have taken
refuge within its frontier. [Fr. interner. See
Internal.]
Interna^ in-ter'nal, adj. being in the interior:
domestic, as opposed to foreign : intrinsic : per
taining to the heart ;—opposed to External. —
adv. Inter'nally. [L. intemus—inter, within.]
International, in-ter-nash'un-al, adj. pertaining
to the relations between nations. —adv. Inter
nationally. | L inter, between, and National.]
Internecine, in-ter-ne'sln, adj., mutually destmc-
tiz'e : deadly. [L. intertteco—inter, between,
and neco, to kill, akin to Sans, root ttak.]
Internode, in'ter-nod, n. (bat.) the space between
two nodes or points of the stem from which the
leaves arise.—adj. Interno'dlal. [L. intemo-
dium, from inter, between, and nodus, a knot.]
Internuncio, in-ter-nun'shi-O, «. a messenger be
tween two parties : the Popes representative at
republics and small courts.—adj. Internun'cial.
[Sp. —L. internuncios—inter, between, and
nuncius, a messenger.]
InteroceaniC, in-tcr-6-shc-an'ik, adj., between
oceans. [L. inter, between, and Oceanic]
Interocular, in-ter-ok'u-lar, adj., betiveen the
eyes. [L. inter, between, and Ocular.]
Interosseal. in-ter-os'e-al, Interosseus, in-ier-
os'e-us, adj. situated between bones. [L. inter,
between, and Osseal, Osseous J
Interpellation, in-ter-pel-ii'shun, n. a question
raised during the course of a debate : interrup
tion : intercession : a summons : an earnest
address. —v.t. Interpellate, to question. [Fr.—
L. intcrpellatio, from interpello, intcrpellatupti,
to disturb by speaking—inter, between, and
Pello. to drive.]
i Interpetalary, in-ter-pet'al-ar-i, adj. [bot.) be
tween the petals. [L. inter, between, and
I Petal!
mOtc ; mute ; mOon ; then.
 Interpetiolar
Intorpetiolar. in-tor-pet'i-o-lar, adj. (bot.) betiveen
\he petioles. [I., inter, between, and Petiole.]
Intorpilastor, in-ter-pi-las'ter, n. (arch.) space
betiveen two pilasters. [L. inter, between, and
Pilaster.]
Interplanetary, in-ter-plan'et-ar-i, adj.. betiveen
the planets. [L. inter, between, and Planet.]
Interplead, in-ter-pl£d', v.i. {law} \.oplead or fas-
cuss a point, happening bettveen or incidentally,
before the principal cause can be tried.
Interpleader, in-ter-pled'er, «. one who inter
pleads: [law a bill in equity to determine to
which of the parties a suit, debt, or rent is due.
Interpledge, in-ter-plej', v.t. to pledge mutually ;
to give and take a pledge. [L. inter, between,
mutually, and Pledge.]
Interpolate, in-ter'po-lat, v.t. to insert unfairly,
as a spurious word or passage in a book or manu
script : to corrupt: math.) to fill up the inter
mediate terms of a series.—ns. Inter'polator,
Interpolation. [L. interpolo, interpolatum*
from inter, between, and polio, to polish.]
Interposal, in-ter-poVal. Same as Interposition.
Interpose, in-ter-poV, v.t. to place between: to
thrust in: to oner, as aid or services.—v.t. to
come between : to mediate : to put in by way of
interruption : tointerlere.—n. InterpOB'er. [Fr.
—L. inter, between, and Fr. poser, to place.
Sec Pose, «,]
Interposition, in-ter-po-zish'un, «. act of inter
posing; intervention: mediation: anything in
terposed. [Fr. — inter, and Position.]
Interpret, in-ter'pret, v.t. to explain the meaning
of: to translate into intelligible or familiar terms.
[Fr.—L. interpreter, -pretatus—interpres, from
inter, between, the last part of the word being
of uncertain origin.] [terpreution.
Interpretable, in-tcr'pret-a-bl, adj. capable of in-
Interpretatlon, in-ter-pre-ta'shun, «. act of inter
preting: the sense given by an interpreter: the
power of explaining.
Interpretative, in-ter/pre-ta-tiv, adj. collected by
or containing interpretation.—adz: Inter preta-
tively.
Interpreter, in-ter'prct-er, n. one who explains be
tween two parties : an expounder : a translator.
Interregnum, in-ter-reg'num, «. the time between
two reigns : the lime between the cessation of
one ana the establishment of another govern
ment. [L- inter, between, regrium, rule.]
Interrex, in'ter-reks, n. one who rules during an
interregnum : a regent. [L. inter, between, and
rex, a king.]
Interrogate, in-ter'o-gSt, v.t. to question : to
examine by asking questions.—v. (. to ask ques
tions : to inquire.—n. Interrogator. (L. inter-
rogo, interrogatum, from inter, between, and
rogo, to ask.]
Interrogation, in-ter-o-ga'shun, n. act of interro
gating : a question put : the mark of a ques
tion {?), ong. the first and last letters of L.
quiestto, a question.
Interrogative, in-t6r-rog/a-tiv, adj. denoting a
question : expressed as a question.—u. a word
used in asking a question.—adv. Inturrog'a-
tively.
Interrogatory, in-ter-rog'a-tor-i, n. a question or
inquiry. —aiij. expressing a question.
Interrupt, in-ier-rupt', v.t. to break in between :
to stop or hinder by breaking in upon : to divide :
to break continuity. [L. interrumpo— inter,
between, and rnmpo, ruptutn, to break.]
Interruptedly, in-ter-rup'ted-li, adv. with inter
ruptions.
fate, far ; me, her ; nunc ;
Intestate
Interruption, in-ter-rup'shun, «. act of interrupt
ing : hinderance: cessation.
Interruptlve, in-ter-rup'tiv, adj. tending to inter*
nipt adv. InterrupHively.
Interscapular, in-ter-ska'pu-lar, adj. [anat.) be
tween the shoulder-blades. [L. inter, between,
and Scapular.)
Interscribe, in-ter-sknb', v.t. to write betiveen.
[L. interscribo—inter, between, and scribo} to
write.] [parts : crossing.
Intersecant, in-ter-se'kant, adj. dividing into
Intersect, in-ter-sekt', v.t. to cut between or
asunder : to cut or cross mutually : to divide
into parts. —v.i. to cross each other. [L. inter,
between, and seco, sectum, to cut.]
Intersection, in-tcr-sek'shun, n.f intersecting :
(geom.) the point or line in which two lines or
two planes cut each other.
Intersperse, in-ter-spers', v.t. to scatter or set
here and there.—n. Intersper'sion. [L. inter-
spergo, interspersum—inter, among, spargo, to
scatter, akin to Gr. speird, to sow.]
Interstellar, in-ter-stel'ar, Interstellary. in-
ter-stel'ar-i, adj. situated beyond the solar
system or among the stars: in the intervals be
tween the stars. [L. inter, between, and stella,
a star. ]
Interstice, in'ter-stis or in-ter'stis, n. a small space
between things closely set, or between the parts
which compose a body.—adj. Interstitial. [Fr.
—L. mterstitium—inter, between, and sisto,
stitutn. to stand.]
Interstratined, in-ter-strat'i-fld} adj., strati/ted
between other bodies. (L. inter, between, and
Stratified.]
Intertezture, in-ter-teks'tQr, «. a being inter
woven. [L. inter, between, and Texture.]
Intertropical, in-ter-trop'ik-al, adj., between the
tropics. [L. inter, between, and Tropical ]
Intertwine, in-tcr-twln', v.t, to twine or twist
together. —v.i. to be twisted together : to become
mutually involved. —adv. Intertwin'ingly. [L.
inter, together, and Twine.]
Intertwist, in-ter-twist', v.t. to twist together.—
adv. IntertWist'ingly. [L. inter, together,
and TWist ]
Interval, in'ter-val, n. time or Apace betiveen : the
distance between two given sounds in music.
[Lit. the space between the rampart of a camp
and the soldiers' tents, Fr. —L. intervallum—
intert between, and vallum, a rampart.]
Intervene, in-ter-ven', v.i. to come or be between:
to occur between points of time : to happen so
as to interrupt : to interpose.— v.t. to separate.
[Fr.—L. inter, between, and venio, to come.]
Intervention, in-ter-ven'shun, n., intervening: in
terference : mediation : interposition.
Interview, in'ter-vu, u. a mutual view or sight :
a meeting : a conference.—v.t. [in America} to
visit a notable or notorious person with a view
to publishing a report of his conversation. [Fr.
entrevue—h. inter, between, and View.]
Intervltal, in-ter-vftal, adj., betiveen lives, be
tween death and resurrection. [L. inter,
between, and vita, life.]
Interweave, in-ier-wcv', v.t. to weave together ;
to intermingle. [L- inter, together, and Weave.]
Intestacy, in-tes'ta-sy, n. the state of one dying
without having made a valid will.
Intestate, in-tes'tat, adj. dying without having
made a valid will : not disposed of by will. —n.
a person who dies without making a valid will.
[L. intestatus—int not, and testatus—testor, to
make a will.]
mote ; mute ; moon ; then.
 Intestinal Intuition
Intestinal, in-tes'tin-al, adj. pertaining to the Intransmntable, in-trans-mut'a-bl, adj. that can
intestines of an animal body. not be changed into another substance, —n. In-
Intestine, in-tes'tin, adj., internal: contained in transmutabil'ity. [L. in, not, Transmutable. ]
the animal body ; domestic : not foreign.—«. Intrant, intrant, adj., entering: penetrating.—n.
(usually in pi.) the part of the alimentary canal one who enters, esp. on some public duty. [L.
that lies between the stomach and the anus. [Fr. intrans, -antis—intro, to enter. See Enter,]
—L. intestinus—intus, within, on the inside.] Intrench, in-trensh', v.t. to dig a trench around:
Inthral, in-thrawl', v.t. to bring into thraldom to fortify with a ditch and parapet : to furrow.—
or bondage : to enslave : to shackle :—pr.p. in- v.i. to encroach. [E. In and Trench.]
thrall'ing ; pa.p. inthralled'. [£. In, into, and Intrenchment, in-trensh'ment, n. act of intrench
Thrall, j [or enslaving : slavery. ing : a trench : a ditcli and parapet for defence :
Inthr.ilmont, in-thrawl'ment, n. act of inthralling any protection or defence : an encroachment.
Intimacy, in'ti-ma-si, ». state of being intimate : Intrepid, in-trcp'id, adj. without trepidation or
close familiarity. fear: undaunted: brave. —«. Intrepidity, firm,
Intimate, in'ti-mut, adj., innermost : internal : unshaken courage.—adv. Intrepidly. [L. in-
close : closely acquainted : familiar. —n. a familiar trepidus—in, not, and root of Trepidation. ]
friend : an associate.—adz: In timately. [L. Intricate, in'tri-kiit, adj. involved : entangled :
intirnus, innermost—intus, within.] perplexed.—ns. Intricacy, In'tricateness. —
Intimate, in'ti-mat, v.t. to hint : to announce. atlv. In'tricately. [L. intricatus—in, and
[Lit. to make one intimate ivith, L. iuthno, tricor, to make difficulties—tricar, hinderances.J
■aturn—intus. \ [announcement. Intrigue, in-treg', n. a complex plot : a private or
Intimation., in-ti-m3'shun, «. obscure notice : hint : party scheme : the plot of a play or romance :
Intimidate, in-tim'i-dat, v.t. to make timid or secret illicit love.—v.i. to form a plot or scheme :
fearful : to dispirit. [L. in, and timidus, fearful to carry on illicit love ; —pr.p. intrigu'ing ; pa.p.
—timeo, to fear.] intrigued'. [Fr. intriguer—root of Intricate.]
Intimidation, in-tim-i-da'shun, n. act of intimi Intriguer, in-treg'er, n. one who intrigues, or
dating : state of being intimidmcd. pursues an object by secret artifices.
Intituled, in-tit fild. Same as Entitled. Intrinsic in-trin'sik, Intrinsical. in-trin'sik-al,
Into, in'too, prep, noting passage inwards : noting adj. inward: essential: genuine: inherent —n.
the passage of a thing from one state to another : Intrlnsicallty.—adv. Intrin'sically. [Fr.—
(/?.) often used for Unto. [Lit. coming to and L intrinsecus—intra, within, and secus, fol
going in. In and To. ] lowing.]
Intolerable, in-tol'er-a-bl, adj. that cannot be Introduce, in-tro-dus', v.t. to lead or bring in:
endured.-*. Intol'erableness.—adv. Intol'er- to conduct into a place : formally to make known
ably [Fr.—L. in, not, and Tolerable.] or acquainted : to bring into notice or practice :
Intolerant, in-tol'er-ant, adj. not able or willing to commence : to preface. [L. introduco, -due-
to endure : not enduring difference of opinion : { turn—intro, within, duco, to lead. Sec Duke, j
persecuting.—n. one opposed to toleration. - adv. i Introduction in-tro-duk'shun, n. act of conducting
Intolerantly. —ns. Intolerance, Intolera'- into: act of making persons known to each
tion. [L. in, not, and Tolerant.] other : act of bringing into notice or practice :
Intomb, in-tOom'. Same as Entomb. Ereliminary matter to the main thoughts of a
Intonate, in'ton-at, v.i. to sound forth : to sound Dok : a treatise introductory to a science or
the notes of a musical scale : lo modulate the course of study. [Sec Introduce.]
voice. [Low L. iniono, -alum—L. in tonnm, Introductory, in-tro-duk'tor-i, Introductlve, in-
according to tone. See Tone ) tro-duk'tiv, adj. serving to introduce: prelimi
Intonation, in-to-na'shun, n. act or manner of nary: prefatory. —adv. Introduc torily.
sounding musical notes : modulation of the Intromission, in-tro-mish'un, n. sending within
voice. or into: {Scot, law) intermeddling with another's
Intone, in-tOn', v.i. to utter in tones: to give goods. [See Intromit.]
forth a low protracted sound. —v.t. to chant: Intromit, in-tro-mit', v.t. to send within: to
to read (the church service' in a singing, recita admit: to permit to enter:—Pr.p. intromiting ;
tive manner. [See Intonate.) - pa.p. intromited. [L. intro, within, mifto,
Intorslon, in-tor'shun, «. a twisting, winding, or missum, to send.]
bending. [L. in, and Torsion.] Introspection, in-tro-spek'shun, «. a sight of the
Intoxicate, in-toks i-kat, v t. to make drunk : to inside or interior: self-examination. —astj.
excite to enthusiasm or madness. [Lit. to drug I Introspec'tive. [L. intro, within, specio, to see.]
or poison, from Low L. intoxico, -aturn—taxi- , Introvert, in-tro-vert', v.t. to turn inward. [L.
cnm—Gr. toxikon, a poison in which arrows intro, within, and vcrto, to turn.]
were dipped—toxon, an arrow. ] Intrude, in-trf55d', v.i. to thrust one's self in :
Intoxication, in-toks-i-ka'shun, «. state of being to enter uninvited or unwelcome.—v.t. to force
drunk : high excitement or elation. in.—n. Intmd'er. [L. in, in, trudo, to thrust.]
Intractable, in-trakta-bl, adj. unmanageable : Intrusion, in-trO0'zhun, n. act of intruding or of
obstinate.—ns. Intractability, Intractable- i entering into a place without welcome or invita
neu.—adv. Intractably. [Fr.—L. in, not, tion : encroachment.
Tractable] Intrusive, in-trOO'siv, adj. tending or apt to in
Intramural, in-tra-mfi'ral, adj., within the walls, trude: entering without welcome or right—
as of a city. [L. intra, within, and Mural.] adv. Intru'siveTy.—«. Intru'siveness.
Intransitive, in-trnn'si-tiv, adj. not passing over Intrust, in-trust', v.t. to give in trust: to commit
or indicating passing over: [gram. I representing to another, trusting his fidelity. [E. In, in, and
action confined to the agent.—adv. Intransi Trust.]
tively. [L. in, not, and Transitive ] Intuition in-tG-ish'un, «. the power of the mind
Intransmissible, in-trans-mis'i-bl, adj. that can by which it immediately perceives the truth of
not be transmitted. [L. in, not, and Trans things without reasoning or analysis : a truth so
missible. ] perceived.—adj. Intui tional. [Lit. a looking
2Mi fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mOOn ; thca.
 Intuitive Invigorate
upon or into, L. in, into or upon, and initio — Inveigle, in-vfi'gl, v.t. to entice: to seduce: to
tutor, tuitus. to look. See Tuition and Tutor.] wheedle. [Ety. dub. ; prob. a corr. of Fr.
Intuitive, in-tii'i-tiv, adj., perceived or perceiving aveuglc, blind—L. ab, without, oculus, the eye ;
by intuition : received or known by simple in therefore perh. {lit. ) * to hoodwink.']
spection.—adv. Intuitively. Inveiglement, in-ve'gl-ment, n. an enticing : an
Intumescence, in-tfl-mes'ens, n. the action of enticement.
szvelling : a swelling: a tumid siate. [Fr.—L. Invent, in-vent', v.t. to devise or contrive: to
in, and tumesco, •cens—tumeo, to swell.] make : to frame : to fabricate : to forge. [Lit.
Intwine, in-twin'. Same as Entwine. (In and to come upon; Fr.—L. invenio, inventum—in,
Twine.] [Twist J upon, and venio, to come.]
Intwist, in-twist'. Same as Entwist. [In and Invention, in-ven'shun, «. that which is invented:
Inumbrate, in-um'brat, v.t. to cast a shadow contrivance: a deceit : power or faculty of in
upon: to shade. [L. inumbro, inumbratum— venting : ability displayed by any invention or
in, and umbro, to shade—umbra, a shadow.] effort of the imagination.
Inundate, in-un'dat or in'-, v.t. to jloiu upon or Inventive, in-vent'iv, adj, able to invent: ready
over in waves (said of water) : to flood : to fill in contrivance,—adv. Inventively.—«. In
with an overflowing abundance.—n. Inunda - ventiveness.
tlon, act of inundating : a flood : an overflowing. Inventor, Inventor, in-vent'ur, «. one who invents
[L., from inundo, -atum—in, and umio, to rise or finds out something new '.—/em. Invent ress.
in waves—unda, a wave.] Inventory, in'ven-tor-i, «. a catalogue of furni
Inure, in-ur\ v.t. to use or practise habitually : ture, goods, &c—v.t. to make an inventory or
to accustom : to harden.—v.i. [law) to come catalogue of. [Fr. inventairt—L. inventa-
into use or effect : to serve to the use or benefit rium, a list of the things found. See Invent.]
of. [From in, and an old word ure (used in Inverse, in-vers', adj., inz'erted: in the reverse or
the phrase * to put in ure'—i.e. in operation), contrary order: opposite.—adv. Inversely.
which is from O. Fr. ovre, eure (Fr. otuvre, Inversion, in-ver'shun, n. the act of inverting:
work)— L. opera, work; the same word ure is the state of being inverted : a change of order
found in manure, which see.] or position.
Inurement, in-uVment, n. act of inuring: practice. Invert, in-vert*, v.t. to turn in or about : to turn
Inurn, in-urn', v.t. to place in an urn: to entomb, upside down : to reverse : to change the customary
to bury. [L. in, in, and Urn.] order or position. [L. inverto, inversum—in,
Inutility, in-Q-til'i-ti, n. want of utility : useless- and verto, to turn. See Verse.]
ness: unprofitableness. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Invertebral, in-vcrt'e-bral, Invertebrate, in-
Utility.] vert'e-brat, adj. without a vertebral column or
Invade, in-vad'f v.t. to enter a country as an backbone.—n. Invort ebratu, an animal desti
enemy : to attack : to encroach upon : to violate: tute of a skull and vertebral column. [L. in,
to seize or fall upon.—n. Invader. [Fr.—L. not, and Vertebrate.] [contrary manner.
invado, invasum—in, and vado, to go. Sec Invertedly, in-vert'ed-Ii, adv. in an inverted or
Wade.] Invest, in-vest', v.t. to put vesture on, to dress:
Invalid, in'va-lid, adj. not valid or strong : infirm : to confer or give : to place in office or authority :
sick.—«. one who is weak : a sickly person : to adorn : to surround : to block up : to lay siege
one disabled for active service, esp. a soldier to : to place, as property in business : to lay out
or sailor.— v.t. to make invalid or affect with money on. [L. investio, -itum—in, on, and
disease: to enrol on the list of invalids. [Fr, vestio, to clothe. See Vest.]
invalide—L. inva/uius—in, not, and validus, Investlgable, in-vesl'i-ga-hl, adj. able to be in
strong. Sec Valid.] vestigated or searched out.
Invalid, in-val'id, adj not sound : weak : without Investigate, in-vest i-gat, v.t. (/iV.l to trace the
value, weight, or cogency : having no eflect : vestiges or tracks of : to search into: to inquire
void: null. [Fr. L. in, not, and Valid.J into with care and accuracy. [L. investigo,
Invalidate, in-val'id-at, v.t. to render invalid : to -atum—in. and vestigo, to track. See Vestige.]
weaken or destroy the force of.—«. Invalida Investigation, in-vcst-i-ga'shun, n. act of investi
tion, [want of force. gating or examining into : research : study.
Invalidity, in-val-id'i-ti, n. want of cogency : Investigative, in-vest'i-ga-tiv, Investigatory,
Invaluable, in-val'u-a-bl, adj. that cannot be in-vest'i-gil-tor-i, adj. promoting or given to in
valued : priceless. —adv. Invaluably. (Fr.— vestigation, [gates or examines into.
L. in, not, and Valuable.] Investigator, in-vest'i-gu-tur, «. one who investi-
Invariable, in-va'ri-a-bl, adj. not variable : with Investlture, in-vest'i-tur, ml the act or the right of
out variation or change : unalterable : constantly investing or putting in possession.
in the same state.—adv. Inva'liably. —«. In- Investment, in-vest'ment, n. the act of investing :
va'riableness. [Kr.—L. in, not, and Variable. ] a blockade : the act of surrounding or besieging :
Invasion, in-va'zhun, n. the act of invading: an laying out money on : that in which anything is
attack : an incursion : an attack on the rights of invested.
another : an encroachment : a violation. [See Inveterate, in-vet'er-fit, adj. firmly established
Invade.] [sive : infringing^ another's rights. by long continuance : deep-rooted : violent.—
Invasive, in-va'siv, adj. making invasion : ag^res- a*iv. Invet erately. — ns. Invet'erateness, In.
Invective, in-vek'tiv, «. a severe or reproachful vet'eracy, firmness produced by long use or
accusation brought against any one : an attack continuance. [Lit. grown old, L. iuvetero,
with words : a violent utterance of censure : -atum, to grow old—in, and vetus, veteris, old.
sarcasm or satire.—adj. railing: abusive: satir See Veteran. ]
ical. [See Inveigh ] Invidious, in-vid'i-us, adj. likely to incur or pro
Inveigh, in-va, v.i. to attack with words : to rail voke ill-will : likely to excite envy, enviable.—
against: to revile. [Lit. to carry or bring adv. Invid iously.—n. Invid'lousneu. [L. m-
against, L. inveko, invectum—in, and veho, vidiosus—invidia. See Envy. )
to carry. See Vehicle. ] Invigorate, in-vig'or-at, v.t. to give vigour to : to
flUe, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; mODn; then.
 Invincible Ironclad
strengthen: to animate.—n. Invlgora'tlon, the Inwards, in'wardz, adv. Same as Inward.
act or state of being invigorated. [L. in, and Inweave, in-weV, v.t. to weave into : to entwine :
Vigour.] to complicate. [E. In and Weave ]
Invincible, in-vin'si-bl, adj. that cannot be over Inwrap, in-rap', v.t. to coz'er by wrapping: to
come : insuperable.—adv. Invln'cibly.—ns. In- perpfex : to transport. [E. In and Wrap.]
vin'cibleness, Invincibll'ity. [Fr.—L. in, not, Inwroathe, in-re7A', v t. to encircle as with a
and Vincible.J wrrtth, or the form of a wreath. [E. In and
Inviolable. in-vT'ol-a-bl, adj. that cannot be pro Wreathe]
faned : that cannot be injured.—adv. Inviola Inwrought, in-rawt', adj., wrought in or among
bly.—*. Inviolability. [Fr.—L. in, not, and other things : adorned with figures. [E. In and
Vlolable] Wrought. See Work.]
Inviolate, in-vT'5-]5t, Invlolated, in-vfo-lat-ed, Iodate, I'o-dat, «. a combination of iodic acid
adj. not violated : unprofaned : uninjured. [L.j with a salifiable base. [simple body.
Invisible, in-viz i-bl, adj. not visible or capable of Iodide, i'o-did, n. a combination of iodine with a
being seen.—adv. Invisibly, —ns. Invlslbll Ity, Iodine, T'o-din, n. one of the elementary bodies,
Invis'ibleness. [Fr.—L. tn, not, and Visible.] so named from the violet colour of its vapour.
Invitation, in-vit-a shun, n. the act of inviting : —adj. Iodic. [Gr. ioeidis, violet-coloured—ion,
an asking or solicitation. a violet, and eidos, form, appearance.]
Invite, in-vlt', v.t. to ask : to summon : to allure : Iollte, I'o-llt, «. a transparent gem which presents
to attract—v.t. to ask in invitation.—n. Invlt'er. a violet-blue colour when looked at in a certain
[Fr.—L. invito, -atutn.] [tempting manner. direction. [Gr. ion, a violet, and lithos, a stone.]
Invitingly, in-vlt'ing-li, adv. in an inviting or Ionic, T-on'ik, adj. relating to Ionia in Greece :
Invocate, in'vo-kat, v.t. to invoke or call on denoting an order in architecture distinguished
solemnly or with prayer : to implore. [See by the ram's horn volute of its capital.
Invoke.] Iota, I-o'ta, n. a jot : a very small quantity or de
Invocation, in-vo-ka'shun, «. the act or the form gree. [Gr., the smallest letter in the alphabet,
of invocating or addressing in prayer : a call or corresponding to the English (. See Jot.]
summons, especially a judicial order. Ipecacuanha, ip-e-kak-u-an'a, n. a West Indian
Invoice, in'vois n. a letter of advice of the de plant, whose root affords a useful emetic. [Bra
spatch of goods, with particulars of their price zilian, roadside-sich-mahing (plant).]
and quantity.—v.t. to make an invoice of. Irascible, T-ras'i-bl, adj. susceptible of ire or
[Prob. a corn of envois, English plur. of Fr. anger : easily provoked : irritable. —«. Irasclbil'-
envoi. See Envoy.] ity.—adv. Irascibly. [Fr.—L. irascibilis—
Invoke, in-vok', v.t. to call upon earnestly or irascor, to be angry—ira.\
solemnly : to implore assistance : to address in Irate, I-rat', adj. enraged : angry. [L. iratns,
prayer. [Fr.—L. invoco,-atum—in, on, voco, to pa.p. of irascor, to be angry.] [L ira.\
call, conn, with vox, vocis, the voice.] Ire, Ir, «., anger: rage : keen resentment [Fr.—
Involucre, in-vol-Q'ker, «. {dot.} a group of bracts Ireful, Tr'fool, adj., full of ire or wrath : resent-
in the form of a whorl around an expanded ful.— adv. Iro'fuily.
flower or umbel. [Lit. an envelope or wrapper, Iridescent, ir-i-des'ent, Irisated, T'ris-iit-cd, adj.
L. involucrum—involvo* See Involve.] coloured like the iris or rainbow.—«. Irides
Involuntary, in-vol'un-tar-i, adj. not voluntary : cence. [See Iris.]
not having the power of will or choice : not done Iris, I'ris. n. the rainbow ; an appearance resem
willingly: not chosen.—«. Invol'untartness. bling the rainbow : the contractile curtain per
adv. Involuntarily. [L. in, not, Voluntary.] forated by the pupil, and forming the coloured part
Involute, in'vo-lOt, n. that which is involved of the eye: the fleur-de-lis or flagflower :—//.
or rolled inward : a curve traced by the end of Prises. [L. iris, iridis—Gr. iris, iridos, the
a string unwinding itself from another curve. messenger of the gods, the rainbow.]
Involute, in'vo-lut. Involuted, in'vo-lut-ed, adj. Irish, T'rish, adj. relating to or produced in Ire-
[hot.) rolled spirally inward : (conchology) turned land.—«. language of the Irish, a form of Celtic:
inward. [See Involve.] —pi. the natives or inhabitants of Ireland.
Involution, in-vo-ICi'shun, n, the action of involv Iritis, T-rftis, n. inflammation of the iris of the eye.
ing : state of being involved or entangled: Irk, erk, v.t. to weary: to trouble: to distress
(arith*) act or process of raising a quantity to (now used only impersonally). [From a TeuL
any given power. root found in A.S. weorcsum, painful, Sw.j>rha,
Involve, in-volv', v.t. to wrap up : to envelop : to to urge, press ; L. urgert. See Urge.]
implicate : to include : to complicate : to over Irksome, erk'sum, adj. causing uneasiness : tedi
whelm : to catch : [arith.) to multiply a quantity ous : unpleasant.—adv. Irksomely.—«. Irk'-
into itself any given number of times. [Fr.—L. someness.
involvo—in, upon, volvo, volutum, to roll.] Iron, Turn, n. the most common and useful of the
Involvement, in-volv'ment, «. act of involving : metals : an instrument or utensil made of iron :
state of being involved or entangled. strength :—//. fetters : chains.—adj. formed of
Invulnerable, in-vul'ner-a-bl, adj. that cannot be iron : resembling iron : rude : stern : fast-bind
wounded.—ns. Invulnerability, Invul'ner- ing : not to be broken : robust : dull of under
ableness.—adv. Invulnerably. [Fr.—L. in, standing.—v.t. to smooth with an iron instru
not, and Vulnerable.] ment ; to arm with iron : to fetter.—Cast-iron,
Inward, in'ward, adj. placed or being ivithin : a compound of iron and carbon, obtained directly
internal : seated in the mind or soul : [B.) inti from iron ore by smelting. [A.S. iren; Ger.
mate.—n.pl. {B.) the intestines.—adz>. toward cisfft. Ice. jam, W. haiam.\
the inside : toward the interior : into the mind Ironbound, T'nrn-bownd, adj., bound with iron:
or thoughts. [A.S. innnveard—in, and ward, rugged, as a coast.
direction.] Ironclad, I'urn-klad, adj., cltid in iron: covered
Inwardly, in'w.ird-H, adv. in the parts within: in or protected with iron.—«. a vessel defended by
the heart : privately : toward the centre. iron plates.
fate, far ; m€, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOOn ; then.
 Iron-founder Irrespective
Iron-founder, T'urn-fownd'er, m. one who founds Irreflectlve, ir-re-flekt'iv, adj. not reflective.
or makes castings in iron. [L. in, not, and Reflective.]
Iron-foundry, T'urn-fownd'ri, n. a place where iron Irrefragable, ir-ref'ra-ga-bl, adj. that cannot be
isfounded or cast. refuted or overthrown : unanswerable. —ns. Irref-
Irongray, I'urn-gra., adj. of a gray colour, like ragabU'ity, Irrefragableness.—adv. Irrefra-
th.it of iron freshly cut or broken.—n. this gably. [Lit. that cannot be broken or bent, from
colour. [hard as iron. Fr.—L. in, not, re, backwards, andfrag, root of
Iron-handed, I'urn-hand'ed, adj. having hands frango, to break.]
Iron-hearted, T'um-hart'cd, adj. having a heart Irrefutable, ir-re-fut'a-bl or ir-ref'fl-ta-bl, adj.
hard as iron : cruel. that cannot be refuted or proved false. —adv.
Ironical, T-ron'ik-al. adj. meaning the opposite of Irrefutably or Irrefutably. [Kr.— L. in, not,
what is expressed : satirical.—adv. Ironically. and Refutable.]
[See Irony | [prietor of f>a«works. Irregular, ir-reg'ii-Iar, adj. not according to rule :
Iron-master, I'urn-mas'ter, n. a master or pro- unnatural: unsystematic: vicious: {gram.) de
Ironmonger, i'urn-muug-ger, n. a monger or parting from the ordinary rules in its inflection :
dealer in articles made of iron. variable: not symmetrical, —n. a soldier not in
Ironmongery. T'urn-mung-ger-i, n. a general name regular service.—adv. Irreg'Ularly. [L. in,
for articles made of iron: hard*are. not, and Regular.]
Ironmould. T'urn-mold, n. the spot left on wet Irregularity, ir-reg-u-lar'i-ti, n. state of being
cloth after touching rusty iron. [See Mould, irregular ; deviation from a straight line, or from
dust or earth.] rule : departure from method or order : vice.
Ironware, I'urn-wSr, «., -wares or goods of iron. Irrelative, ir-rel'a-tiv, adj. not relative: uncon
Ironwood, T'urn-wood, n. applied to the timber of nected.—adv. Irrelatively. [L. in, not, and
various trees on account of their hardne>-s. Relative.]
Ironwork, rum-work, «. the parts of a building, Irrelevant, ir-rel'e-vant, adj. not bearing directly
&c. made of iron I anything of iron : a furnace on the matter in hand.—«. Irrelevancy.—adv.
where iron is smelted, or a foundry, &c. where Irrelevantly. [Prefix in-, not, and Relevant. ]
it is made into heavy work. Irrellglon, ir-re-lij'un, n. want of religion.
Irony, I'um-i, adj., made, consisting, or partaking Irreligious, ir-re-ln'us, adj. destitute of religion :
of iron ; like iron : hard. ungodly.—adv. UTellg'iously.—n. Irreligious-
Irony, frun-i, n. a mode of speech conveying the ness. TFr.—L. in, not, and Religious.]
opposite of what is meant: satire. [Fr.— L. Irremediable, ir-re-me'di-a-bl, adj. that cannot be
ironia, Gr. eirOneia, dissimulation—eirOn, a dis remedied or redressed.—n. Irreme'diableness.
sembler—tiro, to talk. J —adv. Irreme'diably. [Fr.—L. in, not, and
Irradlance, ir-ra'di-ans, Irradlanoy, ir-r5'di-an-si, Remediable. J
n. the throwing of rays of light on (any object) : Irremissible, ir-re-mis'i-bl, adj. not to be remitted
that which irradiates or is irradiated : beams of or forgiven.— «. Irreniiss'lDleness. [Fr.—L.
light emitted : splendour. in, not, and Remissible.]
Irradlant, ir-rii'di-ant, adj., irradiating or shed Irremovable, ir-re-m5ov'a-bl, adj. not removable :
ding beams of light. steadfast.—ns. Irremovabil ity. Irremovable-
Irradiate, ir-rii'di-at, v.t. to dart rays of light ness.—adv. Irremovably. [Prefix in-, not,
upon or into : to adorn with lustre : to decorate and Removable.]
with shining ornaments: to animate with light : Irreparable, ir-rep'ar-a-bl, adj. that cannot be
or heat: to illuminate the understanding.—p.i. recovered. —«. Irrep'arableness. —adv. Irrep'-
to emit rays : to shine. — adj. adorned with rays arably. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Reparable ]
of light or with lustre. [L» irradt'o, irradm- Irrepealable, ir-re-peTa-bl, adj. that cannot be
tum—in, on, and RadlatO.J repealed or annulled.—adv. Irrepeal'ably. [L.
Irradiation, ir-nl-di-a'shun, n, act of irradiating in, not, and Repealable.]
or emitting beams of tight : that which is irradi Irreprehensible, ir-rep-re-hens'i-bl, adj. that
ated : brightness : intellectual light. cannot be blamed.—tuiv. Irreprehens'ibly. — n.
Irrational, ir-rash'un-al, adj. void of reason or Irreprehens'ibleness. [Fr.—L. in, not, and
understanding : absurd.—«. Irrationality.— Reprehensible. ]
adv. Irra tionally. [L. in, not, and Rational.] Irrepressible, ir-re-pres'i-bl, adj. not to be re-
Irreclaimable, ir-re-klam'a-bl, adj. that cannot | I strained.—adv. Irrcpress lbly. [Fr.—L. in,
be reclaimed or reformed: incorrigible.—adit. not, and Repressible.]
Irreclaim'ably. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Reclaim- Irreproachable, ir-re-prSch'a-bl, adj. free from
able.] blame: upright: innocent.— ativ. Irreproach'-
Irreconcilable, ir-rck-on-sll'a-bl, adj. incapable of I ably. [Kr.— L. in, not, and Reproachable j
being brought back to a state of friendship : Irreprovable, ir-re-prooVa-bl, adj. blameless.—
inconsistent —m. Irreconcil'ableness.—adv. Ir- adv. IrreproVably.—«. IrreproVableness.
reconcil'ably. [Fr.—L. in, not, and Reconcil [Fr.—L. in, not, and Reprovable ]
able. 1 Irreslstance, ir-re-zist'ans, n. want of resistance :
Irrecoverable, ir-re-kuv'er-a-bl, adj. irretrievable. passive submission. [L. in, not. Resistance.]
—«. Irrecov'erableness.—ad7>. Irreoov'erably. Irresistible, ir-rc-zist'i-bl, adj. not to be oppo*cd
[Fr.—L. in, not, and Recoverable ] with success. — adv. Irresistibly.—ns. Irresist -
Irredeemable, ir-re-dem'a-bl, adj. not redeem ibleness, Irresistibil ity.
able: not subject to be paid at the nominal Irresolute, ir-rcA>-lut, adj. not firm in purpose.
value.—us. Irredeem'ableneas. Irredeema- —adv. Irres'olutely. [L. in, not, and Resolute.]
billty.—adv. Irredeem ably. [Prefix in-, not, Irresoluteness, ir-rer'o-lut-nes, Irresolution, ir-
and Redeemable ] rez-o-lu'shun. n. want of resolution, or of firm
Irreducible, ir-re-dus'i-bl, adj. that cannot be re determination of purpose.
duced or brought from one form or state to Irresolvable, ir-re-zolv'a-bl, adj. that cannot be
another. — n. Irreduc'ibleness.—adv. Irreduc'- resolved. [L. in. not. and Resolvable.]
ibly. [L. m, not, and Reducible.] Irrespective, ir-re-spekt'iv, adj. not having regard
fatb, far ; mi, htt ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moHa ; then. aw
 Irresponsible Issue
to.—adv. Irrespectively. [Fr.—L. in, not, eiland. Ice. eyland, Swed. and Dan. dland.
and Respective.] A.S. ig~ Ice. ey, Swed. and Dan. <?, and is
Irresponsible, ir-re-spons'i-bl, mij. not responsible from a root which appears in A.S. ea, L. aqua,
or liable to answer ^for).—<ulx>. Irresponsibly. — water, so that it orig. means water-land. The
«. Irrosponsibirity. [L. in, not, Responsible.] s in island is due to a confusion with isle, from
Irretrievable, ir-re-trcv'a-bl, adj. not to be re L. insula.]
covered or repaired, —adv. Irretriev'ably. —n. Islander, fland-cr, n. an inhabitant of an island.
Irretriev ableness. [Fr.—L. m, not, and Re Isle. 11, n. an island. [M. E. He, yle—O. Fr. isle
trievable.] (Fr. tie)—L. insula, considered to be so called
Irreverence, ir-rev'cr-ens, n. want of reverence or because lying in salo, in the main sea, L,
veneration : want of due regard for the char salum being akin to Gr. salos, the main sea,
acter and authority of the Supreme Being. while both are allied to E. swell, Ger. schwellen,
Irreverent, ir-rev'er-ent, adj. not reverent : pro and mean the ' swelling ' or ' billowing,' the high
ceeding from irreverence. —tuiv. Irrev'orently. sea ; Celt, innis, enuis, Scot, inch,]
[Fr.— L. in, not, and Reverent.] Islet, I'let, n. a little isle.
Irreversible, ir-re-vers'i-bl, atij. not reversible : Isocheimal, I-so-kl'mal, Isocheimenal, T-so-ki'-
that cannot be recalled or annulled.—adv. Irre men-al, atij. having the same mean winter tem
versibly. Irrevers'lbleness. [L. m, not, perature. [Lit. having equal winters, Gr. mm,
and Reversible. J equal, cheima, winter.]
Irrevocable, ir-rev'o-ka-bl, adj. that cannot be IsochromatiC, I-so-krO-mat'ik, adj. (optics) having
recalled.—adv. Irrev'ocably.—n. Irrev'ocable- the same colour. [Gr. isos, equal, and chrdma,
nesB. [Fr.—L. in, not, ..nd Revocable.] colour.]
Irrigate, ir'i-gSt, z>.l. to water: to wet or moisten : Isochronal, I-sok'ron-al, Isochronous, T-sok'ron-us,
to cause water to flow upon. [L. irrigo% -atum— adj. of equal time; performed in equal times.
in, upon, rigo, to wet ; akin to Ger. regen, E. rain.] [Gr. isochronos—isos, equal, chronos, time.]
Irrigation, ir-i-gi'shun. n. act of watering, e»p. ISOChronism, I-sok'ron-izm, n. the quality of being
of watering lands artificially. isochronous or done in equal times.
Irriguous, ir-rig'ri-us, atij., watered; wet: moist. Isolate, T'so-lat, is'o-lat, or iz'-, v.t* to place in a
Irrislon, ir-rizh un, n. act of laughing at another. detached situation, like an island.—«. Isola'-
[Fr.—L. irrisio—iu, against, rideo, risum, to tiOIL [It. isolare—isola—L. insula, an island.]
laugh.] Isomeric. I-so-mer'ik, adj. applied to compounds
Irritability, ir-i-ta-bil'i-ti, n. the quality of being which are made up of the same elements in the
easily irritated: the peculiar susceptibility to same proportions, but havingdifferentpropcrties.
stimuli possessed by the living tissues. —n. Isomerism. [Lit. having equal parts,
Irritable, ir'i-ta-bl, atij. that may be irritated: Gr. isos, equal, meros, part.]
easily provoked: [med.) susceptible of excite Isometric, i-so-met'rik, Isometrical, T-so-mct'-
ment or irritation.—Oiiv. Irritably. —«. Irrl- rik-al, adj. having equality of measure. [Gr.
tableness. [L. irritabilis. Sec Irritate.] isos, equal, metron, measure.]
Irritant, ir'i-tant, adj., irritating.—n. that which Isomorphism, I-so-morf'izm, n. the property of
causes irritation. [L- irritans, -autis, pr.p. of being isomorphous.
irrito.] Isomorphous. T-so-morf'us, adj. having the same
Irritate, ir'i-tat, v.t. to make angry: to provoke : crystalline form, but composed of diiferent ele
to excite heat ami redness in. [L. irrito, -atum, ments. [Gr. isos, equal, and morphc, form.]
prob. freq. of irrio, to snarl, as a dog.] ISOnomy, I-son'o-mi, «., equal law, rights, or
Irritation, ir-i-ta'shun, «. act of irritating or privileges [Gr. isonomia—isos, equal, nomas,
exciting : excitement : {med.) a vitiated state of law—nemd, to deal out, distribute.]
sensation or action. Isosceles. T-sos'e-lfiz, adj. {geom.) having two
Irritative, ir i-tat-iv.'Irritatory, ir'i-ta-tor-i, adj. equal sides, as a triangle, [Lit. having equal
tending to irritate or excite : accompanied with legs, Gr. isoskeles—isos, equal, skelos, a leg. J
or caused by irritation. Isotneral, I-soth'er-al, adj. having the same mean
Irruption, ir-rup'shun, n. a breaking or bursting summer temperature. [Lit. having equal sum-
in: a sudden invasion or incursion. [Fr. —L. vicrs, Gr. isos, equal, theros, summer—tltero, to
imtptio—m, and mmpo, mptum, to break.] be warm.]
Irniptive, ir-rupi'iv, adj. , rushing suddenly in or Isothermal, T-so-thcr'mal, adj. having an equal
upon.—adv. Irrupt ively. degree of iieat. [Fr. isotlterme—Gx. isos, equal,
Is, iz, third person sing. pres. of Be. [A.S. it; thertni, heat—thermos, hot.]
Ger. ist, L. est, Gr. esti. Sans, asti—as, to be ] Isotonic, T-so-ton'ik, adj. having equal tones. [Gr.
Isagon, I'sa-^on, «. a figure having equal angles. isos. equal, tonos. tone.]
[Fr. isagone~(jx. isos, equal, gonia, an angle.] Israelite, irra-el-It, n. a descendant of Isr,iel or
Ischiadic, isk-i-ad'ik, Ischiatic, isk-i-at'ik, adj. Jacob: a Jew. [Gr. Israelites— Israel, Heb.
relating to the region of the hip. [Fr.—L.—Gr., Y'israelt contender, soldier of God—sara, to
from is-chion, the hip-joint.] fight, and El, God.]
Isinglass, I'zing-glas, n. a glutinous substance, Israelitio, iz-ra-el-it'ik, Israelltlsh. iz'ra-el-Tt-ish,
chiefly prepared from the ixw-hlaJders of the adj. pertaining to the Israelites or Jews.
sturgeon. [A corr. of Dut. huizenbias—huizen, Issue, ish'u, v.i. to go, flow, or cmne out: to pro
a kind of sturgeon, bias, a bladder ; Ger. hauscn- ceed, as from a source : to spring : to be pro
blase^ Sec Bladder. ] t duced : [law) to come to a point in fact or law :
Islam, i/lanij Islamlsm, izlam-izm, n. the Moham to terminate.—v. t. to send out : to put into
medan religion.—<uij. Isfcamit ic. [Lit. com circulation : to give out for use.—«. Iss'uer.
plete submission to the will of God, from Ar. [Fr. issue—O. Fr. issir, to go or flow out—L.
islam—solama, to submit to God.] exire—ex, out, ire, to go.)
Island, T'land, n. laud surrounded with water : a Issue, ish'u, n. a going or flowing out : act of
large floating mass. [M. E. iland, A.S. igland sending out : that which flows or passes out :
—ig, an island, and land, land ; Dut. and Ger. fruit of the body, children: produce, profits:
270 fate, far; m5. her ; mine; mote ; mate: mOon; then.
 Issueless Jacobite
circulation, as of bank-notes : publication, as of sea-horse.—adj. made of or resembling ivory.
a book : a giving out for use : ultimate result, [O. Fr. ivurie, Fr. ivoire—1„ ebur, ebon's, ivory
consequence : [law] the question of fact sub —O. Egyptian ebou. Sans, ibiia, an elephant.]
mitted to a jury : [med.) an ulcer produced arti Ivory-black, T'vo-ri-blak, n. a black powder, orig.
ficially. made from burnt ivory, but now from bone.
Issueless, ish'o"o-les, adj. without issue : childless. Ivory-nut, I'vo-ri-nut, «. the nut of a species of
Isthmus, ist'mus, «. a neck of land connecting palm, containing a substance like iz'ory.
two larger portions of land. [L.—Gr. isthmos, Ivy, rVi, «. a creeping evergreen plant on trees
a passage, an isthmus, allied to ithma, a step, and walls. [A. S. (fig I O. Ger. ebali; prob.
from root of eimi, to go.] conn, with L. apium, parsley.]
It, it, pron. the thing spoken of or referred to.
[M. E. and A.S. hit, neut. of he; Ice. hit, Dut.
het, Goth, ita; akin to L. itl. Sans. /, prono J
minal root = here. The / is an old neuter suffix,
as in tha-t, ivka-t, and cognate with d in L. Jabber, jab'er, v. i. to gabble or talk rapidly and in
illu-d, istu-d, quo-d.] distinctly: 10 chatter.—v.t. to utter indistinctly :
Italian, i-tal'yan, ItaliO, i-tal'ik, adj. of or relat —pr.p. jabb'cring ; pa.p. jabb'ered.—n. rapid
ing to Italy or its people.—n. a native of Italy : indistinct speaking.—n. Jabb erer. [From root
the language of Italy. [It. Italiano, Italico— of Gabble.]
L. Italia—Or. italos, a bull, L. vitulus, a calf ] Jacinth, ja'sinth, «. (/?.) a precious stone, a red
Italianise, i-tal'yan-Iz, v.t. to make Italian.—v.u variety of zircon, now called hyacinth : a dark-
to play the Italian : to speak Italian. purple colour. [Conir. of Hyacinth.]
Italicise, i-tal'i-siz, v.t. to print in Italics. Jack, jak, n. used as a familiar name or diminutive
Italics, i-tal'tks, n.pi. a kind of types which slope of John : a saucy or paltry fellow : a sailor : any
to the right ^as in the last four words1, so called instrument serving to supply the place of a boy
because first used by an Italian printer, Aldo or helper, as a bootjack for taking off boots,
Manuzio, about 1500. a contrivance for turning a spit, a screw for
Itch, ich, «. an uneasy, irritating sensation in the raising heavy weights : the male of some animals :
skin : an eruptive disease in the skin, caused by a young pike : a support to saw wood on : a
a parasitic animal : a constant teasing desire.— miner's wedge : a flag displayed from the bow
v.u to have an uneasy, irritating sensation in sprit of a ship: a coat of mail. [Fr. Jacques,
the skin : to have a constant, teasing desire. the most common name in France, hence used
[A.S. gictha, gicenes, an itching—giccan, to as a substitute for John, the most common name
itch; Scot. youk, yuck, Gcr. jScken, to itch.] in England ; but it is really = James or Jacob—
Itchy, ich'i, adj. pertaining to or affected with L. Jacobus. See Jacobin. ]
itch. Jack, Jak, jak, «. a tree of the E. Indies of the
Item, T'tem, adv. (lit.) likewise: also.—n. a sepa same genus as the bread-fruit-tree.
rate article or particular.—v.t. to make a note Jackal, jak'awl, «. a wild, gregarious animal
of. [L. —id, that, akin to Sans, iitham, thus.] closely allied to the dog. [I'ers, sfiaghal ; Sans.
Iterate, it'er-at, v.t. to do again: to repeal, in crigdla.]
modern usage replaced by the verb reiterate. Jackanapes, jak'a-naps, «. an impudent fellow :
— n. Itera tion, repetition. [L. itero. -aturn— a coxcomb. [For Jack o' apes, being one who
itemm (is, this, and comparative affix terum), exhibited monkeys, with an « inserted to avoid
beyond this, again; akin to Sans, itara, other.] the hiatus.]
Iterative, il'er-iit-iv, adj., repeating. [li itera- Jackass, jak as, ». the male of the ass: a block*
tivus.) head. [Jack = the male, and Ass.]
Itinerant, T-tin'er-ant, adj., making journeys Jackboots, jak'bOots, n.pl. large boots reaching
from place to place : travelling.—n. one who above the knee, to protect the leg, formerly
travels from place to place, esp. a preacher : a worn by cavalry, and covered with plates of
wanderer.—adv. Itin'erantly.—ns. Itin'eracy, iron. [Jack = coat of mail, and Boots J
Itinerancy. [L. itinerans, -antis, part, of Jackdaw, jak'daw, ». a species of crow. [Jack
obs. v. itinera, to travel—L. iter, ittnerts, a and Daw ]
journey—eo, itum, to go.] Jacket, jak'et, «. a short coat. [O. Fr. jaquette,
Itinerary, 7-tin'er-ar-i, adj., travelling: done on a jacket, or sleeveless coat, a dim. of O. Fr.
a journey.—n. a book of travels : a guide-book jaque, a coat of mail.]
for travellers : a rough sketch and description of Jacketed, jak'et-ed, adj. wearing a jacket.
the country through which troops are to march. Jackscrew, jak'skrCO, «. a screw for raising heavy
[L. itinerarius —iter.] weights. [Jack and Screw.]
Itinerate, T-tin'cr-at, v.i. to travel from place to Jacobin, jak'o-bin, ». one of an order of monks, so
place, esp. for the purpose of preaching or lec- ; named from their orig. establishment in the Rue
turing. [L. itinera—iter, itineris—eo, itum, to St Jacques (St James's Street), Paris; one of a
go-1 , ^ I society of revolutionists in France, so called
Its, its, pass, pron., the possessive of It. [The from their meeting in a Jacobin convent : a
old form was Am, its not being older than the demagogue: a hooded pigeon. [Fr.—L. Jacobus,
end of the 16th century. Its docs not occur in James—Gr. Jacfibos— Heb. Ja'akob.]
the English Bible of 161 1, or in Spenser, rarely Jacobinical, jak-o-bin'i-kal, adj. pertaining to the
in Shakspcare, and is not common until the time Jacobins or revolutionists of France : holding
of Drydcn.] revolutionary principles.
Itself, it-self, pron. the neuter reciprocal pronoun, Jacobinism, jak'o-bin-izm, n. the principles of the
applied to things. [It and Self.] Jacobins or French revolutionists.
Ivied, Ivyed, I'vid, Ivy-mantled, fvi-man'tld, Jacobite, jak'o-bit, «. an adherent of James II.
adj. overgrown or mantled with ivy. and his descendants.—adj. of or belonging to
Ivory, I'vo-ri, n. the hard, white substance com the Jacobites.—adj. Jacobit'ical.—w. Jao ob-
posing the tusks of the elephant and of the ittsm.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mute ; muto ; mOon ; then. 271
 Jacob s-ladder
Jacobs-ladder, jalcobs-lad'er, n. tnaul.) a ladder
made of ropes with wooden steps : a garden
plant with large blue flowers. [From the ladder
which Jacob saw in his dream.J
Jacquerie, zhak'e-re', n. name given to the revolt of
the French peasants in the 14th century. [ From
Jaqucs (Bonhommel, Jack (Goodfellow;, a name
applied in derision to the peasants.]
Jade, jad, «. a tired horse : a worthless nag : a
woman—in contempt or irony. —v.t. to tire : to
harass. [Ely. dub. ; Sc. yad, yaud.\
Jade, jad, «. a dark-green stone used for orna
mental purposes. [Fr.—Sp. ijada, the flank—L.
ilia. It was believed to cure pain of the side.]
Jag, jag, n. a notch: a ragged protuberance:
(oat,) a clelt or division.—v.t. to cut into
notches :—//-./. jagg'ing ; Pa.p. jagged. [Celt.
gag, a cleft. ) [Jags/edly. - n. Jagg'edness.
Jagged, jag'ed, adj., notched' : rough-edged.—adv.
Jagger, jag'er, «. a brass wheel with a notched
edge for cutting cakes, &c. into ornamental
forms. [uneven.
Jaggy, jag^. notched: set with teeth :
Jaguar, jag'fi-ar or jag-war7, n. a powerful beast
of prey, allied to the leopard, found in South
America. [Braz. jawnara.]
Jan, ja, «. Jehovah. [Heb.]
Jail, Jailer. Same as Gaol, Gaoler.
Jalap, jal'ap, >;. the purgative root of a plant
first brought from Jaiapa or Xalapa, in Mexico.
Jam, jam, «. a conserve of fruit boiled with sugar.
[Ely. dub. ; perh. fromjam, to squeeze.]
Jam, jam, v.t. to press or squeeze tight:—Pr.p.
jamm'ing : pa.p. jammed'. [From the same
root as champ.]
Jamb, jam, «. the sidepiece or post of a door, fire
place, &c. [Fr.jambe, O. Fr. garnbe, It.gamba,
a leg—Celt, cam, bent. J
Jangle, jang7!, v.i. to sound discordantly as in
wrangling : to wrangle or quarrel.—v.t. to cause
to sound harshly.—n. discordant sound : con
tention.—ns Jang'ler, Jangling. [O. Fr.
jangler, from the sound, like Jingle and Chink.]
Janitor, jan'i-tor, n. a doorkeeper: a porter:—
/cm. Jan'ltrlX. [L., fromjanua, a door.]
Janizary, jan'i-zar-i, Janissary, jan'i-sar-i, n. a
soldier of the old Turkish foot-guards, formed
originally of a tribute of children taken from
Christian subjects.—adj. Janlza'rian. [Fr.
Janissaire—lurk- yeni, new, and askarit a
soldier.]
Jantily, Jantiness, Janty. See Jaunty, &c.
January, jan'ti-ar-i, «. the first month of the year,
dedicated by the Romans to Janus, the god of
the sun. [L. Januarius—Janus, the sun-god.)
Japan, ja-pan', v.t. to varnish after the manner of
the Japanese or people of Japan : to make
black and glossy :—Pr.p. japann'ing ; pa.p.
japanned'. —«. work japanned: the vanmh
or lacquer used in japanning. — «. Japann'er.
Jar, jar, v.i. to make a harsh discordant sound :
to quarrel: to be inconsistent. —v.t. to shake:
—pr.p. jarring; pa.p. jarred'.—n. a harsh ratt
ling sound : clash of interests or opinions : dis
cord.—adv. Jarringly. [From an imitative
Tent, root, kar, found also in Care, and conn,
with Jargon, and L. garrire, to prattle.]
Jar, jar, n. an earthen or glass bottle with a wide
mouth : a measure. [Fr. jarre—Pers. jarrah,
a water-pot.J
Jargon, jaVgun, n. confused talk: slang. [Fr.
jargon. See Jar, to quarrel.]
Jargonelle, jar-go-nel\ n. a kind of pear. [Fr.]
Jasmine, jas'nun, Jessamine, jes'a-min, n. a
W2 fate, fur , mO, her . mine ;
Jeopardy
genus of plants, many species of which have
very fragrant flowers. [Ar. and Pers. j'ds/nin.]
Jasper, jas'per, n. a precious stone, b«ing a hard
siliceous mineral of various colours. [Fr.jttspe
—L. and Gr. iaspis—Arzb. y<isb.]
Jaundice, jan'dis, «. a disease, characterised by a
ye llowness of the eyes, skin, &c. caused by bile.
[Fr. jaunisse, from jaune, yellow—L. galbanus,
yellowish, galbus, yellow.] [prejudiced.
Jaundiced, jan'dist, adj. affected with jaundice :
Jaunt, jant, v.i. to go from place to place: to
make an excursion.—n. an excursion : a ramble.
[Old form jauttce—O. Fr.jancer, to stir (a horse). ]
Jaunting, jant'ing, adj., strolling: making an
excursion.
Jaunty, Janty, jantl, adj. airy : showy : dash
ing : finical.—adv. Jaunt'ily.—«. Jaunt'iness.
[From Jaunt]
Javelin, jav lin, n. a spear about six feet long,
anciently used by both infantry and cavalry.
[Fr. javeline, of uncertain origin.]
Jaw, jaw, «. the bones of the mouth in which the
teeth are set : the mouth : anything like a jaw.
[Old spelling chaw, akin to ChQW.j
Jawbone, jaw'bun, «. the bone of the jaw, in
which the teeth are set.
Jawed, jawd, adj. having jaws .* denoting the
appearance of the jaws, as lantern-jawed.
Jawfall, jaw'fawl, «. a falling of the jaw : [Jig.)
depression of spirits. [Jaw and Fall.]
Jay, ja, n. a bird of the crow family with gay
plumage. [O. Fr. jay, Fr. geai; from root of
Jealous, jel'uSj adj. suspicious of or incensed at
rivalry : anxious to defend the honour of. —adv.
Jealously.—«. Jeal'ousy. [Fr. jaioux—'L.
zelns—Gr. zelos, emulation.]
Jean, jan, «. a twilled cotton cloth. [From Jaen,
in Spain.]
Jeer, j£r, v.t. to make sport of: to treat with
derision.—v.i. to scoff" : to deride : to make a
mock of.—n. a railing remark: biting jest:
mockery.—adv. Jeer'ingly. [Acc. to Skeat,
from the Dut. phrase den gek scheereti, lit. to
s/iear the fool, to mock, the words gek scheeren
being run together, and coir, into jeer.]
Jehovah, je-hu'va, «. the eternal or self-existent
Being, the chief Hebrew name of the Deity.
[Heb. Vehovah, from hayah, to be.]
Jejune. je-jOSn', adj. empty: void of interest:
barren.—adv. Jejune ly.—«. Jejune'ness. [L.
jejunus, abstaining from food, hungry.]
Jejunum, je-jo"0'num, «. a part of the smaller
intestine, so called because generally found
empty after death. [L.—jejunus.]
Jellied, jel'id, adj. in the state ofjelly.
Jelly, jel'i, n. anything gelatinous : the juice of
fruit boiled with sugar. [Anything congealed
or frozen, Fr. gelie, from gvler- h. geio, to
freeze.] OW/p. [Jelly and Fish. ]
Jelly-fish, jcl'i-fish, «. marine radiate animals like
Jennet, also spelt Gennet, Genet, jen'et, n. a
small Spanish horse. [Fr. genet—Sp. ginete,
[From root of Gin, a machine.]
Jeopard, jep'ard, Jeopardise, jep'ard-lz, v.t. to
put in jeopardy.
JeopardOUS, jep'ard-us, adj. exposed to danger or
loss.—adv. Jeor/ardoualy.
Jeopardy, jep'ard-i, n. hazard, danger. [Fr. jeu
Parti, lit. a divided game, one in which the
chances are even—Low L. jocus partitus—
mute ; mute ; m$On ; then.
 Jerboa Jocose
L. jocus, a game, partitus, divided—partior, Jetty, jet'i, n. a projection : a kind of pier. [Fr.
to divide.]
Jerboa, jer'bov-a or jer-bfl'a, *. a genus of small Jew, jetie, thrown out—jeter.]
jOTJ, «. an inhabitant of Judea : a Hebrew
rodent quadrupeds, remarkable for the length or Israelite :—fem. Jewess. [O. Fr. Juis—L.
of their nindlegs and their power of jumping. Judaus, Gr. loudaios—Ioudaia, Judea.]
[Ar. yerbda, yarbOa*] Jewel, jOO'el, n. an ornament of dress : a precious
Jeremiad, jer-e-ml'ad, «. a lamentation: a tale stone: anything highly valued.— v.t. to dress or
uf grief: a doleful story. [From Jeremiah, the adorn with jewels : to fit with a jewel:—pr.P.
prophet, author of the book of Lamentations.] jew'elling ; pa,p. j'ew'elled. [O. Fr. jouel, Fr.
Jerfalcon. Same as Gyrfalcon. joyau ; either a dim. of Fr. joie, joy, from L.
Jerk, jerk, v.t. to throw with a quick effort: to gaudium, }oy—gaudeo, to rejoice (see Joy), or
give a sudden movement. — «. a short, sudden derived through Low L. jocale, from L.jocari,
movement : a striking against with a sudden to jest.]
motion. [Orig. to strike, Scot, ytrk, by-forms Jeweller, jo~0'el-er, n. one who makes or deals in
beingjert and gird, and conn, with yard, a rod-] jewels. (in general.
Jerked-beef, jerkt'-bfif, «., beej'cut into thin pieces Jewelry, joo'el-ri, Jewellery, joo'el-er-i, «. , jewels
and dried in the sun. [Chilian charquu] Jewish, joD'ishj adj. belonging to the Jews.—adv.
Jerkin, jer'kin, n. a jacket, a short coat or close Jew lsnly.—n, jow ishnoss. [Jews.
waistcoat. [Dut., dim. ofjurk, a frock.] Jewry, jGOri, «., Judea: a district inhabited by
Jersey, jerlri, n. the finest part of wool : combed Jew'S-harp, jOo^-harp, n a small Artr/-shaped
wool : a kind of close-fitting woollen shirt worn musical instrument played between the teeth by
in rowing, &c. [From the island Jersey,] striking a spring with the finger. [From Jew,
Jerusalem Artichoke, je-roTJ'sa-lem ar ti-ch<5k, n. and Harp ; a name prob. given in derision.]
a plant of the same genus as the common sun Jib, jib, «. a triangular sail borne in front of the
flower, the roots of which arc used as food. [A foremast in a ship, so called from its shifting at
corr. of It. girasole tL. gyrate, to turn, and itself.—v.t, to shift a boom sail from one tack to
sol, the sun,, sunflower, and Artichoke, from the other.—v.i. to move restively. [Dan. gibbe,
the similarity in flavour of its root to that of this Dut. gijpen, to turn suddenly.]
plant.] Jib-boom, jib'-bOCm, n. a boom or extension of the
JOSS, jes, n. a short strap round the legs of a hawk, bowsprit, on which thejib is spread.
by which she is held and let go. [Lit. a throw, Jibe. Same as Gibe. '
O. Fr. ject—jecter, to throw—L. jactare, to Jig, jig, n. a quick, lively tune : a quick dance
throw.) suited to the tune.—r'./. to dance a jig:—pr.p.
Jessamine, jes'a-min. See Jasmine. .jigging; pa.p. jigged'. [Fr. gigue, a stringed
Jesse, jes'i, «. a large branched candlestick used instrument—Ger. geige ; conn, with Gig. J
in churches. [From its likeness to the genea Jilt, jilt, n. a woman who encourages a lover and
logical tree of Jesse, the father of David, for then neglects or rejects him : a flirt.—v.t. to en
merly hung up m churches.] courage and then disappoint in love. [Scot.
Jessed, jest, adj. having jesses on. jillet, dim. of Jill (L. Juliana—Julius), a
Jest, jest, «. something ludicrous: joke: fun: female name, used in contempt.]
something uttered in sport : object of laughter. Jingle, jing'l, n. a jangling or clinking sound :
—v.i. to make a jest or merriment.—adv. Jest'- that which makes a rattling sound : a correspond
toSjy- [Orig. a deed, a story, M. E. geste— ence of sounds.—v.i. to sound with a jingle.
O. Fr. geste—L. gestum—gero, to do.] [Formed from the sound, like Jangle.]
Jester, jest'ir, n. one who jests : a buffoon. [Orig. Jingoism, jing'8-izin, n. nickname for a phase of
a story-teller.] the military spirit in England. [Jingo is said
Jesuit. je/Q-it, n. one of the Society of Jesus, to be the Basque name for 'lord.']
founded in 1534 by Ignatius Loyola, the mem Job, job, n. a sudden stroke or stab with a pointed
bers of which are reputedly celebrated for crafti instrument like a beak.—v.t. to strike or stab
ness : a crafty person.—adjs. Jesuitic, Jesuit suddenly '.—Pr.p. jobbing ; pa.p. jobbed'. [Gael.
lcal.—adv. Jesult'lcally. gobx W. gyb, a oeak ; coun. with Gobble. Job.J
Jesuitism, jer'Q-it-izm, n. the principles and prac Job, job, n. any piece of work, esp. ot a trifling or
tices of the Jesuits : cunning: deceit. temporary nature : any undertaking with a view
Jesus, je'zus, «. the Saviour of mankind. [Gr. to profit : a mean transaction, in which private
lesous— Heb. Joshua—Jehoshua, help of Je gam is sought under pretence of public service.
hovah, the Saviour—yasha, to save.] —v.i. to work at jobs: to buy and sell, as a
Jet, jet, n. a mineral very compact and black used broker : to hire or let out for a short time, esp.
for ornaments. [Fr. jaiet—L., Gr. gagatis, horses. [Lit. *a lump' or 'portion,' and formerly
from Gagas, a town and river in Lycia, in Asia spelt gob, M. E. gobet—O. Fr. gob, a mouthful ;
Minor, where it was obtained.] from the same Celtic root as Gobble.]
Jet, jet, v.i. to throw or shoot forward : to jut.— Jobber, job'er, n. one who jobs: one who buys
v.t. to emit in a stream :—/r./. jetting ; Pa.p. and sells, as a broker : one who turns official
jett'ed. [Fr. jeter—L. jacto, freq. of jacio, to actions to private advantage : one who engages
throw.] in a mean, lucrative affair.
Jet, jet, n. a spouting stream : a short pipe emit Jobbery, job'er-i, n., jobbing: unfair means em
ting a flame of gas. [Fr., It. geto—L.jactus, ployed to procure some private end.
from jacia, to throw.] [black colour. Jockey, jok'i, n. a man (orig. a boy] who rides
Jet-black, jet'-blak, adj., black asjet. the deepest horses in a race : a horsedealer: one who takes
Jetsam, jet'sam, Jetson, jct'sun, Jettison, jet'i- undue advantage in business.—v.t. to jostle by
sun, «. the throiving of goods overboard in a riding ngainst : to cheat. [Dim. of Jock,
case of great peril to lighten a vessel : the goods northern E. for Jack, which sec. J
so thrown away which remain under water. Jockeyism, jok'i-izm, Jockeyship, jokl-ship, n.
Jetty, jetl, adj. made ofjet, or black as jet.—n. the art or practice of a jockey.
Jett'iness. Jocose, jo-kOs', adj. full of jokes: humorous*.
R fat«, far ; me, her ; mine ; mflle ; mute ; moon ; then. 273
 Jocular Judaic
meTty.—adv. Jocosely.—n. Jocose'ness. [L. given to certain species of narcissus with rnsk-
jocosns—jocus, a joke. See Joke t ukc leaves. [Fr. jonqnilU—L. juncus, a rush.]
Jocular, jok'Q-lar, adj. given to/atw : humorous : Joss-Stick, jos'-stik, n. in China, a stick of gum
droll : laughable.—adv. Joclllarly.—«. Jocu burned as incense to their gods. [Chinese joss,
larity. [L. jocularis—jocus.\ a cod.]
Jocund, jok'und, adj. in ajocose humour : merry: Jostle, josl, v.t. to joust or strike against: to
cheerful: pleasant.—adv. Joc'uiidly.—h. Joc drive against. [Freq. of Joust.]
undity. [L. jocuttdus—jocus.\ Jot, jot, «. the least quantity assignable.—v.t. to
Jog, jog, v.t. to shock or shake : to push with the set down briefly: to make a memorandum of:—
elbow or hand.—v.i. to move by small shocks : to Pr.p. jott'ing; pa.p. jott'ed. [L.—Gr. iota—
travel slowly :—pr.p. jogging ; Pa.p. jogged'.— Heb. yod, the smallest letter in the alphabet.
n. a slight shake : a push. [A weakened form of
Shock.] Jotting, jot'ing, n. a memorandum.
Joggle, jogl, v.t. to jog or shake slightly : to Journal, jur'nal, n. a diurnal or daily register or
.jostle.—v.i. to shake :—Pr.p, joggling; pa.p. diary, a book containing an account of each
jogg'led. [Dim. of Jog.] day's transactions : a newspaper published daily
Jogtrot, jog'trot, «. a slowjogging trot* or otherwise : a magazine : the transactions of
John Doree. See Doree. any society. [Fr.—L. diurnaiis. Sec Diurnal. J
Join, join, v.t. to connect : to unite : to associate : Journalism, jur'nal-izm, «. the keeping of a jour
to add or annex.—v.i. to be connected with : to nal: the profession ofconducting public journals.
grow together : to be in close contact : to unite Journalist, jurlial-ist, n. one who writes for or
(with). [Fr.joindre. It. gingnere—L. jungere, conducts ajournal or newspaper.
junctum ; conn, with Gr. zcugnumi. Sans, yuj, Journalistic, jur-nal-ist'ik, adj. pertaining to
to join. See Yoke.] (carpenter. journals or newspapers, or tojournalism.
Joiner, join'er, «. one who joins or unites: a Journey, jur'ni, n. any travel: tour: excursion.
Joinery, join'er-i, «. the art of thejoiner. —v.i, to travel '.—pr.p. jour neying ; Pa.p jour'-
Joint, joint, «. a joining : the place where two or neyed (-nidj. [Lit a day's travel, Fr. jouriiie
more things join: a knot: a hinge: a seam: the —jour, It. giomo, a day—L. diumus.]
place where two bones are joined: [cook.) the Journeyman, jur'ni-man, «. one who works by
part of the limb of an animal cut olT at the joint. the day: any hired workman : one whose ap
—adj. joined,united, or combined : shared among prenticeship is completed.
more than one.—v.t. to unite by joints: to fit Joust, just or jo"Ost, n. the encounter of two
closely: to provide with joints : to cut intojoints, knights on horseback at a tournament.—v.i. to
as an animal.—v.i. to fit like joints. [Fr., O. Fr. run in the tilt. [Lit. a corning together, O. Fr.
joinct— Fr. joimire. See Join. ] jouste,juste—L. jiucta, nigh to.]
Jointly, jointli, adv. in a joint manner: unitedly Jovial, ju'vi-al, adj. joyous : full of mirth and
or in combination : together. [company. happiness. — a*lv. Jo*VialIy. — ns. Joviality,
Joint-Stock, joint'-stok, «., stockh^\d\ jointly or in Jo'vlalness. [L. Joviatis— Jupiter, 7ovis,
Jointure, joint'ur, n. property joined to or settled Jupiter, the star, which, according to the old
on a woman at marriage to be enjoyed after her astrology, had a happy influence on hum.m
husband's death.—v.t. to settle a jointure upon. affairs.]
[ Fr. , O. Fr. joincture—L. junctura. See Join. ] Jowl, Jole. jol, n. the jaw or cheek. [M. E. forms
Jointuress, joim'ur-es. Jointress, joint'res, «. a are chant, chaul, corr. from chttvei, and this
woman on whom ajointure is settled. again from A.S. ceafl, the jaw.]
Joist, joist, n. the timbers to which the boards of Joy, joy, «. gjadness : rapture : mirth: the cause
a floor or the laths of a ceiling are nailed. —v.t. of joy.—v.t. to rejoice ; to be glad : to exult :—
to fit with joists. [Lit. 'that on which any Pr.p. joying ; Pa.p. joyed'. [Fr. joieJ Xugioja
thing lies,' Scot, grist—O. Fr. gistc, from Fr. —L. gaudium—gaudco, to rejoice, allied to Gr.
gtsir—'L.jacere, to lie. SeeGlSt.} gfthed.]
Joke, jok, n. ajest : a witticism : something witty Joyful, joyYool, adj. full of joy : very glad,
or sportive : anything said or done to excite a happy, or merry.—adv. Joy'fully. Jojr'ful-
laugh.—v.t. to cast jokes at : to banter : to make ness.
merry with.—v.i. to jest : to be merry : to make Joyless, joylcs, adj. without joy : not giving joy.
sport, [h.jocus.] —adv. Joylessly.—«. Joylessness.
Joker, iOk'er, «. one who jokes or jests. Joyous, joy'us, a*ij. full of joy, happiness, or
Jokingly, jok'ing-li, adv. in a joking manner. merriment.—adv. Joy'OUBly. —«. Joy ousness.
Jole, another form of JowL Jubilant, jufc'bi-lant, adj. shouting for joy: re
Jollification, jol-i-fi-kii'shun, n. a making jolty: joicing: uttering songs of triumph. [L. jubilo,
noisy festivity and merriment. [Jolly, and L. to shout for joy. Not conn, with Jubilee.]
facto, to make.] Jubilate, j*TO-bi-l;Vte, «. the 3d Sunday after
Jolly, jol'i, adj., merry; expressing or exciting Easter, so called because the Church Service
mirth : comely, robust. —adv. Joll'ily.—ns. Joll began on that day with the 66th Psalm,
ity. Joiriness. [Fr. joli—lce. jol, a Christmas ' Jubilate Deo,' &c. [From root of Jubilant ]
feast, E. yule.] Jubilation, jo"o-bi-liVshun, «. a shouting fur joy :
Jollyboat, jol'i-bot, «. a small boat belonging to the declaration of triumph. [Sec Jubilant.]
a ship. [Jolly [a corr. of Dan. jollc, a boat, Jubilee, joT/bi-le", n. the year of release among the
a yawl) and Boat. See Yawl.] Jews every fiftieth year, proclaimed by the
Jolt, jolt, v.i. to shake with sudden jerks.—v.t. to sound of a trumpet : any season of great public
shake with a sudden shock.—«. a sudden jerk. joy and festivity. [Fr. jubitt—L. jubilwus —
[Old form Joll, prob. conn, with Jowl, and so Heb. yobel, a trumpet, the sound of a trumpet.]
orig. meaning to knock one head against another, Judaic, j50-da'ik, Judaical, joo-da ik-al, adj. per
as in the phrase joltheaii.} taining to the Jews.—adv. Juda'ically. [L.
Joltingly, jolt'ing-li, adv. in a jolting manner. ?'udaicus—Juda, Judah, one of the sons of
Jonquil, jonltwil, Jonquille, jon-kwcT, «. a name ;r;(el.]
fate, far; mi, hci ; mine; mote; mate; raOOn; then.
 Judaise
Judaise. jo7/da-Tz, v.i. to conform to or practise
Judaism.
Judaism, j&o'da-izm, n. the doctrines and rites of
the Jews : conformity to the Jewish rites.
Judean, joTj-de'an, adj. belonging to Judea.—n.
a native of Judea.
Judge, juj, v.i. to point out or declare what is
just or law: to hear and decide: to pass
sentence : to compare facts to determine the
truth: to form or pass an opinion: to dis
tinguish. —v.t. to hear and determine authorita
tively : to sentence : to be censorious towards :
to consider: {£.) to condemn. [Fr. juger—l*.
judico—jus, law, and dico, to declare.]
Judge, juj, h. one who judges: a civil officer who
hears and settles any cause : an arbitrator : one
who can decide upon the merit of anything : in
Jewish history, a magistrate having civil and
military powers:—//, title of 7th book of the
Old Testament. [Fr. juge, L. judex—judico.]
Judgeship, juj'ship, «. the office of ajudge.
Judgment, juj'ment, «. act of judging: the com
paring of ideas, to elicit truth: faculty by which
this is done, the reason : opinion formed : taste :
sentence : condemnation : doom.
Judgment-day, juj'ment-da, «. the day on which
God will pronounce finaljudgment on mankind.
Judgment-seat, juj'ment-set, «., seat or bench in
a court from which jtuigment is pronounced.
Judicable, jso'di-ka-bl, adj. that may be judged
or tried. [L. jiuiicabiiis.] Vjudge.
Judicative, j<50'di-ka-tiv, adj. having power to
Judicatory, j60'di-ka-tar-i, adj. pertaining to a
judge: distributing justice. —«. distribution of
justice : a tribunal.
Judicature, jOo'di-ka-tur, n. profession ofajudge:
power or system of dispensing justice by legal
trial jurisdiction: a tribunal.
Judicial, j(50-dish'al, adj. pertaining to ajudge or
court : practised in, or proceeding from a court
of justice : established by statute.—adv. Judici
ally. [O. Yt.—L. judiciaiis.)
Judiciary, jGT>dish'i-ar-i, n. the judges taken
collectively.—adj. pertaining to the courts of
law : passing judgment. [L. jttdkiarius. ]
Judicious, juo-dish'us, adj. according to sound
judgment: possessing sound judgment: dis
creet—«. Judi ciousness —adv. Judi ciously
Jug, jug, k. a larye vessel with a swelling body
and narrow mouth for liquors.—v.t. to ooil or
stew as in a jug :—pr.$, jugg'ing ; pap. jugged'.
[Prob. a familiar equivalent of Joan or Jenny,
and jocularly applied to a drinking-vessel ; cf.
Jack and Gill in a like sense.]
Jug, jug, v.i. to utter the sound jug, as certain
birds, csp. the nightingale. [From the sound.]
Juggle, jug'l, v.i. to joke or jest: to amuse by
sleight-of-hand : to conjure : 10 practise artifice
or imposture.—«. a trick by sleight-of-hand: an
imposture. [O. Fr. jongler—L. joculor, to jest
—jocus, a jest.]
Juggler, jug'ler, «. one who performs tricks by
sleight-of-hand : a trickish fellow. [M. E. joge-
lour—Fr. jongleur—L. jocubitor, a jester.]
Jugglery, jug'lcr-i, «. art or tricks of a juggler:
legerdemain : trickery.
Jugular, iGO'gu-lar, adj. pertaining to the collar
bone, which joins the neck and shoulders.—n.
one of the large veins on each side of the neck.
[L. jugulum, the collar-bone—jungo, to join.]
Juice, jOTjs, n. the sap of vegetables : the fluid part
of animal bodies.—adj. Juiceless. [Fr.—L.
jus, lit. mixture.}
Juicy, jOOs'i, adj.,full 0/juice.—n. Juir/iness.
fate, far ; m£, hir ; mine ;
Jupiter
Jujube, jOO'jOoo, n. a genus of spiny shrubs or
small trees, the fruit of which is dried as a sweet
meat : a lozenge made of sugar and gum. (Fr.—
L. zizyphus—Or. sizyphon—Pers. zizfun, the
jujube-tree.]
Julep, jGo'lep, Julap. jOOlap, n. a pleasant liquid
medicine in which other nauseous medicines are
taken. [Lit. rose-nutter, Fr.—Ar. julab—Pers.
gul, rose, &b, water.]
Julian, jooTyan, adj. noting the old account of
time established by Julius Caesar, and used
from 46 B.C. till 1752.
July, jiSO-lT', «. the seventh month of the year, so
called from Caius Julius Ocsar, who was born
in this month.
Jumble, jum'bl, v.t. to mix confusedly : to throw
together without order.—v.i. to be mixed to
gether confusedly : to be agitated. —«. a confused
mixture. [M. K.jo/»bre, prob. a freq. of Jump,
in the sense of to stamp or shake about.]
Jumbllngly, jum'bling-li, adv. in a jumbled or
confused manner.
Jump, jump, v.i. to spring upward, or forward, or
both: to bound: to pass to as by a leap.—v. t. to
pass by a leap : to slcip over :—pr.p. jump'ing ;
Pa.p. jumped'.—n. act of jumping: a bound.
[From a Teut. root seen in Sw. gumpa, O. Ger.
gumpen, to jump.]
Junction, jungk'shun, n. a joining, a union or
combination : place or point ofunion. [See Join.]
Juncture, jungk'tur, n. a joining, a union : a
critical or important point of time. [L. junctura.]
June, jiTOn, n. the sixth month, orig. of 26 days,
but since Julius Caesar's time of 30. [L. Junius,
the name of the sixth month, and also of a
Roman gens or clan, prob. from root of L.
juveitis, junior, Sans, juwan, young, and so =
the month ofgrowth.]
Jungle, jung'gl, «. land covered with thick brush
wood, Sec—adj. Jungly. [Sans, jangala,
desert.]
Junior, j{50n'yur, adj., younger: less advanced. —
n. one younger or less advanced. [Contr. of
L. jitvenior, younger—juvenis, young.]
Juniority, joo-ni-or'i-ti, Juniorship, joo'ni-ur-
ship, «. state of being junior.
Juniper, jaoni-per, n. an evergreen shrub, the
berries of which are used in making gin. [L.
juniperus—juvenis, young, and pano, to bring
forth ; lit. young-bearing, from its evergreen
appearance. ]
Junk, jungk, «. a Chinese vessel, having three
masts. [Port, junco—Chinese chiu'au, a boat.]
Junk, jungk, «. pieces of old cordage, used for
making mats, &c. and when picked to pieces
forming oakum for the seams of ships : salt meat
supplied to vessels for long voyages, so called
because it becomes as hard as old rope. [L.
juncus, a rush, of which ropes used to be made.]
Junket, jungTtet, n. any sweetmeat, so called
from being carried in little baskets made of
rushes: a stolen entertainment.—v.i. to feast in
secret.—v.t. to feast :—pr.p. jun'keting ; Pa.p.
jun'keted. [It. giuncata—L. juncus, a rush.]
Junta, jun'ta, «. a body of men joined or united :
a Spanish grand council of state. [Sp., a fern,
form of Junto.]
Junto, jun'tO, n. a body of men joined or united
for some secret intrigue : a confederacy : a cabal
or faction '.—pi. Jun'tos. (Sp.—L. junctus—
jungo.]
Jupiter, jes'pi-ter, n. the chief god among the
Romans : the largest, and, next to Venus, the
brightest of the planets. [Contr. from Jovispater
mOte ; mflte : moon ; Men.
 Juridical
or Diespiter, 'Jove-father' or ' Heavea-father,'
from y&vis {— Gr. Zeus, Sans. Dyaus, A.S.
Truj, O. High Ger. Zio, L. dies, divum, and sig.
light, heaven), and pater, father.]
Juridical, jOo-rid'ik-al, adj. relating to the dis
tribution of justice: pertaining to a judge:
used in courts of law.—adv. Juridically. [L.
juridicus—jus, juris, law. and dico, to declare.]
Jurisconsult, jf5o-ris-kon'sult, «. one who is con
sulted on the law : a lawyer who gives opinions
on cases put to him: a jurist. [L. jus, juris,
law, and consultus—consulo, to consult.]
Jurisdiction, joo-ris-dik'shun, n. the distribution
of justice; legal authority: extent of power:
district over which any authority extends, —adj.
Jurisdlc'tional. [ Fr.—L. jurisdictio. See
Just and Diction.]
Jurisprudence, j(5o-ris-proT5'dcns, «. the science or
knmuledge of laiv. [Fr.—L. jurisprudentia—
jus, juris, law, and prudentia, knowledge. See
Just and Prudence.]
Jurist, jOo'rist, n. one who professes or is versed
in the science of law, especially the Roman or
civil law : a civilian. [Fr. juriste.]
Juror, joo'rur, Juryman, joo'ri-man, n. one who
serves on ajury. [Fr. jureur.]
Jury, jGo'ri, «. a body of not less than twelve men,
selected and szvom, as prescribed by law, to
declare the truth on evidence before them : a
committee for deciding prizes at a public exhi
bition. [Fr. juri% sworn—jurer—L. juro, to
swear. ]
Jurymast, jtJO'ri-mast, «. a temporary mast
erected in a ship instead of one lost or destroyed.
[Ety. dub., by some thought to be an abbrev. of
injury-mast. J [for one lost.
Jury-rudder, jSo'ri-rud'er, «. a temporary rudder
Just, n. a tilt. Same as Joust.
Just, just, adj., lawful: upright : exact : regular :
true : righteous.—adv. accurately : barely. [Fr.
— L. justus—jus, law.]
Justice, jus'tis, «. quality of being just : inte
grity : impartiality : desert : retribution : ajudge:
a magistrate. [Fr.—L. justiiia.]
Justiceship, jus'tis-ship, n. office or dignity of a
justice or judge.
Justiciary, jus-tishl-ar-i. Justiciar, jus-tish'i-ar,
«. an administrator ofjustice: a chief-justice.
Justifiable, jus-ti-fI'a-bl, adj. that may be justi
fied or defended.—". Justifi'ableness.—adv.
Justifiably.
Justification, jus-ti-fi-ka'shun, n. vindication :
absolution : a plea of sufficient reason for.
Justificative, jus'ti-fi-kavtiv, Justificatory, jus'ti-
fi-ka-tor-i, adj. having power to justify.
Justifier, jus'ti-fl-er, «. one who defends, or vin
dicates : he who pardons and absolves from guilt
and punishment.
Justify, jus'ti-fl, v.t. to make just: to prove or
shew to be just or right : to vindicate : to ab
solve \~~pr.p. justifying ; pa.fi. jus'tified. [Fr.
—L. justifico—justus, just, andfacio, to make.]
Jnstle, v.t. Same as Jostle.
Justly, justli, adv. in a just manner : equitably:
uprightly : accurately : by right. [ness.
Justness, just'nes, n. equity: propriety: exact-
Jut, jut, v.t. to shoot forward : to project :—pr.p.
jutt'ing; fia.fi. jutt'ed. [A form of Jet.]
Jute, jCot, n. the fibre of an Indian plant resem
bling hemp, used in the manufacture of coarse
bags, mats, &c. [Orissa jlwt, San&.jkat]
Juvenescent, j5o-ven-es'ent,rtrf;'. becoming young.
— n. Juvenes'cence. [L. juvenescens- jutie-
nesco, to grow young.]
fi»tet far ; me, her : mine ;
Keg
Juvenile, j50've-nTl or -nil, adf.% young : pertain
ing or suited to youth : puerile.—ns. Ju venile-
ness, Juvenility. [Fr.—L.juvenilis—juvenis,
young; akin to Sans, juwan, young, and djuna,
sportive.]
Juxtaposition, julcs-ta-po-zish'un, «. a placing
or being placed near: contiguity. [L. juxta,
near, and Position.]
Kaffir, kaf'ir, n. one of a native race of S.E.
Africa. [Ar. Kafir, unbeliever.]
Kail, Kale, kai, ». a cabbage with open curled
leaves. [The Northern E. form of Cole.]
Kaleidoscope, ka-lfdo-skOp, «. an optical toy in
which we see an endless variety of beautiful
colours and forms. [Gr. kalos, beautiful, ct'dos,
form, and slipped", to sec] [Calends.
Kalendar. Kalends. Same as Calendar,
Kamptulicon, kamp-tu'li-kon, «. a floorcloth
made of ground cork and caoutchouc. [Gr.
kampto, to bend.]
Kangaroo, kang-gar-oo', n. an Australian quadru
ped, remarkable for the length of its hindlegs
and its power of leaping. [The native name.J
Kedge, kcj, n. a small anchor for keeping a ship
steady and for warping the ship.—v.t. to move
by means of a kedge, to warp.—n. Kedg'or. a
kedge. [Ice. kaggi, a cask fixed to an anchor
as a buoy.]
Keel, kel, n. the part of a ship extending along
the bottom from stem to stern, and supporting
the whole frame : a low flat-bottomed boat :
{pot.) the lowest petals of the corolla of a papi
lionaceous flower.—zi.t. or v.i. to plough with a
keel, to navigate: to turn keel upwards. [A.S.
ceol, a ship ; Ger. and Dut. kiel; prob. confused
with Ice. kidlr, the keel of a ship.]
Keelage, kel'aj, n. dues for a keel or ship in port.
Keeled, keld, adj. (bot.) keel-sluified : having a
prominence on the back.
Keelhaul kel'hawl, v.t. to punish by hauling
under the keel of a ship by ropes from the one
side to the other : to treat a subordinate in a
galling manner.
Keelson, Kelson, kel'sun, «. an inner keel placed
right over the outer keel of a ship, and securely
fastened thereto. [Swed. kdlsvin, Norw. kj$ls-
vill, the latter syllable — Ger. schwellc, E. Sill.J
Keen, ken, adj. eager : sharp, having a fine edge :
piercing: acute of mind: penetrating.—adz:
Keenly.—?/. Keen'ness. [A.S. cene; Ger.
ktikn, bold ; Ice. ktrun, wise. It is from the
same root as ken and can, the orig. sense being
able or knowing.]
Keep, kep, v.t, to have the care of : to guard : to
maintain : to have in one's service : to remain
in : to adhere to : to practise : not to lose : to
maintain hold upon : to restrain from departure :
to preserve in a certain state.—v.i. to remain in
any position or state : to last or endure : to ad
here:—pr.p. kcep'ing : pa.t. and pa.p. kept.—
«. that which keeps or protects : the innermost
and strongest part of a castle, the donjon : a
stronghold.—«. Keep'er.—«. Keep ership, office
of a keeper. [A.S. cefian, orig. to traffic, hence
to store up, keep—ceap, price. See Cheap.]
Keeping, kep'ing, n. care : Just proportion, har
mony : (paint. ) due proportion oflight and shade.
Keepsake, kSp'sak, n. something given to be kept
for the sake of the giver. [a cask.]
Keg, keg, n. a small cask or barrel. [Ice. kaggi,
mote ; mute ; mOUn ; Men.
 Kelp
Kelp, kelp, n. the calcined ashes of seaweed,
once used in making; glass. [Ety. unknown.]
Kelpie, Kelpy, kel'pi, ». a water-sprite in the
form of a horse. [Ety. dub.]
Kelson. Same as Keelson.
Ken, ken, v. t. to know ; to see and recognise at a
distance.—«. reach of knowledge or sight. [Ice.
kenna, orig. to cause to know. See Can and
Know.]
Kendal-green, ken'dal-griSn, n., green cloth made
at Kendal in Westmoreland.
Kennel, ken'el, «. a house for dogs: a pack of
hounds : the hole of a fox, &c. : a haunt. —v.t.
to keep in a kennel.—v.t, to live in a kennel :—
pr.p. kenn'clling; fia.p. kenn'elled. [Norm. Fr.
kenil, Fr. chcml—L. canile—cam's, a dog.]
Kennel, ken'el. n. the water-course of a street : a
gutter. [A form of Canal.]
Kennel-coal. Same as Cannel-coal
- {opt, past te»se and past participle of Keep.
Vjerbmpne, kerb'stfm, n. a form of Curbstone.
^jpLfCfflef, kC-r'chif, n. {orig.) a square piece of
( ^^pitth worn by women to cover the head : any
* joose cloth used in dress. [M. E. couerchef,
Fr. couvrecfuf—antvrir. to cover, chef, the
head. See Cover and Chief.]
Kern. See Quern. [cearn, a man.]
Kern, Kerne, kern, «. an Irish foot-soldier. [Ir.
Kernel, kern'cl, n. anything in a husk or shell :
the substance in the shell of a nut : the seed of a
pulpy fruit. [Lit. a grain of com, A.S. cyrnel,
from A.S. corn, grain, and dim. suffix -el; Ger.
kern, a grain. See Corn and Grain.J
KerneUy, kern'el-i, adj. full of or resembling
kernels.
Kerosene, ker'o-scn, «. an oil obtained from
bituminous coal, used for lamps, &c. [Or.
keros, wax.)
Kersey, ker'zi, n. a coarse woollen cloth. [Perh.
from Kersey in Suffolk, where a woollen trade
was once carried on.]
Kerseymere, ker-ri-mer' or ker'-, n. a twilled cloth
of the finest wools. [A corr. of Cassimere,
Cashmere.]
Kestrel, kes'trel, n. a small species of falcon like
the sparrow-hawk. [Fr. cresserelle, of unknown
origin.]
Ketch, kech, «. a small two-masted vessel, gener
ally used as a yacht or as a bomb-vessel. [Corr.
from Turk, qaiq, a boat, skiff, whence also Fr.
caique..]
Ketchup. Same as Catchup.
Kettle, ket'l, «. a vessel of metal, for heating or
boiling liquids. [A.S. cetel; Ger. kessel, Goth.
katils; all conn, with and perh. borrowed from
L. catillus, dim. of catinus, a deep cooking'
vessel.]
Kettledrum, ket1-drum, n. a drum made of a
metal vessel like a kettle, and covered with
parchment : a tea-party. [See Drum.]
Key, kg, «. an instrument for shutting or opening
a lock : that by which something is screwed or
turned : {arch.) the middle stone of an arch : a
piece of wood let into another piece crosswise to
prevent warping : imus.) one of the small levers
in musical instruments for producing notes : the
fundamental note of a piece of music : that which
explains a mystery : a book containing answers
to exercises, &c. [A.S. ca>g, a key; O. Fris.
kei, kat\]
Keyboard, keTsord, n. the keys or levers in a
piano or organ arranged along a flat board.
Keyhole, kc'hfll, «. the hole in which a key of a
door, &c. is inserted.
fate, tar; mi, her; mine;
Kindle
Keynote, ke'nflt, n. the key or fundamental note
of a piece of music.
Keystone, kfi'stOn, «. the same as Key, in arch.
Khan, kan, n. in N. Asia, a prince or chief: in
Persia, a governor.—n. Khan ate, the dominion
or jurisdiction of a khan. [Pers, khan, lord or
prince, which is a modification of a Tartar word. ]
Khedive, ked'iv, n. the title of the ruler of Egypt.
[Persian khuilv, prince or sovereign.]
Kibe, klb, «. a chilblain. [W. cibwst, from cib,
a cup, expressive of the swollen or rounded ap
pearance of the disease, and gtvst. a disease.]
Kick, kik, v.t. to hit with thefoot.—v.i. to thrust
out the foot with violence : to shew opposition.
—«. a blow with the foot. [M. E, ktken—W.
cicio—cic, the foot.]
Kickshaw, kik'shaw, n., something uncommon or
fantastical that has no name : {cook.) a fantastical
dish. [Corr. of Fr. qneique chose, something.]
Kid, kid, «. a young goat.—v.t. or v.i. to bring
forth a goat :—pr.p. kidd'ing ; pa.p, kidd'ed.
[Scand., as in Ice. kidh; Ger. kitze, a young
goat.]
Kidling, kidling, n. a young kid.
Kidnap, kid'nap, v.t. to steal, as a human being :
—pr.p. kid'napping ; pa.t. and A*./, kid'napped.
—«. Kid'napper. [Vulgar kid (see Kid), a
child, and vulgar nab, to steal.]
Kidney, kid'ni, n. one of two flattened glands, on
each side of the loins, which secrete the urine.
[M. E. kidnere—A.S. cwid, Scot, kyte, Ice.
kz'idr, the womb, the belly, and Ice. nyra, Ger.
nitre, a kidney.] [like a kidney.
Kldneybean, kid'ni-ben, «. a kind of bean shaped
Kilderkin, kil'der-kin, n. a small barrel : a liquid
measure of 18 gallons. [Old Dut. kindeken,
kinneken, Scot, kinken, dim. of Dut. kind, a
child.]
Kill, kil, v.t. to put to death : to slay.—«. Kill'er.
[M. E. killen or cullcn—Ice. holla, to hit on the
head—kollr, the head; or perh. a doublet of
Quell.]
Kiln, kil, «. a large oven in which com, bricks,
&c. are dried : bricks piled for burning.—z'.t.
Kiln'-dry, to dry in a kiln. [A.S. cyln; Ice.
kylna, a drying-house for com : acc. to Skcat
from L. culina, a kitchen.]
Kilogramme, kil'o-gram, «. a French measure of
weight, equal to 1000 grammes, or 2} lbs. avoir
dupois. [Lit. 1000 grammes, Gr. chilioi, 1000,
and Gramme.]
Kilometre, kil'o-me-tr, «. a French measure,
being 1000 metres, or nearly % of a mile. [Fr.—
Gr. chilioi, 1000, and Metre.]
Kilt, kilt, n. a kind of short petticoat worn by the
Highlandmen of Scotland. [Northern E. kilt,
to tuck up. from Dan. kilte, to tuck up, cf. Ice.
kilting, a skirt.]
Kin, kin, «. persons of the samefamily : relatives :
relationship : affinity. [A S. cyn ; Ice. kyn,
Goth, kuni, family, race, from a root gan, to
beget, found in L. gentts, Gr. genos. See Genus,
also Kind, Kindred, King.]
Kind, kind, n. those of kin, a race: sort or
species : nature : style : character : produce, as
distinguished from money. —adj. having the
feelings natural for those of the same family :
disposed to do good to others. —«. Kind ness. —
adj. Kind-hearted. [A.S. cynd—cyn, kin.
See Kin.]
Kindle, kin'dl, v.t. to set fire to: to light: to
inflame, as the passions : to provoke : to excite
to action. —v.i. to take fire: to begin to be
excited : to be roused.—n. Kin'dler. [Ice.
mdte ; mute ; mODn; then. Til
 Kindly Knell
kynda, to set fire to, kyndyll, a torch, conn. to treat with fondness: to touch gently.—v.i. to
with Candle.] salute with the Hps.—n. a salute with the lips.—
Kindly, kindli, adj. {orig.) belonging to the kind n. Kiss'er. [A.S. cyssan, to kiss, coss, a kiss;
or race: natural: benevolent.—adv. Kindly. — Ger. kiissen, Dan. kys ; allied to ChOOSC.]
h. Kindliness. Kit, kit, n. a small wooden tub : a soldier's outfit.
Kindred, kin'dred, n. {lit.) state of being of the [Dut. kit, kitte, a hooped beer-can.]
same family: relatives: relationship :—//. (£.) Kit, kit, n. a small pocket violin. [Contracted
families. —adj. related : congenial. [M. E. from A.S. cytere ; see Cithern ; Guitar.]
kinrede—A.S. cyn, kin, and the suffix -rarden, Kltcat, kit'kat, adj. the name of a London club
expressing mode or condition.] in the rcigu of Queen Anne, which met at the
Klne, kin, n.pl. (B) cows. [M. E. ky-en, a house of Christopher /Cat: a portrait 28 by 36
doubled plur. of A.S. cu, a cow, the plur. of inches in size, so called from the portraits of the
which is cy ; cf. Scotch kye.] Kitcat Club painted by Sir G. Kneller.
Kinematics, kin-i-mat'iks, «. the science of Dure Kitchen, kich'en, n. a room where food is cooked:
motion without reference to force.—adj. Kine- a utensil with a stove for dressing food, &c.
mat'icaL [Or. Minima, -atos, motion — kineO, to [A.S. cictn ; Ger. k&che, Fr. cuisine, all from L.
move.] coquhia—cocuor, to cook.]
Kinetics, ki-net'iks, n. the science of motion Kitchen-garden, kich'en-gar'dn, «. a garden
viewed with reference to its causes.—adj. Ki where vegetables are cultivated for the kitchen.
netic. (Gr. kinitikos, putting in motion— Kitchen-maid, kich'en-mad, n. a maid at servant
Mined, to move.] whose work is in the kitchen.
King, king, «. the chief ruler of a nation : a mon Kite, kit, n. a rapacious bird of the hawk kind :
arch : a card having the picture of a king : the a rapacious person : a paper toy for flying in the
most important piece in chess.—-/em. Queen.— air. [A.S. cyta; cf. W. aid, Bret, kidel, a
adjs. Kingless, Kinglike. [A.S. cyning—cyn, hawk.]
a tribe ; Sans janaka, father—root gan, to Kitten, kit'n, «. a young cat.—v.i. to bring forth
beget, therefore meaning 'father,* the father of young cats. [M. E. kyton, dim. of Gat, Scot.
a tribe, the 'king of his own kin;' but acc. to killing; L. catulus, a whelp.]
Skeat, cytiing = cyn (as above) and suffix -i»g, Kleptomania, klep-to-ma'ni-a, n. a mania /or
meaning ' belonging to,' ' son of the 1 tribe,' the stealing: a morbid impulse to secrete things.
elected chief of the people. See Kin.] [Gr. kleptd, to steal, and mania, madness.]
King-at-anns, king-at-armz', «. one of the three Kliok. Same as Click.
chief officers of the Heralds' College. Knack, nak, «. 1 petty contrivance : a toy : a nice
Kingcrab, kinglirab, «. the chie/or largest of the trick : dexterity. [Grig, an imitative word ; cf.
crab genus, most common in the Molucca Islands. Gael, cnac, Dut. knak, a crack, Ger. knacken,
Kingcraft, king/kraft, w. the art of governing, to crack.]
mostly in a bad sense. [meadow crowfoot. Knacker, nak'er, n. a dealer in old horses and
Kingcup, kinglcup, «. the buttercup or upright dog's-meat. [From Ice. knakkr, a saddle.]
Kingdom, kingMuin, «. the state or attributes of Knag, nag, «. a knot in wood : a peg. [From a
a king: the territory of a king : government : a root found in Dan. knag, Ger. knaggc, Ir. and
region : one of the three grand divisions of Nat. Gael. cnagy a knot in wood, a knob. J
Hist., as the animal, vegetable, or mineral. Knaggy, nagl, adj., knotty: rugged.
Kingfisher, king'fish-er, n. a bird with very brilliant Knap, nap, ^obs.) v.t. to snap or break with a
or kingly plumage, which feeds on jish, the snapping noise ;—/r./.knapp ing : Pa.p. knapped'.
halcyon. [golden-crested wren. [Perh. from Dut. knappen, to crack or crush;
Kinglet, king'lct, n. a little or petty king: the but cf. Celtic root cnap.]
Kingly, king li, adj. belonging or suitable to a Knapsack, nap'sak, w. a provision-sack : a case for
kiny : royal: notae.—adv. Kingly.—«. Kind necessaries borne by soldiers and travellers.
liness. [Dut. knappen, to crack, eat, and zak, a sack.]
King's Bench, kingz' bensh, «. the bench or seat Knave, n&v, n. a false, deceitful fellow : a villain :
of the king: one of the high courts of law, so a card bearing the picture of a servant or soldier.
called because the king used to sit there, called —«. Knav'ery, dishonesty. [A.S. cna/a, ennpa,
Queen's Bench during a queen's reign.—King's a boy, a youth, Ger. knabc, knappc, Gael.
counsel, an honorary rank of barristers. —King's knap<u-h.) [adv. Knaylshly.
evidence, a criminal allowed to become a wit Knavish, nav'ish. adj. fraudulent: villainous. —
ness against an accomplice. Knead, ned, v.t. to work and press together into
King's-evil, king/-e'vl, «. a scrofulous disease or a mass, as tlour into dough.—u. Knead'er.
evil formerly supposed to be healed by the touch TA. S. cnedan; Ice. knoda, Ger. ktteten, to
of the king. [related to one another. knead. ] [kneading.
Kinsfolk, kinz'fok, n., folk or people kindred or Kneading-trough, ned'ing-truf, n. a trough for
Kinsman, kinz'man, «. a man of the same kin or Knee, ne, n. the joint between the thigh and shin
race with another.—-/em. Kins woman. bones: a piece of limber like a bent knee. [A.S.
Kiosk, ki-osk', n. an Eastern garden pavilion. cneow. cnto; Ger. knic, L. genu, Gr. gonu,
[Turk, kienchk.] Sans, jdnu.)
Kipper, kip'er, «. a salmon in the state of spawn Kneed, ned, adj., having knees: [bet.) having
ing : a salmon split open, seasoned, and dried. angular joints like the knee.
■—v.t. to cure or preserve, as a salmon. [Lit. Kneel, nel, v.i. to bend the knee: to rest or fall
spaivner—Dut. kippen, to hatch, to seize ; Norw. on the knee \—pa.t. and pa.p. kneeled', knelt.
kippa.} IE. form of Church.] [Formed from Knee.]
Kirk, kcrk, «. in Scotland, to. church. [A Northern Knell, nel, n. the stroke of a bell : the sound of a
KlTtle, ker'tl. «. a sort of gown or outer petticoat : bell at a de ith or funeral.—v.i. to sound as a
a mantle. TA. S. cyrtel ; Dan. kiortel; Ice. kyr- bell : toll. [A.S. cnyilan, to beat noisily ; Sw.
till; perh. conn, with Skirt and Shirt.] and Ger. knall, loud noise ; Ice. gnella, to
Kiss, kis, v.t, to salute by touching with the lips : scream, Low L. nola, a bell.]
i!7S fate, far ; mfi, her; mine ; mote ; mute ; md~On ; then.
 Knew Labial
Knew, nfl, past tense of Know. ing burdens carried on the head : (naut.) a
Knickerbockers, nik-er-bok'erz, n.pl. loose division of the log-line, a mile.—v.t. to tie in
breeches gathered in at the knee. [From the a knot : to unite closely. — v.i. to form knots or
wide-breeched Dutchmen in 'Knickerbocker's* joints : to knit knots for a fringe pr.p. knott'-
(Washington Irving's) humorous History of i»S ! A1-'- ant* Pa P- knott'ed. [A.S. cnotta; Ger.
New York.) knoten, Dan. kmtde, L. nodus for gnodus.]
Knick-knack, nik'-nak, «. a trine or toy. [A doub Knot-grass, not'-gras, n. a common weed or grass,
ling of Knack.J so called from the joints or knots of its stem.
Knife, nlf, n. an instrument for cutting : a sword Knotty, not/i, adj. containing knots : hard,
or dagger:—//. Knives, nlvz. [A.S. cnif; Gcr. rugged : difficult, intricate.—n. Knott'iness.
kneif, knife, kneifen, to nip.] Knout, nowt, n. a whip formerly used as an
Knife-edge, nlf'-e^, n. {meek.) a sharp piece of instrument of punishment in Russia : punish
steel like a knife s edge serving as the axis of a ment inflicted by the knout [Russ. knute.\
balance, &C. Know, nO, v.t. to be informed of: to be assured
Knight, nit, n. a man-at-arms : champion : one of: to be acquainted with : to recognise : {B.) to
admitted in feudal times to a certain military approve :—pr.p. knOw'ing ; pa.t. knew (nQ) ;
rank : the rank of gentlemen next below baro pa.p. known [non).—-«. Know'ablenoss. [A.S.
nets : a piece used in the game of chess. —v.t. cnawan ; Ice. kna, Russ. zuatc, L. nosco for
to create a knight.—adj. and tuiv. Knightly. gnosco, Gr. gigndsko, Sans./«a.]
—Knight of the Shire, a member of parlia Knowing, no ing, adj. intelligent : skilful : cun
ment for a county. [Lit. a yontk, a servant, ning.—adv. Know ingly.
A.S. cfti/tt ; Ger. and Dut. knecht, Dan. knegt, Knowledge, nol'ej, «. assured belief: that which
a servant.} is known : information, instruction : enlighten
Knight errant, nTt-er'ant, n. a knight who tra ment, learning : practical skill. [M. £. Know-
ve I led in search of adventures.—». Knight- leche, where -lech* is the Northern form of the
err'antry. suffix in wed-lock, being A.S. iac, gift, sporL
Knighthood, nTt'hood, w. the character or privi See Lark, a game.]
lege of a knight; the order or fraternity of Knuckle, nuk'l, n. projecting joint of the fingers:
knights. [the royal household. {cook.) the knee-joint of a calf or pie.—v.i. to
Knight-marshal, nTt-maVshal, n. an officer of bend the fingers : to yield. [Si. E. knokil; prob.
Knight-service, nTt-serVis, n. tenure by a knight from a (not found} A.S. form, like Dut. and Dan.
<>n condition of military service. knokel. ]
Knit, nit, v.t. to form into a knot : to tie together : Kobold. kS'bold, n. Same as Goblin.
to unite into network by needles : to cause to Kopeck, kO'pek, «. a Russian copper coin = Jd.
grow together: to unite closely: to draw to Koran, kO'ran, «. the Mohammedan Scriptures :
gether, to contract.—v.t. to interweave with Alcoran. [Lit. reading, the book—Ax. gurant
needles : to grow together :—pr.p. knitting ; reading—root oara-a, he read.]
fia.t. and pa.p. knitted or knit.—n. Knitt'er. Kraal, kral, «. a Hottentot village or hut, so
[A.S. cnyttan; from A.S. cnotta, a knot.] named by the Dutch settlers from the huts being
Knitting, nit'ing, n. the work nf a knitter: union, arranged like a coral, or string of beads.
junction : the network formed by knitting. Kraken, kraTcen, n. a fabled sea-animal of enor
Knives, plural of Knife. mous size. [Scand.]
Knob, nob, «. a hard protuberance', a hard swell Kreatln, Kreosote See Creatin, Creosote.
ing : a round ball. [A later form of Knop.) Kreese. See Crease, a Malay dagger.
Knobbed, nobd, adj. containing or set with knobs. Kyanlse, kT'an-Tz, v.t. to preserve wood from dry-
Knobby, nob'i, adj. full of knobs: knotty.—;/. rot by immersing it in a solution of corrosive
Knobb'iness. sublimate. [Kyan, the inventor.]
Knock, nok, v.t. to strike with something hard or Kyrte, kir'i-e, n. {lit.) O Lord: the first word of
heavy : to drive or be driven against : to strike all masses: {music) a part of a mass. [Voc.
for admittance : to rap.—v.t. to strike : to drive case of Gr. kyrios, Lord.]
against.—«. a sudden stroke : a rap. [A.S. Kythe, kith (Scot.), v.t. to make known.—v.i. to
cnucian—Gael, and Ir. cnag, a crack ; Gcr. shew one's self, to appear [Scot.—A.S. cythan,
knacken, to crack or snap, like Knack and to make known. See Uncouth.]
Cr&Ck, orig. imitative of ihe sound.]
Knocker, noVer, n. the hammer suspended to a
door for making a knock- L
Knock-kneed, nok'-nedf adj. having kners that La, 1.1, int., lot see! behold ! ah ! indeed I [A.S.]
knock or touch in walking. [Knock and Knee.]
Knoll, nut, n. a round hillock : the top of a hill. Labarum, lab'a-nim, ft. a Roman military stand
[A.S. cnot ; Ger. knollen, a knob, lump; pcrh. a stantine's conversion. It borestandard
ard, adopted as the imperial after Con-
the Greek letters
dim. of Gael, cnoc, a hill.] XP (Chr). joined in a monogram, to signify the
Knoll, nol. Same as Knell. name 1.1'bel,
of Christ. [Gr.] slip of writing affixed to
Knop, nop, n. (B.) a knob, a bnd. FA.S. cnaP; Label, n, a small
Dut. knop, Ger. knopf; conn, with and perh. anything to denote its contents, ownership, &c:
derived from the Celt., as Gael, cnap.]
Knot, not, n. a wading bird much resembling a {law) a paper annexed to a will, as a codicil :
snipe, said in Drayton's Polyolbion to be named {her.) a fillet wkh pendants: {arch.) the drip
from king Canute^ with whom it was a favourite stone over a Gothic window or doorway arch.—
v.t. to affix a label to '.—pr.p. labelling ; pa.t.
article of food.
Knot, not, n. anything confusedly fastened or and pa.p. labelled. [O. Fr. label (Fr. lombeau) ;
pcrh. from O. Ger. laPfia (Ger. lappen).]
twisted, as threads, &c. : a figure the lines of Labellum, la-bcl'um, «. the lower petal of a
which are interlaced : a bond of union : a diffi flower, csp. an orchis. [I,, dim. of labium, a lip. J
culty : a cluster : the part of a tree where a Labial, la'bi-al, adj. pertaining to the lips: formed
branch tdioots out : an epaulet : pad for support
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; inuOii ; than. 279
 Labiate
by the lips, -n. a sound formed by the lips : a
letter representing such a sound as b, p.—adv.
La/btally. [Fr. — L. labium, a lip. See Lip.]
Labiate, la'bi-fit, Labiated, la'bi-at-ed, adj. [lot.)
having two unequal divisions, as in the mono-
petaious corolla of the mints. [See Labial.]
Labiodental, la-bi-o-dent'al, adj. pronounced both
by the lips and teeth. [L. labium, a lip, Dental.]
Laboratory, lab'or-a-tor-i? «. a chemist's work
room : a place where scientific experiments are
systematically carried on : a place for the manu
facture of arms and war-material : a place where
anything is prepared for use. [L. laborare—
labor, work.]
LaboriOU8, la-bO'ri-us, adj. full of labour: toil
some : wearisome : devoted to labour : indus
trious,—adv. Laboriously, —n. Labo'riouaness.
[Fr. laborieux—L. laboriosus—labor.)
Labour, la'bur, n. toil or exertion, esp. when
fatiguing : work : pains : duties : a task requir
ing nard work : the pangs of childbirth.—v.i. to
undergo labour : to work : to take pains : to be
oppressed: to move slowly: to be in travail:
(naut.) to pitch and roll heavily. [Fr. labeur—
L. labor.] [or effort in the execution.
Laboured, LlTwrd, adj. bearing marks of labour
Labourer, 15'bur-er, «. one who labours: one who
does work requiring little skill.
Laburnum, la-our'num, «. a small tree with beau
tiful yellow flowers, a native of the Alps. [L.J
Labyrinth, lab'i-rinth, «. {orig.) a building con
sisting of halls connected by intricate passages:
a place full of inextricable windings : an inex
plicable difficulty: (anat.) the cavities of the
internal ear. [Fr. labyrinth*—L. labyrintkus
—Gr. labyrinthos ; akin to laura, a passage.]
Labyrinthian, lab-i-rinth'i-an, Labyrinthine, lab-
i-nnth'in, adj. pertaining to or like a labyrinth:
winding : intricate : perplexing.
Labyrinthiform, lab-i-rinth'i-form, adj. having
theform of a labyrinth : intricate.
Lac, lak, ft. the term used in the £. Indies for
100,000, primarily applied to money. At the
exchange of as. for the rupee, a lac = j£io,ooo.
[Hind, lak, Sans, laks/ta, 100,000, a mark.]
Lac, lak, «. a resinous substance, produced on
trees in the East by the lac insect, used in dye
ing. [Pers. lak; Sans, laksha—ranj, to dye.]
Lace, las, «. a plaited string for fastening : an
ornamental fabric of fine thread curiously woven.
—v.t. to fasten with a lace : to adorn with lace.
[Fr. lacer, to lace—L. laqueus, a noose.]
Lacerable, las'er-a-bl, adj. that may be lacerated
or torn.
Lacerate, las'er-at, v.t. to tear: to rend : to
wound: to afflict. [L, lacero, -atum, to tear—
lacer, torn : akin to Gr. lakis and rakos, a rent.]
Laceration, las-er-a'shun, «. act of lacerating- or
tearing : the rent or breach made by tearing.
Lacerative, las'er-a-tiv, adj., tearing: having
power to tear.
Lachrymal, lak'ri-mal, adj. pertaining to tears :
secreting or conveying tears.—n. same as Lach
rymatory. [L. lachryma (properly lacrima),
a tear; akin to Gr. dakru, E. Tear.]
Lachrymary. lak'ri-mar-i, adj. containing tears.
Lachrymatory, lak'ri-mfi-tor-i, n, a vessel an
ciently interred with a deceased person, sym
bolising the tears shed for his loss. [Low L.
tacrymatorium —lachryma.)
Lachrymose, lak'ri-mos, adj. full of tears: gener
ating or shedding tears.—adv. Lach'rymosely.
Lacing, lis'ing, n. a fastening with a lace or cord
through eyelet-holes : a cord used in fastening.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Lady
LaolC, lak, V.t. and v.i. to want: to be in want :
to be destitute of.—n. want : destitution. [From
an O. Low Ger. root found in Dut. lak, blemish ;
Ice. lakr. defective ; akin to Lax and Slack.]
LackadaiBical. lak-a-da'zi-kal, adj. affectedly
pensive, sentimental. [A lack-a-day. See
Alack.]
Lack-a-day, lak-a-da', int. See Alack a-day.
Lacker. See Lacquer.
Lackey, lak'i, n. a menial attendant : a footman
or footboy.—v.t. and v.i, to pay servile attend
ance : to act as a footman. [O. Fr. laquay,
Fr. laquais—Sp. lacayo, a lackey; of uncertain
origin, perh. Arab.]
Laconic, la-kon'ik, Laconical, la-kon'ik-al, adj.
expressing in few words after the manner of the
Lacones or Spartans: concise: pithy.—adv.
Laconically. [L.—Gr. Lakdnikos—Lakdn, a
Laconian.]
Laconism, lak'on-izm, Laconlcism, la-kon'i-sizm,
n. a laconic or concise style : a short, pithy
phrase.
Lacquer, Lacker, lak'er, ». a varnish made of lac
and alcohol.—v.t. to cover with lacquer: to
varnish. [Fr. laque—Lac.]
Lacquerer, lak'er-er, n. one who varnishes or
covers with lacquer.
Lactation, lak-ta'shun, n. the act of giving milk:
the period of suckling. [See Lacteal. ]
Lacteal, lak'te-al, adj. pertaining to or resembling
milk : conveying chyle*—«. one of the absorbent
vessels of the intestines which convey the chyle
to the thoracic ducts. [L. lac, lactis, akin to Gr.
gala, galaktos, milk.]
Lactescent, lak-tes'ent, adj. turning to milk: pro
ducing milk or white juice : milky.—u. Lactes'-
cenoe. [L. lactesco, to turn to milk—lac.]
Lactic, lak'tik, atij. pertaining to milk.—Lactio
Acid, an acid obtained from milk.
Lactiferous, lak-tif'er-us, adj. producing milk or
white juice. [L. lac, andjero, to bear.]
Lacuna, la-ku'na, «. a gap or hiatus. TL.]
Lacustral, la-kus'tral, Lacustrine, la-kus'mn,
adj. pertaining to lakes. [ From L. locus, a lake, j
Lad, lad, «. a boy: a youth.—fern. Lass. (W.
llatud ; It. lath, a youth, champion, perh. cog
nate with Goth, lauths, from liudan, to grow,
and so akin to Ger. lode or latte, a shoot.]
Ladanum, lad'a-num, n. a resinous exudation from
the leaves of a shrub growing round the Medi
terranean. [L.—Gr. liaanon—Pers. ladan. See
Laudanum.]
Ladder, lad'er, «. a frame made with steps placed
between two upright pieces, by which one may
ascend a building, &c. : anything by which one
ascends : a gradual rise. [A.S. hlardcr; O. Ger.
hleitra, Ger. leitcr.)
Lade, lad, v.t. a form of Load. [See Load.]
Lade, lad, v.t. to throw in or out, as a fluid,
with a ladle or dipper. [A.S. hladan.]
Laden, liid'n, adj., laded or loaded : oppressed.
Lading, lad'ing, «. that which lades or loads :
load : cargo : freight. [See Load.]
Ladle, ludl, n. a large spoon for lading or lifting
out liquid from a vessel : the receptacle of a mill-
wheel which receives the water that turns it.
[See Lade, to throw in or out.]
Lady, la'di, n. the mistress of a house : a wife : a
title of the wives of knights, and all degrees
above them, and of the daughters of earls and
all higher ranks : a title of complaisance to any
woman of refined manners. [A.S. Idaf-dige—
hlaj, a loaf, bread, and da>gee, a kneader, and
thus lit. a bread-kneader, or = hl&fweardige
mOte ; mute ; mo"on ; //ten.
 Ladybird
{i.e. loaf-keeper, bread-distributer, see Ward),
and thus a contr. fern, of Lord.]
Ladybird, la'di-berd, «. a genus of little beetles,
usually of a brilliant red or yellow colour, called
also Ladvbug, Ladycow. [Lit, 'Our Lady's*
bug; Lady = Virgin Mary, and Bird, a cor
ruption of Bug.]
Lady-chapel, 15'di-chap'el, n. a chapel dedicated
to ' Our Lady,' the Virgin Mary.
Ladyday, UVdi-dil, *. the 25th March, the day of
the Annunciation of ' Our Lady? the Virgin
Mary. [varieties of Britishferns.
Ladyfern, la'di-fem, n. one of the prettiest
Ladylike, IS'di-lik, adj., like a lady in manners :
soft, delicate. [sweetheart.
Ladylove, la'di-luv, n. a lady or woman loved: a
Ladyship, la'di-ship, «. the title of a lady.
Lag, lag, adj., slack: sluggish: coming behind.—
n. he who or that which comes behind : the fag-
end.—v.i. to move or walk slowly : to loiter :—
Pr.p. lagging ; pa.p. lagged'. [From the Celt.,
as m w. /lag, loose, sluggish, Gael, lag, feeble ;
akin to Gr. lagaros, slack, L. laxus, loose.]
Laggard, lag'ard, adj., lagging: slow : backward.
Laggard, lag'ard, Lagger, lager, n. one who lags
or stays behind : a loiterer : an idler.
Laggingly, la^ing-li, adv. in a lagging manner.
Lagoon, Lagune, la-gCOn'. n. a shallow lake or
pond into which the sea flows. [It. laguna—L.
lacuna, from root of Lake.]
Laic. Laical. See Lay, adj.
Laid, /«./. and pa.p. of Lay.
Lain, pa.p. of Lie, to rest
Lair, far, «. a lying-place, esp. the den or retreat
of a wild beast. [A.S. leger, a couch—licgan, to
lie down ; Dut. leger, Ger. lager.]
Laity, la'i-ti, «. the people as distinct from the
clergy. [See Lay, LalC]
Lake, lak, n. a colour like lac, generally of a deep
red. [Fr. toque. See Lac, a resinous substance.]
Lake, lak, ». a large body of water within land.—
Lake dwellings were settlements in prehistoric
times, which were built on piles driven into a
lake, and of which many remains have been dis
covered in late years. [A.S. lac—L. locus,
akin to Gr. lakkos, a pit, a pond.]
Lakelet, laklet n. a little lake.
Lakh, n. See Lac, term used for 100,000.
Laky, lak'i, adj. pertaining to a lake or lakes.
Lama, n. an animal. See Llama.
Lama, lama, n. a Buddhist priest in Tibet
[Tib. llama, spiritual teacher or lord.]
Lamaism, lii'ma-izm, «. the religion prevailing in
Tibet and Mongolia, a development of Buddh
ism, the object of worship being the Grand
Lama.
Lamb, lam, n. the young of a sheep : one innocent
and gentle as a lamb : the Saviour of the world.
—v.t. to bring forth young, as sheep. [A.S.]
Lambent, lam'bent. adj. moving about as itlicking,
or touching lightly : playing about : gliding over :
flickering. [L. lambens—lambo, to lick.]
Lambkin, lamlcin, n. a little lamb.
Lamblike, lam'lTk, adj. like a lamb: gentle.
Lame, lam, adj. disabled in the limbs: hobbling:
unsatisfactory : imperfect—v.t. to make lame :
to cripple : to render imperfect—adv. Lamely.
—ft. Lame'ness. [A.S. lama, lame; Ice. lami,
broken, enfeebled, from lama, to break.]
Lament, la-ment', v.u to utter griefin outcries: to
wail : to mourn.—v.t. to mourn for : to deplore :
—«. sorrow expressed in cries : an elegy or
mournful ballad. [Fr. lamenter—L. lamentort
akin to clamo, to cry out]
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ;
Landcrab
Lamentable, lam'ent-a-bl, adj. deserving or ex
pressing sorrow : sad : pitiful, despicable.—adv.
Lam'entably.
Lamentation, lam-en-tft'shun, n. act of lament"
ing: audible expression of grief: wailing:—//.
[/>'.} a book of Jeremiah, so called from its con
tents, [tion.
Lamentlngly, la-menrlng-Ii, adv., with lamenta-
Lamina, laml-na, n. a thin plate : a thin layer or
coat lying over another:—pi. LaminSB, lam'i-ne.
—adj. Lam'inable. [L.]
Laminar, lam'i-nar, adj. in lamina? or thin
plates : consisting of or resembling thin plates.
Laminate, lam'i-n.lt. Laminated, lam'i-nat-ed,
adj. in lamina or thin plates : consisting of
scales or layers, one over another.—n. Lamiiia'-
tlon, the arrangement of stratified rocks in thin
lamina' or layers.
Laminlferoua, lam-in-ifer-us, adj. consisting of
laminae or layers. [L. lamina, andfcro, to bear.]
Lamish, tarnish, adj. a little lame: hobbling.
Lammas, lam'as, «., loaf-mast or feast of first-
fruits, on 1st August. [A.S. hlafmasse and
hlammasse—hlaf, loaf, and masse, feast]
Lamp, lamp, «. a vessel for burning oil with
a wick, and so giving light: a light of any
kind. [Fr. lamj>e—Gr. lampas—lampd, to
shine.]
Lampblack, lamp'blak, n. the black substance
formed by the smoke of a lamp: a fine soot
formed of the smoke of pitch, &c.
Lampoon, lam-pGon', n. a personal satire in
writing : low censure.—v.t. to assail with personal
satire : to satirise '.—Pr.p. lampooning ; pa.p.
lampooned'. [O. Fr. tampon, orig. a drinking-
song, with the refrain tampons = let us drink—
tamper (or taper, to lap), to drink.]
Lampooner, lam-pOOn'er, «. one who writes a
lampoon, or abuses with personal satire.
Lampoonry, •lam-pOOn'ri, «. practice of lampoon
ing: written personal abuse or satire.
Lamprey, lam pre, n. a genus of cartilaginous
fishes resembling the eel, so called from their
attaching themselves to rocks or stones by their
mouths. [Fr. lamproie—Low L. lampreda,
lampetra—L. lambo, to lick, and petra, rock.]
Lanoe, lans, «. a long shaft of wood, with a spear
head, and bearing a small flag.—v.t. to pierce
with a lance : to open with a lancet. [Fr.—L.
lancea, akin to Gr. longche, a lance.]
Lance-Corporal, lans'-kor'po-ral, h. a soldier
doing the duties of a corporal.
Lanceolate, lan'se-o-Iat, Lanceolated, lan'se-o-
lat-ed, adj. [bot. ) having the form of a lartce~hcad :
tapering toward both ends. [L. lanceolatus—
lanceola, dim. of lancea.]
Lancer, lan'ser, n. name given to a kind ofcavalry
armed with a lance:—pi. a kind of dance.
Lancet, lan'set, n. a surgical instrument used for
opening veins, &c. : a nigh and narrow window,
pointed like a lance. [Fr. lancetie, dim. of lance.]
Lanch. Same as Launch.
Land, land, n. earth, the solid portion of the surface
of the globe : a country : a district : soil : real
estate : a nation or people.—v.t. to set on land
or on shore.—v.t. to come on land or on shore.
[A.S. ; found in all the Teut. languages.}
Landau, lan'daw, n. a coach or carnage with a
top which may be opened and thrown back, so
called from Landau in Germany.
Landbreeze, land'brfiz, n. a breeze setting from
the land towards the sea.
Landcrab, landlerab, «. a family of crabs which
live much or chiefly on land.
mOte ; mute ; mCOn ; then. 2S1
 Landflood Lapwing
Land flood, land'flud, «. aflooding or overflowing Languor, lang'gwur, n. state of being languid or
of land by water : inundation. faint : dullness : listlessncss : softness.
Landforc©, land'fors, n. a military force serving Laniard. Same as Lanyard.
on land, as distinguished from a naval force. Laniferous, lan-if'er-us, Lanlgerous, lan-ij'er-us,
Landgrave, land'gniv, «. a German earl.—ns. adj., tuool-bearing. [L. lanifert laniger—lana,
Landgra'vlate, the territory of a landgrave. wool, and Zero, gero, to bear.]
Landgravine, land'gra-v€n, the wife of a land Lank, langfc, adj. [lit.) faint or weak : languid
grave. [Lit. ' land-earl,' Land, and Ger. graf, or drooping : soft or loose : thin.—adv. Lankly.
earl, fern. grafiti.] —«. Lankiiess. [A.S. hlanc ; Dut. slank, Ger.
Landholder, land'hold-er, n. a holder or pro schlank, slender, conn, with Lag and Slack.]
prietor of land. Lansquenet, lans'kc-nct, n. a German foot-soldier :
Landing, land'ing, n- act of going on land from a game at cards. [Fr.—Ger. landskneckt—land,
a vessel : a place for getting on shore : the level country, and knecht, a soldier.]
part of a staircase between the flights of steps. — Lantern, lnnfem, «. a case for holding or carry
adj. relating to the unloading of a vessel's cargo. ing a light : a drum-shaped erection surmount
Landlady, land1a\-di, «. a lady or woman who has ing a dome to give light and to crown the fabric :
property in lands or houses : the mistress of an the upper square cage which illuminates a cor
inn or lodging-house. ridor or gallery.—v.t. to furnish with a lantern.
Landlock, land'lok, v.t. to lock or inclose by land. [Fr. lantcrne — L, lantema — Gr. lamptir—
Landlord, landlord, «. the lord or owner of laml lamps, to give light.)
or houses : the master of an inn or lodging- Lanthom, n. an obsolete spelling of Lantern,
house, [used by sailors. arising from the use of horn for the sides of
Land-lubber, land'-lub'er, n. a landsman, a term lanterns.
Landmark, land'mark, n. anything serving to Lanyard, Laniard, lan'yard, n, the lanyards are
murk the boundaries of land: any object on short ropes used on board ship for fastening or
hind that serves as a guide to seamen. stretching. [Fr. lanienr, perh. from L. lana-
Landrail, land'ral, n. the crake or corncrake, so rius, made of wool -lana, wool.)
named from its cry. [Land and Ball.] Lap, lap, v.t. or v.i. to lick up with the tongue :—
Landscape, land'skip, «. the shape or appearance pr.fi. lapp'ing ; pad. and lapped'. [A.S.
of that portion of land which the eye can at lapian ; Fr. laper, Gr. laptd, allied to L. lambo.
once view : the aspect of a country, or a picture Sans. liht to lick.]
representing it. [Borrowed from the Dutch Lap, bp, n. the loose or overhanging flap of any
artists, Dut. larulschap, lit. theform or fashion thing : the part of the clothes lying on the
of the land, from land and -schap, a suffix knees when a person sits down : the part of the
= A.S. -scipe, and the mod. E. •ship.] body thus covered : a fold.—v.t. to lay over or
Landslip, l.md'slip, « a portion of land that falls on.—v.i. to be spread on or over: to be turned
down, generally from the side of a hill, usually over or upon. [A.S. larppa, a loosely hanging
due to the undermining effect of water. part ; Ice. lapa, to hang loose, Ger. lappen, any
Landsman, land/man, Landman, land'man, «. thing hanging loose ; conn, with Flap.]
a wan who lives or serves on land: one inex Lap, lap, v.t. to wrap, fold, involve. [M. E.
perienced in seafaring. ivlappm, being a form of Wrap. See En
Land-steward, land'-stG'ard, «. a stnvani or per velope.]
son who manages a landed estate. Lapel, la-pel', «. the part of the breast of a coat
Land-tax, land'-taks, «. a tax upon land. which folds over like a lap.—adj. Lapelled'.
Land-waiter, land'-wat'er, «. a custom-house [Dim. of Lap.]
officer who waits or attends on the landing of Lapful. lap'fool, n. as much asfills a lap.
goods from ships. [Land and Waiter.] Lapidary, lap'i-dar-i, adj. pertaining to the cut
Landward, land ward, adv. towards the lanti.— ting of stones.—«. a cutter of stones, especially
adj. lying toward the land, away from the sea- precious stones : a dealer in precious stones.
coast : situated in or forming part of the country, (L. lapidarius —lafiis, lapidis, a stone,]
as opposed to the town : rural. Lapidescent, lap-id-es'ent, adj. becoming stone :
Lane, lun, «. an open space between corn-fields, having the quality of petrifying or turning to
hedges, &c. : a narrow passage or road : a stone.—n. Lapides'cence. [L. lapidescoy to
narrow street. [A.S. lane; Scot, loan, North become stone.]
E. lonnin, Dut. laan.] Lapidity, la-pid'i-fi, v.t. to make into stone.—v.i.
Language, lang'gwaj, «. that which is spoken by to tuni into stone :—Pr.p. lapid'ifying ; P<* p.
the tongue : human speech : speech peculiar to lapid'ified.—«. Lapidifica'tion. [L. lapis, and
a nation : style or expression peculiar to an facio, to make.]
individual : diction : any manner of expressing Lapldist, lap id-ist, n. Same as Lapidary.
thought. [Fr. langage—langue—h. lingua (old Lapper, lap'cr, n. one who laps, wraps, or folds.
form dingud), the tongue, akin to L. lingo, Gr. Lappet, lap'et, n. a little lap or flap.—adj. Lapp'-
leichtf, Sans, lih, to lick.] eted. [Dim. of Lap ]
Languid, lang'gwid, adj., slack or feeble : flagg Lapse, laps, v.i. to slip or glide : to pass by de
ing : exhausted : sluggish : spiritless.—adv. grees : to fall from the faith or from virtue : to
Lan'guidly.—«. Lan'gufdness. [L. languidus fail in duty; to pass to another proprietor by
— langueo, to be weak, conn, with Lag.] the negligence of a patron, &c. : to become
Languish, lang'gwish, v.i. to become languid or void.—«. a slipping or falling: a failing in
enfeebled : to lose strength and animation : to duty: a fault : a gliding, a passing. [L. labor,
pine : to become dull, a^ of trade. [Fr. languir lapsus, to slip or fall, akin to Lap and Flap.]
—L. langncsco— langueo.] Lapwing, lap'wing, «. the name of a bird of the
Languishlngly, lang'gwish-ing-li, adv. in a lan plover family, also called peewit, from its
guishing, weak, dull, or tender manner. peculiar cry. [M. E. lappewinke —A.S. hletrpe.
Languishment, lang'gwish-mcnt, «. the act or •wince—hJeapan, to leap or run, and root of
state of languishing : tenderness of look. wink, which like Ger. wanken orig. meant to
fate, far ; me, her ; mine : mote ; moOn; then.
 Lar
move from side to side ; the name is descriptive
of the movement of the bird.]
Lar, lar, «. among the ancient Romans, a house
hold god, supposed to be animated by the soul
of a deceased ancestor :—pi. Laros, li re*. [L.]
Larboard, lar'bSrd, «. an obsolete naval term for
the left side of a skip looking from the stern,
now, by command of the Admiralty, substituted
by the term port, to prevent the mistakes caused
by its resemblance in sound to starboard. —adj.
pertaining to the larboard side. [Ety. dub.]
Larcenist, lar'sen-ist, «. one who commits larceny:
a thief.
Larceny, lar'sen-i, «. the legal term in England
and Ireland for stealing: theft. [Fr. larcin—
L. latrocinium—latro, Gr. latris, a robber.]
Larch, larch, «. a cone-bearing kind of pine-tree,
[L. and Gr. ltiri.v.\
Lard, lard, n. the melted fat of swine.—v.i. to
smear with lard : to stun with bacon or pork :
to fatten : to mix with anything. [Fr.—L. lari-
dum or lardum ; akin to Gr. larinos, fat—laros,
sweet or dainty.]
LardaceoiiS, lard-a'shus, adj. of or like lard.
Larder, lard'er, u. a room or place where meat,
&c. is kept. [Lit. a place where lard is
kept.]
Lardy, lard'i, adj. containing lard: full of lard.
Large, lari, adj. great in size : extensive : bulky :
wide : long : abundant —adv. Largely. —n.
Large'ness.— At large, without restraint or
confinement : fully. [Fr.—L. largus.)
Large-hearted, larj'-hart'ed, adj. having a large
heart or liberal disposition : generous.
Largess, larj'es, «. a present or donation. [Fr.
largesse— L. largitio—largior, to give freely—
largits. ~\
Lariat, larl-at, n. a lasso. [Sp.]
Lark, lark, «. a well-known singing-bird. —v.t. to
catch larks. [Scot, and M. K. laverock— A.S.
lawerce ; Dut. leetnverik. lerckc, Ger. lerehe.]
Lark, lark, «. a game, frolic. [A.S. lac, which
appears as suffix in know-ledge, and wcd-lock.]
Larkspur, lark'spur, n. a plant with showy flowers.
Lamm, lar'um, «., alarm: a noise giving notice
of danger. [A contr. of Alarm. ]
Larva. larVa, u. an insect in its fir^t stage after
issuing from the egg. i.e. in the caierpillar state :
—pi. Larvae ( larVe .—adj. Larval. [ L. larva,
a spectre, a mask, a fanciful name applied to the
caterpillar, because it hides as in a mask its
higher life.] [larynx.
Laryngitis, lar-in-jftis, «. inflammation of the
Laryngoscope, la-ring'go-skop. «. a kind of re
flecting mirror for examining the larynx and the
throat. [Gr. larynx, and skopco, lo behold.]
Larynx, lar'ingks or lar'ingks, n. the upper part
of the windpipe : the throat. —adjs. Laryn
geal, Laryn'gean. [Gr. larynx, laryttgos.]
Lascar, laslcar, «. a native East Indian sailor.
[Hind.—Pcrs. Ioshkar, an army, from which
lashkari, a camp-follower.]
Lascivious, las-siv'i-us, adj. lustful : tending to
produce lustful emotions, —adv. Lasciv'iously.
— n. Lasciv'iousness. [L. lascivtts; Sans, lash,
to desire.]
Lash, lash, n. a thong or cord : the flexible
part of a whip: a stroke with a whip or
anything pliant : a stroke of satire, a sharp
retort.—r> 1. to strike with a lash: to whip: to
dash against : to fasten or secure with a rope or
cord : to censure severely : to scourge with sar
casm or satire-— v.i. to use the whip: to attack
severely. [From a Teut. root, seen in O. Low
fate, fax ; m€, her ; mine ;
Latin
Ger. laske, a flap, Ger. lasche, a stripe or flap,
influenced perh. by Fr. forms from L. laqueus, a
snare, and laxits, loose.]
Lasher, lash er. «. one who lashes or whips.
Lashing, lash ing, «. a whipping with a lash : a
chastisement : a rope for making anything fast.
Lass, las, n. fern, of Lad-, a girl, esp. a country
girl. [Prob. a contr. ofladdess, formed from Lad :
or directly from W. llodes, fern, odlazvd, a Lad.]
Lassitude, las'i-tfld, »., faintness: weakness:
weariness : languor. [Fr. — L. lassitude—
lassus, faint ; akin to Languid.]
Lasso, las'O, n. a rope with a noose for catching
wild horses, &c. \—pl. Lass'08. -v.t. to catch
with the lasso \~pr.p. lass'uing ; Pa.p. lass'Oed.
[Port. la$o, Sp. lazo—L. laqueus, a noose. See
Latch.]
Last, last, n. a wooden mould of the foot on which
boots and shoes are made.—v.t. to fit with a last.
[A.S. last, Goth, laists, a footmark.]
Last, last, v.t. to continue, endure. [Same word
as above, and lit. meaning to follow a trace or
footmark, and so to follow out, to continue.]
Last, last, ». a weight generally estimated at
4000 lbs., but varying in different articles: a
ship's cargo. [A.S. hlast—hladan, to load ;
Ger. last, Ice. hlass.]
Last, last, adj. , latest : coming after all the others :
final : next before the present: utmost : meanest.
—adv. Last, Lastly. [A contr. of Latest.)
Lastingly, lasl'ing-li, adv. in a lastingov enduring
manner.
Latch, lach, n. a small piece of wood or iron to
fasten a door.—v.t. to fasten with a latch.
[A.S- Ittccan, to catch; akin to L. laqueus.
See Lace.] [a shoe. [Dim. of Latch.]
Latchet, lnch'et, «. a lace or buckle for fastening
Latchkey, lach ke, «. a key to raise the latch of
a door.
Late, lilt, adj. (comp. Lat'er ; super). Lat'est),
slow, tardy : behindhand : coming after the
expected time : long delayed : far advanced
towards the close : last in any place or character :
deceased : departed : out of office : not long
past. a./r>s. Late, Lately. - u. Late ness, state
of being late. [A.S. lee/, slow ; Dut. laat, Ice.
lair, Ger. lass, weary ; L. lassus, tired.]
Lateen, la-ten', adj. applied to a triangular sail,
common in the Mediterranean. [Lit. Latin or
Roman sails, Fr.—L. Latinos, Latin.]
Latency, l;Vten-si, «. state of being latent.
Latent, la'tcnt, adj., lying kid: concealed: not
visible or apparent : not making itself known by
its effects.—adv. La'tently. [L. latens, pr.p. of
lateo, to lie hid ; akin to Gr. lanthand, to hide.]
Lateral, lat'er-al, adj. belonging to the side: pro
ceeding from or in the direction of the side.—
adv. Lat'erally. [L. lateralis—latus, lateris,
a side.]
Lateritlous. lat-er-ish'us, adj., £r*V£-co!oured.
[L. lateritius—later, lateris, a brick.]
Lath, lath, n. a thin cleft slip of wood used in
slating, plastering, &c. :—pi. Laths (la/Az).—
v.t. to cover with laths. [A.S. hrttu; DuL lat,
Ger. lattc, a lath, YV. l/dlh, a rod.]
Lathe, laM, «. a machine for turning and shaping
articles of wood, metal, &c. [Ice. loth, root
uncertain.]
Lather, laM'er, n. a foam or froth made with
water and soap : froth from sweat.—v.t, to
spread over with lather. —v.i. to form a lather:
to become frothy. [A.S. leather, lather ; Ice.
Ifftlr, foam of the sea.]
Latin, lat'in, adj. pertaining to Latin or to the
inOte ; mute ; mOTJn ; then.
 Latinise
Latins or Romans : written or spoken in Latin.
—n. the language of the ancient Romans. [L.
Latinus, belonging to Latium, the district in
which Rome was built.]
Latinise, lat'in-Iz, v.t. to give Latin terminations
to.—v.i. to use words or phrases from the Latin.
Latinism. lat'in-izm, n. a Latin idiom.
Latinist, lat'in-ist, «. one skilled in Latin.
Latinity, la-tin'i-ti, w. purity of Latin style : the
Latin tongue, style, or idiom.
Latlsh, lat'ish, adj. somewhat late.
Latitude, lat'i-tud, n. the distance of a place north
or south from the equator : the angular distance
of a celestial body from the ecliptic : fig. extent
of signification : freedom from restraint : scope. 1
[Fr.—L. latitudo, -inis—latus, broad.}
Latitudinal. Iat*i-tud'i-nal, adj. pertaining to
latitude: in the direction of latitude.
Latitudlnarian, lat-i-tGd-i-na'ri-an, adj., broad or
liberal, csp. in religious belief : not orthodox :
lax : not restricted by ordinary rules or limits.
—n. one who in principle or practice departs
from orthodox rule.—«. Latituaiiia'rlanism.
Latitudinous, lat-i-tud'i-nus, adj. having latitude
or large extent.
Latrine, lat'rin, n. a place of convenience for
soldiers in camp or barracks. [ Fr,—L. lavatrina
•—lavo, to wash.]
Latten, lat en, n. brass or bronze used for crosses :
sheet tin, tinned iron-plate. [O. Fr. laton, Fr.
laiton; from Fr. latte. a lath, the metal being
wrought into thin plates. See Lath.]
Latter, lat'er, adj., later: coming or existing
after : mentioned the last of two : modern :
recent. [An irreg. comp. of Late.]
Latterly, lat'er-li, adv. in latter time : of late.
Lattice, lat'is, n. a network of crossed laths or
bars, called also Lattice-Work : anything of
lattice-work, as a window. —v.t. to form into
open-work: to furnish with a lattice. [Fr. lattis
—latte, a lath, from Ger. latte, cog. with E.
Lath.]
Land, lawd, v.t. to praise in words, or with sing
ing : to celebrate.—«. Laud'er. [L. laudo—■
laus, laudis, praise, probably akin to Gr. klud,
Sans, cm, to hear.]
Laudable, lawd'a-bl, adj. worthy of being praised,
—adv. Laud ably.—». Laud'ableness.
Laudanum, lawd'a-num, n. a preparation of
opium : tincture of opium. [Orig. the same word
as Ladannm, transferred to a different drug.]
Laudatory, lawd'a-tor-i, adj. containing praise:
expressing praise.—n. that which contains praise.
Laugh, laf, v. i. to make the noise shewing or caused
by mirth : to be gay or lively.—n. the sound
caused by merriment.—Laugh at, to ridicule.
[A. S. h/ihan; Ger. lac/ten, Goth, klahjan;
prob. from the sound.]
Laughable, laf'a-bl, adj. fitted to cause laughter:
ludicrous.—adv. Laugh'ably.—n. Laughable
ness [laughter, called nitrous oxide.
Laughing-gas, laf'ing-gas, «. a gas which excites
Laughingly, laf'ing-Ti, aiix>. in a laughing or
merry way : with laughter.
Laughing-stock, lafing-stok, n. an object of ridi
cule, like something stuck up to be laughed at.
Laughter, laf'ter, n. act or noise of laughing:
Launch, Lanch, lansh, v.t. to throw as a lance or
spear : to send forth : to cause to slide into the
water. —v.i. to go forth, as a ship into the water : Lawn, lawn, n. an open space between woods: a
to expatiate in language.—n. act of launching
or moving a ship into the water : the largest
boat, •,carried
la: a lance.by See
a man-of-war.
Lance ] [Fr. lancer—
fate, far ; nit, her , mine ; mote ; unite ; mOOn ; then.
Lawn
Launder, lawn'der, n. {mining) a trough used in
washing ore. [Orig. a washerwoman, M. E.
lavandre—Fr. lavandiire—L. lavare.]
Laundress, lawn'drcs, n. a washerwoman.
Laundry, lawn'dri, n. a place or room where
clothes are washed and dressed. [See Lave.]
Laureate, law're-it, adj. crowned with laurel.—
n. one crowned with laurel : the poet-laureate
or court poet.—v.t. to crown with laurel, in
token of literary merit : to confer a degree upon.
[See Laurel]
Laureateship, law're-at-ship, n. office of a
laureate.
Laureatlon, law-re-a'shun, «. act of laureating
or conferring a degree.
Laurel, law'rel, «. the bay-tree, used by the
ancients for making honorary wreaths. [Fr.
laurier—L.. laurus.]
Laurelled, law'reld, adj. crowned with laurel.
Lava, UVva or la'va, «. the melted matter dis
charged from a burning mountain, and that
jfows down its sides. [It. lava, a stream— L.
lavare, to wash. ]
Lavatory, lav'a-tor-i, n. a place for washing: a
place where gold is got by washing. [See Lave.]
Lave, lav, v.t. and v.i. to wash: to bathe. [Fr.
laver—-L. lavo, lavaturn, akin to Gr. loud, to
wash.]
Lave, lav, v.t. (obs. and prov.] to lift or lade or
throw out (as water from a boat). [Perh. Fr.
lever— L. levo, to lift ]
Lavender, lav'en-der, «. an odoriferous plant, so
called from its being laid with newly was/ted
clothes. [Fr. lavande. See Lave ]
Laver, la'ver, n. a large vessel for laving or
washing.
Lavish, lavish, v.t. to expend profusely: to waste.
—adj. lavishing or bestowing profusely: pro
digal : extravagant : wild : unrestrained.—adv.
LaVishly. [From Lave, to throw out.]
Lavlshment, lavlsh-ment, Lavlshness, lav'ish-
nes, n. state of being lavish : profusion : prodi
gality.
Law, law, n. a rule of action laid down or estab
lished by authority : edict of a government :
statute : the rules of a community or state : a
rule or principle of science or art: the whole
jurisprudence or the science of law : established
usage : that which rules : conformity to law : that
which is lawful : a theoretical principle educed
from practice or observation : (theol.) the Mosaic
code or the books containing it : IB.) the word
of God, the Old Testament. [M. E. law?—
A.S. lagu, lah, from lecgan, to lay, or ticgan,
to He ; Ice. lag; akin to L. lex, law, Gr. Ieg6%
to lay.]
Lawful, law'fool, adj. according to law: legal:
constituted by law: rightful.—adv. Lawfully.
—n. Lawfulness.
Lawgiver, law'giv-er, «. one who gives or enacts
laws : a legislator. [Law and Giver.]
Lawless, lriwles, adj. unrestrained by law:
illegal.—adv. Lawlessly.—n. Lawlessness.
Lawmonger, lawlnung-ger, «. a monger or low
dealer in law.
Lawn, lawn, n. a sort of fine linen or cambric.—
adj. made of lawn. [Prob. Fr. linon—h. linumr
modified perh. by confusion with L. lana, wool.
See Linen ]
space of ground covered with crass, generally in
front of or around a house or mansion. [M. E.
lattttd—O. Fr. lande, from Ger. land (sec
Land], or from Bret, lann.]
 Lawn-tennis
Lawn-tennis, lawn'-ten'is, «. a kind of tennis
generally played on an open /awn.
Lawsuit, law'sQt, n. a suit or process in law.
Lawyer, law'yer, n. one versed in or who prac
tises law: [B.) a Jewish divine or expounder of
the law. [Law, and suffix -yer.]
Lax, laics, adj., slack: loose: soft, flabby: not
crowded : not strict in discipline or morals : loose
in the bowels.—adv. Laxly. [L. laxus, loose,
laxo, -aturn, to unloose ; prob. akin to Languid.]
Laxation, laks-a'shun, «. act of loosening: state
of being loose or slackened.
Laxative, laks'a-tiv, adj. having the power of
loosening the bowels.—«. a purgative or aperient
medicine.—n. Lax ativoness. [Fr. laxa/if—
L. laxo.)
Laxity, laks'i-ti, Laxnoss, laks'nes, n. state or
quality of being lax: want of exactness.
Lay, pa./, of LlO, to lay one's self down.
Lay, la, v.t. to cause to lie down : to place or set
down : to beat down : to spread on a surface : to
calm : to appease : to wager : to bring forth : to
impose: to charge : to present.—v.i. to produce
eggs : Pr-P- l^y'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. laid.—Lay
to \Pr. Bk.) to apply with vigour. [It is the
causal of lie, from A.S. lecgan ; Ice. leggja,
Ger. legen ; Gr. legd. See lie. ]
Lay, la, n. a song: a lyric or narrative poem.
[O Fr. lai, of Celtic origin, as W. llais, a
sound, Gael, laoidh, a verse, sacred poem ; perh.
conn, with Ger. lied.]
Lay, 10, LalC, la'ik, Laical, lalk-al, adj. pertain
ing to the people: not clerical. [Fr. lai—h.
laicus—Gr. laikos—loos, the people.]
Layer, la'er, n. a bed or stratum : a shoot laid for
propagation. [See Lay, v.t.] [layers.
Layering, la er-ing, «. the propagation of plants by
Lay-figure, la'-fifpur, or Layman, la'man, n* a
wooden figure used by artists to represent the
human body, and which serves as a model for
attitude and drapery. [Dut. leeman, a jointed
image—ledt, lid, a joint.]
Layman, la'man, «. one of the laity: a non-pro
fessional man. [See Lay, Laic.]
Lazar, LVzar, n. one afflicted with a filthy and
pestilential disease like Lazarus, the beggar.
[Fr. lazare, from Lazarus of the parable in
Luke xvi.]
Lazaretto, laz-a-rct'o, Lazaret, laz'a-ret, n. a
public hospital for diseased persons, esp. for
such as have infectious disorders. [It. lazze-
retto ; Fr. lazaret. Sec Lazar.]
Lazar house, la'zar-hows, «. a lazaretto: a hos
pital for quarantine. [Lazar and House.]
Lazarlike, la'zar-llk, adj., like a lazar: full of
sores : leprous.
Lazy, la'zi, adj. disinclined to exertion : averse to
labour: sluggish: tedious.—adv. La'zlly. —n.
La'zlneBB, state or quality of being lazy. [M. E.
lascke—Q. Fr. losehe (Fr. lacke), slack, weak,
base -L. laxus, loose.]
Lazzaroni, laz-a-r6'ni, n. name given to the lowest
classes in Naples, who used to live an idle out
cast life. [It., from Lazarus.]
Lea or Ley, le (obs. Lay), n. a meadow: grass
land, pasturage. [A.S. leak; cf. prov. Ger.
loke, loh, found also in place-names, as Water
loo = water-lea.]
Lead, led, n. a well-known metal ofa bluish-white
colour : the plummet for sounding at sea : a thin
plate of lead separating lines of type :—//. a flat
roof covered with lead —v.t. to cover or fit with
lead: (print.) to separate lines with leads.—
n Lead-pois oning, poisoning by the absorption
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Leap-frog
and diffusion of lead in the system. [A.S. ; Ger.
lo/k.)
Lead, led, v.t. to shew the way by going first : to
guide by the hand : to direct : to precede : to
allure.—vd. to go before and shew the way: to
have a tendency : to exercise dominion :—Pr.p.
leading: pa.t. and pa.p. led.—n. first place:
precedence: direction: guidance. [A.S. uedan,
to make to go, causal form of lidan, to go ; Ice.
leida, Ger. leiten, to lead.]
Leaden, led'n, adj. made of lead: heavy : dulL
Leader, led'er, n. one who leads or goes first : a
chief: the leading editorial article in a news
paper : principal wheel in any machinery.
Leadership, lctrer-ship, «. state or condition of a
leader or conductor.
Leading-strings, led'ing-stringz, n.pl., strings
used to lead children when beginning to walk.
Lead-pencil, led'-pen'sil, «. a pencil ur instrument
for drawing, &c. made of black&a<£
Leaf, lef, n. one of the thin, flat parts of plants:
anything beaten thin like a leaf : two pages of a
book : one side of a window-shuiter, &c. :—pi.
Leaves, lfivz.—v.i. to shoot out or produce
leaves : —pr.p. leafing; pa.p. leafed'. [A.S. ;
Ger. laub, Dut. loo/, a leaf.]
Leafage, lefiij, «., leaves collectively : abundance
of leaves : season of leaves or leafing.
Leafless, lefles, adj. destitute of leaves.
Leaflet, lef'let, «. a little leaf.
Leafy, lefi, adj. full of leaves—n. LeaTiness.
League, leg, n. a distance of about three English
miles, but varying greatly in different countries.
—A Sea-league contains jjj Eng. miles nearly.
[Fr. lieue—h. leuca, a Gallic mile of 1500 Roman
paces ; from the Celt., as in Bret, leo, Gael, leig,
a league.]
League, leg, n. a Bond or alliance : union for the
ftromotion of mutual interest.—v.i. to form a
eaguc : to unite for mutual interest '—pr.p.
leaguing ; pa./, andpa.p. leagued'. [Fr. ligue—
Low L. liga—L. ligo, to bind.]
Leaguer, leg'er, n. a camp, esp. of a besieging
army. [Dut. leger, a lair. See Beleaguer.]
Leak, lek, n. a crack or hole in a vessel through
which liquid may pass : the oozing of any fluid
through an opening.—v.i. to let any fluid into or
out of a vessel through a leak. [Ice. leka, Dut.
lekken, to drip.]
Leakage, lek a}, n. a leaking: that which enters
or escapes by leaking : an allowance for leaking.
Leaky, l€k'i, adj. having a leak or leaks: letting
any liquid in or out.—«. Leak'iness.
Leal, lei, adj. true-hearted, faithful. [M. E. lei—
Norm. Fr. le.tl, same as Loyal. J
Lean, ten, v.i. to incline or bend: to turn from a
straight line : to rest against : to incline towards :
—pr.p. lean'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. leaned' or leant
(lent). [A.S. klinian and causal form kUenani
Dut. leunen ; akin to Gr. klind, L. in-clinot to
bend.]
Lean, len, adj. thin, wanting flesh : not fat.—n.
flesh without fat.—adv. Loan ly. >.-. Lean ness.
[A.S. hhene ; Low Ger. leen ; from Lean, to
bend, from want of substance or support.]
Leap, lep, v.i. to move with springs or bounds: to
spring upward or forward : to jump : to rush with
vehemence.—v./. to spring or bound over :—pr.p.
leap'ing ; pa./, leaped' or leapt (lept) ; pa.p.
leaped', rarely leapt.— «. act of leaping: bound:
space passed by leaping : sudden transition. [A. S.
hleapan ; Ice. hlaupa, to spring, Ger. laufen, to
run.] [leaps over another like afrog.
Leap-frog, lep'-frog, n. a play in which one boy
mOte ; mute ; mOOn ; Men. 285
 Leap-year Legal
Leap-year, lfin^-ycr, «. every fourth year which manuscript or book : a portion of Scripture read
leaps forward or adds one day in February, a in divine service. [L. lectio—lego, tectum, to
year of 366 days. read.]
Learn, lern, v.t. to acquire knowledge of, to get Lectionary, Ick'shun-ar-i, «. the R. Catholic ser
to know : to gain power of performing,—v.i. to vice-book, containing lections or portions of
gain knowledge : to improve by example. [A.S. Scripture. [in the ancient churches.
leornian ; Ger. lernen.) Lector, lek'tor, «. a reader : a reader of Scripture
Learned, lern'ed, adj. having learning-: versed in Lecture, lek'tflr, n. a discourse on any subject : a
literature, &c. : skilful.—adv. Learn'edly.—«. formal reproof.—v.t. to instruct by discourses :
Learn'edness. to instruct authoritatively : to reprove,—v.i, to
Learner, lem'er, «. one who learns: one who is give a lecture or lectures. [See Lection.]
yet in the rudiments of any subject. Lecturer, Ick'tOr-er, «. one who lectures: one
Learning, lern'ing, n. what is learned: know who instructs by giving set discourses.
ledge : scholarship : skill in languages or science. Lectureship, lek'ifir-ship, «. the office ofa lecturer.
Lease, les, «. a letting of tenements for a term of Lectum, lek'turn, Lettern, let'em, n. Same as
years : the contract for such letting : any tenure. Lectern.
—v.i. to let for a term of years '.—pr.p. leas'ing ; Led, led, pa.t. and pa.p. of Lead, to shew the way.
Pa.t. and pa.p. leased'. [O. Fr. lesser, Fr. Ledge, lej, u. a shelf on which articles may be
laisser, to let, leave, relinquish—L. laxo, to laid: that which resembles such a shelf: a
loose, laxus, loose.] ridge or shelf of rocks : a layer : a small mould
Leasehold, leVhold, adj., held by lease or con ing. [AS. lecgan, to lay. See Lay, v.t.\
tract. —«. a tenure held by lease. Ledger, lej'er, ». the principal book of accounts
Leash, lesh, «. a lash or line by which a hawk or among merchants, in which the entries in all the
hound is held: a brace and a half, three.—v.t. other books are laid up or entered.
to hold by a leash : to bind. [0. Fr. lesse, Ledger-line. See Leger-llne.
Fr. laisse, a thong to hold a dog by, a thong held Ledgy, lej'i, adj., abounding in ledges.
loosely—L. laxus, loose.] ' Lee, 16, n. the part toward which the wind blows.
Leasing, leVing, n. \B.) falsehood: lies. [A.S. —a<tj. as in Lee-Side, the sheltered side of a
leasung—leas, false, loose, Goth, laus. Ice. los.] ship : Lee-Shore, the shore opposite to the lee-
Least, lest, adj. (serves as superl. of Little), little side of a ship. [Lit. a sheltered place, A.S.
beyond all others : smallest, —adv. in the smallest hltmv, shelter ; Ice. hie, Low Ger. tec ; cf. Goth.
or lowest degree. [A.S- lest, contr. from Uesest, hlija, a tent, prov. E. lew, a shelter.]
from root of Less.] Leech, lech, w. a physician : a blood-sucking
Leather, le/A'cr, n. the prepared skin of an worm.—v.t. to apply leeches to. [A.S. Itece ;
animal.—adj. consisting oflcather. [A.S. lether, Goth, lekeis, a physician, found also in Celt,
leather; Dut. and Ger. leder.] and Slav, languages.]
Leathern, lefVt'ern, adj. made or consisting of Leek, 16k, n. a kind of onion : the national emblem
leather. [tough. of Wales. [A.S. leac, a leek, a plant, which is
Leathery, le/A'er-i, adj. resembling leather: present also in Char-lock, Gar-lie, Hem-lock ]
Leave, lev, «., permission : liberty granted : formal Leer, ler, n. a sly, sidelong look.—v.i. to look
parting of friends: farewell. [A.S. leaf\ Ice. askance : to look archly or obliquely. [A.S.
Iryfa, to permit ; conn, with Lief, Love, Believe, hlcor, face, cheek ; Ice. hlyr.]
Furlough.] Leeringly, IcVing-li, adv. with a leering look.
Leave, lev, v.t. to allow to remain : to abandon, Lees, lez, n.pl. sediment or dregs that settle at
resign : to depart from : to have remaining at the bottom of liquor. [Fr. lie, ety. dub.]
death: to bequeath: to refer for decision.—v.i. Leet, lot, n. [Scot.) a selected list of candidates
to desist : to cease :—Pr.p. leav'ing ; 6a.t. and fur an office.
Pa.p. left. [A.S. lafan; Ice. lei/a, L. litiquo, Leeward, le'ward, adj. pertaining to or in the
Gr. leipd, to leave. The primary meaning is to direction of the lee, or the part toward which
let remain; the root is seen in A.S lifian, Ice. the wind blows. - adv. toward the lee.
Ufa. to be remaining, to Live, also in Ger. Leeway, le'wii, «. the -way or distance a ship
bleiben (—he-leiben), to remain.] is driven to leeward of her true course. [Lee
Leaved, levd, adj. furnished with leaves: having and Way.]
a leaf, or made with leaves or folds. Left, left,//*./, and pa.p. of Leave.
Leaven, lev'n, n. the ferment which makes dough Left, left, adj. the weaker as opposed to the
rise in a spongy form: anything that makes a stronger, heavier ri^ht : being on the left side.—
general change, whether good or bad.—v.t, to «. the side opposite to the right. [M. E. lift,
raise with leaven: to taint. [Fr. levain—L. lu/L prob. acontr. of lefed, p. of A.S. lefan, to
levamen—leva, to raise—levis, light.] weaken—Iff, weak ; Dut. loof weak.]
Leaves, levz,//. of Leaf. Left-handed, left-handed, adj. having the left
Leavings, leVingz, «.//., things left: relics : refuse. hand stronger and readier than the right : awk
Leoher, lech'er, «. a man addicted to lewdness. ward : unlucky —us. Left-handedness, Left-
[Fr. licheur—lecher, to lick ; from 0. Ger. hand'iness. awkwardness.
Ircchon, Ger. lechen, E. Lick; L. ligurio, to ke£>> 'eg) *■ °ne of the limbs by which animals
lick up what is dainty.] walk : a long, slender support of anything, as
Lecherous, lcch'er-us, adj. lustful : provoking of a table.—adj. Legged', having legs. [Ice.
lust. —adv. Lech'orously.—ns. Lech'erousness. Uggr, a stalk, Dan. lag, Sw. tdgg.]
Lech'erv. Legacy, leg'a-si, n. that which is left to one by
Lectern, Tek'turn, n. a reading-desk in churches tuill : a bequest of personal property. [L. as if
from which the Scripture lessons are read. [Corr. legatia, for legatum—lego, to leave by will.]
from Low L. lectrinum, a reading-desk—Low Legacy-hunter, leg'a-si hunt'er, n. one who hunts
L. leclmm, a pulpit—Gr. lektron, a couch, and after legacies by courting those likely to leave
so a support for a book.] them.
Lection, lek'shun, «. a reading: a variety in a Legal, lfi'gal, adj. pertaining to or according to
1^0 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mGGn ; then.
 Legalise Lentous
law: lawful: created bylaw. —adv. Lo'gaily.— I Leguminous, le-gu'min-us, adj. bearing legumes
«. Legality. [Fr.—L. legalis —lex, legis, law.] as seed-vessels : consisting of pulse.
Legalise, lc'gal-rz, v.t. to make legal or lawful : Leisure, lc'zhoor or lezh'-, n. time free from em
to authorise : to sanction. ployment : freedom from occupation. —adj. un
Legato, lcgTit, «. an ambassador, esp. from the occupied. [M. E. leyser—O. Fr. leisir, to be
Pope.—«. Leg'ateship, the office of a legate. permitted L. licet, it is permitted.]
[Fr. Ugat, It. legate—£1. legatus—lege, to send Leisurely, le'zhGor-li, adj. done at leisure: slow:
with a commission.] deliberate.—adv. in a leisurely manner.
Legatee, leg-a-te", «. one to whom a legacy is left. Leman, le'man, ». a sweetheart. [M. £. iemman,
Legatilie, leg a-tin, adj. of or relating to a legate. earlier form ieofmon—A.S. leof, loved, and Man.]
Legation, le-ga'shuu, «. the person or persons sent Lemma, lem'a, n. {math.) a proposition demon
as legates or ambassadors : a deputation. strated for the purpose of being used in a subse
Legend, lej'end or lc'-, «. a marvellous or romantic quent proposition. [L.—Gr. lemma—lamband,
story from early times : the motto on a coat of to receive, assume.]
arms, medal, or coin. [Fr. —Low L. legettda, a Lemming, lem'ing, n. a species of rat in northern
book of chronicles of the saints read at matins countries, remarkable for migrating southward
—L. legendus, to be read—lege, to read.] in great numbers. [Norw. lemming, Sw. lemel.
Legendary, lej'end-ar-i, n. a book of legends: Lap. leumik.]
one who relates legends.—adj. consisting of Lemon, lem'un, n. an oval fruit, resembling the
legends : romantic : fabulous. orange, with an acid pulp : the tree that bears
Legerdemain, lej-er-de-m;tn\ lightness or lemons. [Fr. Union —Pers, limun.]
nimblettess ofhand: sleight-of-hand: jugglery. Lemonade, lem-un-ud', n. a drink made of lemon'
[O. Fr. legier {Fr. Uger) de main, * light of hand ' juice, water, and sugar.
— L. as if Uviarius—levis, light, and Fr. de, of, Lemur, le'mur, «. an animal in Madagascar, allied
main, L. tnanus, hand.] to the monkey, which goes about at night, whence
Leger-line, lej'er-lln, «. i/nus.) one of the short its name. [L. lemur, a ghost.]
lines added above or below the staff to extend Lend, lend, v.t. to give for a short time something
its compass. [Fr. Uger, light, and Line.] to be returned : to afford or grant, in general :
Legging, leg'ing, n, a covering for the leg. to let for hire '—pr.p. lend'ing ; pa.t. and Pa.p.
Legible, lej'i-bl, a*lj. th.it may be read: clear lent.—». Lend'er. [M. E. lenen—A.S. la/tan;
and distinct : that may be understood.—adv. Ger. leihen. See Loan.]
Legibly. —ns. Legibleness, Legibility. [L. Length, length, n. quality of being long: extent
legilnlis —lege.] from end to end : the longest measure of any
Legion, le'jun, «. in ancient Rome, a body of thing : long continuance: detail. [A.S. length
soldiers of from three to six thousand : a mili — long.]
tary force : a great number. [Fr.—L. legie—■ Lengthen, length'n, v.t. to increase in length : to
l>go, to choose, to levy.] draw out.—v.i. to grow longer.
Legionary, 16'jun-ar-i, adj. relating to or consist Lengthwise, length'wlz, adv. in the way or direc
ing of a legion or legions : containing a great tion of the length, [ For Lengthways.]
number.—n. a soldier of a legion. [L. legio- Lengthy, lengtn'i, adj. of great length: rather
narins.] long —adv._ Lengthily.—«. Lengthiness.
Legislate, lcj'is-Iiit, v.u to bring forward, pro Lenient, le'ni-ent, adj., softening or mitigating:
pose, or make laws.—n. Legislation. [L. lex, mild: merciful. —n. \med.) that which softens:
legis, \aw,fero, latum, to bear, propose.] an emollient.—n. Le'niency. [L. leniens, -entis,
Legislative, lej'is-lat-iv, adj., giving or enacting pr.p. of lenio, to soften—lenis, soft.]
laws: pertaining to legislation. Lenitive, len'it-iv, adj., softening or mitigating:
Legislator, lej is-la-tor, n. one who makes laws: laxative.— /*, [med.) an application for easing
a lawgiver.—fern. Legislatress. pain : a mild purgative.
Legislature, lej'is-lit-ur, u. the body of men in a Lenity, len'i-ti, «. mildness: clemency.
state who have the power of making laws. Lens, lenz, h. {optics, a piece of glass or other
Legist, lejist, «. one skilled in the laws. [Fr. transparent substance with one or both sides
ligiste—Low L. legista—L. lex.] convex, so called from its likeness to a lentil
Legitimacy, Ic-jiti-ma-si, n. state of being legi seed : the crystalline humour of the eye. [L.
timate or according to law : lawfulness of birth : lens, lentis, the lentiL]
genuineness : regular deduction. Lent, lent, «. a fast of forty days, observed in
Legitimate, le-jit'i-mat, adj. lawful : lawfully be commemoration of the fast of our Saviour,
gotten : genuine : fairly deduced : following by beginning with Ash-Wednesday and continuing
natural sequence : authorised by usage.—v.t. to till Easter. [M. E. lenten—A.S. lencten, the
make lawful : to give the rights of a legitimate spring ; Dut. lentc, Ger. lenz ; acc. to some
child to an illegitimate one.—adv. Legiti derived from root of Long, because in spring
mately. [Low L. legitime, -alum—L. lex.] the days grow long.]
Legitimation, Ic-jit-i-mashun, n. act of rendering Lenten, lent'en, adj. relating to or used in Lent:
legitimate, esp. of conferring the privilege-, of sparing.
lawful birth. Lenticular, len-tik'u-Iar, Lentiform, Ien'ti-form,
Legitimist, le-jir'i-mist, n. one who supports legi adj. resembling a lens or lentil seed : double-
timate authority : in France, an adherent of convex.—adv. Lentic'ularly. [L. lentictdaris
the Bourbons deposed in 1830. —lenticula, dim. of lens, a lentil.]
Legless, legies, adj. without legs. Lentil, len'til, n. an annual plant, common near
Legume, leg'fim, Legumen. le-gu'men, n. (bot.) the Mediterranean, bearing pulse used for food.
a seed-vessel which splits into two valves, having [Fr. lentiHe—h. lens, lentis, the lentil.]
the seeds attached to the ventral suture only: Lentisk, len'tisk, «. the masiic-tree. [Fr. lentisque
a pod, as of the pea, bean, &c. :—pi. Legu'- — L. lentiscus—lentus, sticky; so called from
mens, Legu'mina. [Fr.—L. legnmen—Ugo, the stickiness of its gum.] [Lentisk.]
to gather ; so called because gathered for food.] Lentous, len'tus, adj., sticky : viscid. [See
fate, far ; mc, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mOOn ; then* 287
 Leo Lever
Leo, le"'o, n, (asir.) tho Lion% the fifth sign of the dull.—adv. Lethar'gioally. [L. lethargicus
zodiac. [L.] —Gr. Uthargikos.\
Leonine, le'o-nTn, adj. of or like a lion. Lethargy, leth'ar-ji, n. heavy unnatural slumber:
Leonine, lg'o-nln, adj. a kind of Latin verse which dullness. [Fr.—L.—Gr. lethargia, drowsy for
rhymes at the middle and end, much in use getfulness—leihi, forgetfulness.]
among the Latin hymn-writers of the Middle. Lethe, le'the, n. {myth.) one of the rivers of hell
Ages. [Said to be named from Leoninus, a said to causeforgetfulness of the past to all who
canon in Paris in the 12th century; or from drank of its waters: oblivion. [Gr.—Mho, old
Pope Leo II., who was a lover of music] form of lanthand, to forget.]
Leopard, lep'ard, n. an animal of the cat-kind, Lethean, lc-the'an, adj., ofLethe: oblivious.
with a spotted skin. [O. Fr.—L. leopardus— Lethiferous, le-thif'er-us, adj., carrying death:
Gr. Uopardos—ledn, lion, pardos, pard; because deadly. [L. lethifer—lethum, death, and fero,
supposed by the ancients to be a mongrel be to bear.]
tween the pard or panther and lioness.] Letter, let'er, n. a conventional mark to express
Leper, lep'er, n. one affected with leprosy, which a sound : a written or printed message : literal
covers the skin with scales. [L. —Gr. lepra, meaning: a printing-type:—//, learning.—v.t.
leprosy—iefiros, scaly—lepos, a scale—lep$, to to stamp letters upon.—«. Lett'erer. [Fr.
peel off.] lettre—L. litera—lino, litum, to smear; so
Lepidoptera, lep-i-dop'ter-a, n.pl. an order of called because smeared or scrawled on parch
insects, with four 'wings covered with very fine ment]
scales like powder, as the butterfly, moth, &c. Lettered, let'erd, adj. marked with letters:
[Gr. lepis, tepidos, a scale, pteron, a wing.] educated : versed in literature : belonging to
Lepidopteral, lep-i-dop'ter-al, Lepldopterous, learning. [or casts letters or types.
lep-i-dop'ter-us, adj. pertaining to the Upi- Letter-founder, let/er-fownd'er, n. one whofounds
doptera. Lettering, let'er-ing, n. the act of impressing
Leporine, lep'o-rln, adj. pertaining to or resem letters: the letters impressed.
bling the hare. [L. leporinus—lepus, lejxrris, Lett'er-of-cred'it, «. a ^//^authorising credit or
the hare.] [by scales or scurfy scabs. cash 10 a certain sum to be paid to the bearer.—
Leprosy, lep'ro-si, n. a disease of the skin marked Lett'er-of-marque (mark), «. a commission
Leprous, lep'rus, adj. affected with leprosy.— given to a private ship by a government to make
adv. Lep'rously.—». Lep'rousnesa. [See reprisals on the vessels of another state. [See
Leper ] Marque]
Lesion, le'zhun, «. a hurt: [med.) an injury or Letterpress, let'er-pres, letters impressed or
wound. [Fr.—L. hesio—Icrdo, liesam, to hurt.] matter printed from type, as distinguished from
Less, les, adj. (serves as comp. of Little}, dimin engraving.
ished : smaller.—adv. not so much: in a lower Letters-patent, let'erz-pa'tent, n. a writing con
degree. —«. a smaller portion: (&.} the inferior ferring a patent or authorising a person to enjoy
or younger. [A.S. Ices, Itessa; comparative form some privilege, so called because written on
from a root his, feeble, found also in Goth. open sheets of parchment. [See Patent.]
lasivs, weak, Ice. las, weakness, and which is Lettuce, let'is, ». a plant containing a milky white
not conn, with the root of little.] juice, the leaves of which are used as a salad.
Lessee, les-sc*. «. one to whom a lease is granted. [O. Fr. laictuce, Fr. laitue—L. lactuca—lac,
Lessen, les'n, vd. to make less, in any sense : to milk.]
weaken : to degrade.—v.i. to become less. Levant, le-vant', «. the point where the sun rises:
Lesser, les'er, adj. [B.) less: smaller: inferior. the East : the coasts of the Mediterranean east
[A double comp., formed from Less.] of Italy.—adj. LeVant or Le'vant, eastern.
Lesson, les'n, n. a portion of Scripture read in [It. levante—L. levare, to raise.]
divine service : that which a pupil learns at a Levanter, le-vant'er, «. a strong easterly wind in
time : a precept or doctrine inculcated : instruc the Levant or eastern part of the Mediterranean,
tion derived from experience : severe lecture. Levantine, le-vant'in, adj. belonging to the
[Fr. lepon—L. lectio—lego, to gather, to read. Lcz'ant.
Sec Lection.] Levee, lev'e, ». a morning assembly of visitors: an
Lessor, les'or, n. one who grants a lease. assembly received by a sovereign or other great
Lest, lest, conj. that not : for fear that. [From personage. [Fr. Uv4e, a rising—lever,]
the A.S. phrase thy lots the (that the less = L. Level, lev el, «. ahorizontal line orsurface : a surface
guominus), the first word being dropped, while without inequalities : proper position : usual ele
the third joined to the second made lesthe, teste. vation : state of equality : the line of direction :
See Less.] an instrument for shewing the horizontal.—adj.
Let, let, v.t. to slacken or loose restraint upon : to horizontal : even, smooth : even with anything
give leave or power to : to allow, permit, suffer: else : in the same line or plane : equal in position
to grant to a tenant or hirer \—pr.p. lett'ing ; or dignity.—v.t. to make horizontal : to make
pa.t. and pa.p. let. [A.S- Iwtan, to permit— flat or smooth : to make equal : to take aim :—
Let, Ice. latry slow, lazy, slack ; Ger. lassen, Fr. jrr.p. levelling; pad. and pa.p. Welled. [O.
laisser, to let, permit. See Late.] Fr. livel, liveau (Fr. niveau)—L. libella, a
Let, let, v.t. {B.) to prevent : to hinder.—n. {law) plummet, from libra, a level, a balance.]
hinderance, obstruction : delay. [A.S. lettan, Leveller, lcv'el-er, n. one who levels or makes
to make late—tcet, slow, slack, being same root equal.
as above.] Levelling, lev'el-ing, «. the act of making uneven
Lethal, ICthal, adj., death-dealing, blotting out: surfaces level : the process of finding^ the differ
deadly : mortal. [L. lethalis—letkum, letum, ences in level between different pomts on the
death : akin to leo, simple form of deleo, to blot surface of the earth. [or equal.
out, or to Sans. //, to melt, dissolve.] Levelness, lev'el-nes, «. state of being level, even,
Lethargic, le-thar'jik, Lethargical, le-thaVjik-al, Lever, le'ver, n. a bar of metal or other substance
adj. pertaining to lethargy: unnaturally sleepy : turning on a support called the fulcrum or prop,
283 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; then.
 Leverage
for raising weights. [Lit. that which lifts or
raises, Fr. IH'ier—lever—L. leva, to raise. ]
Leverage, ICver-aj, n. the mechanical fxnoer
gained by the use of the lever.
Leveret, lev'er-et, n. a youtig hare: a hare in its
first year. [0. Fr. levrault, Fr. lievre—L.
lepus, le/aris, a hare.]
Leviable, lev'i-a-bl, any. able to be levied or
assessed and collected-
Leviathan. le-vT'a-than, n. (B.) a huge aquatic
animal, described in the book of Job : anything
of huge size. [Heb. liz/ydthdn—fv'yah, a
wreath, Ar. lawa', to bend or twist ; so called
from its twisting itself in folds.]
Levigate, lev'i-git, v.t. to make smooth: to grind
to a fine, impalpable powder.—n. Leviga'tlon.
[L. levigo, levigatum—Levis, Gr. leios, smooth,
akin to LeveL]
Levitatlon, lev-i-ta'shun, «. act of rendering light.
[L. levis, light.]
Levite, le"'vlt, n. a descendant of Levi: an inferior
priest of the ancient Jewish Church.—adjs.
Levit'io, Levitlcal.-arfv. Levit'icaUy. [Heb.
Levi, a son of Jacob, whose descendants were
priests. ]
Leviticus, le-vit'i-kus, n. the name of one of the
books or" the Old Testament, so called from its
containing the laws, &c. relating to the Levites
Levity, lev'it-i, «., lightness of weight: lightness
of temper or conduct : thoughtlessness : disposi
tion to trifle : vanity. [L. levitas—levis, light.]
Levy, lev'i, v.t. to raise: to collect by authority,
as an army or a tax :—pr.p. lev'ying ; pa.t.
and pa.p. lev'icd.—«. the act of collecting by
authority: the troops so collected. [Fr. lever—
L. leva, to make light or raise—levis, light.]
Lewd, lud or lo"Od, adj. ignorant, vicious, or bad,
so in B. : lustful : licentious : unchaste : de
bauched.—adv. Lewdly.—«. Lewdness. [A.S.
la!7ued, lay, belonging to the laity, either the
P<i.p. of the verb Uewan, to weaken, and so
meaning weak, simple, untaught, or from lead,
the people. See Laity.]
Lexicographer, leks-i-kog'ra-fer, n. one skilled in
lexicography or the art of compiling dictionaries.
Lexicography, leks-i-kog'ra-fi, «. the art of writ
ing a dictionary.—adjs. Lexicographic, Lexi
cographical. [Gr. lexikon, and graphd, to
write.] [lexicology.
Lexicologist, leks-i-kol'o-jist, n. one skilled in
Loxicology. leks-i-kol'o-ji, «. that branch of phil
ology which treats of the proper signification and
use of words. [Gr. lexis, and logos, a discourse
or treatise.]
Lexicon, leks'i-kon, «. a word-book or dictionary.
—adj. Lexical, belonging to a lexicon. [Gr.
lexikon—lexis, a word—legd, to speak.]
Ley. le, «. Same as Lea.
Liability, lT-a-bil'i-ti, n. state of being liable or
responsible.
Liable, lT'a-bl, adj. able to be hound or obliged :
responsible : tending : subject: exposed. [Fr.
Her—L, ligare, to bind.]
Liaison, le'a-zong, «. union, or bond of union :
connection, esp. an illicit intimacy between a
man and woman. [Fr.—//Vr, from L. ligare, to
bind.]
Liar, ll'ar, n. one who lies or utters falsehood.
Lias, ll'as, n. {geol.) a formation of argillaceous
limestone, &c underlying the oolitic system.—
adj. LiasslC, ll-as'ik, pertaining to the Has for
mation. [Fr., of uncertain origin, perh. from
Bret, liach, a stone.]
, lT-ba'shun, n. the pouringforth wine or
fate, fax ; me, her ; mine j
License
other liquid in honour of a deity : the liquid
poured. [L. libatio—libo, Gr. leiod, to pour.]
Libel, li'bel, ;/. a written accusation : any malicious
defamatory publication : [law) the statement of
. a plaintiff's grounds of complaint against a
defendant.—v.t. to defame by a libel : to satirise
unfairly : (law) to proceed against by producing
a written complaint :—pr.p. labelling ; pa.t.
and pa.p. irbelled. [Lit. a ' little book,' from
L. libellus, dim. of liber, a book.]
Libeller, ll'bel-er, «. one who defames by libels.
Libellous, llljel-us, adj. containing a libel: de
famatory.—adv. Lfbellously.
Liberal, lib'er-al, adj. becoming a gentleman :
generous : noble-minded : candid : free : free
from restraint : general, extensive.—n. one who
advocates greater freedom in political institu
tions.—adv. Lib'erally. [Lit. ' belonging or
suitable to a free-born man,' Fr.—L. libera/is—
liber, free, doing as one pleases—libel, lubet, to
please, akin to Gr. eleutheros, free, Sans. Inbh,
to desire. See Lief, Love. ]
Liberalise, lib'er-al-Iz, v.t. to make liberal, or en
lightened : to enlarge.
Liberalism, lib'er-al-izm, «. the principles of a
liberal in politics or religion.
Liberality, lib-er-al'i-ti, ». the quality of being
liberal: generosity: largeness or nobleness of
mind: candour: impartiality.
Liberate, lib'er-at, v.t. to .setfree: to release from
restraint, confinement, or bondage. —n. Libera'-
tlon. [L. libera, liberaturn.] [frees.
Liberator, lib'er-iU-or, tt. one who liberates or
Libertine, lib'er-tin or -tin, «. formerly, one who
professed free opinions, esp. in religion : one
who leads a licentious life, a rake or debauchee.
—adj. belonging to a frecdman : unrestrained :
licentious. [L. libertinus, ajreedman.]
Libertinism, lib'cr-tin-izm, «. the conduct of a
libertine : licentiousness of opinion or practice :
lewdness or debauchery.
Liberty, lib'cr-ti, «. freedom to do as one pleases:
freedom from restraint : the unrestrained enjoy
ment of natural rights : privilege : exemption :
leave : relaxation of restraint : the bounds
within which certain privileges are enjoyed :
freedom of speech or action beyond ordinary
civility. [Fr.—L. libertas.]
Libidinous, li-bid'in-us, adj., lustful': given to
the indulgence of the animal passions.—adv.
Llbidlnously. —n. LIbid'humaness. [Fr.—L.
iibiditiosus—libido, desire, lust—lubet.]
Libra, ll'bra, «. the balance, a sign of the zodiac.
[L.J
Librarian, Ii-bni'ri-an, «. the keeper of a library.
—«. Libra'rlanshlp. { L. librarirts, a tran
scriber of books.]
Library, l7'brar-i, n. a building or room containing
a collection of books; a collection of books. [L.
librarium—liber, a book.]
Llbrate, ll'brat, v.t. to poise : to balance.—v.i. to
move slightly, as a balance : to be poised.—n.
Libra'tion, balancing : a state of equipoise : a
slight swinging motion. [L. libro, libratum—
libra, a level, a balance. Sec under Level.]
Llbratory, ll'bra-tor-i, adj. swaying tike a balance.
Libretto, Li-bret'o, n. a book of the words of an
opera or other musical composition. [It., dim.
of libro— L. liber, a book-]
Lice, lis. plural of Louse.
License, Licence, ll'scns, n. a being allowed:
leave : grant of permission : the document by
which authority is conferred : excess or abuse of
freedom.—License, v.t. to grant license to: to
mote ; mute ; mSOn ; Mca. •m
 Licenser Light
authorise or permit [Fr.—L. licentia—licet, I Lieu, hi, n., place, stead. [Fr.—L. locus, place.]
to be allowed.] Lleutenanoy, lef-ten'an-si, «., office or commission
Licenser, ll'sens-er, n. one who grants license or ■ Lieutenant, of a lieutenant : the body of lieutenants.
permission : one authorised to license. lef-ten'ant, n. an officer holding the
Licentiate, iT-sen'&hi-at, «. one who has a license I place of anotAer in his absence : a commissioned
or grant of permission to exercise a profession. officer in the army next below a captain, or in
Licentious, iT-sen'shus, adj. indulging in exces the navy next below a commander : one holding
sive freedom : given to the indulgence of the a place next in rank to a superior, as in the com
animal passions : dissolute.—adv. Lfcen'tiously. pounds lieutenant-colonel, lieutenant-general.
—«. Licen tiousness. [Fr.—L. iicentiosus.] [Fr., from lieu, a place, and tenant, holding—
Lichen, ll'ken or lich'en, n. one of an order of tenir, to hold. See Lieu and Tenant.]
cellular flowerless plants: an eruption on the Life, llf, «. state of living: animate existence :
skin. [L.—Gr. leickin, from leichd, Sans. lih, to union of soul and body : the period between
lick ; from its licking up or encroaching on the birth and death : present state ol existence :
soil. See Lick.} manner of living : moral conduct : animation :
Lichgate, lich'gat, n, a churchyard gate with a a living being : system of animal nature : social
porch to rest the bier under. [M. E. HcA—A.S. state : human affairs : narrative ofa life : eternal
He (Ger. leicAc, Goth, leik, a corpse), and Gate. happiness, also He who bestows it : a quickening
Sec Like, adj.] principle in a moral sense :—pi. Lives, llvz.
Lichwake, lich'wak, n. the wake or watch held [A.S., Ice., andSw. It/; Dut. luf, body, life;
over a dead body. [M. E. licit, a body, a corpse Ger. leben, to live. See Live.]
(see Like, adj.), and Wake.] Life-assurance, lTf-ash-shooYans. Same as Life-
Lick, lik, v.t. to pass the tongue over : to take in insurance.
by the tongue: to lap.—*. Lick'er. [A.S. Lifeboat, lifbot, n. a boat of peculiar construc
Itccian ; Ger. lecken, L. lingo, Gr. leicAB, Sans. tion for saving shipwrecked persons.
Wu See Tongue and Language.] Life-estate, lTF-es-tat/, n. an estate held during
Lickerish, lik'er-ish, adj. dainty : eager to taste the life of the possessor.
or enjoy. [From Lick.] Life-guard, lTf'-gard, «. a guard of the life or
Lickspittle, lik'spit-1, ». a mean, servile dependent. person : a guard of a prince or other dignitary.
Licorice. Same as Liquorice. Lifehold, Uf'hold, n. land Aeld by lease for life.
Llctor, lik'tor, n. an officer who attended the Lifo insurance, llf'-in-shOor'ans, n. a contract by
Roman magistrates, bearing an axe and bundle which a sum of money is insured to be paid at
of rods. [L., conn, with ligarr, to bind.] the close ofa person's life. [Life and Insurance. ]
Lid, lid, n. a cover: that which sAuts a vessel : Lifeless, iTf'les, adj. dead : without vigour : in
the cover of the eye. [A.S. Alid; Dut lid; sipid : sluggish.—adv. Lifelessly.— «. Life',
akin to L. clivus, Gr. k/i/ul, E. Lean.] lessness.
Lie, It, n. anything meant to deceive : an inten Lifelong, iTflong, adj. during the lengtA of a life.
tional violation of truth : anything that misleads. Life-preserver, lTf'-pre-zerv er, ». an invention
~v.i. to utter falsehood with an intention to for the preservation of life, in cases of fire or
deceive : to make a false representation :—pr.p. shipwreck : a cane with a loaded head.
ly'ing: Pa.t. and pa.p. lied'. [A.S. leogan [lyga, Liferent, llf'rent, «. a rent that continues for life.
a falsehood), prov. E. lig; Dut. liegen, Goth. Lift, lift, v.t. to bring to a higher position : to
liugan, Ger. ISgen, to lie. Cf. Lett, leeks, elevate : to elate : to take and carry away.—v. i.
'crooked,' and L. ob-liqu-us, slanting.] to try to raise.—n. act of lifting: that which is
Lie, ll, v.u to rest in a reclining posture : to lean : to be raised : that which assists to lift. [Lit. ' to
to press upon: to be situated: to abide: to raise into the air,' from M. E. lift or luft, the air,
consist: {law) to be sustainable:—pr.p. ly'ing; sky. It is simply a form of Loft, which sec.]
pa.t. lay; pa.p. lain, fB.) lfen.-Wf. Li'er, Lie- Ligament, lig'a-ment, n. anything that binds:
a-bed, one who lies long in the morning (also1 {anat.) the membrane connecting the movable
adj.).—To He in, to be in childbed. [A.S. bones : a bond of union. [Fr.—L. ligamentum
licgan; Ger. liegen; Goth, ligan; Ice. liggja ; —ligo. ligatum, to bind.]
Ir. InigAim; Gr lecAos, a bed, L. lectus.] Llgamental, lig-a-ment'al, Ligamentous, lig-a-
Lief, lef, adj. [poetry ) loved, dear. —adv. lovingly : ment'us, adj. composing or resembling a liga
willingly, now chiefly used in the phrase, ' I had ment, [being bound.
as lief.' [A. S. leaf; Ger. lieb, loved.] Ligation, li-gu'shun, «. act of binding: state of
Liege, lej, adj. true, faithful: subject: under a Ligature, lig'a-tflr, n. anything that binds ; a
feudal tenure: sovereign or having lieges.—//. bandage: [mus.) a line connecting notes:
one under a feudal tenure: a vassal: a lord or {print.) a type of two letters : (med.i a cord for
superior or one who has lieges. [Fr. lige, which tying the blood-vessels, &c. [See Ligament.]
prob. is derived from O. Ger. ledec, Ger ledig. Light, lit, «. that which shines or is brilliant : the
free, unfettered. The word was orig. applied agent by which objects are rendered visible : the
to thefree bands in the German tribes that over power of vision : day : dawn of day : that which
turned the Roman empire. But as the free gives light, as the sun, a candle : the illuminated
bands settled on the conquered territory and part of a picture : {jig.) mental or spiritual illu
formed the Feudal System, the meaning of the mination : enlightenment: knowledge : public
word gradually changed ; thus it orig. meant view : point of view : a conspicuous person :
' free,' then * true to their chief,' ' loyal,' * bound ' an aperture for admitting light: [B.) pro
by a feudal tenure; but the sense of 'bound' sperity, favour.-y-rt^'. not dark : oright : whitish.
was also due to confusion with L. ligatus, bound. ] —v.t. to give light to : to set fire to : to attend
Lien, Ifen or le'en, «. {law) a right in one to retain with a light \—pr.p. lighting ; pa.t. and Pa.p.
the property of another to pay a claim. [Fr., light'ed or lit.—«. LlgEt'er. [A.S. leoht, lyht ;
tie, band—L. ligamen—lige, to bind.j Ger. licht, Goth, liuhath, W. ling, L. lux, light,
Lien, H'en (B.) pa.p. of Lie, to lie down. Gr. leukos : akin to Sans, lok, loch, to see, to
Lieth, ll'eth [B. ) 3d pers. sing, of Lie, to lie down. shine, ruch, to shine.]
2yo fate, far ; mfi, h*r ; ; mOte ; mute ; roGoo ; then.
 Light
Light, iTt, adj. not heavy : easily suffered or per
formed : easily digested : not heavily armed :
active : not heavily burdened : unimportant :
not dense or copious : gentle : easily influenced :
gay, lively : amusing : unchaste : not of legal
weight: loose, sandy: [B.) idle, worthless,—
adv. Lightly, cheaply: IB.) easily, carelessly.
—«. Llght'ness (B.) levity, fickleness. [A.S.
Uoht; Ger. leicht, Ice. lettr ; L. levis, Gr.
elaehys ; akin to Sans, taghu, light.]
Light, lit, v.i. (followed by on, upon) to stoop from
flight : to settle : to rest : to come to by chance :
(fol. by down,from) to descend, to alight :—pr.p.
light'ing ; pa./* and Pa.p. light'ed or Tit. [From
Light, not heavy, as 4 to light from a horse,' to
relieve him of his burden.]
Lighten, llt'n, v.t. to make light or clear; {Jig.)
to illuminate with knowledge : {B. ) to free from
trouble.—v.i. to shine like lightning: to flash:
to become less dark. [to alleviate : to cheer.
Lighten, llt'n, v.t. to make lighter or less heavy :
Lighten upon, v.t. [Pr. Bk.) to alight or descend
upon.
Lighter, lit'er, n. a large open boat used in light
ening (unloading) and loading ships.—«. Light'-
erman.
Lighterage, llt'cr-aj, n. price paid for unloading
ships by lighters: the act of thus unloading.
Light-fingered, lit'-fing'gerd, adj., light or active
with one'sfingers : thievish.
Light-headed, llt'-hed'ed, adj. giddy in the head :
thoughtless: unsteady. [light and Head.]
Light-hearted, lir*-hart'ed, adj., light or merry
of heart; free from anxiety: cheerful.—adv.
Light'-heart'edly. —«. Llght'-heart'edness.
Llghthorse, litTiors, n., light-armed cavalry.
Lighthouse, lli'hows, «. a tower or house with a
light at the top to guide mariners at night.
Light-infantry, llt'-in'fant-ri, «., infantry lightly
or not heavily armed-
Light-minded, llr'-mTnd'ed, adj. having a light or
unsteady mind: not considerate.
Lightning, lit'ning, n. the electric flash usually
followed by thunder.
Lightning-rod, lit nine-rod, n. a metallic rod for
protecting buildings from lightning.
Lights, Ills, 71.pl. the lungs of animals. [So called
from their light weight.]
Lightsome, llt'sum, adj., light, gay, lively, cheer
ing.—«. Light someness.
Ligh-aloes, Itn-al'Oz, Llgnaloes, lig-nal'oz, n. (B.)
aloes-wood. [L. lignum, wood, and Aloes.]
Ligneous, lig'ne-us, adj. , wooden : woody : made
of wood. [L. ligneus—lignum, wood.]
Ligniferous, lig-nif'er-us, adj., producing wood.
[L. lignum, wood, &ndfero, to bear.]
Lignify, lig'ni-fl, v.t. to turn into wood.—v.i. to
become wood or woody \~pr.p. Minifying ; Pa.p.
lig'nifTcd.—«. Llgnlfica'tlon. [Fr. lignifier—
L. lignum, wood, and/ado, to make.]
Ligulne, lit;'nin, n. pure woodsyfibre.
Lignite, lig'nTt, «. coal retaining the texture of
wood.-adj. Lignitfie.
Ltgnum-vltffi, lin'num-vg'ta, n. popular name of
a South American tree with very hard wood.
Llgule. lig'Ql, n. \bot. ) the flat part of the leaf of
a grass : a strap-shaped petal in certain flowers.
[Lit. ' a little tongue,' L. ligula, dim. of lingua,
a tongue.] [Gr. ligurion.)
Llgure, ll'gur or Hg/Or, n. (B.) a precious stone.
Like, Ilk, adj. equal in quantity, quality, or de
gree : similar : likely.—n. the like thing or per
son : an exact resemblance : a liking.—adv. in
the same manner : probably. [A.S. lie, oftener
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Lime
ge-lic, Ice. likr, Dut ge-lijk, Ger. gleich {—gf.
letch). Ace to Bopp, the simple forms, as in
Ice., A.S., &c. are abbreviations of the full form,
as seen in Goth, ga-leik-s ; Goth, leik, A.S.
lie means body, shape (see Lichgate), and ga-,
ge- = with, L. cum so that ge-lic means ' hav
ing body or shape in common with another' =
L. confonnis. A.S. lie appears in the suffix -ly
(godly), and the same root may be traced in L.
ta li s, Gr. tilik-os.]
Like, Ilk, v.t. to be pleased with: to approve : to
enjoy : {ops.) to please. [Orig. the verb meant
' to be pleasing, and was used impersonally, as
'it likes me,' i.e. it pleases me, A.S. lict'an, to
be pleasing—lie, like, similar, conformable, suit
able, pleasing.]
Likely, llkli, adj., like the thing required : cred
ible : probable : having reason to expect.—adv.
Srobably.—ns. LikeHness, Likelihood.
6ly, llkli, adj. that may be liked : pleasing.
Liken, lik'n, v.t. to represent as like or similar :
to compare.
Likeness, llk'nes, «. resemblance ; one who re
sembles another : that which resembles : a por
trait or picture *. effigy.
Likewise, Hk'wlz, adv. in like wise or manner :
also : moreover : too. [Like, adj. and Wise }
Liking, llk'ing, «. state of being pleased with : in
clination : satisfaction in : (/?.) condition, plight.
—adj. {B.\ as in Good-liking, Well-liking, in
good condition. [the Pers. lilaj.]
Lilac, ll'lak, n. a pretty flowering shrub. [Sp.—
Liliaceous, Hl-i-a'shus, adj. pertaining to lilies.
Lilied, lil'id, adj. adorned with lilies.
Lilliputian, lil-i-pQ'shi-an, u. an inhabitant of the
island of Lilliput, described by Swift in his
Gulliver's Travels : a person of small sire, a
dwarf.—adj. of small size : dwarfish.
Lilt, lilt, v.i. to do anything cleverly or quickly,
as to hop about : to sing, dance, or play merrily.
—«. a cheerful song or air. [Ety. dub.]
Lily, lit'i, «. a bulbous plant, with showy and
fragrant flowers.—Lily Of the Valley, a well-
known and much-loved flower of the lily genus.
[A.S. lilie—L. lilium—Gr. leirion, lily.]
Limb, lim, n. a jointed part in animals : a pro
jecting part : a branch of a tree. —v.t. to supply
with limbs: to tear off the limbs. [A.S. lim;
perh. from A.S. lemian (hence Lame), to break,
and so orig. 1 a part broken off,fragment?]
Limb, lim, n. an edge or border, as of the sun,
&c. : the edge of a sextant, &c [L. Umbus.\
Limber, lim'bcr, n. the part of a gun-carriage con
sisting of two wheels and a shaft to which the
horses are attached.—v.t. to attach to the lim
bers, as a gun. [Prov. E. limbers, shafts—Ice.
limar, boughs, cart-shafts orig. being only
boughs of trees ; cf. Limb, a branch of a tree ]
Limber, lim'ber, adj. pliant, flexible. [See Limp,
adj.]
Limbo, hm'bo, Limbus, lim'bus, n. in the creed of
the R. Cath. Church, a place on the borders of
hell, in which the souls of the pious who died
before the time of Christ await his coming, and
where the souls of unbaptised infants remain :
a place of confinement. [It. limbo, L. limbus,
border.]
Lime, lim, n. any slimy or gluey material : bird
lime : the white caustic earth from limestone,
and used for cement. —v.t. to cover with lime :
to cement : to manure with lime : to insnare.
[A.S. lim; cog. with Ger. leim, glue, L, limus,
slime ; from a base li seen in L. ti-neret to
smear, and Sans. //, to be viscous.]
mOte ; mute ; moUn j Men. 291
 Lime
Lime, ltm, n. a kind of citron or lemon tree and
its fruit. [Fr. Sec Lemon.]
Lime-juice, llm'-jQs, «. the acid juice of the lime,
used at sea as a specific against scurvy.
Limekiln, lim'kil, n. a kiln or furnace in which
limestone is burned to lime.
Limestone, llm'ston, n., stone from which lime is
procured by burning.
Lime tree, llm'-tre, «. the linden-tree, common in
Europe, with heart-shaped leaves and panicles
of yellowish flowers. {Lime is a corr. of line,
and line of lindt which is = linden-tree. See
Linden.}
Limetwig, llm'twig, «. a twig smeared with bird-
Limit, lim'it, «. boundary' : utmost extent : re
striction.—v.t. to confine within bounds : to re
strain. [Fr.—L. limes, limitis—limus, trans
verse.] [bounded, or restrained. Linen, lin'en, «. cloth made of lint orjlax: under
Llmitable, lim'it-a-bl, adj. that may be limited,
Limitary, lim'it-ar-i, adj. placed at the boundary,
as a guard, &c. : confined within limits.
Limitation, lim-it-a'shun, «. the act of limiting,
bounding, or restraining : the state of being
limited, bounded, or restrained : restriction.
Limited, lim'it-ed, adj. within limits: narrow:
restricted.—Limited Liability, in a joint-stock
company, means that the members are liable
only in a fixed proportion to each share.—adv.
Lim'itedly.—«. Lim'itedness.
Limitless, lim'it-les, adj. having no limits : bound
less : immense : infinite.
Limn, lim, v.t. [orig.) to illuminate with orna
mental letters, &c. : to draw or paint, esp. in
water-colours. [Contr. of Fr. enluminer—L.
iliumino, from root of Luminary.]
Limner, lim'ner, «. one who limns, or paints on
paper or parchment: a portrait-painter.
Limous, llm'uSj adj., gluey: slimy : muddy. [See
Lime, any slimy material.]
Limp, limp, adj. wanting stiffness, flexible : weak,
flaccid. [A nasalised form ofLap, seen also in W.
llibin, lleipr, drooping, Ice. iimpa, weakness.]
Limp, limp, v.i. to halt : to walk lamely.—n. act
of limping : a halt. [A.S. limp-keatt, lame;
O. Ger. limphin, to limp : prob. a form of
Lame.]
Limpet, lim'pet, «. a small shell-fish, which clings
to bare rocks. [Prob. through the Fr., from L.
and Gr. lepas, a limpet—Gr. Upas, a bare rock
—lepd, to peel.]
Limpid, Hm'pid, adj., clear: shining : transparent :
pure.—ns. Limpidity, Lim'pidness. [Fr.— L.
limpidus, perh. a form of liquidus. See Liquid.]
Llmpingly, limp'ing-li, adv. in a limping manner.
Limy, lTm'i, adj., glutinous: sticky : containing,
resembling, or having the qualities of lime.
Linchpin, Tinsh'pin, n. a pin used to keep the
wheel of a carriage on the axle-tree. [A.S.
lynis, an axle-tree ; cog. with Dut. luns, O.
Ger. lun, peg, bolt, and Pin.]
Linden, lin'ueu, ». the lime-tree. [A.S., Sw., Ice.
lind, Ger. linde, O. Ger. Unta.]
Line, iTn, n. a thread oflinen or flax : a slender
cord: {math.) that which has length without
breadth or thickness : an extended stroke : a
straight row : a cord extended to direct any
operations : outline : a series, succession of : a
mark or lineament, hence a characteristic : a
row : a rank : a verse : a short letter or note : a
trench, in pi. military works of defence : limit :
method : the equator : lineage : direction : occu
pation : the regular infantry of an army : the
tweKth
lln, part
:•. /. of
to an inch. [L. linen—linum,
Line, mark out with lines: to coverflax.J
fate, fax ; mt, h*r ; mtn« ; mot* ; mat* i metra ; Men .
Linnet
lines : to place along by the side of for guarding :
by a guard within or by anything added.
Line, lln, v.t. to cover on the inside with linen or
other material : to cover.
Lineage, lin'e-aj, «. descendants in a line from a
common progenitor : race : family.
Lineal, lin e-al, adj. of or belonging to a line :
composed of lines : in the direction of a line :
descended in a direct line from an ancestor.—
adv. Lin'eally.
lineament, lin'c-a-mcm, n. feature : distinguishing
mark in the form, esp. of the face. [Lit. *a
[lime. drawing ; ' Fr.—L. lineo, to draw a line.]
Linear, fin'c-ar, adj. of or belonging to a line:
consisting of or having the form of lines :
straight.—^?-. Lin'early.
Lineation, lin-e-ii'shun, «. Same as Delineation.
clothing, particularly that made of linen.—adj.
made of flax : resembling linen cloth. [Pro
perly an adj. with suffix -en—A.S. lin—L.
Unum, flax ; Gr. linon.]
Liner, lin'er, n. a vessel belonging to a regular
line or series of packets.
Ling, ling, n. a fish resembling the cod, so called
from, its lengthened form. [A.S. lauj, long.|
Ling, ling, h. heather. [Ice. lyng.]
Linger, hng'ger, v.i, to remain long in any state :
to loiter: to hesitate. [A.S. lengan, to pro
tract—lang, long.]
Lingering, ling'ger-ing, adj., lengthened out in
time : protracted.—«. a remaining long.
Linget, ling'get, LingOt, ling'got, n. Same as
Ingot. [Fr. lingot, from root of Ingot.]
Linguadental, ling-gwa-dcn'tal, adj. uttered by
the joint action of the tongue and teeth, as of
the letters d and /.—n. a sound thus produced.
[L. lingua, the tongue, and Dental.]
Lingual, ling'gwal, adj. pertaining to the tongue?.
—n. a letter pronounced mainly by the tongue,
as /.—adv. Lin'gually. [From L. lingua (old
form diugua), the tongue.] {languages.
Linguist, fing'gwist, «. one skilled in tongues or
Linguistic, ling-gwist'ik, Linguistical, ling-gwist'-
ik-al, adj. pertaining to languages and the affini
ties of languages.
Linguistics, ling-gwist'iks, n.sing. the science of
languages and words, the general or compara
tive study of languages.
Liniment, lin'i-ment, n. a kind of thin ointment.
[L. linimentum—lino, to besmear.]
Lining, lTn'ing, n. act of drawing lines upon, or of
marking with lines : an inside covering.
Link, lingk, u. something bent so as to form a
joint : a ring of a chain : anything connecting :
a single part of a series.—v.t. to connect as by a
link: to join in confederacy : to unite m a series.
—v.i. to be connected. [A.S. hlence ; Ice.
klekkr, Ger. gelenk jeuketi, to bend).]
Link, lingk, «. a light or torch of pitch and tow.
—n. Link'boy, boy who carries such to light
travellers. [Prob. corr. from Dut. lant, a
gunner's match of tow: Scot, lurit, Dan. lunte.\
LlEkS, lingks, n.fil. a stretch of flat or gently un
dulating ground along a sea-shore, on which
the game of golf is played. [Scotch.]
Linnsean, Llnnean, lin-nfi'an, adj. pertaining to
Linturus, the Latinised form of the name of
Linne, the celebrated Swedish botanist '1707
-78), or to the artificial system of classification
introduced by him into Botany.
Linnet, lin'et, n. a small singing-bird, socalled from
with feeding on the seed of jlax. [Fr. linot—lin,
flax—L. linum. See Linen.}
 Linoleum Lithographio
Linoleum, lin-G'le-um, «. a preparation used as a act or habit of lisping. [A.S. ivlisp, lisping;
floorcloth, linsced~ou\ being greatly used in the Dut. lispen, Ger. lispetn; from the sound.]
making of it. [L. linum, flax, oleum, oil.] Lisping, lisp'ing, adj. pronouncing with a list». —
Linseed, lin'sed, Llntseed, lint'sed, lint or «. the act of speaking with a lisp.—adv. Lisp'*
flaxseed. [From Lint.] ingly.
Linseed-cake, lin'scd-kiik, n. the cake remaining Lissome, lis'um, adj. Same as Lithesome.
when the oil is pressed out of lint orflax seed. List, list, n. a stripe or border of cloth. [A.S. ; Ice.
d-Oll, lin'sSd-oil, n., oil fromflax-seed. lista, Ger. leiste, border.]
Linsey-woolsey, lin'ze-wooi'ze, adj. made of linen List, list, n. an edge or border : a catalogue or
and wool mixed : mean : of unsuitable parts.— roll.—v.t. to place in a list or catalogue: to
«. a thin coarse stuff of linen and wool mixed. engage for the public service, as soldiers. [Orig.
Linstock, lin'stok, n. a staff to hold a lighted a strip, as of parchment, hence a roll, a list of
match for firing cannon. [Also lintstock, lint names, Fr. liste—Q. Ger. lista, Ger. leiste,
being a mistaken form of lunt, due to confusion stripe, border ; A.S. lislt and orig. the same
with Hut, scraped linen, from Dut. lontstok— word as the above.]
lent, a match, and stok, a stick. See Link.] List, list, n. a line inclosing a piece of ground,
Lint, lint, n.,flax: linen scraped into a soft woolly esp. for combat :—pi. Lists, the ground inclosed
substance to lay on wounds. [See Linen.] for a contest. —To enter the lists, to engage in
Lintel, lin'iel, n. the piece of timber or stone over contest. [Fr. lice, 11. lizzt L. licite.
a doorway : the headpiece of a door or case barriers: of unknown origin.]
ment. [O. Fr. lintel [Fr. linteau)—Low L. List, list, v.t. to have pleasure in: to desire: to
lintcllns for limitellus, dim. of L. limes, a like or please: to choose. [A.S. lystan, to
boundary, border. See Limit.] desire—lust, pleasure ; Dut. and Ger. lust,
Lion, ll'un, n. a large and fierce quadruped, pleasure.]
remarkable for its roar: (astr.) Leo, a sign of List, list, v.t. or v.i. dim. of Listen.
the zodiac: any object of interest.—/ctn.IA'oness. Listen, lis'n, v.t. to hear or attend to.—v.t. to
[O. Fr. lion—I*. leo—Gr. ledn; Ger. lowe; A.S. give ear or hearken: to follow advice. [A.S.
leo, borrowed directly from L.] hiistan—hlyst, hearing, from hlust, the ear;
Lion-hearted, ll'un-hart'ed, adj. having the heart Ice. hlusta, L. duo, Gr. klud, to hear, W. dust,
or courage of a lion. [interest. an ear. See Loud.]
Lionise, ll un-iz, v.t. to treat as a lion or object of Listener, lis'n-cr, n. one who listens or hearkens.
Lip, lip, «. the muscular border in front of the Listless, list'les, adj. having no desire or wish :
teeth by which things are taken into the mouth : careless: uninterested: weary: indolent.—adv.
the edge of anything. [A.S. lippc; Dut. lip, Listlessly. Listlessness. [From Lust
Ger. lippe, L, labium, akin to L. lambo, E. lap, and suffix -less.] [to alight.
expressive of the sound of lapping.] IAt,pa.t. andpa.p. ofLight, to lighten, and Light,
Lipped, lipt, adj. having lips : having a raised or Litany, lit'a-ni, «. a praying; a form of suppli
rounded edge like the Tip. cation in public worship. [Fr.—L. litania—Gr.
Liquation, h-kwa'shun, n. the act of making litaneia—lite, a prayer.]
liquid or melting : the capacity of being melted. Literal, lit'er-al, adj. according to the letter:
[h. Uqno, liquatum, to make liquid, to melt.] plain : not figurative or metaphorical : following
Liquefaction, lik-we-fak'shun, n. the act or process the letter or exact meaning, word for word.—
of making liquid: the state of being melted. adv. Literally.—«. Lit'eralness. [Fr.—L.
Liquefy, lik'we-fT, v. t. to make liquid: to dissolve. literalis—litera, a letter.]
—v.u to become liquid \~-pa.t. and Pa.p. liq'uS- Literary, lit'er-ar-i, adj. belonging to letters or
fled. [L. lique/acio—liqueo, to be fluid or liquid, teaming: pertaining to men of letters : derived
andfacio, to make. ] from learning : skilled in learning : consisting of
Liquescent, U-kwes'ent, adj., becoming liquid: written or printed compositions. [L. literarius.]
melting. —n. Liques'cency. [L. liquescens, Literate, liter-at, adj. acquainted with Utters or
-cutis, pr.p. ofUquesco, to become liquid—liqueo.] learning: learned.—n. one educated but not
Liqueur, lik-er', «. a flavoured spirit : a cordial, having taken a university degree. [L. literatus.]
ft'.! Literati, lit-er-a ti, tt.pl. menoltetters,ihc learned.
Liquid, lik'wid, adj., flowing: fluid : soft : smooth : Literature, lit'er-a-tiir, «. the science of letters
clear. —n. a flowing substance: a letter of a or what is written : the whole body ofliterarycom
smooth flowing sound, as / and r, in pia, pra.— positions in any language, or on a given subject :
fis. Liquidity, Liq'uidnesa. [L. liquidus, fluid, all literary productions except those relating to
clear—liqueo, to be fluid or liquid.] positive science and art, usually confined, how-
Liquidate, lik'wi-dat, v.t. to make clear, esp. to ever, to the belles-lettres. [Fr.—L. literatura—
clear or settle an account : to arrange or wind up literal
the affairs of a bankrupt estate. [See Liquid.] Litharge, lith'arj, n. the semi-vitrified oxide of
Liquidation, lik-wi-dii'shun, «. the clearing up of lead separated from silver in refining. [Lit.
money affairs, esp. the adjustment of the affairs ' stone-silver,' Fr.—Gr. lithargyros—lithos, a
of a bankrupt estate. stone, and argyros, silver.]
Liquidator, lik-wi-dat'or, n. one engaged in a Lithe, liM, adj. easily bent, flexible, active.—
liquidation. n. Lithe'ness. [A.S lithe (for tinthe); Ger.
Liquor, Hk'ur, n. anything liquid; strong drink. ge-tind. Ice. linr, akin to L. lenis, soft, tender.]
Liquorice, lik'ur-is, n. a plant with a sweet root Lithesome, IiM'sum, adj.% lithe, supple, nimble.
which is used for medicinal purposes. [Through —m. Lithe someness.
an O. Fr. form, from L. tiquiritia, a corr. ofGr. Lithograph, lith'o-graf, v.t. to write or engrave
glykyrrhiza—glykys, sweet, and rhiza, root.] on stone and transfer to paper by printing.—«. a
Lisp, lisp, v.i. to speak with the tongue against the print from stone. [Gr. lithos, a stone, and
upper teeth or gums, as in pronouncing tk for s grafiho, to write.] [the art of lithography.
or z: to articulate as a child : to utter imper Lithographer, Hth-og'ra-fer, n. one who practises
fectly.—v.t. to pronounce with a lisp.—n. the Lithographic, lith-o-graf'ik, Lithographical,
fate, far ; me, her ; mine : mOte ; mute : moon ; then. 2U3
 Lithography
lith-o-graf'ik-al, adj. belonging to lithography,
—adv. Lithograph'lcally.
Lithography, lith-og'raf-i, «. the art of writing or
engraving on stone and printing therefrom.
Lithology, lith-ol'o-ji, n. a department of geo
logy treating of the structure of rocks.—adj.
Litholog'ioal.-*. Lithologist, one skilled in
lithology. [Gr. lithos, a stone, and logos, dis
course.]
LithophytO, lith'o-fit, n. an animal production
apparently both stone and plant, as coral. [Gr.
lithos, stone, phyton, plant—phyd, to grow.]
Lithotomy, lith-ot'o-mi, n. the operation of cut
ting for stone in the bladder.—«. Llthot'omlst,
one who practises lithotomy. [Gr. lithos, a
stone, and tomi, a cutting—temnfi, to cut.]
Lithotripsy, lith-ot'rip-si, Llthotrlty, lith-orri-ti,
«. the operation of breaking a stone in the
bladder. [Gr. lithos, stone, and tribo, cog. with
L. tero, to grind.]
Litlgable, lit i-ga-bl, adj. that may be contested
in law.
Litigant, lit'i-gant, adj. contending at law : en
gaged in a lawsuit.—«. a person engaged in a
lawsuit.
Litigate, lit'i-gat, v,t. to contest in law.—v.i. to
carry on a lawsuit.—n. Litiga'tlon. [L. litigo,
-aturn—lis, litis, a strife, and ago, to do.]
Litigious, li-tij'yus,rtrf/. inclined to engage in law
suits : subject to contention.—adv. LitiglOUSly.
—«. Litig iousness.
Litmus, lit'mus, n. a purple dye obtained from
certain lichens; known also as turnsole. [For
lakmose—Dut. lakmoes—lak, lac, and moes,
pulp.]
Litotes, lit'o-tftz or IT'-, n. (rhet.) a softening of a
statement for simplicity and sometimes for
emphasis. [Gr. litotes, simplicity—litos, plain.]
Litre, le'tr, n. a French liquid measure, about
11 E. pints.
Litter, fit'er, n. a heap of straw, &c for animals
to lie upon : materials for a bed : any scattered
collection of objects, esp. of little value : a
vehicle containing a bed for carrying about : a
brood of small quadrupeds.—v.t. to cover or
supply with litter: to scatter carelessly about:
to give birth to (said of small animals).—v.i. to
produce a litter or brood. [Fr. litiere—Low L.
lectaria—L. lectus, a bed, from root of Lie.]
Little, lil'l, adj. (comp. Less ; superl. Least) small
in quantity or extent: weak, poor: brief.—n.
that which is small in quantity or extent : a
small space.—adv. in a small quantity or degree :
not much.—». Littleness. [A.S. lytel; ice.
Mill, O. Ger. bttil, Goih. leitils.]
Littoral, lit'or-al, adj. belonging to the seashore,
—n. the strip of land along the shore. [L. Uttus,
-oris, the shore.) [liturgies.
Liturgies, li-tur'jiks, «. the doctrine or theory of
Llturgist, lit'ur-jist, «. one who adheres to or has
a knowledge of" liturgies.
Liturgy, lit'ur-ji, n. the form of service or estab
lished ritual of a church, —adjs. Litur'giC,
Litur'glcal. [Fr.—Gr. leitourgia—leitos, public
—loos, the people, and ergo, to work, do.]
Live, liv, v.i. to have life: to continue in life: to
be exempt from death : to last : to subsist : to
enjoy life, to be in a state of happiness: to be
nourished or supported : to dwell. —v.t. to spend :
to act in conformity to '.—pr.p. liv'ing ; pa.t. and
P<t.p. lived'.—//. Liver. (A.S. lifian, lybban;
Dut. leven, Ger. leben; orig. meaning to re
main, to continue. Sec Leave, v.t.]
Live, ltv, adj. having life: alive, not dead:
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Loaf
active : containing fire : burning : vivid.—
-Lived, llvd, used in compounds, as Long-lived,
Livelihood, lTv'li-hood, «. means of living: sup
port. [For M. E. liflode, li/lade, from A.S. lif,
life, and lad, a leading, way, lit., life-leading.}
Livelong, liv'long, adj. that lives or lasts long.
Lively, Tlv'li, adj. having or shewing life : vigor
ous, active .* sprightly : spirited : strong : vivid.
—adv. vivaciously, vigorously.—n. Liveliness.
Liver, liv'er, n. the largest gland in the body,
which secretes the bile. [A.S. lifer; Ger. leber,
Ice. Itfr,] [overgroivn liver.
Liver-grown, liv'er-grOn, adj. having a swelled or
Liveried, liv'er-id, adj. having or wearing a livery.
Liverwort, liv'cr-wurt, n. Iceland-moss. [From
A.S. ivuri, plant.]
Livery, liv'er-i, n. .orig.) the distinctive dress worn
by the household of a king or nobleman, so
called because delivered or given at regular
periods ; the uniform worn by servants : a dress
peculiar to certain persons or things, as in the
trade-guilds of London : any characteristic dress :
the being kept and fed at a certain rate, as
horses at livery : the whole body of liverymen
in London. [Fr. livrie—livrer— Low h. libera,
to give or hand over. See Deliver. ]
Liveryman, liv'er-i-man, n. a man who wears a
livery: a freeman of the city of London entitled
to wear the livery and enjoy other privileges of
his Company.
Livery-stable, liv'er-i-sta'bl, «. a stable where
horses are kept at livery. [reared on a farm.
Livestock, liv stok, n. the animals employed or
Livid, liv'id, adj. black and blue : of a lead colour :
discoloured.—«. Livldness. [Fr.—L. lividus—
liveo, to be of a lead colour, or black and blue]
Living, liv'ing, adj. having life : active, lively :
producing action or vigour : running or flowing.
— n. means of subsistence : a property : the bene
fice of a clergyman. — The Living, those alive.
Livre, 15'vr, n. an old French coin, about the value
of a franc, by which it was superseded. [Fr.
—L. libra, a pound.]
Lizard, liz'ard, «. a genus of four-footed scaly
reptiles. [Fr. IJsard, It. lucerta—L. lacerta.]
Llama, la'ma or la'ma, n. a small species of camel
peculiar to South America. [Peruvian.]
Llano, lan'o, «. one of the vast steppes or plains
in the northern part of South America :—pi.
Llan'os. ISp., from L. planus, plain.]
Lloyd's, loielz, «. a part of the London Royal
Exchange frequented by ship-owners, under
writers, &c. to obtain shipping intelligence, and
transact marine insurance. [So called from their
orig. meeting in Lloyd's Coffee-house.]
Lo, 1<3, int. look: see: behold. [A.S. la, an
imitative word-] [loche, Sp. loja.]
Loach, Loche, loch, n. a small river-fish. [Fr.
Load, lod, v.t. to lade or burden : to put on as
much as can be carried : to heap on : to put on
overmuch : to confer or give in great abund
ance : to charge, as a gun.—«. a lading orburden :
as much as can be carried at once : freight or
cargo : a measure : any large quantity borne : a
quantity sustained with difficulty : that which
burdens or grieves : a weight or encumbrance.
[A.S. hladan, to load.]
Loading, lfld'ing, n. the act of loading or lading:
a charge, cargo, or lading.
Loadstar. Same as Lodestar.
Loadstone. Same as Lodestone.
Loaf, tijf, n. a regularly shaped mass of bread : a
mass of sugar: any lump:—//. Loaves (ItSvz).
[A.S. hlaf; Goth, hlaifs, Ger. iaib, Russ. khlieb.\
mOte ; mute ; mOon ; then.
 Loaf
Loaf, lOf, v.i. to loiter, pass time idly.—«. Loafer.
[Prov. Ger. Ififen, Ger. laufen, to run about.]
Loaf-SUgar, lOT-shoog'ar, n. refined sugar in the
form of a loafor cone.
Loam, lorn. « a muddy soil, of clay, sand, and
animal and vegetable matter.—v.t. to cover with
loam. [A S. lam; Ger. lehm, akin to £. Lime.]
Loamy, lom'i, adj. consisting of or resembling
loam.
Loan, Ion, n. anything lent : the act of lend
ing: permission to use : money lent for interest.
—v.t. to lend. [AS. ken; Ice. Ian, Dan. laan,
cf. Ger. lehen, a fief.]
Loath, or Loth, loth, aaW. disliking : reluctant,
unwilling.—adv. Loathly.—*. Loath ness.
[A.S. lath ; Ger. laden, to suffer.]
Loathe, \otk, v.t. to dislike greatly, to feel disgust
at. [A.S. lathian]
Loathful, loM'fool, adj. full of loathing, hate, or
abhorrence : exciting loathing or disgust.
Loathing;, IdM'ing, n. extreme hate or disgust :
abhorrence.—adj. hating.—adv. Loath'ingly.
Loathsome, loM'sum, adj. exciting loathing or
abhorrence : detestable.—adv. Loath'SOmely. —
n. Loath'someness.
Loaves, lovz, «., pi. of Loaf.
Lobate, lub'fu, Lobed, lobd', adj. having or con
sisting of lobes*
Lobby, lob'i, «. a small hall or waiting-room : a
passage serving as a common entrance to several
apartments. [Low L. lobia—O. Ger. loube, Ger.
laube, a portico, arbour—iaub, E. lea/. See
Lodge.]
Lobe, lob, n. the lower part of the ear: (anat.) a
division of the lungs, brain, &c. : [hot.) a division
of a leaf.—adj. Lob ular. [Fr., prob. through
Low L. from Gr. lobos ; akin to Lap, to fold.]
Lobelet, tablet. Lobule, lob'Ql, n. a small lobe.
Lobelia, lob-5'li-a, n. an ornamental flower, the
roots of which are used in medicine. [Label, a
Flemish botanist.]
Lobster, lob'ster, «. a shellfish with large claws,
used for food. [AS. loppestre, IqPystre ; a corr.
of L. locusta, a lobster.)
Lobworm, lob'wurm, «. a large worm used as bait.
[So called from its clumsy form. See Lubbard ]
Local, lO'kal, adj. of or belonging to a place: con
fined to a spot or district.—adv. Lo'cally. [Fr.
—L. localis—locus, a place.]
Localise, loTcal-lz, v.t. to make local: to put into
a place.—«. Localisa'tlon. [tion : district-
Locality, lo-kal'i-ti, n. existence in a place: posi-
Locate, lO-kaY or lo'kiit, v.t. to place: to set in a
particular position : to designate the place of.
Location, lfl-kii'shun, «. act of locating or placing :
situation : (law) a leasing on rent.
Locative, lo'ka-tiv, adj. {gram.) indicating place.
Loch, loch, n. a lake or arm of the sea.
[Gael, and Ir. loch, W. llwch, L. lacus, E.
Lake.]
Loche, m. See Loach
Lock, lok, n. an instrument to fasten doors, &c. :
an inclosure in a canal for raising or lowering
boats: the part of a firearm by which it is dis
charged : a grapple in wrestling : a state of being
immovable: any narrow confined place. —v.t. to
fasten with a lock: to fasten so as to impede
motion : to shut up : to close fast : to embrace
closely: to furnish with locks.—v.i. to become
fast: to unite closely. [A.S. loca, a lock; Ice.
loka, a bolt, Ger. lock, a dungeon.]
Lock, lok, n. a tuft or ringlet of hair : a flock of
wool, &c [A.S. locc; Ice. lakkr, Ger. locke, a
lock.]
fate, far ; mfi, her: mine ;
Log
Lockage, lok'aj, «. the locks of a eanal : tht differ
ence in their levels, the materials used for them,
and the tolls paid for passing through them.
Locker, lok'er^w. any closed place that may be
locked.
Locket, lok'et, «. a small lock: a little ornamental
case of gold or silver, usually containing a
miniature.
Lock-jaw, lokMaw, Locked-jaw, lokt'-jaw, «. a
contraction of the muscles of the jatu by which
its motion is suspended. [Lock and Jaw. 1
Lock-keeper, lok -kep'er, n. one who keeps or
attends the locks of a canal.
Lockram, lok'ram, n. a kind of coarse linen, so
called from Locre?iant in Bretagne, where it is
made. [mends locks.
Locksmith., lok'smith, n. a smith who makes and
Lockstitch, lok'stich, n. a stitch formed by the
locking of two threads together.
Lockup, lok'up, «. a place for locking up or con
fining persons for a short time.
Locomotion, lo-ko-mo'shun, «. act or power of
moving from place to place.
Locomotive, lO-ko-mo'tiv or lO'-, adj., movtugfrom
place to place: capable of or assisting in loco
motion.—«. a locomotive machine : a railway
engine.—n, Locomotiv'lty. [L. locus, a place,
and moveo, motum, to move.]
Loculous, lok'u-lus, adj. (bot.) divided internally
into cells. [L. loculus, a cell, dim. of locus.]
LOCUS, lo'kus, «., place: (math.) the curve
described by a point, or the surface generated
by a line, moving in a given manner. [L.]
Locust, lo'kust. ». a migratory winged insect, in
shape like the grasshopper, highly destructive
to vegetation : a name of several plants and
trees. [L. locusta.]
Lode, lod, n. (mining) a course or vein containing
metallic ore. TA.S. llid, a course— lithan, to
lead. See Lead, to shew the way.]
Lodestar, lod'star, n. the star that leads or
guides : the pole-star.
Lodestone, lOd'stGn, n. a stofte or ore of iron
that leads or attracts other pieces of iron.
[Made up of Lode and Stone. See Magnet.]
Lodge, loj, n. a small house in a park [B., a hut) :
the cottage of a gatekeeper : a retreat : a secret
association, also the place of meeting. — v.t. to
furnish with a temporary dwelling: to infix, to
settle : to drive to covert : to lay flat, as grain.
—v.i. to reside : to rest : to dwell for a time
(£., to pass the night) : to He flat, as grain.
[Fr. lege, from root of Lobby.]
Lodger, loj'er. n. one who ledges or lives at board
or in a hired room : one who stays in any place
for a time.
Lodging, loj'ing, n. temporary habitation : a room
or rooms hired in the house of another (often in
pi. ) : harbour.
Lodgment, loj'ment, act oflodging, or state of
being lodged : accumulation of something that
remains at rest (mil.) the occupation of a posi
tion by a besieging party, and the works thrown
up to maintain it.
Loft, loft, n. the room or space immediately under
a roof: a gallery in a hall or church : {£.) an
upper room. [From the Scand., as in Ice. lopt
(pronounced loft), the sky or air, an upper room;
A S. lyft. Ger. luft, the air. See Lift.]
Lofty, loft'i, adj. high in position, character, sen
timent, or diction: high: stately: haughty. —
adv. Loft'ily.—«. Loft iness.
Log, log, n. a Hebrew liquid measure = j or | of
a pint. [Heb., a basin—lug, to be hollow.}
mote ; mute ; mOon ; then.
 Log Looming
Log, log, n. a bulky piece of wood : {naut. ) a piece found in all the Teut. languages, as in Ger. lang",
of wood, with a linel for measuring the speed of also in L. longus.]
a ship. [Scand. , as in Ice. lag, Dan. log.} Longboat, long'bGt, w. the longest boat of a ship.
Logarithm, log'a-rithm, n. (of a number) the Longeval. lon-je'val, Longevous, lon-je'vus, adj.
power to which another given number must be of long or great age. [L. longus, long, arvum,
raised in order that it may equal the former age.]
number. [Lit. 'the number of the ratios,' Gr. Longevity, lon-jcv'i-ti, «., long life : old age.
logos, ratio, and arithmos, number.] Longimanous. lou-jim'a-nus, adj., long-handed.
Logarithmic, log-a-riih'mik, Logarithmloal, log- [L. longus, long, and matuts, a hand.]
a-rith'mik-al, adj. pertaining to or consisting of Longish, long'ish, adj. somewhat long.
losnrithms.-rt^r/. Logarith mically. Longitude, lon'ji-tud, n. distance of a place east
Logboard, log'bord. Logbook, log'book, ns. or west of a given meridian : distance in de
\naut.) a board and book on which the log- grees from the vernal equinox, on the ecliptic
reckoning is kept. [Lit. 'length,' Fr.— L. longitude]
Log cabin, log'-kab'in, Loghouse, log'hows, Log- Longitudinal, lon-ji-tud'i-nal, adj. pertaining to
hut, log'hut, ns. a cabin, house, or hut built of longitude or length : extending lengthwise.—
logs. adv. Longitudinally.
Loggerhead, log'cr-hed, «. a blockhead: a dunce : Long-measure, long -mezh'ur, «. the measure of
{naut ) a round piece of timber, in a whale-boat, length.
over which the line is passed : a species of sea- Longrun, long'run, n. the long or whole run or
turtle :—pl. quarrel : dispute. [Log, a piece of course of events : the ultimate result.
wood, and Head. ] Longshore man, long'.shor-man, «. a man em
Logic, loi'ik, n. the science and art of reasoning ployed along the sliore or about wharfs in
correctly : the science of the necessary laws of loading and unloading vessels.
thought. [Gr. logike, from logos, speech, reason.] Long-sighted, long'-sit'cd, adj. able to see at a
Logical, loj'ik-al, adj. according to the rules of long distance : sagacious.—n. Long'-Sight'ed-
logic: skilled in logic: discriminating.—adv. ness.
Logically Long-stop, long'-stop, n. [cricket) one whose duly
Logician, lo-jish'an, n one skilled in logic is to stand behind the wicket-keeper and stop
Logistic, lo-jis'tik. Logistical, lo-jis'tik-al, adj. balls sent a long distance.
[lit.) skilled in calculating: {math.) made on Long-suffering, iong'-suf'ci-ing, adj., suffering at
the scale of sixty. [Gr. logistikos—logizomai, enduring long.—«., long endurance or patience.
to calculate—logos, a number.] Long-vacation, long'-va-kashun, n. {Itvw), in
Logline, Iog'lTn, n. the line fastened to the log, autumn, the period during which judicial pro
and marked for finding the speed of a vessel. ceedings are intermitted.
Logography, lo-gog'ra-h, «. a method of printing Loo, loo, «. a game at cards.—v.t. to beat in the
with whole words cast in a single type. [Gr. game of loo :—pr.p. loo'ing ; pa.p. looed'. [For-
logographia, word-writing—logos, word, and mcrly lanterloo—Fr. lanturelu, nonsense, fudge,
grapftd, to write.] a game at cards, orig. the refrain of a famous
Logomachy, lo-gom'a-ki, «., contention about vaudeville of the time of Cardinal Richelieu.]
ivords or in words merely. [Gr. logomackia— Loof, loof, «. the after-part of a ship's bow where
lo?os, word, and maclte, tight.] the planks begin to curve in towards the cut
Logreel, log'rcl, n. a reel fur the logline. water. [See Luff.j
Logwood, log'wood, n. a red ivood much used in Look, look, v.t. to turn the eye toward so as to
dyeing. [Log and Wood.] see: to direct the attention to : to watch: to
Loin, luin, «. the back of a beast cut for food :— seem : to face, as a house : (B.) to expect.—v.t.
pl. the reins, or the lower part of the back. [O. to express by a look : to influence by look. —Look
Kr. logne, Fr. tortgc, loin— L. lumbus, loin.] after, to attend to or take care of : [B. ) to ex
Loiter, Toi ler, v.i. to delay : to be slow in moving: pect.—Look Into, to inspect closely.—Look on,
to linger.—«. Loiterer. [Dut. leuteren, to to regard, view, think. —Look out, to watch : to
trifle; Ger. lotternt to waver; from root of select.—Look to. to take care of: to depend on.
Lout.] —Look through, to penetrate with the eye or
Loll, lol, v.i. to lie lazily about, to lounge: to hang the understanding. — *. Look'er-on. [A.S.
out from the mouth.—v.t. to thrust out (the locian, to see : O. Ger. luogen.]
tongue). [M. E. lollen, prob. from O. Dut. Look, look, «. the act of looking or seeing : sight :
lollen, to sit over the fire; Ice. lalla, to move air of the face : ap[>eara.ncc.
slowly. See Lull] Look, look, imp. or int. see : behold.
Lollards, lol'ards, tt.pl. a sect of reformers in Ger Looking, look ing, «., seeing: search or searching.
many, arising about 1300 A D. : the followers of —Look'ing-for, (£.) expectation.—Looking-
Wycliffe i" England. [Prob. from Low Ger. glass, a glass which reflects the image of the
lollen, to sing, to hum, the name having arisen person looking into it, a mirror.
from the nuuincr of smging peculiar to them; Lookout, look'owt, n. a careful looking out or
cf. Lull.] watching for : an elevated place from which to
Lone, iGn, Lonely, iGn'li, adj., alone: having no observe : one engaged in watching.
company : solitary ; retired : standing by itself. Loom luoin, «. the frame or machine for weaving
—n. Loneliness. [Contraction of Alone.] cloth : the handle of an oar, or the part within
Lonesome, lon'sum, adj. solitary: dismal. —adv. the rowlock. [A. S. gclotua, furniture, utensils.]
Lone somely - n. Lohe'someness. Loom, loom, v.i. to shine or appear above the
Long, long, adj. (comp. Long er ; superl. Long est horizon : to appear larger than the real size, as
extended : not short : extended in time : slow in in a mist : to be seen at a distance in the mind's
coming : tedious : far-reaching.—<utv. to a great eye, as something in the future. [A.S- leomian,
extent in space or time : through the whole : all to shine—leoma, a beam of light. Allied to
along.—v.t. to desire earnestly : to have an Light.)
eager appetite.—adv. Long ingly. [A.S. lang; Looming, loom'ing, n. the indistinct and magnified
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute : moon ; Men.
 Loon Louver
appearance of objects seen in certain states of coat-of-mail : to plate or coat over. [L, lorico.
the atmosphere : mirage. -atum—lorica. ]
LOOH, loOn, «. a low fellow, a rascal. [O. Dut. loen.] Lorication, lor-i-ka'shun, n a coating or crusting
Loon (also Loom . loon, ft. a genus of web-footed over, as with plates of mail. [L. loricatio.]
aquatic birds, with short wings, and legs placed Loriot, lu'ri-ut, «. the oriole. [Fr. le, the, and
very far back, also called Divers from their oriol—L. aureolus, dim. of aureus, golden—
expertness in diving. [Ice. lomr, prob. influenced aurum, gold. See Oriole.]
by loon, as above, from their awkward manner Lorry, lori, «. a four-wheeled wagon without
of walking.] sides. [Perh. from prov. E. lurry, to pull or lug.]
Loop, loop, n a doubling of a cord through which Lory, lo'ri, «. a small bird allied to the parrot.
another may pass : an ornamental doubling in [Malay luri.]
fringes.—7/./. to fasten or ornament with loops, I Lose. lOoz, v.t. the opposite of keep or gain : to
[Prob. from Celt, lub, a bend, a fold.) be deprived of : to mislay : to waste, as time : to
Loop, loop. Loophole, loop'hOl, «. a small hole in , miss : to bewilder : to cause to perish : to ruin :
a wall, &c- through which small-arms may be to suffer waste:—pr.p. losing (looking) : pa.t.aad
fired : a means of escape.—adj. Looplioleri pa.p. lost.—adj. Los'ablo n Los 'or. [A.S.
Loopers, lOOp'erz, tt.pl. the caterpillars of certain | losian—leosan ; cog. with Ger. WT-tieren, to lose,
moths, which move by drawing up the hindpart Gr. luo, to loose ; perh. akin to LOSS. See
of their body to the head, thus forming a loop. Loose.] Tingly.
Loose, lOOs, adj., slack, free : unbound : not con Losing, lOoVing, adj. causing loss —adv. Los'-
fined : not compact : not strict : unrestrained : LOSS, los, «. the act of losing: injury: destruc
licentious : inattentive.—adv. Loosely. —n. tion : defeat : that which is lost : waste. [A.S.
Loose ness Break loose, to escape from con- ; los—leosan, to lose. See Lose.)
finement.—Let loose, to set at liberty. [A.S. Lost, lost, attj. parted with : no longer possessed:
leas, loose, weak : from the same root as Loose. missing: thrown away : squandered: ruined.
z>.i. and Lose, seen also in Goth, laus, Ger. los, Lot, lot, n. one's fate in the future : that which
loose. ] falls to any one as his fortune : that which de
Loose, loOs, v.t. to free from any fastening : to cides by chance : a separate portion. —v.t. to
release : to relax.—v.i. {B.} to set sail. [A.S. allot : to separate into lots : to catalogue '.—pr.p*
losian ; Ger. I5sen, Goth, lausjan, to loose. lott'ing ; pa.p. lott'ed. [A.S. htot, a lot, hleotan,
From root of Lose.] to cast lots : Ice. hlutr. lot, hljota, to cast lots.]
Loosen. lOOs'n, v.t. to make loose: to relax any Lote, lot, Lotus, lo'tus, LotOS, lo'tos, «. the water-
thing tied or rigid : to make less dense : to open, lily of Egypt : a tree in N. Africa, fabled to
as the bowels.—v.i. to become loose : to become make strangers who ate of its fruit forget their
less tight. home : a genus of leguminous plants.—Lo'tUS-
Loot, lfTOt, «. act of plundering, esp. in a con eat'er, «. an eater of the lotus : one given up to
quered city : plunder.—v.t. or v.t. to plunder. sloth. [L. lotus-Gr. lotos.]
[Hindi Ittt—Sans, lotra, loptra, stolen goods.] 1 Loth, loth, idj. Same as Loath.
Lop, lop, v.t. to cut off" the top or extreme parts : Lotion, 10'shun, «. [med ) a fluid for external
of, esp. of a tree : to curtail by cutting away the application to a wound, bruise, &c. [Fr.—L.
superfluous parts:—Pr.p. lopp'ing; pa.t. and lotto—Imio, lotum, to wash.]
pa.p. lopped .—k. twigs and small branches of j Lottery, lot'er-i, n. a distribution of prizes by lot
trees cut off. [Dut. lubbett, to cut ; perhaps or chance : a game of chance.
connected with Leaf.] Lotus, «. See Lote.
Loquacious, lo-kw;Vshus, adj., talkative.—adv. Loud, lowd, adj. making a great sound : striking
Loquaciously, ns. Loquaciousness. Loquac the ear with great force : noisy : clamorous.—
ity, talkativeness. [L. loquax, -acts—loquor, advs. Loud, Loudly.—«. Loud'ness. [Lit.
to speak.] ' heard,'A.S. hlud; Ice. htiod, Ger. laut, sound;
Lord, lawrd, «. a master : a superior : a husband : L. inclytus, much heard of, Gr. ktytos, heard—
a ruler : the proprietor of a manor : a baron : a klyo, Sans, kru, to hear.]
peer of the realm : the son of a duke or marquis, \ Lough, loch, n. The Irish form of Loch.
or the eldest son of an earl : a bishop, esp. if a LOUlS-d'or, lOo'e-doK, «. a French gold coin,
member of parliament : (B.) the Supreme Being, superseded in 179s by the 20-franc piece. [Fr.
Jehovah (when printed in capitals). —v.t. to raise Louis, king's name, and or—L. aurum, gold.]
to the peerage.— v.i* to act the lord : to tyran Lounge, lownj, v.i. to recline at one's ease: to
nise. —Lord'S-day, the first day of the week.— move about listlessly.—«. the act or state of
Lord's-supper, the sicrament of the communion, lounging : an idle stroll : a place for lounging: a
instituted at our Lord's last supper. [M E. kind of sofa.—«. Lounger. [Fr. longis, one
lovent, laverd—A.S. hlafont—hlaf, a loaf, bread, that is long in doing anything, formed (but with
and either uvard, warder, or ord, origin.]
Lordling, lawrd'ling, «. a little lord : a would-be aLonginus, pun on L. lottgus, long; from L. Longius or
the legendary name of the centurion
lord. who pierced the body of Christ.]
Lordly, Uwrd'li, adj., like, becoming or pertain Louse, 1 jws, n. a common wingless parasitic insect :
ing to a lord: dignified: haughty: tyrannical. —pi. Lice (Us). [A.S. tus, pi. lys; Ger. laus;
—adv. Lordly.—«. Lordliness. from the root of Goth, liusan, to destroy, to de
Lordship, lawrd ship, «. state or condition of being vour.] I Lous mess.
a jord: the territory belonging to a lord : do Lousy, lowz^, adj. swarming with Hce. —n.
minion : authority. Lout, lowt, n. a clown : a mean, awkward fellow.
Lore, lor, n. that which is learned or taught: [From old verb lout—A.S. lutau, to stoop.]
doctrine : learning. [A.S. lar, from root of Loutish, lowt'ish, adj. clownish : awkward and
Learn.] clumsy.—adv. Lout'ishly.—«. Lout tshness.
Lorica, lo-rfka, «. in ancient Rome, a cuirass Louver, Louvre, loo'vcr, «. an opening in the
made of thongs. [L.—lorum, a thong.] roofs of ancient houses serving for a skylight,
Loricate, lorl-kiit, v.t. to furnish with a lorica or often in the form of a turret or small lantern.—
fate, far ; me-, her ; mine ; mOie : mute ; moon ; Men. 297
 Lovable
Louver-Window, an open window in a church
tower, crossed by a series of sloping boards.
[O. Kr. louvert for I'ouvert, the open space.
See Overt. ]
Lovable, luvVbl, adj. worthy of love : amiable.
Love, luv, «. fondness : an affection of the mind
caused by that which delights : pre-eminent
kindness : benevolence : reverential regard : de
voted attachment to one of the opposite sex :
the object of affection : the god of love, Cupid :
nothing, in billiards and some other game*.—v.t.
to be fond of : to regard with affection : to delight
in with exclusive affection : to regard with
benevolence. [A.S. lufu, love ; Ger. liebc; akin
10 L libet. Inlet, to please, Sans, iubk, to desire.]
Lovebird, luv'berd, if. a genus of small birds of
the parrot tribe, so called from their love or
attachment to each other. [token of love.
Lovoknot, luv'not, ». an intricate knot, used as a
Lovelock, luVlok, «. a lock or curl of hair hanging
at the ear, worn by men of fashion in the rctgns
of Elizabeth and James 1.
Lovelorn, luv'lom, adj. forsaken by one's love.
[Sec Forlorn. J
Lovely, luvli, adj. exciting love or admiration :
amiable : pleasing : delightful-—n. Loveliness.
Lover, luv'er, «. one who lor'es, esp. one in love
with a person of the opposite sex : one who is
fond of anything : (/?.) a friend.
Loving, luv'ing, adj. having love or kindness :
affectionate : fond : expressing love.—adv. Lov7-
ingly.—«. Lov'ingness.
Loving-kindness, luv'ing-kTnd'nes, «., kindness
full oi . tender regard : mercy: favour.
Low, 10, v.i. to make the loud noise of oxen: to
bellow. [A.S. hlowan ; Uut. loeijen: formed
from the sound.]
Low. lo, adj. (comp. LoWer ; superl. Low eat;,
lying on an inferior place or position : not high :
deep : shallow : small ; moderate : cheap : de
jected : mean: plain: in poor circumstances :
humble.—adv. not aloft: cheaply: meanly: in
subjection, poverty, or disgrace : in times near
our own : not loudly: {astr.) near the equator.
—«. Lowness. [Ice. lagr, Dut. laag, low;
allied to A.S- licgan, to lie.)
Low*church, lo'-church, «. a party within the
Church of England who do not attach any great
importance to ecclesiastical constitutions, ordin
ances, and forms :—opposed to High church.
Lower, lo'er, v.t. to bring low: to depress: to
degrade: to diminish.—v.i. to fall: to sink: to
grow less.
Lower, low'er, v.i. to gather and appear gloomy,
as the clouds : to threaten a storm : to frown.
[M. E. louren—Dut. loeren, to frown ; or from
M. E. lure, lere, the cheek, allied to A.S. hleor,
and thus another form of Leer.]
Lowering, lo'er-ing, n. the act of bringing low or
reducing.—adj. letting down : sinking: degrad
ing.
Lowering, low'6r-itig,«£r., looking sullen: appear
ing dark and threatening.—mlv. LoWeringly.
Lowermost, lo'er-mo.st, aiij. lowest. [See Fore
most |
Lowing, lO'ing, adj. bellowing, or making the loud
noise of oxen.—«. the bellowing or cry ofcattle.
Lowland, lo'land, «., land lew with respect to
higher land.—«. Lowlander, a native of low
lands.
Lowly, loli, adj. of a low or humble mind : not
high: meek: modest.—«. Lowliness.
Low-pressure, lo'-presh'ur. adj. employing or
exerting a low degree ofpressure (viz., less than
fate, far; me, her; mine:
Luff
50 lbs. to the sq. inch), said of steam and steam-
engines.
Low-spirited, kV-spirlt-ed, adj. having the spirits
low or cast down : not lively : sad. —«. LOW'-
splrttedness. [tide at ebb.
Low-water, lo'-waw'ter, «. the lowest point of the
Loyal, loy al, adj. faithful to one's sovereign :
obedient: true to a lover.—adv. Loyally.—«.
Loy'alty. [Orig. faithful to law, Fr.—L.
legalis, pertaining to the law—lex, legis, law.)
Loyalist, loyal-ist, n a loyal adherent of his
sovereign, esp. in English history, a partisan of
the Stuarts : in the American war, one that sided
with the British troops.
Lozenge, loz'enj, «. an oblique-angled parallelo
gram or a rhombus : a small cake of flavoured
sugar, orig. lozenge or diamond shaped: {her.)
the rhomb-shaped figure in which the arms of
maids, widows, and deceased persons are borne.
[Fr. losauge, of uncertain origin.]
Lubber, lub er, Lubbard, lub'ard, «. an awkward,
clumsy fellow: a lazy, sturdy fellow.—adj. and
adv. Lubb'erly. [W. Hob, a dolt, llabbi, a
stripling, perh. conn, with lleipr, flabby.]
Lubricate, lOo'bri-kru, v.t. to make smooth or
slippery.—ns. Lu/brlcator, Lubrica'tion, Lu'-
bricant. [L. lubrico, -alum -lubricus, slippery.]
Lubricity, lCO-bris'i-ti, «., slipperiness : smooth
ness: instability : lewdness.
Luce, loos, n. a fresh-water fish, the pike. [O. Fr.
Iits—L. lucius.\
Lucent, lOO'sent, adj., shining: bright [L
lucens—luceo, to shine—lux, lucis, light.]
Lucerne, loo-sern', n. a well-known fodder-plant
[Fr. luzeme, from the Gael, llysian, a plant.]
Lucid, loC'nid, adj., shining: transparent: easily
understood : intellectually bright : not darkened
with madness.—adv. Lu'ddly.—ns. Lucidity,
Lu'cidness. [L. lucidus~lux, lucis, light]
Luctfer, lOT'si-fer, n. (lit.) light-br/uger: the
planet Venus when it appears as the morning-
star : Satan: a match of wood tipped with a
combustible substance which is ignited by fric
tion. [L. lux, lucis, light, and ftro, to bring.]
Luck, luk, «. fortune, good or bad : chance : Tot:
good fortune. [From a Low Ger. root, seen in
Out. luk, also in Gcr.gliick, prosperity, fortune.]
Luckless, luk'les, adj. without good-luck : un
happy.—wiv. Lucklessly.—». Lucklessness.
Lucky, luk'i, adj. having good-luck : fortunate :
auspicious.—tuiv. Luck'ily.—«. Luckiness.
Luorative, iGo'kra-tiv, adj. bringing lucre or
gain: profitable. —adv. Lucratively.
Lucre, lofjlcer, «., gain {esp. sordid gain) : profit:
advantage. [Fr.—L. lucrum, gain, akin to Gr.
leia, booty, Ir. lunch, wages, Ger. lo/tn, pay,
Sans, lotra for loptra, booty. See Loot.}
Lucubrate, lon'ku-brat, v.i. to work or study by
lamplight or at night. [L. lucubro, -aturn—lux.]
Lucubration, liJo-kil-bra'shun, «. study by lamp-
light : that which is composed by night : any
composition produced in retirement
Luoubratory, loolcu-bra-tor-i, adj. composed by
candle-light.
Luculent, lffVlcu-lent, adj. lucid : clear : trans
parent : evident. [L. luculentus—lux.}
Ludicrous, l(50'di-krus, adj. that serves for sport:
adapted to excite laughter : laughable : comic.
—adv. Lu'dicrously.—«. Lu'dicrousness. [L.
Itidicrus—ludo, to play.]
Luff, luf. n. the wimiward side of a ship : the act
of sailing a ship close to the wind : the loof.—
v.i. to turn a ship towards the wind. [Orig.
the palm of the hand (Scot loof), then a fixed
mOte ; mute: moon; Men.
 Lug Lush
paddle 'like the palm of the hand) attached to a gross: dull.—adv. Lump'ishly.—n. Lumpish-
ship's side, and which being placed to suit the ness.
wind, gave its name to the windward side of a Lumpy, lump'i, adj. full of lumps.
ship ; found in M. E. lof, which is cog. with and Lunacy, loo na-si, n. a kind of madness formerly
(in this sense) perh. borrowed from Dut. locf.\ supposed to be affected by the moon : insanity.
Lug, lug, v.t. to full along : to drag : to pull with Lunar, iGOn'ar, Lunary, lo73n'ar-i, adj. belonging
difficulty \—pr.p. lugg'ing ; pad. and pa.p. \ to the moon: measured by the revolutions ofthe
lugged'. [From a Scand. root, found in Sw. lugga, i moon : caused by the moon : like the moon.
to pull by the hair—tugg, the forelock ; from a > —Lunar caustic, fused crystals of nitrate of
base luk, to pull, present in Scot, lug, the ear.] silver, applied to ulcers, &c. [L. lunaris—luna,
Luggage, tug'aj, n. the trunks and other baggage the moon—luceo, to shine.]
of a traveller, so called from their being lugged Lunate, ICOn'fu, Lunated, lOOn'at-ed, adj. formed
or dragged along. like a half-/«tw# ." crescent-shaped.
Lugger, lng'er, «. a small vessel with two or three Lunatic, ltJO'na-tik, adj. affected with lunacy.—n.
masts, a ninning bowsprit, and long or lug sails. I a person so affected : a madman.
Lugsail, lug'sal, «. a square sail Dent upon a i Lunation, loo-na'shun, ». the time between two
yard that hangs obliquely to the mast. revolutions of the moon .* a lunar month.
Lugubrious, loTVgu'bn-us, adj., mournful: sor Lunch, lunsh, Luncheon, lunsh'un, n. a slight
rowful.—adv. Lugubriously. [L. lugubris— repast between breakfast and dinner.—v.i. to
lugeo, to mourn.] take a lunch. [Our word lunch is a contr. of
Lugworm, lugVurm, «, a sluggish worm found luncheon, and the latter is prob. from prov. E.
in the sand on the sea-shore, much used for bait lunch, a lump of bread, which again is simply a
by fishermen, also called Lob'wonn. [From form of Lump.]
root of Lag, Log, and Worm. ] Lune, lOun, n. anything in the shape of a half-
Lukewarm, lOTk'wawrm, adj., partially or moder moon. [Fr. lune—L. luna.]
ately warm: indifferent.—adv. Luke'warmly. Lunette, lCo-net\ «. a little moon: (fort.) a de
—n. Luke warmneas. [M. E. leuk, luke, an tached bastion : a hole in a concave ceiling to
extension of lew, cog. with the A.S. hUo, the admit light : a watch-glass flattened more than
source of Leo, or from A.S. wliec, warm ; cf. usual in the centre. [Fr., dim. of lune.]
Dut. leuk, Ger. lau.] Lung, lung, n. one of the organs of breathing, so
Lull, lul, v.t. to soothe: to compose: to quiet.— called from its light or spongy texture.—adj.
v.i. to become calm : to subside. —n. a season of Lunged. [A. S. luttgan, the lungs; from a root
calm. [Scand., as in Sw. lulla; an imitative seen in Sans, laghu, light.]
word, like Ger. lallen, Gr. laleo.] [sleep. Lunge, lunj, n. a sudden thrust in fencing.—v.i.
Lullaby, lul'a-bi, «. a song to lull children to to give such a thrust. [A clipped form of Fr.
Lumbago, lum-ba'gO, n. a rheumatic pain in the allonger, to lengthen—L. ad, and longus, long,
loins and small of the back. [L.—lumbus, a the arm being extended in delivering a thrust.]
loin.] Lungwort, lung'wurt, «. an herb with purple
Lumbar, lum'bar, Lumbal, lum'hal, adj. pertain flowers, so called from a fancied likeness of its
ing to or near the loins. [See Lumbago.] spotted leaves to the lungs : a lichen that grows
Lumber, lum'ber, «. anything cumbersome or on tree trunks. [Lung, and A.S. wurt, plant.]
useless : timber sawed or split for use. — v.t. to Lupine, lra'pln, adj. like a wolf: wolfish. [L.
fill with lumber : to heap together in confusion. lupinus lupus, Gr lykos, a wolf.]
[Fr.—Ger. Langbart; the lumber-room being Lupine, ICSO'pin, «. a kind of flowering pulse. [Fr.
orig. the Lombard-room or place where the —L. lupinus, same word as the above.]
Lombards, the mediaeval bankers and pawn LupUS, luo'pus, «. a malignant corroding skin-
brokers, stored their pledges.] disease, often affecting the nose. [L. lupus, a
Lumber, lum'ber, v.i. to move heavily and labori wolf ; so called from its eating away the flesh.]
ously. [From a Scand. root seen in prov. Sw. Lurch, lurch, To leave In the. to leave in a difficult
lomra, to resound, Ice. hljomr, a sound.] situation, or without help. [O. Fr. lourche, a game
Lumbering, lum'ber-ing. ad/, filling with lumber: at tables, also used « hen one party gains every
putting in confusion (Sec Lumber, n.) : moving point before the other makes one.]
heavily. (See Lumber, v.i. ) Lurch, lurch, v.i. to evade by stooping, to lurk :
Luminary, l(So'min-ar-i, «. any body which gives to roll or pitch suddenly to one side (as a ship).
light, esp. one of the heavenly bodies : one who —n. a sudden roll of a ship to one side. [From
illustrates any subject or instructs mankind. root of Lurk.]
[L. lumen, luminis, light— luceo, to shine.] Lurcher, lurch'er, n. one who lurks or lies in
Luminiferous, lOo-min-if'er-us, adj., transmitting wait : one who watches to steal, or to betray or
light. [L. lumen, luminis, light—fero, to carry.] entrap : a dog for game (a cross between the
Luminous. l(5o'min-us, adj. giving light ; shining : greyhound and collie .
illuminated: clear: lucid. —adv. Lu'minousiy. Lure, lOOr, n. any enticement : bait, decoy.—v.t.
—ks. Lu'mlnousness, Luminosity. to entice. [Orig. an object dressed up like a
Lump, lump, «. a small shapeless mass : the whole bird to entice a hawk back, O. Fr. loerre, Fr.
together: the gross.—v.t. to throw into a con leurre—Ger. luder, bait.] [L. luridus.]
fused mass : to take in the gross. [From a Lurid, lOo'rid, adj. ghastly pale : wan : gloomy.
Scand. root seen in Norw. lump, Dut. lamp.] Lurk, lurk, v.i. to lie in wait : to be concealed.
Lumper, lump'er, n. a labourer employed in the [Prob. from Scand., as in Sw. lurka.] [sight.
lading or unlading of ships, f Fr mi Lump, vd.] Lurking, lurk'ing, adj. lying hid : keeping out of
Lumpfish. lump'fish, n. a clumsy sea-fish with a Luscious, lush'us, adj. sweet in a great de
short, deep, and thick body and head, and a gree : delightful : fulsome as flattery.—adv.
ridge on its back, also called Lump'sucker, Lusciously. —v. Lus clousness. [Old form
from the power of its sucker. [Lump and Fish.] luskious, from Lusty. J
Lumping, lump'ing,<M?/. in a lump: heavy: bulky. Lush, lush, adj. rich and juicy, said of grass. [A
Lumpish, lumpish, adj. like a lump: heavy: contr. of luskious, old form of LutClOUB.]
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mote ; mate ; raOQn ; then.
 Luat Macaw
Lust, lust, h. longing desire : eagerness to pos provement. [Orig. the place where Aristotle the
sess: carnal appetite: (B.) any violent or de Greek philosopher taught, L. —Gr. lykeion.
praved desire. —v.i. to desire eagerly : to have from the temple of Apollo Lykeios, the Wolf-
carnal desire : to have depraved desires. [A.S. Slayer—lykos, a wolf.]
lust, orig. meaning pleasure ; found in all the Lychgate. Same as Lichgate.
Teut. languages. See List, to have pleasure in.] Lye, ll, «. a mixture of ashes and water for washing.
Lustful, lust'fool, adj. having lust : inciting to [A.S. leak ; Ger. lauge ; allied to lavo, to wash. ]
lust: sensual.—adv. Lustfully.—«. Lustful- Lying, Ii'ing, adj. addicted to telling lies.—«. the
ness. habit of telling lies.—tuiv. Ly'ingly.
Lustral, lus'tral, adj. relating to or used in lustra Lymph, limf, «. water : a colourless nutritive fluid
tion or purification. See Lustre, a period.] in animal bodies. (L. ly/upha.]
Lustration, lus-mVshun, «. a purification by Lymphatic, lim-fat'ik, adj. pertaining to lymph.
sacrijice : act of purifying. [L.—lusiro, to — n. a vessel which conveys the lymph.
purify—lustrum. See Lustre, a period.] Lynch, linch, v.t. to judge and punish without the
Lustre, lus'ter, « brightness: splendour: {jig.) usual forms of law. [From Lynch, a farmer in
renown: a candlestick ornamented with pend N. Carolina, who so acted.]
ants of cut-glass. [Fr. ; either from L. lustroy Lynch-law, linch'-law, n. {Amer.) a kind of sum
to purify—lustrum (sec below), or from the root mary justice exercised by the people in cases
of L. luceo, to shine.] where the regular law is thought inadequate.
Lustre, lus ter, Lustrum, lus'tnim, «. a period of Lynx, lingks, «. a wild animal of the cat-kind
five years : [orig.) the solemn offering for the I noted for its sharp sight. [L. and Gr. lynx;
purification of the Roman people made by one prob. from Gr. lyke, light, and so called from its
of the censors at the conclusion of the census, bright eyes.)
taken every five years. [L. lustrum—luo, to Lynx-eyed, Hngks'-Td, adj. sharp-sighted like the
wash, to purify.] lynx. [Lynx and Eye.]
Lustreless, lus'ter-les, adj. destitute of lustre. Lyon Court, ll'un kort, «. the Heralds' College of
Lustring, lus'tring, ». a kind of glossy silk cloth. Scotland, the head of which is the Lyon King-
[Fr. lustrine—it. lustrino. See Lustre, bright at arms. [From the heraldic lion (0. Fr. lyon)
ness ] [ous.-Wr-. Lustrously. of Scotland-]
Lustrous, lus'trus, adj. bright : shining : lumiri- Lyrate, ll'rat, adj. {boi.\ lyre-shaped.
Lusty, lusi'i, adj. vigorous : healthful : stout : 1 Lyre, llr, w. a musical instrument like the harp,
bulky. -adv. Lustily.—ns. Lust'ihood, Lusti I anciently used as an accompaniment to poetry :
ness. [From Lust, meaning pleasure.] I Lyra, one of the northern constellations.—n.
LutariOUS, lOo-uVri-us, adj. of or like mud. [See Lyrist, a player on the lyre or harp. [Fr.—L.
Lute, composition Hke clay.] I lyra—Gr.]
Lute, loot, n. a stringed instrument of music like ' Lyrebird, lTr'bcrd, «. an Australian bird about
the guitar.—us. Lut'er, Lut'lst. a player on a J the size of a pheasant, having the 16 tail-feathers
lute. [O. Fr. leut, Fr. luth ; like Ger. laute, from of the male arranged in the form of a lyre.
Ar. al-'ud—al, the, and tidt wood, the lute.] Lyric, lir'ik, Lyrical, lirik-al, adj. pertaining to
Lute, lOOt, Luting, lOOt'tng, n. a composition like the lyre : fitted to be sung to the lyre : written
clay for making vessels air-tight, or protecting in stanzas : said of poetry which expresses the
them when exposed to fire. —v. I. to close or coat 1 individual emotions of the poet : that composes
with lute.—n. Luta'tion. [Lit. mud, what is lyrics.—n. Lyric, a lyric poem.
ruasfted down, L. lutum, from luo, to wash.]
Lutestring, lOOt'string, «. the string of a lute.
Lutestring, «. a lustrous silk. [A blunder for M
Lustring. 1
Lutheran, lOo'ther-an, adj. pertaining to Luther, Mat), mab, n. the queen of the fairies. [W. mab,
the German Protestant reformer (1483-1546!, or a male child.]
to his doctrines : a follower of Luther.—«. Macadamise, mak-ad'am-Iz, v.t. to cover, as a
Lu'theranlsm, his doctrines. ■ road, with small broken stones, so as to form a
Luxate, luks'at, v.t. to put out of joint : to dis I [smooth, hard surface.—n. Macadamlsa'tion.
place.—«. Luxa tion, a dislocation. [L. luxo, From Macattam, the inventor, 1756-1836.]
luxaturn—luxus, Gr. loxos. slanting.] Macaroni, mak-a-rO'ni, n. a preparation of wheat-
Luxuriant, lug-zu'n-ant, attj exuberant in growth : Hour in long slender lubes: a medley: some
overabundant.—adv. Luxuriantly.— Luxu thing fanciful and extravagant : a fool : a fop.
riance, Luxu'rlancy. ; [O. It. maccaroni—maccare, to crush, prob.
Luxuriate, lug-zQ'ri-iit, v.i. to be luxuriant : to I from the root of Macerate.]
grow exuberantly : to live luxuriously : to expa Macaronic, mak-a-ron'ik, adj. pertaining to or
tiate with delight. like a macaroni, medley, or foo! : trifling :
Luxurious, lug-zu/ri-us, a*ij. given to luxury : affected : consisting of modern words Latinised,
administering to luxury : furnished with luxu or Latin words modernised, intermixed with
ries : softening by pleasure, —adv. Luxuri genuine Latin words.—«. a jumble : a macaronic
ously.^//. Luxu riousncss. composition.
Luxury, luks'u-ri or luk'shii-ri, u. free indulgence Macaroon, mak-a-roOn', «. a sweet biscuit made
in rich diet or costly dress or equipage : any chiefly of almonds and sugar, [Fr.— It. maca-
thing delightful: a dainty. [Lit. 'excess, ex rone, sing, of Macaroni.]
travagance,' from L. Iux74ria, luxury—luxus, Macassar-oil, ma-kas'ar-oil. n. an oil much used
excess.] for the hair, imported from India and other
Lycanthropy, ll-knn'thro-pi, «. a form of madness, Kastern countries. [So called because orig.
in which the patient imagines himself to be a exported from Macassar, the Dutch capital of
wolf. [Gr. lykei, a wolf, and anthrdpos, a man.] the island of Celebes.]
Lyceum, li-sC'um, «. a place devoted to instruc Macaw, ma-kaw', n. a genus of large and beauti
tion by lectures : an association for literary im- ful birds of tropical America, closely allied to
fate, far ; m£ her ; mine : mOte : mute ; moon ; /Aen.
 Mace
the parrots. [Said to be the native name in the
W. India Islands.]
Mace, mSs, «. a staff used as an ensign of autho
rity : the heavier rod used in billiards : formerly,
a weapon of offence, consisting of a staff headed
with a heavy spiked ball of iron [O. Fr. mace
(Fr. masse)—obs. L. matea, whence L. dim.
mateola, a mallet]
Mace, mas, n. a spice, the second coat of the nut
meg. [Fr. macis—L. macer—Gr. maker; cf.
Sans, makar-anda, nectar of a flower.]
Macer, m.is'er, n. a fworf-bearer.
Macerate, mas'er-at, v.t. to steep: to soften by
steeping. [L, macero, ~atust to steep.]
Maceration, mas-er-a'shun, n. act of softening by
sleeping : mortification of the flesh by fasting
and other austerities.
Machiavelian, mak-i-a-veTyan, adj. politically
cunning: crafty: perfidious.—//, one who imi
tates Machiavel.— «. Machiaverianism. [Lit.
' pertaining to Machiavel* a Florentine states
man and political writer (1469-1527), who ex
pounded a peculiar system of statecraft.]
Machicolation, mach-i-ko-la'shun, n. {arch. ) a
projecting parapet with apertures for pouring
molten substances upon assailants.—adj. Ma-
chic'olated, having machicolations. [Fr.
maclucoulis, from me'cfie, a match, and couler,
to flow—L. colo, to filter.]
Machinate, mak'i-nat, v.t. to contrive skilfully:
to form a plot or scheme. [L. mackinor, -atus
—machina. See Machine.]
Machination, mak-i-na'shun, n. act of machinal'
ing or contriving a scheme for executing some
purpose, esp. an evil one : an artful design
deliberately formed.
Machlnator, mak'i-nii-tur, n. one who machinates.
Machine, ma-shen', «. any artificial means or con
trivance : an instrument formed by combining
two or more of the mechanical powers : an en
gine : {Jig.) supernatural agency in a poem:
one who can do only what he is told. [Fr.—L.
machina—Gr. mcchane, akin to mech-os, con
trivance, and to the root of May, v.i. to be
able, and Make.]
Machinery, ma-shen'er-i, «., machines in general :
the parts of a machine : means for keeping in
action : supernatural agency in a poem.
Machinist, ma-shen'ist, n. a - constructor of
machines : one well versed in machinery : one
who works a machine.
Mackerel, mak'er-el, «. a sea-fish largely used for
food. [O. Fr. makerel (Fr. maquereau), prob.
from L. macula, a stain, and so meaning the
'spotted* one.]
Mackintosh, mak'in-tosh, n. a waterproof over
coat. [From Mackintosh, the inventor.]
Macrocosm, mak'ro-kozm, «. the whole universe :
— opposed to Microcosm. [Lit. the 'great
world,' Gr. makros, long, great, and kos/nos,
the world.]
Macula, mak'Q-la, n. a spot, as on the skin, or
on the surface of the sun, moon, or planets :—
//. Maculae, mak ii-le. [L.J
Maculate, mak'Q-lAt, v.t. to spot, to defile.—n.
Macula tton, act of spotting, a spot [L.
macula, -atus—macula, a spot.]
Mad, mad, adj. (comp. Madd/er ; supcrl. Madd'-
est) disordered in intellect : insane : proceeding
from madness : troubled in mind : excited with
any violent passion or appetite : furious with
anger.—adv. Madly.—«. Mad'ness. [Prob.
lit 'hurt/ 'weakened,' A.S. ge-mad; cog. with
O. Sax. ge-nud, foolish. Ice. mcidd-r, hurt.]
fiitc, far ; mi, her ; mine ;
Magician
Madam, madam, n. a courteous form of address tc
a lady: a lady. [Fr. madame—ma, my—L.
mea, and Fr. dame, lady—L. domina.\
Madcap, mad'kap, n. a wild, rash, hot-headed
person. [Mad and Gap.]
Madden, mad'n, v.t. to make mod: to enrage.—
v.i. to become mad : to act as one mad.
Madder, mad'er, «. a plant whose root affords a
red dye. [A.S. madere; cog. with Ice. madhra,
and Dut. meed, madder.]
Made, im\&, pa.t. and pa.p. of Make.
Made continually [Fr. Bk.) established forever.
Madeira, ma-de'ra, n. a rich wine produced in
Madeira,
Mademoiselle, mad-mwa-zel', ». a courteous form
of address to a young lady: Miss. [Fr. ma,
my, and demoiselle. See Damsel.]
Madhouse, mad'hows, n. a house for mad persons.
Madman, mad'man, n. a maniac
Madonna, Madona, ma-don'a, ». a name given
to the Virgin Mary, especially as represented in
art [It madonna, lit. 'my lady'— L. vtea
domina. ]
Madrepore, mad're-p3r, w. the common coral.
[Lit. 'mother-stone,' Fr.—It., from madre,
mother, and -pora—Gr. poros, tufa.]
Madrigal, mad'ri-gal, ». an elaborate vocal
composition in five or six parts : a short poem
expressing a graceful and tender thought. [Lit
' pastoral, It. madrigale, from maudra, a sheep-
fold—L. and Gr. mandra, a fold ; the affix -gal
—L. -calis.]
Madwort, mad'wurt, «. a plant believed to cure
canine madness. [From A.S. wurt, plant.]
Maelstrom, mal'strom, «. a celebrated whirlpool off
the coast of Norway. [Norw. 'grinding stream.']
Magazine, mag-a-zen', «. a storehouse : a recep
tacle for military stores : the gunpowder-room
in a ship : a pamphlet published periodically,
containing miscellaneous compositions. [Fr.
magasin—It magazzino—Ar. makhzan, a
storehouse.]
Magdalen, mag'da-lcn, n. a reformed prostitute.
[From Mary Magdalene of Scripture.]
Magenta, ma-jen'ta, n. a delicate pink colour.
[From the battle of Magenta in N. Italy, 1859.]
Maggot, mag'ut, n. a worm or grub: a whim.—
adj. Maggoty, full of maggots. [Lit. 'some
thing bred,' W. macciad] akin to magiaid,
worms—magu, to breed.]
Magi, majl, n.pl. priests of the Persians : the
Wise Men of the feast. [L.—Gr. magos, orig.
a title equivalent to 1 Reverend,' ' Doctor,' given
by the Akkadians, the primitive inhabitants of
Chaldea, to their wise men, whose learning was
chiefly in what we should now call astrology and
magical arts. The word is found in cuneiform
inscriptions ; it was adopted by the Semitic in
habitants of Babylon, and from them by the
Persians and Greeks.]
Magian, ma'ji-an, adj. pertaining to the Magi.—
n. one of the Magi.—«. Magianism, the philo
sophy or doctrines of the Magi.
Magic, maj'ik, n. the science of the Magi: the
pretended art of producing marvellous results
contrary to nature, generally by cvokinp spirits:
enchantment: sorcery. [Fr. See Magi]
Magic, maj'ik. Magical, maj'ik-al, adj. pertaining
to, used in, or done by magic: imposing or
startling in performance.—adv. Magically.--
MagiC-Lantern, an optical instrument which
produces striking effects by throwing a magni
fied image of a picture on a screen.
Magician, ma-jishan, n. one skilled in magic.
mOte ; mute ; mCOn ; Men. 301
 Magisterial Maintenance
Magisterial, maj-is-te'ri-al, adj. pertaining or Magnitude, mag'ni-tfld, n., greatness : size: ex
suitable to a master; authoritative : proud : tent: importance. [L. magnitudo —magnus.]
dignified.—adv. Magisterially. «. Magiste'- Magnolia, mag-noTi-a or -yat «. a species of trees
rlalness. [L. magisterius- magister, a master of beautiful flower and foliage found chiefly in
—mag, root of L. mag-nus, great. See May, N. America. [Named after Pierre Magna/,
v.i. to be able.l once professor of botany at Montpellier.]
Magistracy, maj'is-tra-si, «. the office or dignity Magnum, mag'num, ». a bottle holding two
ofa magistrate : the body of magistrates. quarts. [L.]
Magistrate, majls-trfit, «. a public civil officer : Magpie, mag'pT, n. a chattering bird, of a genus
a justice of the peace. —adj. Magistrat'ic. allied to the crow, with pied or coloured feathers.
[Fr. —L. magistrates, magister. See Magis [Mag, a familiar contr. of Margaret (cf. Robin-
terial.] Redbreast, Jenny-Wren), and Pie, from L.
Magna Charta, mag'na kar'ta, n. the Great Pica, a magpie, from pingo, picturn, to paint.]
Charterobtained from King John, 1215 a.d. [L.] Mahogany, ma-hog'a-ni, «. a tree of tropical
Magnanimity, mag-na-nim i-ti, «., greatness of America : its wood, of great value for making
soul: mental elevation or dignity: generosity. furniture. [MaJiogon, the native South Ame
[Fr.—L. magnanitnitas—magnus, great, and rican name.]
animus, the mind.] Mahomedan, Mahometan. Sec Mohammedan.
Magnanimous, mag-nan'i-mus, adj., great- Maid, mad, Maiden, mad'n, n. an unmarried
souled: elevated in soul or sentiment : noble or woman, esp. a young one : a virgin : a female
honourable : brave : unselfish.—adv. Magnani servant. [A.S. mwden, tneegden—meeg or marge,
mously. [L.] a 'may/ a maid—root mag. See May, v.i. to
Magnate, mag'nat, n. a great man : a noble : a be able.]
man of rank or wealth. [Fr. nutgnat, a title of Maiden, mad'n, n. a maid : in Scotland, a machine
nobles of Hungary and Poland—L. magnas, like the guillotine, formerly used for a like pur
magnatis, a prince—magnus, great. ] pose. —adj* pertaining to a virgin or young;
Magnesia, mag-ne'shi-a or -si-a, «. the single woman: consisting of maidens: {Jig.) unpol
oxide of magnesium, occurring as a light, white luted : fresh : new : unused : first.
powder. [So called from some resemblance to Maidenhair, mitd'n-har, n. a name given to a
the Magnet or ' Magnesian ' stone.] fern, from the fine hair-like stalks of its fronds.
Magnesian, mag-ne'shi-an or -si-an, adj. belong Maidenhood, mad n-hoodf Maidenhead, mad'n-
ing to, containing, or resembling magnesia. hed, n. the state of being a maid: virginity :
Magnesium, mag-ne'shi-um or -si-um, n. the purity : freshness.
metallic base of magnesia. Maidenly, mad'n-H, adj., maiden-like: becoming
Magnet, mag'net, n. the lodestone, an iron ore a maiden : gentle : modest.—n. Maid enliness.
which attracts iron, and, when freely suspended, Mail, mai, n. defensive armour for the body formed
points to the poles : a bar or piece of steel to of steel rings or network : armour generally.—
which the properties of the lodestone have been v.t to clothe in mail. [Fr. tnailie (It. maglia)
imparted. [Through O. Fr., from L. tnagties, —L. macula, a spot or a mesh.]
a magnet—Gr. magues, properly * Magnesian ' Mail, mal, n. a bag for the conveyance of letters.
stone, from Magnesia, a town in Lydia or &c. : the contents of such a bag : the person 01
Thessaly.] the carriage by which the mail is conveyed.
Magnetic, mag-net'ik, Magnetlcal mag-ner*ik-al, [Fr. mailt', a trunk, a mail—O. Ger. malaJui, a
adj. pertaining to the magnet : having the sack; akin to Gael, mala, a sack.]
of the magnet : attractive.—adv. Malm, mam, «. a bruise: an injury : a lameness:
the deprivation of any essential part.—v.t. to
Magnetise, mag'net-Ijt, v.t. to render ma.•gneitic : bruise: to disfigure: to injure: to lame or
to attract as if by a magnet.—v.i. to become beci cripple: to render defective. [O. Fr. mehaing%
magnetic. [which imparts magnetism. a bruise or defect, of uncertain origin. ]
Magnetlser, mag'net-iz-er, «. one who or that Malmedness, mam'ed-nes, n. the state of being
Magnetism, mag'net-izm, «. the cause of the maimed or injured.
attractive power of the magnet: attraction: the Main, man, n. might: strength. [A.S. ma-gen—
science which treats of the properties of the mag, root (..f May, v.i. to be able.]
magnet. [ism. Main, man, adj. chief, principal : first in import
Magnetist, mag'net-ist, «. one skilled in magnet- ance : leading.—n. the chief or principal part :
Magnific, mag-nif'ik, Magnlfical, mag-nif ik-al, the ocean or main sea : a continent or a larger
adj. great : splendid : noble. [L. magnificus— island as compared with a smaller.—adv.
magnus, great, and/ado, to do.] Mainly, chiefly, principally. [O. Fr. maine or
Magnificat, mag-nif i-kat, n. the song of the magne, great—magnus, great.]
Virgin Mary, Luke i. 46-55, beginning in the Maindeck, nian'dck. n. the principal deck of a
Latin Vulgate with this word. [L. ' (my soul) doth ship. So in other compounds. Main'mast,
magnify,' 3d pers. sing. pres. ind. of magnijico.] Main'sall, Main'spring, Maln'stay, Main'top,
Magnificent, mag-nif'i-sent, adj. grand : noble : Main'yard.
pompous : displaying grandeur.—adv. Magnifi Mainland, man'land, «. the principal or larger
cently, —n. Magnif'lcence. [Lit. * doing great land, as opposed to a smaller portion.
things.' See Magnify. ] Maintain, men-tan', v.t. to keep in any state : to
Magnify, mag'ni-fT. v. t. to make great or greater : keep possession of: to carry on : to keep up : to
to enlarge : to increase the apparent dimensions support : to make good : to support by argu
of : to exaggerate : to praise highly ment: to affirm : to defend.—v.i. to affirm, as a
mag'nified. [Fr.—L. ma^tiifico. See Magnific ] position: to assert. [Fr. maintenir—L. manu
L. magtiijit
Magniloquent, mag-nilo-kwent, adj., speaking tenere, to hold in the hand— /nanus, a hand, and
in a grand or pompous style : bombastic.—adv. teneo, to hold.] [ported or defended.
Magnil'oquently.—«. MagniToquence. [L., Maintainable, men-tan'a-bl, adj. that can be sup-
from magnus, great, and ioquar, to speak.} Maintenanoe, man'ten-ans, n. the act of main
fate, far ; me, her ; mine : mote ; mute ; mOOn ; then.
 Maize
tainingy supporting, or defending : continuance :
the means of support : defence, protection.
Maize, miz, «. a plant, and its fruit, called also
Indian corn or wheat. [Sp. maiz (Fr. mats)—
Haitian makiz, makis.]
Majestic, ma-jes'tik, adj. having or exhibiting
majesty: stately: sublime.
Majesty, maj'es-ti, n., greatness: grandeur:
dignity : elevation of manner or style : a title of
kings and other sovereigns. [Fr. majesti—L.
majestas—majus, comp. of mag-nus, great.]
Majolica, ma-jol'i-ka, n. name applied to painted
or enamelled earthenware. [So called from the
island of Majorca, where it was first made.)
Major, ma'jur, adj., greater: [logic] the term of
a syllogism which forms the predicate of the
conclusion.—n. a person of full age (ai years) :
an officer in rank between a captain and
a lieutenant-colonel.—Major-General, ma'jur-
jen'eral, n. an officer in the army next in rank
below a lieutcnant-generaL [L., comp. of mag-
tins, great.]
Majorate, mS'jur-at, Majorshlp, ma'jur-ship, «.
the office or rank of major: majority.
Major-domo, ma'jur-do'ino, n. an official who has
the general management in a large household : a
general steward : a chief minister. [Sp. mayor-
domo, a house-steward—L. major, greater, and
damns, a house.]
Majority, ma-jor'i-ti, n. the greater number : the
amount between the greater and the less num
ber : full age (at the office or rank of
major.
Make, mak, v.t. to fashion, frame, or form: to
produce : to bring about : to perform : to force :
to render : to represent, or cause to appear to
be: to turn: to occasion: to bring into any
state or condition : to establish : to prepare :
to obtain : to ascertain : to arrive in sight of,
to reach : (B.) to be occupied with, to do.—
v.t. to tend or move: to contribute: (B.) to
feign or pretend \—pa.t. and Pa.p. made.—
Make away, to put out of the way, to destroy.
—Make for, to move toward : to tend to the
advantage of, so in B,—Make Of, to understand
by : to effect : to esteem.—Make OUt, to dis
cover : to prove : to furnish : to succeed.—Make
over, to transfer. —Make up to, to approach :
to become friendly.—Make up for, to com
pensate. [A.S. macian, cog. with Ger. macken,
A.S. and Goth. magan, all from mag, root of L.
mag-nus, Gr. meg-as, great. See May, v.i. to
be able, and Match, v.)
Make, mak, n. form or shape : structure, texture.
Maker,
Makeshift,mak'er, n. one who
makeshift, makeswhich
n. that : the serves
Creator.a
shift or turn : a temporary expedient.
Makeweight, muk'wat, «. that which is thrown
into a scale to make up the weight: something
of little value added to supply a deficiency.
Malachite, mal'a-klt, n. a green-coloured mineral,
composed essentially of carbonate of copper,
much used for inlaid-work. [Formed from Gr.
malache, a mallow, a plant of a green colour.]
Maladjustment, mal-ad-just'ment, n. a bad or
wrong adjustment. [Fr. mat—L. mains, bad,
and Adjustment.]
Maladministration, mal-ad-min-is-tra'shun, n.
bad management, esp. of public affairs. [Fr.
mal—L. mains, bad, and Administration.]
Malady, mal'a-di, »., illness: disease, bodily or
mental. [Fr. rnaladie—malade, sick—L. mate
habitus, in ill condition—male, badly, and
habitus, pa. p. of habeo, have, hold.]
f^te, far ; me, her ; i
Mall
Malapert, mal'a-pert, adj. saucy : impudent.—>
adv. Mal'apertly —n. Mal'apertness. [O. Fr.
mal—L. mains, bad, and apert, well-bred—L.
apertus, open. See Aperient.]
Malaria, ma-la'ri-a, n. the noxious exhalations of
marshy districts, producing fever, &c : miasma.
—adjs. Mala'rious, Mala'rial. [' Bad air ; ' It.
mala aria—L. mains, bad, and air. See Air.]
Malconformatlon, mal-kon-for-ma'shun, n., bad
conformation or form : imperfection or dispro
portion of parts. [Fr. mal—L. mains, bad, and
Conformation.]
Malcontent, Malecontent, mal'kon-tent, adj.
discontented, dissatisfied, esp. in political
matters.—n. one who is discontented.—«. Mal
content'edness. [Fr.—L. male, ill, and Fr.
content. See Content ]
Male, mal, adj., masculine: pertaining to the sex
that begets (not bears) young: [bot.) bearing
stamens.—n. one of the male sex : a he-animal :
a stamen-bearing plant. [Fr. m&le—L. mas-
cuius, male—mas (for man-s), a male, cog. with
Man.]
Malediction, mal-e-dik'shun, n., evil-speaking:
denunciation of evil : curse : execration or impre
cation. [Fr.—L. maledictio—male, badly, dico,
dietus, to speak. ]
Malefactor, mal'e-fak-tur or mal-e-fak'tur, «. an
evil-doer: a criminal. [L., from male, badly,
and factor, a doer—facio, to do.]
Malevolent, mal-ev'o-lent, adj.x wishing evil : ill-
disposed towards others : envious : malicious.—
adv. Malevolently.—«. Malevolence. [L.
male, badly, volens, pr.p. of volo, to wish.]
Malformation, mal-for-ma'shun, n., bad or wrong
formation: irregular or anomalous structure.
[Fr. mal—L.. mains, bad, and Formation.]
Malice, maKis, n. {lit.) badness—so in B. : ill-will :
spite : disposition to harm others : deliberate
mischief. [Fr.—L. malitia—mains, bad, orig.
dirty, black = Gr. melas.]
Malicious, ma-lish'us, adj. bearing ill-will or
spite : prompted by hatred or ill-will : with mis
chievous intentions.—adv. Maliciously.—«.
Maliciousness. [See Malice. ]
Malign, ma-lln', adj. of an evil nature or disposi
tion towards others : malicious : unfavourable. —
v.t. [ong.) to treat with malice: to speak evil of.
—adv. Malign ly.—«. Mallgn'er. [Fr. matin,
fern, maligne—L. malignus, for maligenus, of
evil disposition—mains, bad, and gen, root of
Genus.]
Malignant, ma-lig'nant, adj., malign: acting
maliciously : actuated by extreme enmity : tend
ing to destroy life.—«. (Eng. Hist.) a name
applied by the Puritan party to one who had
fought for Charles I. in the Civil War.—adv.
Malig/nantly.—«. Malig'nancy, state or qual
ity of being malignant. [L. malignans, pr.p.
of maligno, to act maliciously. Sec Malign.]
Malignity, ma-lig'ni-ti, ». extreme malevolence :
virulence : deadly quality.
Malinger, ma-ling'ger, v.i. to feign sickness in
1 order to avoid duty. [Fr. malingre, sickly,
I from mal, badly—L. mains, bad, and O. Fr.
heingre, emaciated—L. a'ger, sick.]
Malison, mal'i-zn, n. a curse—opposed to Benison.
[O. Fr., a doublet of Malediction ; cf. Benison
and Benediction.]
Mall, mawl or mal, n. a large wooden beetle or
hammer, - v.t. to beat with a malt or something
heavy : to bruise. [Fr. mail—h. malleus, prob.
akin to Ice. Mjdl-nir, Thor's hammer.]
Mall, mal or met, n. (orig.) a place for playing in
 Mallard Manganese
with malls or mallets and balls : a level shaded Mammonist, mam'un-ist, Mammonlte, mam'un-
walk : a public walk. fContr. through O. Fr. Tt, ». one devoted to mammon or riches : a
of O. Ital. palamagiio — It. patla, a ball, and worldling.
maglio, a mace, or hammer.] Mammoth, mam'uth, n. an extinct species of
Mallard, mal'ard, ». a dr.ike : the common duck elephant.—adj. resembling the mammoth in
in its wild state. [O. Fr. malard (Fr. ttuilarl) size : very large. [Russ. mamant',from Tartar
—rndle, male, and suffix -ard.] mamma, the earth, because believed by the
Malleable, mal'e-a-bl, adj. that may be malleated Tartars to have worked its way in the earth like
or beaten out by hammering, —ns. M&lTeable- a mole.]
ness, Malleability, quality of being malleable. Man, man, tt. a human being : mankind : a
to. Fr. See Malleate.] grown-up male : a male attendant : one pos
Malleate, mal'e-at, v.t. to hammer: to extend by sessing a distinctively masculine character: a
hammering.—«. Malloa'tion [L. malleus. husband : a piece used in playing chess or
See Mall, a hammer.] draughts:—//. Men.—v.t. to supply with men:
Mallet, mal'et, n. a wooden hammer. [Dim. to strengthen or fortify '.—fir.p. manning ; pa.t.
of Mall, a hammer.] and pa.p. manned'. [Lit. * the thinking animal,'
Mallow, mal'O, Mallows, mal'oz, n. a plant hav A.S. matm—root man, to think ; cog. with Gcr.
ing soft d<nvny leaves and relaxing properties. and Goth, man. Ice. madhr (for mannr). See
[A.S. mahve (Gcr. malve) ; borrowed from L. Mind.]
malua, akin to Gr. malache, from malassd, to Manacle, man'a-kl, n. a handcuff.—v.t. to put
make soft.] manacles on : to restrain the use of the limbs or
Malmsey, miim'ze, n. a sort of grape : a strong natural powers. [Through O. Fr., from L.
and sweet wine. [Orig. malvesie—Fr. mal- manicula, dim. of manica, a sleeve—mattus, the
voisie, from Malvasia in the Morea.]^ hand]
Malpractice, mal-prak'tis, tt. evil practice or con Manage, man'aj, v.t. to conduct with economy:
duct : practice contrary to established rules. to control : to wield : to handle : to have under
[L. male, evil, and Practice.] command : to contrive : to train, as a horse. —
Toalt, mawlt, n. barley or other grain steeped in v.t, to conduct affairs.—n. Manager. [Fr.
water, allowed to sprout, and dried in a kiln.— manage, the managing of a horse—It. maneggia
v.t to make into malt.—v*i, to become malt,— {lit.) a handling—L. tttanus, the hand.]
adj. containing or made with malt. [A.S. meal/, Manageable, man'aj-a-bl, adj. that can be man
pa. t. of meltan (sec Molt . cog. with Ice. malt, aged : governable.—n. Man'ageableness.
Ge r. malz. See also Mild.] Management, man'uj-ment, «. manner of direct
Maltreat, mal-tret', v.t. to abuse : to use roughly ing or using anything : administration : skilful
or unkindly.—n. Maltreat'ment. [Fr. mal- treatment.
traiter—V.. male, ill, and tractare. See Treat.] Manatee, man-a-te", n. an aquatic animal, also
Maltster, mawlt'ster, n. one whose trade or occu called the sea-cow or Dugong i, which see). [Sp.
pation it is to make malt, [-ster was up to the manati—West Indian.] [white bread.
end of the 13th century a fern, affix. Cf. Spin Manchet, man'chet, n. a small loaf or cake of fine
ster.J Man child, man'-chlld, n, a male child.
Malvaceous, mal-v5.'shus, adj. [hot.) pertaining Mandarin, man-da-ren', tt. a European name for
to malltrtvs. [See Mallow. ] a Chinese official, whether civil or military.
Malversation, mal-ver-sa'shun, n. fraudulent [Port, mandarim—Malayan mantri, counsellor
artifices: corruption in office. [Fr. ; from L. —Sans, mantra, counsel—root man. See Man. J
male, badly, and versor, z'ersafus, to turn or Mandatary, man'da-tar-i. Mandatory, man'da-
occupy one's self.] tor-i, n. one to whom a mandate is given.
Mamaluko. mam'a-loOk, Mameluke, mam'e-lOok, Mandate, man'dat, n. a charge : an authoritative
«. (formerly! one of a force of light horse in command : a rescript of the Pope. [Lit. 'some
Egypt formed of Circassian slaves. [Fr. Mame- thing put into one's hands,' Fr. mandat—L,
luc—Ar. mamluk, a purchased slave—malakat mandatum, from tnando—manusf the hand,
to possess.] and do, to give.J
Mamma, mam-ma', n., mother—used chiefly by Mandatory, man'da-tor-i, adj. containing a man
young children. [Ma-ma, a repetition of ma, date or command : preceptive : directory.
the first syllable a child naturally utters.] Mandible, man'di-bl, n. [zool. ) a jaw.—adj. Man
Mammal, mam'al, n. (zool.) one of the mammalia : dibular, relating to the jaw, [Lit. ' that which
—pi. Mammals, mam'alz. [See Mammalia.] chews," L. mandibula—mando, to chew.]
Mammalia, mam-m;Vli-a, «.//. (zool.) the whole Mandrake, man'drak, «. a narcotic plant. [A
class of animals that suckle their young.—adj. corr. of A.S. mandragora, through L., from
Mammalian. [Formed from L. mamma/is Gr. mandragoras.]
ineut. pi. mammalia', belonging to the breast Mandrel, man'drcl, «. the revolving shank to
—L. mamma, the breast.) which turners fix their work in the lathe. [A
Mammalogy, mam-mal'o-ji, n. the t science of corr. of Fr. mandrin ; prob. through Low L.
mammals. [Mammal, and logos, discourse.] from Gr. mandra, an inclosed space. See Mad
Mammlfer, mam'i-fcr, n. an animal having breasts rigal.]
or faps. —adj. Mammlf'erous. [L. mamma, Mandrill, man'dril, n. a large kind ofbaboon. [Fr.]
breast, andfero, to bear.J Mane, man, «. the long hair flowing from the
Mammlllary, niam-il'ar-i or mam'il-ar-i, adj. neck of some quadrupeds, as the horse and lion.
pertaining to or resembling the breasts. [C, [Ice. m&n; cog. with Gcr. mdhtte.]
from mammilla, dim. of mamma, breast] Manege, man-iizh', n. the managing of horses :
Mammillated, mam'il-lftt-ed, adj. having small the art of horsemanship or of training horses : a
nipples or Paps, or little globes like nipples. riding-school. [Fr. See Manage.]
Mammon, mam'un, «., riches : the god of riches. Manful, man'fool, adj. full of manliness: bold:
[L. mammona—Gr. mamdnas—Syriac ma- courageous.—adv. Man fully.—n. Man'fulness.
m&n&y riches.] Manganese. mang<-ga-nez' or mang'ga-nSz, n. a
8M fat«, far; m*, her; mine ; mOto ; mute ; moQn ; Men.
 Mange Mantle
hard and brittle metal of a reddish-white colour. lating or working by hand : use of the hands, in
—adj. Mangane'slan. [O. Fr. manganese, a a skilful manner, in science or art
material used in making glass—It.] Manipulative, ma-nip'Q-lat-iv, Manipulatory,
Mange, manj, «. the scab or itch which eats the ma-nip'G-la-tor-i, adj. done by manipulation.
skin of domestic animals. [From the adj. Manipulator, ma-nip'u-lat-ur, «. one who manipu
Mangy. ] lates or works with the hand.
Mangel-wurzel, mangel-wuVzI, Mangold-wur- Mankind, man-kind', «. the kind or race of man.
ZOl, mang'gold-wur'zl, «. a plant of the beet Manly, manli, adj., manlike: becoming a man :
kind cultivated as food for cattle. [Lit. ' beet brave : dignified : noble : pertaining to man
root,' Ger. mangoldi beet, and wurzel, root.] hood : not childish or womanish.—«. Man liness.
Manger, miinj'er, n. an eating-trough for horses Manna, man a. n. the food supplied to the Israel
and cattle. [Fr. mangeoire—manger, to eat ites in the wilderness of Arabia : a sweetish exu
—L. manduens, a glutton—mando, to chew.] dation from many trees, as the ash of Sicily.
Mangle, mang'gl, v.t. to cut and bruise: to tear (Hcb. man hu, what is it ? or from man, a gift.]
in cutting : to mutilate : to take by piecemeal.— Manner, man'er, n. mode of action : way of per
ft. Mang'ler. [Freq. of M. E. monk**, to forming anything : method: fashion: peculiar
mutilate—A.S. mancian—L. maneus, maimed.] deportment : habit : custom : style of writing or
Mangle, mang'gl, n. a rolling-press for smoothing thought: sort: style:—//, morals : behaviour :
linen.—v.t to smooth with a mangle : to calen deportment : respectful deportment —In a man
der. —«. Mang'ler. Dut. mangelen, to roll ner, to a certain degree.—In or with the man
with a rolling-pin (It. mangano, a calender), ner, (£.) in the very act, 'manner' here being a
through Low L.f from Gr. mangganou, the axis corr. of manuopere, as in the legal phrase, cum
of a pulley.] manuopere captus. [Fr. maniire—main—L.
Mango, mang'gO, w. the fruit of the mango-tree manus, the hand.]
of the East Indies : a green musk-mcton pickled. Mannerism, man'er-izm, «. peculiarity of manner,
[Malay mangga.] esp. in literary composition, becoming wearisome
Mangrove, man'grflv, n. a tree of the E. and by its sameness.—n. Mann'erist, one addicted
W. Indies, whose bark is used for tanning. to mannerism.
[Malayan.] Mannerly, man'er-Ii, adj. shewing good-manners:
Mangy, manj'i, adj. scabby.—«. Mang/lness. decent in deportment : complaisant : not rude.—
[Anglicised form of Fr. mange", eaten, pa.p. of adv. with good manners : civilly: respectfully:
manger, to eat. Sec E. Manger J without rudeness. —n. Mannerliness.
Manhood, man'hood, n. state of being a man : i Manoeuvre, ma-nfio'ver or ma-nu'-, n. a piece of
manly quality '. human nature. dexterous management : stratagem : an adroit
Mania, ma'ni-a, n. violent madness : insanity : movement in military or naval tactics. —v.t. to
excessive or unreasonable desire. [L.—Gr. perform a manoeuvre : to manage with art : to
mania—root man, to think.] change the position of troops or ships.—«.
Maniac, ma'ni-ak, «- one affected with mania : a Manceu'vrer. [Lit. 'hand-work,' Fr.—main—
madman.—adj. Maniacal, ma-nT'a-kal. [Fr. L. manus, the hand, and auvre—L. opera,
maniaqne—Mania. ] work. See Manure.] [a warrior.
Manifest, man'i-fest, adj. clear : apparent : evi Man-of-war, man-of-wawi/, «. a ship-of-war: (£.}
dent.— v.t. to make manifest: to shew plainly : Manor, manor, n. the land belonging to a noble
to put beyond doubt : to reveal or declare.—aav. man, or so much as he formerly kept for his own
Manifestly. «. Man ifestness, state of being use : jurisdiction of a court baron. [Fr. manoir
manifest. [Lit. 'hand-struck,' i.e. palpable, —L. maneo, mansum, to stay. See Mansion. ]
Fr.— L. manifestus—manus, the hand, and Manor-house, man'or-hows, Manor-seat, man or-
'/estus, pa.p. of obs. fettdo, to dash against.] set, n. the house or seat belonging to a manor.
Manifest, man'i-fest, n. a list or invoice of a ship's Manorial, ma-nO'ri-al, adj. pertaining to a manor.
cargo to be exhibited at the custom-house. Manse, mans, «. the residence of a clergyman
Manifestable, man-i-fest'a-bl, Manlfestlble, man- (Scot.). [Low L. mattsa, a farm—maneo,
i-fest'i-bl, adj. that can be manifested. martsus, to remain.]
Manifestation, man-i-fest-ii'shun, «. act of dis Mansion, man'shun, u. a house, esp. one of some
closing : display : revelation. size : a manor-house. [Lit. ' a resting-place,' so
Manifesto, man-i-fest'o, «. a public written de in £.; U. Fr.—L. mansio, -onis, akin to Gr.
claration of the intentions of a sovereign or meno, to remain.]
state. [It.—L. See Manifest, adj.] Mansion-house, man'shun-hows, «. a mansion :
Manifold, man'i-fold, adj. various in kind or the official residence of the Lord Mayor of Lon
quality: many in number: multiplied.—adv. don. [Mansion and House.]
Manifoldly. [A.S. manig-feald. See Many Manslaughter, man'slaw-ter, n. the slaying of a
and Fold.] man : {law) the killing of any one unlawfully,
Manikin, man'i-kin, n. [prig.) a little man: a but without malice or premeditation. [Man and
pasteboard model, exhibiting the different parts Slaughter.]
and organs of the human body. [O. Dut. Manslayer, man'slil-er, «. one who slays a man.
mann-ek-en, a double dim. of man, E. Man.] Mantel, man'tl, n. the shelf over a fireplace (which
Maniple, man'i-pl, n. a company of foot-soldiers in old fireplaces was formed like a hood, to inter
in the Roman army : a kind of scarf worn by a cept the smoke) : a narrow shelf or slab above a
R. Cath. priest on the left arm, a stole.—adj. fireplace : also Man tel-piece, Man tel -shelf.
Manip'ular [Lit. a 'handful,' L. manipulus (Doublet of Mantle.]
—manus, the hand, pleo, to fill.] Mantelet. See Mantlet.
Manipulate, ma-nip'Q-lat, v.t. to work with the Mantle, man'tl, «. a covering : a kind of cloak
hands. — v.i. to use the hands, esp. in scientific or loose outer garment: [zool.) the thin fleshy
experiments : to handle or manage. [Low L. membrane lining the shell of a mollusk.—v.t.
manipuio, manipulation.] to cover, as with a mantle: to hide: to dis
Manipulation, ma-nip-Q-li'shun, «. act of manipu guise. —v.i. to expand or spread like a mantle :
fftte, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mo"on ; then. 305
 Mantlet Marital
to revel: to joy: to froth: to rush to the face Maranatha. mar-a-nu tha or mar-a-nath'a, n. (Hi.)
and impart a crimson glow, as blood- [O. Fr. onr Lord cometh to take vengeance, part of a
mantel, Fr. manteau—L. mantellum, a napkin.] Jewish curse. (Syriac.j
Mantlet, man tlet, Mantelet, man'tel-et, n. a Maraud, ma-rawd', v.t. to rove in quest of plunder.
small cloak for women : [fort.) a movable para [Fr. marauder—maraud, vagabond, rogue.]
pet to protect pioneers. [Dim. of Mantle.] Marauder, ma-rawd'er, n. one who roves in quest
Mantling, man'tling, n. [her.) (he representation of booty or plunder.
oi a mantle, or the drapery of a coat-of-arms. Maravodi, mar-a-ve'dl, n. the smallest copper
Mantua, man'tii-a, n. a lady's cloak or mantle a coin of Spain. [Sp.—Arab. Murabitin, the
lady's gown.—tt. Man'tua-mak'er, a maker of dynasty of the Almoravides.]
mantuas or ladies' dresses. ( Prob. arose through Marble, maVbl, n. any species of limestone taking
confusion of Fr. manteau (It. manto\ with a high polish : that which is made of marble, as
Mantua, in Italy.] a work of art, or a little ball used by boys in
Manual, man'ii-al, adj. pertaining to the hand: play.—adj. made of marble : veined like marble :
done, made, or used by the hand.—adv. Man'u- hard: insensible.—v.t. to stain or vein like
ally. [L. mant/alis—matins, the hand.] marble.—«. Marbler. [Lit. 1 the sparkling
Manual, man'Q-al, «. a handbook. : a handy stone,' Fr. marbre—L. marmor; cog. with Or.
compendium of a large subject or treatise : the tttarmaros, from marmaird, to sparkle, flash.]
service-book of the Roman Catholic Church. Marbly, mar'bli. adv in the manner of marble.
Manufactory, man-fl-fakr/or-i, «. a factory or Marcescent, mar-scs'ent, adj. [bol.j withering,
place where goods are manufactured. decaying. [L. marcescens, -entt's, pr.p. of mar-
Manufacture, man-u-fakt'ur, v.t. to make from cesco—marceo, to fade. ]
raw materials by any means into a form suit March, march, n. the third month of the year,
able for use.—v.i. to be occupied in manufact named from Mars, the god of war. [L. Martius
ures.—n. the process of manufacturing : any \mensis), (the month) of Mars.\
thing manufactured. — a.ij. Manufact'ural. March, march, n. a border : frontier of a territory :
[Lit. 'to make by the hand," Fr.—L. manus, —used chiefly in //. March es. [A.S. mearc ;
the hand, and factura, a making, from facto, doublet of Mark J
factum, to make.] [manufactures. March, march, X'.i. to move in order, as soldiers :
Manufacturer, man-Q-fakt'ur-er, n. one who to walk in a grave or stately manner. —v.t. to
Manumission, man-fi-inish'un, n. act of manumit cause to march. —n. the movement of troops:
ting or freeing from slavery. regular advance : a piece of music fitted for
Manumit. man-Q-mit', v.t. to release from slavery : marching to: the distance passed over. [Fr.
to set free, as a slave :—pr.p. manumitt'ing ; marcher. Ety. dub. ; acc. to Schelcr, prob.
pa.t. and pa.p. manumitt ed. [Lit. ' to send from L. marcus, a hammer (cf. ' to beat time ') ;
away or free from one's hand or power,' L. others suggest root oi March, a frontier.]
manumitto—manus, hand, and nutto, mis- Marchioness, maVshun-es, n.,fem. of Marquis.
sum, to send. ] Mare, mar, tt. the female of the horse. (A.S.
Manure, man-Or7, v.t. to enrich land with any mere, fern, of mearh, a horse ; cog. with Ger.
fertilising substance.—«. any substance used for mtihre, Ice. mar, W. march, a horse.]
fertilising land.—«. Manur or. [Orig. 'to work Mareschal, m.Vshal. Same as Marshal.
with the hand,' contr. of Fr. manauvrer. See Marge, mari, «. edge, brink. [Fr. —L. marge.
Manoeuvre.] [of manure on land. Sec Margin.]
Manuring, man-Or'ing, w. a dressing or spreading Margin, maVjin, n. an edge, border; the blank
Manuscript, man'u-skript, adj., ivrHtten by the edge on the page of a book. (L. margo, mar~
kand.—n. a book or paper written by the hand. gtnis; cog. with E. Mark.]
[L. manus, the hand, scribo, scriptnm, to write.] Marginal, marjin-al, adj. pertaining to a margin :
Manx, mnnks, n. the language of the Isle of Man, placed in the margin.—adv. Mar ginally.
a dialect of the Celtic.—adj. pertaining to the Marglnate, mar'jin-ut, Marginated. m..rjin-al-ed,
Isle of Man or its inhabitants. adj. having a margin. [L. ma-rgtnatus, pa.p.
Many, men'i, adj.—comp. More (mor) ; superl. of margino, to border.]
Most (most)—comprising a great number of Margrave, maVgrav, «. {orig.) a lord or keeper
individuals : not few : numerous,—n. many per of the marches: a German nobleman of the
sons : a gr^at number : the people. [A.S. same rank as an English marquis,—fern. Mar
manig; cog. forms are found in all the Teut. gravine, mar'gra-ven. [Dut. marigraaf (Gcr.
languages ; allied to L. magnus.] markgraf\- mark, a border, and graaf a
Map, map, tt. a representation of the surface of count, which is cog. with Ger. graf, A.S.
the earth, or of part of it on any plane surface : gerefa, E. Reeve and She riff. See March, a
a representation of the celestial sphere.—v.t. to oorder. ]
draw, as the figure of any portion of land : to Marigold, mari-gold, n. a plant bearing a yellow
describe clearly Pr.p. mapp'ing ; pa. t. andpa.A flower. [From the Virgin Mary, and Gold,
mapped'. [L. mapf<a, a napkin, a painted cloth, because of its yellow colour.]
orig. a Punic word.] Marine, ma-ren , adj. of or belonging to the sea:
Maple, mii'pl, «. a tree of several species, from done at sea : representing the sea : near the sea.
one of which, the rock-maple, sugar is made. —«. a soldier serving on shipboard: the whole
[A.S. mapul, maple.] navy of a country or state : naval affairs. [Fr.—
Mar, mar, v.t. to injure by cutting off a part, or L. marinus—mare, sea; akin to E. Mere.]
by wounding : to damage : to interrupt : to dis Mariner, mar'i-ncr, n. a seaman or sailor : one
figure \-pr.f: marking; pa.t. and Pa.p. manred'. who assists in navigating ships. [Fr. marinier.)
[A.S. merran, mirran, from a widely diffused Mariolatry, mi-ri-ol'a-tn, w. the twrship of the
Aryan root mar, to crush, bruise, found in L. Virgin Mary. [Formed from L. Maria, Mary,
molo, to grind, morior, to die, Or. mar-aind, to and Gr. latreia, worship.]
wither, Sans, mri, to die; also in E. Meal, Marlsh, mar'ish, tt. [/!.). Same as Marsh.
Mill. See Mortal] Marital, mar'i-ta], adj. pertaining to a husband.
:;ur, fSte, far: me, her; mine; mote ; mQte ; mOOn ; Men.
 Maritime Marsh-mallow
[Fr.—L. maritalis—martins, a husband—mas, Marmot, marmot, «. a rodent animal, about the
maris, a male See Male.] size of a rabbit, which inhabits the higher parts
Maritime, mar'i-tim, a*lj. pertaining to the sea : of the Alps and Pyrenees. [Lit. ' the mountain
relating to navigation or naval affairs : situated mouse,' It. marmotto—L. mus, maris, a mouse,
near the sea : having a navy and naval com and mans, mantis, a mountain.]
merce. [L. maritimus—mare. See Marine.] Maroon, ma-rOOn', adj. brownish crimson. [Lit.
Marjoram., mar'jo-ram, n. an aromatic plant used 'chestnut-coloured,' Fr. marrtm, a chestnut—
as a seasoning in cookery. (Fr. marjolaine—■ It. marrone.]
Low L. majoraca—L. amaracus—Gr. amara- Maroon, ma-rOon', n. a fugitive slave living on the
kos; prob. an Eastern word.] mountains, in the W. Indies.—v.t. to put on
Mark, mark, n. a visible sign : any object serving shore on a desolate island. [Fr* marron, a
as a guide: that by which anything is known: shortened form of Sp. cimarron, wild—cima, a
badge: a trace: proof: any visible effect: mountain-summit.]
symptom : a thing aimed at : a character made Marque, mark, n. a license to pass the marches
by one who cannot write: distinction.—v.t. to or limits of a country to make reprisals : a ship
make a mark on anything : to impress with a commissioned for making captures. [Fr., from
sign : to take notice of: to regard.—v.i. to take root of Mark and March.]
particular notice.—n. Mark'ur, one who marks Marquee, mar-ke, n. a large field-tent. fFr.
the score at games, as billiards. [A.S. mearc, marquise, acc. to Littrtf, orig. a marchioness's
a boundary; found in all the Teut. languages, tent. See Marquess. |
as Ger. mark, and Goth, market; also akin to Marquis, mar'kwis, Marquess, mar'kwes, n.
L. margo, and pern, to Sans. ittarga, a trace.] [orig.) an officer who guarded the marches or
Mark, mark, n. an obsolete English coin = 13s. +d. I frontiers of a kingdom : a title of nobility next
a coin of the present German Empire = one below that of a duke. —/em. Mar chioness. [Fr.
shilling: a silver coin of Hamburg = is. +d. (It. marchese), from the root of March, Mark,
(A.S. marc, another form of the above word.] a frontier.] [of a marquis.
Market, marltet, n. a public place for the purposes Marqulsate, mar'kwis-:"it, «. the dignity or lordship
of buying and selling : the time for the market: Marriage, marl), n. the ceremony by which a
sate: rate of sale: value. —v.i. to deal at a man ana woman become husband and wife : the
market : to buy and sell. [Through the O. Fr. union of a man and woman as husband and wife.
(Fr. marchi. It. mercato), from L mercatus, [See Marry.]
trade, a market —merx, merchandise.] Marriageable, marlj-a-bl, adj. suitable for mar
Marketable, marTcct-a-bl, adj. fit for the market: riage; capable ofunion. —n. Marriageableness.
saleable.—n. Mar kotablohoss. Marrow, mar 0, «. the soft, fatty matter in the
Market-cross, mar'ket-kros, n. a cross anciently cavities of the bones : the pith of certain plants :
set up where a market was held. the essence or best part. —adj. Marrowy.
Market-town, mar'ket-town, «. a town having the [A.S. mearh; Ice. tncrgr, Ger. mark, W. tner.\
privilege of holding a public market. Marrow-bone, mar'G-bOn, n. a bom containing
Marking-ink, marklng-iljgk, «. indelible ink, marrow. [resembling marrow.
used for marking clothes. Marrowlsh, raar'o-ish, adj. of the nature of or
Marksman, marks'man, «., one good at hitting a Marry, marl, v.t. to take for husband or wife:
mark: one who shoots well. [Mark and Man.] to unite in matrimony.—v.i. to enter into the
Marl, marl, n. a fat or rich earth or clay often used married state : to take a husband or a wife :—
as manure. —v. t. to cover or manure with marl. pr.p. marr'ying ; pa.t. and pa-.p. married. [Fr.
(O. Fr. marie (Fi. mame), from a Low L. dim. marier—L. manto—maritus, a husband—mas,
of L. marga, marl.] maris, a male. See Male. J
Marlaceous. marl-ashus, a4j, having the qualities Marsala, mar'sa-Ia, n. a light wine resembling
of or resembling marl. sherry, from Marsala in Sicily.
Marline, maVlin, n. a small line for winding Marseillaise, mar'sal-yax, n. the French revolu
round a rope—v.t. Marline, miir'lin, Marl, tionary hymn, first sung by men of Marseilles
marl, to bind or wind round with marline, brought to Paris to aid in the Revolution in 179a.
[put. mariijn, marling—tnarren, to bind, E. Marsh, nuirsh, ». a tract of low wet land: a
Moor (a ship], and lijn, lien, a rope, E. Line.] morass, swamp, or fen.—adj. pertaining to wet
Marlinesplke, marlm-spik, n. an iron tool, like or boggy places. [A.S. mersc, for mer-isc, as if
a sfike, for separating the strands of a rope. 'mere-ish,' lull of meres. See Mere, a pool.]
Marlite, ma/llt, «. a variety of marl. —adj. Marshal, mar'shal, «. (orig.) a title given to
Marllt'lc. various officers, who had the care of horses, esp.
Marly, niarl'i, adj. having the qualities of or those of a prince : a title of honour applied to
resembling marl: abounding in marl. the holder of various high offices : the chief
Marmalade, maVma-lad, «. a jam or preserve officer who regulated combats in the lists: a
generally of oranges, orig. of quinces. [Fr., master of ceremonies : a pursuivant or harbinger :
from Port, marmelada—marmilo, a quince, a herald : in France, an officer of the highest
L. melimelum, Gr. vtelimelon, a sweet apple, military rank : in the United States, the civil
an apple grafted on a quince—mcli, honey, officer of a district, corresponding to the sheriff
mtlon, an apple.] of a county in England.—v.t. to arrange in
Marmoraceoufl, mar-mo-rashus, adj. belonging order: to lead, as a herald \—pr.p. marshalling ;
to or like marble. [From L. marmor, marble.] Pa.t. and/rt./. marshalled. [Lit. 'horse-servant,'
Marmoreal, mar-mo're-al, Marmorean, mar-mu'- Fr. marichal; from O. Ger. marah, a horse,
rc-an, adj. belonging to or like marble : made and schalk (Ger. schalk), a servant.]
of marble. [L. marmoreus.] Marshaller, mar'shal-er, n. one who marshals or
Marmoset, mar'mo-zet, n. a small variety of arranges in order.
American monkey. [Fr. marmouset, a Tittle Marshalship, marshal-ship, n. office of marshal.
grotesque figure (hence applied to an ape), a Marsh-mallow, marsh'-mal'o, n. a species of
figure in marble—L. marmor, marble.] mallow common in meadows ' and* 1marshes.
fete, far ; inc. her ; mine ; mOte : mute ; mo"On ; then.
 Marshy
Marshy, marsh'i, adj. pertaining to or produced
in marshes: abounding in marshes.—n. Marsh'i*
ness.
Marsupial, mar-su'pi-al, adj. carrying young in a
pouch.—«. a marsupial animal. [L. marsupimn
—Gr. marsupion, a pouch.]
Mart, mart, n. a market or place of trade. [A
contraction of Market.]
MartellO, mar-tel'o, ft. a circular fort erected to
protect a coast [Orig. a tower (on the Italian
coast), from which warning against pirates was
given by striking a bell with a hammer. It.
martelio, a hammer—L. martellus, dim. of
marcrts, a hammer.]
Marten, marten, n. a destructive kind of weasel
valued for its fur. [Fr. martre, also marie—
Low L. marturis, from a Teut. root seen in Ger.
marder, and AS. mearth, a marten.]
Martial, mar'shal, adj. belonging to Mars, the
god of war : belonging to war : warlike : brave.
—adv. Mar'tially. [Fr.—L. marttaiis—Mars,
Martis.]
Martin, martin, Martinet, martin-et, n. a bird
of the swallow kind. [Named after St Martin.]
Martinet, martin-et, «. a strict disciplinarian.
[From Martinet, a very strict officer in the
army of Louis XIV. of France.]
Martingale, martin-gal or -gal, Martingal, m5r/-
tin-gaT, «. a strap fa tened to a horse's girth to
hold his head down : in ships, a short spar under
the bowsprit. [Fr., a kind of breeches, so called
from Martigues in Provence, where they were
worn.]
Martinmas* martin-mas, n. the mass or feast of
St Martin: nth November. [See Mass.]
Martlet, martlet, n. martin, the bird. [From
Fr. martinet, dim. of Martin.]
Martyr, marter, «. one who by his death bears
witness to the truth : one who suffers for his
belief.—v.t. to put to death for one's belief.
[A.S., L., Gr., a witness, from the same root as
Memory.]
Martyrdom, marter-dum, n. the sufferings or
death of a martyr.
MartyTOlOgy, mar-tcr-ol'o-ji, «. a history of mar
tyrs: a discourse on martyrdom.—n. Martyr-
ol'oglst. [Martyr, and Gr. logos, a discourse.]
Manrel, marVel, n. a wonder: anything astonish
ing or wonderful.—v.i. to wonder : to feel
astonishment \—pr.p. marvelling ; pa.t. andpa.p.
marvelled. [Fr. merveille—L. mirabiliSy won
derful—miror, to wonder.]
Marvellous, marVel-us, adj. astonishing : beyond
belief : improbable. —adv. Marvellously. —«.
Marvellousness.
Marybnd, ma'ri-bud, «. the marigold.
Masculine, mas'ku-lin, adj. having the qualities
of a man : resembling a man : robust : bold :
expressing the male gender.—adv. Mas'CUlinely.
—«. Mas CUlineness. [Fr.—L masculinns—
masculus, male—mas, a male.]
Mash, mash, v.t. to beat into a mixed mass : to
bruise : in brewing, to mix malt and hot water
together.—n. a mixture of ingredients beaten
together : in brewing, a mixture of crushed malt
and hot water. [Prob. from root of Mix.]
Mashy, mash'i, adj. of the nature of a mash.
Mask, Masque, mask, n. anything disguising or
concealing the face : anything that disguises : a
pretence : a masquerade : a dramatic perform
ance in which the actors appear masked.—v.t.
to cover the face with a mask : to disguise : to
hide.—v.i. to join in a mask or masquerade : to
be disguised in any way : to revel. [Fr. masque
308 fcte, far; me, her; mine;
Masterstroke
—Sp. mascara, Ar. maskharat, a jester, man
in masquerade.]
Masker, mask'er, n. one who wears a mask.
Mason, ma'sn, n. one who cuts, prepares, and lays
stones : a builder in stone : a freemason. [Fr.
ttui£oh —Low L. macio ; cf. O. Ger. meizan,
to hew, cut, from which are Ger. messer, a knife,
stein-metz, a stone-mason.]
MasonlO, ma-son'ik, adj. relating to freemasonry.
Masonry, ma'sn-ri, «. the craft of a mason : the
work of a mason : the art of building in stone :
freemasonry.
Masque. See Mask.
Masquerade, mask-er-ad', n. an assembly of per
sons wearing masks, generally at a ball : dis
guise.—v.t. to put into disguise.—v.i. to join in
a masquerade: to go in disguise. [Fr. mas-
carade. See Mask.] [mask: one disguised.
Masquerader, mask-er-ad'er, n. one wearing a
Mass, mas, n. a lump of matter : a quantity : a
collected body : the gross body : magnitude :
the principal part or main body : quantity of
matter in any body. —v.t. to form into a mass :
to assemble in masses. [Fr. masse—L. mussa
—Gr. maza—massd, to squeeze together.]
Mass, mas, «. the celebration of the Lord's Sup
per in R. Cath. churches. [Fr. messe. It. messa,
said to be from the Latin words ite, missa est
(ecciesia), 'go, the congregation is dismissed,'
said at the close of the service ]
Massacre, mas'a-ker, n. indiscriminate killing or
slaughter, esp. with cruelty: carnage, —v. t. to
kill with violence and cruelty : to slaughter.
[Fr. ; from the Teut, as in Low Ger. malsken.
to cut, Ger. metz-ger, a butcher.]
Massive, mas'iv, adj. bulky: weighty.—adv.
Massively.—;/. Mass'iveness.
Massy, masi, adj., massivc. — n. Mass innss
Mast, mast, ft. a long upright pole for sustaining
the yards, rigging, &c. in a ship.—v.t. to supply
with a mast or masts. [A.S. merst, the stem of
a tree ; Ger. mast, Fr. mdt.]
Mast, mast, «. the fruit of the oak, beech, chest
nut, and other forest trees, on which swinefeed:
nuts, acorns. [A.S. mast; Ger. mast, whence
miisten, to feed ; akin to Meat.]
Master, mas'ter, «. one who commands : a lord or
owner : a leader or ruler : a teacher : an em
ployer : the commander of a merchant-ship : the
officer who navigates a ship-of-war under the
captain : a degree in universities : one eminently
skilled in anything: the common title ofaddress
to a young gentleman.—adj. belonging to a
master, chief, principal.—vd. to become master
of: toovercome: to become skilful in: to execute
with skill. [O. Fr. maistre (Fr. mattre)—L.
magister, from mag, root of magntis, great.)
Mas'ter, in many compounds = chief, as in Mas'
ter bulld'er, Mas'ter-ma'son, &c.
Masterhand, mas'ter-hand, ». the hand of a
master: a person highly skilled.
Masterkey, mas'tcr-ke, w. a key that masters or
opens many locks : a clue out of difficulties.
Masterless, mas'ter-Ies, adj. without a master or
owner : ungoverned : unsubdued.
Masterly, mas'tcr-li, adj. like a master: with the
skill of a master: skilful: excellent. —adv. with
the skill of a master.
Masterpiece, mas'ter-pe"s, n. a piece or work
worthy of a master: a work of superior skill:
chief excellence.
Mastership, mas'ter-ship, «. the office of master •
rule or dominion : superiority.
Masterstroke, mas'ter-strOk, n. a stroke or pcr
mote; mute ; mSon ; then.
 Mastery Matter
formance worthy of a master: superior perform denies the independent existence of spirit, and
ance. maintains that there is but one substance—viz.
Mastery, mas'ter-i, n. the power or authority of a matter.
master: dominion : victory : superiority : the Materialist, ma-te'ri-al-ist, n. one who holds the
attainment of superior power or skill. doctrine of materialism.
Mastic, Mastich, mas'tik, «. a species of gum- Materialistic, ma.-te-ri-al-ist'ik, Materialistlcal,
resin from the lentisk-tree : a cement from mas ma-tS-ri-al-ist'ik-al, adj. pertaining to material
tic: the tree producing mastic. [Fr.—L. mas ism.
ticAe—Gr. mastiche—masaomai, to chew ; so Maternal, ma-ter'nal, adj. belonging to a mother:
called because it is chewed in the East.] motherly.—adv. Maternally. [Fr. matemel,
Masticate, mas'ti-kat, v.t. to chew: to grind with It. matemale—L. matemus—mater, mother.]
the teeth.—adj. Matfticable.—«. Mastica tion. Maternity, ma-ter'ni-ti, «. the state, character, or
[L. mastico, -atum—mastiche. See Mastic ] relation of a mother.
Masticatory, mas'ti-ka-tor-i, adj., chewing: Mathematic. math-e-mat'ik, Mathematical,
adapted for chewing.—n. {med.) a substance to math-e-mat'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or done by
be chewed to increase the saliva. mathematics : very accurate, —adv. Mathemat
Mastiff, mas'tif, «. a large and strong variety of ically.
dog much used as a watchdog. [M. E. and Mathematician, math-e-ma-tish'an, n. one versed
O. Fr. mestif{Ft. mdtin)—Low L. masnada, a in mathematics. [L. tnathematicus.]
family—L. mansio, a house. See Mansion.] Mathematics, math-c-mar/iks, n.sing. the science
Mastodon, mas'to-don, n. an extinct animal, re of numlx:r and space, and of all their rela
sembling the elephant, with nipple-like projec tions. [Fr. matfufmatiques—L. mathematica
tions on its teeth, [Gr. mastos, the breast of a —Gr. mathlmatike (epistimi, skill, knowledge),
woman, odous, odontos, a tooth.] relating to learning or science—mathima—man-
Mat, mat, k. a texture of sedge, &c. for cleaning thand, to learn. ]
the feet on : a web of rope-yarn.—v.t. to cover Matin, mat'in, adj., morning: used in the morn
with mats : to interweave : to entangle \~pr.p. ing.—n. in pi. morning prayers or service : in R.
mutt'ing ; pa.U andPa.p. matt'ed. [A.S. meatta Cath. Church, the earliest canonical hours of
—L. matta.] prayer. [Fr. —L. matutinus, belonging to the
Matadore, mat/a-dor, n, the man who kills the morning—Maluta, the goddess of the morning,
bull in bull-fights. [Sp. matador—matar, to prob. akin to maturus, early. See Mature.)
kill—L. macto, to kill, to honour by sacrifice— Matrice, ma'tris or mat'ris, «. Same as Matrix.
madus, honoured, from root mag in magnus.] Matricide, mat'ri-sid, ». a murderero(his mother:
Match, mach, n. a piece of inflammable material the murder of one's mother.—adj. Mat ncidal,
used for obtaining fire easily : a prepared rope [Fr.—L. matricida, one who kills his mother,
for firing artillery, &c. : a lucifer. [Fr. mlche matricidium, the killing of a mother—mater,
—Low L. myxus—Gr. myxa, the snuff or wick mother, ctedo, to kill.]
of a lamp, discharge from the nose (which the Matriculate, ma-trik'u-lat, v.t. to admit to mem
snuff of a wick resembles), from root of MUCUS. J bership by entering one's name in a register,
Match, mach, n. anything which agrees with or esp. in a college : to enter a university by being
suits another thing : an equal : one able to cope enrolled as a student.—n. one admitted to mem
with another: a contest or game: a marriage: bership in a society. —n. Matricula tion. [L.
one to be gained in marriage.—v.i. to be of the matncula, a register, dim. of matrix.]
same make, size, &c.—v.t. to be equal to: to be Matrimonial, mat-ri-mO'ni-al, adj. relating to or
able to compete with : to find an equal to : to set derived from marriage.—adv. Matruno nially.
against as equal: to suit : to give in marriage.— Matrimony, mat'ri-mun-i, «. marriage : the state
n. Matcb/dr. [A.S. marca, gemceca, earlier of marriage. [O. Fr. matrimonie—L. matri-
maca, a mate, a wife. See Make and Mate.] monium—mater.]
Matchless, machles, adj. having no match or Matrix, ma'triks or mat'riks, n. (anat.) the
equal,—adv. Matchlessly.—«. Match less- cavity in which an animal is formed before its
ness. birth, the womb : the cavity in which anything
Matchlock, mach'lok, n. the lock of a musket con is formed, a mould : [mining) substances in
taining a match for firing it : a musket so fired. which minerals are found imbedded : (dyeing)
Mate, mat, n. a companion : an equal : the male the five simple colours (black, while, blue, red,
or female of animals that go in pairs : in a mer and yellow ) from which all the others are formed :
chant-ship, the second in command : an assist —//. Matrices, mi'tri-scz or mat'ri-sez. [Fr.—
ant.—v.t. to be equal to: to match: to marry. L. matrix, -ids—mater, mother.]
[A.S. ge-maca, lit. ' having make or shape in Matron, ma'trun, «. an elderly married woman :
common with another ; ' Ice. maki, an equal, i an elderly lady : a female superintendent in a
from the same root as Make. See Match, and hospital. [Fr.—L. matrona, a married lady—
cf. Like.] [mate. 1 mater, mother.]
X&ate, mat, n. and v.t. in chess. Same as Check- Matronage, ma?trun-aj, Matronhood. ma trun-
MatelOSS, miit'Ies, adj. without a mate or com hood, «. state of a matron.
panion. Matronal, mi'trun-al or mat'run-al, adj. pertain
Material, ma-te'ri-al, adj. consisting of matter ; ing or suitable to a matron ; motherly : grave.
corporeal, not spiritual : substantial : essential : Matronise, mu'trun-Iz or mat-, v.t. to render
important.—«. esp. in //. that out of which any matronly: to attend a lady to public places, as
thing is to be made. —adv. Materially.—ns. protector.
Mate rialness, Materiality. [Fr.—L. mate- Matronly, ma'trun-li, adj. like, becoming, or
ria/is—materia.] belonging to a matron : elderly : sedate.
Materialise, ma-te"'ri-al-Iz, v.t. to render mate Matter, mat'er, n. fluid in abscesses or on fester
rial: to reduce to or regard as matter : to occupy ing sores, pus. [An application of the word
with material interests. below.]
Materialism, ma-t£'ri-al-izm, «. the doctrine that Matter, mat'er, n. that which occupies space, and
fate, far; me, hex; mine; mote ; mute; inOOa; then. 309
 Matting
with which we become acquainted by our bodily
senses : that out of which anything is made : the
subject or thing treated of: that with which one
has to do : cause of a thing : thing of conse
quence : importance: indefinite amount.—v.i.
to be of importance : to signify •—/'*->*■ matter
ing : pa.p. matt'ered. — adj. Matter-loss. -
Matter-of-fact, adj. adhering to the matter of
fact i not fanciful : dry. [Lit. 1 building stuff,'
Fr. mature— L. materia, from a root ma, to
measure, to build or construct ; akin to Mother.]
Matting, mat'ing, «. a covering with mats: a tex
ture like a mat, but larger : material for mats.
Mattock, mat'uk, «. a kind ofpickaxe having the
iron ends broad instead of pointed. [A.S. mat-
tuc—W. madog.]
Mattress, mat'res, n. a sort of quilted bed stuffed
with wool, horse-hair, &c. [O. Fr. materas
l,Fr. mateias)~Ar. matraA.]
Maturate, mat'O-nU, v.t. to make mature: (med.)
to promote the suppuration of. —v.i. {med.) to
suppurate perfectly.—n. Matura tlon. [L.
maturo -maturns, ripe.]
Maturative, mat'u-rat-rv, adj., maturingor ripen
ing : {med.) promoting suppuration.—*, a medi
cine promoting suppuration.
Mature, ma-tOr, adj. , grown to itsfull size .-per
fected : ripe : (med.) come to suppuration : fully
digested, as a plan.—v.t. to ripen : to bring to
perfection : to prepare for use.—v.i. to become
ripe: to become payable, as a \yi\\.—adv. Ma
turely.—«. Matureness. |L. maturus, ripe.]
Maturescent, mat-fi-resent, adj., becoming ripe :
approaching maturity. [L. tnaturesco, to be
come ripe—maturus.}
Maturity, ma-turVti, n. ripeness : a state of com
pleteness. [L. maturitas—maturus, ripe.]
Matutinal, mat-u-tl'nal, Matutlne, mat'Q-tln,
adj. pertaining to the morning: early. [L.
matutinalis. matutinus. Sec Matin.]
Maudlin, mawd'lin, adj. silly, as if half drunk :
sickly sentimental. [Contr. from M. E. Maude-
ieyne, which comes through O. Fr and L. from
Gr. Magdalene, the orig. sense being 1 shedding
tears of penitence,' hence ' with eyes red and
swollen with weeping,' like Mary Magdalene.]
Mauger, Maugre, maw ger. Prep, in spite of.
[Lit. ' not agreeable to or ' against one's will,'
Fr. malgri—V.. male gratum—male, badly,
gratum, agreeable.]
Maul, mawl. Same as Mall, to beat with a mall.
Maulstick, mawl'stik, n. a stick used by painters
to steady their hand when working. [Ger.
malerstock—maler, painter, and stock, stick.]
Maunder, mawn'dcr, v.i. to grumble: to mutter.
[ Fr. memiier, to beg—L. mendicart. See
Mendicant.]
Maundy-Thursday, mawn'di-thurz'ds, n. the
Thursday in Passion-week, when royal charity is
distributed to the poor at Whitehall. (M. E.
mauttdee, a command—O. Fr. mande (Fr.
mande]—L. mandatum, command, i.e. the
* new Commandment,' to love one another, men
tioned in John xiii. 34.]
Mausolean, maw-so-le'an, adj. pertaining to a
mausoleum: monumental.
Mausoleum, maw-so-le'um, «. a magnificent tomb
or monument. [L.—Gr. Mausoleion, from
Mau*olus, king of Cana, to whom his widow
erected a splendid tomb.]
Mauve, mawv, n. a beautiful purple dye extracted
from coal-tar, so called from its likeness in
colour to the (lowers of the mallow: this colour.
IFr.—L. malva, the mallow.]
810
Mead
Mavis, in "/vis, n. the song-thrush. [Fr. mauvis;
prob. from Bret- mi^/id, a mavis.]
Haw, maw, n. the stomach, esp. in the lower
animals : the craw, in birds. [A.S. maga; Ger.
magen. ]
Mawkish, mawk'ish, adj. loathsome, disgusting,
as anything beginning to breed matvks or mag
gots.—adv. Mawkishly, n. Mawk'ishness.
[With suffix -islt from M. E. mauk, from same
root as Maggot.]
Mawworm, maw'wurm, n. a worm that infests
the stomachy the threadworm. [See Maw. |
Max1liar, maksil-ar, Mamillary, maks'il-ar-i,
adj. pertaining to the jawbone or jaw. [L.
maxillaris—maxilla, jawbone, dim. from root
of Macerate.]
Maxim, maks im, n. a general principle, usually
of a practical nature : a proverb. [Fr. maxime
—L. maxima (sententia, an opinion), superl.
of magnus, great.]
Maximum, maks'i-mum, adj. thegreatest.—n. the
greatest number, quantity, or degree: (math.)
the value of a variable when it ceases to increase
and begins to decrease:—pi. Maxima. [L.,
superl. of magnus, great.]
May, ma, v.i. to be able: to be allowed: to be
free to act : to be possible : to be by chance :
pa.t. might (nit). [A.S. mwg, pr.t. of mugan,
to be able, pa.t. tneahte, mihte ; cog. with Goth.
magan, Ger. mogen ; also with L. mag-nus,
great, Gr. mech-ane, contrivance ; all from a root
mag or tnagh, to have power.]
May, ma, n. the fifth month of the year : the early
or gay part of life.—v.i. to gather May (prov.
E. the blossom of the hawthorn, which blooms
in May) :—pr.p. Maying. [Fr. MeU—X* Mains
(mensis, a month), sacred to Maia, the mother
of Mercury; prob. from root mag. Sans. mah>
to grow, and so May — the month of growth.]
Mayday, ma'du, n. the first day of May.
May-flower, ma'-flow'er, n. the hawthorn, which
blooms in May. [pears in May.
Mayfly, ma'fll, n. an ephemeral jiy which ap-
Mayor, ma'ur, n. the chief magistrate of a city or
borough.—n. May'oreSB, the wife of a mayor.
[Fr. maire—L. major, comp. of magnus, great.]
Mayoralty, nft'uMHi, Mayorship, maur-ship,
n. the office of a mayor.
Maypole, mfi'pOl, n. a pole erected for dancing
round on Mayday.
May-queen, ma'-kwen, n. a young woman crowned
with flowers as queen on Mayday.
Maze, maz, ». a place full of intricate windings :
confusion of thought: perplexity.—v.t. to be
wilder: to confuse. (Prov. E. to mazle, to
wander, as if stupefied, from the Scand., as in
Ice. masa, to jabber.]
Mazurka, ma-zoor'ka, n. a lively Polish dance, or
music such as is played to it.
Mazy, maz'i, adj. full of mazes or windings : in-
tncate.—adv. Maz'ily.—n. Maz iness.
Me, mi, personal pron. the objective case of I.
(A.S. ; L., Gr. me, Sans. m<i.]
Mead, med, «., honey and water fermented and
flavoured. [A.S. tnedo; a word common to the
Aryan languages, as Ger. meth, W. medd,
mead, Gr. methu, strong drink, Sans, matlhit,
sweet, honey (which was the chief ingredient of
the drink),]
Mead, med, Meadow, med'rt, n. a place where
grass is mown or cut down : a rich pasture-
ground. [A.S. mad—mawan, to mow; Ger.
mahd, a mowing, Swiss matt, a meadow. See
Mow, to cut down.]
 Meadowy Medical
Meadowy, med'O-i, adj. containing meadows. of animals used as food. [A.S. mete; Goth.
Meagre, Meager, me'ger, adj., lean: poor: mats, food, Dut. met, Dan. mad; prob. from d
barren : scanty : without strength.—adv. Mea'- root seen in L. mantio, to chew, as in Mandible.]
grely.— «. Mea'greness. (Fr. maigre—L. Meat-Ofifering, met'-of'er-ing, «. a Jewish offering
macer, lean ; cog. with Gcr. mager.] of meat or food in their religious services.
Meal, mcl, n. the food taken at one time : the act MechaniO, me-kan'ik, Mechanical, me-kan'ik-al,
or the time of taking food. [A-S. trial, time, adj. pertaining to machines or mechanics: con
portion of time ; Dut. maal, Ger. maJil.) structed according to the laws of mechanics :
Meal, mel, n. grain ground to powder. [A.S. acting by physical power: done by a machine :
melu; Ger. mehl, Dut. meel, meal, from the pertaining to artisans : done simply by force of
rout of Goth, matan, L. molo, to grind.] habit : vulgar.—«. Mechan'ic, one engaged in a
Mealy, meTi, adj. resembling meat; besprinkled mechanical trade: an artisan. — adv. Mochan'-
as with meal.—n. Mealiness. ically. [O. Fr.—L. mechaniens ; Gr. media-
Mealy-mouthed. meTi-mowMd, adj. smooth nihos—mec/tane—mccltcs, a contrivance.)
tongued : unwilling to state the truth in plain Mechanician, mek-an-ish'an, Mechanist, mek'an-
terms. ist, «. a machine-maker: one skilled in me
Mean, men, adj. low in rank or birth : base : chanics.
sordid : low m worth or estimation : poor : Mechanics, me-kan'iks, ». the science which treats
humble. —adv. Meanly.—*. Mean ness. [A S. of machines: the science which determines the
marue, wicked ; perh. conn, with A.S. gem.ene, effect produced by forces on a body.
Ger. gemein, common, Goth. gamains, unclean. ] Mechanism, mek'an-izm, «. the construction of a
Mean, men, adj., middle : coming between : machine: the arrangement and action of its
moderate.—n. the middle point, quantity, value, parts, by which it produces a given result.
or degree : instrument :—/>/. income : estate : Modal, med'al, «. a piece of metal in the form of a
instrument. [O. Fr. meien {Fr. moyen)—L. coin bearing some device or inscription : a reward
medianus, enlarged form of medius; cog. with of merit. [Fr. mSdaille—It. medaglia; through
Gr. mesos, Sans. madhyat middle.] a Low L. form mcdalla or medalia, a small
Mean, mCn, v t. to have in the mind ox thoughts : coin, from L. metallum, a metal. See Metal. ]
to intend : to signify. —v.i. to have in the mind : Modallic, me-d;d'ik, adj. pertaining to medals.
to have meaning '.—pr.p. mean'ing; />a.t. and Medallion, me-dal'yun, «. a large antique medal:
pa.p. meant (ment). [A.S. manan ; Ger. meinen, a bass-relief of a round form : an ornament of a
to think ; from a root man, found also in Man circular form, in which a portrait or hair is
and Mind.] inclosed. [See Medal ]
Meander, ine-an'der, «. a winding course : a Medallist, Medalist, mcd'al-ist, «. one skilled in
maze: perplexity, —v.i. to flow or run tn a medals: an engraver of medals: one who has
winding course : to be intricate.—vd. to wind gained a medal.
or flow round. [L.—Gr., the name of a winding Meddle, med'l, vd. to interfere officiously {with
river in Asia Minor.) or in) : to have to do {with}. [O. Fr. medler,
Meandering, me-an'der-ing, adj., winding in a i a corr. of mesler {Fr. m£Ur)~Low L. misculare
course.—n. a winding course. — L. misceo, to mix.]
Meaning, men'ing, «. that which is in the mind Meddler, med'ler, «. one who meddles or inter
or thoughts : signification : the sense intended : feres with matters in which he has no concern.
purpose.—adj. significant.—adv. Mean'ingly. Meddlesome, med'l-sum, adj. given to meddling.
[See Mean, v.t.] > —«. Medd lesomeness.
Meaningless, men'ing-les, adj. without meaning. Meddling, med'ling, adj. interfering in the con
Meanly, Meanness. See Mean, low in rank. cerns of others : officious.—«. officious interpo
Meant, pa. t. and Pa.p. of Mean, to have in the sition.
mind. [with measles. Mediaeval. Same as Medieval.
Measled, me'zld, Measly, mg'zli, adj. infected Medial, me'di-al, adj. noting a mean or average.
Measles, me'zlz, n.sing. a contagious fever accom [Low L. medialis—L. medius, middle, cog.
panied with small red spots upon the skin. [Out. with root of Mid.]
maselen, measles, from masa, a spot, cog. with Mediate, me'di-at, adj., middle: between two
O. Ger. masa, a spot, Ger. masem, measles.] extremes : acting by or as a means.—v.i. to
Measurable, mezh ur-a-bl, adj. that may be interpose between parties as a friend of each : to
measured or computed : moderate : in small intercede.—v.t. to effect by mediation.—adv.
quantity or extent.—adv. Meas'urably. Me'dlately.—». Me'dlateness. [Low L. medi-
Measure, mezh'ur, n. that by which extent is ascer at/ts—L. mediits. Cf. Medial.]
tained or expressed : the extent of anything : a Mediation, mC-di-a'shun, «. the act of mediating
rule by which anything is adjusted : proportion: or interposing : entreaty for another.
a stated quantity : degree : extent : moderation : Mediatise, me'di-a-tTz, v.t. to annex as a smaller
means to an end : metre : musical time.—v.t. to state to a larger neighbouring one.
ascertain the dimensions of : to adjust : to mark : Mediator, me di-at-ur, «. one who mediates or
out : to allot.—vd. to have a certain extent : I interposes between parties at variance.
to be equal or uniform. [Fr. mesure—L. men- , Mediatorial, m<j-di-a-to'ri-al, adj. belonging to a
sttra, a measure—metior, to measure, akin to mediator or intercessor.—ativ. Mediato'rially.
Gr. metron, a measure, Sans, root md, mdd, to I Medic, med'ik, n. a genus of leguminous plants,
measure. ] with leaves like those of clover. [L. medica—
Measured, mezh'fird, adj. of a certain measure : Gr. medike [poa), lit. 'median' (grass;, orig.
equal : uniform : steady : restricted. brought from Media, in Asia.]
Measureless, mezh'ur-les, adj. boundless : im Medicable, med'i-ka-bl, adj. that may be healed.
mense. Medical, med'i-kal, adj. relating to the art of
Measurement, mezh'ur-ment. n. the act of meas healing diseases : containing thai which heals:
uring: quantity found by measuring. intended to promote the study of medicine.—
Meat, met, «. anything eaten as food : the flesh adv. Medically. [Low L. medicalis—L. vtedi'
fate, tj r ; mi, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mCon ; then. 311
 Medicament Melodrama
cits, pertaining to healing, a physician—medeor, mizdo, reward, Ger. miethe, hire ; allied to Gr.
to heal ] misthos, hire, wages.]
Medicament, med'i-ka-ment, n. a medicine or Meek., mtSk,«*#., mild: gentle : submissive.—adv.
healing application. Meekly.—«. Meek'ness. [Ice. mjukrt Dut.
Medicate, med'i-kat, v.t to treat with medicine : muik, Dan. tnyg.]
to impregnate with anything medicinal. [L. Meerschaum. meVshawm, n. a fine white clay
medico, to heal—medicus. See Medical.] used for making tobacco-pipes, so called because
Medicated, med'i-kat-ed, adj. tinctured or im once supposed to be the petrified scum or foam
pregnated with medicine. of the sea. [Ger. tneer, the sea (E. Mere), and
Medication, med-i-ka'shun, n. the act or process schaum, foam (E. Scum .]
of medicating or of tincturing with medicinal Meet, met, adj. fitting : qualified : adapted.—
substances : the use of medicine. i adv. Meet ly—«, Meet ness. [A.S. ge-met, fit
Medicative, med'i-ka-tiv, adj., healing: tending I —mctan, to measure. See Mete.]
to heal. Meet, met, v.t. to come face to face : to encounter :
Medicinal, mc-dis'in-al, adj. relating to medicine: j to find : to receive, as a welcome.—v.i. to come
fitted to cure or lessen disease or pain.—adv. , together : to assemble : to have an encounter :
Medtc'inally. —pa.t. and pa.p. met.—n. a meeting, as of
Medicine, mcd'i-sin or med'sin, «. anything ap huntsmen. [A.S. mf^an, to meet—mottge-motw
plied for the cure or lessening of disease or pain. a meeting. Cf- Moot.}
[Fr.—L. mcdicina—medicus. See Medical J Meeting, met'ing, «. an interview : an assembly.
Medieval. Mediaeval, me-di-e'val, adj. relating to Meeting-house, met'ing-hows, «. a house or build
the middle ages. [L. medius, middle, and ing where people, esp. dissenters, meet for public
art'um, an age. See Medial and Age.] worship.
Medievalist, Medievalist, mc-di-e'val-ist, n. one Megalosaurus, meg-a-lo-saw'rus, n. the great
versed in the history of the middle ages. saurian or lizard, a gigantic fossil found in
Mediocre, m£'di-6-ker, adj., middling: moderate. England. [Gr. megas, tnegati, great, sauros,
[Fr.—L. mediocris—medius, middle.) a lizard.]
Mediocrity, mC-di-ok'ri-ti, «. a middle stale or Megatherium, me£-a-the"'ri-um, n. a gigantic
condition : a moderate degree. fossil quadruped found in the pampas of S.
Meditate, med'i-tat, v.i. to consider thoughtfully : America. [Gr. megas, great, therion, wild beast.)
to purpose.—v.t. to think on : to revolve in the Megrim, me grim, «. a pain affecting one halfof
mind : to intend. [L. meditor, a freq. form the head or face. [Fr. migraine, corr. of Gr.
from root med, seen in L. mederi and Gr. man- iiemtirania—hemi, half, ana kranion, the skull.
thnnd, to learn,j [planned. Sec Cranium. ]
Meditated, med'i-tat-ed, adj. thought of : Meiocene. Same as Miocene.
Meditation, med-i-ta'shun, n. the act of meditat Melosis, mT-O'sis, «. (rhet. ) a species of hyperbole
ing : deep thought : serious contemplation. representing a thing as less than it is. [Gr.
Meditative, med'i-tat-iv, adj. given to medita mewsis—mcio-d, to lessen.]
tion : expressing design.—adv. Meditatively. Melancholic, mel'an-kol-ik or -kol'ik, adj. affected
- n. Med/itativeness. with melancholy : dejected : mournful.
Mediterranean, med-i-ter-ra'nc-an; Mediterra- Melancholy, mel'an-kol-i, n. a disease causing
n0OUS, med-i-ter-ra'ne-us, adj. situated in the gloomy groundless fears, and general depression
middle of the earth or land : inland.—Mediter of spirits; so called because it was supposed to
ranean Sea, so called from being, as it were, in be occasioned by an excess of black bile : de
the middle of the land of the Old World. [L., jection.—adj. gloomy : producing grief. [Fr.
from medius, middle, and terra, earth, land.] —L. melancholia—(jx. melangvhotia—melan,
Medium, me'di-um, u. the middle : the middle black, and chole, bile, E. GalL]
place or degree : anything intervening : means Meliorate, m6'li-or-i»t, v.t. to make better : to im
or instrument : the substance in which bodies prove. [L. melioro, -atus, to make better—
exist, or through which they move : in spiritual melior, better.]
ism, the person through whom spirits are alleged Melioration, me-H-or-a'shun, n. the act of making
to make their communications :—pi. Me diums better: improvement.
or Me dia. [L. See Medial and Mid ] Mellay, mela, «. confusion. [Fr. milie. See
Medlar, med'lar, n. a small tree, common in Medley.]
Britain and Europe, with fruit like a pear. [O. Melliferous, mel-if'er-us, adj., honey-producing.
Fr. meslicr, a medlar-tree—L. mes/ilum—Gr. 1 [L. mel, honey, andfero, to produce.]
mespilon. ] i Mellifluent, meI-if'loo-ent. Mellifluous, mel-if-
Medley, med'Ii, n. a mingled and confused mass : lOO-us, adj., jlotuiftg with honey or sweetness :
a miscellany. [Orig. pa.p. of O. Fr. medler, to smooth.—tuivs. Mellifluently, Mellifluously.
mix, thus the same word with mod. Fr. miUe. —«. Mellifluence. [L. mel, andjluens—jluo,
S^c Meddle.] to flow.]
Medullar, me-dul'ar, Medullary, mc-dul'ar-i, adj. Mellow, mel'o, adj., soft and ripe : well matured :
consisting of or resembling marrow or pith. [L. soft to the touch.—v.t. to soften by ripeness or
medullaris—medulla, m&rrow—tnedius, middle.] age : to mature.—v.i. to become soft : to be
Medusa, me-du'sa, n. [myth.) one of the Gorgons, matured. [A.S. meant, soft, cog. with Dut.
whose head, cut off by Perseus and placed in the munv and mollig, L. mollis, Gr. malakos. See
xg'is of Minerva, had the power of turning be Marrow. ]
holders into stone : the name given to the com Mellowness, mel'3-nes, »., softness: maturity.
mon kinds of jelly-fishes, prob. from the likeness Mellowy, mel'O-i, adj., soft : oily.
of their tentacles to the snakes on Medusa's Melodious, me-lO'di-us, adj. full of melody : har
head : —//. Medu'sSB. [Gr. medousa, fern, of monious.—ad-.-. Melodiously - n. Melodious
meddn, a ruler—medd, to rule.] ness.
Meed, med, n. wages : reward : that which is Melodrama, mel-o-dram'a, Melodrame, mel'o-
bestowed for merit. [A.S. med; cog. with Goth. dram, «. a kind of sensational drama, formerly
312 fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mTOn ; then.
 Melodramatic
largely intermixed with songs. [Gr. melos, a
song, and drama, a drama.]
Melodramatic, mel-o-dra-mar/ik, adj. of the
nature of melodrama : overstrained : sensational.
Melodramatist, mel-o-drain'a-tist, n. one skilled
in melodramas, or who prepares them.
Melody, mel'o-di, //. an air or tune : music : an
agreeable succession of a single scries of musical
sounds, as distinguished from ' harmony ' or the
concord of a succession of simultaneous sounds.
—n. Mel'odlst. [Fr—L.—Gr. meIddia—melos,
a song, and 5de, a lay.]
Melon, mel'un, «. a kind of cucumber and its
fruit, which resembles an apple. [Fr.—L. melo
—Gr. melon, an apple.]
Melt, melt, v.t. to make liquid, to dissolve : to
soften : to waste away.—v.i. to become liquid :
to dissolve : to become tender or mild : to lose
substance : to be discouraged. [A.S. tneltan,
prob. conn, with Marrow, Mellow.]
Melting, melt'ing, n. the act of making liquid or
of dissolving : the act of softening or rendering
tender.—adv. Melt'ingly.
Member, mem'ber, «. a limb of an animal : a
clause : one of a community : a representative in
a legislative budy : (A*., in pi.) the appetites and
passions.—adj. Mem bered, having limbs. [Fr.
membre—L. membr/tm.]
Membership, mem'ber-ship, n. the state of being
a member or one of a society : a community.
Membrane, mem'brun, «. the thin tissue which
covers the members or parts of the body : the
film containing the seeds of a plant. [Fr.—L.
membrana—membrnm.]
Membraneous, mem-bran'e-us, Membranous,
mem'bran-us, Membranaceous, mem-bran-u'-
shus, adj. relating to, consisting of, or like a
membrane.
Memento, me-men'to, «. a suggestion or notice to
awaken memory :—pi. Memen'tOS. [I*, imper.
of memini, to remember, from root of Mention. |
Memoir, mem'woror me-moir', n. a familiar notice
of anything as retnemberedby the writer : a short
biographical sketch : a record of researches on
any subject : the transactions of a society. [Fr.
mimoire—L. tnemoria, memory—mcmor, mind
ful, akin to Sans, root smri, to remember.]
Memorable, mcm'or-a-bl, adj. deserving to be
remembered: remarkable. —ativ. Mem'orably.
Memorandum, mem-or-an'dum. n. something to
be remembered : a note to assist the memory :—
//. Memorandums, Memoran'da.
Memori&l, me-mO'ri-al, adj. bringing to memory :
contained in memory.—«. that which serves to
keep in remembrance : a monument : a note to
help the memory ; a written statement with a
petition, laid before a legislative or other body :
{B.) memory.
Memorialise, me-mO'ri-al-iz, v.t. to present a me
morial to : to petition by memorial.
Memorialist, me-mo'ri-al-ist, n. one who writes,
signs, or presents a memorial.
Memory, mem'o-ri, «. a having or keeping in the
mind: the faculty of the mind by which it re
tains the knowledge of previous thoughts or
events : retention : remembrance. [ See Memoir. ]
Men, plural oi Man.
Menace, men'as, v.t. to threaten.—«. a threat or
threatening. [Fr.—L. minor, to threaten—
minor, the overhanging points of a wall.]
Menacing, men'as-inij, adj., overhanging: threat
ening.—adv. Men acingly.
Menagerie, Menagery, men-azh'e-ri or men-aj'-
er-i, n. a place for managing and keeping wild
fate, far ; me*, her ; mine ;
Mephitic
animals : a collection of such animals. [Fr.,
from root of Manage.]
Mend, mend, v.t. to remove a fault: to repair:
to correct, improve—v.i. to grow better.—n.
Mend er. [Short for Amend.]
Mendacious, mcn-da'shus, adj., lying: false. —
adv. Menda'ciously. [L. mendax, mendacis—■
mentior, to lie.]
Mendacity, men-das'i-ti, «., lying: falsehood.
Mendicancy, men'di-kan-si, ». the state of being
a mcn<iicant or beggar : beggary.
Mendicant, men'di-Kanr, adj. poor to beggary :
practising beggary.—n. one who is in extreme
want, a beggar : one of the begging fraternity
of the R. Cath. Church. [L. mendicans, -an/is,
pr.p. of mettdico, lo beg—mendicus, a beggar,
perh. conn, with L. menda, a want.]
Mendicity, men-dis'i-ti, «. the state of being a
mendicant or beggar: the life of a beggar.
Mending, mend'ing, n. the act of repairing.
Menial, me'ni-al, adj. servile : low.—«. a domestic
servant : one performing servile work : a person
of servile disposition. [Orig. an adj. from M. E.
meine, a household, through O. Fr. from Low
L. mattsion-ata, maisnada—L. mansio, -onis.
See Mansion.]
Meningitis, raen-in-jftis, n. inflammation of the
membranes of the brain. [Gr. mininx, mining-
gos, a membrane.]
Meniver, men'i-ver, Minever, Miniver, min'i-ver,
«. the ermine : its fur. [O. Fr. menu ver—
menu, small—L. minutus, and vair, fur—L.
varius, changing, mottled.]
Menses, men'sez, n.pl. the monthly discharge
from the womb. [L. tuenst's, a month.]
Menstrual, men'strOO-al. adj., monthly: belong
ing to a menstruum. [L. menstrualis.]
Menstruant, mcn'strou-ant, adj. subject to menses.
[L. menstruans, -antis, pr.p. of menslruo.]
Menstruate, men'sirGo-at, v.t. to discharge the
menses.—n. Men'struation. [L. menstruo,
-a/um.] [ing to menses. [L. meftstruus.]
Menstruous, men'strGO-us, adj. having or belong-
Menstruum, men'stroU-um, «. a solvent or dis
solving substance:—//. Menstrua, the menses.
[L., from a fancy of the old chemists that dis
solvents could be prepared only at certain stages
of the moon.]
Mensurable, mens'u-ra-bl, adj. that can be
measured : measurable,—«- Mensurabil'ity,
quality of being mensurable. [L. mensura-
oilis—mensuro, lo measure. So: Measure.]
Mensural, mens'u-ral, adj. pertaining to measure.
Mensuration, mens-u-ra'shun, ». the act, process,
or art of measuring: art of finding the length,
area, or volume ofbodies : the result ofmeasuring.
Mental, men'tal, adj. pertaining to the mind: in
tellectual.—adv. Men'tally. [From L. mens,
mentis, the mind—Sans, root man, to think.]
Mention, men'shun, n. a brief notice or remark :
a hint.—v.t. to notice briefly: to remark: to
name.—adj. Men tionable. [L. mentio, men-
tionis, from root men, Sans, man, to think.]
Mentor, men'tor, n. a wise and faithful counsellor
or monitor, —adj. Mentor'ial. [From Gr. Men-
tdr, the friend of Ulysses—root of Mental.]
Menu, men'oo, n. list of things composing a repast.
[Lit. 'detailed,' 'minute/ Fr.—L. minutus,
small. See Minute.]
Mephistophelean, mef-is-tof-ele-an, adj. cynical,
sceptical, malicious. [From Mephistoplieles, a
characterme-fitrik,
Mephitic, in Goethe's
adj.Faust.~\
pertaining to mephitis:
offensive to the smell : noxious : pestilential.
mote ; mate ; nOOa ; then. 313
 Mephitis Meaembryanthemum
Mephitis, me-fftis, Mophitlsrn, mef'i-tizm, h. a Merganser, mer-gan'ser, «. a diving bird or sea-
foul, pestilential exhalation from the ground. [L. duck. [L. mergus, a diver, and anser, a goose.]
mefihitis.] Merge, merj, v.t. to dip or plunge in: to sink : to
Mercantile, merlcan-tTl, adj. pertaining to mer cause to be swallowed up.—v.t. to be swallowed
chantsi commercial. [Fr. and It.— Low L mer~ up, or lost.—«. Merg'er a merging. [L.
cantilis—L. mercans, -antis, pr.p. of mercor, mergo, mersum, akin to Sans, majj, to dive, to
to trade—titerxt mercis, merchandise—mereo, sink.]
to gain.] Meridian, me-rid'i-nn, adj. pertaining to mid-day:
Mercenary, mer'se-nar-i, adj. hired for money : being on the meridian or at mid-day : raised to
actuated by the hope of reward : greedy of gain : the highest point. —«., mid-day; the highest
sold or done for money.—'/. one who is hired : a point, as of success : an imaginary circle on the
soldier hired into foreign service. [Fr. —L. earth's surface passing through the poles and
mercenarius -merces, hire.] any given place: [astr.) an imaginary circle,
Mercer, mcr'scr.M. a merchant in silks and woollen passing through the poles of the neavens, and
cloths. (Fr. merrier, from root of Merchant.] the zenith of the spectator, which the sun crosses
Mercery, mcr'ser-i, w. the trade of a mercer; the at mid-day. [Fr.—L. meridianus, pertaining
goods of a mercer. to mid-day, from meridies (corr. for medidies),
Merchandise, mer'chand-Tz, n. the goods of a mid-day—mediits, middle, and dies, day.]
merchant: anything traded in. [Fr. marchandise Meridional, me-rid'i-un-al, adj. pertaining to the
—marchand, a merchant.) meridian : southern : having a southern aspect.
Merchant, merchant, n. one who carries on —adv. Merid'ionally, in the direction of the
trade, esp. on a large scale : one who buys and meridian.—«. Meridionai'ity. [Fr.—L. me-
sells goods: a trader.—adj. pertaining to trade ridionaiis.]
or merchandise. [Fr. marchami—L. mercans, Merino, me-re'no, n. a variety of sheep having
-antis, pr.p. of mercor, to trade.] very fine wool, orig. from Spain : a fabric of
Merchantman, mer'chant-man. n. a trading-ship : merino wool. —ad/, belonging to the merino sheep
(£.) a merchant Mer chantmen. [Mer or their wool. [Sp., and meaning 'moving from
chant and Man. ] pasture to pasture"—merino, inspector of sheep-
Merciful, mer'si-fool, adj. full of or exercising walks— Low L. majorinus, from root of Major.]
mercy: willing to pity and spare : compassionate : Merit, merit, n. excellence that deserves honour
tender: humane.—adv. Mercifully.—n. Mer or reward : worth : value : that which is earned.
cifulness. —v.t. lo earn : to h.ivc a right to claim as reward :
Merciless, mer'sMes, adj. without mercy: un to deserve. [Fr.—L. mcrttuin—mereo, meri-
feeling : hard-hearted : unsparing : cruel.—adv. tum, to obtain as a lot or portion, to deserve ;
Morcilossly. n. Mer'cilessnoss, want of cf. Gr. meiromai, to divide. See Mercantile.]
mercy. Meritorious, mer-i-tO'ri-us, a*ij. possessing merit
Mercurial, mer-kG'ri-al, adj. having the qualities or desert : deserving of reward, honour, or praise.
said to belong to the god Mercury: active: —adv. Merito'riously—«. Merito'riommess.
sprightly : containing or consisting of mercury. Merk, merk, n. an old Scotch silver coin worth
[L. mercnrialis. See Mercury.] 13s. ^d. Scots, or i3$d. sterling. [Same word
Mercurialise, mer-ku'ri-al-:z, v.t. to make mer- as English marh.]
curial; [tned. J to affect with mercury : to expose Merle, mcrl, «. the blackbird. [Fr.— L. meruZa.)
to the vapour of mercury. Merlin, merlin, «. a species of small hawk : a
Mercury, merlcQ-ri, «., the god of merchandise wizard. [Fr. imcrilZon, prob. same as Merle. ]
and eloquence, and the messenger of the gods : Merlon, merlon, u. {fort ) the part of a parapet
the planet nearest the sun : a white, liquid which lies between two embrasures. [Fr. ;
metal, also called quicksilver : a messenger : a ety. dub.]
newspaper. [Fr. —L. Alercurins—merar, mercis, Mermaid, mer'mad, n.} maid of the sea, a fabled
merchandise. See Merchant.] marine animal, having the upper part like a
Mercy, nicr'si, n. a forgiving disposition : clem woman and the lowerlikc a fish.—masc. Mer*-
ency : leniency : tenderness : an act of mercy. man. [A.S. mere, a lake (influenced by Fr.
[Fr. merci, grace, favour—L. merces, mercedis, mer, the sea), and tneegtL a maid.]
pay, reward, in Low L. also pity, favour.] Merriment, mer'i-ment. Merriness, merl-nes, «.
Mercy-seat, mer'si-sCt, n. {lit.) the seat or place gaiety with laughter and noUe : mirth : hilarity.
of mercy: the covering of the Jewish Ark of the Merry, mer'i, adj., sportive: cheerful: noisily
Covenant : the throne of God. gay: causing laughter: lively, —adv. Merrily.
Mere, mer, «. a pool or lake. [A.S. mere; Ger. [A.S. rtierg, from the Celtic, as in Gael, and fr.
and Dut. tneer; akin to L. mare, the sea, Fr. mear, from rnir, to sport. Sec Mirth.]
mer, and mare, pool ; prob. conn, with Sans. Merry-andrew, merl-an'dro"D, «. a buffoon : one
tnaru, desert, mri, to die, and with the root of who attends a mountebank or quack doctor.
Mortal Sec Marsh and Marine.] [Merry, and perhaps Andrew liorde, a physician
Mere, mer, adj. unmixed: pure: only this and in the time of Henry VIII., noted for his
nothing else : alone: absolute. —adv. Merely, facetious sayings.] [tainment. a festival.
purely, simply: only: thus and no other way: Merry-making, merl-mak'uig, n. a merry enter-
solely. [L. merits, unmixed :'of wine).] Merry-thought, merl-thawt, «. the forked bone
Mere, mer, «. a boundary. [A.S. ma-re, ge-ma*re.] of a fowl's breast, which two persons pull at in
Merestead, mer'stcd, «. the land within the play, the one who breaks off the longer part being
boundaries of a farm. [From Mere, a boundary, thought likely to be fir*t married. [Merry and
and Stead.) Thought.]
Meretricious, mer-e-trish'us, adj. alluring by false Mersion, meVshun, n. Same as Immersion.
show; gaudy and deceitful: false.—adv. Mere Meseems, mc-scmz', v.int/ers. it seems to me
triciously.—« Meretri'ciousness. [L. mere- (used only in poetry). [Me, the dative of I, aud
tricius—meretrix, meretricis, a harlot—mereo, Seems used impersonally. ]
to earn. See Mercantile.] Mesembryanthemum. rnc-zem-bri-an'the-mum,
all fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote , mute ; moOu ; then.
 Mesentery
«. a genus of succulent plants, mostly belonging
to South Africa. [Gr. mesembria, mid-day—
mesas, middle, hitnera, day, and anthima—
anthed, to blossom, so called because their flowers
usually expand at mid-day. J
Mesentery, raes'en-ter-i or mez'-, «. a membrane
in the cavity of the abdomen, attached to the
vertebra;, and serving to support the intestines. —
adj. Mesenter'iO [L. —Gr. mesenteron —mesas,
middle, ettteron, intestines—entos, within.
Mesh, mesh, «. the opening between the threads
of a net : network.—v.t. to catch in a net—
adj. Mesh'y, formed like network. [M. E.
mash*—A.S. max, r net; Ger. ma*che.\
Mesmeric, mez-mer'ik, Mesmerical, mez-mer'-
ik-al, adj. of or relating to mesmerism.
Mesmerise, mez'mer-Iz, v.t. to induce an extraor
dinary state of the nervous system, in which the
operator is supposed to control the actions of the
subject.—«. Mes'meriser or Mes merist, one
who mesmerises. [From Mesmer, a German
physician (1733—1815), who brought mesmerism
into notice.]
Mesmerism, mez'mer-izm, «. art of mesmerising.
Mesne, men, adj., intermediate: applied to a
writ issued between the beginning and end of a
suit. [Norm. Fr. mesne, middle.]
Mess, mes, ft. a mixture disagreeable to the sight
or taste : a medley : disorder : confusion. [A
form of Mash.]
Mess, mes, «. a dish or quantity of food served up
at one time: a number of persons who eat to
gether, esp. in the army and navy.—v.t, to
supply with a mess.—v.i. to eat of a mess: to
eat at a common table. [0. Fr mes (Fr. mets),
a dish7 a course at table—L. mitto, missum, to
send, in Low L. to place.]
Message, mes'aj, n. any communication sent from
one to another : an errand : an official communi
cation. [Fr.—Low L. missaticum, from mitto,
missus, to send.]
Messenger, mcs'en-jer, «. the bearer of a message:
a forerunner : {law) an officer who executes sum
monses, called messenger-at-arms.
Messiah, mcs-si'a, Messias, mes-sT'as, n. the
anointed one, the Christ.—n. Messi'ahshlp.
[Heb. maskiack—mashach, to anoint.]
Messianic, mes-si-an'ik, adj. relating to the Mes
siah, [table. [Mess and Mate.]
Messmate, mes'mat, n. one who eats at the same
Messuage, mes'waj, n. {law) a. dwelling and offices
with the adjoining lands appropriated to the use
of the household. [0. F], —Low L. messuagium
—L. tnansa, pa.p. of matteo, to remain. See
Mansion.]
Mestee. mes-ie*, «. the offspring of a white person
and a quadroon. [West Indian.]
Mestizo, mes-tez'o. n. the offspring of a Spaniard
or Creole and a native American Indian. [Sp.
—L. mixtus—misceo, to mix.]
Met, /<x.r. and pa.p. of Meet.
Metacarpal, met-a-kar'pal, adj. pertaining to the
part of the hand between the wrist and the fin
gers. fGr. rneta, after, and karpos. wrist.]
Metachronism, me-tak'ron-izm, n. the placing of
an event after its real time. [Fr.—Gr. meta-
chronos—rneta, beyond, and chronos, time.]
Metage, meVaj, measurement of coal : price
of measurement. [See Mete.]
Metal, met'at, «. a solid, shining, opaque body,
such as gold, &c. : broken stone used for mac
adamised roads. [Fr. —L. metallum—Gr. metal-
Ion, a mine, a metal, prob. from metallad, to
search after. Cf. Mettle.)
fate, far ; me, her; mine ;
Metayer
Metallic, me-tal'tk, adj. pertaining to or like a
metal: consisting of metal. [L. metallicus.]
Metalliferous, mei-al-ifcr-us, adj., producing or
yielding metals. [L. metatlifer—metallum,
metal, andfero, to bear, to produce.]
Metalliform, me-tal'i-form, adj. having the form
of metals: like metal.
Metalline, mei'al-In, adj. pertaining to a metal:
consisting of or impregnated with metal.
Metallise, met'al-Iz, v.t. to form into metal: to
give to a substance its metallic properties.—».
Metallisa tion. [skilled in metals.
Metallist, met'al-ist, «. a worker in metals : one
Metalloid, met'al-oid, n. that which has aform or
appearance like a metal: usually, any of the
non-metallic inflammable bodies, as sulphur,
phosphorus, &c, [Gr. metallon, a metal, and
eidos, form.]
Metalloid, met'al-oid, MetaUoldal, met-al-oid'al.
adj. pertaining to the metalloids.
Metallurgist, met'al-ur-jist, «. one who works
metals : one skilled in metallurgy.
Metallurgy, met'al-ur-ji, «. the art of working
metals: the art of separating metals from their
ores.—adj. Metallurgic, pertaining to metal
lurgy. [Gr. metallon, a metal, ergon, work.)
Metamorphic, met-a-mor'fik, adj. subject to
change ofform : Igeot.) applied to rocks, which,
though of aqueous origin, have been greatly
altered by heat.— «. Metamorphism, state or
quality of being metamorphic.
Metamorphose, met-a-mor'fOz, v.t. to change into
another_/i>rw/ . to transform. [Gr. metamorpltod
—rneta, expressing change, morphi, form.]
Metamorphosis, met-a-mor'fo-sis, «., change of
form or shape : transformation : the change liv
ing beings undergo in the course of their growth :
—pi. Metamorphoses.
Metaphor, met'a-iur, n. {rket.) a transference (of
meaning) : the putting of one thing for another
which it only resembles, as when knmvledge is
called a lamp, or words are said to be bitter.
[Fr. —Gr. metaphora—metapherd—rneta, over,
Jtherd, to carry.]
Metaphoric, mct-a-for'ik, Metaphorical, met-a-
for'i-kal, adj. pertaining to or containing meta
phor: figurative.—adv. Metaphorically.
Metaphrase, met'a-fraz, «. a translation from one
language into another word for word. [Gr.
metaphrasis — rneta, denoting change, and
phrasis, a speaking—phrazd, to speak.]
Metaphrast, met'a-frast, n. one who translates
word for word.—adj. Metaphrastic.
Metaphysical, met-a-fiz'ik-al, adj. pertaining to
metaphysics : abstract, —adv. Metaphys ically.
Metaphysician, met-a-fi-zish'an, n. one versed in
metaphysics.
Metaphysics, met-a-fiz'iks, n.sing. the science
which investigates the first principles of nature
and thought : ontology or the science of being.
[So called from certain works of Aristotle which
followed or were studied after his physics— Gr.
rneta, after, and physika, physics, from physis,
nature.]
Metatarsal, met-a-tar'sal, adj. belonging to the
front part of the foot, just behind the toes. [Gr.
rneta, beyond, and tarsos, the flat of the foot.] _
Metathesis, me-tath'es-is, n. {gram.) transposi
tion of the letters of a word. \Gr. —metatithemi,
to transpose—rneta, over, tithemi, to place.]
Metayer, me-ta'ycr, n. a farmer who pays, instead
of other rent, a half, or other fixed proportion,
of the crops. [Fr. — Low L. medieiarius—L.
medietas, the half—medius, middle!
mote ; mute ; mOon ; then. 315
 Mete Micrography
Mete, m£t, v.t. to measure. [A.S. metan; Ger. a trope in which one word is put for another
messen, Goth, mitan, L. metier. Sans. w*4.] related to it, as the effect for the cause. [Lit
Metempsychosis, mc-temp-si-kO'sis, n. the trans 'a change of name,' L.—Gr. mctdnymia—meta,
migration of the soul after death into some other expressing change, and ottoma, a name.]
body :-//. Metempsycho ses. [Gr.—mfta, ex Metre, me ter, «. poetical measure or arrange
pressing change, and empsychdsis, an animating ment of syllables: rhythm: verse: a French
—**, in, psycni, ymL] measure of length equal to nearly 39^ inches.
Meteor, me'te-or, n. a body which, in passing [Fr. —L. melrum—Gr. metron. See Mete.]
through the earth's atmosphere, becomes incan Metric, met'rik, Metrical, met'rik-al, adj. per
descent and luminous, as a shooting-star or fire taining to metre or to metrology : consisting of
ball : formerly used of any appearanoe in the verses. The Metrical system is the French
atmosphere, as clouds, rain : {Jig.) anything that system ofweights and measures, which is founded
transiently dazzles or strikes with wonder. [Lit. on the French metre; it divides or multiplies
' that which is suspended in the air,' Gr. mete- by ten, and is therefore a decimal sy&tem. —
dron—meta, beyond, and edra, anything sus- adv. Met'rically.
[KMided, from acirO, to lift.] Metrology, ine-trol'o-ji, «. the science of weights
Meteoric, me-te-or'ik, adj. pertaining to or con and measures. [Gr. metron, measure, and logos,
sisting of meteors : proceeding from a meteor : discourse.]
influenced by the weather. Metronome, met'ro-nOm, w. an instrument which
Meteorolite, me-te-orVlit, Meteorite, me'te-or-n, measures musical time. [Gr. metron, measure,
n. a meteoric stone. [Gr. metedros, lit/ws, stone.] and nemd, to distribute.]
Meteorologist, me-tc-or-ol'o-jist, «. one skilled in Metronomy, me-tron'o-mi, n. measurement of
meteorology. time by a metronome.
Meteorology, me-te-or-ol'o-ji, «. the science which Metropolis, me-trop'o-lis, «. the chief city or
treats of the atmosphere and its phenomena, esp. capital ofa country: [properly; the chiefcathedral
of the weather.—adjs. MeteorolOglG, Meteor- city, as Canterbury of England :—pi. Metrop
Olog'lcal. [Gr. metedros, and logos, discourse.] olises. [Lit 'mother-city,' L.—Gr. meter,
Meter, me'ter, n. one who or that which measures, mother—polls, a city.]
esp. an apparatus for measuring gas. [See Metropolitan, mci-ro-pol'it-an, adj. belonging to
Metre ] [meting or measuring. a metropolis : pertaining to the mother-church.
Meteyard, met'yard, «. [B.) a yard or rod for —«. {prig.} the bishop of a metropolis or chief
Metheglin, meth-egMin, «. mead, a fermented city : the bishop who presides over the other
liquor made from honey. [W. meddyglyn, from bishops of a province. [L. metropoliianus. See
medd, mead, and llyn, liquor.] Metropolis.]
Methinks, me-thingkV, .'■'.) Mottiink'eth, v.im- Mettle. mei'l, n. ardour or keenness of tempera
fers. , it seems to nte : I think :—pa. t. Me- ment: spirit: sprightliness : courage. [A meta
thought, mS-thawt'. [A.S. me thynceth—me, phor from the metal of a blade.]
dative of I, and thyncan, to seem (impersonal) Mettled, met'ld, Mettlesome, met'l-sum, adj.
Not from thencan, to think. Cf. Ger. dUnkcn, high-spirited : ardent.
to seem.] Mew, mu, «. a sea-fowl: a gull. [A.S. nuvw;
Method, method, n. the mode or rule of accom cog. with Dut mceuw, Ice. mar, Ger. moiue—
plishing an end : orderly procedure : manner : all imitative.] [Imitative.]
arrangement : system : rule : classification. [Lit , Mew, mu, v.i. to cry as a cat.—n. the cry of a cat.
'the way after anything,' Fr. —L. methodus— Mew, mu, v.t. to shed or cast : to confine, as in a
Gr. mcttwdos—mcta, after, and hodos, a way.] cage.—v.i. to change: to cast the feathers: to
Methodic, me-thod'ik, Methodical, mc-thod'ik-at, moult.—«. a place for mewing or confining : a
adj. arranged with tnethod: disposed in a just cage for hawks while mewing : generally in pi.
and natural manner: formal. —adv. Methodic a stable, because the royal stables were built
ally, [to dispose in due order. where the king's hawks were mewed or confined :
Methodise, meth'ud-Iz, v.t. to reduce to method: a place of confinement. [Fr. mue, a chang
Methodism, meth'ud-izm, «. the principles and ing, esp. of the coat or skin—muer, to mew—L.
practice of the Methodists. mnto, to change.]
Methodist, meth'ud-ist, n. {prig.) one who observes Miasm, mT'azm, Miasma, ml-az'ma, n. infectious
method: one of a sect of Christians founded by matter floating in the air arising from putrefying
John Wesley (1703—1791), noted for the strict bodies :—pi. Ml'asms. Miasmata, ml-az'ma-ta.
ness of its discipline : one strict or formal in [Or. miasma—miaino, to stain.]
religion. [The name first applied in 1729, in Miasmal, mT-az'mal, Miasmatic, mt-az-mat'ik,
derision, by their fellow-students at Oxford, to adj. pertaining to or containing miasma.
John Wesley and his associates.]
Methodistic, meth-ud-isi'ik. Methodistlcal. meth- Mica, ml'ka, n. a glittering mineral which cleaves
into thin transparent plates, sometimes used as
ud-ist'ik-al, adj. resembling the Methodists : glass.—adj. Mica'ceous. [L. mica, a crumb.]
strict in religious matters.—adv. Methodist'ic- Mice, mis, pt. of Mouse.
aUy. Michaelmas, mik'el-mas «. the mass or feast of
Methought. See Methinks. St Michael, a R. Cath. festival celebrated
Methylated spirit, meth'il-at-ed spirit, n. a mix Sept. 29.
ture of pure alcohol with 10 per cent, of naphtha Microcosm, mTTcro-kozm, «. man, who was re
or wood-spirit, to prevent people drinking it.
Motonic. me-ton'ik, adj. pertaining to the lunar garded by ancient philosophers as a model or
epitome of the universe.—adjs. Microcos'miC,
cycle of nineteen years. [From Meton, an Microcos'mical. pertaining to the microcosm.
Athenian, the discoverer, abnut 430 B.C.] [Lit the 'little world,' Fr.—L.—Gr., from
Metonymic, met-o-nim'ik, Metonymical, mct-o- mikrps, little ; hos/uos, world.]
nim'ut-al, adj. used by way of metonymy.—adv. Micrography, mi-kroy'ra-fi, u. the description of
Metonym'ically. small or microscopic objects. [Gr. mikros,
Metonymy, me-ton'i-mi or met'o-nim-i, n. (rhet.) little, and graphs, to write.]
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mote ; mate ; mOOn ; then.
 Micrometer
Micrometer, mT-krom'e-ter, «. an instrument used
with a telescope or microscope for measuring
very small spaces.—adj. MicrometTloaL [Gr.
mikros, little, and metron, measure.]
Microphone, ml'kro-fon, n. an instrument which,
by means of an electric current, renders the
faintest sounds distinctly audible. [Gr. mikros,
little, and phone, sound.]
Microscope, ml'kro-skop, n. an optical instrument
{(^viewingsmall or minute objects.—n. MicroB'-
copy. [Gr. mikros, little, and shaped, to look at.]
Microscopic, mi-kro-skop'ik, Microscopical, mi-
kro-skop'ik-al, adj. pertaining to a microscope:
made by or resembling a microscope : visible
only by the aid of a microscope.—adv. Micro
scopically, [use of the microscope.
Microscoplst, mlTiro-skop-ist, «. one skilled in the
Mid, mid, adj., middle: situated between ex
tremes. [A.S. mid, midd; cog. with Ger. mitte
and miltel, L. medius, Gr. mesos, Sans.
madhya.]
Mid day, mid'-dil, n. the middle of the day : noon.
Midden, mid'en, n. a heap of ashes or dung.
[ From Scand. , as Dan. modding—mog, dung ;
cf. Mild and Muck.]
Middle, midl, adj. equally distant from the ex
tremes : intermediate : intervening.—n. the
middle point or part : midst : central portion.
[A.S. middel—mid (see Mid); cog. with Dut.
middel, Ger. mittel.]
Middle-man, mid'l-man, n. one who stands in the
middle between two persons : an agent between
two parties : in Ireland, one who rents land of
proprietors in large tracts, and lets it in portions
to the peasantry.—«. Middle-Ages, the period
from the overthrow of the Roman Empire in the
5th century to the Revival of Learning at the
end of the 15th century.—adjs. Middlemost,
Midmost, [B.) nearest the middle.—«. Middle-
passage, in the slave-trade, the voyage across
the Atlantic from Africa.—«. Middle term
{logic) that term of a syllogism with which the
two extremes are separately compared.
Middling, mid'ling, adj. of middle rate, state,
size, or quality : about equally distant from the
extremes : moderate.
Midge, mij, n. the common name of several species
of small dipterous insects, resembling gnats, but
having a shorter proboscis. [A.S. rnicge, cog.
with Ger. mScke, a gnat, and Dut. mug.}
Midland, midland, adj. in the middle of or sur
rounded by land : distant from the coast : inland.
Midnight, mid'nlt, n. the middle of the night :
twelve o'clock at night.—adj. being at mid
night : dark as midnight.
Midrib, mid'rib, «. (Sot.) the continuation of the
leaf-stalk to the point of a leaf.
Midriff, mid'rif, n. the diaphragm. [Lit. the
'middle of the belly,* A.S. mid, middle, and
Art/ the belly.] [ship.-—adv. Mid ships.
Midship, mid'ship, adj. being in the middle of a
Midshipman, mid'ship-man, n. a naval cadet or
officer whose rank is intermediate between the
common seamen and the superior officers.
Midst, midst, «. the middle,—adv. in the middle.
[From the M. E. phrase in midde-s, in the
midst, with excrescent t (cf. whil-s-l). See Mid. ]
Midsummer, mid'sum-er, «. the middle of sum
mer : the summer solstice about the 21st of June.
Midway, mid'wa, «. the middle of the 7vay or dis
tance.—adj. being in the middle of the way or
distance.—adv. half-way.
Midwife, mid'wif, n. a woman who assists others
in childbirth:—//. Mldwives {mid'wlvz). [Lit.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Milk
'helping-woman,' A.S. mid, together with (cog
with Ger. mit, Gr. met-aj, and ivif, woman.]
Midwifery, mid'wif-ri or mid'wTf-ri, n. art or prac
tice of a mid-wife or accoucheuse.
Midwinter, midwin-ter, «. the middle at winter 1
the winter solstice (21st December), or the time
about it.
Mien, m£n, «. the look or appearance, esp. of the
face : manner : bearing. [Fr. mine—mener, to
lead, conduct ; Prov. se menar, to behave one's
self—L. mino, in Low L., to drive cattle. See
Amenable and Demeanour.]
Might, m\\., pad. of May.
Might, mTt, n.,potver: ability: strength : energy
or intensity of purpose or feeling.— Might and
Main, utmost strength. [A.S. meaht, miht ;
Goth, mahts, Ger. macht ; from root of May. ]
Mightiness, mlt'i-nes, «. power : greatness : a title
of dignity : excellency.
Mighty, mlt/i, adj. having great power : strong :
valiant : very great : important : exhibiting
might: wonderful.—adv. Mightily.
Mignonette, min-yo-nct', n. an annual plant,
bearing sweet-scented flowers. [Fr., dim. of
mignon, darling. See Minion.]
Migrate, ml'grat, v.i. to remove for residence from
one country to another. [L. migro, migratus,
akin to meo, to go.]
Migration, mT-gra'shun, w. a change ofabode from
one country or climate to another. [Fr.—L.J
Migratory, mT'gra-tor-i, adj., migratingor accus
tomed to migrate : wandering. [Milk.]
Milch, milch, adj. giving milk. [Another form of
Mild, mild, adj. gentle in temper and disposition :
not sharp or bitter: acting gently: gently and
pleasantly affecting the senses : soft : calm.—
adv. MUd'ly.—«. Mildness. [A.S. milde,
mild, merciful ; a word common to the Teut. lan
guages, as Ger. mild, Ice. miUtr, gracious, &c]
Mildew, mil'du, n. a disease on plants, marked by
the growth on them of minute fungi.—v.t. to
taint with mildew. [A.S. mcle-dehw, prob. sig.
' honey-dew ; ' mele- being prob. cog. with L.
meI, honey, Gr. melt. See D6W.]
Mile, mil, n. 1760 yards. [A.S. mil: Fr. mille ;
both a contr. of L. mille passuum, a thousand
paces, the Roman mile.]
Mileage, nril'aj, «. fees paid by the mile for travel
or conveyance : length in miles.
Milestone, mil'stOn, «. a stone set to mark the
distance of a mile.
Milfoil, mil'foil, n. the herb yarrow, remarkable
for the numerous divisions of its leaf. [L. mille
folium—mille, thousand, andfolium, a leaf.]
Miliary, mil'yar-i, adj. resembling a millet-seed ;
attended with an eruption of small red pimples,
like millet-seeds, as fever. [L. milium.}
Militant, mil'i-tant, adj. fighting : engaged in
warfare. [L. militans, -antis, pr.p. of milito.]
Militarism, mil'i-tar-izm, n. an excess of the
military spirit.
Military, miri-tar-i, adj. pertaining to soldiers or
warfare : warlike : becoming a soldier : engaged
in the profession of arms : derived from service
as a soldier.—n. soldiery: the army. [L. mili-
taris—miles, a soldier.]
Militate, mil'i-tat, v.i. [lit.) to be a soldier, to
fight : to contend : to stand opposed.
Militia, mi-lish'a, n. a body of men enrolled and
drilled as soldiers, but only liable to home ser
vice. [L. militia, warfare, soldiery—miles,
militis.'] [the militia force.
Militiaman, mi-lish'a-man, n. a man or soldier in
Milk, milk, v.t. to squeeze or draw milk from : to
mute ; mute ; mGon ; then. 317
 Milk-fever Mindless
supply with milk.—n. a white fluid secreted by Millionaire, mil'yun-ir, n. a man worth a million
female mammals for the nourishment of their of money or enormously rich. [Fr.]
young: a milk-like juice of certain plants.—n. Millionary, mil'yun-ar-i, adj. pertaining to or
Milk er. [A.S- meolc, milk ; Ger. milch, milk, consisting of millions.
L. mulgeo, to milk; orig. meaning to 'stroke,' Millionth, mil'yunth, adj. or n, the ten hundred
' squeeze,' as in Sans, marj, to rub, stroke.) thousandth.
Milk-fevor, milk'-fe'ver, «. a fever accompanying Millrace, nuTras, n. the current of water that
the secretion of milk after bearing. turns a mitiwheel, or the canal in which it runs.
Milkmaid, milk'nud, n. a woman who milks : a Millstone, mil'stOn, n. one of the two stones used
dairymaid. in a mill for grinding corn.
Milksop, milk'sop, n. a piece of bread sopped or Millstone-grit, mil'ston-grit, n. (geol.) a hard
soaked in milk: an effeminate, silly fellow. gritty variety ofsandstone suitable for millstones.
Milk-tree, milk'-trc, n. a tree yielding a «/7J&-Iike, Millwright, mil'rit, n. a wright or mechanic who
nourishing mice, as the cow-tree of S. America. builds and repairs mills.
Milky, milk*!, adj. made of, full of, like, or Milt, milt, n. the soft roe of fishes: (anat.) the
yielding milk; soft: gentle.—adv. Milk'ily. — spleen. —v.t. to impregnate, as the spawn of the
«. Milk'iness.—w. Milk'y-way [astr.) a broad, female fish.—n. Milter, a male hsh. [A.S.
luminous or whitish zone in the sky, supposed miite ; Ger. mils; from the root of Melt, or
to be the light of innumerable fixed stars. corr. from Mjlk; as in Sw. mjdlk, milk, mjo'lke,
Mill, mil, «. a machine for grinding any .substance, milt of fishes, and Ger. milch, milk, milt of
as grain, by crushing it between two hard, rough fishes.]
surfaces : a place where grinding or manufacture Mime, mTm, n. a kind of farce, in which scenes
of some kind is carried on.—v.t. to grind : to from actual life were represented by action and
press or stamp in a mill : to stamp, as coin : gesture : an actor in such a farce. [Gr. mimos.]
to clean, as cloth. [A.S. miin, which like Ger. Mimetic, mi-met'ik, Mlmetical, nn-met'ik-al,/n//.
tnuhle, is from L. mola, a mill—molo, to grind, . pt to mimic or imitate. [Gr. mimetikos—
akin to Sans, mrid, to bruise. See Mar. J mimos, an imitator ; cf. L. t'-mi-to, to imitate.]
Millcog, millcog, n. a off of a mnV/whecl. MimiO, mim'ik, Mimical, mim'ik-al, adj., imita
Milldam, mil'dam, Mlllpond, mil'pond, n. a dam tive : apt to copy : consisting of ludicrous imi
or pond to hold water for driving a mill. tation : miniature.
MUlenarlan, mil-ie-na'ri-an, adj. lasting a thou Mimic, mim'ik, v.t. to imitate for sport :—pr.p.
sand years: pertaining to the millennium.—n. mim'icking ; /a.p. mim'icked.—«. one who
one believing in the millennium.—us. Millena'- mimics or imitates : a buffoon : a servile imi
rianism, Mil'lenarism, the doctrine of millcna- tator, [mimics.
rians. Mimicry, mim'ik-ri, n. act or practice of one who
Millenary, mil'e-nar-i, adj. consisting of a Mimosa, mi-mu'za, n. a genus of leguminous
thousand.—w. a thousand years. [L. mtllenarius plants, including the sensitive plant, said to be
—milleni, a thousand each— mille} a thousand.] so called from its imitating animal sensibility.
Millennial, mil-len'i-al, adj. pertaining to a thou [From Gr. mimos, an imitator: cf. L. i-mi-to.]
sandyears: pertaining to the millennium. Mlna, mi'na, n. (B.i a weight of money valued at
Mlllennianism, mil-len'i-an-izm, Millenniarism, fifty shekels. [L. mt'na, Gr. mna.]
mil-len'i-ar-izm. n. belief in the millennium. — Minaret, min'a-ret, n. a turret on a Mohammedan
«. Millenn'ialist, a believer in the millennium. mosque, from which the people are summoned
Millennium, mil-Ien'i-um, n. a thousand years: to prayers. [Sp. minarete—Ar. manarat, light
the thousand years during which, as some house—nar, fire.]
believe, Christ will personally reign on the earth. Minatory, min'a-tor-i, adj. threatening : menac
[L. mille, a thousand, annus, a year.] ing. [L. minor, mtnatus, to threaten.]
Milleped, mil'e-ped, n. a small worm-like animal, Mince, mins, v.t. to cut into small pieces : to chop
with an immense number of legs.—//. Mille fine : to diminish or suppress a part in speaking :
pedes {-pedz). [L. millefeda—mille, a thousand, to pronounce affectedly.—v.i. to walk with
and pes. Pedis, a foot.] affected nicety : to speak affectedly :—pr.p.
Miller, mil'er. n. one who attends a corn-mill. minc'ing ; pa.p. minced (minst'J, [A.S. minsinn
Miller's-thumb, mil'erz-thum, n. a small fresh — min, small; prob. from same Teut. base as
water fish with a large, broad, and rounded head Fr. mince, thin.]
like a miller's thumb, the river bull-head. Mlnced-pie, minst'-pT, Mince-pie, mins'-pT, «. a
Millesimal, mil-les'im-al, adj., thousandth: con pie made with minced meat, &c.
sisting of thousandth parts. —adv. Milles'imally. Mincing, mins'ing, adj. not giving fully : speaking
[L. millesimus - mille, a thousand.] or walking with affected nicety.—adv. Mine -
Millet, mil'et, «. a grass yielding grain used for ingly.
food. [Fr. millet—L. milium ; from mille, Mind, mind, «. the faculty by which we think,
a thousand, from the number of its seeds.] &c. : the understanding : the whole spiritual
Milliard, mil yard, n. a thousand millions. [Fr.— nature : choice : intention : thoughts or senti
L. mille, a thousand.] ments : belief: remembrance: {B.) disposition.
Milliner, mil'in-er, n. one who makes head-dresses, —v.t. (orig.) to remind: to attend to : to obey :
bonnets, &c. for women. [Prob. from Aiilaner, IScotc/i) to remember.—v.i. (if.) to intend.
a trader in Milan wares, esp. female finery.] TA.S. gf-ntynd—munan, to think ; Ger. meinen,
Millinery, mil'in-er-i, «. the articles made or sold to think ; L. mens, the mind, Gr. menos, mind.
by milliners. Sans, manas, mind, all from root man, to think.]
Milling, mil'ing, n. the act of passing through a Minded, mlnd'ed, adj. having a mind', disposed :
mill: the act of fulling cloth : the process of determined.—». Mind'edness.
indenting coin on the edge. Mindful, mTnd'fool, adj., bearing in mind:
Million, mil'yun, n. a thousarui thousands attentive : observant.—adv. Mind'fully.—n.
(i,ooo,ooo; : a very great number. [Fr.—Low L. Mindfulness.
millio—L. mille, a thousand.] Mindless, nundles, adj. without mind; stupid.
313 fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute ; muun ; then.
 Mine
Mine, mln, tuif. pron. belonging to me: my.
(A.S. min; Ger. mein. See Me, My.]
Hin8, mln, v.t. to dig for metals : to excavate : to
dig underground in order to overturn a wall : to
destroy by secret means. — «. a place from which
metals are dug : an excavation dug under a
fortification to blow it up with gunpowder : a
rich source of wealth. [Lit. to Mead ' or form
a passage underground, Fr. miner—Low L.
mtnare, to lead, drive (cattle) by threats—L.
minor, to threaten- -mma, threats. See Amen
able and Menace.]
Miner, miner, n. one who digs in a mine.
Mineral, min'er-al, n. an inorganic substance
found in the earth or at its surface : any sub
stance containing a metal.—adj. relating to
minerals : impregnated with minerals, as water :
a term applied to inorganic substances. [Fr. —
Low L. mineralc—minera, a mine. See Mine.]
Mineralise, min'er-al-Tz, v. t. to make into a
mineral : to give the properties of a mineral to :
to impregnate with mineral matter.—v.i. to col
lect minerals.— n. Mineralisation.
Mlnerallst, min'er-al-ist, «. one versed in or cm-
ployed about minerals.
MlneralOgicaL min-er-al-oj'ik-al, adj. pertaining
to mineralogy. —adv. Minoralog lcally.
Mineralogist, min-er-al'o-jist, «. one versed in
mineralogy.
Mineralogy, min-er-ai'o-ji, «. the science of min
erals : the art of describing and classifying
minerals. [Mineral, and Gr. logos, discourse,
science.]
Minever, min'e-ver, n. Same as Meniver.
Mingle, ming'gl, v.i. to mix : to unite into one
mass : to confuse : to join in mutual intercourse.
—v.i. to be mixed or confused.—«. Mlngler.
[A.S. mengan; Dut. mengelen, Ger. tnengen ;
conn, with Among, Many.]
Mingling, min^ filing, mixture: a mixing or
blending together.—adv. MlngHngly.
Miniature, min'i-a-tQr or min'i-tur, «. a painting
on a small scale : a small or reduced copy of
anything —adj. on a small scale: minute.—
v.t. to represent on a small scale. [Fr. —It.
miniatura, a painting like those used to orna
ment manuscripts—mimo, to write with red
lead—L. minium, vermilion.]
Minikin, min'i-kin, n. a little darling: a small
sort of pin.—adj. small. [Dim. of Million.]
Minim, minim, n. (med.) the smallest liquid
measure, a drop, Vn drachm: {mus.) a note
equal to two crotchets. [Fr. minime—h.
minimus, the least, the smallest.]
Minimise, min'i-mlz, v.t. to reduce to the smallest
possible proportion : to diminish. [ FromMinim.]
Minimum, min'i-mum, w. the least quantity or
degree possible : a trifle :—pi. Minima. [L.]
Mining, mln'ing, n. the art of forming or working
mines.
Minion, min'yun, n. a darling, a favourite, esp.
of a prince : a flatterer : {print. ) a small kind of
type. [Fr. mignon, a darling—0. Ger. minni,
minne, love, from the root of Man and Mind J
Mlnish, min'ish, v.t. (B.) to make little or less:
to diminish. [Fr. menuiser, to cut small, said of
a carpenter— L. minuo, to lessen—minor, less.
See Minor.]
Minister, min'is-tir, « a servant: one serving at
the altar: a clergyman: one transacting busi
ness under another: one intrusted with the
management of state affairs : the representative
fate, far ; mi", her ; mine :
Minuend
of a government at a foreign court.—v.i. to
attend, as a servant : to perforin duties : to give
things needful.— v.t. to furnish \—pr.p. min is
tering ; /a.p min'istercd. [L.—minor, less.
See Minor. See Magistrate.]
Ministerial, min-is-te'ri-al, adj. pertaining to at
tendance as a servant: acting under superior
authority : pertaining to the office of a minister :
clerical : executive.—a*lv. Ministe'rially.
Ministerialist, min-is-te'ri-al-ist, w. one who sup
ports ministers or the government.
Ministrant, min'is-trant, adj. administering : at
tendant. [L. ministrans, -antis, pr.p. of mini
stry, to minister—minister.]
Ministration, min-is-tri'shun, «. act of minister
ing or performing service : office or service of a
minister. [L. ministratio~ministro.\
Ministrative, min'is-trat-iv, adj. serving to aid or
assist.
Ministry, min'is-tri, n. act of ministering: service :
office or duties of a minister : the clergy : the
clerical profession : the body ofministers of state.
Miniver. Same as Meniver.
Mink, mingk, «, a small quadruped of the weasel
kind, valued for its fur. [A form of Minx.]
Minnow, min'o, «. a very small fresh-water fish :
the young of larger fish. [A.S, myne, prob.
from A.S min, small, and therefore from the
same root as Mince and Minute.]
Minor, mi'nor, adj., smaller: less: inferior in im
portance, degree, bulk, &c. : inconsiderable :
lower: {music) lower by a semitone : (logic) the
term of a syllogism which forms the subject of
the conclusion.—/!, a person under age (21 years).
[L. —root min, small.]
Minorite, mT'noMt, «. name for the Franciscan
friars, adopted in humility by St Francis the
founder. [L. FraIres Minores, * lesser brethren.']
Minority, mi-noKi-ti, n. the being under age: the
smaller number :—opposed to Majority.
Minotaur, min'o-tawr, n. the bull of Minos, a
fabulous monster, half man half bull. [L. mino-
taurus—Minos, an ancient king of Crete, and
taurus, a bull.]
Minster, min'ster, n. the church of a monastery
or one to which a monastery has been attached :
sometimes, a cathedral church. [A.S. mynster
—L. monastrrium% a monastery. See Monas
tery.]
Minstrel, min'strel, n. one who ministered to the
amusement of the rich by music or jesting : one
of an order of men who sang to the harp verses
composed by themselves or others : a musician.
[O. Fr. menestrel—Low L. ministralis, from
L. minister. See Minister.]
Minstrelsy, min'strel-si, n. the art or occupation
of a minstrel: the collective body of minstrels :
a body of song : instrumental music. ^
Mint, mint, n. the place where money is coined by
authority: a place where anything is invented
or fabricated : any source of abundant supply.—
7>.t. to coin: to invent. [A.S. mynet, money—
L. moneta (the 'warning' one}, a surname of
Juno, in whose temple at Rome money was
coined—moneo, to remind.]
Mint, mint, n. an aromatic plant producing a
highly odoriferous oil. [A.S. minte—h. mentha
—Gr. mintha.\
Mintage, mint'aj, n. that which is minted or
coined: the duty paid for coining. [inventor.
Minter, minr/er, n. one who mints or coins: an
Minuend, min'u-end n. the number to be lessened
by subtraction. [L. minuendum—minuo, to
lessen, from root of Minor.]
mOte ; mute ; mOTn ; Men. 319
 Minuet Miser
Minuet, min'ii-ct, n. a slow, graceful dance with an'thro-pist, n. a hater of mankind. [Fr.—Gr.
short steps : the tune regulating such a dance. misantkrdpos—mised, tohaic, anthrdpos, a man.]
[Fr. menuet—menu, small—root of Minor. ] Misanthropic, mis-an-throp ik, Misanthropical,
Minus, ml'nus, adj., less: the sign ( — ) before mis-an-throp'ik-al, adj. hating mankind. --adz/.
quantities requiring to be subtracted. [L., Misanthropically. [kind.
neuter of minor, less.] Misanthropy, mis-an'thro-pi, n. hatred to man-
Minute, min-ut', adj. very small: extremely Misapply, mis-ap-plT', vd. to apply amiss or
slender or little: of small consequence: slight: wrongly.—n. Misapplication.
attentive to small things: particular: exact.— Misapprehend, mis-ap-pre-hend', v.t. to appre
adv. Minutely.—«. Minute ness. [Fr.—L. hend wrongly.—«. Misapprohen'sion.
minulus, pa.p. of minuo, to lessen.] Misappropriate, mis-ap-prOpri-at. v.t. to appro
Minute, min'it or -ut, «. the sixtieth part of an priate wrongly.—n. Misappropria'tion
hour: the sixtieth part of a degree: an indefin Misarrange, mis-ar-ranj\ v.t. to arrange wrongly.
itely small space of time : a briefjotting or note : —n. Misarrange'ment.
—//. a briefreport of the proceedings of a meet Misbecome, mis-be-kum', v.t, not to suitor befit.
ing.—v.t. to make a brief jotting or note of any Misbehave, mis-be-hav', v.i. to behave ill or im
thing. [Same word as above, and lit. sig. a properly.— «. Misbehaviour.
' small portion 1 of time.] Misbelieve, mis-be-leV, t'.^to believe wrongly or
Minute-book, min'it-book, n. a book containing falsely.—ns. Misbelief, Misbeliever.
minutes or short notes. Miscalculate, mis-kal'kii-lat, v.t. to calculate
Minute-glass, min'it-glas, n. a glass the sand of wrongly. —«. Miscalculation.
which measures a minute in running. Miscall, mis-kawl', v.t. to call by a wrong name :
Minute-gun, min'it-gun, n. a gun discharged to abuse or revile.
every minute, as a signal ofdistress or mourning. Miscarriage, mis-kar'ij, n. the act of miscarrying :
Minute-hand, min'it-hand, n. the hatui that points failure: dl-conduct : the act of bringing forth
to the minutes on a clock or watch. young prematurely.
Minutias, mi-nu'shi-e, n pi., minute or small Miscarry, mis-kar'i, v.i. to carry badly : to be
things: the smallest particulars or details. [L.] unsuccessful : to fail of the intended effect : to
Minx, mingks, n. a pert young girl : a she-puppy : bring forth, as young, prematurely.
a mink. [Contr. of Minikin. ] Miscellaneous, mis-sel-lan'i-us, adj., mixed or
Miocene, ml'o-sen, adj. {grot.) less recent, applied mingled : consisting of several kinds.—adv. Mis
to the middle division of the tertiary strata. [Gr. cellan'eously.—n. Miscellan'eousness. [L.
meidn, less, and kainos, recent.] miscfllaneus —miscro, to mix. See Mix.]
Miracle, mir'a-kl, n. anything wonderful : a Miscellany, mis'el-an-i or mis-cK, «. a mixture
prodigy: anything beyond human power, and of various kinds : a collection of writings on
deviating from the common action of the laws of different subjects.—«. MlScelTanlst, a writer of
nature; a supernatural event. [Fr.—L. mira- miscellanies.
rulum, from miror, miratus, to wonder.] Mischance, mis-chans', «. ill-luck : mishap, mis
Miraculous, mi-rak'Q-lus, adj. of the nature of a fortune : calamity. [Fr. mes-.\
miracle: done by supernatural power: very Mischief, mis'chif, n. that which ends ill : an ill
wonderful : able to perform miracles.—adv. consequence: evil: injury: damage. [O. Fr.
Miraculously.—/;. Mlrac'ulousness. mrschr/f from mes-, ill, and dtef—L caput, the
Mirage, mi-razfr, n. an optical illusion by which head.]
objects are seen double as if reflected in a Mischievous, mis'chiv-us, adj. causing mischief:
mirror, or appear as if suspended in the air. injurious : prone to mischief.—adv. Mis'chlev-
[Fr., from root of Mirror.] ously.- «. Mis chievousness.
Mire, mlr, w. deep mud.—v.t. to plunge and fix Miscible, mis'si-bl, adj. that may be mixed. (Fr.
in mire : to soil with mud.—v.i. to sink in mud. —L. miaceo\ to mix.]
[Ice. myri, marsh; Dut. rnoer, mud, bog.] Misconceive, mis-kon-ecv', v.t. to conceive
Mirror, mir'ur, n, a looking-glass : any polished wrongly: to mistake.—v.i. to have a wrong
substance in which objects may be seen : a conception of anything.—«. MiSCOncep'tion.
pattern.—v.t. to reflect as in a mirror:—pr.p. Misconduct, mis-kon'dukt, ». bad conduct.—v.t.
mirroring; P<t.p. mirrored. [Fr. miroir—L. Misconduct', to conduct badly.
miror, -atus, to wonder at.] Misconstrue, mis-kon'stroTl, v.t. to construe or
Mirth, merth, n., merrincss: pleasure: delight: interpret wrongly.—n. Misconstruc tion.
noisy gaiety: jollity: laughter. [A.S. myrth, Miscount, mis-kownt*, v.t. to count wrongly.—n.
from Gael, mireadh—mir, to sport. See Merry. ] a wrong counting. [Fr. mrs-.]
Mirthful, merth'fool, adj.,full of mirth or merri Miscreant, misTcrc-ant,M. formerly, a misbeliever :
ment : merry: jovial.—adv. Mirthfully ... an infidel : a vile or unprincipled fellow. [O.
Mirth fulness. Fr. mescreant—mes-, and L. credent, -entis,
Miry, mi'ri, adj. consisting of or abounding in pr.p. of credo, to believe,]
mire: covered with mire. —n. Mi riness. Misdate, mis-diit', n. a wrong date.—v.t. to date
Mis-. This prefix has two sources; it is either wrongly or erroneously.
A.S. from root of verb to Miss ; or it stands for Misdeed, mis-ded', « a bad deed : fault : crime.
Fr. mcs-, from L. minus, less ; in both cases Misdemeanour, mis-de-tnen'ur, n. ill demeanour :
the meaning is ' wrong,' ' ill.' Where the prefix bad conduct : a petty crime. [Misdirec tion.
is Fr., it is so noted. See list of Prefixes. Misdirect, mis-di-rekt', z>.t. to direct wrongly.—n.
Misadventure, mis-ad-ven'titr, n. an unfortunate Misdo, ims-dCo', v.t. to do wrongly : to commit a
adventure: ill-luck: disaster. [Fr. mes-, ill, and crime or fault.—«. Mlsdo'er.
Adventure.] [directed. Misemploy, mis-em-ploy', v.t. to employ wrongly
Misadvised, mis-ad-vTzd', adj. ill-advised, ill- or amiss : to misuse.
Misalliance, mis-al-lfans, n, a bad or improper Miser, mfzer, n. an extremely covetous person : a
alliance or association. [Fr. mes-.] niggard : one whose chief pleasure is the hoard
Misanthrope, mis'an-throp, Misanthropist, mis- ing of wealth. [L. miser, wretched or miserable.]
320 fate, far ; m£, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOTSn ; then.
 Miserable
Miserable, miz'er-a-bl, adj., •wretched or exceed
ingly unhappy : causing misery : very poor or
mean : worthless : despicable : barren. - adz:
Mls'erably.—«. Mis'erableness. [Fr.—L. mis-
erabitit—miser.]
Miserere, miz-e-re're, n. in R. Cath. Church, the
gist psalm, beginning with this word, and usu
ally appointed for penitential acts : a musical
composition adapted to this psalm. [L. 2d pers.
sing, imperative of misereor, to have mercy, to
pity—miser, wretched.] [sordid: niggardly.
Miserly, nrfzer-H, adj. excessively covetous :
Misery, miz'er-i, »., "wretchedness : great unhap-
piness : extreme pain of body or mind. [O. Fr.
miserie—L. miseria. See Miser.]
Misfortune, mis-for'tiin, n. ill-fortune : an evil
accident : calamity.
Misgive, mis-giv', v.i. to fail, as the heart.—«.
Misgiv ing, a failing of confidence : mistrust.
Misgotten, mis-got'n, ailj. wrongly gotten : un
justly obtained.
Misgovern, mis-guv'ern, v.t. to govern ill.—n.
Misgovernment.
Misguide, mis-gld', v.t. to guide wrongly : to lead
into error.—n. Misguidance.
Mishap, mis-hap', n., ill-hap or chance : accident :
ill-luck : misfortune.
Misimprove, inis-im-prGoV, v.t. to apply to a bad
purpose : to abuse : to misuse.—«. Misimprove'-
ment.
Misinform, mis-in-form', v.t. to inform or tell in
correctly, -us. Misinlorma'tion, Misinform'er.
Misinterpret, mis-in-ter'pret, v.t. to interpret
wrongly.—ns. Mlsinterpreta'tion, Misinter'-
preter. [fitly.
Misioin, mis-join', v.t. to join improperly or un-
Misjoinder, mis-join'dcr, n. {law) an incorrect
union of parties or of causes of action in a suit.
Misjudge, mis-juj', and v.i. to judge wrongly.
—n. Misjudg'ment.
Mislay, mis-la, v.t. to lay in a wrong place or in
a place not remembered ; to lose.
Misle, miz'l. See Mizzle.
Mislead, mis-led', v.t. to lead wrong; to guide
into error : to cause to mistake.
Misletoe. Sec Mistletoe.
Mismanage, mis-man'aj, v.t. to manage or con
duct ill.—n. Mismanagement. [name.
Misname, mis-nam', v.t. to call by the wrong
Misnomer, mis-nO'mer, n. a misnaming : a wrong
name. [O. Fr., from Fr. mes-, and nommer—L.
nomifio, to name. See Nominate.]
MiSOgamlBt, mis-og'a-mist, n. a hater of mar
riage.—n. Mi80g'amy. [Gr. miseo, to hate,
and games, marriage.]
Misogynist, mis-oj'i-nist, n. a woman-hater.— tu
Misog'yny. [Gr. mised. to hate, and gyne, a
woman.]
Misplace, mis-plas', v.t. to put in a wrong place :
to- set on an improper object.—n. Misplace
ment, [mistake in printing.
Misprint, mis-print', v.t. to print wrong.— «. a
Misprision, mis-prizh'un, n. law) oversight,
neglect, contempt. [Fr. See Misprize.]
Misprize, mis-prTz', v.t. to slight or undervalue.
[It. mes-, and Prize.]
Mispronounce, mis-pro-nowns', v.t. to pronounce
incorrectly.
Mispronunciation, mis-pro-nun-si-a'shun, n.
wrong or improper pronunciation.
Misquote, mis-kwOt', v.t. to quote wrongly.—n.
Misquota'tion, a wrong quotation.
Misreckon, mis-rek'n, v.t. to reckon or compute
wrongly.—n, Mlsreck'Oning.
U fau, far ; me, her ;
Mistress
Misrepresent, mis-rep-re-zent', v.t. to represent
incorrectly. —n. Misrepresenta'tlon.
Misrule, mis-rt5Dl', n. wrong or unjust rule : dis
order : tumult.
Miss, mis, ». a title of address of an unmarried
female : a young woman or girl :—pi. Miss'es.
[Contracted from Mistress.]
Miss, mis, v.t. to fail to hit, reach, find, or keep:
to omit : to fail to have : to discover the absence
of: to feel the want of.—v.t. to fail to hit or
obtain. —n. a deviation from the mark. [A. S.
missan; Dut. missen, to miss, Ice. missa, to
lose.]
Missal, mis'al, n. the Roman Catholic mass-book.
[Low L. missale, from missa, mass. See Mass ]
Missel, miz'l, Missel-bird, miz'l-berd, «. the
largest of the European thrushes, which feeds
on the berries of the mistletoe.
Missel, Misseltoe. See Mistletoe
Misshape, mis-shap', v.t. to shape ill : to deform.
Missile, mis'il, adj. that may be thrmvn from the
hand or any instrument.—n. a weapon thrown
by the hand. [L. missilis—mitto, missum, to
send, throw.]
Missing, mising, adj. absent from the place
where it was expected to be found : lost :
wanting. [See Miss, v.t.]
Mission, mish'un, «. a sending: a being sent with
certain powers, esp. to propagate religion : per
sons sent on a mission : an embassy : a station
or association of missionaries: duty on which
one is sent : purpose of life. [L. missio.]
Missionary, mish'un-ar-i, « one sent upon a mis
sion to propagate religion.—adj. pertaining to
missions. [Fr. missionnaire.]
Missive, mis'iv, adj. that may be sent : intended
to be thrown or hurled.—n. that which is sent,
as a letter. [Fr.—L. missus. See Missile.]
Misspell, mis-spel', v.t. to spell wrongly.—«.
Misspelling, a wrong spelling.
Misspend, mis-spend', v.t. to spend ill: to waste
or squander:—pa.t. and Pa.p. misspent'.
Misstate, mis-stat', v.t. to state wrongly or falsely.
—n. Misstatement.
Mist, mist, n. watery vapour in the atmosphere :
rain falling in very fine drops. [A.S. mist,
darkness: cog. with Ice. mistr, mist, Dut. mist.)
Mistake, mis-tak', v.t. to understand wrongly: to
take one thing or person for another. —v.t. to err
in opinion or judgment.—«. a taking or under
standing wrongly: an error.—adj. Mlstak'able.
Mistaken, mis-tak'n, adj., taken or understood
incorrectly: guilty of a mistake: erroneous:
incorrect,—adv. Mlstak'enly.
Mister, mis'ter, n. sir : a title of address to a
man, written Mr [A corr. of Master, through
the influence of Mistress ]
MiSterm, mis-term', v. t. to term or name wrongly.
Mistime, mis-tim', v.t. to time wrongly.
Mistiness. See Misty.
Mistltle, mis-ti'tl, v.t. to call by a wrong title.
Mistletoe, Misletoe, or Misseltoet miz"l-tfl, n. a
parasitic evergreen plant, sometimes found on
the apple and oak. [A.S. mistel-tan (Ice.
mistel-teinn)—mistel, mistletoe (as in Sw. and
Ger.), and A.S. tan, twig (Ice. teinn); mistel
is a dim. of mist, a root which in Ger. means
' dung,' the connection prob. being through the
slime in the berries.]
Mistranslate, mis-trans-litt', v.t. to translate
incorrectly.—n. Mlstransla'tlon.
Mistress, mis'tres, n. {/em. of Master), a woman
having power or ownership : the female head of
a family, school, &c. : a woman well skilled in
821
 Mistrust Model
anything : a woman loved : a concubine : {Jem. the middle of the ship.—adj. belonging to the
of Mister) a form of address (usually written mizzen : nearest the stern. [Fr. ntisaine — li.
Mrs and pronounced MiSSlS). [O. Fr. maislresse mezzana—Low L. medianus—L,. mcdius, the
(Fr. waitresses from root of Master.] middle.] [the mizzen.
Mistrust, mis-trusr/, «. want of trust or confidence. Mizzen-mast, miz'n-mast, n. the mast that bears
—v.t. to regard with suspicion : to doubt. Mizzle, miz'l, v.i. to rain in small drops.—«. fine
Mistrustful, mis-trust'fool, adj. full of mistrust. rain. [For mist-le, freq. from Mist.]
—adv. Mistrust'fuily. —«. Mistrust'fulness. Mnemonic, nS-mon'ik, Mnemonical, ne-mon'ik-al,
Misty, mist'i. adj. full of mist: dim; obscure.— adj. assisting the memory. [Gr. mnemonikos
ativ. Mist'ily.—«. Mist'iness. —mnemdn, mindful—mnaomai, to remember.]
Misunderstand, mis-un-der-stand', v.t. to under Mnemonics, ne-mon'iks, n. the art or science of
stand wrongly : to take in a wrong sense. assisting the memory.
Misunderstanding, mis-un-der-stand'ing, m. a Moa, mOa, n. a large wingless bird of New
misconception : a slight disagreement or differ- 1 Zealand, now extinct or nearly so. [Native
ence. , name.]
Misuse, mis-uV, v.t to misapply : to treat ill : to Moan, mOn, v.i. to make a low sound of grief or
abuse.—«. Misuse, -us', improper use : applica pain: to lament audibly.—v.t. to lament.—n.
tion to a bad purpose. audible expression of pain. [A.S. woman.]
Mite, mit, n. a very small insect, which generally Moat, mot, n. a deep trench round a castle or
breeds in cheese. [Lit. 1 the biter,* A.S. mite— fortified place, sometimes filled with water.—
root wit-, to cut small.] v.t. to surround with a moat.—adj. Moat'ed.
Mite, mit, n. the minutest or smallest of coins, [O. Fr. mote, a mound, also a trench (cf. Dike
about J of a farthing : anything very small : a and Ditch); of uncertain origin.]
very little quantity. [O. Dut. mijt, a small Mob, mob, «. the mobile or fickle common people :
coin. From same root as above.) the vulgar: a disorderly crowd : a riotous assem
Mitigable, mit'i-gabl, adj. that can be mitigated. bly.—v.t. to attack in a disorderly crowd :—
Mitigate, mit'i-giit, v.t. to alleviate : to soften in i pr.p. mobb'ing ; pa.p. mobbed'. [Contr. for
severity: to temper: to reduce in amount (as L. mobile {valgus), the fickle {multitude] ;
evil). [L. mitigo, -atus—mitis, soft, mild.] mobile is for movibile, from moveo, to move.]
Mitigation, mit-i-ga'shun, ». act of mitigating ; Mob or Mob-cap, mob, «. a kind of cap. [O. Dut.
alleviation ; abatement, wop ; prob. akin to Muff and Muffle.J
Mltlgative, mit'i-gat-iv, adj. tending to mitigate : Mobile, moTnl or inG-bel', atlj. that can be moved
soothing. orexcited.—n. Mobil ity, quality of being mobile.
Mitlgator, mit'i-g&t-or, «. one who mitigates. [Fr., from root of Mob.]
Mitrailleuse, mit-ral-yaY, «. a breech-loading Mobilise, inob'i-llz, v.t. to call into active service,
gun, consisting of several barrels, which are dis as troops.—«. Mobilisa tion. [Fr. mobilise?-.]
charged almost simultaneously. [Fr. mitrailler, Mobooracy, mob-ok'ra-si, *. rule or ascendency
to fire with grapeshot—mitraitle, grapeshot, exercised by the mob. [Mob, and Gr. krateo,
small shot, broken pieces of metal, from O. Fr. to rule.]
wite, a small coin, from same root as Mite.] Moccasin or Mocassin, mok'a-sin, ». a shoe of
Mitral, mVxraXy adj. of or resembling a witre. LFr.] deerskin or other soft leather, worn by the
Mitre, mi'ter, «. a head-dress or crown of arch North American Indians. [A native word.]
bishops and bishops, and sometimes of abbots : Mock, mok, v.t. to laugh at : to make sport of: to
fig. episcopal dignity: {arch.) a junction of two mimic in ridicule : to disappoint the hopes of :
pieces, as of moulding, at an angle of 45°.—v.t. to deceive.—n. ridicule: a sneer.—adj. imitat
to adorn with a mitre : to unite at an angle of 45° : ing reality, but not real : false.—n. Mock'er. -
[Fr.—L. milra—Gr. mitra, belt, fillet, head adv. Mockingly. [Fr. moguer; from a Teut.
dress, perh. akin to mitos, thread.] root seen in Ger. muck-en, to mutter ; of imitative
Mitriform, mirYi-form, adj. having the form of a origin.]
mitre : -{hot.) conical, and somewhat dilated at Mockery, mok'er-i, Mocking, mok'ing, «. deri
the base. [Mitre and Form] sion : ridicule: subject of laughter or sport:
Mitt, mit, short for Mitten. vain imitation : false show. [Fr. moguerie—
Mitten, mit'n, n. a kind of glove for winter use, woquer.]
without a separate cover for each finger : a glove Mock-heroic, mok-he-rO'ik, adj. mocking the
for the hand and wrist, but not the fingers. [Fr, heroic, or actions or characters of heroes.
mitaine, perh. from 0. Ger. mittamo (from root Mocking-bird, mok'ing-berd, n. a bird of North
of Mid!, half, and so properly 'half-glove.'] America, of the thrush family, which mocks or
Mittimus, mit'i-mus, n. {iaiv) a warrant granted imitates the notes of birds and other sounds.
for sending to prison a person charged with a Modal, mO'dal, adj. relating to mode or form :
crime : a writ by which a record is transferred consisting of mode only : {logic) indicating some
out of one court into another. [L., 'we send*— mode of expression.—adv. Mo'dally.—«. Mo
mitto, to send.] dality. [See Mode.]
Mlty, mltlf adj. full of mites or insects. Modalist, mO'dal-ist, ?t. [theol.) one of a class who
MIX, miks, v.t. to unite two or more things into consider the three persons of the Godhead as
one mass : to mingle : to associate.—v.t. to be only modes of being, and not as distinct persons.
come mixed : to oe joined : to associate.—n. Mode, mod. *. rule : custom : form : manner of
Mix'er. [A.S. miscan; cog. with Ger. mischen, existing : that which exists only as a quality of
L. misceo, Gr. mignymi, misgd, Sans, mipr.] substance. [Fr.— L. modus, a measure; cog.
Mixture, miks'tfir, «. act of mixing or state of withGr. medos, plan, from root mad (Mete), an
being mixed : a mass or compound formed by extension of root ma, to measure (cf Moon .)
mixing : {chew.} a composition in which the Model, mod'el, n. something to shew the mode or
ingredients retain their properties. [L. mixture \ way : something to be copied : a pattern : a
Mlzzen, miz'n, n. in a three-masted vessel, the mould : an imitation of something on a smaller
hindmost of the fore-and-aft sails, lying along scale : something worthy of imitation.—v*t. to
fato, far : me, her ; mine j roOta ; rauto ; mOOn ; than.
 Modelling Mole-crloket
form after a model : to shape : to make a model Modulator, mod'fl-lat-or, «. one who or that which
or copy of: to form in some soft material.—v.i. modulates: a chart in the Tonic Sol-fa musical
to practise modelling : Pr.p. mod elling ; pa.p, notation on which the modulations or transitions
mod'ellcd.—n. Mod eller. [Fr. mod?te—L. mo from one scale to another are indicated by the
dulus, dim. of modus, a measure.] relative position of the notes.
Modelling, mod'el-ing, n the act or art of making Module, mod ill, *. (arch.) a measure for regulat
a model of something, a branch of sculpture. ing the proportion of columns : a model. [Fr.
Moderate, mod'er-at, v.t, to keep within measure —L. modulus.}
or bounds ; to regulate : to reduce in intensity : Modulus, modTi his, n. {math.) a constant multi
to make temperate or reasonable : to pacify : to plier in a function of a variable, by which the
decide as a moderator. —v.i. to become less 1 function is adapted to a particular base.
violent or intense : to preside as a moderator. Mohair, mCliar, ft. the tine silken hair of the
—adj. kept within measure or bounds : not ex Angora goat of Asia Minor: cloth made of
cessive or extreme : temperate : of middle rate. mohair. [O. Fr. mouaire (Fr. moire)—Ar.
—adv. Moderately.—«. Moderateness. [L. mukhayyar. Doublet Moire.]
moderor, -atus—modus, a measure.] Mohammedan, mo-ham'ed-an, adj. pertaining to
Moderation, mod-er-a'shun, ». act of moderating : Mohammed or to his religion.—n. a follower of
state of being moderated or moderate : freedom Mohammed: one who professes Mohammedan
from excess : calmness of mind. ism : also written Mahom etan, Mahom'edan.
Moderatism, mod'6r-a-tizm, n. moderate opinions [Afo/iammed, the great prophet of Arabia, born
in religion or politics. about 570—Ar. muhammadt praiseworthy—
Moderate, mod-er-a'to, adv. (mus.) with moderate hamd, praise.]
quickness. [It.] Mohammedanlse, mo-ham'ed-an-Tz, v.t. to convert
Moderator, mod'er-a-tor, n. one who or that to, or make conformable to Mohammedanism.
which moderates or restrains : a president or Mohammedanism, mo-hatu'ed-an-i/m. Moham-
chairman, esp. in Presbyterian Church courts. — medism, mo-ham/cd-izm, n. the religion of
n. Mod'eratorship. [L.] Mohammed, contained in the Koran.
Modern, mod'ern, adj., limited to the present or MohUX, mOliur, n. in British India, a gold coin =
recent time: not ancient.—n, one of modern fifteen rupees or 30s. [The Pers. word.]
times:—/*/, the nations after the Greeks and Moldore, moi'dOr, n. a disused gold coin of
Romans, who are called the ancients.—adv. Portugal, worth 27s. [Port, moeda d'ouro—L.
Modernly. «. Mod'ernness. (Fr.—L. mo- I monetta de auro, money of gold.]
demus—modo, just now, [lit*] 1 with a limit ' (of Moiety, moi'e-ti, «., half: one of two equal parts.
time] ; orig. ablative of modus. See Mode ] [Fr. moitie—h. medietas, -tatis, middle, half—
Modernise, mod'em-Iz, v.t. to render modern : to ' mcdius, middle. J
adapt to the present time.—«. Mod ermser. Moil, moil, v.t. to daub with dirt. —v.i. to toil or
Modernism, mod'ern-izm, n. modern practice : labour: to drudge. [O. Fr. moiter (Fr. mouii-
something of modern origin. [moderns. ler), to wet—L. mollis, soft. See Mollify.]
Modernist, mod'em-ist, «. an admirer of the Moire, mwor, ». watered silk. [Fr. See Mo
Modest, mod'est, adj. restrained by a due sense of hair.]
propriety : not forward : decent : chaste : pure Moist, moist, adj., damp : humid : juicy : contain
and delicate, as thoughts or language : moder ing water or other liquid. —ft. Moist ness. [O.
ate.—adv. Modestly. [Fr. — L. modestus, Fr. moisie (Fr. moite — L. musteus, fresh, sappy
within due bounds—modus, a measure.] —mustum, juice of grapes, new wine.]
Modesty, mod'est-i, n. absence of presumption : Moisten, mois'n, v.t. to make moist or damp: to
decency: chastity: purity: moderation. [Fr. I wet slightly.
moitestie—L. motiestia.] Moisture, moist'Or, «., motttness : that which
Modicum, modi-kum, n. something of a moderate moistens or makes slightly wet : a small quantity
size: a little. ( 1,., neut. of modicus, moderate I of any liquid.
—modus. See Mode. 1 1 Molar, mO lar, adj., grinding, as a mill: used for
Modification, mod-i-fi shun, n. act of modify grinding.—n. a grinding tooth, which is double.
ing : changed shape or condition. [Fr.—L. {L. molaris—mola, a mill— molo, to grind.]
modification Molasses, mo-las'ez, n.sing. a kind of syrup that
Modify, mod'i-fl, v.t. to make or set bounds to : drains from sugar during the process of manu
to moderate: to chance the form of: to vary. facture : treacle. [Port, melaco (b'r. mtlasse)—
—«. Modifier.—adj. Modifi'able. [Fr. modi L. mell-aceus, honey-like—meI, vtellis, honey.]
fier— \*. modifico, -atus — modus, a measure, Mole, mOl, n. a permanent dark-brown spot or
and facto, to make.] mark on the human skin. [A.S. mal ; cog.
Modish. mG'dish, adj. according to or in the mode, with Scand. and Ger. maal, and prob. also
Le. the fashion : fashionable.—a*iv. Mo'dlshly. with L. mac-ula, a spot.]
—n. Mo'dishness. Mole, m5l, n. a small animal, with very small eyes
Modist, mO'dist, n. one who follows the mode or and soft fur, which burrows in the ground and
fashion.—Modiste, mo-dest', n. one who makes I casts up little heaps of mould.—ns. Mole cast.
dresses according to the fashionable mode. [Fr.] Mole hill, a little hill or heap of earth cast up
Modulate, mod'G-lat, v.t. to measure, to regulate : by a mole — adj. Mole' eyed, having eyes like
to vary or inflect, as sounds : \mus.) to change those of a mole: seeing imperfectly. — ft. Molo'-
the key or mode.—v.i. to pass from one key into traok, the track made by a mole burrowing.
another. [L. modular, -atus—modulus, a little [Short for the older mohl-ivarp = mould-caster
measure, dim. of mcnius. J —M E. molde (E. Mould), and iverpen (E
Modulation, mod-d-la'shun, n. the act of modu Warp).]
lating: state of being modulated: (mus.) the Mole, mol, n. a breakwater. [Fr.—L. moles, a
changing of the keynote and the alteration of huge mass.]
the original scale by the introduction of a new Mole-cricket, moT-krik'er, n. a burrowing insect
sharp or flat like a cricket, with forelegs like those of a mole.
fate, fir ; mi, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mOSn ; titan. 323
 Molecular Monk's-hood
Molecular, mo-lek'u-lar, adj. belonging to or con sovereign : the chief of its kind.—adj. supreme*,
sisting of molecules. —n. Molecular ity. superior to others. [Fr. monarque, through L.,
Molecule, mol'e-kul, «. one of the minute particles from Gr. mottarchis—monos, alone, arche, rule.]
of which matter is composed. [Fr.f a dim. Monarchal, mon-ark'al, adj. pertaining to a mon
coined from L. motes, a mass.] arch : regal.
Molerat, mol'rat, u. a rw/-like animal, which Monarchic, mon-ark'ik, Monarchical, mon-ark'-
burrows like a mole. ik-al, adj. relating to a monarch or monarchy ;
Moleskin, mSl'skin, n. a superior kind of fustian, vested in a single ruler.
or coarse twilled cotton cloth, so called from its Monarchise, mon'ark-Tz, v.t. to rule over, as a
being soft like the skin of a mole. monarch : to convert into a monarchy.
Molest, mo-lest', v.t. to trouble, disturb, or annoy. Monarchist, mon'ark-ist, «. an advocate of mon
—«. Molester. adj. Molestful [Fr. molester archy, [monarch: a kingdom.
—L. molesto—molestus, troublesome—moles, a Monarchy, mon'ark-i, «. government headed by a
mass, a difficulty. Monastery, mon'as-ter-i, «. a house for monks : an
Molestation, mol-es-ta'shun, n. act of molesting : abbey : a convent. [L. monasterium—Gr. mon
state of being molested : annoyance. asterion —monastes, a monk—monos, alone.]
Molllent, mol'yent, adj. serving to soften : assuag Monastic mon-as'tik, Monastical, mon-as'uk-al,
ing. [L. mollis, soft. See Emollient] adj. pertaining to monasteries, monks, and nuns :
Mollification, mol-i-fi-kS'shun, n. act of mollify recluse : solitary.—adv. Monas'tically.
ing : state of being mollified : mitigation. Monastic mon-as'tik, «. a monk.
Mollify, rnol'i-fT, v.t. to make soft or tender : to Monasticlsm, mon-as'ti-sizm, n. monastic life,
assuage: to calm or pacify :—Pa.p. moll'ified. — Monday, mun'da, n. the day sacred to the moon :
adj. TMoll'inable.—«. Moll'ifler. [Fr.—L. the second day of the week. [Moon and Day.]
molliftco — mollis, soft, andfacio, to make.] Monetary, num e-tar-i, adj. relating to money or
Mollusc, Mollusk, mol'usk, n. oneofthe Mol lus'ca , moneyed affairs : consisting of money.
those animals which have a soft inarticulate Money, mun'i, «. coin : pieces of stamped metal
fleshy body, as the snail and all shellfish ft. used in commerce : any currency used as the
Moll uscs, Moll uaks, or Mollus'ca. [Fr., from equivalent of money : wealth :—pl. Mon eys.
L. ntolhtscus, softish—mollis, soft] [It. monnaie—L.. moneta, from root of Mint.]
Molluscan, mol-us'kan, Molluscous, mol-us'kus, Money-broker, mun'i-brok'er, Money-changer,
adj. of or like molluscs.—n. Mollus'can, a mun'i-chanj'er, n. a broker who deals in money
mollusc or exchanges.
Molten, mslt'n, adj., melted: made of melted Moneyed, mun'id, adj. having money: rich in
metal. [Old pa.p. of Melt. ] money : consisting in money.
Moment, mO'mcnt, n. moving cause or force : im Moneyless, mun'i-les, adj. destitute of money.
portance in effect : value : the smallest portion Monger, mung'gcr; «. a trotter ; a dealer, used
of time in which a movement can be made : an chiefly in composition, sometimes in a depreci
instant : imech.) the moment of a force about a atory sense.—v.t, to trade or deal in. [A.S.
point is the product of the force and the per mangere—mang, a mixture, allied to manigy
pendicular on its line of action from the point. Many. Cf. Ice. mangari—manga, to trade,
[Fr. —L. momentum, for movimentum—wnw, and perh. L. mango, a trader.]
to move.] Mongrel, mung'grel, adj. of a mixed breed.—w.
Momentary, mr.'ment-ar-i, adj. lasting for a mo an animal of a mixed breed. [A contracted
ment ; done in a moment.—adv. Mo'mentarily. dim. from a root seen in A.S. mangian, later
- n. Mo'mentariness. mengan, to mix. See Mingle and Monger.]
Momently, mument-li, adv. for a moment: in a Monition, mon-ish'un, n. a reminding or admon
moment : every moment. ishing: warning: notice. [L. monitio—mofieo,
Momentous, mo-ment'ns, adj. of moment or im -Hum, to remind—root man, to think.]
portance : of great consequence.—aih>. Moment Monitive, mon'i-tiv, adj. conveying admonition.
ously. ». Moment ousness Monitor, mon'i-tor, n. one who admonishes : an
Momentum, mo-ment'um, w. the quantity of adviser : an instructor : a pupil who assists a
motion in a body, which is measured by the schoolmaster:^/;-///. Mon'itress—n. Monitor-
product of the mass and the velocity of the mov ship. [Sec Monition. ]
ing body :—;pi. Moment'a Monitorial, mon-i-tu'ri-al, adj. relating to a moni
Monachal, mon'ak-al, adj. living alone: pertain tor : performed or taught by a monitor.—adv.
ing to monks or to a monastic life. [See Monas Monito'rially.
tery.] [of beine a monk. Monitory, mon'i-tor-i, adj. reminding or admon
Monachism, mon'ak-izm, «., monastic life: state ishing; giving admonition or warning.
Monad, mon'ad, n. an ultimate atom or simple Monk, mungk, «. formerly, one who retired alone
uncxtended point : a simple, primary element to the desert to lead a religious life : one of a
assumed by Leibnitz and other philosophers: religious community living in a monastery.
{tool.; one of the simplest of animalcules. [L. [A.S. mnnec~h. monachus—Gr. monachos—
monas, -atiis—Gr. monas, -ador—monos, alone.] monos, alone.]
Monadelphlan, mon-a-dd'h-an. Monadolplums Monkey, mungk'i, n. a name of contempt, csp.
mon-a-aelTus. adj. '.rot.) having the stamens for a mischievou»pcrson : the order of mammalia
united into one brotlwrhood or body by the fila next to man, having their feet developed like
ment1;. [Gr. monos, alone, adelplms, a brother.] hands: an ape:—pi. Monk'eys. [O. It. mo-
Monadic, mon-ad'ik, Monadlcal, mon-ad'ik-al, nicchio, dim. of O. It. monna, nickname for an
adj. being or resembling a monad. old woman, an ape, contr. of It. madonna, mis
Monandrlan, mon-an'dri-an, Monandrous, mnn- tress. See Madonna ]
an'drus, adj. {hot.) having only one stamen or Monkish, mungk'ish, adj. pertaining to a monk:
male organ, [Gr. monos, and after, andros, a like a monk : monastic.
male. ] Monk's-hood, mungks'-hood, «. the aconite, a
Monarch, mon'ark, n. sole or supreme ruler: a poisonous plant with a flower like a monk's liood.
3-21 , far : me, her ; mine ; mflte ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Monochord Moon
Monochord, mon'o-kord, *. a musical instrument MonoayllaMe, mon-o-sil'la-bl, n. a word of one
of one chord or string. [Gr. monos, alone, and syllable. [Fr.—L.—Gr. monos, alone, syllabi, a
Chord.] syllable.]
Monochromatic, mon-o-krO-mat'ik, adj. of one Monotheism, mon'o-the-izm, n. the belief in only
colour only. [Gr. monos, and Chromatic] one God. [Gr. monos, alone, and theos, God.]
Monocotyledon, mon-o-kot-i-l€'don, n. a plant with Monotheist, mon'o-thfi-ist, n. one who believes
only one cotyledon.—adj. Monocotyle'donous. that there is but one God.—adj. Monotheistic.
{Gr. monos, alone, and Cotyledon. ] Monotone, mon'o-tOn, n. a single, unvaried tone
Monocular, mon-ok'a-lar, Monoculous, mon-ok'a- or sound : a succession of sounds having the
lus, adj. with one eye only. [Gr. monos, and same pitch. [Gr. monos, alone, and tonos, a
Ocular.] tone, note.]
Monodist, mon'o-dist, n. one who writes monodies. Monotonous, mon-ot'o-nus, adj. uttered in one
Monody, mon'o-di, n. a mournful ode or poem in unvaried tone: marked by dull uniformity.—
which a single mourner bewails. - adj. Monod'- adv. Monot'onously.
ical. [Gr. monos, single, and Ode.] Monotony, mon-ot'o-ni, «. dull uniformity of
Monogamy, mon-og'a-mi, «., marriage to one tone or sound : {fig. ) irksome sameness or want
wife only : the state of such marriage.—adj. of variety.
Monog'amous.—n. Monog'amlst. [Gr. monos, Monsoon, mon-sOOn', ». a periodical wind of the
one, gamos, marriage.] Indian Ocean, which blows from the S.W. from
Monogram, inon'o-gram, n. a character or cipher April to October, and from the N.E. the rest of
of several letters interwoven or written into one. the year : similar winds elsewhere. [Through
[Gr. monos, alone, gramma, a letter.] Fr. or It. from Malay musim—Ar. tnawsim,
Monograph, mon'o-graf, n. a paper or treatise a time, a season.]
written on one particular subject or a branch of Monster, mon'ster, n. anything out of the usual
it. [Gr. monos, alone, and graphs, to write.] course of nature : a prodigy : anything horrible
Monographer, mon-og'ra-fer, Monographlat, from ugliness or wickedness. [Lit. a warning or
mon-ogra-fist, «. a writer of monographs. portent, Fr.—L. monstrum, a divine omen or
Monographic, mon-o-graf'ik, Monographical, warning, a bad omen, a monster—moneo, to warn,
mon-o-graf'i-kal, adj. pertaining to a mono admonish—root man, to think. See Man, Mind.]
graph; drawn in lines without colours. Monstrance, mon'strans, n. in the R. Cath. Church,
Monography, mon-og'ra-ri, n. a representation by the utensil in which the consecrated wafer is
one means only, as Tines : an outline drawing. shewn to the congregation. [Fr.—L. monstro,
Monogynlan. mon-o-jin'i-an, Monogynous, mon- to shew—monstrum, an omen.]
oj'i-nus, adj. [bot.) having only one pistil or Monstrosity, mon-stros'i-ti, «. state of being mon
female organ. [Gr. monos, alone, and gyne, a strous : an unnatural production.
female. ] Monstrous, mon'strus, adj. out of the Common
Monolith, tnon'o-lith, n. a pillar, or column, of a course of nature : enormous : wonderful : hor
single stone.—adjs. Monolithic, Monolith'al. rible.—adv. Mon'strously.
[Gr. monos, alone, and lithos, stone.] Month, munth, ». the period of one revolution of
Monologue, mon'o-log, n. a speech uttered by one the moon (now distinguished as a 'lunar*
person : soliloquy : a poem, &c for a single per month) : one of the twelve parts of the year (a
former. [Fr.—Gr. monos, alone, and logos, 'calendar' month). [A.S. monath—mona, the
speech. ] moon. See Moon ]
Monomania, inon-o-mii'ni-a, «., madness confined Monthly, munth'li, adj. performed in a month :
to one subject, or one faculty of the mind. [Gr. happening or published once a month.—«. a
monos, alone, and mania, madness.] monthly publication.—adv. once a month : in
Monomaniac, mon-o-ma'ni-ak, adj. affected with every month.
monomania.—*. one affected with monomania. Monument, mon'O-ment, n. anything that perpe
Monome, mon'Om, Monomial, mon-5'mi-al, «. an tuates the memory of a person or event : a record.
algebraic expression of one term only : a series [Fr.—L. monumentum—moneo, to remind—root
of factors of single terms.—adj. Mono'mial. man, to think.]
[Gr. monos, alone, and nome, division.] Monumental, mon-G-ment'al, adj. of or relating
Monophyllous, mon-of'il-us or mon-o-fii'us, adj. to a monument or tomb : serving as a monu
having a leaf of but one piece. [Gr. monos, ment : memorial.—adv. Monument'ally.
alone, phyllon, a leaf.] Mood, mGTjd, «. fashion : manner : (gram.) a. form
Monopolise, mon-op'o-llz, v. t. to obtain possession of verbal inflection to express the nmie or man
of anything so as to be the only seller of it : to ner of action or being : [logic) the form of the
engross the whole of.—ns. Monopoliser, Mon syllogism as determined by the quantity and
opolist, one who monopolises. quality of its three constituent propositions :
Monopoly, mon-op'o-li, «. the sole power ofdealing j (whj.) the arrangement of the intervals in the
in anything : exclusive command or possession : scale, as major and minor. [Same as Mode.]
(law) a grant from the crown to an individual I Mood, moTkl, n. disposition of mind : temporary
for the sole dealing in anything. [L. mono- i state of the mind : anger : heat of temper. [A.S.
polium—Gr. monos, alone, and pdled, to sell.] mod, mind, disposition ; found in all the Teut.
Monosperm0U5, mon-o-sperm'us, adj. {bot.) hav languages, and orig. sig. * courage ' (Gcr. muth).\
ing one seed only. [Gr. monos, alone, sperma, Moody, mCOd'i, adj. indulging moods : out of
seed.] humour : angry : sad : gloomy.—adv. Mood'lly.
Monostich, mon'o-stik, n. a poem complete in one —«. Mood iness, quality of being moody : peev
verse- [Gr. monos, alone, stichos, verse.] ishness. [See Mood, disposition of mind.]
Monostrophic, mon-o-strof'ik, adj. having but one Moon, mOOn, «. the secondary planet or satellite
strophe: not varied in measure. [Gr. monos, which revolves round the earth : a satellite re
alone, strophe, a strophe.] volving about any other planet : a month : [fort.)
Monosyllabic, mon-o-sil-lab'ik, adj. consisting of a moon-shaped outwork. [Lit. the * measurer '
one syllabic, or of words of one syllable* (of time}, A.S. mona; found in all the Tcut.
fate, far ; m£, her ; mine : mote ; mGte ; mOOo ; then. 325
 Moonbeam Morion
languages, also in O. Slav, memo, L. mensis, conduct : in sing, the practical lesson given by
Gr. mini, Sans, mas-a, and all from root ma, to anything. [Fr.—L. moratis—tttos, merit, man
measure. ] ner, custom.]
Moonboam, mOTn'bSm, n. a beam from the moon. Morale, mo-raT, n. the moral condition : mental
Moonless, mdun'les, adj. destitute of moonlight. state as regards spirit and confidence, esp. of a
Moonlight, moon'Ut, adj. lighted by the moon : body of men. [Fr.]
occurring during moonlight.—«. the light of Moralise, mor'al-Tz, v.t, to apply to a moral pur
the moon. [Moon and Light) pose : to explain in a moral sense.—?'./, to speak
Moonshee, moOn'she, «. a Mohammedan pro or write on moral subjects : to make moral re
fessor or teacher of languages, so called in India. flections.—n. Mor'aliser. [Fr. moraltser.}
[Arab.] Moralist, mor'al-ist, «. one who teaches morals :
Moonshine, miTOn'shln, n. the shining of the one who practises moral dutios : one who prides
moon : {Jig-) show without reality. himself on his morality.
Moonstruck, mOOn'struk, adj. {lit.) struck or Morality, mo-ral'i-ti, «. quality of being moral:
affected by the moon : lunatic. the quality of an action which renders it right or
Moor, moor, n. an extensive waste covered with wrong : the practice of moral duties : virtue :
heath, and having a poor, peaty soil : a heath. the doctrine which treats of moral actions :
[A.S. mar; Dut. moer. Ice. mor, peat, turf, ethics : a kind of moral allegorical play, [Fr. —
moor. See Mire and MOSS.) L. moralitas.]
Moor, mOOr, v.t. to fasten a ship by cable and Morally, mor'al-!, adv. in a moral manner.
anchor.—v.t. to be fastened by cables or chains. Morass, mo-ras', n. a tract of soft, wet ground : a
[Dut. marten, to tie, allied to A.S. merran, marsh. [Dut. moer-as, for moer-asch, {lit.)
O. Ger. marrjan, to mar, to hinder.) ' moor-ish," adj. from moer, mire. See Moor. ]
Moor, mOor, «. a native of N. Africa, of a dark Moravian, mo-ra'vi-an, adj. pertaining to Moraz-iai
complexion. [Fr. more, maure—L. maurus— or to the Morarnans or United Brethren. —«-
Gr. mattros, black.] one of the United Brethren, a Protestant religious
Moorage. mooVaj. n. a place for mooring. sect, orig. from Moravia, in Austria.
Moorcock, mOOVkok, Moorfowl, mOor'fowl, n. Morbid, mor'bid, adj., diseased, sickly : not health
the red grouse or heathew* found in moors. ful.—adv. MorTridly.—n. MorTridneBS, sickli
Moorhen, mooVhen, n. the moor ox water ken. ness. [Fr.—L. morbidrts—morbus, disease ;
Mooring, mooring, «., act 0/mooring: that which akin to mor-ior, to die. See Mortal.]
serves to moor or confine a ship : in pi. the place Morbific, mor-bifik, adj. causing disease. [Coined
or condition of a ship thus moored. from L. morbus, disease, andfacio, to make.]
Moorish, mtSoVish, Moory, moor'i, adj. resem Mordacious, mor-da'shus, adj. given to biting;
bling a moor : sterile: marshy: boggy. biting: {Jig.) sarcastic: severe.—adv. Morda'-
Moorish, moor'ish, adj. belonging to the Moors, CiOUSly. [L. mordax, mordacis, from mordeo,
Moorland, moorland, n. a tract of heath-covered to bite.]
and marshy land. Mordacity, mor-das'i-ti, n. quality of being mor
Moose, mOos, «. the largest deer of America, dacious. [Fr. — L. mordacitas—mordajc.)
resembling the European elk. [Indian.] Mordant, morMant, adj. {lit. ) biting into : serving
Moot, mOOt, 7'.t. to propose tor discussion : to dis to fix colours.—«. any substance, as alum, used
cuss : argue for practice.—adj. discussed or to give permanency or brilliancy to dyes : matter
debated. [A.S. motiau—mot, an assembly, to make gold-leaf adhere. [Fr., pr.p. olmordre
akin to metan, to meat. See Meet, to come —L. mordeo, to bite.]
face to face.] [debated. More, mOr, adj. (serves as comp. of Many and
Mootable. mOOt'a-bl, adj that can be mooted or Much), greater, so in B. : additional: other
Moot-case, mOoY-kas, Moot-point. mOot'-point, besides.—adv. to a greater decree: again:
n. a case, point, or question to be mooted or longer.—« a greater thing: something further
debated: an unsettled question. or in addition.—superl. Most, most. [A.S.
Moot-court. moOt'-kort, «. a meeting or court for ■mara (Ice. meirt;—root mag, identical with
mooting or arguing supposed cases. Sans, man (= magh), to grow. SeeMay, Main.]
Mop, mop, «. an instrument for washing floors, Moreen, mo-ren', n. a stout woollen stuff, used for
made of cloth, &c. fastened to a handle.—v.t. to curtains, &c. [A form of Mohair.]
rub or wipe with a mop:—/r,/. mopp'ing ; pa t. Morel. See Moril.
and pa.p. mopped', [hither CclL as in W. mop, Moreover, mflr-O'ver, <uiv., more over or beyond
mopa, a mop ; or through Fr. mappe, from L. what has been said : further: besides: also.
maf-Pa, a napkin, from which aisu Map and Moresque, mo-resk', adj. done after the manner of
Napkin.] the Moors.—«. a kind of ornamentation, same as
Mope, mop, v.t. to be silent and dispirited : to be arabesque. [Fr. : It. moresco.]
dull or stupid.—adv. Mop ingly. [Dut. moppen, Morganatic, mor-gan-at'ik, adj. noting a marriage
to pout, sulk.] [ishness. of a man with a woman of inferior rank, in which
Mopish, mop'ish, adj. dull: spiritless. — //. Mop'- neither the latter nor her children enjoy the rank
Moppot, mop'et, «. a doll of rags like a mop. or inherit the possessions of her husband, though
Moraine, mo-ran', «. (geol.) a line of blocks and the children are legitimate. [Low L. morga-
gravel found at the bases and edges of glaciers. natica, a gift from a bridegroom to his bride ;
[Fr.; from the Teut., as in Prov. Ger. mur, from Ger. morgen, morning, used for morgen-
stones broken off.] gabe, the gift given by a husband to his wife.]
Moral, mor'al, adj. of or belonging to the man Moribund, mori-bund, adj., about to die. [L.
ners or conduct of men : conformed to right : moribundus—morior, to die.]
virtuous : capable of moral action : subject to the Moril, mor'il, n. a mushroom abounding with little
moral law : instructing with regard to morals : holes. [Fr. morille ; prob. from Fr. more, black,
supported by evidence of reason or probability. because it turns black in cooking. See Moor, a
—n. in //. manner:: the doctrine or practice native of N. Africa ]
of the duties of life : moral philosophy or ethics : Morion, mO'ri-un, n. an open helmet, without visor
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mO~On : Men.
 Morisoo Motet
or beaver. [Fr. (It. morione), prob. from Sp. sions and appetites by bodily severities : humili
morrion—morra, crown of the head.] ation : vexation : that which mortifies or vexes :
Morisco, mu-ris'ko, Morisk, mo-risk', n. the {Scotch law) a bequest to some institution.
Moorish language : a Moorish dance or dancer. Mortify, morti-fT, v.t. to make dead : to destroy
Mormon, mormon, n. one of a religious sect in the vital functions of : to subdue by severities
the United State*, founded in 1830 by Joseph and penance : to vex : to humble.— v.i. to lose
Smith, who made an addition to the Bible, vitality, to gangrene : lo be subdued :—pad.
called the Book of Mormon, from Mormon, its and pa.p. mor'tified. [Fr.—L. mortifico, to
alleged author.—«. Mofmonlsm (-izm), the cause death to—mors, death, andfacto, to make.]
doctrines of this sect. Mortifying, mor'ti-fI-ing, adj. tending to mortify
Mom, morn, «. the first part of the day : morning. or humble: humiliating: vexing.
[Contr. of M. E. morwen—A.S. morgen, cog. Mortise, mor'tis, n. a cavity cut into a piece of
with Ger. morgen, Ice. morgun, Goth, maur- timber to receive the tenon, another piece made
gins ; a doublet of Morrow,j to fit it.—v.t. to cut a mortise in : to join by a
Morning, morn'ing, n. the first part of the day : mortise and tenon. [Fr. mortaise; cty. un
an early part.—adj. pertaining to the morning : known.]
done or being in the morning. [Contr. of mor- Mortmain, mort'man, n. the transfer of property
wen-ing. See Morn.] to a corporation, which is said to be a dead hand,
Morocco, mo-rok'6, h. a fine kind of leather of or one that can never part with it again. [Fr.
goat or sheep skin, first brought from Morocco. mort, dead, and main—L. mantis, the hand.]
Morose, mo-rOs', adj. of a sour temper : gloomy : Mortuary, mortu-ar-i, adj. belonging to the
severe.—adv. Morosely.—n. Morose ness, burial of the dead.—n. a burial-place: a gift
Juality of being morose. [L. morosus, peevish, claimed by the minister of a parish on the death
retfuf—mos, moris, (orig.) self-will, hence man of a parishioner. [Low L. mortuarium, from
ner, way of life. See Moral. ] L. morluarius.]
Morphia, mor'fi-a, Morphine, mor'nn, ft. the Mosaic, mo-za'ik, Mosaic-work, mo-za'ik-wurk,«.
narcotic principle of opium. [Coined from Gr. a kind of work in which designs are formed
Morpheus, god of dreams, [lit.) 'the fashioner,' by small pieces of coloured marble, glass, &c.
from morphi, shape.] cemented on a ground of stucco, or inlaid upon
Morphology, mor-fol'o-ji, n. the science of the metal.—adj. Mosaic, relating to or composed of
forms assumed by plants and animals. / [Gr. mosaic.—adv. Mosa'ically. [Fr. mosafque (It.
morphi, form, and logos, a discourse.] mosaico)—L. wiHstPum or musivum (opus),
Morris, Morrloe, moris, Morris-dance, morls- mosaic (work)—Gr. mouseios, belonging to the
dans, n. a Moorish dance : a dance in which Muses. Sec Muse.]
bells, rattles, tambours, &c. are introduced. [Sp. Mosaic, mO-za'ik, adj. pertaining to Moses, the
mor-isco, (lit.) ' Moor-ish'—Sp. moro, a Moor.] great Jewish lawgiver.
Morrow, mor'O, n. the day following the present : Mosohatel, mos'ka-tel, «. a plant, with pale-creen
to-morrow : the next following day. [M. E. flowers and a musky smell. [Fr. moscatelline—
monue, for morwen. See its doublet Morn. J Low L. mosckatellina—museus, musk.]
Morse, mors, «. the walrus or sea-horse. See Moselle, mo-rel', «. a white wine from the district
Walrus. [Ruse, moris.] of the Moselle.
Morsel, morsel, «. a bite or mouthful : a small Moslem, moz'lem, n. a Mussulman or Moham
piece of food : a small quantity. [O. Fr. morcel medan.—adj. of or belonging to the Moham
(Fr. morceau, It. morsello), dim. from L. medans. [Ar. muslim—salama, to submit (10
morsus, from mordeo, morsum, to bite. See God). Doublet Mussulman. See Islam.]
Mordaoious.] Mosque, mosk, «. a Mohammedan place of wor
Mortal, mor tal, adj. liable to die: causing death : ship. [Fr.—Sp. mezquita—Ar. masjid—sajada,
deadly : fatal : punishable with death : extreme, to bend, to adore.]
violent: belonging to man, who is mortal.— Mosquito, mos-kS'to, n. a biting gnat common in
adv. Mortally. [O. Fr. mortal—h. mortaiis— tropical countries :—pi. Mosqui'toea. [Sp., dim.
mors, mortis, death, akin to Gr. brotos {for of mosca, a fly— L. musca.]
mrotos, see Ambrosia), and Sans, mri, to die. ] MOSS, mos, «. a family of cryptogamic plants with
Mortality, mor-tal'i ti, «. condition of being a branching stem and narrow, simple leaves : a
mortal : death : frequency or number of deaths : piece of ground covered with moss : a bog.—
the human race. [L. mortalitas.] v.t. to cover with moss. [A. S. meos ; cog. with
Mortar, mor'tar, n. a vessel in which substances Dut. mos, Ger. moos, and L. muscus.]
arc pounded with a pestle : a piece of ordnance, Mossland, mosland, »., land abounding in moss
resembling a mortar, for throwing shells, &c. : or peat-bogs.
a cement of lime, sand, and water. [A.S. mor- MoSS-rose, mos'-roz, n. a variety of rose having a
tere—h. mortarium, from root of Mar.] more-like growth on the calyx.
Mortgage, mor'gaj, n. a conveyance of property, Moss-trooper, mos'-trOop'er, n. one of the troopers
as security for a debt, which is lost or becomes or bandits that used to infest the mosses between
dead to the debtor if the money is not paid on a England and Scotland.
certain day: the state of being pledged.—v.t, Mossy, mos'i, adj. overgrown or abounding with
to pledge, as security for a debt. —«. Mort'gager. moss. —n. Mossiness.
[Fr.—mort, dead—L. mortuus, and gage, a Most, most, adj. (super), of More), greatest;
pledge. See Gage, a pledge.] excelling in number.—adv. in the highest degree.
Mortgagee, mor-ga-je', «. one to whom a mort —n. the greatest number or quantity.—adv.
gage is made or given. Most'ly. [A.S. mast, cog. with Ger. tneist.
Mortiferous, mor-tifcr-us, adj., death-bringing: See More.]
fatal. [L. mors, death, andfero, to bring.] Mote, mot, n. a particle of dust : a spot or speck :
Mortification, mor-ti-fi-ka'shun, «. act of mortify anything small. [A.S. mot: ety. unknown.]
ing or state of being mortified : the death of one Motet, mo-tet', ». a short piece of sacred music.
part of an animal body : subjection of the pas- [Fr.—it. mottetto, dim. of motto. See Motto ]
fate, far; me, her; mine; mOte; mute; mOon; then. 327
 Moth Mouse
Moth, moth, n. a family of insects like butter knead, as dough.—n. Mould'er. [Fr. moule—
flies, seen mostly at night : the larva of this L. moiiulus. See ModoL]
insect which gnaws cloth ; that which eats away Mouldable, moid'a-bl, atij. that may be moulded.
gradually and silently.—v.t. Moth -eat, to prey Moulder, moid'er, v.i. to crumble to mould: to
upon, asa moth eats a garment. | A.S. moththe; waste away gradually. —v.t. to turn to dust.
cog. wiih Ger. matte, also with A.S. madJtu, a Moulding, mold'ing, n. anything moulded : {arch.)
bug, Ger. made.] [moths. an ornamental projection beyond a wall, &c
Moth-eaten, moth'-e't'n, adj. eaten or cut by Mouldwarp, moid'worp, u. the mole, which casts
Mother, muZ-Ver, ». a female parent, csp. of the up little heaps of mould. [See Mole.]
human race : a matron : that which has produced Mouldy, niold'i, adj. overgrown with mould.—n.
anything.—adj. received by birth, as it were Mould'lness.
from one's mother : natural : acting the part of Moult, mult, v.i. to change or cast the feathers,
a mother: originating.—v.t. to adopt as a son &c. as birds, &c. [Formed with intrusive / from
or daughter.—n. Moth'or- in-law, the mother of L. mulare, to change.]
one's husband or wife.—n. Moth'er-uf-pearl, the Moulting, mulling, n. the actor process of moult
internal layer of the shells of several molluscs, ing or casting feathers, skin, &c.
esp. of the pearl-oyster, so called because pro Mound, mownd, ». {fort.) an artificial bank of
ducing tht pearl. [M. E. moder—A.S. moder, earth or stone : an artificial mount : a natural
cog. with Dut. moeder, Ice. modhir, Ger. mutter, hillock.—v.t. to fortify with a mound. [A.S.
Ir. and Gael. matliair, Russ. mate, L. mater, mund, a defence ; O. Ger. munt, defence ; akin
Gr. meter, Sans, mata, matri, all from the to L. mons, a mount.]
Aryan root ma, lo measure, to manage, from Mount, mownt, n. ground rising above the level of
which also Matter and Mete.] the surrounding country : a hill : an ornamental
Mother, muM'er, n. dregs or sediment, as of mound : {IS.} a bulwark for offence or defence.—
vinegar. [A form of Mud.] [mother. v.i. to project or rise up : to be of great eleva
Motherhood, muM'cr-hood, n. state of being a tion.—v.t. to raise aloft : to climb : to get upon,
Motherless, mu/A'er-les, adj. without a mother. as a horse : to put on horseback : to put upon
Motherly, muM'er-li, od7. pertaining to or becom something, to arrange or set in fitting order.—
ing a mother: parental: tender.—«. Moth'erll- n. Mount'er. [A.S. munt—L. mons, montis, a
ness. mountain, from root of -mineo, as in emineo, to
Moth-hunter, moth'-hunt'er, «. a little kind of project.] [or ascended.
swallow which hunts moths, &c, called also the Mountable, mownt'a-bl, adj. that may be mounted
goatsucker. Mountain, mownt'un or -'in, «. a high hill: any
Mothy, moth'i, adj. full of moths. thing very large.—adj. of or relating to a mount
Motion, mo'shun, «. the act or state of moving: a ain : growing or dwelling on a mountain.—«.
single movement : change ofposture : gait : power Mount'ain-aah. the rowan-tree, with bunches of
of motion: excitement of the mind: proposal red berries, common on mountains.—n. Mount'-
made, csp. in an assembly :—in //. (B.) impulses. ain-limestone {geol. ) a series of limestone strata
—v.t. to make a significant movement. [Fr.— separating the old red sandstone from the coal-
L. motto, -onis—moveo, motum, to move.] measures. [Fr. montagne—Low L. montanea,
Motionless, mo'shun-les, adj. without motion. a mountain—L- mons, mantis.]
Motive, mO'tiv, adj. causing motion : having Mountaineer, mownt-an*er' or -in-eV, ft. an in«
power to move.—n. that which moves, or excites habitant of a mountain : a rustic
to action : inducement: reason. [M. E. motif— Mountainous, mownt'an-us or -'in-us, adj. full of
Fr., through Low L., from moveo, mohis, to mountains : large as a mountain: huge.
move.] Mountebank, mownt'e-bank, n. a quack-doctor
Motlvlty, mO-tiv'it-i, *. powerofproducing motion: who boasts of his skill and his medicines : a
the quality of being influenced by motion. boastful pretender. [It. montambanco—tnon-
Motley, mot'li, adj. covered with spots of different tare^Xo mount, in, on, upon, and banco, a bench.
colours : consisting of different colours : com See Bank, a place for depositing money.]
posed of various parts. [Lit. * curdled,' M. E. Mounting, mownt'ing, n. the act of mounting or
mottt'lee, through O. Fr., from an unknown O. embellishing, as the setting of a gem, &c.
Ger. root seen in Bavarian matte, curds.] Mourn, mOrn, v.i. to grieve: to be sorrowful : to
Motor, mO'tor, «. a mover: that which gives wear mourning. —v.t. to grieve for : to utter in a
motion. [See Motive.] sorrowful manner.—». Mourn'or. [A.S. mur-
Motory, mO'tor-i, adj. giving motion. nan, meornau ; O. Ger. women, to grieve,
Mottled, mot'Id. adj. marked with spots ofvarious whence Fr. morrte, dull, sad.]
colours, or shades of colour. [From Motley.] Mournful, morn'fool, adj., mourning: causing or
Motto, mot'G, «. a sentence or phrase prefixed to expressing sorrow : feeling grief.—adv. Mourn'-
anything intimating the subject of it : a phrase fuily.—«. Mourn'fulness.
attached to a device:—//. Mottoes (mot'Oz). Mourning, morning, adj., grieving: lamenting.
[It.—Low L. muttum—muttio, to mutter. See —n. the act of expressing grief : the dress of
Mutter.] mourners.—adv. Mourn'ingly
Mould, mold, 71. dust : soil rich in decayed matter : Mouse, mows, n. a little rodent animal found in
the matter of which anything is composed : a houses and in the fields:—//. Mioe (mTs). —
minute fungus which grows on bodies in a damp ». Mouse'ear, a name of several plants with soft
atmosphere, so named from often growing on leaves shaped like a mouse's ear.—n. Mouse'tall,
mould.—v.t. to cover with mould or soil : to a small plant with a spike of seed-vessels very
cause to become mouldy.—v.i. to become mouldy. like the tail of a mouse. [Lit. 'the stealing
[A.S. molde ; Ger. mull, Goth, tnulda; akin to animal,' A.S. mus, pi. mys ; Ger. mans, L. and
Goth, malan, L. molo, to grind.] Gr. mus, Sans, musha. a rat or mouse ; from
Mould, mold, «. a hollow form in which anything root mus, to steal, seen in Sans, mush, to steal.]
is cast : a pattern : the form received from a Mouse, mowz, v.i. to catch mice: to watch for
mould: character. —v.t. to form in a mould: to slily.—«. Mous'er.
fate, far; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mo"on ; then.
 Moustache
Moustache, moos-tash'. Same as Mustache.
Mouth, mowth, «. the opening in the head of an
animal by which it eats and utters sound : open
ing or entrance, as of a bottle, river, &c. : the
instrument of speaking : a speaker :— Mouths
(mouMz). [A.S. muth; found in all the Teut.
languages, as in Ger. i/iuud, Dut. mond.\
Mouth, mow/A, v. t. to utter with a voice overloud
or swelling.—n. Mouth'er, an affected speaker.
Mouthed, mowMd. atij. having a mouth.
Mouthful, mowth fool, n. as much as fills the
mouth : a small quantity :—fl. Mouth'fulS.
MouthlOSS, mowthles, adj. without a mouth.
Mouthpiece, mowth'pes, «. the piece of a musical
instrument for the mouth: one who speaks for
others.
Movable, mooVa-bl, adj\ that may be moved,
lifted, &c. : not fixed : changing from one time
to another.—adv. MoVably.—ns. Mov'able-
ness, MovabiTity.
Movables, mooVa-blz, n.pl. (law) such articles of
property as may be moved, as furniture, &c.
Move, mOOv, v. t. to cause to change place or pos
ture : to set in motion : to impel : to excite to
action : to persuade : to instigate : to arouse : to
provoke : to touch the feelings of: to propose or
bring before an assembly: to recommend, —v.i.
to go from one place to another : to change place
or posture : to walk : to change residence : to
make a motion as in an assembly.—n. the act of
moving : a movement, esp. at chess.—n. Mov er.
[Fr. tnoKVoir—L. moveo, to move.]
Movement, mOoVmentj n. act or manner of mov
ing: change of position : motion of the mind,
emotion : tne wheel-work of a clock or watch :
(mus.) a part having the same time.
Moving, mo"oVing, atij. causing motion: changing
position : affecting the feelings : pathetic—adv.
Mov'ingly.
Mow, mO, n. a pile of hay or corn in sheaves laid
up in a barn. —v.t. to lay hay or sheaves of grain
in a heap :—Pr.p. mowing ; pa.t. mowed' ; pa.p,
mowed' or mown. [A. S. mnga, a heap ; Ice.
muga, a swath in mowing.]
Mow, mO, v.t. to cut down with a scythe : to cut
down in great numbers \—pr.p. mow'ing ; pa.t.
mowed' ; pa.p. mowed' or mown. [A. S. mazuan ;
Ger. mahen ; allied to L. mete, to mow.]
Mowed, mod, Mown, mon, adj. cut down with a
scythe : cleared of grass with a scythe, as land.
Mower, mO'er, «. one who mows or cuts grass.
Mowing, mo'ing, n. the art of cutting down with
a scythe : land from which grass is cut.
Much, much, adj., great in quantity : long in
duration.—adv. to a great degree : by far : often
or long : almost. —n. a great quantity : a strange
thing. [Through old forms michel, muchel,
from A.S. mic-el ; Ice. mjdk, Goth. mikils, Gr.
meg-as, L. mag-HUS.]
Mucld, mu'sid, adj. like mucus ; slimy.—«. Mu'-
cldness.
Mucilage, mQ'si-laj, n. a slimy substance like
mucus, found in certain vegetables: gum.
Mucilaginous, mQ-si-laj'in-us, adj. pertaining to
or secreting mucilage : slimy.
Muck, muk, «., dung; a mass of decayed vege
table matter: anything low and filthy.—v.t. to
manure with muck. [Scand., as in Ice. myki,
Dan. mdg, dung. ]
Muck, mistaken form of Amuck.
Mucky, muk^, adj. consisting of muck: nasty,
filthy.—n. Muck'inesa.
Mucous, mu'kus, adj. like mucus .* slimy : viscous.
Mucus, mu'kus, «. the slimy fluid from the nose':
fate, fax ; me, her ; mine ;
MuUlon
the slimy fluid on all the interior canals of the
body to moisten them. [L.—mungo, Gr. apo-
myssd, to blow the nose ; Sans, much, to loosen.]
Mud, mud, n. wet, soft earth.—v.t. to bury in
mud : to dirty : to stir the sediment in, as in
liquors. [Low Ger. mudde, DuL modder.\
Muddle, mudl, v.t. to render muddy or foul, as
water : to confuse, especially with liquor.
Muddy, mud'i, adj. foul with mud: containing
mud: covered with mud: confused: stupid.—
v.t. to dirty: to render dull:—pa.t. and pa.p.
muddled.—adv. Mudd'ily.—n. Mudd'iness.
Muddy-headed, mud'i-hed'ed, adj. having a
muddy or dull head or understanding.
Muezzin, mil-ez'in, «. the Mohammedan official
attached to a mosque, whose duty is to announce
the hours of prayer. [Arab.]
Muff, muf, n. a warm, soft cover for the hands in
winter, usually of fur or dressed skins. [From
a Teut. root, seen in Ger. muff, a muff, Dut.
mof, a sleeve.]
Muff, muf, «. a stupid, silly fellow. [Prob. from
prov. E. woffle, to mumble, do anything in
effectually.]
Muffin, muf'in, «. a soft, light, spongy cake.
[Prob. from Muff, on account of its softness.)
Muffle, muf '1, v.t. to wrap up as with a muff: to
blindfold : to cover up so as to render sound
dull : to cover from the weather. [Fr. ?noufier
—moujle, a muff, prob. from the root of Muff.]
Muffler, muf'Icr, «. a cover that muffles the face.
Mufti, mufti, «. a doctor or official expounder of
Mohammedan law in Turkey. [Ar.]
Mug, mug, n. a kind of earthen or metal cup for
liquor. [Ir. mugan, a mug, mucog, a cup.]
Muggy, mug'i, Muggish, mug'ish, adj., foggy :
close and damp. [Ice. mugga, dark, thick
weather.]
Mulatto, mu-lat'O, n. the offspring of black and
white parents.—fern. Mulat'tresS. [Lit. one of
a mixed breed like a mule, Sp. mulato—mulo,
a mule.]
Mulberry, mulTjer-i, «. the berry of a tree : the
tree itself, the leaves of which form the food of
the silkworm. [Mul- is A.S. mor- or mur- (as
in A.S. mor-beam, a mulberry, where beam =
tree}, from L. morus; cog. with Gr. mdron, a
mulberry : and Berry.]
Mulct, mulkt, «. a fine: a penalty.—v.t. to fine.
[L. mulcto, to fine.]
Mulctuary, mulk'tu-ar-i, adj. imposing afine.
Mule, mul, n. the offspring of the horse and ass :
an instrument for cotton-spinning : an obstinate
person. [A.S. mul—L. mulus, a mule.]
Muleteer, mul-et-eV, «. one who drives mules.
Mulish, mul'ish, adj. like a mule : sullen : obsti
nate.—adv. Mulishly.—«. MuTishness.
Mull, mul, v.t. to warm, spice, and sweeten (wine,
ale, &c). [From Mulled, adj.)
Mullagatawny, mul-a-ga-taw'm, n. an East
Indian curry-soup.
Mulled, muld, adj. heated, sweetened, and spiced
(as wine, &c). [M. E. mold-ale, Scot, mulde-
mete, a funeral banquet, where moLie = Scot.
moots, E. Mould, the earth of the grave, and
ale = feast (cf. Bridal).]
Mullet, mul'ct, n. a genus of fishes nearly cylin
drical in form, highly esteemed for the table.
[Fr. mulct—L. mullus.]
MuUlon, mul'yun, n. an upright division between
the lights of windows, &c. in a Gothic arch. —
v.t. to shape into divisions by mullions. [M. E.
munion, ety. dub., cither from Fr. mcneau,
a mullion, of unknown origin, or from Fr.
m(Jte ; niute ; mGon ; then. 829
 Multangular Murioate
moigrton, a stump, as of an arm or branch, which mummifying ; pa.p. mummified.-—'/. Mumml-
is pcrh. derived from L. mancus, maimed.] fica'tion. (Mummy, andfacio, to make.J
Multangular, mult-ang'gul-ar, adj. having many Mumming, mum'ing, «. the sports of mummers.
angles or comers. [L. multus, many, and —adj. pertaining to the sports of mummers.
Angular] Mummy, mum'i, «. a human body preserved by
Multifarious, mul-ti-fa'ri-us, adj. having great the Egyptian art of embalming, in which wax,
diversity : manifold. —adv. Multifa'riously. spices, &c. were employed.—v.t. to embalm and
[L. multus^ many, and varius, diverse.] dry as a mummy :—/r./. mumm'ying ; fa-p.
Multiform, mul'ti-form, adj. having many forms. mummied. [Fr.—It. mummia—Ar. and Pers.
—«. Multiformity. [L. multus, many, and mumayim, a mummy—Pers. mum, wax.)
Form.] Mump, mump, v.t. or v.i* to mumble or move the
Multilateral, mul-ti-lal'er-al, adj. having many Hps with the mouth almost closed : to nibble :
sides. [L. multus, many, and Lateral] to cheat : to play the beggar. [Form of Mum. J
Multilinear mul-ti-Hn'e-al, adj. having many Mumper, mump'cr, «. one who mumps: an old
lines. [L. multus, many, and Lineal.) cant term for a beggar.
Multiped, mul'ti-pcd, «. an insect having many Mumpish, mumpish, adj. having mumps: dull :
feet. [L. multus, many, and pes, pedis, foot.] sullen.—adv. Mump'isnly. Mump'ishness.
Multiple, mul'ti-pl, adj. having many folds or Mumps, mumps, n. a swelling of the glands of the
parts : repeated many times.—». a number or neck, accompanied with difficulty of speaking.
quantity which contains another an exact num [From Mump.]
ber of times. [L. multiplex—multus, many, Munch, munsh, v. t. or v.i. to chew wi ih shut mouth.
and plico, to fold.] [M. E. monchen, from an imitative root, or from
Multiplex, mul'ti-pleks, adj. having many folds : Fr. manger, It. mangiare—L. manducare, to
manifold. chew.]
Multipliable, mul'ti-plT-a-bl, adj. that may be Muncher, munsh'cr, n. one who munches.
multiplied. Mundane, mun'dan, adj. belonging to the world:
Multiplicand, mul'ti-pli-kand, «. a number or terrestrial.—adv. Mun'danely. [Fr.—L. mun-
quantity to be multiplied by another. danus—mundus, the world—mundus, ordered,
Multiplication, mul-ti-pli-ka'shim, «. the act of adorned ; akin to Sans, mand, to adorn.]
multiplying': the rule or operation by which any Municipal, mii-nis'i-pal, adj. pertaining to a cor
given number or quantity is multiplied. poration or city. [Fr.— L. municipalis, from
Multiplicative, mul'ti-pli-kat-iv, adj. tending to municipium, a free town—munia, official duties,
multiply : having the power to multiply. and capio, to take.]
Multiplicity, mul-ti-plis'i-ti, n. the state of being Municipality, mu-nis-i-pal'i-ti, n. a municipal
multiplied or various : a great number. district : in France, a division of the country.
Multiplier, mul'ti-pli-er, n. one who or that which Munificence, mu-niPi-sens, «. quality of being
multiplies or increases : the number or quantity munificent : bountifulness. [Fr. —L. munijicen-
by which another is multiplied. tia—munus, a duty, present, andfacia, to make.]
Multiply, niul'ti-plT, v.t. tofold or increase many , Munificent, mu-nif'i-sent, adj. very liberal in
times : to make more numerous : to repeat any \ giving : generous : bountiful.—adv. Munifi
given number or quantity as often as there are 1 cently.
units in another number.—v.i. to increase :— Muniment, mu'ni-ment, «. that whioh fortifies ;
pr.p. multiplying ; pa.t. and pa.p. multiplied. that which defends : a stronghold : place or
[Fr.—L multiplex. See Multiple.] means of defence : defence : {law) a record
Multitude, mill'ti-tiki, «. the state of being many: fortifying a claim : title-deeds. [Fr.—L. muni-
a great number of individuals : a crowd : the mentum, from munio, muniturn, to fortify—
vulgar or common people. [Fr.—L. muliitudo mania, walls.]
—multus, many.] Munition, mQ-nish'un, n. materials used in war :
Multitudinous, mul-ti-tud'i-nus, adj. consisting of military stores of all kinds: {£},) stronghold,
or having the appearance of a multitude. fortress. [Fr.—L. munitio.]
Mum, mum, adj. silent.—n. silence.—int. be Munnion, mun'yun. Same as MulliOn.
silent. fCf. L. and Gr. mu, the least possible Mural, mQ'ral, adj. pertaining to or like a wall:
sound made with the lips ; of imitative origin.] steep. [Fr.—L. muralis, from mnrus, a wall ;
Mum1 mum, «. a sort of beer made in Germany. akin to maytia, walls, and munio, to fortify.}
fOng. brewed by a German named Mumme.] Murder, mur'der, «. the act ofputting a person
Mumble, mum'bl, v.i. to utter the sound mum in to death, intentionally and from malice.—v.t.
speaking : to speak indistinctly : to chew softly : to commit murder : to destroy : to put an end
to eat with the lips close :—v.t. to utter indis to. [A.S. mortkor, from morth, death ; Ger.
tinctly or imperfecdy : to mouth gently. [See mord, Goth, maurthr; akin to L. mors, mortis,
Mum.] death, and Sans, mri, to die.]
Mumbler, mum'bler, n. one who mumbles or Murderer, mur'der-cr, n. one who murders, or is
speaks with a low? indistinct voice. guilty of munder.—fern. Mur'deress.
Mumbling, mum'bling, adj. uttering with a low, Murderous, mur'der-us, adj. guilty of murder :
indistinct voice : chewing softly.—adv. Mum'- consisting in or fond of murder : bloody : cruel.
blingly. —adv. Murderously.
Mumm? mum, v.t. to mask : to make diversion in Murex, mQ'reks, n. a shellfish, from which the
disguise. [0. Out. mommen, to mask, mom, a Tynan purple dye was obtained. [L.]
mask ; cf Low Ger. mummeIn, to mask, whence Muriatic, mu-ri-at'ik, adj. pertaining to or ob
Ger. vertnummcn, to mask.] tained from sea-salt. [L. muriaticus—muria,
Mummer, mum'cr, «. one who mumms or makes brine]
diversion in disguise : a masker : a buffoon. Murlcate, mii'ri-kat, Muricatod, mu'ri-kilt-ed,
Mummery, mum'er-i, «., masking; diversion. adj. (pot.) armed with sluzrp points or prickles.
Mummify, mum'i-fT, v.t. to make into a mummy : [L. muricatus, from murex, muricis, a pointed
to embalm and dry as a mummy '.—pr.p. rock or stone.]
330 fate, far ; inS, hex ; mine ; mOtc ; mute ; moon ; Aica*
 Muriform
Muriform, mu'ri-form, adj. [hot.) resembling the
bricks in a wall. [L. murus, a wall, forma,
shape.]
Murky, murk'i, adj. , dark: obscure: gloomy.—
adv. Murkily.—«. Murk'iness. [A.S. mure;
Ice. myrkr, Dan. and Sw. mdrk.\
Murmur, mur'mur, ». a low, indistinct sound,
like that of running water : a complaint in a
low, muttering voice.—v.i. to utter a murmur:
to grumble :—Pr-f>. mur'munng ; pa.t. and Pa.p.
mur'mured.—«. Mur'murer. [Fr.—L.t formed
from the sound.]
Murmurous, mur'mur-us, adj. attended with
murmurs I exciting murmur.
Murrain, mur'ran or -'rin, n. an infectious and
fatal disease among cattle. [O. Fr, marine, a
dead carcass—L. morior, to die. See Mortal.]
Murrion, mur'ri-un. Same as Morion.
Muscadel, inus'ka-del. Muscadine, mus'ka-dln,
Muscat, mus'kat. Muscatel, musTca-tel, n. a
rich, spicy wine : also the grape producing it : a
fragrant and delicious pear. [O. Fr. muscadel
—It. -moscadello, moscaiello, dim. of muscato,
smelling like musk—L. museus, musk. See
Musk.]
Muscle, mus'l, n. the fleshy parts of an animal
body by which it moves. [Fr.—L. musculus,
dim. of mus, a mouse, hence a muscle, from
its appearance under the skin.]
Muscle, Mussel, mus'l, n. a marine bivalve shell
fish, used for food. [A.S. muxle ; Ger. mu-
schel, Fr. moule; all from L. musculus.]
Muscoid, muslcoid. adj. {bot.) moss-like.—n. a
moss-like, ftowerless plant. [A hybrid, from L.
muscus, moss, and Gr. eidos, form.]
Muscular, mus'kQ-lar, adj. pertaining to a muscle:
consisting of muscles : brawny : strong : vigorous.
—adv. Mus'cularly.—*. Muscularity, state of
being muscular.
Muse, muz, v.i. to study in silence : to be absent-
minded : to meditate. —n. deep thought: con
templation : absence of mind.—adv. Mus'ingly.
—«. Mus'er. [Fr. muser, to loiter, to trifle ; It.
musare ; acc. to Diez from 0. Fr. muse, Fr.
museau, the mouth, snout of an animal ; from
a dog snuffing idly about. See Muzzle j
Muse, muz, n. one of the nine goddesses of
poetry, music, and the other liberal arts. [Fr.—
L. musa—Gr. mousa, prob. from/fro^, to invent.]
Museum, mu-ze'um, n. a collection of natural,
scientific, or other curiosities, or of works of art.
[L. —Gr. mouseion. See Muse.|
Mush, mush, n. Indian meal boiled in water.
[Ger. mus, pap, any thick preparation of fruit.]
Mushroom, mush'rOom, n. the common name of
certain fungi, esp. such as are edible : {fig.) one
who rises suddenly from a low condition : an
upstart. [Fr. mousseron, through mousse, moss
—O. Ger. mas, Ger. moos.]
MusiO, mu'zik, n. melody or harmony : the science
which treats of harmony : the art of combining
sounds so as to please the ear : a musical
composition. [Fr. musique—L. musica—Gr.
mousike {technic art)—mousa. a Muse.)
Musical, mfl'zik-al, adj. pertaining to or producing
music : pleasing to the ear : melodious.—adv.
Mu'slcauy.—«. Mu'sicalness. [Fr.]
Musician, mu-zish'an, n. one skilled in music: a
performer of music. [Fr. musicien.]
Musk, musk, ft. a strong perfume, obtained from
the male musk-deer : a nornless deer, in Tibet
and Nepaul, yielding musk.—v.t. to perfume
with musk. [Fr. muse—I*, muscus, Gr. mosckos
—Pers. musk.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Mute
Musk'-apple, Musk'-cat, Musk'-mel'on, Musk'-
rose, &c so called from their musky odour.
Musket, mus'ket, «. formerly, the common hand
gun of soldiers. [Fr. mousquet, a musket,
formerly a hawk—It. mosquctto—L. musca, a
fly ; many of the old guns had fancy names
derived from birds and other animals.]
Musketeer, inus-ket-er', n. a soldier armed with a
musket. [Fr. mousquetaire.]
Musketoon, mus-ket-03n', «. a short musket : one
armed with a musketoon. [Fr. mousqueton.]
Musketry, mus'ket-ri, muskets in general:
practice with muskets. [Fr. mousqueterie.]
Musk-ox, musk'-oks, «. a small animal of the ox
family inhabiting the northern parts of America,
the flesh of which has a strong musky smell.
Musk-rat, musk'-rat, «. an animal of the shrew
family, so named from the strong musky odour of
its skin.
Musky, musk'i, adj. having the odour of musk.—
adv. Musk'ily. —n. Musk iness.
Muslin, muzlin, n. a fine thin kind of cotton cloth
with a downy nap. [Fr. mousseline—It. mus-
solifw: said to be from Mosul in Mesopotamia.]
Muslinet, muzlin-et, n. a coarse kind of muslin.
MusquitO. Same as Mosquito.
Mussel. See Muscle, a shellfish.
Mussulman, mus'ul-man, n. a Moslem or Moham
medan :—pi. Muss'ulmans ;,-munz). [Low L.
mussulmanus—Ar. moslemUna, pi. of moslem.]
Must, must, v.i* to be obliged physically or
morally. [A.S. mot, moste ; Ger. jnussen.]
Must, must, n. wine pressed from the grape, but
not fermented. [A.S., Ice. and Ger. most ; all
from L. musturn, from mus/us, new, fresh.]
Mustache, mus-tash', Mustachlo, mus-tash'yo, w.
the beard upon the upper lip. [Fr. moustache,
It. mostaccio ; from Gr. mustax, mustakos, the
upper Hp.] [tachios.
Mustachioed, mus-tash'yod, adj. having mus-
Mustard, mus'tard, «. a plant with a pungent
taste : the seed ground and used as a condiment.
[O. Fr. mmtstarde, Fr. moutarde—Q. Fr. moust,
Fr. moilt—L. mustum, must, orig. used in
preparing it.]
Muster, mus'ter, v.t. to assemble, as troops for
duty or inspection : to gather.—v.i. to be
gathered together, as troops.—«. an assembling
of troops : a register of troops musiered : assem
blage : collected show.—Pass muster, to pass
inspection uncensured. [O. Fr. mostrer— Fr.
montrer—L. monstro, to shew. See Monster]
Muster-master, mus'ter-mas'tcr, «. the master of
the muster, or who takes an account of troops,
their arms, &c.
Muster-roll, mus'ter-rGl, n. a roll or register of
the officers and men in each company, troop, or
regiment.
Musty, mustl, adj., mouldy: spoiled by damp:
sour : foul.—adv. Must'ily.—n. Must'iness.
[M. E. must, to be mouldy, from the base of L.
mucidus, mouldy, from mucus. See Mucus J
Mutable, mO'ta-bl, adj. that may be changed:
subject to change : inconstant.—adv. Mu'tably.
—us. MutablTity, Mu'tableness, quality of
being mutable. [L. mutabilis—muto, mutatum,
to change — moveo, motum, to move.]
Mutation, mQ-ta'shun, n. act or process of chang
ing: change: alteration.
Mute, mut, adj. incapable of speaking: dumb:
silent : unpronounced.—n one mute or dumb :
one who remains silent: a person stationed by
undertakers at the door of a house at a funeral :
{gram.) a letter having no sound without the
mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. 331
 Mute Nail
aid of a vowel, as h: (law) one who refuses to Myself, mi-self or me-self, Pron., I or me, in
£Iead to an indictment.—adv. Mutely.—«. person—used for the sake of emphasis and also
[ute'ness. [Fr. muct—h. mutus, like Gr. as the reciprocal of me* [My and Self. ]
muzd, to utter the sound «r«, produced by Mysterious, mis-te'ri-us, adj. containing mystery!
closing the lips.] obscure: secret: incomprehensible,—adv. Mys
Mute, mut, v.i. to dung, as birds. [0. Fr. mutir; teriously.—«. Myste riousness.
esmeut, dung ; conn, with E. smelt or melt.] Mystery, mis'ter-i, n. a secret doctrine : anything
Mutilate, mu'ti-Iiit, v.t. to maim: to cut off: to very obscure : that which is beyond human com
remove a material part of.—n. Mu'tilator, one prehension : anything artfully made difficult.
who mutilates. [L. mutilo—mutilus, maimed, [M. E. mysterie, from L. mysterium—Gr. mys-
Gr. mutilos, mitulos, curtailed, hornless.] terion—mystis, one initiated—muio, to initiate
Mutilation, mu-ti-li'shun, «. act of mutilating: into mysteries—mud, to close the eyes—root
deprivation of a limb or essential part. mu, close. See Mute, dumb. ]
Mutineer, mu-ti-neV, «. one guilty of mutiny. Mystery, mis'ter-i, «. a trade, handicraft : a kind of
Mutinous, mu'ti-nus, adj. disposed to mutiny. rude drama of a religious nature (so called be
seditious.—adv. Mutinously. Mu'tinous- cause acted by craftsmen). [M. E. mistere,
ness. corr from O. Fr. meslier, Fr. mitier—L. mini-
Mutiny, mu'ti-ni, v.t. to rise against authority in sterinm—minister. Prop, spelt mistery ; the
military or naval service : to revolt against spelling mystery is due to confusion with the
rightful authority:—pr.p. mutinying ; pa.t. and aoove word. See Minister. ]
Pa.p. mu'linied.—n. insurrection, esp. naval or Mystic, mis'tik, Mystical, mis tik-al, adj. relating
military: tumult: strife. [Fr. mntiner—mutin, to or containing mystery: sacredly obscure or
riotous—Fr. meute—L. motus, rising, insur secret : involving a secret meaning : allegorical :
rection, from moveo, motum, to move.] belonging to mysticism.—adv. Mys tically. [L.
Mutter, miner, v.i. to utter words in a low voice: mysticus—Gr. mystikos. See Mystery, a secret
to murmur : to sound with a low, rumbling noise. doctrine.]
—v.t. to utter indistinctly.—«. Mutt'erer. Mystic, mis'tik, «. one of a sect professing to have
[Prob. imitative, like Prov. Ger. muttem ; L. direct intercourse with the Spirit of God who
mutio.\ revealed mysteries to them.
Mutton, mul'n, n. the flesh of sheep. [Fr. mou- Mysticism, inis'ti-sizm, n. the doctrine of the
ton, a sheep—Low L. multo, which is prob. from mystics: obscurity of doctrine.
the Celt., as Bret, maoud, W. mailt, a wether, Mystify, mis'ti-fl, v.t. to make mysterious,
sheep ; or acc. to Piez, from L. mutilus, muti obscure, or secret : to involve in mystery '.—pr.p.
lated. See Mutilate.] mys'tifying; Pa.t. and pa.p. mys'iified.—«. Mys
Mutton-Ohop, mut'n-chop, «. a rib of mutton tification. [Fr. mysti)icrt from Gr. mystes, and
chapped at the small end. [Mutton and Chop.] L. facio, to make.]
Mutual, mu'tu-al, adj., interchanged : in return : Myth, mith, «. a fable : a legend : a fabulous
given and received.—adv. Mu'tually. —«. Mu narrative founded on a remote event, esp. those
tuality. [Fr. mutuel—L. mutuus—muto, to made in the early period of a people's existence.
change. ] [Gr. mythos.)
Muzzle, muzl, n. the projecting mouth, lips, and Mythic, mith'ik, Mythloal, mith'ik-al, adj. relat
nose of an animal : a fastening for the mouth to ing to myths : fabulous.—adv. Mythically.
prevent biting : the extreme end of a gun, &c. — [Gr. mythikosA
v.t. to put a muzzle on : to restrain from biting : Mythologlc, mith-o-loj'ik, Mythological, mith-o-
to keep from hurting. [O. Fr. musel, r- r. loj ik-al. adj. relating to mythology : fabulous.
museau, prob. from L. morsus, a bite—mordeo, —adv. Mytholog'icaUy.
to bite.] Mythologist, mith-ol'o-jist, «. one versed in or
My (when emphatic or distinct), mT, (otherwise) who writes on mythology.
me, poss. atij. belonging to me. [Contr. of Mine.] Mythology, mith-ol'o-ji, n. a system of myths : a
Mycology, ml-kol'o-ji, «. the science treating of treatise regarding myths : the science of myths.
the fungi or mushrooms. [Gr. mykest fungus, [Fr.—Gr. mythotogia—mythos, and logos, a
and logos, discourse.] treatise.]
Myopy, info-pi, n. shortness or nearness of sight.
—adj. Myop'lO. [Gr.—w^, to close, and dps, N
the eye.]
Myriad, mirl-ad, ». any immense number. [Gr. Nabob, nS'bob, n. a deputy or governor under the
myrias, myriados, a ten thousand, allied to W. Mogul empire : a European who has enriched
maivr, great, more, myrdd, an infinity.] himself in the East : any man of great wealth.
Myriapod, mir'i-a-pod, «. a worm-shaped articulate [Corr. of Hindi naiw&o, a deputy ; from Ar.
animal with many jointed legs. [Gr. myrioi, ten nauivab, governors.]
thousand, and ports, podos, foot.] Nacre, nalcr, n. a white brilliant matter which
Myrmidon, mermi-don, n. (orig.) one of a tribe forms the interior of several shells. [Fr.—Pers.
of warriors who accompanied Achilles : one of a nigar, painting.)
ruffianly band under a daring leader. [L. and Nadir, na'dir, n. the point of the heavens directly
Gr., derived, acc. to the fable, from n yrmex, opposite and corresponding to the zenith. [Ar.
an ant.] nadir, nazir, from nazara, to be like.]
Myrrh, mer, n. a bitter aromatic, transparent Nag, nag, n. a horse, but particularly a small one.
gum, exuded from the bark of a shrub in Arabia. [Prob., with intrusive initial «, from Dan. 6g,
[Fr. myrrJw—L. and Gr. myrr/ta—Ar. mnrr, cog. with O. Saxon ehu (cf. L. equa, a marc}.]
frum marra, to be bitter.] Naiad, nii'yad, n. a tvater-nymph or female deity,
Myrtle, mer!!, n. an evergreen shrub with beauti fabled to preside over rivers and springs. [L.
ful and fragrant leaves. [Fr. myrtil, dim. of and Gr. naias, naiades, from naii, to flow. I
myrte— L. and Gr. myrtus~Gr. myron, any Nail, nftl, h. the horny scale at the end of the
sweet juice.] human fingers and toes : the claw of a bird or
882 fate, far ; m€, her ; mine ; mule ; mute : mouti ; //ten.
 Nailer
other animal : a pointed spike of metal for
fastening wood : a measure of length (24 inches).
—v.t. to fasten with nails. [A,S. turgei ; Ger.
nagel; allied to L. unguis, Gr. o-nyx, Sans.
nakha; all from a root seen in £. Gnaw, and
sig. to pierce.]
Nailer, nal'er, n. one whose trade Is to make nails.
Nailery, naTer-i, n. a place where nails are made.
Naive, na'ev, adj. with natural or unaffected sim-
Slicity : artless : ingenuous.—adv. Naively.—«.
arvete', na'ev-ta. [Fr. naif, naive—L. naiivus,
native, innate, from nascor, natus, to be born.]
Naked, na'ked, adj. uncovered : exposed : un
armed : defenceless : unconcealed : plain or evi
dent : without addition or ornament : simple :
artless : [hot.) without the usual covering.—adv.
Na'kedly.—«. NaTcedness. [A.S. nacod; Ger.
nackt, Sans, nagna, L. nudus, naked ; all from
a root found in M. E. naken, 10 lay bare.]
Namby-pamby, nam'bi-pam'bi, adj. weakly sen
timental or affectedly pretty [From first name
of Ambrose Philips, an affected E. poet of the
beginning of the i3th century.]
Name, nam, «. that by which a person or thing is
known or called : a designation : reputed char
acter : reputation : fame : celebrity : remem
brance : a race or family : appearance : authority :
behalf; assumed character of another: [gram.)
a noun.—v.t. to give a name to : to designate :
to speak of by name : to nominate.—«. Nam'er.
[A.S. nama ; Ger. name, L. nomen—nosco, to
know ; Gr. onoma for ognoma, from gna, root
of gigndskd, to know ; Sans, ndman—jna, to
know. ]
Nameless, namles, adr without a name : undis
tinguished.—adv. Namelessly.—«. Name-
lessness.
Namely, nam'li, adv. by name : that is to say.
Namesake, nam'sik, ». one bearing the same
name as another for his sake. [Name and
Sake.] [first made at Nankin in China.
Nankeen, nan-ken', n. a buff-coloured cotton cloth
Nap, nap, «. a short sleep. —v.t. to take a short
sleep : to feel drowsy and secure :—Pr.p. napp'-
ing ; pa.p. napped' [A.S. hn&ppian, to nap,
ong. to nod : cf. Ger. nicken, to nod.]
Nap, nap, n. the woolly substance on the surface
of cloth : the downy covering of plants.—adj.
Napp'y. [A.S. hnoppa, nap, a form of c*uep,
a top, knob. See Knob.]
Nape, nap, «. the knob or projecting joint of the
neck behind. [A.S. cna'p, the top of anything,
W*. cnap, a knob. See Knob |
Napery, nap'er-i, «. linen, esp. for the table. [O.
Fr. naperie—Fr. nappe, a table-cloth—Low L.
napa, corr. from L. tnafipa, a napkin.]
Naphtha, nap'tha or nat'iha, n. a clear, inflam
mable liquid distilled from coal-tar : rock-oil.
[L.—Gr.-Ar. naff.)
Naphthaline, nap tha-Iin or naf'-, n. a grayish-
white, inflammable substance formed in the dis
tillation of coaL
Napkin, nap kin, «. a cloth for wiping the hands :
a handkerchief. [Dim of Fr. nappe. See
Napery.J
Napless, nap'Ies, adj. without nap : threadbare.
NarctSSUS, nar-sis'us, n. a genus of flowering
plants comprising the daffodils, &c. having nar
cotic properties. [L.—Gr. narkissos—narke,
torpor.]
Narcotic, nar-kot'ik, adj. producing torpor,
sleep, or deadness.—«. a medicine producing
sleep or stupor.—adv. NarCOt'lcally. [Fr.—Gr.
narki^ torpor.]
f5td, far; mi, her: mine;
Natty
Nard nard, n. an aromatic plant usually called
Spikenard : an unguent prepared from it—adj.
Nard'ine. [Fr.—L. nardus—Gr. nardos—Pers.
nard—Sans, nalada, from Sans, nal, to smell]
Narrate, na-rar/ or nar'-, v.t. to tell or recite : to
.give
narro,annarratum—gnarus,
account of.—n. Narration.
knowing—root[Fr.—L.
£■«<*.]
Narrative, nar'a-tiv, adj., narrating: giving an
account of any occurrence : inclined 10 narra
tion : story-telling.—n. that which is narrated :
a continued account of any occurrence : story.
Narrow, narM, adj. of little breadth or extent :
limited : contracted in mind : bigoted : not
liberal : selfish : within a small distance : close :
accurate: careful.—n. (oftcner used in the //.)
a narrow passage, channel, or strait.—v.t. to
make narrow: to contract or confine.—v.i, to
become narrow.—adv. NaTT'owly.—n. Narr'-
owness. [A S. nearu, nearo ; not conn, with
near, but prob. with nerrc, snare.]
Narrow-minded, nar'O-mind'ed, adj. of unarroTv
or illiberal mind.—n. Narrow-mindedness.
Narwhal, nar'hwal, Narwal, nar'wal, u. the sea-
unicom, a mammal of the whale family wiih one
large projecting tusk. [Dan. narhval—Ice.
nahvalr, either ' nose-whale ' (na- for nas-, nose)
or 'corpse-whale,' from the creature's pallid
colour (Ice. na- for nar-, corpse]. See Whale.]
Nasal, niVal, adj. belonging to the nose: affected
by or sounded through the nose.—n. a letter or
sound uttered through the nose. [Fr., trom L.
nasns, the nose. See Nose.] [sound.
Nasalise, na'zal-Tz, v.t. to render nasal, as a
Nascent, nas'ent, adj., springing up. arising:
beginning to exist or grow. [L. nasce/tSj -entis,
pr.p. of nascor, natus, to be born, to spring up.]
Nasturtium, nas-tur'shi-um, «. a kind of cress
with a pungent taste. [Lit. 'nose-tormenting,'
L„ from nasns, the nose, and torqueo, tortum,
to twist, torment.]
Nasty, nas'ti, adj. dirty : filthy : obscene : nau
seous.—adv. Nastily.—«. Hastiness. [Old
form nasky—A.S. knesce, soft; cf. prov. Swed.
snaskig, nasty, from snaska, to eat like a pig.]
Natal, n;Vtal, adj pertaining to birth: native.
[Fr.—L. natalis —nascor, natus, to be bom.]
Natation, na-tashun, ». swimming. [L. natatio
—nato, to swim.]
Natatory, na'ta-tor-i, adj. pertaining to swimming.
Nation, nii'shun, «. those born of the same stock :
the people inhabiting the same country, or
under the same government : a race : a great
number. [Fr. — L. nascor, natus, to be born.]
National, nash'un-al, Oiij. pertaining to a nation :
public : general : attached to one's own country.
—adv. Nationally.—.'/. Na'tionalness.
Nationalise, nash'un-al-Tz, v.t. to make national.
Nationalism, nash'un-al-izm, Nationality, nash-
un-al'i-ti, n. the being attached to one's country :
national character.—//. Nationalist.
Native, na'tiv, atij. from or by birth . produced by
nature : pertaining to the time or place of birth :
original.—//, one born in any place : an original
inhabitant —adv. Natively.—n. Na'tiveness.
[Fr.—L. nativus. See Natal.]
Nativity, na-tiv'i-ti, n. state of being bom : time,
place, and manner of birth : state or place of
being produced : a horoscope.—The Nativity,
the birthday of the Saviour.
Natron, na'trun, «. an impure native carbonate of
soda, the nitre of the Bible. [Fr.—L. nitrum
—Gr. nitron.} [Adder.]
Natterjack, nat'er-jak, n. a species of toad. [See
Natty, nat'i, adj. trim, spruce. [Allied to Neat.]
mOte : mGon : then. 333
 Natural
Natural, nat'Q-ral, adj. pertaining to, produced
by, or according to nature : inborn : not far
fetched : not acquired : tender : unaffected :
illegitimate : [music] according to the usual
diatonic scale.—n. an idiot : [music] a character
which removes the effect of a preceding
sharp or flat.—*dv. Nat'urally.—«. Nat'ural-
ness.—Natural History, originally the descrip
tion of all that is in nature, now used of the
sciences that deal with the earth and its pro
ductions—botany, zoology, and mineralogy,
especially zoology.—Natural philosophy, the
science of nature, of the physical properties of
bodies : physics.—Natural Theology, the body
of theological truths discoverable by reason with
out revelation.
Naturalise. nat'il-ral-Tz, v.t. to make natural or
familiar: to adapt to a different climate : to invest
with the privileges of natural-born subjects.—
n. Naturalisa'tfon.
Naturalism, nat'ii-ral-izm, «. mere state of nature.
Naturalist, nat'Q-ral-ist, n, one who studiesnature,
more particularly animated nature.
Nature, na'tur, w. the power which creates and
which presides over the material world: the
established order of things : the universe : the
essential qualities of anything : constitution :
species : character : natural disposition : conform-
ii y to that which is natural : a mind, or character :
nakedness. [Fr.—L- natura—nascor. rutins,
to be born—gna, a form of root gen = Gr. gen,
to be born.]
Naught, nawt, no-whit, nothing.—adv. in no
degree.—adj. of no value or account : worthless :
bad. [A.S. naht, na-tviht—na, not, tvikt, whit,
anything.]
Naughty, nawt'i, adj. bad : mischievous : per
verse.—miv. Naught'ily. -«. Naughtiness
Nausea, naw'she-a, «. any sickness of the stomach,
with a propensity to vomit : loathing. [L.—Gr.
nausia, sea-sickness—nans, a ship.]
Nauseate, naw'she-iit, v i. to feel nausea: to be
come squeamish : to feel disgust.—?'./, to loathe :
to strike with disgust.
Nauseous, naw'she-us, adj. producing nausea :
disgusting : loathsome, —adv. Nau'seously. —
n. Nau'seousness.
Nautical, naw'uk-al, adj. pertaining to shifts,
sailors, or navigation : naval : marine.—adv.
Nau'tically. [L. nandcus—Or. nautikos—
naus ; cog. with which are Sans, nan, L. mavis,
a ship, A.S. naca, Ger. nachen, a boat.]
Nautilus, naw'ti-lus, n. a kind of shellfish
furnished with a membrane which was once
believed to enable it to sail like a ship:—pi.
Nau'tilUSOS or Nau'till [L. —Gr. nautilos.)
Naval, na'val, adj. pertaining to sltips : consisting
of ships: marine: nautical: belonging to the
navy. [Fr. —L. navalis—tuna's, a ship.]
Nave, n&v, n. *Jhe middle or body of a church,
distinct from the aisles or wings, so called
from the resemblance of the roof to the hull of a
ship, or because the church of Christ was often
likened to a ship. [Fr. nef—L. navis, a ship.
See Nautical ]
Nave, nftv, n. the hub or piece of wood, &c. in
the centre of a wheel, through which the axle
passes. [A.S. nafu, nave ; cf. Dut. rum/, Ger.
nave ; Sans, tuxohz, nave, navel—prob. from
nabk, to burst.]
Navel, niiv'l, n. the mark or depression in the
centre of the lower part of the abdomen, at first,
a smallprojection. [Dim. of Nave, a hub.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Necessary
Navigable, nav'i-ga-bl, atij. that may be passed
by ships or vessels.—«. Nav igableness. —adv.
Nav'igably.
Navigate, nav't-gat, v. t. to steer or manage a ship
in sailing : to sail on. —v.i. to go in a vessel or
ship : to sail. [L. navigo, •alum—navis, a ship,
and ago, to drive.]
Navigation, nav-i-gii'shun, rt. the act, science, or
art of sailing ships.
Navigator, nav'i-gat-or, ». one who navigates or
sails : one who directs the course of a ship.
Nawy, narf, n. [orig.) a labourer on canals for
internal navigation ; a labourer. [A contraction
of Navigator.]
Navy, na'vi, «. a fleet of ships: the whole of the
ships-of-war of a nation : the officers and men
belonging to the war-ships of a nation. [O. Fr.
—L. navis, a ship.]
Nay, na, adv., no : not only so : yet more.—n. de
nial. [M. E.—Ice. net, Dan. nei ; cog. with No.]
Nazarene, naz'ar-en, n. a follower of Jesus of
Nazareth, originally used of Christians in con
tempt : one belonging to the early Christian
sect of the Nazarenes. [From Nazareth, the
town.]
Nazarite, naz'ar-Tt, n. a Jew who vowed to abstain
from strong drink, &c. [Heb. nasar, to conse
crate.] |tice of a Nazarite.
Nazaritism, naz'ar-Tt-izm, «. the vow and prac-
Naze, naz, ru a headland or cape. [Scand., as
in Dan. rues ; a doublet of Ness.J
Neap, ncp, adj. low, applied to the lowest tides.
—n. a neap-tide. [A.S. tup, orig. hn/p; Dan.
knap. Ice. nefiftr, scanty. From verb Nip.]
Neaped, nfipt, adj. left in the neap-tide or aground.
Near, ner, adj., nigh, not far distant: intimate:
dear: close to anything followed or imitated:
direct : stingy. —adv. at a little distance : almost.
—V.t. to approach: to come nearer to. TA.S.
near, nearer, comp. of neah, nigh, now used as
a positive; Ice. titer; Ger. ttSher. See Nigh. J
Nearly, ner'li, adv. at no great distance : closely :
intimately : pressiiigly : almost : stingily.
Nearness, neVnes, «. the state of being near:
closeness : intimacy : close alliance : stinginess.
Near-sighted, ner'-slt'ed, adj., seeing only when
near: short-sighted.—n. Near'-sight'edness.
Neat, net, adj. belonging to the bovine genus.—
rt. black-cattle : an ox or cow. [A.S. neat,
cattle, a beast—neotan, niotan, to use, employ :
Ice. njotan, Ger. geniessen, to enjoy, Scot.
nowt, black-cattle.]
I Neat, net, adj. trim : tidy : without mixture or
, adulteration.—adv. Neatly.—it. Neatness.
I [Fr. net—L. nitidns, shining—niteo, to shine ;
or perh. conn, with A.S. neod, ncMlice, pretty.]
Neatherd, net'herd, «. one who herds or has the
care of neat or cuttle.
1 Neb, neb, n. the beak of a bird : the nose. [A.S.
I neod, the face ; cog. with Dut. neb, beak. The
word orig. had an initial * like Dut. sneb, Ger.
sclutabel, and is conn. uith Snap, Snip.)
Nebula, neb'fl-la, n. a little cloud : a faint, misty
appearance in the heavens produced either by
a group of stars too distant to be seen singly, 01
by diffused gaseous matter ;—pl. Nob'ulce. [L. :
Gr. nephele, cloud, mist.]
Nebular, neb'ii-lar, adj. pertaining to nebula*.
Nebulose, neb'Q-lOs, Nebulous, neb'Q-lus, adj.
misty, hazy, vague : relating to or having the
appearance of a nebula.—n. Nebulos ity.
Necessary, nes'es-sar-i, adj. needful : unavoid
able ; indispensable : not free.—«. a requisite—
used chiefly in pi.—adv. Noc'eBSarily. [Fr.—
mSte ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Necessitarian
L. necessarius, which is either from root nac,
seen in L. nanciscor, to obtain, Gr. inegka, to
bear, or from ne. Dot, and cedo, cessum, to
yield.]
Necessitarian, ne-ses-si-ta'ri-an, Necessarian,
ncs-cs-sa'ri-an, n. one who holds the doctrine of
necessity, denying freedom ot will.
Necessitate, ne-ses'i-tat, v.t. to make necessary :
to render unavoidable ; to compel. [L. neces-
sitas.]
Necessitous, ne-ses'it-us, adj., in necessity: very
poor : destitute.—adv. Nocoss ltously.— n. No-
cess'ltousness.
Necessity, ne-ses'i-ti, n. that which is necessary
or unavoidable : compulsion : need : poverty.
Neck, nek, ». the part of an animal's body be
tween the head and trunk : a long narrow part.
[AS. hnecca ; Ger. nacken ; prob. from root
angk, to bend, as in Anchor, Angle, Sans, ac,
anc, to bend.) [the neck by men.
Neckcloth, neklcloth, n. a piece of cloth worn on
Necked, nekt, adj. having a neck.
Neckerchief, nek'er-chif, n. a kerchieftor the neck.
Necklace, nck'las, n. a iace or string of beads or
precious stones worn on the neck by women.
Necktie, nek'ti, n. a tie or cloth for the neck.
Neckverse, nekVers, «. the verse formerly read
to entitle the person to benefit of clergy—said
to be the first of the 51st Psalm.
Necrologlc, nek-ro-lojik, Nosological, nek-ro-
loj'ik-al, adj. pertaining to necrology*
Necrologist, nek-rol'o-jisL n. one who gives an
account of deaths.
Necrology, nek-rol'o-ji, n. an account of the dead:
a register of deaths. [Gr. nekros, dead, and
logos, a discourse.]
Necromancer, nek'ro-man-ser, «. one who prac
tises necromancy : a sorcerer.
Necromancy, nek'ro-man-si, «. the art of reveal
ingfuture events by communication with the
deati : enchantment. [Gr. nekromanteia—
nekros, and manteia, a prophesying—mantis, a
prophet. For the mediaeval spelling, nigro-
tnancy, see Black-art. ]
Necromantic, nek-ro-man'tik, Nocromantical.
nek-ro-man'tik-al, adj. pertaining to necro
mancy : performed by necromancy. —adv. Nec-
rom.xn tically.
Necropolis, nck-rop'o-lis, n. a cemetery. [Lit. ' a
city of the dead,' Gr. nekros, and Palis, a city.]
Nectar, nek'tar, «. the red wine or drink of the
gods : a delicious beverage : the honey of the
glands of plants. [L.—Gr. nektar; ety. dub.J
Nectareal, nck-ta're-al, Nectarean, nek-ta're-an,
adj. pertaiuing to or resembling nectar: deli
cious.
Noctared, nck'tard, adj. imbued with nectar:
mingled or abounding with nectar>
Nectareous, nek-tare-us, adj. pertaining to, con
taining, or resembling nectar : delicious.
Nectarine, nek'ta-rin, adj. sweet as nectar.—n.
a variety of peach with a smooth fruit.
Nectarous, neVtar-us, adj. sweet as nectar.
Nectary, nek'tar-i, n. the part of a flower which
secretes the nectar ot honey.
Need, ncd, «., necessity: a state that requires re
lief: want.—v.t. to have occasion for : to want.
—n. Need'er. [AS. uyd, nead; Dut. nood,
Ger. noth, Goth, nauths, orig. prob. sig. ' com
pulsion.']
Needful, ned'fool, adj. full of need, needy : neces
sary: requisite. —a*iv. Needfully.—«. Need'-
fulness.
Needle, nCdl, n. a small, sharp-pointed steel
fate, far , mc, her ; mine ;
Negrohead
instrument, with an eye for a thread : anything
like a needle, as the magnet of a compass. [A.S.
mrdel ; Ice. nal, Ger. nadel; conn, with Ger.
ndhen, to sew, L. nere, Gr. neein, to spin.]
NeedlebOOk, ned'l-book, n. a number of pieces of
cloth, arranged like a book, for holding needles.
Needleful ned'l-fool, «. as much thread as fills a
needle.
Needle-gun, nedl-gun, n. a. gun or rifle loaded at
the breech with a cartridge containing powder
and exploded by the prick of a needle.
NeedleBB, ned'les, adj.t not needed: unnecessary.
—adv. Needlessly.—«. Needlessness.
Needlewoman, ncd 1-woom-an, n. a woman who
makes her living by her needle, a seamstress.
Needlework, nctrl-wurk, «. work done with a
needle : the business of a seamstress.
Needs, nedz, adv., of necessity: indispensably.
[A.S. nedes, of necessity, gen. of nead. See
Need.] [Need'iiy.—«. Need'iness.
Needy, nfid'i, adj. being in need: very poor. —adv.
Ne'er, nar, adv. contraction of Never.
Neesing, nez'ing, «. (£.) old form of Sneezing
Nefarious, ne-fa'ri-us, adj. impious : wicked in
the extreme : villainous.—adv. Nefa'riously —
n. Nefa'riousness. [L. nefarius, contrary to
divine law—ne, not, fas, divine law, prob. from
fori, to speak.]
Negation, ne-ga'shun, n. act otsaying no : denial :
{logic} the absence of certain qualities in any
thing. [Fr.— L. negatw—nego, -atum, to say
no—nec, not, aio, to say yes.]
Negative, neg'a-tiv, adj. that denies : implying
aosence : that stops or restrains: [logic) deny
ing the connection between a subject and predi
cate : [algebra) noting a quantity to be sub
tracted.—«. a proposition by which something is
denied: {grant.) a word that denies.—v.t. to
Srove the contrary : to reject by vote.—adv.
feg'atively. —«. Neg'ativeness. [L. nega-
tiTus—nego, to deny.]
Neglect, neg-lekr/, v.t. not to care for: to disre
gard : to omit by carelessness.—«. disregard :
slight : omission. [L. negligo, neglectum—nec,
not, lego, to gather, pick up.]
Neglectful, ncg-lckt'fool, adj. careless: accus
tomed to omit or neglect things : slighting.—
adv. Neglect'fully.—«. Neglect'fulness.
Negligee, ncg-li-zha , «. easy undress: a plain,
loose gown : a necklace, usually of red coral.
[Fr. nigligi—nigliger, to neglect.]
Negligenoe, neg'h-jens, «. quality of being negli
gent : habitual neglect : carelessness : omission
of duty. [Fr.—L. negligentia—negligens, -entis,
pr.p. ot negligo. See Neglect.]
Negligent, iieg'H-jent, otlj., neglecting: careless:
inattentive.—adv. Neg ligently.
Negotiable, ne-g5'shi-a-bl, adj. that may be nego
tiated or transacted.—«. Negotiability.
Negotiate, ne-g5'shi-at, v.t. to carry on business:
to bargain : to hold intercourse for the purpose
of mutual arrangement.—v.t. to arrange for by
agreement : to pass, as a bill : to sell.—n.
NegO tiator. [L. negotiorJ -atus—negotium,
business—nec, pot, otium, leisure.]
Negotiation, ne-gfl-shi-a'shun, n. act of negotiat
ing : the treating with another on business.
Negotiatory, ne-gO'shi-a-tor-i, adj. of or pertain
ing to negotiation.
Negro, ne'gru, n. one of the black race in Africa :
—fern. Ne'gress. [Sp, negro—L. niger, black.]
Negrohead, nfi'grfVhed, n. tobacco soaked in
molasses and pressed into cakes, so called from
its blackness.
mOte ; mute ; moon ; /Aca.
 Negus
NegOS, ne'gus, n. a beverage of hot wine, water,
sugar, nutmeg, and lemon-juice. [Said to be so
called from Colonel Negus, its first maker, in the
reign of Queen Aunc.]
Neigh, na, v.i. to utter the cry of a horse:—
Pr.p. neigh'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. neighed' (nad).
—n. the cry of a horse. (A. S. kruegan; Ice.
kneggja, Scot, nicker; from thesound. SeeNag.]
Neighbour, nil'bur, n. a person who dwells near
another.—adj. \B.) neighbouring. —v.i. to live
near each other. —v.t. to be near to. [A.S.
neahbur, neahgebur—A.S. neah, near, gebur or
bur, a farmer. Sec Boor.j
Neighbourhood, nii'bur-hood, ». state of being
neighbours : adjoining district.
Neighbouring, na'bur-ing, adj. being near.
Neighbourly, na'bur-H, adj. like or becoming a
neighbour: friendly: social.—adv. Neigh
bourly.—//. Neigh'bourliness.
Neither, ne'r/ier or ni'Mer, adj., pron., or conj.,
not either. [A. S. nawther, contr. of ne-
hwather—na, no, and hnuether, whether.
Doublet Nor.]
Nemesis, nem'e-sis, n. {myth.) the goddess of
vengeance: retributive justice. [Gr. nemo, to
distribute.]
Neolithic, ne-o-lith'ik, adj. applied to the more
recent of two divisions of itic stone age, the
other being Palaeolithic. [Gr. neos, new, lithos,
a stone.J
Neologlo, ne-o-Ioj'ik, Neological, ne-o-loj'ik-al,
adj. pertaining to neology: using new words.
Neologise, ne-ol'o-jTz, v.i. to introduce new words.
Neologism, ne-ol'o-jism, n. a new word or
doctrine.
Neologist, ne-ol'o-jist, n. an innovator in lan
guage: an innovator in theology.
Neology, ne-ol'o-ji, «. the introduction of neio
words into a language : a new word or phrase :
{theot.) new doctrines, esp. German rationalism.
[Gr. neos, new, and logos, word.]
Neophyte, ne'o-flt, «. a new convert : in R. Cath.
Church, one newly admitted to the priesthood or
to a monastery : a novice.—adj. newly entered
on office. [L. neophytus—Gr. neos, new, phytos,
grown—phyd, to produce.]
Neozoic, nc-o-zG'ik, adj. denoting all rocks from
the Trias down to the most recentformations, as
opposed to Paleozoic. [Gr. neos, new, soe, life.]
Nepenthe, ne-pen'the, Nepenthes, ne-pen'thez, n.
(m*d.) a drug that relieves pain: a genus of
f)lants having a cup or pitcher attached to the
eaf, often filled with a sweetish liquid, the
pitcher plant. [Gr. nepenthes, removing sorrow
—tic, priv., and penthos, grief, sorrow.]
Nephew, nev'u or nef'u, n. [orig.) a grandson—so
in New Test. ; the son of a brother or sister :
—/em. Niece. [Fr. neve?*—L. nepos, nepotis,
grandson, nephew; cog. with Sans, napat, Gr.
anepsios, cousin, A.S. nefa, a nephew.]
Nephralgia, ne-fral'ji-a, Nephralgy, ne-fral'ji, «.,
pain or disease of the kidneys. [Gr. nephroi,
kidneys, algos, pain.]
Nephrite, nef'nt, «. scientific name for Jade, a
mineral used as a charm against kidney disease.
Nephritic, ne-frit'ik, Nephritical, ne-frit/ik-al,
adj. pertaining to the kidneys: affected with a
disease uf the kidneys : relieving diseases of the
kidneys.—n. Nephrit'lc, a medicine for the cure
of diseases of the kidneys.
Nephritis, ne-frl'tis, n. inflammation of the kid
neys.
Nepotism, nep'o-tizm, n. undue favouritism to
one's relations, as in the bestowal of patronage.
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ;
Nethermost
—n. Ner/otlst, one who practises nepotism. [L.
ncfios, nepotis, a grandson, nephew, descendant.]
Neptune, ncp'tOn, n. [myth.) the god of the sea:
(as/r.) a large planet discovered in 1846. [L,
Neptunus, from a root seen in Gr. nipho, L.
nimbus, Zend ndpita, wet, Sans, nepa, water.]
Neptunian, nep-tii'ni-an, adj. pertaining to the
sea: formed by water : (geol.) applied to strati
fied rocks or to those due mainly to the agency
of water, as opposed to Plutonic or igneous.
Nereid, ne're-id, n. intyth.) a sea-nymph, one of
the daughters of the sea-god Nereus, who at
tended Neptune riding on sea-horses: {zool.) a
genus of marine worms like long myriapods.
[L. Nereis—Gr. Nereis, -idos—Nereus, a sea-
god ; akin to ned, to swim, nad, to flow, and
Sans, nam, water.]
Nerve, nerv, *. {orig.) a tendon or sinew: physical
strength : firmness: courage : [anat.) one of the
fibres which convey sensation from all parts of
the body to the brain : {dot.) one of the fibres in
the leaves of plants. —v.t. to give strength or
vigour to : courage. [Fr.—L. nermts; Gr.
neuron, a sinew : orig. form was with initial s,
as in E. Snare, Gcr. schnur, a lace or tie.]
Nerveless, neiVlcs, adj. without nerve or strength.
Nervine, ncr/in, adj. acting on the nerves: quiet
ing nervous excitement. —n. a medicine that
soothes nervous excitement. [L. nervinus.]
Nervous, nerv'us, adj. having nerve: sinewy:
strong : vigorous : pertaining to the nerves :
having the nerves easj^- excited or weak.—adv.
Nerv ously.—«. Nervousness.—Nerv'oussys'-
tem {anat.) the brain, spinal chord, and nerves
collectively. [Fr. nerveux—L. nervosus.]
Nervous, nerVus, Nervose, ner-voV, Nerved,
nervd', adj. {bot.) having parallel fibres or veins.
Nescience, nesh'ens, «. want of knowledge. [L.
nesct'entia—nescio, to be ignorant—ne, not, and
scio, to know.]
Ness, nes, «. a promontory or headland. [A.S.
rues, promontory ; a doublet of Naze, and prob.
conn, with Nose.]
Nest, nest, n. the bed formed by a bird for hatch
ing her young : the place in which the eggs of
any animal are laid and hatched : a comfortable
residence: the abode of a large number, often
in a bad sense : a number of boxes each inside
the next larger.—v.i. to build and occupy a
nest [A.S. nest; Ger. nest, Gael, nead; akin
to L. nidus, for nisdus, Sans, nida.]
Nestle, nes'l, v.i. to lie close or snug as in a nest:
to settle comfortably.—v.t. to cherish, as a bird
her young. [A.S. nestlian—nest.)
Nestling, nestling, adj. being in the nest, newly
hatched.—n. a young bird in the nest.
Nestorlan, nes-tO'ri-an, adj. pertaining to the doc
trine of Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople :
resembling Nestor, the aged warrior and coun
sellor mentioned in Homer : experienced : wise.
Net, net, «. an instrument of twine knotted into
meshes for catching birds, fishes, &c : anything
like a net: a snare: a difficulty. —v.t. to form
as network : to take with a net.—v.i. to form net
work '.—pr.p. nett'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. nett'ed.
[A.S. net, net/; Dan. net, Ger. nets; ety. dub.]
Net, net, adj. clear of all charges or deductions :
opposed to gross.—v.t. to produce as clear
profit:—pr.p. nett'ing; pa.t. and Pa.p. nett'ed.
[A.S. net/, another form of Neat.]
Nether, neM'er, adj., beneath another, lower :
infernal. [A.S. neothera, a comp. adj. due to
adv, nit/ter, downward; Ger. nieder, low.]
Nethermost, neM'er-most, adj., mos/ beneath
mOtc : mute ; mCOn ; then
 Nethinim Nlol
lowest [A.S., a corr. of nithentesta, a doubled nucalis, like a inn—uu.x , nucis, a nut. See
superl. of nither. For suffix -most, see After Nucleus. ]
most, Foremost.] Newfangled, mi-fang*eld, adj. fond of new things :
Nethinim, ncth'in-im, n.pl. (B.) men given to the newly devised. Newfang ledness. [Corr.
Lcvites to assist them. [Heb. nathan, to give.] from Mid. E. newe/angel—new, and the root
Netting, net'ing, n. act of forming network : a of Fang, thus meaning ready to seize.']
piece of network. New-fashioned, nQ-fash'und, adj. newly fashioned :
Nettle, netl, n. a common plant covered with lately come into fashion,
hairs which sting sharply.—v.t. to fret, as a i Newish, nu ish, adj. somewhat nnv: nearly new.
nettle docs the skin : to irritate. [A.S. netele; News, nuz, «. sing, something nnv: recent ac
by some taken from same root as needle ; more count : fresh information of something that has
probably from Teut. base meaning 'scratch,' just happened : intelligence.
and akin to Gr. knide~, nettle. See also Nit.] Newsboy, nuz'boy. Newsman, nuz'man, k. a boy
Nettlerash, netl-rash, u. a kind of fever charac or man who delivers or sells M^mrpapers.
terised by a rash or eruption on the skin like Newsletter, nuz'!et-er, «. an occasional letter or
that caused by the sting of a nettle. printed sheet containing news, the predecessor
Network, net'wurk, «. a piece of work or a fabric of the regular newspaper.
formed like a net. Newsmonger, nuz'mung-ger, n. one who deals in
Neural, nu'ral, adj. pertaining to the nerves. [Gr. news : one who spends much time in hearing and
neuron, a nerve. See Nerve.] telling news. [HOWS and Monger.]
Neuralgia, nQ-ral'ji-a, Neuralgy, nu-ral'ji, n. Newspaper, nflz'pa-per, «. a paper published
^ain in the nerves. [Gr. neuron, and algos, periodically for circulating news, &c.
pain.] t b Newsroom, nuzVCOm, «. a room for the reading
Neuralgic, nu-raVjik,a^. pertaining to neuralgia. of wrrcjpapers, magazines, &c.
Neurology, nQ-rol'o-ji, n. the science of the nerves. New-Style, nu'-stll, n. the Gregorian as opposed
—adj. Neurological —«. Neurol ogist, a writer to the Julian method of reckoning the calendar.
on neurology. [Gr. neuron, and logos, science.] Newsvender, Newsvendor, nQrVend'er, «. a
Neuroptera, nfl-rop'ter-a, n.pl. an order of insects vender or seller of M^wxpapers.
which have generally four wings reticulated Newt, nut, n. a genus of amphibious animals like
with many nerves. [Gr. neuron, nerve, ptera, small lizards. [Formed with initial n, borrowed
pi. ofpteron, a wing.] from the article an, from ewt—A.S. e/eta.]
Neuropteral, na-rop'ter-al, Neuropterous, nu- Newtonian, nfl-tO'ni-an, adj. relating to, formed,
rop'ter-us, adj., nerve-winged : belonging to or discovered by Sir Isaac Newton, the cele
the neuroptera. brated philosopher, 1642—1727.
Neurotic, nQ-ror/ik, adj. relating to or seated in New-year's-day, nu'-yerz-di, n. the first day of
the nerves.—n. a disease of the nerves : a medi the new year. [New, Tear, and Day ]
cine useful for diseases of the nerves. ' Next, nekst, adj. (superl. of Nigh), nearest in
Neurotomy, nQ-rot'om-i, n. the cutting or dissec place, time, &c—adv. nearest or immediately
tion of a nerve. [Gr. neuron, a nerve, and tome, after. [A.S. neahst, nyhst, superl. of neah,
cutting.] near ; Ger. nachst. See Near.]
Neuter, nfl'ter, adj., neither : taking no part with Nexus, nek'sus, n. a tie or connecting principle.
either side : {gram.) neither masculine nor [L., from ttecto, to bind.]
feminine: [bot.) without stamens or pistils: Nib, nib, n. something small and pointed : a point,
{zool.) without sex.—n. one taking no part in esp. of a pen.—adj. Nibbed , having a nib.
a contest : \bot.) a plant having neither stamens [Same as Neb.]
nor pistils: [zool.) a sexless animal, esp. the Nibble, nib'l, v.t. to bite by small nips : to eat by
working bee. [L.—ne, not, nter, either.] little at a time. —7::'. to bite: to find fault. —«.
Neutral, nG'tral, adj. being neuter, indifferent : Nibb'ler. |Freq. of Nip; but some connect it
unbiased : neither very good nor very bad : with Nib.]
{chem.) neither acid nor alkaline.—n. a person Nice, nis, adj. foolishly particular : hard to pleose :
or nation that takes no part in a contest.—adv. fastidious : requiring refinement of apprehen
Neutrally.—«. Neutrality. [L. neutralise sion or delicacy of treatment : exact : deli
neuter, neither.] cate : dainty : agreeable : delightful.—adv.
Neutralise, ntt'tral-Tz, v.t. to render neutral or Nicely. [O. Fr. nice, foolish, simple : from L.
indifferent : to render of no effect.—ns. Neu'- nescius, ignorant—ne, not, and scio, to know.]
trallser, Neutralisation. Nicene, nl'sen, adj. pertaining to the town of
Never, nev'er, adv., not ever: at no time: in no Nice or Nicaea, in Asia Minor, esp. in reference
degree: not. [A.S. me/re—ne, not, and or/re, to an ecumenical council held there in 325, at
ever.] which was drawn up a confession of faith, out
Nevertheless, nev-er-Me-les'^ adv., never or not of which the present Nicene Creed has grown.
the less : notwithstanding : in spite of that. [Lit. Niconess, nls'nes, n. exactness, scrupulousness :
' never less on that account ; ' the = thi, the old pleasantness.
instrumental case of that.] Nicety, nls'c-ti, «. quality of being nice: delicate
New, ml, adj. lately made : having happened management : exactness of treatment : delicacy
lately : recent : not before seen or known : of perception : fastidiousness : that which is
strange : recently commenced : not of an undent delicate to the taste : a delicacy.
family: modern: as at first: unaccustomed: Niche, nich, n. a recess in a wall for a statue,
fresh from anything : uncultivated or recently &c [Lit. a 'shell-like' recess. Fr. ; from It.
cultivated.—at/v. Newly.—;/. Newness. [A.S. nicchia, a niche, nicchio, a shell— L. mytilus,
niwe, neoive ; cog. with Ger. neu, Ir. nuadk, L. mitulus, a sea-muscle. Cf. Napery, from L.
novus, Gr. neos, Sans. nana. Same as Now.] mappa.]
Newel, nu'cl, n. {arch.) the upright post about Niched, nicht, adj. placed in a niche.
which the steps of a circular staircase wind. Nick, nik, it. a notch cut into something : a score
[O. Fr. nual (Fr. noyau), stone of fruit—L. for keeping an account : the precise moment of
V fate, far ; m6, her ; mine ; mOtc ; mute ; moon ; Men. 337
 Nick Nitrify
time.—v.t. to cut in notches: to hit the pre dark: approaching to blackness. [L. nigrescens,
cise time. [Another spelling of Nock, old form Sr.p. of nigrcsco, to grow black—niger, black.]
of Notch.] illism, ni hi-lizm, «. belief in nothing, extreme
Nick, irik, «. the devil. [A.S. nicor, a water- scepticism: in Russia, the system of certain
spirit ; Ice. nykr, Gcr. nix, nixe.\ socialists, most of whom seek to overturn all the
Nickel, nik'el, «. a grayish-white metal, very mal existing institutions of society in order to build
leable and ductile. [Sw. and Ger. ; from Sw. it up anew on different principles. [Name given
koppamickcl, Ger. kiipfemickel, copper of Nick by their opponents, from L. nihil, nothing.]
or NicltoUts, because it was thought to be a base Nihilists, nT'hi-lists, n. those who profess nihilism.
ore of copper.] [knack.] Nil, nil, «. nothing. [L. contr. of nihil,}
Nicknack, nik'nalc. «. a trifle. [Same as Knick- Nimble, nim'bl, adj. light and quick in motion :
Nicknamo. nik'nfim, n. a name given in contempt active : swift.—adv. Nim'bry.—«. Nlm'bleness.
or sportive familiarity.—V.t, to give a nickname [A.S. numol, capable, quick at catching, from
to. [M. E. neke-name, with intrusive initial « niman ^Ger. nekmen), to lake.]
from eke-name, surname . from Eko and Name. NlmbUfl, nimTjus, n. the raincloud : (paint.) the
Cf. Swed. dknamn, Dan. dgenavn.] circle of rays round the heads ot saints, &c. [L.J
Nicotian, ni-kG'shi-an, adj. pertaining to tobacco, Nincompoop, nin'kom-poop, «. a simpleton.
from Nicot, who introduced it into France in 1560. [Corruption of L. non compos (mentis), not of
Nicotine, nik'o-tin, n. a prisonous liquid forming sound mind.]
the active principle of the tobacco plant. Nine, nln, adj. and n. eight and one. [A.S. nigon ;
Nidification, nid-i-fi-ka'shun, «. Lhe act of building Dut. negen, Goth, niun, L. novem, Gr. enneat
a nest, and the hatching and rearing of the Sans, navan.] [repeated.
young. [L. nidus, a nest, andfacia, to make.] Ninefold, nln'fOld, adj\t nine times folded or
Niece, ncs, «. [fern, of Nephew, the daughter of a Nlneholes, nin'hOlz, n. a game in which a ball is
brother or sister. [Fr. niice—L. neptis, a grand to be bowled into nine Jtoies in the ground.
daughter, niece, fern. ofneposfnepotis, a nephew.] Ninepins, nln'pinz, n. skittles, so called from nine
Niggard, nig'ard, «. a parsimonious person : a pins being used.
miser. [Ice. hndggr, stingy; Ger. genau, close, Nineteen, nln'ten, adj. and «., nine and ten.
strict.] [A.S. nigontyne—nigon, nine, tyn, ten.]
Niggard, nig'ard. Niggardly, nig'ard-li, adj. Nineteenth. nin'tcnth, adj. the ninth after the
having the qualities ot a niggard: miserly.— tenth: being one of nineteen equal parts.—n. a
adv. Nlgg'ardiy —« Niggardliness. nineteenth part. [A.S. nigonteot/ta—nigvnt nine,
Nigh, \\\, adj., near: not distant: not remote in leotha, tenth.]
time, &c. : close.—itdv. near: almost.—prep. Ninetieth, nTn ti-eth, adj. the last of ninety : next
near to: not distant from. [A.S. neah, nek; alter the eighty-ninth, —n, a ninetieth part.
Ice. na, Ger. naJte, Goth. nehv. Sec Near, j Ninety, nin'ti, adj. and nine tens or nine times
Night, ntt, n. the time from sunset to sunrise : ten. [A.S. ntgon, nine, and tig, ten,]
darkness : intellectual and moral darkness : a Ninny, nin'i, 11. a simpleton: a fool. [It. ninno,
state of adversity: death. [A.S. mat; Ger. child ; Sp. nino, infant ; imitated from the
nacht, Goth, nahts ; L. nox, Gr. mux. Sans. lullaby, ninna-nanna, for singing a child to
nakta; all from a root nak, sig. to fail, dis sleep.]
appear, found in Sans, nap, to disappear, L. Ninth, ninth, adj. the last of nine: next after the
necare, to kill, Gr. nekus, a corpse.] 8th. —n. one of nine equal parts. [A.S. nigotha.]
Nightcap, nit kap, n. a cap worn at night in bed Ninthly, nliithlt, adv. in the ninth place.
—so Night'dress, Night gown. Night shirt. Nip, nip, v.t. to pinch: to cut off the edge: to
Nightfall, nit'fawl, «. theJail or beginning of the check the growth or vigour of: to destroy:—
night. pr.p. nipp'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. nipped'.—n. a
Nightingale, nTt'in-giil, n. a small bird celebrated pinch : a seizing or closing in upon : a cutting oil
for its singing at night. [A.S. nihtegale —niht, the end : a blast : destruction by frost.—adv.
night, and galan, to sing : Ger. ruichtigall.] Nlpp'lngly. [ From root of Knife ; found also in
Nightjar, nlt'jar, Nightchurr, nlt'chur, «. the Dut. kntjpen, Ger. kneipen, to pinch ]
goatsucker, so called from its coming out at Nipper, mp'er, n. he or that which nips: one of
night and itsjarring noise. the 4 fore-teeth of a horse in pi. small pincers.
Nightless, nlt'les, adj. having no night. Nipple, nip'l, n. the pap by which milk is drawn
Nightly, nTt'li, atij. done by night : done every from the breasts of females : a teat : a small
night.—ativ. by night: every night. projection with an orifice, as the nipple of a gun.
Nightmare, nlt'mar, «. a dreadful dream accom [A dim. ofNeborNib.]
panied with pressure on the breast, and a feeling Nit, nit, «. the egg of a louse or other small insect.
of powerlcssness of motion or speech. [A.S. —adj. Nltt'y, full of nits. [A.S. knit*; Ice.
niht, night, and mara, a nightmare ; O. H. Ger. nitr, Ger. niss.]
tnara, incubus. Ice. mara, nightmare.] Nitrate. nT'tnlt, n. a salt of nitric acid.—adj.
Nightplece, nlt'pcs, n, a piece of painting repre Ni'trated, combined with nitric acid. [Fr.—L.
senting a nightscme: a painting to be seen mtratns.]
best by candle-light. Nitre, ni'tcr, «. the nitrate of potash, also called
Nightshade, nlt'shad, n. a name of several plants saltpetre.—Cubic Nitre, nitrate of soda, so
having narcotic properties, often found in damp called because it crystallise* in cubes. [Fr. —L.
sfiady wotxls. [Night and Shade.] nttrum—Gr. nitron* natron, potash, soda—Ar.
Night-walker, nlt'-wawk'cr, «. one who walks in nitrun, natrun.]
his sleep at night: one who walks al>out at Nitric, ni'trik, adj. pertaining to, containing, or
night for bad purposes. resembling nitre.
Nightward, nit ward, adj., toward night. Nitrify, ni'tri-fl, v.t. to convert into nitre.—v.u
Nightwatch, nit'woch. n. a watch or guard at to become nitre:—pr.p. ni'trifying; pa.t. and
night: time of watch in the night. Pa.p. nT'trified. -n. Nitrifica tion, [ll nitntm>
Nigrescent, nT-gres'ent, adj., growing black or andjacio, to make.]
iJ38 fate, far; m€, her ; mine; mote: mute ; mCRjn ; Men.
 Nitrite NonoonformlBt
Nitrite, nl'rrTt, «. a salt of nitrous acid. or excessive sound, din : frequent or public
NltrogOll, nl'tro-jen, n. a gas forming nearly four- talk.—v.t. to spread by rumour.—v.i. to sound
fifths of common air, so called from its being an loud. [Fr. noise, quarrel, Provencal nausa;
essential constituent of nitre.—adj. Nltrog'- prob. from L. nausea, disgust, annoyance . but
enous. [Gr. nitron, and gennad, to generate. J possibly from L. noxa, that which hurts—noceo,
Nitro-glyoerine, ni'tro-glis^r-in, n. an explosive to hurt.]
compound produced by the action of nitric and Noiseless, noiz'les, adj. without noise : silent—
sulphuric acids on glycerine. [nitre. adv. Noiselessly.—«. Noiselessness.
Nitrous, nl'trus, adj. resembling or containing Noisome, noi'sum, adj. injurious to health : dis
Nitiy, nl'tri, adj. of or producing nitre. gusting.—adv. Nol'somely.—«. Noi'someness.
No, no, adj., not any : not one ; none. [Short for Noisy, noiz'i, adj. making a loud noise or sound :
None.] clamorous: turbulent,—adv. Noisily.—«. Nois
No, no, adv. the word of refusal or denial. [A.S. iness.
na, compounded of ne, not, and a, ever ; O. Ger. Nomad, Nomade, nom'ad or nO'mad, n. one of a
tti ; Goth, ni, Sans, na.] tribe that wanders about in quest of game, or of
Noachian, nG-a/ki-an, adj. pertaining to Noah Pasture. [Gr. nomas, nomados—nomos, pas
the patriarch, or to his time. ture—nemd, to deal out, to drive to pasture. J
Nob, nob, n, a superior sort of person. [A familiar Nomadic, no-mad'ik, adj. of or for the feeding of
contr. of Nobleman.] cattle : pastoral : pertaining to the life of
Nobility, no-bil'i-ti, «. the quality of being noble : nomads : rude.—adv. Nomad ically.
rank : dignity : excellence : greatness : anti Nomenclator, nfl'men-kla-tor, «. one who gives
quity of family : descent from noble ancestors : nanus to things, —fern. No'menclatress. [L.—
the peerage. nomen, a name, and calo, Gr. kalo, to call.J
Noble, nu'bl, adj. illustrious : exalted in rank : of Nomenclature, no'men-kli-tur, n. a system of
high birth : magnificent : generous : excellent. naming : a list of names : a calling by name :
—«. a person of exalted rank : a peer : an obs. the peculiar terms of a science.
gold coin = 6s. Bd. sterling.—adv. No'bly. [Fr. Nominal, nom'in-al, adj. pertaining to a name ;
—L. nobilis, obs. gnobilis—nosco (gnosco), to existing only in name : having a name.—adv.
know.] Nominally. [L. nominalis—nomenf -inis,
Nobleman, n">'bl-man, n. a man who is noble or of a name. ]
rank : a peer : one above a commoner. Nominalism, nom'in-al-izm, «. the doctrine that
Nobleness, no'bl-nes, n. the quality of being general terms have ne corresponding reality
noble : dignity : greatness : ingenuousness : either in or out of the mind, being mere words.
worth. [a person of no account. [From L. nomen, a name.]
Nobody, nfl'bod-i, n, no body or person : no one : Nominalist, nom'in-al-ist, n. one of a sect of
Nocturn, nok turn, n. a religious service at night. philosophers who held the doctrine ofnominalism.
[Fr. nocturne—L- nocturnus—nox, uoctis, Nominate, nom'in-at, v.t. to name ; to appoint :
night.) to propose by name. [L. nomino, -atum, to
Nocturnal, nok-tur'nal, adt. pertaining to night :
happening by night : nightly. —«. an instrument Nomination, nom-in-a'shun, n. the act or power
for observations in the night.—adv. Noctur'- of nominating : state of being nominated.
nally. Nominative, nom'in-a-tiv, adj., naming : [ gram.)
Nod, nod, v.t. to give a quick forward motion of applied to the case of the subject.—«. the nam
the head : to bond the head in assent ; to salute ing case, the case of the subject.
by a quick motion of the head : to let the head Nominator, nom'in-ator, n. one who nominates.
drop in weariness.—v.t. to incline : to signify Nominee, nom-in-c', n. one nominated by am itlicr:
by a nod:—Pr.p. nodd'ing; fa.t. and Pa.p. one on whose life depends an annuity or lease :
nodded.— n. a bending forward of the head one to whom the holder of a copyhold estate
quickly: a slight bow: a command. [From a surrenders his interest.
Teut. root found in prov. Ger. notteln, to wag, Non, non; adv., not, a Latin word used as a pre
Ice. hnjotha, to hammer; cf. Nudge.] fix, as in Non-appearance, Non-attendance,
Nodal, nod'al, adj. pertaining to noties. [See Noncompliance.
Node.] Nonage, non'aj, «. the state of being not ofage .*
Nodated. n«*d-at'ed, adj., knotted. [See Node ] the time of life before a person becomes legally
Nodding, nod'ing, adj. inclining the head quickly: of age : minority.—adj. Non aged. [L. non,
indicating by a nod. [See Nod.] not, and Age. ]
Noddle, nodi, «. properly, the projecting part at Nonagenarian, non-a-je-nil'ri-an, n. one ninety
the back of the nead : the head. [A dim. from years old. [L. nonagenarius, containing ninety
root of Knot ; cf. O. Dut. knoiide, a knob.] —nonaginta, ninety—novem, nine.]
Noddy, nod i, n. one whose head nods from weak i Nonce, nons, n. (only in phrase ' for the nonce ' ) the
ness : a stupid fellow : a sea-fowl, so called from present time, occasion. [The substantive has
the stupidity with which it allows itself to be arisen by mistake from ' for the nones,' origin
taken. [See Nod. J ally for then ones, meaning simply ' for the
Node, nod, n. a knot: a knob : (astr.) one of the once ; ' the n belongs to the dative of the
two points at which the orbit of a planet inter article.]
sects the ecliptic : (hot.) the joint of a stem : the Non commissioned, non-kom-ish'und, adj. not
plot of a piece in poetry. [L. nodus (for having a commission, as an officer in the army
gnodus), allied to Knot.] or navy below the rank of lieutenant.
Nodose, iu"d us, adj. full of knots : having knots Non-conductor, non-kon-dukt'or, ». a substance
or swelling joints : knotty. which does not conduct or transmit certain pro*-
Nodule, nodul, n. a little knot ; a small lump. perties or conditions, as heat or electricity.
Noggin, nog'in, n. a small mug or wooden cup. Nonconforming, non-kon-form'ing, adj., not con
[Tr. noigin, Gael. noigean.] forming, especially to an established church.
Noise, noiz, n. sound of any kind : any over-loud Nonconformist, non-kon-form'ist, n. one who does
fate, far ; m£, htr ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mSBn ; th$n-
 Nonconformity Notable
not conform : especially one who refused to con relative to Neither or Not. [Contr. from nether,
form to the established church at the restoration a form of Neither.]
of Charles 11. Normal, nor mal, adj. according to rule: regular :
Nonconformity, non-kon-form'i-ti, n. want of con analogical : perpendicular. —n. a perpendicular.
formity, esp. to the established church. —adv. Nor'mally. [L. normalis —norma, a
Non content, non'-con-tent or non-kon-tent/, n. one rule.]
not content ; in House of Lords, one giving a Norman, nor'man, n. a native or inhabitant of
negative vote. Normandy.—adj. pertaining to the Normans or
Nondescript, non'de-skript, adj. novel : odd.—». to Normandy. [The invading Northmen from
anything not yet described or classed : a person Scandinavia gave their name to Normandy.]
or thing not easily described or classed. [L. non, None, nors, adj. pertaining to ancient Scandina
not, and descriptus, described. See Describe.] via. —«. the language of ancient Scandinavia.
None, nun, adj, and pron., not one ; not any : not [Norw. Norsk (= Northisk), from North.]
the smallest part. [A.S. nan—ne, not, and an, North, north, «. the point opposite the sun at
one.] noon : one of the four cardinal points of the
Nonentity, non-en'tt-ti, n. want of entity or horizon. [A.S. north; found in most Teut.
being : a thing not existing. tongues, as in Ice. northr, Ger. nord.]
Nones, nOnz, n.sing. in the Roman calendar, the North east, north-est', «. the point between the
ninth day before the ides—the 5th of Jan., Feb., north and east, equidistant from each.—adj. be
April, June, Aug., Sept., Nov., Dec, and the longing to or from the north-east.
7th of the other months : in R. Cath. Church, a North-easterly, north-Sst'er-li, adj. toward or
season of prayer observed at noon. [L. nona— coming from the north-cast.
nanus for novenus, ninth- novem, nine.] North-eastern, north-es't6rn, adj. belonging to
Nonesuch, nun'such, «. a thing like which there the north-cast : being in the north-east, or in
is none such : an extraordinary thing. that direction. [the north-east.
Nonjurlng, non-jOoVing, adj., not swearing alle North eastward, north-est'ward, adv. towards
giance. [L. non, not, and juro, to swear.] Northerly, nor/A'er-li, adj. being toward the
Nonjuror, non-jo"oVor or non'j 5or-or, «. one who north : from the north.—adv. toward or from
would not swear allegiance to the government the north.
of Englandnon-pa-rel',
Nonpareil, at the Revolution or thing •with Northern,
of 1688.
n. a person norM'crn, adj. pertaining to the north :
being in the north or in the direction towards it.
out an equal: unequalled excellence: a rich —«. an inhabitant of the north.
kind of apple : a small printing type. —adj. with Northernmost, norM'ern-most, Northmost. north'-
out an equal: matchless, [tr.—non, not, and most, adj. situate at the point furthest north.
pareil, equal—Low L. pariculus, dim. of par, North-Star, north'-star, n. the north polar star.
equal. ] Northward, north'ward. Northwardly, north'-
Nonplus, non'plus, w. a state in which no more ward-li, adj. being toward the north.—-adv. (also
can be done or said : great difficulty, —v.t. to North wards) toward the north.
throw into complete perplexity : to puzzle :— North-west, north-west', n. the point between the
pr.p. non'plusing or non'plussing ; pa.t. andpa.p. north and west, equidistant from each.—adj.
non plused or non'plussed. [L. non, not, and pertaining to or from the north-west.
plus, more.] North-westerly, north-west'er-li, adj. toward or
Nonsense, non'sens, n. that which has no sense ; from the north-west.
language without meaning : absurdity : trifles* North-western, north-wesr/em, adj. pertaining to
[L. non, not, and Sense.] or being in the north-west or in that direction.
Nonsensical, non-scns'ik-al, adj , H'ithont sense: Norwegian, nor-we'ji-an, adj. pertaining to Nor
absurd.—adv. Nonsensically.—n. Nonsens'- way.—n. a native of Norway.
loalness. Nose, noz, n. the organ of smell : the power of
Nonsuit, non'sut, n. a withdraival of a suit at smelling : sagacity.—?'./, to smell : to oppose
law, either voluntarily or by the judgment of rudely to the face : to sound through the nose.
the court.—v.t. to record that a plaintiff drops [A.S. nosu; Ice. no's, Ger. nase, L. nasus,
his suit. [L. non, not, and Suit.] Sans. nAsd.)
Noodle, noo'dl, ft. a simpleton, a blockhead. [See Nosebag, nOz/bag, n. a bag for a horse's nose,
Noddy.] containing oats, &c. [Nose and Bag.]
Nook, nook, «. a comer: a narrow place formed Nosegay, noYga, «. a bunch of fragrant flowers :
by an angle : a recess : a secluded retreat. [Scot. a posy or bouquet. [From Nose and Gay, adj.)
neuk; from Gael., Ir. nt'uc] Noseless, noVles, adj. without a nose.
Noon, noon, «. {orig.) the ninth hour of the day, Nosology, nos-ol'o-ji, n. the science of diseases:
or three o'clock p.m.: afterwards (the church the branch of medicine which treats of the clas
service for the ninth hour being shifted to mid sification and nomenclature of diseases.—adj.
day) mid-day : twelve o'clock : middle : height. Nosological.—n. Nosol'oglSt. IGr. nosos, a
—adj. belonging to mid-day : meridional. [A.S disease, and logos, a discourse, an account.]
noti-tid (noontide)—L. nana [Jiora), the ninth Nostril, nostril, «. one of the holes of the nose.
(hour). See its doublet Nones. ] [M. E. uosethirl—A.S. nosthyrl—uos, for nosu%
Noonday, no~un'da; n. mid-day.—adj, pertaining the nose, and thyrel, an opening. Cf. Drill,
to mid-day : meridional. to pierce, and Thrill.]
Noontide, nOon'tld, «. the tide or time of noon : Nostrum, nos'trum, n. a medicine the composition
mid-day.—adj. pertaining to noon : meridional. of which is kept secret : a quack or patent medi
Noose, nooz or nCOs, n. a running knot which ties cine. [L. (///.) 'our own/ from nos, we.]
the firmer the closer it is drawn.—v.t. to tie or Not, not, adv. a word expressing denial, negation,
catch in a noose. [Prob. from O. Fr. nous, plur. or refusal. [Same as Naught, from A.S. ne, and
of non (Fr. naud)—L. nodus, knot.] wiht, a whit.] [notable person or thing.
Nor, nor, conj. a particle marking the second or Notability, not-a-bil'i-ti, w. the being notable: a
subsequent part of a negative proposition :—cor- Notable, nOt'a-bl, adj. worthy of being known or
340 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; union ; Men.
 Notary Numb
noted: remarkable: memorable: distinguished: educate.—«. Nourisher.—adj. Nour'lshable,
notorious, —n. a person or thing worthy of note. able to be nourished. [Fr. nourrir—L. nutrio.]
—adv. Notably.—«. Not'ableness. Nourishment, nur'ish-ment, «. the act of nourish
Notary, nOt ar-i, n. in ancient Rome, one who took ing or the state of being nourished : that which
notes, a shorthand writer : an officer authorised nourishes : food : nutriment.
to certify deeds or other writings.—adj. Nota'- Novel, nov'el, auij.,new: unusual: strange. —n.
rial.—adv. Nota'rially. [L. notar£us.\ that which is new : a fictitious tale : a romance.
Notation, nO-ta'shun, «. a noting or marking: the [O. Fr. novel{ Fr. nouveau)—L. novellas—novus.]
act or practice of recording by marks or sym Novelette, nov-el-ct', «. a small novel.
bols : a system of signs or symbols. [L. notatio Novelist, nov'el-ist, «. a novel-writer. [Orig. an
—noto, notatum, to mark.] introducer of new things.] [strange.
Notch, noch, «. a nick cut in anything : an inden Novelty, nov'el-ti, n., newness: anything new or
tation.—v.t. to cut a hollow into. [From a Tcut. November, nG-vem'ber, n. the eleventh month of
root, found also in O. Dut. nock. See Nick, a our year. [The ninth month of the Roman
notch.] year : L., from novem, nine.]
Note, not, n. that by which a person or thing is Novennial, no-vcn'yal, adj. done every ninth year.
known: a mark or sign : a brief explanation : a [L. novennis — novem, nine, annus, a year.]
short remark : a memorandum : a short letter : Novice, nov'is, n. one««win anything : a beginner:
a diplomatic paper : {mus.) a mark representing one newly received into the church : an inmate
a sound, also the sound itself: a paper acknow of a convent or nunnery who has not yet taken
ledging a debt and promising payment, as a the vow. [Fr.—L. novitius—novus, new.]
bank-note, a note of hand : notice, heed, obser Novitiate, nO-vish'i-fit, «. the state of being a
vation : reputation : fame.—v.t. to make a note novice : the period of being a novice : a novice.
of: to notice : to attend to : to record in writing : [Low L. nozu'tiatus.]
to furnish with notes. [Fr.—L. nota, from gna, Now, now, autv. at the present time : at this time
root of nosco, notum, to know. J \ or a little before.—conj. but: after this : things
Noted, nOt'ed, adj., marked: well known : cele boinK so.—«. the present time.—NOW—now, at
brated : eminent : notorious.—adv. Not edly. one time, at another time. [A.S. nu ; Ger.
Noteless, nut'les, adj. not attracting notice. L. nunc, Gr. nun. Sans, nu, a doublet cf New.]
Noteworthy, nOt'wur-Mi, adj. worthy of note or | Nowadays, now'a-duz, adv. in days now present.
notice. Noway, nu'wa, Noways, nC'waz, adv. in no way.
Nothing, nuih'ing, «., no thing: non-existence: manner, or degree.
absence or negation of being : no part or degree : Nowhere, nC'hwar, adv. in no where or place.
a low condition : no value or use : not anything Nowise, nO'wTz, adv. in no way or degree.
of importance, a trifle : utter insignificance, no Noxious, nok'shus, adj., hurtful: unwholesome :
difficulty or trouble : no magnitude : a cipher.— injurious: destructive: poisonous.—adv. Nox'-
adv. in no degree : not at all.—«. Nothingness. lously. -«. Nox'lousness. [L. noxius—noxa,
Notice, not'is, n. act of noting: attention : obser hurt—/www, to hurt]
vation : information : warning : a writing con Nozzle, nozi, n. a little nose : the snout : the
taining information: public intimation: civility extremity of anything : an extremity with an
or respectful treatment : remark.—v.t. to mark orifice. [Dim. of Nose.]
or see : to regard or attend to : to mention, or Nuance, noo-ans', «. a delicate degree or shade of
make observations upon : to treat with civility. difference perceived by any of the senses, or by the
[Fr.—L. notitia—nosco, notum, to know.] intellect. [Through Fr. from L. nuhes, a cloud.]
Noticeable, nOt'is-a-bl, adj. able to be noticed: Nucleated, nuTcle-at-ed, adj. having a nucleus.
worthy of observation.—adv. Not'lceably. Nucleus, nu'kle-us, n. the central mass round
Notification, not-i-fi-kii'shun, n. the act of notify which matter gathers: [astr.) the head of a
ing : the notioe given : the paper containing the comet :—pt. Nuclei (nQTcIe-T). [Lit. 'the kernel
notice. [See Notify.] of a nut,' L. from nux, nucis, a nut.]
Notify, n5r*i-fI, v.t. to make known : to declare : Nude, nud, adj., naked: bare : void.—adv.
togive notice or information oi:—fta.t. and Pa.p. NudeTy. [L. nudus. See Naked.]
nOt'ified. [Fr. —L. notijico, -atum—notus, Nudge, nuj, w. a gentle push.—v.t. to push gently.
known, nndfacio, to make.] [Akin to Knock, Knuckle. O. Pan. knuge.\
Notion, nO'shun, n. a conception : opinion : belief: Nudity, nud'i-ti, «., nakedness :—pi. naked parts:
judgment. [Fr.—L. notio— nosco, notum, to figures divested of drapery.
know.] [notion: ideal: fanciful. Nugatory, nG'ga-tor-i, adj., trifling: vain : insig
Notional, nS'shun-al, adj. of the nature of a nificant : of no power : ineffectual. [L. nuga*
Notoriety, no-to-rT'e-ti or no-, «. state of being tortus—nugce, jokes, trifles.]
notorious: publicity: public exposure. Nugget, nug'et, n. a lump or mass, as of a metal.
Notorious, no-to'ri-us, adj. publicly knmvn (now [A corruption of Ingot.]
used in a bad sense) : infamous.—adv. Noto'- Nuisance, nu'sans, n. that which annoys or hurts :
riously.—«. Noto riousness. [Low L. notorius that which troubles : that which is offensive.
—noto, notatum, to mark—nosco.] [Fr,— L. noceo, to hurt.]
Notwithstanding, not-with-stand'ing, conj. and Null, nul, adj. of no force : void : invalid. [L.
Prep, (this) not standing against or opposing : nnllus, not any, from ne, not, and ullus, any.]
nevertheless : however. [Not and Withstand Nullify, nul'i-fl, v.t. to make null: to annul : to
ing, pr.p. of Withstand.] render void :—Pr.p. nullifying; pa.t. and pa.p.
Nought, nawt, «., not anything: nothing.—adv. nullified.—n. NuUlflca'tlon. [L. nullifico>
in no degree.—Set at nought, to despise. -atum— nullus, andfacio, to make.]
[Same as Naught.] Nullity, nul'i-ti, «. the state of being null or void :
Noun, nown, n, [gram.) the name of anything. nothingness: want ofexistence, force, or efficacy.
[O. Fr. non (Fr. nom)—L. nomen. See Name.] Numb, num, adj. deprived of sensation or motion:
Nourish, nur'ish, v.t. to suckle: to feed or bring stupefied: motionless.—v.t. to make numb: to
up : to support : to encourage : to cherish : to deaden : to render motionless .—pr.p. numbing
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute : mGon : Men. 341
 Number
(numlng) ; pa.p. numbed (numd').—n. Numb'.
ne93. [A.S. numen, pa.p. of niman, to take;
so Ice. numinn, bereft.]
Number, num'ber, w. that by which things are
counted or computed : a collection of things : more
than one : a unit in counting : a numerical
figure : the measure of multiplicity : sounds dis
tributed into harmonies : metre, verse, csp. in
pi. : [gram.) the difference in words to express
singular or plural.—//. the 4th book of the Old
Test from its having the numbers of the Israel
ites. —v.t. to count : to reckon as one of a multi
tude : to mark with a number : to amount to.—
«. NumTierer. [Fr. nombre—h. Humerus,
akin to Gr. nomas, that which is distributed—
nemo, to distribute.]
Numberless, num'ber-les, adj. without number :
more than can be counted.
Numerable, nu'mer-a-bl, adj. that may be num
bered or counted.—adv. Numerably.—ns. Nu'-
merableness, Numerabil'ity. [L numera-
bilis.]
Numeral, nu'mer-al, adj. pertaining to or consist
ing of number. —«. a figure used to express a
number, as 1, 2, 3, &c. [L. numeralis—Humerus.]
Numerary, nti'mcx-ar-i, adj., belonging to a cer
tain number* [Fr. numeraire —Low L. tiumc-
rarius.]
Numerate, nu'mer-u.t, z>.t. [orig.) to enumerate,
to number: to point off and read, as figures.
Numeration, nu-mcr-a shun, «. act of numbering:
the art of reading numbers.
Numerator, nu'mer-a-tor, n. one who numbers:
the upper number of a vulgar fraction, which
expresses the number of fractional parts taken.
Numeric, nu-mer'ik. Numerical, nu-mer'ik-al,
adj. belonging to, or consisting in number: the
same both in number and kind.—adv. Numer'-
lcally.
Numerous, nu'mer-us, adj. great in number :
being many.—adv. Numerously.—n. Numer-
ousness.
Numismatic, nu-mis-mat'lk, adj. pertaining to
money, coins, or medals. JL. numisma—Gr.
nomisma, current coin—nomizd, to use com
monly—nomas, custom.]
Numismatics, nu-mis-mat'iks, n.sing. the science
of coins and medals.
Numismatology, nQ-mis-ma-tol'o-ji, n. the science
of coins and med.ils in relation to history.—n.
Numismatol ogiSt. one versed in numismatol
ogy. [L. numisma—Gr. ttomisma, and logos,
science.]
Nummulite, num'Q-lTt, n. [geol.) a fossil shell
resembling a coin, [L. nummus, a coin, and
Gr. lithos, a stone.] [Numb and Skull.]
Numskull, num'skul, «. a blockhead. [From
Null, nun, «. in R. Cath. Church, a female who
devotes herself to celibacy and seclusion : {zool. }
a kind of pigeon with the feathers on its head
like the hood of a nun. [A.S. nunna— Low L.
nunna, norma, a nun, an old maiden lady, the
orig. sig. being 1 mother ; ' cf. Gr. nantte, aunt,
Sans, tuina, a child's word for ' mother.']
Nunciature, nun'shi-a-tur, n. office of a nuncio.
Nuncio, nun'shi-o, n. an ambassador from the
Pope to an emperor or king. [It.—L. nuncius,
a messenger, one who brings news ; prob. a
contr. of noventius, from an obs. verb rtovere, to
make new, novus. new.]
Nuncupative, nun-kfl'pa-tiv or nunTcu-pa-tiv,
Nuncupatory, nun-kii'pa-tor-i, adj., declaring
Publicly or solemnly : [law) verbal, not written.
[Fr. tiuncupatif—Yjyti L, nuncupativus, nom-
o*2 fute, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Nyctalopia
inal—L. nuncupart, to call by
from nomen, name, capio, to take.]
Nunnery, nun'er-i, «. a house for nuns.
Nuptial, nup'shal, adj. pertaining to marriage:
done at a marriage : constituting marriage. —
n.pl. Nup'tialS. marriage : wedding ceremony.
[Fr.—L. nuptialis—nuptiee, marriage—nubo9
ttuptum, to veil, to marry.]
Nurse, nurs, n. a woman who nourishes an infant :
a mother, while her infant is at the breast : one
who has the care of infants or of the sick :
\kort.) a shrub or tree which protects a young
plant—v.t. to tend, as an infant, or a sick per
son : to bring up : to manage with care and
economy. [O. Fr. nurrice [Fr. nourrice)— L».
nutrix—nutrio^ to suckle, to nourish.]
Nursery, nurs'6r-i, n. place for nursing : an apart*
ment for young children : a place where the
growth of anything is promoted : {Mart.) a piece
of ground where plants are reared. [father.
Nursing-father, nurs'ing-fa'fAer, n. {B.) a foster-
Nursling, nurs'ling, n. that which is nursed: an
infant. [Nurse, and dim. ling.]
Nurture, nurt'Qr, n. act of nursing or nourishing :
nourishment: education: instruction. —v.t. to
nourish : to bring up : to educate.—n. Nurt'-
urer. [Fr. nonrriture—Low L. nutritura—L.
nulrio, to nourish.)
Nut, nut, ». the fruit of certain trees, consisting
of a kernel in a hard shell : a small block of
metal for screwing on the end of a bolt.—v.t. to
gather nuts :—pr.p. nutt ing ; pa.p. nutt ed.
[A.S. knutu ; Ice knot, Dut. noot, Ger. nuss.]
Nutant, nu'tant, adj., nodding: [bot.) having the
top bent downward. [L. nuto, to nod ]
Nutation, nu-ta'shun, «. a nodding: (astr.) a
periodical vibratory motion of the earth's axis :
(bet.) the turning of flowers towards th^ sun.
Nut-brown, nut'-brown, adj., brown, like a ripe
old nut.
Nutcracker, nut'krak-er, n. an instrument for
cracking nuts : a bird in Europe and N. Asia
which feeds on nuts, berries, and insects.
Nuthatch, nut'hach, n. a small climbing bird
which feeds on nuts and insects, called also
Nut'Jobber, Nut'pecker. [M. E. nutkake,
hacker of nuts.]
I Nutmeg, nut'meg, n. the aromatic kernel of an
E. Indian tree. [M. E. notemuge, a hybrid
word formed from Nut and O. Fr. muge, musk
—L. muscus, musk. See Husk.]
Nutria, nu'tri-a, «. the fur of the coypu, a kind
of beaver, in S. America. [Sp- nutria, nutra
—Gr. enudris. an otter.]
Nutrient, nu'tri-ent, adj., nourisliing.—k, any
thing nourishing. [L. nutrio, to nourish.]
Nutriment, nu'tn-ment, n. that which nourishes:
food. [L. nutrimenturn—nutrio, to nourish.]
Nutrimental, na-tri-ment/al, adj. having the
quality of nutriment or food : nutritious-
Nutrition, nu-trish'un, n. act of nourishing : pro
cess of promoting the growth of bodies.
Nutritious, nu-trish'us, adj., nourishing: promot
ing growth.—adv. Nutritiously. —n Nutri'-
tiousness-
Nutritlve, nii'iri-tiv, adj., nourishing.—adv. Nu'-
tritively.—«. Nu'tritiveneBs.
Nux vomica, nuks vom'ik-a, «. the fruit of an E.
Indian tree, from which the powerful poison
known as strychnine is obtained. [L. nux, a
nut, and vomicus, from vomo, to vomit,]
Nuzzle, nur'l, v.i. to poke about with the nose, like
a swine. [A freq. verb from Nose. ]
Nyctalopia, nik-ta-lo'pi-a, Nyctalopy, nikta
mote ; mute : moon ; Men.
 Nyctalopa
lO-pi, n. a diseased state of vision, in which
objects are seen only at night or in the dusk.
[Gr. nyktaldpia—nyktalops, seeing by night
only—nyx, tiyktos, night, dps, vision.]
Nyctalopa, nilc'ta-lops, «. one affected with nyc-
talopy.
Nylghau, nil'gaw, n. a large species of antelope,
in N. Hindustan, the males of which are nf a
bluish colour. [Pcrs. nil-gaw—Hit, blue, gaw,
ox, cow.]
ph, ninif, «. a maiden : {myth.) one of the
utiful goddesses who inhabited every region
of the earth and water*.—adj. Nymph'-llke.
[Fr.—L. nympha—Gr. ttymphe, a bride, lit. 'a
veiled one (like L. nupta), from same root as
Gr. nephos, a cloud.]
Nymph, nimf, Nympha, nimf'a, n. the pupa or
chrysalis of an insect :—pi. NymphBB (nimf'e).
Nymphean, nim-fe'an, adj. pertaining to or inha
bited by nymphs.
Nymphical, nimf'ik-al, adj. pertaining to nymphs.
Nympholepsy, nimfo-Iep-si, n. a species of mad
ness which seized tliose who had seen nymphs.
[Gr. nymphe, a nymph, and lambano, Icpsomai,
to seize.]
o Obitual, 0-bit'Ci-al, adj. pertaining to obits.
O, 0, int. an exclamation of wonder, pain, grief,
&c.
Oaf, Of, n. a fooli>h child left by the fairies in
place of another : a dolt, an idiot. [A form of
Elf.]
Oak, Ok, «. a tree of many species, the most
famous of which is the British oak, so valuable
for its timber. [A.S. ac ; Ice. eik, Ger. eiche.]
Oakapple, Ok'ap-1, n. a spongy substance on
the leaves of the oak, caused by insects, so
called from its likeness to a small apple, called
also Oak leaf-gall.
Oaken, Gk'n. adj. consisting or made of oak.
Oakling, flk'ling, ». a young oak.
Oakum, Gk'um, n. old ropes untwisted and teased
into loose hemp for calking the seams of ships,
[A.S. acumba, acemba—cemb, that which is
combed—cemban, to Comb. ]
Oar, Or, n. a light pole with a flat end for rowing
boats.—v.i. to impel by rowing.—v.i. to row.
[A.S. if; cog. with Gr. er-essein, to row,
amph-er-es, two-oared.]
Oared, Ord, adj. furnished with oars.
Oarsman, Orz'man, n. one who rows with an oar.
Oasis, O'a-sis or 0-a'sis, n. a fertile spot in a sandy
desert :— Oasos (O'a-sez or 0-a'sez). [L.—Gr.
oasis ; from Coptic ouahe, a resting-place or
dwelling.]
Oat, Ot (oftener in pi. Oats, Ots\ n. a well-known
grassy plant, the seeds of which are much used
as food: its seeds. —n. Oat cake, a thin broad
cake made of oatmeal, [A.S. ala, oat.]
Oaten, Ot'n, adj. consisting of an oat stem or
straw: made of oatmeal.
Oath, Gth, n. a solemn statement with an appeal to
God as witness, and a calling for his vengeance
in case of falsehood or failure :—/*/. Oaths
[othr). [A.S. ath; Ger. eid, Ice. eidhr.)
Oatmeal, Ot'mCl, «. meal made of oats.
Obduracy, obdQ-ras-i, n. state of being obdurate:
invincible hardness of heart.
Obdurate, ob'du-riit, adj. hardened in heart or
feelings : stubborn.—adv. Ob'durately—«.
Ob ilurateness. [L. obduratus, pa p. of obduro
—ob, against, duro, to harden—durus, hard.]
fate, far; m£, her; mine;
Obligation
Obedience, 0-bC'di-ens, «. state of being obedient*
compliance with what is required : dutifulness.
Obedient, G-be'di-ent, adj. willing to obey: duti
ful.—adv. Obe'dlently. [Fr.—L. obedto.]
Obeisance, 0-ba'sans, «., obedience: a bow or act
of reverence. (Fr. obtissance—obiissant, pr.p.
of obeir, to obey.]
Obelisk, ob'c-lisk, «. a tall, four-sided tapering
pillar, cut off at the top like a flat pyramid :
[print.) a dagger (t). [Through Fr. and L.,
from Gr. obeliskos, dim. of obelos, belos, a dart
—balld, to throw.] [and edo, esum, to eat.]
Obese, 0-beV, adj. fat : fleshy. [L. obesus—ob,
Obesenegs, 0-bes'nes, Obesity, 0-bes'it-i, «., fat
ness : abnormal fatness.
Obey, o-ba', v. t. to do as told : to be ruled by :
to yield to.—v.i. (B.) to yield obedience (fol
lowed by to).—n. Obey'er. [Fr. obiir—L. obedw
—ob, against, towards, audio, to hear.]
Obeyingly, O-ba'ing-li, adv., obediently.
Obfuscate. ob-fus'kat, v.t. to darken: to confuse.
—«. Obfusca'tion. [L. objusco, obfuscatum—
ob, inten., and fuscus, dark.]
Obit. O'bit or ob'it, death : funeral solemnities :
an anniversary mass for the repose of a de
parted soul. [Fr.—L. obitus—obeo, to go to
meet—ob, against, eot to go.]
Obituary. C-bit'u-ar-i, adj. relating to the death
of a person.—n. a register of deatlis [orig.) in
a monastery : an account of a deceased person
or notice of his death.
Object, ob-jekt', v.t. to offer in opposition : to
oppose.—v.i. to oppose.—«. Object'or. [Fr. —
L. objecto, a frecj. of objicio, -jectum—ob, in the
way of, and jacw, to throw.]
Object, ob'jekt, «. anything set or thrown before
the mind : that which is sought for : end :
motive : {gram.) that which follows a transitive
verb.
Objeot glass, ob'jekt-glas, n. the glass at the end
of a telescope or microscope next the object.
Objection, ob-jek'shun, k. act of objecting: any
thing in opposition : argument against.
Objectionable, ob-jek'shun-a-bl, adj. that may be
objected to.
Objective, ob-jeki'iv, adj. relating to an object:
being exterior to the mind : as opp. to subjec
tive, that which is real or which exists in nature,
in contrast with what is ideal or exists merely
in the thought of the individual : {gram.) belong
ing to the case of the object.—*. {gram.) the
case of the object : {war) the point to which the
operations of an army are directed.—adv. Ob
jectively.
Objectiveness, ob-jekt'tv-nes. Objectivity, ob-
jek-tiv'i-ti, «. state of being objective.
Objurgation, ob-jur-ga'shun, «. a blaming : re
proof: reprehension. [Fr.— L.—ob, against, and
jutgarc, to sue at law, to quarrel with -jus,
law, and ago, to drive.] [blame or reproof.
Objurgatory, ob-jur'ga-tor-i, adj. expressing
Oblate, ob-Tat', adj. flattened at opposite sides
or poles: shaped like an orange.—«. Oblate'-
ness. [L. oblatus, pa.p. of offero, to carry for
ward, to offer—ob, against, andfero, to bring.]
Oblation, ob-la'shun, «. anything offered in wor
ship or sacred service : an offering. [Fr.—L.
ablatio. ]
Obligation, ob-!i-ga'shun, n. act of obliging: that
which binds : any act which binds one to do sonic-
thing for another : state of being indebted for a
favour : {laiv) a bond containing a penalty on
failure.
mdte; mate; mtfOn ; Men. ■6U
 Obligatory
Obligatory, obli-ga-tor-i, .
ing duty.—adv. Obligate
Oblige, 6-blij', v.t. to bind or constrain : to bind
by some favour rendered, hence to do a favour
to. [Fr.—L. obligo, obligatum—ob, and ligo, to
bind.] [another is obliged ox bound.
Obligee, ob-li-je"', «. (law) the person to whom
Obliging, G-bWj'ing, adj. disposed to oblige or con
fer favours.—adv. ObUg'lngly.—n. Obllglng-
Obligor, ob-li-gor', n. {law) the person who binds
himself'to another.
Oblique, ob-lek', adj. , slanting : not perpen
dicular : not parallel : not straightforward : ob
scure : (geom.) not a right angle: [gram.)
denoting any case except the nominative.—adv.
Obliquely. [Fr.—L. obliquus—ob, and liquis,
bent, slanting.J
Obliqueness, ob-lek'nes. Obliquity, ob-lik'wi-ti,
«. state of being oblique : a slanting direction ;
error or wrong : irregularity.
Obliterate, ob-Tit'cr-at, v.t. to blot out: to wear
out : to destroy : to reduce to a very low state.
[L. oblitero, -alum—ob, over, and litera, a letter.
See Letter.]
Obliteration, ob-lit-er-S'shun, «. act of obliterat
ing : a blotting or wearing out : extinction.
Oblivion, ob-liv i-un, n. act of forgetting or state
of being forgotten : remission of punishment.
[Fr.—L. obltvio, oblivionis—obliviscor, to forget,
from root of livere, to become dark ; hence, to
have the mind darkened, to forget, j
Oblivious, ob-livl-us, adj.,forgetful: causing for-
getfulness.—adv. Obliviously.—/*. Oblivious
ness.
Oblong, oblong, adj., long in one way : longer
than broad.—n. igeom.) a rectangle longer than
broad: any oblong figure. [Fr.—L. ob, over,
and longtis, long.J
Obloquy, ob'lo-kwi, «. a sneaking against : re
proachful language : censure : calumny. [L.
obloquium—obt against, and loquor, to speak.]
Obnoxious, ob-nok'shus, adj., liable to hurt or
punishment : blameworthy : offensive : subject :
answerable.—adv. Obnoxiously.—«. Obnox'-
lousness. [L. obnoxius—ob, before, and noxat
hurt. See Noxious.]
Oboe. See Hautboy.
ObolUS, ob'o-lus, n. in ancient Greece, a small
coin, worth rather more than three-halfpence;
also a weight, the sixth part of a drachma. [Gr.
obelos, a spit, from the coin being marked with a
spit, or from iron or copper nails being used in
ancient barter.]
Obscene, ob-sen', adj. offensive to chastity :
unchaste : indecent : disgusting.—adv. Ob
scenely. [L. obscenus ; perh. from ob and
ccenum, filth, or (with meaning of 'unlucky')
from scarvus, left-handed, unlucky.]
Obsceneness, ob-sen'nes, Obscenity, ob-sen'i-ti,
n. quality of being obscene: lewdness.
Obscurant, ob-skur'ant, u. one who obscures : a
writer who opposes the progress of modem
enlightenment.
Obscurantism, ob-skur'ant-izm, «. the doctrine or
principles of an obscurant.
Obscuration, ob-skur-a'shun, «. the act of obscur
ing or state of being obscured.
Obscure, ob-skur', adj. dark: not distinct: not
easily understood: not clear or legible: un
known: humble: living in darkness. —ativ.
Obscurely. [Fr.—L. obscurus, akin to Sans.
sku, to cover.]
fate, far : me, her : mine ;
Obstruction
Obscure, ob-skur*, v.t. to darken: to make less
plain. [obscure: unintelligibleness: humility.
Obscurity, ob-skurl-ti, «. state or quality of being
Obsequies, ob'se-kwiz, n. funeral rites and solem
nities. [Lit. 'a following,' Fr. obsiques—L.
obsequial—ob, and sequor, to follow.]
Obsequious, ob-seTcwi-us, adj. compliant to
excess: meanly condescending. —adz: 0bS6'-
quiously.—«. Obse'quiousness. (Sec Ob
sequies. ]
Observable, ob-zciVa-bl, adj. that may be ob
served or noticed : worthy of observation.—adv.
Observ'ably.—«. ObserVableness.
Observance, ob-zerv'ans, n. act of observing:
performance : attention : that which is to be
observed : rule ofpractice. [Fr.—L. observantia.\
Observant, ob-zerv'ant, adj., observing: taking
notice: adhering to: carefully attentive. —adv.
Observantly.
Observation, ob-zcr-va'shun, «. act of observing:
attention : as distinguished from experiment, the
act of recognising and noting phenomena as
they occur in nature : that which is observed :
a remark : performance.
Observational, ob-zer-va'shun-al, adj. consisting
of or containing observations or remarks.
Observator, ob'zcrv-S-tor, «. one who observes:
a remarker.
Observatory, ob-zerv'a-tor-i, «. a place for making
astronomical and physical observations.
Observe, ob-zerv', v.t. to keep in view : to notice :
to regard attentively : to remark : to comply
with: to keep religiously : {£.} to keep or guard.
—v.t. to take notice : to attend : to remark.—
n. Observ'er. [Fr. —L. obserz-o, -aturn—ob, and
servo, to heed, keep.]
Observing, ob-zerv'mg, adj. habitually taking
notice : attentive.—adv. Observ'ingly.
Obsidian, ob-sid'i-an, n. a glass produced by
volcanoes. [So called from Obsidius, who, acc.
to Pliny, discovered it in Ethiopia.]
Obsolescent, ob-so-les'ent, adj., going out of use.
[L. obsolescens, -entis, pr.p. of obsolesco, obso-
letum—ob, and soleo, to be wont.]
Obsolete, ob'so-lct, adj., gone out of use: anti
quated : izool.) obscure : rudimental.—n, Ob'SO-
leteness.
Obstacle, ob'sta-kl, «. anything that stands in
the way of or hinders progress : obstruction.
[Fr.—L. obstacidum—ob, in the way of, sto, to
stand.]
Obstetric, ob-siet'rik, Obstetrical, ob-stet'rik-al,
adj. pertaining to midwifery. [L. obstetricius
—obstetrix, -iris, a midwife, a female that stands
before or near—ob, before, and sto, to stand.]
Obstetrics, ob-stet'riks, n.sing. the science of
midwifery.
Obstinacy, ob'sti-nas-i, Obstinateness, ob'sti-
nat-nes, n. the being obstinate : excess of firm
ness : stubbornness: fixedness that yields with
difficulty.
Obstinate, ob'sti-nat, adj. blindly or excessively
firm : unyielding : stubborn : not easily subdued.
—adv. Ob'stinately. [L. obslino, -atum—ob,
in the way of, sto, to stand.]
Obstreperous, ob-strep'er-us, adj., making a loud
noise: clamorous: noisy.—adv. Obstrep'er-
OUSly. [L. obslnperus—ob, and strepere, to
make a noise.]
Obstruct, ob-strukt', v.t. to block up : to hinder
from passing : to retard. [L. ob, in the way of,
strtto, stmctum, to pile up.]
Obstruction, ob-struk'shun, n. act of obstructing :
that which obstructs : obstacle : impediment.
mote , mate ; m5on ; thzxu
 Obstructive
Obstructive, ob-strukt'iv, adj. tending to obstruct :
hindering.—adv. Obstructively.
Obstruent, ob'strCO-ent. adj., obstructing: block
ing up.—n. (med. ) anything that obstructs in the
body. [L. obstruens, -entis, pr.p. of obstruo.]
Obtain, ob-tan', v.t. to lay hold of: to hold : to
procure by effort: to gain.—v.L tobe established :
to continue in use : to become held or prevalent :
to subsist: (rare) to succeed. [Fft—I* obtineo
—ob, and teneo, to hold.]
Obtainable, ob-tan'a-bl, adj. that may be obtained,
procured, or acquired.
Obtrude, ob-tro"Od', v.t. to thrust in upon when
not wanted : to urge upon against the will of.—
v.t. to thrust or be thrust upon. [L. obtrudo—
ob, and trudo, trusum, to thrust.]
Obtruding, ob-trCotl'ing, Obtrusion, ob-troo'zhun,
n. a thrusting in or upon against the will of.
Obtrusive, ob-trOoViv, adj. disposed to obtrude or
thrust one's self among others.—adv. Obtrus'-
lvely.
Obtuse, olMfls', adj., blunt: not pointed: stupid:
not shrill: (geom.) greater than a right angle.
—adv. Obtusely.—«. Obtuse'ness. [Fr.—L.
obtusvs—obtundo, to blunt—ob, against, tundo,
to beat.]
Obverse, ob-vers', adj., turned towards one : bear
ing the face: {bot.) having the base narrower
than the top.—adv. Obversely. [L. obversus—
ob, towards, and verto, to turn.]
Obverse, ob'verSj «. the side of a coin containing
the head or principal symbol :—opposed to Re
verse.
Obviate, ob'vi-at, v.t. to remove, as difficulties.
[L. obvio—ob, in the way of, and vio, viatum,
to go—via, a way.]
Obvious, ob'vi-us, adj. , meeting in the way * evi
dent.—adv. Obviously.—«. Ob'viousness. [L.
obz>ius.]
Cbvoluto. ob'vo-lut, ObVOluted, ob'vo-lut-ed,ff<r>-,,
rolled or turned in: {bot.) arranged so as alter
nately to overlap. [L. obvolutus—ob, and volvo,
volutum, to roll.]
Occasion, ok-ka'zhun, «. occurrence : opportunity :
requirement.— v.t. to cause : to influence. [Fr.
—L. occasio—occido—ob, in the way of, and cado,
casunt, to fall.]
* Occasional, ok-ka'zhun-al, adj., falling in the
way or happening: occurring only at times:
resulting from accident : produced on some
special event.—adv. Occasionally.
Occident, ok'si-dent, n. the western quarter of the
hemisphere where the sun goes down or sets :
the west.—adj. Occident al, noting the quarter
where the sun goes down or sets : western.—adv.
Occident ally. [Fr.—L. occidens, -entis, pr.p.
of occido, to fall down.]
Occipital, ok-sip'it-al, adj. pertaining to the occi
put or back part of the head.
Occiput, ok'si-putj n. the back part of the header
skull. [L. —obt over against, caput, head.]
Occult, ok-kult', adj., covered over: hidden :
secret : unknown.—adv. Occultly.—ns. Occult'-
ism, the science of the unknown. Occult ness.
[Fr.—L. occulto, to hide—occulo, to cover over
—ob, over, and cal, root of celo, to conceal,
clam, secretly ; Gr. kryptd, kalyptO, to hide, K.
Hull, a husk.]
Occultation, ok-kul-tA'shun, n. a concealing, esp.
of one of the heavenly bodies by another.
Occupancy, ok'u-pnn-si, n. the act of occupying,
or of taking or holding possession : possession.
Occupant, ok'Q-pant, n. one who takes or has
possession.
fate- far ; mi, her ; mine ;
Octoroon
Occupation, ok-Q-pa'shun, n. the act of occupying
or taking possession : possession : employment.
Occupier, ok'u-pl-er, n. an occupant : {&.) a
trader.
Occupy, ok'u-pT, v.t. to take or seize: to hold
possession of : to cover or fill: to employ : {B.)
to use : to trade with. — z>.i. to hold possession :
{B.) to trade:—Pa.t. and Pa.p. occ'upicd. [Fr.
—L. occupo, -atum—ob, and capio, to take.]
Occur, ok-kur^, v.t. to come or be presented to the
mind : to happen : to appear : to be found here
and there '.—pr.p. occurring ; pa.f>. occurred'.
[Fr.— L. occurro —ob, towards, and curro, to
run.] [an event : occasional presentation.
Occurrence, ok-kur'eiis, «. anything that occurs :
Occurrent, ok-kur'ent, «. [B.) an occurrence or
chance.—adj. {B.) coming in the way.
Ocean, fl'shun, «. the vast expanse of salt water
that covers the greater part of the surface of the
globe : also, one of its five great divisions : any
immense expanse.—adj. pertaining to the great
sea. [Fr.—L. oceanus—Gr. dkeanos, perh. from
dkys, swift, and nao, to flow.]
Oceanic, 6-she-an'ik, adj. pertaining to the ocean :
found or formed in the ocean.
Ocelot, O'se-lot, «. the name of several species of
animals in the tropical parts of S. America allied
to the leopard, but much smaller. [Mex. ocelotl.]
Ochlocracy, ok-lok'ra-si, n., mob-rule : a govern
ment by the populace.—adjs. Ochlocrat'lc,
Ochlocrat'lcal. —adv. Ochlocrat'ically. [Gr.
ochlokratia—ochlos, the mob, and kratos, rule.]
Ochraceous, o-kra'shus, adj. of an ochre colour.
Ochre, OTcer, n. a fine clay, mostly pale yellow,
[Fr.—L. oc/ira—Gr. dekra—dchros, pale yellow;
Sans, hari, yellow.]
Ochreous, oTtre-us, Ochry; dcri, adj. consisting
of, containing, or resembling ochre.
Octagon, ok'ta-gon, n. a plane figure of eight
sides and eight angles.—adj. Octag'onaL [Gr.
oktd, eight, and gonia, an angle.]
Octahedron, ok-ta-he'dron, «. a solid figure with
eight equal sides, each of which is an equilateral
triangle.—adj. Octahe'dral. [Gr. oktd, and
hedra, a base.]
Octangular, ok-tang'gul-ar, adj. having eight
angles. [L. octo, eight, and Angular]
Octant, ok'tant, «. the eighth part of a circle : the
aspect of two planets when 45", or £ of a circle,
apart. [L. octans, octantis—octo, eight.]
Octave, ok'tav, adj., eight: consisting of eight.
—n. an eighth : that which consists of eight :
the eighth day inclusive after a church festival :
the eight days following a festival inclusive :
(mus.) an eighth, or an interval of twelve semi
tones. [Fr. —L. octavus, eighth—octo, eight.]
Octavo, ok-ta'vO, adj. having eight leaves to the
sheet. —«. a book having eight leaves to the
sheet, contracted 8vo :--//, Octa'voS.
October, ok-to'ber, «. the eighth month of the
Roman year, which began in March, but the
tenth in our calendar. [L. octo, eight.]
Octodecimo, ok-to-des'i-m<3, adj. having eighteen
leaves to the sheet, contracted i8mo. [L. octo-
decint, eighteen—octo, eight, and decern, ten.]
Octogenarian, ok-to-jen-a'ri-an, Octogenary,
ok-toj'en-ar-i, n. one who is eighty years old.
Octogenary, ok-toj'en-ar-i, adj. of eighty years of
age. [L. octogenarius—octogeni, eighty each.]
Octopod, ok'to-pod, OctOpUS, ok'to-pus, «. a mol
lusc having a round purse-like body and eight
arms. [Gr, oktd, eight, and pons, podos, foot.]
Octoroon, ok-to-ro*on', n. the offspring of a quad
roon and a white person. [From L. octo, eight.]
mOte ; mute ; mOOo : then.
 Octosyllabic Offspring
Octosyllabic, ok-to-sil-lab'ik, adj. consisting of to affront : [B.) to cause to sin.—v.t. to sin : to
eifkt syllables. [L. octo, eight, and Syllabic] cause anger : (B.) to be made to sin. [Fr.—L.
Ocular, ok u-lar, adj. pertaining to the eye ■ formed od, against, and fendo, akin to Sans, nan, to
in or known by the eye : received by actual strike.] [a trespasser ; a criminal.
sight.—adv. Oc'ularly. [L. ocularius—oculus, Offender, of-fend'er, n. one who offends or injures :
Gr. okkos, akin to E. Eye, Sans, aksha, eye.] Offensive, of-fens'iv, adj. causing offence: dU-
Oculist, ok'u-list, n. one skilled in eye diseases. | pleasing : injurious : used in attack : making the
Odalisque, o'dal-isk, «. a lemale slave in a Turkish first attack.—«. the act of the attacking party :
harem. [I*'r.—Turk, oda, a chamber.] the posture of one who attacks.—adv. Offens'-
Odd, od, adj. not paired with another : not even : ively.—«. Offens'iveness. [Fr. offensif—L.
left over after a round number has been taken : offendo, offensum—ob, andfendo,]
not exactly divisible by two : strange : unusual : Offer, of'er, v.t. to bring to or before: to make a
trifling.—adv. Oddly.—n. Odd'ness. [From proposal to : to lay before : to present to the
the Scand., as in Ice. oddi, a triangle [which mind : to attempt : to propose to give : to pre
has a third or odd angle and side), hence meta sent in worship.—v.t. to present itself: to be at
phorically, an odd number—Ice. oddr, a point ; hand : to declare a willingness.—«. act of offer
conn, with A.S. ord, a point, beginning (as perh. ing : first advance : that which is offered: pro
in Lord . and Ger. ort, a place.) posal made. «. Off'erer. [L. offerre—ob, to-
Oddfellow, od'fel-fl, h. one of a secret benevolent ■wa.rdstfcr\fer-re, to bring.]
society called Oddfellows. [Odd and Fellow.] Offerable, of'er-a-bl, adj. that may be offered.
Oddity, od'i-ti, n. the state of being odd or singu Offering, of'er-ing, w. that which is offered : (&.)
lar : strangeness : a singular person or thing. that which is offered on an altar : a sacrifice :—
Odds, odz, «., inequality : difference in favour of pi. in Church of England, certain dues payable
one against another : more than an even wager : at Easter.
advantage: dispute: scraps, miscellaneous Offertory, of'dr-tor-i, n. in English Church, that
pieces, as in the phrase 'odds and ends' (lit. part of the liturgy where the people's offerings
' points' and ends!. [From Odd.] are made : in R. Cath. Church, an anthem
Ode, Od, m. a song: a poem written to be set to chanted during the first part of the mass.
music, f Fr.—L. ode, oda—Gr. Ode, contracted Oft-hand, of'hand, adv. at once : wirhout hesitat
from aoide—aeuid, to sing.} ing.
Odious, O'di-us, adj.. hateful: offensive : repul Office, ofIs, n. settled duty or employment : busi
sive : hated.—adv. Odiously.--//. O'dlousness. ness : act of guod or ill : act of worship : formu
[Fr. Sec Odium.] lary of devotion : peculiar use : a place for busi
Odium, O'di-um, «., Itatred: offensiveness : quality ness: a benefice with no jurisdiction attached: —
of provoking hate. [L.—odi, to hate.] //. the apartments of a house in which the
Odometer, od-om'et-er, », an instrument for domestics discharge their duties. [Lit. Rrender-
measuring the distance passed over by a car tng of aid, Fr. —L. offtcium—opis, aid.]
riage by marking the number of revolutions of Office-bearer, of'is-baVer, «. one who holds office
the wheel. [Gr. hodos, a way, and metron, a Officer, of'i-ser, «. one who holds an office : a per
measure.] son who performs some public office.—v.t. to
Odontology, G-don-tol'o-ji, «. the science of the furnish with officers: to command, as officers.
teeth. [Gr. odous, odontos, a tooth, and logos, Official, i 'i -lish'al, adj. pertaining to an office: de
discourse, science.] pending on the proper office or authority : done
Odoriferous, fl-dur-ifer-us, adj., tearing odours : by authority. —n. one who holds an office: a
diffusing fragrance : perfumed, —adv. Odorirer- subordinate public officer: the deputy ofa bishop,
ously. [L. odorifems—odor, andfero, to bear.] Sic—adv. Offi'dally. [O. Fr.- -L. offcialis—
Odorous, fl'dur-us, adj. emitting an odouror scent : oO'iciutn.)
sweet-smelling : fragrant. —adv. O'dorously. Officiate, of-fish'i-at, v.t. to perform the duties of
Odour, O'dur, n., smell: perfume: estimation. an office : to perform official duties for another.
[Fr.—L. odor—root od, found in Gr. ozdt to Officinal, of-fis in-al or of-i-si'nal^ adj. belonging
smell.] to or used in a shop : denoting an approved
Odourless, o'dur-Ies, adj. without odour. medicine kept prepared by apothecaries. [Fr.
O'er, Or, contracted from Over. —L. officina, a workshop, contr. from opificina
Oesophagus. Sec Esophagus. —opi/ex, -icis—opus, work, facio. to do.]
Of, ov, prep, from or out from : belonging to : Officious, of-fish'us, adj. too forward in offering
out of: among: proceeding from, so in the services: overkind : intermeddling.—adv. Offi
Litany and Nicene Creed : owing to : concern ciously.—n. Offi'dOUSness. [Fr.—L. offciosus
ing : [B. and Pr. Bk.) sometimes = by, from, —officium. ]
on, or over. [A.S. of; found in all the Teutonic Offing, of'ing, n. a part of the sea with deep
languages, as Ger. ah, also in L, ab, Gr. apo, water fV^from the snore.
Sans, apa, away from.] Oftscouring, of'skowr-ing, «. matter scoured off:
Of purpose (/?.) intentionally. refuse : anything vile or despised.
Off, of, adv. from : away from : on the opposite Offset, of'set, ?i. in accounts, a sum or value set off
side of a question : not on.—adj. most distant : against another as an equivalent : a young shoot
on the opposite or further side.—P*ep. not on.— or bulb : a terrace on a hillside : larch.) a hori
int. away ! depart ! [Same as Of, differently zontal ledge on the face of a wall : in surveying,
used.] a perpendicular from the main line to an out
Offal, of 'al, n. waste meat : the part of an animal lying point. —v.t. in accounts, to place against
unfit for use : refuse : anything worthless. [Off as an equivalent.
and Fall.] Offshoot, of'shOTt, n. that which shoots off the
Offence, of-fens', u. any cause of anger or dis parent stem : anything growing out of another.
pleasure : an injury: a crime : a sin : affront : Offspring, of'spring, «. that which springsfrom
assault another, a child, or children : issue : production
Offend, of fend', v.t. to displease or make angry : of any kind.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote : mate ; mCOn ; ineu.
 Oft
Oft, oft, Often, oi'r\,adv.,frequently :max\y times.
—adj. Often [B.) frequent. [A.S. ; Ger. OJh
Goih. ufta.]
Oftenness, ofn-nes, «. frequency.
Ofttimes, oft'timz, Oftentimes, of'n-timr, adv.,
many times! frequently. [Oft and Timos. j
Ogee, O-jC', «. a wave-like moulding with the con
vex part upwards. [Fr. Ogive.]
Ogham, ogam, n. a pecul'ar kind of writing
practised by the ancient Irish : Its characters.
Ogle, G'gl, v.t. to look at fondly with side glances.
—v.i. to practise ogling.—ns. O'gler, Ogling.
fDut. oogen—ooge, the eye : cf. Ger. augejn.]
Ogre, O'ger, «. a man-eating monster or giant of
fairy tales,—/em. O'gress.—adj. O'greish, like
an ogre in character or appearance. [Fr. ogre—
Sp. ogro—L. orcus, the lower world, the god
of the dead ; cf. A.S. ore, a demon.]
Oh, 0, int. denoting surprise, pain, sorrow, &c.
Oil, oil, «. the juice from the fruit of the olive-
tree: any greasy liquid.—v.t. to smear or anoint
with oil. [O. Fr. oile fFr. finite)—L. oleum—
Gr. elaion—elaia, the olive.]
Ollbag, oil'bag, «. a bag or cyst in animals con
taining oil.
Oilcake, oil'kak, «. a cake made of flax seed from
which the oil has been pressed out.
Oilcloth. oilTtloth, «. a painted floorcloth.
Oil-COlOUT, oil'-kul'ur, n. a colouring substance
mixed with oil.
Oilnut, oil'nut, «. the butter-nut of N- America.
Oil-painting, oil'-pant'ing, n a picture painted in
oil-colours : the art of painting in oil-colours.
Oily, oil'i, adj. consisting of, containing, or having
the qualities of oil : greasy. —n. OlHness.
Ointment, oint'ment, «. anything used in anoint
ing : [med.) any greasy substance applied to
diseased or wounded parts : [B.) a perfume.
[O. Fr. oignement, ointment, Fr. oindre, to
anoint—L. unguentnm—ungo, to smear.]
Old, Old, adj. advanced in years : having been
long in existence : decayed by time : out of date :
ancient: having the age or duration of: long
practised.—«. Old'ness.— Old style (often
written with a date O. S.}, the mode of reckon
ing time before 1752, according to the Julian
calendar or year of 365$ days. [A.S. eald;
Ger. a/t, from a root seen in Goth, atari, to
nourish, L. alo (hence adultus), to nourish.]
Olden, Gld'n, adj., old: ancient.
Oleaginous, G-le-aj'in-us, adj., oily: (bot.) fleshy
and oily.—n. Oleag'inousncss. [L. oleaginus
—oleum, oil.]
Oleander, G-le-an'der, n. an evergreen shru'» with
beautiful flowers. [Fr., being a corr. of Rhodo
dendron ]
Oleaster, 6-le-as'ter, n. the wild olive, [L.—olea,
an olive-tree, from Gr. elaia.}
Olelferous, 0-lc-if'er-us, adj., producing oil, as
seeds. [L. oleum, oil, andfero, to bear.)
Oleograph, ole-o-graf, n. a print in tf/V-colours to
imitate an oil-painting. [L. oleum, oil, and Gr.
graphd, to write, draw.]
Olfactory, ol-fak'tor-i, adj. pertaining to or used
in smelling. [L. olfacto, to smell—oleo, to smell
—root of odor, smell, facio, to do or make.]
Oligarch, ol'i-gark, «. a member of an oligarchy.
Oligarchal, ol-i-giirk'al, Oligarchical, ol-i-gark'-
ik-al, adj. pertaining to an oligarchy.
Oligarchy, ol'i-gark-i, «., government by a few:
a state governed by a few. [Fr.—Gr., from
oligos, few, arche, rule.]
Olio, O'li-0, n. a dish of different sorts of meat and
vegetabl«s boiled together : a mixture : [music)
ftto, far ; me, her ; mine J
Omnipresent
a medley : a literary miscellany. [Sp. olla—L.
olla, a pot.]
Olivaceous, ol-i-va'shus, adj., olive-coloured ;
olive-green. [Fr.—L. oliva.]
Olive, ol'iv, h. a tree cultivated round the Mediter
ranean for its oily fruit : its fruit : peace, of
which the olive was the emblem : a colour like
the unripe olive. [Fr.— L. oliva—Gr. elaia.]
Olla-pOdrfda, ol'la-po-dre da, «. a mixed stew or
hash of meat and vegetables in common use in
Spain : any incongruous mixture or miscellaneous
collection. [Sp., lit. 'putrid or rotten pot'—L.
olla, a pot, and fiuter, putrid.J
Olympiad, G-lim pi-ad, n. in ancient Greece, a
period of four years, being the interval between
the Olympic games, used in reckoning time (the
date of the 1st Olympiad is 776 B-C.). [Gr.
olympias, -ados, belonging to Olympia, a district
in Elis in ancient Greece.J
Olympian, o-lim'pi-an, Olympic, o-liin'pik, adj.
pertaining to Olympia, where the Olympic
games were celebrated, or to Alt. Olympus, the
fabled seat of the gods.—Olym'piCS, Olympic
Games, games celebrated every four years,
dedicated to Olympian Jupiter.
Ombre, om'ber, n. a game of cards usually played
by three persons. [Fr.—Sp. hombre—L. !tomot
a man.]
Omega, O'meg-a or o-mejga, n. [lit.) the great O,
the last letter of the Greek alphabet: (B.) the
end. [Gr. 0 mega, the great or long ('.]
Omelet, Omelette, om'e-Tet, n a pancake chiefly
of eggs. [Fr. omelette, of which the O. Fr.
is amelette, which through the form alemeite is
traced to alemelle, the O. Fr. form of Fr.
alumelle, a thin plate, a corr. (with the prep. &)
of lamelle, dim. of lame—L. lamina, a thin
plate.]
Omen, O'men, «. a sign of some future event. [L.
for osmen, that which is uttered by the mouth,
L. os; or for ausmen, 'that which is heard'—
audio, to hear.]
Omened, O'mend, adj. containing omens.
Omer, G'mer, «. a Hebrew dry measure containing
fistf part of a_ homer. [See Homer. ;
Ominous, om'in-us, adj. pertaining to or contain
ing an omen: foreboding evil: inauspicious.—
adv. Om'inously. >;. Om'lnousness.
Omissible, 0-mis'i-bl, adj. that may be omitted*
Omission, 0-mish'un, u. act of omitting: the
neglect or failure to do something required : that
which is left out. [Fr.—L. omissio.]
Omissive, 0-mis'iv, adj., omitting or leaving out.
Omit, O-mil', v.t. to leave out: to neglect: to
fail :—pr.p. omitt'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. omitr/ed.
[L. omitto, omissum—ob, away, mitto, to send.]
Omnibus, om'ni-bus, «. a large four-wheeled
vehicle for conveying passengers, chiefly used
in towns:—//. Om'nibuses. [Lit. 'something
for all,' L. dative pi. of omnis, all.]
Omnifarious, om-ni-fa'ri-us, adj. of all varieties
or kinds. [L. omni/arius—omnis, all, and
varius, various.]
OmniferoUS, om-nif'er-us, adj.. bearing or pro
ducing all kinds. [L. otnnifer—omnis, fero, to
bear.] [nip'o-ten-si, n. unlimited power.
Omnipotence, om-mp'o-tens, Omnipotenoy, om-
Omnipotent, om-nip'o-tcnt, adj., all-p<nverful :
possessing unlimited power. —n. The Omnipo
tent, God.—adv. Omnip'otently. [ Fr.—L.
omnipotens—omnis, all, and Potent.]
Omnipresent, om-ni-pres'ent.
■ivliere. —n. Omnipres ence.adj..[L.present
omnis,every-
and
Present.]
mote; mute ; mOCn; Men. 847
 Omni3oient
Omniscient, om-nish'ent, adj.* all-knowing; all-
seeing: infinitely wise.—adv. Omnls'ciently.—
n. Omnls'oienoe. [L. omnis, all, and sciens,
scientis, knowing—seta, to know.]
Omnium-gathdrum, om'ni-um-ga/A'cr-um, «. a
miscellaneous collection of things or persons.
[L. omnium, of all, gen. pi. of omnis, all, and a
slang Latinised form of E. gatfur.]
Omnivorous, om-niv'or-us, tuff; all-devouring :
(zool.) feeding on both animal and vegetable
food. [L. omnivorus—omnis, all, and voro, to
devour.]
Omphalic, om-faMk, adj. pertaining to the navel.
[Gr. omphalikos—omphalos, the navel.]
On, on, prep, in contact with the upper part of: to
and towards the surface of: upon or acting by
contact with : not off : at or near : at or during :
in addition to: toward, for: at the peril of: in
consequence: immediately after: {IS.) off. —adv.
above, or next beyond : forward, in succession :
in continuance: not off.—int. go on ! proceed !
[A.S. on, which with the cog. Dut. aan, Ice. &
(= an), Ger. an, and Gr. ana, is from an Aryan
pronominal base ana ; whence also is prep. In.]
Onager, on'n-jcr, n. the toild ass of Central Asia.
[L.—Gr. onagros, for onos agrios—onos, an ass,
agrios, living in the fields—agros, a field.]
Once, ons, «. Same as Ounce, the animal.
Once, wuns, adv. a single time : at a former time.
—n. one time. [M. E. ones—A.S. anes, orig.
the gen. of an, one, used as an adv. See Nonce. ]
One, wun, pron. a person (spoken of indefinitely),
as in the phrase One Bays. [Merely a special
use of the numeral one: hence nowise conn,
with Fr. on—L. homo, a man.]
One, wun, adj. single in number : single : un
divided : the same.—At one, of one mind.
[M. E. oon—A.S. an; cog. with Ice. einn, Ger.
ein, Goth, ains ; also with L. unus and \V. ««.]
Oneness, wun'nes, «. singleness : unity.
Onerary, on'er-ar-i, adj. fitted or intended for
carrying burdens: comprising burdens. [L.
onerarius—onus, oneris, a burden.]
Onerous, on'er-us, adj., burdensome: oppressive.
—adv. On'erously. [L. onerosus—onus. ]
Onesided, wun'sid-ed, adj. limited to one side :
partial.—n. Onesid edness. [duct : event.
Ongoing, on'go-ing, «. a going on : course of con-
Onion, un'yun, n. a common plant, with a bulbous
root. [Fr. ot'gnon—L. unio^ -onis—unus, one.]
Only, 5n1i, adj. [lit.) one-tike: single : this above
all others : alone.—adv. in one manner : for one
purpose: singly: merely: barely. [A.S. anlic
(adj.)—an, one, and lie, like.]
Onomatopoeia, on-o-mat-o-pe'ya, n. the formation
of a word with resemblance in sound to that of
the thing signified : such'a word itself, also the
use of such a word, as ' click,' ' cuckoo.'—adj.
Onomatopoet'ic. [Lit. 'name-making/ Gr.
onoma, -atos, a name, poied, to make.]
Onset, on'set, «. violent attack : assault : a storm
ing. [On and Set.]
Onslaught, on'slawt, «. an attack or onset :
assault. [A.S. on, on, and sleakt, a stroke.
See Slaughter.]
Ontology, on-tol'o-ji, «• the science that treats of
the principles of pure being: metaphysics.—
adjs. Ontolog/lc, Ontolos/ical.—adv. Ontolog'-
lcally.—«. Ontol'oglst, one versed in ontology.
[Gr. 5n, ontos, being pr.p. of eimi (Sans, as), io
be, and logos, discourse.]
Onward, on'ward, adj., going on: advancing:
advanced.—adv. toward a point on or in front :
forward. [On, and Ward, direction.]
M fate, far ; me, her ; mtne ;
Operculum
Onwards, on'wardz, adv. Same as Onward.
Onyx, on'iks, n. [min.) an agate formed of layers
of chalcedony of different colours, used for mak
ing cameos, so called from its likeness to the nail
in colour. [L.—Gr. o-nyxt o-nych-os, a finger
nail. See NalL]
Oolite, O'o-llt, n. {geol.} a kind of limestone, com
posed of grains like the eggs or roe of a fish. —
adj. Oollt'lc. [Fr. oolithe, from Gr. Son, an
egg, and lithos, stone. See OvaL]
Ooze, o"0z, n. soft mud : gentle flow : the liquor of
a tan vat. —v.i. to flow gently : to percolate, as
a liquid through pores. [M. E. ivose—A.S.
ivase, mud; akin to A.S. vjos, juice, and Ice.
vas, moisture.]
Oozy, ooz'i, adj. resembling ooze : slimy.
Opacity, o-pas'i-ti, n. opaqueness : obscurity.
[See Opaque.]
Opah, 5 pa, n. a seafish of the Dory family, also
called kingfish. [Ety. unknown.]
Opal, o'pal, n. a precious stone of a milky hue,
remarkable for its changing colours. [Fr. opale
—L. opalus.)
Opalescent, G-pal-es'ent, adj. reflecting a milky
or pearly light from the interior.
Opaque, G-piik', adj., shady: dark: not trans
parent. [Fr.—L. opacus.)
Opaqueness, B-pak'nes, n. quality of being op.ique :
want of transparency.
Ope, Op, v.t. and v.i. [poetry] short for Open.
Open, O'pn, adj. not shut : free of access : free
from trees : not fenced : not drawn together : not
frozen up : not frosty : free to be used, &c. :
public : without reserve : frank : easily under
stood : generous : liberal : clear : unbalanced, as
an account: attentive: free to be discussed.—
v.t. to make open : to bring to view : to explain :
to begin.—v.i. to become open: to unclose: to
be unclosed: to begin to appear: to begin.—
adv. O'penly.—ns. O'penness, O pener. [A.S.
open, from «/, up ; like the cog. Dut. open (from
op), Ice. opinn (from uf>p), and Ger. offen [from
auf). See Up.] [hand: generous: liberal.
Open-handed, o'pn-hand'ed, adj. with an open
Open-hearted, a pn-hart'ed, adj. with an open
heart : frank : generous.
Opening, G'pn-ing, n. an open place : a breach :
an aperture : beginning : first appearance : op
portunity, {opera. See Operate.]
Opera, op'cr-a, n. a musical drama. [It. — L.
Opera-bouffe, op'er-a-bo"of, n. a comic opera.
[Fr. —It. opera-bujfa. See Buffoon.]
Opera-glass, op'er-a-glas, n. a small glass or
telescope for use at operas, theatres, &c
Operate, op'er-ut, v.i. toivork: to exert strength:
to produce any effect : to exert moral power :
[med.) to take effect upon the human system:
(surgery) to p«rform some unusual act upon the
body with the hand or an instrument.—v.t. to
effect: to produce by agency. [L. operor, -atus
—opera, work, closely conn, with opus, operis%
work (Sans, apas).]
Operatic, op-er-at'ik, Operatlcal, op-er-at'ik-al,
adj. pertaining to or resembling the opera.
Operation, op-er-A'shun, n. act or process of oper
ating : agency : influence : method of working :
action or movements : surgical performance.
Operative, op'er-n-tiv, adj. having the power of
operating or acting : exerting force : producing
effects. —». a workman in a manufactory: a
labourer.—adv. Op oratively.
Operator, op'er-A-tor, «. one who or that which
operates or produces an effect.
Operculum, o-pcrTcG-lum, «. (bol.) a cover or lid :
mote : mate ; moon ; then.
 Operetta
(tool.) the plate over the entrance of a shell :
the apparatus which protects the gills of fishes :
—pi. Oper'cula.—adj. Opercular, belonging to
the operculum.—adjs. Oper'culate, Oper'cu-
lated, having an operculum. [L., from operio,
to cover.] [drama. [It, dim. of Opera.]
Operetta, op-er-er/a, «. a short, light musical
Operose, op'er-Os, adj., laborious: tedious.—adv.
Op'erosely.—«. Op eroseness. [Sec Operate.]
OphiCleide, of'i-klid, n. a large bass trumpet,
with a deep pitch. [Fr. : coined from Gr.
ophis, a serpent, and kleis, kieitios, a key.]
Ophidian, of-id'i-an, Ophidlous, of-id'i-us, adj.
pertaining to serpents. [Gr. ophis, a serpent,
erroneously supposed to have gen. ophiilos.]
Ophthalmia, of-ihal'mi-a, Ophthalmy, of'thal-mi,
n. inflamm.uion of the eye. [Gr.—ophthalmos,
eye, from root of Optics. J [eye.
Ophthalmic, of-thal mik, adj. pertaining to the
Ophthalmoscope, of-thal'mo-skOp, «. an instru
ment for examining the interior of the eye. [Gr.
ophthalmos, eye. and skoped, look at.]
Opiate, fl'pi-at, «. any medicine that contains
opium, and induces sleep : that which induces
rest.—adj. inducing sleep : causing rest-
Opiated, O'pi-iit-cd, adj. mixed with opiates'.
under the influence of opiates.
Opine, o-pTn', v.i. to be of opinion : to judge : to
suppose. [Fr. opiner—L. ophtor, to think.]
Opinion, O-pin'yun, tt. a conviction on probable
evidence : jiiugmeui : nuiiou : estimation. [L.J
Opinionated, O-pin'yun-at-ed, adj, firmly adhering
to one's own opinions.
Oplnlonative, G-pin'yun-at-iv, adj. unduly at
tached to one's own opinions: stubborn.—adv.
Opin'ionatively.—n. Opin'ionativeness.
Opium, o'pi-um, «. the narcotic juice of the white
poppy. [L.—Gr. opion, dim. from opos, sap.]
Opossum, o-pos'uin, n. an American quadruped
with a prehensile tail, the female having a pouch
in which she carries her young. [West Indian.]
Oppidan, op'i-dan, w. at Eton, a student who
boards in the town, not in the college. [Orig. a
townsman, L. oppidanus—oppidum, a town.]
Opponent, op-pC nent, adj., opposing-: situated in
front : adverse-—«. one who opposes, esp. in
argument : an adversary.
Opportune, op-por-tfln', adj. present at a proper
time : timely : convenient. —adv. Oppor-
tune'Iy.—«*.Opportune ness ; Opportunist, a
politician who waits for events before declaring
his opinions. [Fr.—L. opportunus—ob, before,
and tortus, a harbour.]
Opportunity, op-por-tun'i-ti, «. an opportune or
convenient time : occasion.
Opposable, op-poz'a-M, adj. that may be opposed.
Oppose, op-poz , v.t. to place be/ore or in the way
of: to set against : to place as an obstacle : to
resist: to check: to compete with.—v.i. to
make objection.—«. Oppos'er. [Fr.—L. ob,
and Fr. poser, to place. See P086, n,\
Opposite, op'o-zit, adj., placed over against:
standing in front: contrasted with: adverse:
contrary.—«. that which is opposed or contrary :
an opponent.—adv. Opp'osltely. —n. Opp osito
ness. [Fr.—L. oppositus—ob, against, and
potto, to place.]
Opposition, op-o-zish/un, n. state of being placed
over against : standing over against : repug
nance : contrariety : act of opposing : resistance :
that which opposes : obstacle : the party that
opposes the ministry or existing administration :
[astron.) the situation of heavenly bodies when
180 degrees apart. [See Opposite. ]
fate, far ; m€, her ; mine ;
Orange
Oppress, op-pres', v.t. to use severely : to burden :
to lie heavy upon : to constrain : to overpower.
[Fr.—L. o/primo, oppressus—ob, against, and
premo, to press.]
Oppression, op-presh'un, n. act of oppressing :
severity : cruelty : state of being oppressed :
misery: hardship: injustice: dullness. [Fr.—L.]
Oppressive, op-pres'iv, adj. tending to oppress :
over-burdensome : unjustly severe: heavy : over
powering.—adv. Oppressively.—«. Oppress'-
lveness.
Oppressor, op-pres'or, «. one who oppresses.
Opprobrious, op-pro'bri-us, adj. expressive of
opprobrium : reproachful : infamous : despised.
—adv. Oppro'hriously.—«. Oppro'brlousuess.
Opprobrium, op-prO'bn-um, «., reproach with
contempt or disdain : disgrace : infamy. [L,
ob, against, probrum, reproach—perhaps con
tracted from prohibrum—prohibeo, to prohibit ]
Oppugn, op-pun', v.t. tofight against : to oppose :
to resist.—«. Oppugn'er. [Fr.— L. oppugno, to
fight against—ob, against, and pugna, a fight.
Sec Pugilism. J
Optative, op'ta-tiv or op-ta'tiv, adj. expressing
desire or wish.—n. {gram.) a mood of the verb
expressing wish.—adv. Op'tatively. [L. opta-
tivus, from opto, optatum, to wish.]
Optic, op'tik, Optical, op'tik-al. adj. relating to
sight, or to optics.—adv. Optically. [Fr.
optique—Gr. optikos—root*?/ or oh, seen in Gr.
op-somai, I shall see, and L. oc-ulus, eye. See
Eye.]
Optician, op-tish'an, n. one skilled in optics : one
who makes or sells optical instruments.
Optics, op'tiks, n.sing. the science of the nature
and laws of vision and light.
Optimism, op'tim-izm, «. the doctrine that every
thing is ordered for the best:—opp. to Pessi
mism. [L. optimus, best.]
Optimist, op'tim-ist, n. one who holds that every
thing is ordered for the best.
Option, op'shun, n. act of choosing: power of
choosing or wishing : wish. [L. optio, optionis.]
Optional, op'shun-al, adj. left to one's option or
choice.—adv. Op'tionally.
Opulence, op'u-lens, «., means: richest wealth.
Opulent, op'Q-lcnt, adj. wealthy.— Op'U-
lently. [Fr.—L. op-ulentus-op, base of L.
pi. op~es, wealth—root ap, to obtain.]
Or. or, conj. marking an alternative, and some
times opposition. [Short for othert modern E,
Elther.]-/*>r/. {B.) before. [In this sense a
corr. of Ere.]
Or, or, «. {heraldry) gold. [Fr.—L. aurutn, gold.]
Oracle, or'a-kl, n. the answer spoken or uttered
by the gods : the place where responses were
given, and the deities supposed to gjvc them :
one famed for wisdom: a wise decision: B.
the sanctuary :—//. the revelations made to
the prophets. [Fr.—L. ora-cu-lum, double dim.
from oro, to speak—os, oris, the mouth.]
Oracular, 0-rak u-lar, adj. delivering oracles: re
sembling oracles : grave : venerable : equivocal :
obscure.—adv. Orac'ularly.—«. Orac'ularness.
Oral, O'ral, adj. uttered by the mouth: spoken.—
adv. Orally. [L. os, oris, the mouth.]
Orang, 0-rang7, «. a kind of ape resembling man,
found in Borneo and Sumatra. [Malay, 'man.']
Orange, or'anj, n. a tree with a delightful gold-
coloured fruit: its fruit: a colour composed of
red and yellow.—adj. pertaining to an orange :
orange-coloured. [Fr.—It. arancio— Pers. nar-
anj, the n being dropped ; it was thought to come
from L. aurum, gold, hence Low L. aurantium.]
mOte ; mute ; mSTJn ; Men. 34V
 Orangeman Orifice
Orangeman, o/anj-man, », a member of a secret Ordering, orMer-ing, n. arrangement : manage
society instituted in Ireland in 1795 to uphold ment, [orderly.
Protestantism, so called from William o(Orange. Orderless, or'der-Ies, adj. without order : dis
Orangery, or'anj-er-i, n. a plantation of orange- orderly, orMer-li, adj. in order: regular: well
trees. regulated : quiet : being on duty.—-adv. regu
Orang-outang, S-rang'-Go'-tang', Orang-utan, larly : methodically.—/!, a soldier who attends
C-rang'-oTJ-tan', n. the Indian or red orang. on a superior, esp. for carrying official messages.
[Malay, 'wild man.'] —n. Orderliness.
Oration, o-rii'shun, n. a public speech of a formal Ordinal, orMin-al, adj. shewing order or suc
character. [Fr. —L. oratio% from oro, to speak, cession.—n. a number noting order : a ritual for
pray.] ordination.
Orator, or'a-tor, n. a public speaker: a man of Ordinance, or'din-ans, n. that which is ordained
eloquence ;—/em. Oratress, Or atrlx. by authority : a law : an established rite. [See
Oratorical, or-a-tor'ik-al, nay. pertaining to ora Ordain, doublet Ordnance.]
tory : becoming an orator. —adv. Oratorloally. Ordinary, or din-ar-i, adj. according to the common
Oratorio, or-a-to'ri-O, *». a kind of musical drama, order: usual : of common rank : plain : of little
usually founded on a Scriptural subject. [It. merit—«. an established judge of ecclesiastical
So cailed because they originated among the causes : settled establishment : actual office : a
priests of the Oratory.\ bishop : a place where meals are provided at
Oratory, oKa-tor-i, «. the art of speaking well, or fixed charges.—adv. Ordinarily.
so as to please and persuade, esp. publicly : the Ordinate, orMin-at, adj. in order; regular.—«.
exercise of eloquence : an apartment or building a straight line in a curve terminated on both
for private worship. [See under Oration. | sides by the curve and bisected by the diameter.
Orb, orb, «. a circle : a sphere : a celestial body : —adv. Ordinately. [See Ordain.]
a wheel : any rolling body : the eye. —v.t. to sur Ordination, or-din-a'shun, «. the act ofordaining;
round : to form into an orb. [L. orbis, a circle.] established order. [See Ordain.]
Orbed, orbd, adj. in the form of an orb: circular. Ordnance, ord'nans, «. {orig.) any arrangement,
Orbicular, or-bik'fi-Jar, adj. having the form of an disposition, or equipment : great guns : artillery.
orb : spherical: round.—adv. Orbio'ulaxly. — Ordure, or'dur, dirt: dung: excrement. [Fr.
n. Orbioulamess. [From L. orbiculus, dim. —O. Fr. ord, foul—L. horridus, rough.]
of orbis.] Ore, Or, n. metal in its unreduced state : metal
Orbiculate, or-biku-lat, Orbiculated or-bik'u- mixed with earthy and other substances. [A.S.
lat-ed, adj. in the lorm of an orb.—«. Orbicula - 6r, another form of ar, brass, cog. with Ice. «Vf
tion. Goth, aiz, L. ws, a>r-is, bronze.]
Orbit, or'bit, «. the path described by a celestial' Organ, origan, «. an instrument or means by
body in the heavens : the bony cavity for the which anything is done : that by which a natural
eyeball : the skin round the eye. [L. orbita— operation is carried on : a musical instrument
orbis, a ring or circle.] with pipes, bellows, and keys : the medium of
Orbital, or'bit-al, adj. pertaining to an orbit. communication. [Fr. orgatte—L. organum—
Orchard, orch'ard, «. a garden of fruit-trees, esp. Gr. organon, akin to ergon. See Work.]
apple-trees. [A.S. orceard—older form ort~ Organic, or-gan'ik, Organical, or-gan ik-al, adj.
gcard. See Wort, a plant, and Yard.] pertaining to an organ ; consisting of or contain
Orchestra, or'kes-tra, n. in the Greek theatre, the ing organs : produced by the organs : instru
pi.ice where the churns danced : the part of a mental.'—adv. Organically.
theatre for the musicians : the performers in an Organisable, or-gan-Iz'a-bl, adj. that may be
orchestra. [L.—Gr. orchestra—orcheomai, to organised or arranged.
dance.] Organisation, or-gan-i-z&'shun, n. the act of
Orchestral, orlces-tral or or-kes'-, adj. pertaining organising : the state of being organised.
to an orchestra : performed in an orchestra. Organise, or'gan-Tz, v.t. to supply with organs:
Orchid, or'kid, n. an orchidaceous plant. to form, as an organised body : to arrange.
Orchidaceous, or-ki-da'shus, adj. relating to a Organism, or'gan-izm, tt. organic structure : a
natural order of plants with beautiful fragrant living being. . [organ.
flowers. [Gr. orchis, a testicle, which its root Organist, or'gan-ist, n. one who plays on the
resembles in shape.] Orgasm, or'gasm, «. immoderate excitement or
Orchis, or'kis, n. a genus of orchidaceous plants. action. [Gr. orgasmos, orgao, I swell. J
Ordain, or-d.in', v.t. to put in order; to appoint: Orgies, or'jiz, n.pl. (orig.) ceremonies observed in
to regulate : to set in an office : to invest with the worship of Bacchus, distinguished by furi
ministerial functions. [O. Fr. ordener i,Fr. ordon- ous revelry: any drunken nocturnal rites or
ner)—L. ordino, ordinatus—ordo. See Order.] revelry. [Fr. — L.orgia, secretrites—Gr., closely
Ordeal, or'de-al, n. a dealing out or giving ofjust akin to ergon, work. See Organ and Work.]
judgment: an ancient form of trial by Tot, fire, Oriel, O'ri-el, «. [orig.) a chamber or apartment :
water, &c. : any severe trial or examination. a window that juts out so as to form a small
[A.S. or-del, or-dal; cog. with Dut. oor-deel, apartment. [O. Fr. oriol, a porch, a corridor —
judgment, Ger. ur-theil; the prefix or- (Dut. oor-, Low L. oriolum, a highly ornamented recess—
Ger. wr-) sig. out, and -deal being the same L- aurcohts, gilded—aurnm, gold. See Oriole ]
word as Deal and Dole. ] Orient, G'ri-ent, adj., rising, as the sun : eastern :
Order, or'der, «. regular arrangement: method: shining. —«. the part where the sun rises: the
proper state: rule: regular government: com east. [L. oriens, -enit's, pr.p. o( or/or, to rise.]
mand : a class : a society of persons : a religious Oriental, o-ri-cnt'al, adj. eastern : pertaining to,
fraternity : a scientific division of objects : in, or from the east.—tu a native of the east.
{arch.) a system of the parts of columns:—pi. Orientalism, G-ri-ent'al-izm, n. oriental doctrine.
the Christian ministry.—v.t. to arrange : to Orientalist, O-ri-enral-ist, «. one versed in the
conduct: to command.—v.t. to give command. eastern languages : an oriental.
[M. L\ ordre— Fr. ordre—L. ordo, -inis.] Orifice, or'i-fis, «. something made like a mouth
too fate, far; m€, her ; mine; mate ; mute ; mOon ; Men.
 Oriflamme
or opening. [Fr —L. orijieium—os, arts,
mouth, &ndfacio, to malce.]
Oriflamme, or'i-tlam, «. a little banner of red silk
with many points streaming like jlames, borne
on a gilt staff, the ancient royal standard of
France. [Fr.—Low L. auriflamma, a little
banner—L. auntin, gold,_ffatnma, a flame.]
Origan, orVgan, Origanum, o-rig'a-num, «. wild
marjoram. [Lit. ' mountain-pride," Fr. origan
—L. origanum—Gr. origanon—oros, mountain,
ganos, pride, beauty.]
Origin, or'i-jin, n. the rising or first existence of
anything : that from which anything first pro
ceeds : cause: derivation. [Fr. origine—L.
origo, originis—orior, to rise.]
Original, o-rij'in-al, atlj. pertaining to the origin :
first in order or existence : not copied : not trans
lated : having the power to originate, as thought.
—n. origin : first copy : the precise language
used by a writer : an untranslated tongue. —adv.
Originally. [Fr.—L. originalis—origo.\
Originality, o-rij-in-al'it-t, n. quality or state of
being original or of originating ideas.
Originate, o-rij'in-at, v.t. to give origin to : to
bring into existence.—v.i. to have origin : to
begin.—n. Originator. [It. originare—L,
. . .
Origination, o-rijln-a'shun, n. act of originating
or of coming into existence : mode of production.
Oriole, oYi-ol, n, the golden thrush. [O. Fr.
oriol—L. aureolus, dim. of aureus, golden—
aurum, gold. Cf. Oriel.]
Orion, o-ri'on, n. {astr.) one of the constellations.
[Orion {myth.), a giant placed among the stars
at his death.]
Orison, or'i-zun, «. a prayer. [O. Fr. orison (Fr.
oraison)—L. oratio, -onis—oro, to pray. See
Oral]
Orlop, orlop, «. the deck of a ship where the
cables, &c. are stowed : . the under-deck of a
ship-of-thc-line. [Lit. a 'running over,' Dut.
overloop, the upper-deck—vorrtopen, tomn over.]
Ormolu, or-mo-lor/, n. a kind of brass like gold
from the quantity of copper in it. [Lit. ' beaten
gold,' Fr. or—L. aurum, gold, and moulu, pa.p.
of moudre, to grind—L. molo, to grind.]
Ornament, or'na-ment, n. anything that adds
grace or beauty: additional beauty:—//. (/V.
Jtk.) all the articles used in the services of the
church, —v.t. to adorn: to furnish with orna
ments. [Fr. omement—L. orna-tnentum -omo,
to adorn. ]
Ornamental, or-na-ment'al, adj. serving to adorn
or beautify.—adv. Ornament ally.
Ornamentation, or-na-men-ta'shun, n. act or art
of ornamenting : {arch.) ornamental work.
Ornate, ornat', adj., ornamented: decorated.—
adv. Ornately.—«. Ornate'ness. [L. omatus,
pa.p. of orno.\
Ornithological, or-ni-tho-loj'ik-al, adj. pertaining
to ornithology.—adv. Ornitholog'ically.
Ornithology, or-ni-thol'o-ji, «, the science of birds.
—n. Ornithologist, one versed in ornithology.
[Gr. omis, omitAos, a bird (cog. with A. 5-
earn, eagle), and logos, science.]
Ornlthomancy, or-nith'o-m^n-si or or'nith-, n. ,
divination by birds, their flight, &c. [Gr.
omis, ornitkos, bird, manteia, divination.]
OrnlthorhynchUS, or-ni-tho-ring'kus, n. an animal
in Australia, with a body like an otter and a
snout like the bill of a duck, also called Duck
bill. [Lit. 'bird-snout,' Gr. omis, ornitkos,
bird, rhyngchos, snout.]
Orography, or-og'ra-fi, n. the description oT moun-
fate, far ; me, her ; mint :
Osclllate
tains.—adj. Orographic, Orograph'loal. [Gr.
oros, a mountain, and graphst to describe.]
Orology. Same as Orography.
Orphan, orTan, n. a child bereft of father or
mother, or of both.—adj. bereft of parents. [Gr.
orphanos, akin to L. orbus, bereaved.]
Orphanage, ortan-aj, n. the state of an orphan :
a house for orphans.
Orphean, or-fe'an or orle-an, adj. pertaining to
Orpheus: {myth.} a potrt who had the power of
moving inanimate objects by the music of his
lyre.
Orpiment, or'pi-ment, n. yellow sulphuret of
arsenic, used for the goltl or yellowpaint called
king's yellow. [Fr.—L. auripigmenturn—au
rum, gold, pigmention, paint.]
Orpin, or'pin, «. a deep gold or yellow colour.
Orpine, or'pin, «. a plant with gold or purplish-
rose coloured flowers. [Fr. orpin, from or—L.
aurum, and Fr. peindre. See Paint.]
Orrery, or'er-i, «. an apparatus for illustrating, by
balls mounted on rods, the size, positions,
motions, &c. of the heavenly bodies. [From
the Earl of Orrery, for whom one of the first
was made.]
Orris, or is, n. a species of iris in the south of
Europe, the dried root of which has a smell of
violets, used in perfumery. [Prob. a corruption
of Iris.]
Ort, ort, «. a fragment, esp. one left from a meal ;
usually //. [Low Ger. ort, refuse of fodder,
Scot, ort or iv-ort. ]
Orthodox, oKtho-doks, adj., sound in doctrine:
believing the received or established opinions,
esp. in religion : according to the received
doctrine.— adv. Or'thodOXly. [Through Fr.
and Late L. from Gr. orthodoxos—orthos, right,
doxa, opinion—dotted, to seem.]
Orthodoxy, or'tho-doks-i, «., soundness at opinion
or doctrine : belief in the commonly acccpied
opinions, esp. in religion. [Gr. ortlwdoxia. See
Orthodox.]
Orthoepy, or'tho-c-pi, n. {gram.) correct pronun
ciation of words. — adj. Orthoep ical —n. Qt-
thoepist, one versed in orthoepy. [Gr. orthos,
right, epos, a word ]
Orthogon, or'tho-gon, n. (geom.) a figure with all
its angles right angles —atfj. Orthog'onal,
rectangular. [Gr. orthos, right, gdnia, angle.]
Orthographer, or-thog'ra-fer, n. one who spells
words correctly*
Orthographic, or-tho-graf ik, Orthographical,
or-tho-graf'ik-al, adj. pertaining or according
to orthography : spelt correctly.—adv. Ortho-
graph'ically.
Orthography, or-thog'ra-fi, n. {gram.) the cor
rect spelling of words. [Gr. orthographia—
orthos. right, graphs, to write.]
Orthoptera, or-thop'ter-a, n. an order of insects
with uniform wing-covers, that overlap at the
top when shut, under which are tho true wings,
which fold lengthwise like a fan. (Lit. ' straight
wings,' Gr. orthos, straight, ptera, pi. ofpteron,
wing.] [the orthoptera.
Orthopterous, or-thop'ter-us, adj. pertaining to
Ortolan, ort'o-lan, «. a kind of bunting, common
in Europe, and considered a great delicacy.
[Lit. ' the frequenter of gardens, Fr.—It. orto-
lano—L. hortolanus, belonging to gardens—
hortulus, dim- of /tortus, a garden. See Court
and Yard, a place inclosed.)
Oscillate, os'il-lat, v.i. to move backwards and
forwards : to fluctuate between certain limits.
[L. oscillo, -atus, to swing—oscillum, & swing.]
mote ; mate ; mGon ; then.
 Oscillation
Oscillation, os-il-l&'shun, n. act of oscillating : a
swinging like a pendulum. [Fr. —L. oscillatio.\
Oscillatory, os'il-la-tor-i, adj., swinging.
Osculant, os'ku-lant, adj., kissing: adhering
closely. [L. oscutaus, -antis, pr.p. of oscular.]
Osculate, os'ku-lat, v.t. to kiss : to touch, as two
curves.—w. Oscula tion [L. oscular, -atum—
osculnm, a little mouth, a kiss, dim. of os, mouth.]
Oscillatory, osTcu-la-tor-i, adj. of or pertaining
to kissing: (geom.) having the same curvature
at the point of contact
Osier, 5'zhi-er, «. the water-willow, used in mak
ing baskets.—adj* made of or like osiers. [Fr. ;
perh. from Gr. oisos ; akin to L. vitex.]
Osiered, o'zhi-erd, adj. adorned with willows.
Osmium, oz'mi-um, n. a gray-coloured metal found
with platinum, the oxide of which has a disagree
able smell. [Low L.—Gr. osmc, smell, orig.
od-me, conn, with root .f Odour )
Osnaburg. o/na-burg, «. a coarse kind of linen,
originally brought from Osnaburg in Germany.
Osprey, Ospray, os'pra, n. the fish-hawk, a species
of eagle very common on the coast of N.
America. [Corr. from Ossifrage. which see.]
Osseous, os'c-us, adj. , bony : composed of or re
sembling bone. [L. osseus—os, ossis, bone.]
Ossicle, os'i-kl, n. a small bone. [Dim. of os.]
Ossiferous, os-sif'er-us, adj. producing bone :
[geoL] containing bones. [L. os, and fero, to
bear.]
Ossification, os-si-fi-kashun, n. the change or
state of being changed into a bony substance.
Ossifrage, os'i-frfy, n. the sea or bald eagle, com
mon in the United States: (B.) the bearded
vulture, the largest of European birds. [Lit. 1 the
bone-breaker,' L. ossifragus, breaking bones
—os, and frag, root of frango, fractum, to
break. ]
Ossify, os'i-fT, v.t. to make into bone or into a
bone-like substance.—v.i. to become bone:—
pa.p. oss'iried. [L. ossifico—os, and faciot to
make. ]
Ossivorous. os-si^or-us, adj., devouring or feed
ing on bones. [L. os, and voro, to devour.]
Ossuary, os'ii-ar-i, n. a place where the bones of
the dead are deposited : a charnel-house.
Ostensible, os-tens'i-bl, adj. that may be s/iown :
declared : apparent.—adv. Ostensibly.—n.
Ostensibil'ity. [L. ostendo, ostensum, to show.]
Ostenslve, os-tens'iv, adj., showing: exhibiting.
—adv. Ostens'ively.
Ostentation, os-ten-tii'shun, «. act of making a
display: ambitious display : boasting. [Fr.—
L. ostcmlo, to show.)
Ostentatious, os-ten-tA'shus, adj. given to show :
fond of self-display : intended for display. —adv.
Ostentatiously. >.-. Ostenta'tiousnoss.
Osteologlcal, os-te-o-loj ik-al, adj. pertaining to
osteology.—adv. Osteolog ically.
Osteology, os-te-ol'o-ji, n. the science of the bones,
that part of anatomy which treats of the bones.
—ms. Osteol'oger, Osteologist, one versed in
osteology. [Gr. osteon, bone, logos, science.]
Ostler, o*'lcr. Same as Hostler.
Ostracise, os'tra-slz, v.t. in ancient Greece, to
banish by the vote of the people written on a
Potsherd: to banish from society. [Gr. ostra-
kizd—ostrakon, a potsherd, orig. a shell. Cf.
Osseous and Oyster.]
Ostracism, us'tra-sizm, «. banishment by ostra
cising. [Gr. ostrakismos—ostrakizb.]
Ostrich, os trich, w. the largest of birds, found in
Africa, remarkable for its speed in running, and
prized for its feathers. [O. Fr. ostruche (Fr.
352 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Out
autrucke)—L. avis-, struthio, ostrich—Gr.
strouthos, little bird, megas strouthos, the large
bird, the ostrich. Cf. Bustard. ]
OtacoustiO, ot-a-kows'tik, mij. assisting the sense
of hearing. —«. (also Otacous'tlcon) an instru
ment to assist the hearing. [Gr. akoustikos,
relating to hearing—akoub, to hear—ous, dtos,
ear.]
Other, uM'er, adj. and pron. different, not the
same: additional: second of two. [A.S. other;
cog. with Goth, authar, Ger, ander. Sans.
antara, L. alter.]
Otherwise, uM'er-wTz, adv. in another way or
manner : by other causes : in other respects.
Otiose, O'shi-fls, adj. being at ease : unoccupied :
lazy. [L. otiosus—otium, rest.]
Otitis, o-ti'tis, «. inflammation of the internal
ear. [From Gr. ous, dtos, the ear.]
Otoscope, o'to-skOp, n. an instrument for exploring
the ear. [Gr. ous, dtos, the ear, and skopeo, to
look at.]
Otter, ot'er, «. a large kind of weasel living
entirely on fish. [Lit. the ' water-animal,' A.S.
otor, oter; cog. with Dut. and Ger. otter, Ice.
otr, akin to uddr, water, Gr. hydra, E. Water.]
Otto, ot'o, Ottar, ot'ar, (better spelt) Attar, at/ar,
«. a fragrant oil obtained from certain flowers,
esp. the rose. [Ar. * itr—'alira, to smell
sweetly.]
Ottoman, or/o-man, adj. pertaining to the Turk
ish Empire, founded by Othman or Osman in
1290.—«. a Turk: a low, stuffed seat without a
back, first used in Turkey. [The Fr. form. ]
Oubliette, 0"0-bIi-et', n. a dungeon with no open
ing but at the top. [Lit. ' a place where one is
forgotten? Fr., from outlier, to forget—L. obli-
viscor.]
Ouch, owch, n. the socket of a precious stone.
[O. Fr. flouche, nosche; from O. Ger. nusche, a
clasp.]
Ought, «. Same as Aught.
Ought, awt, v.i. to be under obligation : to be
8roper or necessary. [Lit. 'owed,' pa.t. of
we.]
Ounce, owns, n. the twelfth part of a pound troy
= 480 grains : fV of a pound avoirdupois = 437$
troy grains. [A.S. ynce, ^ of a foot, an inch;
Fr. once—L. uneia, the twelfth part of anything.
See Inch ]
Ounce, owns, ft. a feline carnivorous animal of
Asia, allied to the leopard. [Fr. oncet prob.
nasalised form of Pers. yus.]
OUT, owr, adj. and pron. pertaining or belonging
to us. [A.S. ure for usere, gen. pi. of 1st pers.
pron. See Us.]
Ourang-outang. Same as Orang-outang.
Ours, owrz, pron. possessive of W6.
Ourself, owr-self, pron., myself (in the regal
style) :—pi. Ourselves (-selvz'), we, not others :
us.
Ousel, 6"5'zl, n. a kind of thrush. [A.S. osle (short
for amsele) ; cog. with Ger. amscl.]
Oust, ov'st, v.t. to eject or expel. [O. Fr. oster
(Fr. titer), to remove; acc. to Dicz, from L.
haurio, haustus, to draw (water). Cf. Exhaust.]
Ouster, owst'cr, *. {law) ejection : dispossession.
Out, owt, adv. without, not within : gone forth :
abroad : in a state of discovery : in a state of
exhaustion, extinction, &c : completely : freely :
forcibly: at a loss: unsheltered: uncovered.—
int. away ! begone !—Out Of course, out of
order.—Out Of hand, instantly. [A.S. utet
ut; cog. with Ice. and Goth, ut, Ger. aus>
Sans. ud.]
mOte ; mute ; mSDn ; then.
 Outbalance
Outbalance, owt-bal'ans, v.t. to exceed in weight
or effect. [another.
Outbid, owt-bid', v.t. to offer a higher price than
Outbreak, owt'brak, n. a breaking out : eruption.
Outburst, owt'burst, n. a bursting out : an explo
sion, [person banished : an exile.
Outcast, owt'kast, adj. exiled : rejected.—«. a
Outcome, owtTcum, «. the issue : consequence.
Outcrop, owt'krop, «. the exposure of a stratum
at the earth's surface. [Out and Crop.]
Outcry, owt'krT, «. a loud cry of distress : noise.
Outdo, owt-d<50 , v.t. to surpass : excel.
Outdoor, owt'dOr or owt-dOr, adj. outside the door
or the house : in the open air.
Outdoors, owt'dOrz, adv. out of the house : abroad.
Outer, owt'er, adj., more out ox without : external :
—opposed to Innor. [Comp. of Out.]
Outermost, owt'er-most, adj., most or furthest
out: most distant. [Corr. of ute-m-est, double
superl. of Out. For suffix -most, sec Aftermost,
Foremost. ]
Outfit, owt'fit, «. complete equipment : the articles
or the expenses for fitting out : thr means for
an outfit.
Outfitter, owt'fit-er, n. one who furnishes outfits.
Outfitting, owt'fit-ing, «. an outfit.
Outflank, owt-flangk, v.t. to extend the flank of
one army beyond that of another.
Outgeneral, owt-jen'er-al, v.t. to outdo in general
ship. [Out and General. |
Outgoing, owt'gO-ing, n. act or state of going out :
extreme limit : expenditure.—adj. opposed to
incoming, as a tenant.
Outgrow, owi-gr5', v.t. to grow beyond or surpass
in growth : to grow out of.
Outhouse, owt'hows, «. a small building outside
a dwelling-house.
Outlandish, owt-land'ish, adj. belonging to an out
or foreign land: foreign : strange : rustic, rude,
vulgar. [A.S. utlendisc. Out and Land.]
Outlast, owt-last', v.t. to last longer than.
Outlaw, owt'law, n. one deprived of the protection
of the law: a robber or bandit. —v.t. to place
beyond the law : to deprive of the benefit of the
law : to proscribe.
Outlawry, owt'law-ri, «. the act of putting a man
out of the protection of the law.
Outlay, owt'la, «. that which is laid out : expen
diture.
Outlet, owtlet, n. the place or means by which
anything is let out : the passage outward.
Outline, owt'lln, n. the outer ox exterior line: the
lines by which any figure is bounded : a sketch :
a draft.—v.t. to draw the exterior line of : to
delineate or sketch.
Outlive, owt-liv', v.t. to live beyond : to survive.
Outlook, owt'look, «. vigilant watch : prospect :
the place from which one looks out.
Outlying, owtlT-ing, adj. lying out or beyond :
remote : on the exterior or frontier.
Outmarch, owt-march', v.t. to march faster than.
Outmost, owt'most. Same as Outermost.
Outnumber, owt-num'ber, v.t. to exceed in
number.
Outpatient, owt'pS-shent, «. a patient who re
ceives aid from a hospital, but lives outside of it.
Outport. owt'pOrt, «. a port out or remote from
the chief port.
Outpost, owt'pOst, «. a post or station beyond the
main body of an army : the troops placed there.
Outpour, owt-poV, v.t. to pour out.
Outpouring, owt'por-ing, «. a pouring out : an
abundant supply.
Output, owt'poot, n, the quantity of metal made
fftMi far i ml| htri mttwi
Ovary
by a smelting furnace, or of coal taken from a
pit, within a certain time.
Outrage, owt'raj, «. violence beyond measure :
excessive abuse : wanton mischief.—-v.t. to treat
with excessive abuse : to injure by violence.—
v.i. to be guilty of outrage. [Fr., O. Fr. oult-
rage—how h. ultragium, from ultra, beyond.]
Outrageous, owt-raj^is, adj. violent, furious :
turbulent : atrocious : enormous.—adv. Out-
ra'geously.—n. Outra'geousness.
Outre, Coi-ra', adj. extravagant : overstrained.
[Fr. outrer—outre—L. ultra, beyond.]
Outreach, owt-rech'( v.t. to reach or extend
beyond. [faster than.
Outride, owt-rTd', v.t. to ride beyond: to ride
Outrider, owt'rld-cr, «. one who rides abroad : a
servant on horseback who attends a carriage.
Outrigger, owt'rig-er, n. a projecting spar for
extetuiing sails or any part of the rigging: an
apparatus fixed to a boat to increase the lever
age of the oar : a boat with this apparatus.
Outright, owt'rlt, adv. immediately : at once :
completely. [to surpass.
Outrival, owt-rT'val, v.t. to go beyond in rivalry :
Outroad, owt'rOd, «. {obs.} a riding out into an
enemy's country, a hostile attack. [exceed.
Outrun, owt-run', v.t. to go beyond in running : to
Outset, owt'set, «. a setting out : beginning.
Outshine, owt-shin', v.i. to shine out or forth.—
v.t. to excel in shining: to excel.
Outside, owt'sld, «. the outer side : the surface :
the exterior.—adj. on the outside: exterior:
superficial : external.—n. Out sider.
Outskirt, owt'skcrt, «. the outer skirt : border :
suburb :—often used in //.
Outspan, owt-span', v.t. to unyoke draught-oxen
from a vehicle. [See Iuspan. | (speech.
Outspoken, owt-spfl'ken, adj. frank or bold of
Outspread, owt-spred', v.t. to spread out or over.
Outstanding, owt-stand'ing, tuij. standing out :
uncollected: remaining unpaid.
Outstretch, owt-strcch', v.t. to stretch or spread
out : to extend. [behind.
Outstrip, owt-strip', v.t. to outrun : to leave
Outvie, owt-vT', v.t. to go beyond in vying with :
to exceed : to surpass. [Out and Vie.)
Outvote, owt-vflt, v.t. to defeat by a greater
number of votes.
Outward, owt'ward, adj. towards the outside :
external: exterior. — adv. also Out'wardS, to
ward the exterior : to a foreign port.
Outward-bound, owt'ward-bjwncf, adj. bound out
wards or to a foreign port. [See Bound, adj.]
Outwardly, owt'ward-li, adv. in an outward
manner : externally : in appearance.
Outweigh, owt-w;V, v.t. to exceed in weight or
importance. [than.
Outwent, owt-wenr*, v.t {New Test. ) went faster
Outwit, owt-wir/, v.t. to surpass in ivit or ingenu
ity : to defeat by superior ingenuity :—pr.p. out-
witt'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. outwitt'ed.
Outwork, owt'wurk. H. a work outside the prin
cipal wall or line of fortification.
Oval, o'val, adj. having the shape of an egg.—«.
anything oval : an ellipse.—adv. Ovally. [Fr.
ovale, from L. ovum, an egg. See Egg.]
Ovariotomy, 6-var-i-ot'om-i, n. {surgery) the ex
cision of a tumour from the ovary. [Fr. —
ovaire, the ovary, and Gr. tome, cutting.]
©various, O-vS'ri-us, adj. consisting of eggs.
Ovary, O'var-i, «. the part of the female animal in
which the egg of the offspring is formed : {bot.)
the part of the pistil which contains the seed.
—adj. Ova rian. [Low L. ovaria. See Oval.]
ttiOM | mats | mCAH ; M«U<
 O^ate
Ovate, n'vat, OvatOd, o'viit-ed, adj.* /.^-shaped.
Ovation, O-va'shun, n. in ancient Rome, a leaser
triumph : an outburst of popular applause.
[Fr,—L. ovatio—ovo, ovatum, to shout, exult,
cog. with Gr. aud, to shout. J
Oven, uv'n, n. an arched cavity over a fire for
baking, heating, or drying : any apparatus used
as an oven. [A.S. ofen ; cog. with Ger. ofen,
Goth. .( ,'';>.':, and perh- connected with Gr.
ipnos, an oven.]
Over, o'ver, Prep, above : across : on the surface
of : upon the whole surface of : through.—adv.
above : across : from one to another : from one
country to another : above in measure : too
much:: past.
yond to excess : completely.—adj.
[A.S. upper:u/ar,
o/er • Ice. yjir, Goth. be
Ger. uber, L. super, Gr. httper, Sans, upari ;
conn, with Up, Open, Ab ove.]
Overact, O-ver-akt, v.t. to act overmuch or to
excess.—v.i. to act more than is necessary.
Overalls, O'ver-awlz, n. loose trousers worn over
all the other dress.
Overarch, O-ver-arch', v.t. to arch over.
Overawe, 0-ver-aw', v.t. to restrain by fear or
superior influence.
Overbalance, G-ver-bal'ans, v.t. to exceed in
weight, value, or importance.—n. Overbalance,
excess of weight or value.
Overbear, O-ver-bar', v.t. to bear down or over
power : to overwhelm.
Overbearing, o-vcr-bar'ing, adj. haughty and
dogmatical: imperious.
Overboard, O'ver-bOrd, adv. over the board or
side : from on board : out of a ship.
Overburden, O-ver-burMn, v.t. to burden over
much.
Overcast, o-ver-kast', v.t. to cloud : to cover with
gloom : to sew over slightly.
Overcharge, o-vcr-charj', v.t. to load with too
great a charge : to charge too much.—n. Over
charge, an excessive load or burden : an exces
sive charge. [clouds.
Overcloud, G-ver-klowd', V*t. to cover over with
Overcoat, G'vcr-kOt, ». a coat over all the other
dress.
Overcome, C-ver-kum', v.t. to get the better of :
to conquer or subdue.—v.i. to be victorious.
Overdo, O-ver-doo', v.t. to do overmuch : to harass,
to fatigue : to cook too much.
Overdone, G-vcr-dun', adj. overacted : fatigued :
cooked too much. [an excessive dose.
Overdose, G-ver-dOs', v.t. to dose overmuch.—tt.
Overdraw, G-ver-draw7, v.t. to draw overmuch:
to draw beyond one's credit : to exaggerate.
Overdue, O-ver-du', adj. due beyond the time.
Overestimate, o-ver-es'tim-5t, v.t. to estimate
too highly.—n. an excessive estimate-
Overflow, 6-vcr-fl0\ v.t. to flow over : to flood :
to overwhelm : to cover, as with numbers.—v.i.
to run over : to abound.
Overflow, o'ver-flo, n. a flowing over, an inunda
tion : superabundance.
Overflowing, G-ver-flo'ing, adj. flowing over :
abundant. —n. abundance : copiousness.
Overgrow, G-ver-gro', v.t. to grow beyond : to rise
above : to cover with growth.—v.i to grow
beyond the proper size.
Overhang, O-ver-hang', v.t. to hang over : to pro
ject over : to impend. —v.i. to hang over.
Overhaul, G-ver-hawl', v.t. to haul or draw over :
to turn over for examination : to examine : to
re-examine : inaut.) to overtake in a chase.
Overhaul, O'ver-hawl, n. a hauling over ; examina
tion -. repair.
!U4 fate, f.Tr ; mi, her ; mine ;
Overt
Overhead, C-ver-hed', adv. over the head : aloft :
in the zenith.
Overhear, 0-ver-hcV, v.t. to hear what was not
intended to be heard : to hear by accident.
[Over and Hear.]
Overjoy, G-ver-joy', v.t. to fill with great joy : to
transport with delight or gladness.
Overjoy, O'ver-joy, «. joy to excess : transport.
Overland, O'ver-land, adj. passing entirely or
principally by land, as a route.
Overlap, O-ver-lap', v.t. to lap over.
Overlay, G-ver-li', v.t. to lay over: to spread
over : to cover completely : to smother : to cloud.
Overleap, o-ver-Ie"p', v.t. to leap over.
Overleaven, o-vir-lev'n, v. t. to leaven too much :
to mix too much with.
Overlie, fl-ver-lr*. v.t. to lie above or upon.
Overlive, G-ver-liv', v.t. [B.) to outlive : to survive.
Overload, O-vcr-lod'. v.t. to load or fill overmuch.
Overlook, 0-vcr-look't v.t. to look over: to be
higher; to inspect: to neglect by carelessness
or inadvertence : to pass by indulgently : to
pardon : to slight.
Overmatch, O-ver-mach', v.t. to be more than a
match for: to conquer.—«. O'vermatch, one
who is more than a match.
Overmuch, O-ver-much', adj. and adv. too much.
Overpass, o-ver-pas', v.t. to pass over;—pa.p.
{B.) Overpast'.
Overpay, G-ver-pa', v.t. to pay too much.
Overplus, O'ver-plus, n. that which is more than
enough : surplus. [E. Over, and L. plus, more.]
Overpower, O-ver-pow'cr, v.t. to have or gain
power over : to subdue.
Overrate, G-ver-rat', v.t. to rate too high.
Overreach, O-ver-rech', v.t. to reach or extend
beyond: to cheat. —v.i. to strike the hindfoot
against the forefoot, as a horse.
Overrule, G-ver-rOoT, v.t. to rule over: to influ
ence by greater power : {law) to supersede or
reject.
Overrun, O-ver-run', v.t. to run or spread over:
to grow over : to spread over and take possession
of: {B.) to outrun.—v.i. to run over.
Oversee, 0-ver-se', v.t. to see or look over: to
superintend.
Overseer, 0-ver-s6'er, n. one who oversees: a
superintendent : an officer who has the care of
the poor.
Overset, O-ver-set', v.t. to set or turn over: to up
set : to overthrow. —v.i. to turn or be turned over.
Overshade, G-ver-shud', v.t. to throw a shade over.
Overshadow, G-ver-shad'O, v.t. to throw a shadow
over : to shelter or protect.
Overshoot, C-ver-sh50t', v.t. to shoot over or
beyond, as a mark : to pass swiftly over.—v.i.
to shoot or fly beyond the mark.
Overshot, O'ver-shot, adj. having the water fall
ing from above, as a wheel.
Oversight, G'ver-slt, n. orig.) superintendence : a
failing to notice : mistake : omission.
Overspread, G-ver-spred', v.t. to spread over : to
scatter over.—v.i. to be spread over.
Overstate, G-ver-stat/, v.t. to state over or above:
to exaggerate.—n. Overstate ment.
Overstep, O-ver-step', v.t. to step bevond : to
exceed. [fill too full.
Overstock, G-v6r-stok', v.t. to stock overmuch: to
Overstrain, G-v&r-striin', v.t. and v.i. to strain or
stretch too far.
Overt, G'vert, adj., open to view : public : apparent.
- adv. O'vertly. [Fr. ouvert, pa.p. of oitvrir,
to open, acc. to Diez, from G. Fr. a-ovrir,
through Prov. adubrir, from L. de-operie, to
mOte ; mute ; mGOn ; Men.
 Overtake
uncover—de ~ un-, and operio, to cover ; acc to
Littre", from L. operire, to cover, confounded in
meaning with aperire, to open.]
Overtake, o-ver-tak', v.t. to come up with: to
catch : to come upon.
Overtask, O-ver-task', v.t. to task overmuch: to
impose too heavy a task on.
Overtax, O-ver-taks', v.t. to tax overmuch.
Overthrow, 0-ver-thrO', v.t. to throw down :
to upset : to bring to an end : to demolish : to
defeat utterly.—«. O'verthrow, act ofoverthrow
ing or state of being overthrown : ruin : defeat-
Overtop, o-vcr-top', v.t. to rise over the top of;
to surpass : to obscure. [beyond capital.
Overtrade, 0-vcr-trad'( v.t. to trade overmuch or
Overture, o'ver-tar, «. [orig.) an opening, disclo
sure : a proposal : (music) a piece introductory
to a greater piece or ballet. —v.t. to lay an over
ture or proposal before. [Fr. ouverture.]
Overturn, 5-vcr-turn', v.t. to throw down : to sub
vert : to ruin.—«. O'verturn, state of being
overturned.
Overvalue, 0-ver-val'Q, v.t. to value overmuch.
Overweening, O-ver-wen'ing, adj., weening or
thinking too highly : conceited: vain. [A.S.
oferwenan. See W86n.]
Overweigh, O-ver-wS', v.t. to outweigh.
Overweight, over-waV, n. weight beyoRd what is
required or is just.
Overwhelm, O-ver-hwelm', v.t. to overspread and
crush by something heavy or strong ; to immerse
and bear down : to overcome.
Overwlse, O-ver-wIz', <uij. wise overmuch : affect
edly wise.—adv. Overwisely.
Overwork, O-ver-wurk', v.t. and v.t. to work over
much or beyond the strength : to tire.—«. O'ver-
work. excess ofwork: excessive labour.
Overworn, 0-vcr-wOrn', adj. worn out : subdued
by toil : spoiled by use.
Overwrought, o-ver-rawt', pa.p. of Overwork,
wrought overmuch : worked all over.
Oviferous, O-vif'er-us, adj., egg-bearing. [L.
ovum, egg, andfero, to bear.]
Oviform, OVi-form, adj. having the form of an
oval or egg. [L. ovum, egg, and Form.]
Oviparous, O-vip'a-rus, adj., bringing forth eggs.
[L. ovum, egg, and pario, to bring forth.]
Ovoid, C'void, Ovoidal, o-void'al, adj., oval or
egg shaped. [L. ovum, egg, and Gr. eidos, form.]
Ovum, O'vum, n. an egg: (anal.) the body in
which after impregnation the development of
the fetus takes place :—pi. O'va. [L.]
Owe, 0, v.t. to possess what belongs to another:
to be bound to pay : to be obliged for. [A.S.
agan; Ice. eiga, O. Ger. eigan, to possess.]
Owing, o'ing, adj. due: ascnbable to: imputable
to.
Owl, owl, n. a nocturnal carnivorous bird, noted
for its howling or hooting noise. [A.S. ule;
Ger. eule, L. ulula. Sans, uluka, from the
sound.]
Owlet, owl'et, «. a little owl. [Dim. of Owl.]
Owlish, owl'ish, adj. like an owl.
Own, On, v.t. to grant : concede : acknowledge.
[A. S. unnan, to grant, cog. with Ger. gdnnen,
to grant.]
Own, On, v.t., to possess: to have a rightful title
to. [A.S. agnian, with addition of causal suffix
—agen, one's own. See Own, adj.]
Own, On, adj. , possessed ; belonging to : peculiar.
[A.S. agen, pa.p. of agan, to possess, cog. with
Ger. eigen, Ice, eiginn, one's own.]
Owner, Gn'cr, n. one who owns or possesses.—n.
Ownership.
fate, far; m£, her; mine;
Pachyderm
Ox, oks, n. a ruminant quadruped of the bovine
family : the male of the cow, esp. when castrated :
—pi. Oxen, oks'n, used for both male and
female. [A.S. oxa, pi. oxan; Ice. UJti ; Ger.
ochs, Goth, anAsa, Sans, ukshan.)
Oxalic, oks-al'ik, adj. pertaining to or obtained
from sorrel.
OxallS, oks'a-lis, n. wood-sorrel: {bot.) a genus of
plants having an acidtaste. [Gr.,from oxys, acid.]
Oxeve, oks'I, «. a common plant in meadows, so
called because its flower is like the eye of an ox.
Oxeyed, oks'id, adj. having large full eyes like
those of an ox. [oxen.
Oxfly, oks'flT, «. a fly hatched under the skin of
Oxidation, oks-id-a'shun, Oxidisement, oks-id-
iz'ment, n. act or process of oxidising.
Oxide, oks'id, ti. a compound of oxygen and a
base destitute of acid properties.
Oxidlsable, oks-id-Tz'a-bl, adj. capable of being
oxidised.
Oxidise, oks'id-Tz, v.t. to convert into an oxide.—■
v.t. to become an oxide.—n. Oxidis er.
Oxygen, oks'i-jen, n. a gas without taste, colour,
or smell, forming part of the air, water, &c. and
supporting life and combustion. [Lit. 'that
which generates acids,' from Gr. oxys, sharp,
acid, and genual, to generate.]
Oxygenate, oks ij-en-at, v.t. to unite or cause to
unite with oxygen.—n. Oxygenation, act of
oxygenating.
Oxygenise, oks'ij-en-Tz. Same as Oxygenate.
Oxygenous, oks-ij'en-us, adj. pertaining to or
obtained from oxygen.
Oxymel, oks'i-mel, n. a mixture of vinegar and
honey. [Lit. ' sour honey,' Gr. oxys, sour, melt,
honey.]
Oxytone, oks'i-tOn, adj. having an acute sound:
having the acute accent on the last syllable.
[Gr. oxys, sharp, and tonos, tone, accent.]
Oyer, O'ydr, «. (//'/.) shearing: {law) a commission
which confers the power of hearing and deter
mining treasons, &c. [Norm. Fr. oyer (Fr.
ouir)—L. audire, to hear.]
Oyoz, Oyes, 0'yesf hear ye: the intro
ductory call of a public crier for attention.
[Norm. Fr., 2d. pers. pi. imperative of oyer.]
Oyster, ois'ter, n. a well-known bivalve shell-fish.
[O. Fr. oistre (Fr. hn1tre) — h. ostrea—Gr.
ostreon. an oyster—osteon, a bone.]
Ozone, o zOn, n. name given to a modification of
oxygen, when affected by electric discharges,
marked by a peculiar smell. [Gr. ozd, to smell.)
P
Pabular, pab'Q-lar, adj. pertaining tofood.
Pabulum, p.ib'u-lum, n.,food: provender: fuel.
[L.—pa-sco, pa-vi, to feed. See Pastor.]
Paoa, pit'ka, n. a genus of rodent animals belong
ing to South America. [Port., the native name.J
Pace, pas, «. a stride : {mil. ) the space left between
the feet in one step, measured from heel to heel,
and varying from 30 to 36 inches : a step : space
between the feet in ordinary walking, 24 feet :
gait : rate of motion (of a man or beast) : mode of
stepping in horses in which the legs on the same
side are lifted together : amble.—v.t. to measure
by steps : to cause to progress : to regulate in
motion.—v.i. to walk : to walk slowly : to
amble.—n. Pacer, pas'6r. [Fr. pas- L. passus
—pando, passus, to stretch.)
Pacha, Pachalic. See Pasha, PashallOt
Pachyderm, pak'i-derm, n. one of an order of non
mOte ; mate ; mOOn ; Men. 1165
 Pachydermatous
ruminant, hoofed mammals, distinguished for the
thickness of their skin, as the elephant :—pi.
Pach yderms or Pachyderm'ata. [Gr. pachys,
thick, {lit.) firm, from root pak, and derma,
dermatos, skin. See Pack,]
Pachydermatous, pak-i-derm'a-tus, <uij. relating
to a pachyderm, or of the order of pachyderms.
Pacific, pa-sif'ik, adj., peace-making : appeasing :
mild : tranquil. —«. the ocean between Asia and
America, so called because iound peaceful by its
discoverer Magellan, after weathering Cape
Horn.—adv. Pacifically. [See Pacify.]
Pacification, pas-if-i-k3.'shun, ft. the act of making
^eace between parties at variance.
Pacificator, pa-sif'i-ka-tor, Pacifier, pas'i-fi-er, «.
a peacemaker.—adj. Pacificatory.
Pacify, pas'i-fT, v. r. to make peaceful : to appease :
to calm : to soothe. [Fr. pacifier—L. jfacifico—
/rt_r, pacts, peace, and facio, to make. Sec
Peace.]
Paok, pak, n. {Ut. ) that which is boundup together :
a bundle : a burden : a complete set of cards : a
number of hounds hunting, or kept together : a
number of persons combined for Dad purposes :
any great number. —v.t. to press together and
fasten up : to place in close order : to select per
sons for some unjust object.—n. Pack'er. [From
a root found in Gcr. pack and Celt, pac, and
conn, with L. pango, Sans, pac, to bind. Cf.
Pact.] [or bale.
Package, pak'aj, n. something packed: a bundle
Packet, pak'et, «. a small package : a despatch
vessel, so called from its carrying the packets
of letters : a vessel plying regularly between
ports.—v.t. to bind in a packet or parcel.
Packhorse, pak'hors, it. a horse formerly used to
carry goods in panniers.
Packing, pak'mg, «. the act of putting in packs or
tying up for carriage : material for packing.
Packing-sheet, pak^ng-shei, «. a coarse cloth for
packing or covering goods.
Packman, pak'man, n. a pedler or man who
carries a pack. [burdens.
Pack-saddle, pak'-sad'I, n. a saddle for packs or
Packthread, pak'thred, «. a coarse thread used
to sew up packages.
Pact, pakt, Paction, pak'shun, u. that which is
fixed or agreed on: a contract. [L pactum—
paciscor, pactus, to make a contract—root pak,
to bind. Cf. Pack, Peace.]
Pad, pad, ft. a thief on the high-roati (more com
monly Footpad) : a roadster, an easy-paced
horse.—v.t. to walk on foot : to rob on foot :—
pr.p. padd'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. padd'ed. [Dut.
Pad, a path, cog. with E. Path.]
Pad, pad, n. anything stuffed with a soft material :
a soft saddle, cushion, &c : a package of some
soft material for writing upon.—v.t. to stuff with
anything soft : to fix colours in cloth Pr.p.
padd'ing ; pa.t. and pei.p. padd'ed. [A variant
of Pod, and orig. sig. 'a bag.']
Padding, pad'ing, n. the soft stuffing of a saddle,
&c. : superfluous matter introduced into a book
orarticlc in order to make it of the length desired.
Paddle, pad'l, v.t. to dabble in water with the
feet: to finger: to beat the water as with the
feet, to row. —v.t. to move with an oar or paddle.
—n. a short, broad, spoon-shaped oar, used for
moving canoes : the blade of an oar : one of the
boards at the circumference of a paddle-wheel :
{B.) a little spade. [For Pattle, a freq. form
of Pat ]
Paddle-wheel, pad'l-hwel, «. the wheel used in
. paddling or propelling steam-vessels.
Falnstaker
Paddock, pad'uk, n. a toad or frog. [Dim. of
M. E. padde, a toad—Ice. padda.)
Paddock, pad'uk, «. a small park under pasture,
immediately adjoining the stables of a domain.
[A.S. pearroc, a park—sparran [Ger. sperren),
to shut (obs. E. 'to spar'j. Doublet Park.]
Paddockstool, pad'uk-stool, ». a toadstool.
Paddy, pad'i, n. rice in the husk. [E. Indian.]
Padlock, padlok, n. a lock with a link to pass
through a staple or eye.—v.t. to fasten with a
padlock. [Ety. unknown.]
Paean, pe'an, n. {orig.) a song in honour of Apollo :
a song of triumph. [L.—Gr. Paian or Paidtt,
an epithet of Apollo. See Peony.]
Pcedobaptism, Ptedobaptist. See Pedobaptism,
Pedobaptist.
Pagan, pil'gan, n. a heathen.—adj. heathen.
[L. paganus, a countryman, rustic, then a
heathen, because the country-people were later
in being converted than the people of the towns
—P#g?*Si a. district (regarded as having fixed
boundaries)—pango, to fix. See Pact.]
Paganise, pa'gan-Iz, v. t. to render pagan or
heathen : to convert to paganism.
Paganish, pa'gan-ish, adj. heathenish.
Paganism, pa gan-izm, «. heathenism-
Page, paj, 7i. a boy attending on a person of dis
tinction. [Fr. page ; acc. to Littre, prob. from
Low L. pagensis, a peasant—L. pagus, a village
(cf. Pagan, Peasant) ; acc. to Diez, through the
It. from Or.paulion, dim. oipais, paidos, a boy.]
Page, paj, ji. one side of a leaf: {orig.) a leaf of a
book, so called because leaves were fastened to
gether to form a book :—pi. writings.—v.t. to
number the pages of. [Fr. — L. pagina, a thing
fastened—pag, root ofpi-n-go, to fasten.]
Pageant, paj'ant or pa'-, «. a showy exhibition: a
spectacle : a fleeting show : {orig.) a scaffold for
the purpose of scenic exhibition.—adj. showy:
pompous. [M. E. pagent {with excrescent -/
as in ancient, pheasant), from an older form
Pagen or pagin—Low L. pagina, a stage, some
thing framed or compacted—L. pagina—pango,
to fix. See Page, one side of a leaf.]
Pageantry, paj'an-tri or pa'jan-tri, «• ostentatious
display : pompous exhibition or spectacle.
Pagination, paj-i-nii'shun, «. the act of paging a
book : the figures that indicate the number of
pages. [See Page, one side of a leaf]
Pagoda, pa-gO'da, n. an idol-house: an Indian
idol: its temple. [Port., a corr. of Pers.
but-kadah, an idol-temple.]
Paid, pad, pa. t. and pap. of Pay.
Paideutics, pa-dfi'tiks, n.sing. the science or
theory of teaching. [Gr. paideutike—paideud,
to teach—pais, paidos, a child.]
Pall, pal, «. an open vessel of wood, &c. for hold
ing or carrying liquids. [O. Fr. paele—L.
patella, a pan, dim. of patera—patco, to be
open.]
Pailful, pal'fool, «. as much asfills a pail.
Paillasse, pal-yas' = Paillasse, which see.
Pain, pan, «. bodily suffering: anguish:—//.
labour: the throes of childbirth.—v.t. to dis
tress : to torment : to grieve. [Fr. peine—L.
poena, satisfaction, penalty, punishment, cog.
with Gr. poine, penalty.]
Pained, piind, adj. (B.) in pain, in labour.
Painful, pfin'fool, ailj. full of pain : causing pain :
distressing : difficult — adv. Paln'fully. — n.
Paln'fulness.
Painless, prm'Ies, adj. without pain.—adv. Paln'-
lessly.—n. Painlessness. [or care.
Palnstaker, panz'tak-er, n. one who takes pains
 Painstaking
Painstaking, panz'tak-ing, adj. taking pains or
care: laborious: diligent.—n. labour, diligence.
Paint, pant, v.t. to colour: to represent in colours :
to de>,cribe.— v.i* to practise painting : to lay
colours on the face.—n. a colouring substance.
[Paint, O. Fr. pa.p. of Fr. peiudre, to paini—L.
pingo, pictus, to paint, cog. with Gr. poikilos,
variegated, Sans. pinj, to colour.]
Painter, pfint'er, «. one whose employment is to
paint : one skilled in painting.
Painter, pfint'er, «. a rope used to fasten a boat.
[A corr. of M. E. patiter, a fowler's noose,
through O. Fr., from L. panther, a hunting-net
—Gr. pant/ieros, catching all—pan, ncut. of
/>as, every, and titer, wild beast, E. Deer.]
Painting, panning, n. the act or employment of
laying on colours: the act of representing objects
by colours : a picture : vivid description in words.
Pair, par, «. two things equal, or suited to each
other, or used together : a couple : a man and
his wife.—-v.t. to join in couples.—v.i. to be
joined in couples : to fit as a counterpart.—Pair
off, to go off in pairs: to make an arrangement
with one of an opposite opinion by which the
votes of both are withheld. [Fr. paire, a couple
—pair, like—L. par, equal. It was orig. not
confined to two, but was applied to a set of like
or equal things, as a pair of cards. ]
Palace, pal'fis, «. a royal house : a house emi
nently splendid : a bishop's official residence.
[Ft. Palais —L. Palatium, the Roman emperor's
residence on the Palatine Hill at Rome.]
Paladin, pal'a-din, n. a knight of Charlemagne's
household: a knight-errant, generally. [Fr.—
It. paladino—L. palatinus, belonging to the
palace. See Palatine.]
PallSOgraphy, pa-le-og'ra-fi, «. study of ancient
writings and modes of writing. [Gr. palaios,
ancient, and grap/to, to write.]
Palaeolithic. pa-le-o-lith'ik, adj. applied to the
older division of the prehistoric Stone Age. [Gr.
palaios, old, and lithos, stone.]
Palaeolugy, pu-16-ol'o-ji, «. a discourse or treatise
on antiquities : archaeology.—«. PalaBOl ogist.
[Gr. palaios, ancient, and legos, discourse.]
Palaeontology, pa-le-on-tol'o-ji, «. the science of
the ancient life of the earth, or of its fossil
remains.—adj. Paleeontolog'ical.—«. Palason-
tol'ogist. [Gr. palaios, ancient, on, ontos,
being, logos, discourse.]
Palaeozoic, pa-lc-o-zo'ik, adj. denoting the lowest
strata of the fossilifcrous rocks, so called
because they contain the earliest forms of life.
[Or. palaios, ancient, and zoe, life.]
Palanquin, Palankeen, pal-an-ken', n. a light
covered carriage used in China, &c. for a single
person, and borne on the shoulders of men.
[Hind. Palling, a bed—Sans, paryanka, a bed.]
Palatable, pal'at-a-bl, adj. agreeable to the palate
or taste : savoury.—adv. Pal atably.
Palatal, pal'at-al, adj. pertaining to the palate :
uttered by aid of the palate. —it. a letter pro
nounced chiefly by the aid of the palate.
Palate, pal'iU, «. the roof of the mouth touched
by the food : taste : relish. [O. Fr. palat—L.
palatum.} [royal: magnificent.
Palatial, pa-lu'shi-al, adj. pertaining to a palace:
Palatinate, pal-at'in-iit, n. province of a palatine.
Palatine, para-tin, adj. pertaining to a palace,
originally applied to officers of the royal house
hold: possessing royal privileges.—n. a noble
invested with royal privileges : a subject of a
palatinate. [Fr.—L. palatinus. See Palace.}
Palaver, pal-aver, n. idle talk : talk intended to
fate, far ; m6, her ; mine ;
Palliate
deceive : a public conference. [Port, palavra—
L. parabola, a parable—Gr. See Parable.]
Pale, pal, n. a narrow piece of wood used in in
closing grounds : anything that incloses : any
inclosure : limit: district.—v.t. to inclose with
stakes : to encompass. [Fr. pal—L. palus, a
stake, for pag-lns—root Pag (= pak), to fix.
Doublet Pole. See Pack.J
Pale, p&l, adj. not ruddy or fresh of colour : wan :
of a faint lustre : dim.—v.t. to make pale.—v.i.
to turn pale.—aiiv. Palely.—*. Paleness,
[Fr.—L. pallidus, pale: akin to Sans, palita,
gray, and E. Fallow. Doublet Pallid.]
Paleography, &c. See Palaeography, &c.
Palestra, pa-les'tra, «. a "wrestling school. [I*—
Gr. palaistra—Pale, wrestling.]
Palestric, Da-lcs'trik, Palestrical, pa-les'irik-alt
adj. pertainiiu; to wrestling.
Paletot, pat e-to, n. a loose overcoat. [Fr., corr.
of O. Dut. palt-s-rock [lit.) a 'palace-coat,' a
court dress, pals being = Ger. pfalz—L. pala
tium, and O. Dut. roc — Ger. rock, O. Ger.
hroch, from which prob. E. Frock.]
Palette, pal'et, «. a little oval board on which a
painter mixes his colours. [Fr.—It. paletta,
dim. o(pala, a spade—L. pala, a spade.]
Palfrey, pal'fri, «. a saddle-horse, esp. for a lady.
[ Fr. palefroi— Low L. paraveredus, prob. from
Gr. Para, beside, extra, and Low L. veredus, a
postnorse. ]
Palimpsest, pal'imp-sest, n. a manuscript which
has t>een written upon twice, the first writing
having been rubbed off to make room for the
second. [Gr. palimpseston, rubbed a second
time—palin, again, and psestos, rubbed.]
Palindrome. pal'in-drOm, n. a word, verse, or
sentence that reads the same either backward or
forward, as madam. [Gr. palindromic—palin,
back, and dromos, a running.]
Paling, piil'ing, »., pales in general : a fence of
pales : an inclosure.
Palinode, pal'in-od, «. a song or poem retracting
a former one : a recantation. [Fr.—L.—Gr.,
from palin, back, and ode, a song. See Ode.]
Palisade, pal-i-sad', «. a fence of pointed pales or
stakes firmly fixed in the ground.—?'./, to sur
round with a palisade. [Fr. palissade, from L.
palus, a stake.]
Palish, pal'ish, adj. somewhat pale or wan.
Pall, pawl, «. a cloak or mantle: a kind of scarf
worn by the Pnpe, and sent by him to arch
bishops : the cloth over a coffin at a funeral.
[A.S. parll, purple cloth—L. palla, a mantle, a
curtain, conn, with pallium, a cloak.]
Pall, pawl, v i. to become vapid : to lose strength,
life, spirit, or taste. —v.t. to make vapid or in
sipid : to dispirit or depress : to cloy. [W. pallu,
to fail, Pall, loss of energy, failure.]
Palladium, pal-Iii'di-um, «. a statue of Pallas, on
the preservation of which the safety of ancient
Troy was supposed to depend : any safeguard :
a rare metal found with platinum. [L.—Gr.
palladion—/'alias, Pallados, Pallas or Minerva.]
Pallet, pal'et, n. a palette . the shaping tool used
by potters: an instrument for spreading gold-
leaf. [Another form of Palette.]
Pallet, pal'et, «. a mallress, or couch, properly a
mattress of straw. [Prov. Fr. pai.Uet, dim. of
Fr. paitle, straw. See Palliasse.]
Palliasse, pal-yas', n. a small bed, orig. made of
chaff or straw : an under mattress of straw.
[Fr. pailt-asse—faille, straw—L. palea, chaff.
Cf. Pallet, a mattress, &c.J
Palliate, pal'i-at, v.t. to cloak or excuse: to
mote ; mute ; mGon ; then. 3S7
 Palliation
extenuate : to soften by favourable representa
tions. [L. palliatus, cloaked—pallium,]
Palliation, pal-i-a'shun, *. act of palliating or
excusing: extenuation: mitigation.
Palliative, pat'i-3-tiv, ttdj. serving to palliate or
extenuate : mitigating.
Pallid, pal'id, adj., pale', having little colour:
wan. [L. pallidas. See Palo, adj. which is a
doublet.]
Pall mall, pel-mcl', n. an old game, in which a
hall was driven through an iron ring with a
mallet : a street in London where the game
used to be played. [0. Fr. pale-maille—It.
pallamaglio—palli—Q. Ger. palla (Ger. ball),
E. Ball, and magiia—L, malleus, a hammer.
See Mall.]
Pallor, pal'or, n. quality or state of being pallid
or pale : paleness. [L.—pallere, to be pale,
conn, with root of Pale.]
Palm, pam, n. the inner part of the hand: a
tropical branchless tree of many varieties, bear
ing at the summit large leaves like the palm
of the hand, borne in token of victory or rejoic
ing : [Jig.) triumph or victory.—v.t.Ao stroke
with the palm or hand : to conceal in the palm of
the hand : (esp. with off) to impose by fraud.
[Fr. paume—t,. palma; cog. with Gr. palamf,
A.S./o/w.]
Palmary, pal'ma-ri, adj. worthy of the palm ;
pre-eminent. [L. palma, a palm.]
Palmate, pal'mat, Palmated, pal'mat-ed, adj.
shaped like the palm of the hand : entirely
webbed, as feet. [L. palmatus-—palma. See
Palm.]
Palmer, pam'cr, «. a pilgrim from the Holy Land,
distinguished by his carrying a branch ofpalm.
Palmer-worm, pam'er-wurm, n. (£. ) a hairy
worm which wanders like a palmer, devouring
leaves, &c.
Palmetto, pal-met'o, n. a name for several fan-
fialms. [Sp.~L. palma.}
Palmhouse, pam'hows, n. a glass house for rais
ing palms and other tropical plants.
Palmiped, pal'mi-ped, adj. {lit.) palm-footed:
web-footed.—n. a web-footed or swimming bird.
[L. palma, palm of the hand, and pes, pedis, the
foot.]
Palmiater, pal'mis-ter, n. one who tells fortunes
by the lines of the palm of the hand.—«. PaT-
mlstry.
Palm-Sunday, pam'-sun'da, «. the Sunday before
Easter, the day our Saviour, entered Jerusalem,
when palm branches were strewed in his way.
Palmy, piinVi, adj. bearing palms: flourishing:
victorious.
Palpability, pal-pa-bil'i-ti, Palpableness, pal'pa-
bl-nes, «. quality ofbeing palpable : obviousness.
Palpable, pal'pa-bl, adj. that can be felt : readily
perceived : obvious : gross.—adv. Pal'pably.
[Fr.—L. palpabilis—palpo, palpatus, to touch
softly.]
Palpitate, pal'pi-tat, v. i. to move often and
quickly : to beat rapidly : to throb. [L. palpito,
-atus, freq. ofpalpo. See Palpable.]
Palpitation, pal-pi-ta'shun, «. act of palpitating :
irregular or violent action of the heart, caused
by excitement, excessive exertion, or disease.
Palsy, pawl'zi, n. paralysis. —v.t. to affect with
palsy : to deprive of action or energy : to para
lyse :—pa.p. palsied. [A corr. of Fr. paralysie
—Gr. paralysis. See Paralysis.]
Palter, pawl'ter, v.i. to trifle : to dodge : to shuffle :
to equivocate. [Prob. lit. to 'deal meanly,' to
' haggle over trifles,' from root of Paltry.]
358 fate, far; me, her; mine;
Panegyrise
Paltry, pawl'tri, adj. mean: vile: worthless. —
adv. Pal'trily.—«. Pal triness. [From a Teut.
root seen in Dan. pialter, rags, and in Low Ger.
paltrig, ragged.]
Paludal, pal-u'dal, Paludlnous, pal-u'din-us, ad/.
pertaining to marshes: marshy. [From L.
pains, paludis, a marsh.]
Pampas, pam'pax, «,//. vast plains in S. America.
[Peruvian pamfia, a field, plain.]
Pamper, pam'per, v.t. to feed luxuriously or to the
full : to glut.—n. Pam'perer. [A freq. from
pamp, a nasalised form of Pap ; conn, with Low
Ger. pampen—pampe, pap made of meal.]
Pamphlet, pam'ttet, n. a small book consisting of
one or more sheets stitched together. [Ety.
dub. ; acc. to Skeat, perh. through Fr. from
Pamphila, a female writer of epitomes in the
ist century: others suggest Fr. paume, the
palm of the hand, andfeuillet, a leaf.]
Pamphleteer, pam-flet-cr', «. a writer of pam
phlets.
Pamphleteering, pam-flet-eKing, adj. writing
pamphlets.—n. the writing of pamphlets.
Pan, pan, n. a broad shallow vessel for domestic
use : the part of a firelock which holds the prim
ing. [A.S. panne—through the Celt., from L.
patina, whence also are Ger. p/anne. Ice.
panna.]
Panacea, pan-a-sea, n. an all-healing remedy : a
universal medicine. [Gr. panakeia~pas, Pan,
all, and akeomai, to heal.]
Pancake, panTcak, *. a thin cake of eggs, flour,
sugar, and milk fried in a pan.
Pancreas, pan'kre-as, n. a fleshy gland fcommonly
called the * sweetbread') situated under and be
hind the stomach, secreting a saliva-like fluid
which assists digestion in the intestines.—at'/'.
Pancreat'iC, pertaining to the pancreas. [Liu
'all flesh,* Gr. pas, Pan, all, and kreas, flesh.]
Pandect,
•whole ofpan'dekt, M. :—//.
any science a treatise containing
the digest the
of Roman
or civil law made by command of the Emperor
Justinian. [L.—Gr. pandectes—pas, pan, all,
and dch-, root of dechomai, to take, receive.]
Pandemonium, pan-de-mu'ni-um, «. the great
hall of demons or evil spirits, described by Mil
ton. [Lit. 'the place of all the demons,' Gr.
Pas, Pan, all, and daimdn, a demon.]
Pander, pan'der, n. one who procures for another
the means of gratifying his passions : a pimp.
—v.t. to play the pander for.—v.i. to act as a
pander : to minister to the passions. [From
Pandarus, the pimp in the story of Troilus and
Cressida.]
Pandit. See Pundit.
Pandour, pan'doTir, n. a Hungarian foot-soldier in
the Austrian service. [From Patidur, a village
in Hungary, where they were orig. raised.]
Pane, pftn, n. a patch, esp. in variegated work : a
plate of glass. [Fr. pan, a lappet, pane—L.
Pannus, a cloth, a rag, akin to Gr. pinos, the
woof, and E. Vane. See also Panel.]
Paned, p&nd, adj. composed of panes or small
squares : variegated.
Panegyric, pan-e-jir'ik, «. an oration or eulogy in
praise of some person or event : an encomium. —
adjs. Panegyno, Panegyrical.—adv. Pane-
gyr'ically. [Through L.,7rom Gr; Panigyrikos,
fit for a national festival or ' gathering ' of a
* whole' nation, as at the Olympic games—pas,
pan, all, and agyris. a gathering.]
Panegyrise, pan'e-jir-Tz, v.t. to write or pro
nounce a panegyric on : to praise highly.—n.
Panegyrist.
mdte ; mute ; inSon ; then.
 Panel
Panel or Pannel, pan'cl, «. {arch.) a compartment
with raised margins : a board with a surround
ing frame : a thin board on which a picture is
painted : (Jaw) a schedule containing the names
of those summoned to serve as jurors : the jury :
{Scots taw) a prisoner at the bar.—v.t. to furnish
with panels :—fir P. pan'elling ; P<i.p. panelled.
—n. Pan'elling, panel-work. [Lit. 'a piece,'
orig. ' a piece of cloth, 'O. Fr.—Low L. panellrts,
dim. of L. pannus, a cloth, a rag. Cf. Impanel,
and see Pane.]
Pang, pang, «. a violent momentary pain : a
paroxysm of extreme sorrow : a throe. [A
form of Prong, prob. modified by confusion
with Fr. Poing, a fist—L. pugnus, the fist.)
Panic, pan'ik, «. extreme or sudden fright.—adj.
of the nature of a panic: extreme or sudden:
imaginary. [Orig. an adj. ; Gr. panihon[deima),
' panic ' (fear!, from panikos, belonging to Pan,
god of the woods, to whom sudden frights were
ascribed.]
Panicle, pan'i-kl, n. {lit.) a tuft on plants: [dot.)
a form of inflorescence in which the cluster is
irregularly branched, as in oats. [L. panicula,
double dim. ofpanus, thread wound on a bobbin,
akin to L. pannus, and Gr. Penos. See Pane.]
Panic-stricken, pan'ik-strik'en, Panic-struck,
pan'ik-struk, adj., struck with a panic or sudden
fear.
Paniculate, pan-ik'a-lat, Panlculated, pan-ik'a-
lat-ed, adj. furnished with, arranged in, or like
panicles.
Pannel. Same as PaneL
Pannier, pan'yer or pan'i-er, n. one of two baskets
slung across a horse, for carrying light produce
to market: {arch.) a corbel. [Fr. panier—L.
panarium, a bread-basket, from Pants, bread—
root pa, to feed. See Pantry.]
Panoplied, pan'o-plid, adj. dressed in panoply:
completely armed.
Panoply, pnn'o-pli, «-, complete armour: a full
suit of armour. [Gr. panoplia~-pasy Pan, all,
and kopla (pi.), arms.]
Panorama, pan-o-ra'ma or -ra'ma, «. a picture
representing a number of scenes unrolled and
made to pass
ramic. [Gr.before
/■<"■•, the
all, spectator.—adj.
and horama, a Pano
view,
from horad, to sec]
Pansy, pan'zi, n. a species of violet, heart's-ease.
[Fr. pensie—penser, to think, from L. penso, to
weigh, to ponder. See Pensive, and cf. For
get-me-not]
Pant, pant, v.i. to breathe hard : to gasp : to
throb: to desire ardently. [Imitative; or a
nasalised form of Pat, v.L]
Pantagraph, pan'ta-graf, «. an instrument for
copying drawings, esp. on a different scale from
the original. [Gr. pan, everything, and grap/id,
to write. I
Pantaloon, pan-ta-lCfln', n. in pantomimes, a
ridiculous character, a buffoon: {orig.) a
ridiculous character in Italian comedy, also a
garment worn by him, consisting of breeches
and stockings all in one piece :—pi. a kind of
trousers. [Fr. pan talon—It. pantalone, from
Pantaleone (Gr. 'all-lion'), the patron saint of
Venice, and a common Christian name among
the Venetians, wherefore it was applied to them
as a nickname by the other Italians.)
Pantheism, pan'the-izm, «. the doctrine that nature
or the universe is God. [Gr. Pant all, and
Theism.]
Pantheist, pan'the-ist, n. a believer in pantheism.
—adjs. Pantheist ic, Pantheistical.
late, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Papillary
Pantheon, pan'the-on or -the*'on, «. a temple dedi
cated to all the gods: a complete mythology.
[L. pantheon—Gr. pantheion (hieron), (a temple)
common to allgods. Cf. Pantheism.]
Panther, pan'ther, n. a fierce spotted carnivorous
quadruped, found in Asia and Africa. [Fr.
pantltere—L. panthera—Gr. panther.]
Pantomime, pan'to-mTm, «. one who expresses his
meaning by mute action : a representation or an
entertainment in dumb-show.—adj. representing
only by mute action —adjs. Pantomim ic. Pan
tomlmlcaL—adv. Pantomim'ically. [Fr.— L.
—Gr. Pantomimos, imitator of all—Pas, pantos,
all, and mimes, an imitator.)
Pantomimist, pan'to-mlm-ist, n. an actor in a
pantomime.
Pantry, pan'tri, n. a room or closet for provisions.
[Fr. patteterie, a place where bread is dis
tributed, through the Low L., from L. panis,
bread—root pa, to nourish. See Paternal.]
Pap, pap, «. soft food for infants: pulp of fruit:
support or nourishment.—adj. Papp'y. [From
the first cries of infants for food.]
Pap, pap, n. a nipple or teat. [Of the same origin
withfap and Papa.]
Papa, pa-pa', n. father. [A reduplication of one
of the first utterances of a child.)
Papacy, papa-si, n. the office of the Pope: the
authority of the Pope : Popery : the Popes, as a
body. [Low L. papatia—Papa, a father.]
Papal, pii'pal, adj. belonging or relating to the
Pope or to Popery: Popish.—adv. Pa'pally.
Papaveraceous, pap-av-er-3'shus, adj. of or like
the Poppy. [L. papaver, the poppy.]
Paper, pa'pir, n. the substance on which we com
monly write and print : a piece of paper : a
document : a newspaper : an essay or literary
contribution, generally brief : paper-money :
paper-hangings,—adj. consisting or made of
paper.—v.t. to cover with paper: to fold in
paper. [A docked form of Papyrus.]
Paper-credit, pa'per-kred'it, «. the system of
dealing on credit by means of acknowledgments
of indebtedness written on paper.
Paper-hanger, pa'per-hang'er, n. one who hangs
Paper on the walls of rooms, &c.
Paper-hangings, pa'per-hang'ingz, «.//., paper
for hanging on or covering walls.
Papering, pit'per-ing, n. the operation t)f covering
or hanging with paper : the paper itself.
Paper-money, pa'per-main'i, n. printed and author
ised papers issued by banks and circulated in
place of coin or money.
Paper-reed, pa'per-red, n. {B. ) the papyrus.
Paper-stainer, pa'per-stan'er, «. one who stains
or prepares j*«/*r-hangings. [Paper and
Stalner ]
Papier-mache, pap'ya-ma'sha, n. pulped paper
moulded into forms, and japanned. [Fr. (//'/.)
'paper mashed' or 'chewed:' Papier, from
Papyrus ; machi is pa.p. of Fr. mother, to chew
—L. masticare. See Masticate.]
Papilionaceous, pa-pil-yo-na'shus, adj. {Sot.) hav
ing a winged corolla somewhat like a butterfly,
as the bean, pea, &c [From L. papilio, -onis,
a butterfly. Cf. Pavllien.]
Papilla, pa-pil'a, n. one of the minute elevations
on the skin, esp. on the upper surface of the
tongue and on the tips of the fingers, and in
which the nerves terminate: (dot.) a nipple-like
protuberance:—//. Papill'ee. [L., a small pus
tule or nipple, dim. ofpapula, itself a dim. from
base pap, to swell. Cf. Pimple.]
Papillary, pap'il-ar-i or pa-pil'ar-i, Papillous,
mote ; mute ; mOGn ; then. 35y
 PaplUote Paralytio
pap'il-us, adj. belonging to or like pimples, line substance, obtained from shale, &c, so
nipples, or teats : warty. named from its slight tendency to combine with
PaplUote, pap'll-ot, n. a curl-paper. [Ft., from other bodies. [Fr.—L. parum, little, and
papillot, old form of papillon, butterfly—L. ajjinis, allied.]
Papilio.] Paragoge, par-a-gO'je, «. the addition of a letter
Papist, pa'pist, ft. an adherent of the Pope: a or syllable to the end of a word.—adjs. Para-
Roman Catholic—adjs. Papist ic, PapiBt'ical, gogic, par-a-goj'ik, Paragog'ical. [L-—Gr.,
pertaining to Popery, or to the Church of Rome, from para, beyond, and agd, to lead.]
its doctrines, &c.—adv. Papist'ically. Paragon, par'a-gon. «. a pattern or model with
Pappous, pap'us, Pappose, pap-Os', adj. provided which comparisons are made ; something su
with doivn. [L. pappus—Gr. pappos, down.] premely excellent. [O. Fr., from Sp. compound
Papular, pap'u-lar, Papulous, pap'G-lus, Papu prep, para con, in comparison with.]
lose, pap'u-los, adj. full of pimples. [From L. 1 Paragraph, par'a-graf, «. a distinct part of a dis
Papula, a pimple.] course or writing : a short passage, or a collec
Papyrus, pa-pT'rus, n. an Egyptian reed, from the tion of sentences with unity of purpose.—adjs.
inner rind [called byblos) of which the ancients Paragraphic, Paragraphical [Lit. that
made their paper : a manuscript on papyrus :— which is ' written beside ' the text to shew
Papy'rr. [L.—Gr. papyros. Cf. Bible.] division, as the mark 1L the reversed initial of
Par, par, «. state of equality ; equal value : equality this word, Fr.—Low L.—Gr. paragraphs -
of nominal and market value : equality of condi Para, beside, grapho, to write.]
tion. [L. par, equal.] ParaleipslS, par-a-lTp'sis, n. [rhet.) a figure by
Parable, par'a-bl, «. a comparison : a fable or which one fixes attention on a subject by pre
allegory in which some fact or doctrine is illus tending to neglect it. [Gr., from paraleipd, to
trated. [Lit. a ' placing beside,' Gr. parabole— leave on one side—para, beside, and leip&, to
paraballd, to compare—para, beside, balld, to leave.]
throw. Parallel forms, Parabola, Parole, Parallax, par'a-laks, n. an apparent change in the
Palaver, and Parley.] position of an object caused by change of posi
Parabola, par-ab'o-la, «. [geom.) a conic section tion in the observer: {aslr.) the difference be
formed by the intersection of the cone with a tween the apparent and real place of a celestial
plane parallel to one side. [Gr. parabole. See object.—adjs. Parallactic, Parallac ticaL
Parable.] [Gr. parallaxis—para, beside, and allassd, to
Parabolic, par-a-bol'ik, Parabolical, par-a-bol'ik- change—alios, another.]
al, adj. expressed bya parable; belonging to or Parallel, par'al-lel, adj. side by side: [ream.)
of the form of a parabola —adv. ParaDOl'ically. extended in the same direction and equidistant
Parachute, par'a-shoot, n. an apparatus resem in all parts : with the same direction or tendency :
bling a huge umbrella for descending safely from | running in accordance with : resembling in all
a balloon. [Fr.f for par' a chute {lit.) 'that essential points: like or similar. —n. a line
which p.irrics .-igainst falling,' from Fr. parer always equidistant from another : a line marking
(see Parry), and chute, a fall.] latitude: likeness: a comparison: counterpart:
Paraclete, par'a-klet, n. the Holy Ghost. [Lit. {mil.) in pi. the trenches, generally dug parallel
' one called to stand beside one, an ' advocate,' with the outline of the fortress.—v.t. to place
through L-, from Gr. paraklitos—para, beside, so as to be parallel: to correspond Xo'.—pr.p.
haled, call. J paralleling or parallelling ; pa'p. paralleled or
Parade, par-fid', «. the arrangement of troops for j par'allelled. [Lit. 'beside one another/ Fr. —
display or inspection; the place where such a L. parallelus—Gr. parallelos—para, beside,
display lakes place: military display: pompous 1 allelou, of one another—alios, another.]
display.—z>.t. to .shew off: to marshal in military j Parallelepiped, par-al-lel-e-pi'ped, Parallele-
order.—v.t. to walk about as if for show : to pass pip/edon, improperly Parallelopiped, Parallel-
in military order : to march in procession. [Lit. opipedon, «. a regular solid bounded by six plane
a 'preparation for exhibition,' Fr.—Sp. parada \ parallel surfaces. [L.—Gr. parallelepipedon—
—parar, to halt—L. paro, paralus, to prepare.] parallelos, and epipedon, a plane surface—epi,
Paradigm, para-dim, n. an example: model: on, and pedon, the ground.]
{gram.} an example of the inflection of a word. Parallelism, par'al-lel-!zm, ». state of being par
—a*ijs. Paradigmatic, Paradlgmat ical, con allel : resemblance : comparison.
sisting of or resembling paradigms.—adv. Para- Parallelogram, par-al-lelb-gram, n. a plane four-
digmat'lcally. [Fr.— Gr. paradeigma— sided jigurc, the opposite sides of which are
para, beside, and deiknymi, to shew.] parallel and equal. [Fr.—L.— Gr. parallelos,
Paradise, paKa-dis, «. the garden of Eden : and gramma, a line—grapho, to write.]
heaven : anyplace or stale of blissful delights.— Paralogism, par-al'o-jism, «., reasoning beside at
adj. Paradisi acal.—Bird of Paradise, a family , from ihe point : a conclusion unwarranted by the
of Eastern birds closely allied to the crow, premises. [Fr.—L.—Or. paralogismos—para,
remarkable for the splendour of their plumage. beside, beyond, and logismos, from hgos, dis
[Fr. paradis—L. paradisus^-Gr. paradeisos, course, reason.]
a park or pleasure-ground, an Oriental word, Paralyse, pa^a-llz, v.t. to strike with paralysis or
prob. Persian.] palsy : to make useless : to deaden : lo exhaust.
Paradox, par'a-doks, «. that which is contrary to [Fr. — L.—Gr. paralyd, paralysd-—para, indi
received opinion, or that which is apparently cating derangement, and lye, to loosen.]
absurd but really true. [Through Fr. and L., Paralysis, par-al'i-sis, it. a loss of the power o
from Gr. paradoxon—para, contrary to, and motion or sensation in any part of the body:
doxa. an opinion.] palsy. [L.—Gr. —para, beside, and lyd, to
Paradoxical, par-a-doks'ik-al, adj. of the nature loosen. Doublet Palsy.]
of a paradox : inclined to paradoxes.—adv. Paralytic, par-a-lit'ik, adj. afflicted with or in
Paradox ically. —n. Paradox icalness. clined to paralysis. — n. one affected with par
Parafflue, Paraffin, par'af-fin, «. a white crystal- alysis. [Fr. —L. paralyticus—-Gr. paralytikos.\
fate, far : me, her ; mine ; mote : mute ; moon ; Men.
 Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic, par-a-mag-net'ik, adj. See under
Diamagnetlc.
Paramatta, par-a-mat'a, «. a fabric like merino
made of worsted and cotton. [ From Paramatia%
a town in New South Wales.]
Paramount, par'a-mownt, adj. superior to all
others: chief: of the highest importance.—«.
the chief. [O. Fr. far amont (lit.) ' by that
which is upwards,' i.e. at the top, par being
the L. prep. Per. For amont, see Amount.]
Paramour, parVmOOr, n. a lover, one beloved
(now used in a bad sense). [Fr. par amour, by
or with love—L. per amorem. See Amour. ]
Parapet, para-pet, «. a rampart breast-high : a
breast-high wall on a bridge, &c.—adj. Par'-
apeted, having a parapet. [Lit. aprotection for
the breast, Fr.— It. parape/to—It. para-re, to
adorn, to protect—L. parare, to prepare (see
Parry), and It. petto—L,. pectus, the breast
(sec Pectoral). Cf. Parasol.]
Paraphernalia, par-a-fer-naTi-a, n.pl. that which
a bride brings over and above her dowry : the
clothes, jewels, Sec. which a wife possesses be
yond her dowry in her own right : ornaments of
dress generally: trappings. [L. paraphema—
Gr.( from para, beyond, and pherni, a dowry—
ptterd, to bring. E. Bear, v.t.\
Paraphrase, par'a-fraz, «. a saying of the same
thing in other words : an explanation ofa passage :
a loose or free translation.—v.t. to say the same
thing in other words : to render more fully : to
interpret or translate freely.—v.i. to make a
paraphrase. [Fr.—L.—Gr. paraphrasis—para,
beside, and Jdirasis, a speaking—phrazo, to
speak. See Phrase ]
Paraphrast, par'a-frast, «. one who paraphrases.
Paraphrastic, par-a-frast'ik, Paraphrastlcal,
par-a-frast'ik-al, adj. of the nature of a para
phrase: clear and ample in explanation: free,
loose, diffuse.—adv. Paraphrast'ically.
Parasite, par'a-slt, «. one who frequents another's
table: a hanger-on: [hot.) a plant nourished by
the juices of another: \zool.) an animal which
lives on another.—«. Parasitism. [Lit. 'one
who feeds with another,' Fr.—L. parasitus—
Gr. parasitos—para, beside, and silos, corn,
food.]
Parasitic, par-a-sit'ik. Parasitical, par-a-sit'ik-al,
adj. like a parasite: fawning: living on other
plants or animals.—adv. Parasit'icaUy.
Parasol, para-sol, «. a small umbrella used as a
shade/torn the sun. [Fr.— It. Parasole—parare,
to hold or keep off—L. paro, to prepare, and
so/, soiis. the sun. See Parapet and Parry.]
Parboil, parboil, v.t. to boil in part. [Part and
Boa j
Parcel, par'sel, n. a little part: a portion: a
quantity : a package. —v.t. to divide into por
tions:—pr.p. parcelling; pa.t. and pa.p. par
celled. [Fr. parcelle (.It- particella)—L. par-
ticula, dim. ofPars, partis, a part.]
Parch, parch, v.t. to burn slightly: to scorch.—
v.i. to be scorched : to become very dry. [?]
Parched, parcht, adj. scorched.—adv. Farch'ed-
ly.—n. Parch edness.
Parchment, p5rch'ment, «. the skin of a sheep or
goat prepared for writing on. [Fr. parchem/'u
~L. pergamena (ckarta, paper), from Gr. Per-
gamos, in Asia Minor, where it was invented.]
Pard, pard, «. the panther: the leopard: in
poetry, any spotted animal. [L. pardus—Gr.
pardos, the panther, the leopard.]
Pardon, paVdn, v.t. to forgive: to remit the
penalty of.—«. forgiveness : remission of a
fate. f5r ; me, her : mine ;
Parley
penalty or punishment.—n. Par/doner. [Lit*
to give up, Fr. pardonner—Low L. perdonare
—L. per, through, away (= E. for), dono,
donare, to give.]
Pardonable, paVdn-a-bl, adj. that may be par
doned: excusable.—adv. Par'donahly. —«.
Par'donableness.
Pare, par, v.t. to cut or shave off: to diminish by
littles. [Lit. to prepare or make ready, Fr.
parer—L. paro, to prepare.]
Paregoric, par-c-gor'ik, adj., soothing: assuaging
pain. —«. a medicine that assuages pain, tincture
of opium. [L.—Gr. paregorikos—paregoreo, to
soothe ; properly, to exhort—para, beside, and
agoreuo, to address an assembly.]
Parent, parent, «. one who begets or brings forth :
a father or mother : that which produces, a
cause. [Fr.,ofPario,
•entis, pr.p. kinsman—L. parens,
to beget, bringtorforth.]
partens,
Parentage, par'ent-aj, «., birth ; extraction :
descent.
Parental, pa-rent'al, adj. pertaining to or be
coming parents : affectionate : tender.—adv.
Parent'ally.
Parenthesis, pa-ren'the-sis, n. a word, phrase, or
sentence put in or inserted in another gram
matically complete without it :—pi. the marks
( ) used to shew this :—$1. Paren'theses (-sez).
[Gr.—para, beside, en, in, thesis, a placing.]
Parenthetic, par-en-thet'ik. Parenthetical, par-
en-thet'ik-al, adj. expressed in a parenthesis :
using parentheses.—adv. Parenthetically.
Parhelion, par-he'li-un, n. a bright light some
times seen near the sun:—//. Parhe lia. [Gr.
para, beside, near, hilios, the sun.]
Pariah, par'i-a or pa'-, «. in Hindustan, one who
has lost his caste : an outcast [Tarnul pareyer.]
Parian, par'i-an, adj. pertaining to or found in the
island of Paros, in the /h-gean Sea.
Parietal, pa-rl'et-al, adj. pertaining to walls:
{anal. } forming the sides or walls : [hot. ) growing
from the inner lining or wall of another organ.
[L. parietalis—paries, parietis, a wall.]
Paring, paTing, «. that which is pared off: rind :
the cutting off the surface ofgrassland for tillage.
Parish, parish, «. a district under one pastor :
an ecclesiastical district having officers of its
own and supporting its own poor.—adj. belong
ing or relating to a parish : employed or sup
ported by the parish. [Lit. a number of dwell
ings near one another, Fr. paroisse—L. paraxia
—Gr. paroikia—paroikos, dwelling beside or
near—para, beside, near, oikos, a dwelling.]
Parishioner, par-ish'un-cr, «. one who belongs to
or is connected with a parish. [M. E. parisshen
(with -er added)—O. Fr. paroissien. See
Parish.]
Parity, pari-ti, n. state of being equal: resem
blance: analogy. [Fr. pariti—L. paritas—par.]
Park, park. ». an inclosure : a tract surrounding
a mansion : a piece of ground inclosed for
recreation : [mil.) a space in an encampment
occupied by the artillery ; hence, a collection of
artillery, or stores in an encampment.—zi.t. to
inclose : to bring together in a body, as artillery.
[A.S. pearroc [see Paddock, a small park), prob.
modified by Fr. pare; further ety. obscure.)
Parlance, par'lans, «., speaking: conversation:
idiom of conversation. [Fr.—parlant, pr.p. of
Parler, to speak. See next word.]
Parley, par'li, v.i. to speak with another: to
confer: to treat with an enemy. —n. talk: a
conference with an enemy in war. [Lit. 'to
throw words together* Fr. parler—1*. parabola
mCte ; mute : mOOn ; then. Ml
 Parliament Partlole
—Gr. paraboU, a parable, speech, word. See of the ancient Persian religion, now settled in
Parable.] India. [Per. Parsi, a Persian—Parr, Persia.]
Parliament, parTi-ment, «. meeting for consulta Parsimonious, par-si-mO'ni-us, adj., sparing in
tion : the legislature of the nation, consisting of the use of money : frugal to excess : covetous.
the sovereign, lords, and commons. [Lit. 'a —adv. Parsimo'niously.—«. Parsimo'nious-
parleying or speaking,' Fr. Parlement—-partcr.] ness.
Parliamentarian, par-li-men-ta'ri-an, adj. adher Parsimony, par'si-mun-i, «., sparingness in the
ing to the Parliament in opposition to Charles I. spending of money: frugality: niggardliness.
Parliamentary, piix-Ii-inent'ar-i, adj. pertaining [Fr.—L. parsimonia, parcimonia—parco, to
to parliament : enacted or done by parliament : spare. ]
according to the rules of legislative bodies. Parsley, pars'li, n. a bright-green pot-herb. [Fr.
Parlour, paYlur, n. an ordinary sitting-room : Persil—L. petroselinum—Gr. petroselinon~~
(orig.) a room in a monastery for conversation. pstros, a rock, selinon, a kind of parsley. See
[Fr.parloit—parler, to speak.] Celery.]
Parochial, par-O'ki-al, adj. of or relating to a Parsnip, Parsnep, pars'nip, «. an edible plant
parish.—adv. Paro'cMaUy. —Parochial Board with a carrot-Uke root. [O. Fr. pastcnaque—L.
(in Scotland), the board in each parish which is pastinaca—pastinum, a dibble.]
charged with the relief of the poor. (L. paro- Par30n, par'sn, «. the priest or incumbent of a
chialis—parochia, a variant of Paroecia. See parish: a clergyman. [O. Fr. persone, a par
Parish. ] [parishes. son, from L. persona, a character, person, which
Parochlalise, par-Cki-aUTz, v.t. to form into | in Low L. had the sense of rank, dignity, and
Parody, par'o-di, «. a caricature of a poem made ] so was applied to a clergyman. See Person. ]
by applying its words and ideas with a burlesque Parsonage, par'sn-Sj, «. {prig.) the benefice of a
effect, — v.t. to apply in parody :—/a./, parodied. parish: the residence of the incumbent of a
—«. Parodist, one who writes a parody. [L.— parish.
Gr. parddia—para, beside, dde, an ode or song.] Part, part, n. a portion : a quantity or number
Parole, par-OT, n. word of mouth : {mil.) word of" making up with others a larger quantity or
honour {esp. by a prisoner of war, to fulfil certain number : a fraction : a member : a proportional
conditions) : the daily password in camp or quantity : share : interest : side or party :
garrison.—adj. given by word of mouth. [Fr. action: (math.) a quantity which taken a
—L. parabola, a parable, a speech, a saying. certain number of times will equal a larger
See Parable.] quantity : (music) one of the melodies of a har
Paronomasia, par-o-no-ma'zhi-a, «. a rhetorical mony :—fl. qualities: talents.—v.t. to divide:
figure in which words similar in sound are set in to make into parts : to put or keep asunder.—v.t.
opposition or antithesis. [Gr.—pardnywos. See to be separated : to be torn asunder : to have a
Paronymous.j part or share.—Part Of Speech {gram.), one of
Paronyme, parVnim, n. a paronymous word. the classes of words. —In good-part, In bad-
Paronymous, par-onl-mus, adj. formed by a part, favourably, unfavourably. [Fr.—L. Pars,
slight change of word or name : derived from the partis. \
same root : having the same sound, but different Partake, par-tak', v.t. to take or have a part : to
in spelling and meaning. [Gr. para, beside, have something of the properties, &c. ' to be
onotna, £. Name.] admitted.—v.t. to have a part in : to share.—«.
Paroquet, parVkct, n. a small kind of parrot Partak er. [combination in an evil design.
found in tropical countries. [Lit. 'little Peter,' Partaking, par-taking, n. a sharing: (law) a
Fr. perroquct—Pierrot, dim. at Pierre, Peterj Parterre, par-tar*, ». a system of plots with spaces
Paroxysm, par'oks-izm, h. a fit of acute pain of turf or gravel for walks. [Fr.—L. per terrain,
occurring at intervals: a fit of passion: any along the ground.]
sudden violent action. [Fr.—L.—Gr. paroxys- Partial, par'shal, adj. relating to a part only : not
mos—para, beyond—oxys, sharp.] total or entire : inclined to favour one party :
Paroxysmal, par-oks-iz'mal, adj. pertaining to or having a preference : ■'&»/.) subordinate.—adv.
occurring in paroxysms. Partially. [ Fr.—Low L. partialis— pars. )
Parquetry, par'ket-ri, «. figured inlaid wood Partiality, par-shi-al'it-i, «. quality of being par
work for floors. [Fr., from parquet, an inlaid tial or inclined to favour one party or side :
floor, dim. of/arc, an inclosure. See Park.] liking for one thing more than others.
Parr, par, n. a young salmon. [Ety. unknown.] Partible, part'i-bl, adj. that may be parted : separ*
Parrakeet, parVket, «. Same as Paroquet. able.-«. PartibU'ity.
Parricidal, par-ri-sld'al, adj. pertaining to or Participant, par-tis'i-pant, adj., participating:
committing parricide. sharing —n. a partaker.—adv. Partic'ipantly.
Parricide, par'ri-sTd, n. the murderer of a father Participate, par-tis'i-pat, v.i. to partake: to have
or mother : the murder of a parent : the murder a share.—«. Participation. [L. participo,
of any one to whom reverence is due. [Fr. —L. -atum—Pars, and capio, to take.]
pamcida [forpatri-cida)—pater, patris, father, Participial, par-ti-sipi-al, atij. having the nature
and cado, to slay.] of a participle: formed from a participle.—adv.
Parrot, par'ut, n. one of a family of tropical birds, Particlplally.
with brilliant plumage and a hooked bill, re Participle, paYti-si-pI, n. a word partaking of the
markable for their faculty of imitating the human nature of both adjective and verb. [L. parti-
voice. (Contr. of Fr. perroquet. See Paroquet.] cipium—particcps, sharing—pars, and capio, to
Parry, par'i, v.t. io ward or keep off: to turn take.]
aside:—pa.t. and parried. [Fr. farer Particle, paVti-kl, n. a little part: a very small
(It. parare)—L. paro. to prepare, keep off.] portion : (physics) the minutest part into which
Parse, pars, v.t. {gram.) to tell the farts of a body can be divided : [gram.) an indeclinable
speech of a sentenoe and their relations. —n. word, or a word that cannot be used alone : in
Pars'ing. [L. pars (orationis), a part of speech.] R. Cath. Church, a crumb of consecrated bread,
Parsee, par'sfi or par-sfi', n. one of the adherents also the ' smaller breads ' used in the communion
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOon ; Men.
 Particular
of the laity. [Fr.—L. parttcula, dim. of part,
partis.]
Particular, par-tik'u-Iart adj. relating toa/article.'
pertaining to a single person or thing : individual :
special : worthy of special attention : concerned
with things single or distinct : exact : nice in
taste : precise.—«. a distinct or minute part : a
single point : a single instance \~pL details.
—In particular, specially, distinctly. [Fr.—L.
parttcuiaris—parttcula.J
Particularise, par-tik'u-lar-Tz, v.t. to mention the
particulars of' : to enumerate in detail*—V.L to
mention or attend to single things or minute
details.
Particularity, par-tik-O-lar'i-ti, n. quality of being
particular : minuteness of detail : a single act
or case : something peculiar or singular.
Particularly, par-tik'Q-lar-li, adv. [&.), in detail.
Parting, part'ing, adj. putting apart : separating :
departing: given at parting.—«. the act of part
ing : a division : (geol.) a fissure in strata.
Partisan, paVti-zan, n. an adherent of a party or
faction.—adj. adhering to a party.—//- Par
tisanship. [Fr. —It. parligiano—L. partior.
See Party.]
Partisan, paVti-zan, n. a kind of halberd. (Fr.
pertuisane, which is perh. from O. Ger. Partaf
barte, a battle-axe, seen in Halberd..]
Partite, par'tTt, adj. \boi.\ parted nearly to the
base. [L. fiartitus, pa.p. of partior, to divide
—pars.)
Partition, par-tish'un, n. act of Parting or divid
ing : state of being divided : separate part :
that which divides : a wall between apartments :
the place where separation is made.—v.t. to
divide into shares : to divide into parts by walls.
(Fr.—L. partitio—partior.)
Partitive, paYti-tiv, adj., parting': dividing : dis
tributive.—n. {gram?) a word denoting a part or
partition.—adv. Par'titively.
Partlet, part'let, n. a ruff or band worn by
women : a hen, from ruffling the feathers round
its neck. [Dim. of Part ]
Partly, pfirrti. adv. in part : in some degree.
Partner, parrner, it. a sharer : an associate : one
who dances with another : a husband or wife.
Partnership, part'ner-ship, n. state of being a
partner : a contract between persons engaged in
any business.
Partook, par-took', past tense of Partake.
Partridge, paVtrij, ». a genus of gallinaceous
birds preserved for game. [Fr. perdrix—Y,.
perdix, perdicis~-i\x. perdix.]
Partridge-wood, par4trn<-wood, «. a hard varie
gated wood, from Brazil and the W. Indies, used
in cabinet-work.
Part-song, parr7-song. n. a song sung in parts.
Parturient, par-tu'n-ent, adj., bringing or about
to bring forth young. [L. parturiens, -entis,
pr.p. ofparturio—pario, to bring forth.]
Parturition, par-tu-rish'un, «. act of bringing
forth. [Fr.—L. parturitio—fartnrio.\
Party, parti, «. a part of a greater number of per
sons : a faction : a company met for a particular
purpose : an assembly : one concerned in any
affair: a single individual spoken of: {mil.) a
detachment.—aay. belonging to a party and not
to the whole : consisting of different parties,
parts, or things : (her.) parted or divided. [Fr.
parti—O. Fr. partir—h. partior, to divide,
from pars, a part.]
Party-coloured, par'ti-kul'urd, adj., coloured
differently at different parts.
Parvenu, par've-nOO, «. an upstart I one newly
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Passing
risen into notice or power. [Fr., pa.p. of par.
venir—L. pervenio, to arrive at—per, quite to,
venio, to come.]
Parvis, paVvis, n. a porch : a schoolroom over a
church porch. [O. Fr.— Low L. paravisus,
corr. of Gr. paradeisos. See Paradise.]
Pasch, pask, n. the Jewish passover: Easter.—
Pasch of the Gross, Good-Friday. [A.S.
Pascha—L.—Gr.—Hcb.pesach, the Passover—
Pasach, to pass over.]
Paschal, pas kal, adj. pertaining to the Pasch or
Passover, or to Easter.
Pasha, Paoha, pasha or pash-a', «. a title of
Turkish officers who are governors of provinces
or hold high naval and military commands.
[Per. basha, a corr. of padshah—pad, protect
ing, and shah, king.]
Pashallc, pa-shaTik, ». the jurisdiction of a pasha.
Pasque-flower, Pasch-flower, pask'-flow'cr, «. a
kind of anemone, which flowers about Easter.
Pasquin, pasTcwin, Pasquinade, pasTiwin-ad, n.
a lampoon or satire.—v.t. or v.t. to lampoon or
satirise. [Pasouino, a tailor in Rome in 15th
cent, remarkable for his sarcastic humour.]
Pass, pas, v.i. to pace or walk onward : to move
from one place to another : to travel : to go from
one state to another : to change : to circulate : to
be regarded : to go by: to go unheeded or neg
lected : to elapse, as time : to be finished : to
move away: to disappear: (B.) to pass away:
to go through inspection : to be approved : to
happen : to fall, as by inheritance : to flow
through : to thrust, as with a sword : to run, as
a roadI:—pa.p. passed and past. [Fr. passer.
It. passare—L. passus, a step. See Pace.]
Pass, pas, v.t. to go by, over, beyond, through, &c. :
to spend : to omit, to disregard : to surpass : to
enact, or to be enacted by : to cause to move : to
send : to transfer : to give forth : to cause to go
by : to approve : to give circulation to : (fencing')
to thrust.—Come to pass, to happen.
Pass, pas, n. that through which one passes: a
narrow passage : a narrow defile : a passport :
state or condition : (fencing) a thrust.—«. Pass'-
book, a book that passes between a trader and
his customer, in which credit purchases are
entered.—n. Pass'key, a key enabling one to
Pass or enter a house : a key for opening several
locks. —». Pass'word, (tntl.) a private word
enabling one to pass or enter a camp, by which
a friend is distinguished from a stranger,
Passable, pas'a-bl, adj. that may be passed, trav
elled, or navigated : that may bear inspection :
tolerable.—n. Pass'ableness.—adv. Pass ably.
Passage, pas'aj, «. actofpassing: journey : course :
time occupied in passing : way : entrance : en
actment of a law : right of passing : occurrence :
a single clause or part of a book, &c. : (B.) a
mountain-pass : ford of a river: (zool.) migra
tory habits.
Passant, pas'ant, adj. (fur.) walking (said of an
animal). [Fr. See Pass, v.i.]
Passenger, pas'en-jer, n one who passes: one
who travels in some public conveyance. [Fr.
passager, with inserted «, as in messenger,
porringer, nightingale.]
Passer, pas'er, n. one who passes.—n. Pass'er-by,
one who passes by or near.
Passerine, pas'er-in, adj. relating to the passerrs,
an order of birds of which the sparrow is the
type. [L. passer, a sparrow.]
Passing, pas'ing, adj., going by: surpassing.—
adv. exceedingly —*. Pass'ing-bell, a bell
tolled immediately after a person's death, orig.
 Passion
to invite prayers for the soul passing into
eternity.
Passion, pash'un, «. strong feeling or agitation
of mind, esp. rage : ardent love : eager desire :
state of the soul when receiving an impres
sion : endurance of an effect, as opposed to
action : the sufferings, esp. the death of Christ :
—pi. excited conditions of mind. [Fr.—L.
Passio, passionis—passus, pa.p. of Potior, to
suffer. Sec Patient and Passive.]
Passionate, pash'un-at, adj. moved by Passion :
easily moved to anger : intense.—adv. Pas'slon-
ately.—«. Pas'slonateness.
Passion-flower, pash'un-flow'er, «. a flower so
called from a fancied resemblance to a crown of
thorns, the emblem of Christ's passion.
Passionless, pash'un-Ies, adj. free from passion :
not easily excited to anger.
Passion-play, pash'un-pTa, n. a religious drama
representing the passion of Christ.
Passion-week, pash'un-wck, «. name commonly
given
■week ofinChrist's
England to Holy-week
passion (as that
or suffering, beingis, the
his
trial and crucifixion} ; but, according to proper
rubrical usage, the week preceding Holy-week.
[See Holy-week.]
Passive, pas'tv, adj., suffering: unresisting: not
acting: {gram.) expressing the suffering of an
action.—adv. Passively.—n. Passiveness.
[Fr.—L. passivus—pallor. See Passion.]
Passivity, pas-iv'i-ti, «., passiveness: inactivity:
( physics) tendency of a body to preserve a given
state, cither of motion or rest.
Passman, pas'man, «. one who gains only an ordin
ary degree or Pass at the Oxford examinations.
Passover, pas'o-ver, «. an annual feast of the Jews,
to commemorate the destroying angel's passing
over the houses of the Israelites when he slew
the first-born of the Egyptians.
Passport, pas'pOrt, «. a written warrant granting
permission to travel in a foreign country : (orig.)
permission to pass out of port or through the
gates. [Pass, and L. partus, a harbour, or
porta, a gate.]
Past, past, Pa.p. of Pass.—adj. gone by : elapsed :
ended: in time already passed, —prep, farther
than: out of reach of: no longer capable of. —
adv. by. —The past, that which has passed, esp.
time.
Paste, past, «. dough prepared for pies, Sic. : a
cement of flour and water : anything mixed up
to a viscous consistency : a fine kind of glass for
making artificial gems.—v.t. to fasten with
paste.—«. PasteTward, a stiff board made of
sheets of paper pasted together, &c. [O. Fr.
paste (Fr. p&te)—Late L. pesta—Or. paste, a
mess of food—pastos, besprinkled with salt—
passo, to sprinkle.]
Pastel, pas'tel, Pastil, pas'til, «. [paint.) a roll of
coloured paste, used for a crayon : a medicated
lozenge. [Fr. pastel—It. pastello—L. pastillus,
a small loaf, dim. oKpastus, food—pasco, pastus,
to feed. Doublet Pastille.]
Pastern, pas'tern, n. the part of a horse's foot
from the fetlock to the hoof, where the shackle
is fastened. [O. Fr. pasturon { Fr. pdturon)—
O. Fr. pasture, pasture, a tether ^for a horse at
pasture).]
Pastille, pas-teT, v. a small cone of charcoal and
aromatic substances, burnt to perfume a room :
a small aromatic pill. [Fr. —L. pastillus, a
small loaf; a doublet of Pastel.J
Pastime, pas'ilm, n. that which serves to Pass
away the time ; amusement : recreation.
304 fate, far : me, her : mine :
Paternoster
Pastor, pas'tur, n. a shepherd: a clergyman.
[L., from pastus, to feed, pa.p. of pasco, to
feed.]
Pastoral, pas'tur-al, adj. relating to shepherds or
shepherd life : rustic : relating to the pastor of
a church : addressed to the clergy of a diocese.
—n. a poem which professes to delineate the
scenery and life of the country : a pastoral letter
or address: [thus.) a simple melody.
Pastorate, pas'tur-at, Pastorship, pas'tur-ship, «,
the office of a pastor.
Pastorly, pas'tur-li, adj. becoming a pastor.
Pastry, past'ri, n. articles of fancy-bread, chiefly
of paste or dough : crust of pies : act or art of
making articles of paste.—n. Past rycook, one
who cooks or sells pastry. [From Paste.J
Pasturable, past'ur-a-bl, a</j. that can be pastured :
fit for pasture. [cattle : pasture.
Pasturage, past'ur-Sj, n. the business of feeding
Pasture, past'ur, n, grass for grazing : ground
covered with grass for grazing.—v.t. to feed on
pasture : to supply with grass.—v.i. to feed on
pasture : to graze. [O. Fr. pasture (Fr. pdture)
—L, pastura—pasco, pastum. ]
Pasty, past'i, adj. like paste.—«. a small pie ol
crust raised without a dish.
Pat, pat, n. a light, quick blow, as with the hand.
—v.t. to strike gently : to tap :—Pr.p. patt'ing ;
pa.t. and Pa.p. patt'ed. [From the sound.]
Pat, pat, n. a small lump of butter. [Celt, as Ir.
pait, a lump.]
Pat, pat, adj. fitly: at the right time or place
[An application of Pat, a light blow.]
Patch, pach, v.t. to mend with a piece : to repair
clumsily : to make up of pieces : to make hastily.
—«. a piece sewed or put on : anything like a
patch : a small piece of ground : a plot. [Low
Ger. patsclien; prob. conn, with Piece.]
Patchouli, pa-choo'li, «. the highly odoriferous
dried branches of an Eastern shrub. i£-2 It.
hi^h : the perfume distilled from these. [Lit. ' the
gum-leaf; ' Tamil, patchei, gum, and elei, a leaf.]
Patchwork, pach'wurk, »., work formed ofpatches
or pieces sewed together : a thing patched up or
clumsily executed. [Patch and Work.]
Pate, pat, u. the crown of the head : the head.
[Through O. Fr., from Ger. platte, a plate
(whence Low L. platta, a priest's tonsure .]
Paten, pat'en, «. the plate for the bread in the
LucharisL [Fr.— L. patina, a plate—Gr. patane.
See Pan.]
Patent, pa/tent or patent, adj., open ; conspicu
ous : public : protected by a patent: [dot.) ex
panding. —«. an official document, open, but
sealed at the foot, conferring an exclusive right
or privilege, as a title of nobility, or the sole
right for a term of years to the proceeds of an
invention.—v.t. Patent, to grant or secure
by patent. [Fr.—L. patens, patentis, pr.p. r<f
fateo.\ [being patented.
Patentable, pa' or pat'ent-a-bl, adj. capable of
Patentee, pa-tent-? or pat-ent-e', «. one who
holds a patent.
Paternal, pa-ter'nal, adj. , fatherly : shewing the
disposition of a father: hereditary. —adv. Pa
ternally. [Fr. palernel—Low L. patemalis
— L. patcmus—pater (Gr. pater), a father—root
Pa, to guard, to feed ; akin to Sans, pa, to pro
tect, and E. Food. Sec Father.)
Paternity, pa-ter'ni-ti, n. the relation of afather
to[Fr.—L.
his offspring : origination
pate•rnitas, or authorship.
fatherly feeling.]
Paternoster, pat-er-nos'ter or pater-nos-t6r, n
the Lord's Prayer. [L. Pater iwster, * Our
m<5te ; mfite : mo~on : then
 Pavilion
Father,' the first two words of the Lord's Prayer Church. [Fr., coined from L. Pater, patris, a
in Latin.] I father. See Father and Paternal.]
Path, path, n. a way : track : road : course of Patrol, pa-troT, v.i. to go the rounds in a camp or
action or conduct:—//. Paths, paMz. [A.S. garrison.— v.t. to pass round as a sentry :—pr.p.
Path, path; akin to Ger. pfad, Gr. patos, L, patroll'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. patrolled .—«. the
Pons, pontis, a bridge, and Sans, patha, a path. J marching round of a guard in the night : the
Pathetic, pa-thet'ik, atlj affecting the tender guard which makes a patrol, [Fr. patrouille, a
emotions : touching.—The Pathetic, the style or patrol, patrouiller, to march in the mud, through
manner fitted to excite emotion.—adv. Pathet'- i a form patouiller, from patte, the paw or foot of
Ically.—h. Pathet'icalness. [Gr. pathetihos.] a beast, which is from Teut. root pat, found in
Pathless, path'les, adj. without a path : un Ger. patsche, little hand.]
trodden. Patron, pa'trun, n. a protector : one who counten
Pathology, pa-thol'o-ji, «. science of diseases.— ances : one who has the gift of a benefice :—-fern.
«. Pathol ogist, one versed in pathology.—adjs. Patroness, patrun-es. [Fr.—L. patronus [lit.)
Pathologic, Pathological —adv. Patholog/- one acting as a father—pater, patris, a father.
lcally. [Fr. —Gr. pathos, suffering, logos, dis See Paternal. Doublet Pattern.]
course.] Patronage, pat'run-aj or pil', n. the support of a
Pathos, pa'thos, «. that which raises the tender patron: guardianship of saints: the right of
emotions : the expression of deep feeling. [Gr., bestowing offices, privileges, or church benefices.
from root path, in e-path-on, a aorist of fiaschd, Patroness, pa'trun-es,fern, of Patron.
to suffer, feel ; akin to Sans, baiih, to suffer, to Patronise, pat'run-Iz or pa.', v.t. to act as patron
pain.] toward : to support : to assume the air of a patron
Pathway, path'wa, «. a Path or may : a footpath : to.— n. Pat'roniser.—adv. Pat ronisingly.
course of action. [Path and Way.] Patronymic, pat-ro-nim'ik, Patronymical, pat-
Patience, pfi'shens, «. quality of being patient or ro-nim'ik-al, adj. derived from the name of a
calmly enduring. [Fr.—L. patientia—patiens. father or ancestor. [Gr. pater, a father, onoma,
See Patient.] a name.] [one'sfather or ancestor.
Patient, pii'shent, adj. sustaining pain, &c. with Patronymic, pat-ro-nim'ik, ». a name taken from
out repining : not easily provoked : persevering : Patten, pat'en, «. a wooden sole with an iron ring
expecting with calmness.—n. one who bears or worn under the shoe to keep it from the wet :
suffers : a person under medical treatment.— the base of a pillar. [Fr. patin, a skate, clog—
adv. Pa'tiently. [Fr. —L. patiens, -entis, pr.p. patte. See PatroL]
ofpat'tor, to bear : akin to root of Pathos. ] Patter, pat'er, v.i. to pat or strike often, as hail :
Patin, Patlne, pat'in, «. Same as Paten. —Pr.p. patt'ering ; pa,t. and pa.p. patt'ered. [A
Patois, pat-waw' or pat'-, «. a vulgar dialect. [Fr., freq. of Pat.]
orig. pairois- Y.. patriensis, indigenous, native Pattern, pat'ern, w. a person or thing to be
—Patria, one's native country.] copied : a model : an example : style of orna
Patriarch, pa'tri-ark, «. one who governs his mental work : anything to serve as a guide in
family by paternal right : (/?. ) one of the early forming objects. [Fr. patron, a protector ; also
heads of families from Abraham to Jacob and a pattern, sample. Doublet Patron.]
his sons : in Eastern churches, a dignitary Patty, pat'i, «. a little pie. [Fr. paU See Paste ]
superior to an archbishop. [O. Fr.—L.—Gr. Paucity, paw'sit-i, n. , feloness : smallness of
patruirchts—patria, lineage—patgr, a father, number or quantity. [Fr.—L. paucitas—paucus,
and arche, a beginning. See Paternal and few; akin to Pause.]
Archaic] Pauline, pawiTn, adj. of the Apostle Paul.
Patriarchal, pa-tri-5rk'al, Patriarchio, pa-tri- Paunch, pawnsh or pansh, ». the belly : the first
ark'ik, adj. belonging or subject to a patriarch. and largest stomach of a ruminant.—v.t. to
Patriarchate, pa-tri-ark'iit, n. the office or juris pierce or rip the belly of : to eviscerate. [O. Fr.
diction of a patriarch or church dignitary : the Panche, Fr. pause—L. pantex, panticis.]
residence of a patriarch. [patriarch. Pauper, paw'per, n. a poor person : one supported
Patriarchism, p5.'tri-5rk-izm, n. government by a by charity or some public provision. [L.]
Patrician, pa-trish'an, «. a nobleman in ancient Pauperise, paw'per-Tz, v.t. to reduce to pauper
Rome, being a descendant of the fathers or first ism.—«. Pauperisation.
Roman senators : a nobleman, —adj. pertaining Pauperism, paw'per-izm, «. state ofbeing a pauper.
to a patrician or nobleman : noble* (L. Patri Pause, pawz, n. a ceasing: a temporary stop:
cias—pater, patris, a father. See Paternal.] cessation caused by doubt : suspense : a mark foi
Patrimonial, pat-ri-m£S'ni-al, adj. pertaining to a suspending the voice : {music) a mark showing
gitrimony: inherited from ancestors.—adv. continuance of a note or rest.—v.i. to make a
atrimo'nially. pause. [Fr.—L. pausa—Gr. pausis, from paud,
Patrimony, pat ri-mun-i, n. a right or estate in to cause to cease. Doublet Pose.] *
herited from a.fatheror one's ancestors : a church Pauslngly, pawz'ing-Ii, atlv., with pauses: by
estate or revenue. [Fr. patrimoine—h. patri- breaks.
monium—pater, patris, a father. See Paternal. ] Pave, pav, v.t. to lay down stone, &c. to form a
Patriot, pa'tri-ot, n. one who truly loves and serves level surface for walking on : to prepare, as a
hisfatherland. [Fr.—Low L.—Gr. patridtes— way or passage.—To pave the way, to prepare
Patrios, of one's father or fatherland—pater, a the way for.—ns. Pav'er, Pav'ier. [Fr. paver
father. See Paternal.] —L. pavio ; cog. with Gr. Paid, to beat.]
Patriotic, pa-tri-ot'ik, adj. like a patriot: actuated Pavement, piiv'mcnt, n. a paved causeway or
by a love of one's country : directed to the public floor: that with which anything is paved. [L.
welfare.—atlv. Patriotically. [Gr.] pavimentum.]
Patriotism, pa'tri-ot-izm, «. quality of being patri Pavilion, pa-vil'yun, n. a tent : an ornamental
otic : love of one's country. building often turreted or domed : {mil.) a tent
Patristic, pa-tris'tik, Patristtcal, pa-tris'tik-al, raised on posts.—v.t. to furnish with pavilions.
adj. pertaining to the fathers of the Christian [Lit. that which is spread out like the wings of a
ftn, far ( Bit her i mine i tnOte | mutt j
 Pavior
butterfly; Fr. pavilion—L. pafiilio, a butterfly,
a tent. J
Pavior, pav'yur, n. one whose trade is to pave.
Paw, paw, n. the foot of a beast of prey having
claws : the hand, used in contempt.—v.i. to
draw the forefoot along the ground like a horse.
—v.t. to scrape with the forefoot: to handle
with the paws: to handle roughly: to flatter.
[Perh. Celtic, as W, pawen, a paw ; but it is also
a Teut. word.]
Pawed, pawd, adj. having paws : broad-footed.
Pawky, pawk'i, adj. sly, arch, shrewd. [Scot.
path, a trick.]
Pawl, pawl, n. a short bar used to prevent the
recoil of a windlass, &c. : a catch. (VV. pawl, a
stake, conn, with L. paJus, a stake. See
Pale, «.]
Pawn, pawn, n. something given as security for
the repayment of money.—v.t. to give in pledge.
[Fr. /««—L. fianntts, a rag, cloth, a thing left
in pledge, because a piece of clothing was a
convenient thing to leave in pledge.]
Pawn, pawn, n. a common piece in chess. [0.
Fr. paon, a foot-soldier—Low L. pedo, pedants,
a foot-soldier, from L. pes, pedis, the foot.]
Pawnbroker, pawn'brOk-er, n. a broker who lends
money on pawns or pledges.
Pawner, pawn'er, «. one who gives a pawn or
pledge as security for money borrowed.
Pazwax, paks'waks, n. the strong tendon in the
neck of animals. [Orig. fax-wax—A.S. feax,
fex, hair, and weaxan, to grow.]
P*y\ A to discharge a debt : to requite with
what is deserved: to reward; to punish.—v.t.
to recompense \—pa.t. and pa.fi. paid.—n. that
which satisfies : money given for service : salary,
wages.—h. Pay'er.—Pay off, to discharge: 10
take revenge upon : to requite.—Pay out, to
cause to run out, as rope. [Fr. fiayet—L.
pacare, to appease, from base of Pax, pacts,
peace. See Peace.]
Pay, pa, v.t. (naut., and in the proverb ' the devil
to pay') to smear with tar, pitch, &c [From L.
picare, to pitch, prob. through Sp. Pega.)
Payable, pa'a-bl, adj. that may be paid : that
ought to be paid.
Payee, pa-e', n. one to whom money is paid.
Paymaster, pa'mas-ter, «. the master who pays:
an officer in the army or navy whose duty it is
to pay soldiers &c.
Payment, pi/meat, n. the act of paying: that
which is paid : recompense : reward.
Paynlm, Painim, pa'nim, n. a pagan. [Orig.
and properly, paynim was not a man, but a
country, and = ' heathendom,' from 0. Fr. paie-
nisme, paganism — L. paganismus—paganus, a
pagan. See Pagan. ]
Pea, p€, «. a common vegetable :—def. fil. Peas :
indef. //. Pease. [M. E. pese, pi. pest* and
peses—A.S>. pisa, p\.pisan—L. P'tsum, (Jr. pison,
from a root seen in Sans, pish, to bruise. Pea
is erroneously formed, the s of the root being
mistaken for the sign of the plural.]
Peace, pes, «. a state of quiet : freedom from dis
turbance : freedom from war : friendliness :
calm: rest: harmony: silence.—int. silence,
hist !—Hold one's peace, to be silent [O. Fr.
pais (Fr. paix)—L. Pax, Pacis, from root fiae-,
to bind, seen in paciscor, to make a contract.
Cf. Pact ]
Peaceable, pes'a-bl, adj. disposed to peace : quiet :
tranquil.—adv. Peace'ably.—n. Peace able-
nose.
Peaceful, pcVfool, adj. full of peace : quiet : tran-
866 fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ;
Peat
fuil : calm : serene.—adv. Peaoe'fully.—n.
eace'fulness.
Peacemaker, pes'mak-er, n. one who makes or
produces peace. [Peace and Maker.]
Peace-Offering, peV-oPcr-ing, «. an offering pro
pitiating peace : among the Jews, an offering to
God, either in gratitude for past or petition for
future mercies : satisfaction to an offended person.
Peace-officer, pes'-of'is-er, «. an officer whose
duty it is to preserve the peace; a police-officer.
Peace-party, p€s'-par/ii, «. a political party ad
vocating the preservation ofpeace.
Peach, pe"ch, n. a tree with delicious fruit.—adj.
Peach'y. [Fr. piche (It. persica, pesca)—L.
Persicum {malum), the Persian (appleX from
Persicus, belonging to Persia.]
Peach-COlOUred, pech'-kul'urd, adj. of the colour
of a peach blossom, pale red.
Peacock, pfi'kok, n. a large gallinaceous bird re
markable for the beauty of its plumage, named
from its cry :—fcm. Pea hen. [Pea- is from
A.S. Pawe—L. fiavo—Gr. tads—(ace. to Max
Muller) Pers. tawus—Q. Tamil tokei, togei.
See also Cock.]
Pea-jacket, pe'-jak'et, n. a coarse thick jacket
worn csp. by seamen. [Pea- is from Dut. pij
(pron. pi), a coat of coarse thick cloth ; and
jacket]
Peak, pe"k, «. a point: the pointed end of any
thing : the top of a mountain : (naut.) the upper
outer corner of a sail extended by a gaff or yard,
also the extremity of the gaff. [Celt. See
Beak, Pike.J
Peaked, pekt, adj., painted: ending in a point.
Peakish, pfik'ish, adj., havingpeaks.
Peal, pel, n. a loud sound : a set of bells tuned to
each other : the changes rung upon a set of
bells.—v.t. to resound like a bell : to utter or
give forth loud or solemn sounds. —v.t. to assail
with noise: to celebrate. [Short for Appeal.J
Pean. See Paaan.
Pear, par, «. a common fruit: the tree. [A.S.
pera or Peru—L. pirum, a pear (whence also Fr.
poire).]
Pearl, perl, n. a well-known shining gem, found
in several shellfish, but most in the mother-of-
pearl oyster : anything round and clear : any
thing very precious : a jewel : a white speck or
film on the eye : [print.) the smallest type ex
cept diamond.—adj. made of or belonging to
pearls.—v.t. to set or adorn with pearls. [Fr.
perle, acc. to Diez, prob. either a corr. of L.
pirula, a dim. ofpirum, a pear (see Pear), or of
L. pilula, dim. ofpila, a ball.]
Pearl-ash, perl'-ash, n. a purer carbonate of
potash, obtained by calcining potashes, so called
from its pearly-v/hite colour.
Pearly, perl'i, adj. containing or resembling
Pearls; clear: pure: transparent.—«. Pearl'l-
ness.
Peasant, pez'ant, n. a countryman : a rustic : one
whose occupation is rural labour.—adj. of or
relating to peasants : rustic : rural. [0. Fr.
patsant (with excrescent -/), Mod. Fr. paysan
—pays—L. pagus, a district, a country. See
Pagan.]
Peasantry, pez'ant-ri, n.pi. the body of peasants
or tillers of the soil : rustics : labourers.
Pease, pez, indef. pi. of Pea.
Peat, pet, n. decayed vegetable matter like turf;
cut out of boggy places, dried for fuel.—adj.
Peat'y. [True form beat, as in Devonshire :
from M. E. beten, to mend afire—A. S. betan, to
make better—Sot, advantage. See Boot, v.t.]
mOte ; mute ; mOon ; then.
 Pebble
Pebble, peKI, n. a small roundish ball or stone :
transparent and colourless rock-crystal. [A.S.
papol[-slan), a pebble(-stone) ; akin to I*
papula, a pustule.]
Pebbled, peb'ld. Pebbly, peb'li, adj. full of
pebbles.
Peccable, pek'a-bl, adj. liable to sin. —«. Pecca
bility. [L. peccabilis—pecco, -atum, to sin.]
Peccadillo, pek-a-dirio, n. a little or trifling sin:
a petty fault ;—pi. Peccadillos. [Sp. pccadilio,
dim. ofpecado—L. peccatum, a sin.]
Peccant, pek'ant, adj., sinning: transgressing;
guilty : morbid : offensive: bad.—adv. Pecc'-
antly.—«. Peccancy. [L. peccant, -amis,
pr p. ofpecco.)
Peccary, pek'ar-i, n. a hog-like quadruped of
South America. [The S. American wora.]
Peck, pek, m. a dry measure = a gallons, or 1 of a
bushel. [M. E. pekkc, prob. from peck, 'to
pick up,' formerly an indefinite quantity.]
Peck, pek, v.t. to strike with the beak : to pick up
with the beak : to eat : to strike with anything
pointed : to strike with repeated blows.—adj.
Peck'ish, hungry. [A later form of Pick.]
Pecker, pek'er, n. that which pecks : a wood
pecker.
Pectinal, pek'tin-al, adj. of a comb: having bones
like the teeth of a comb. [L. pecten, pectinis, a
comb.]
Pectinate, pek'tin-at, Pectinated, pek'tin-at-ed,
adj. resemblingthe teeth of a comb.— adv. Pec'-
tinately.—». Pectination, the state of being
pectinated.
Pectoral, pek'tor-al, adj. relating to the Breast or
chest.—n. a pectoral fin : a medicine for the chest.
—adv. Pec'torally. [Fr.—L. pectoralis—
pectus, pectoris, the breast]
Peculate, pck'Q-lat, v.t. to embezzle : to steal.—
ns. Peoula'tion, Pec'ulator. [L. ptculor, pecu-
latus, from pecHlium, private property, akin to
pecunia, money. See Pecuniary. ]
Peculiar, pc-kul yar, adj. one's own : appropriate :
particular : stranee.—ativ. Peculiarly.—n.
Peculiarity, pe-kul-i-ar'it-i. [Fr.—L. peculiaris
—pectdium, private property. Cf. Peculate.]
Pecuniary, pe-ku'ni-ar-i, adj. relating to money.
—adv. Peou'nlarily. [Fr.—L. pecuniarius—
pecunia, money—frcu-, which appears in L.
pecua (pi.), cattle of all kinds, cattle forming
the wealth of early races; akin to £. Fee.]
Pedagogic, ped-a-goj'ik, Pedagogical, ped-a-
goj^k-al, adj. relating to teaching.
Pedagogics, pcd-a-goj'iks, Pedagogy, ped'a-goj-i,
n. the science of teaching.
Pedagogue, ped'a-gog, «. a teacher : a pedant.
[Lit. a leader of a boy to and from school, Fr.
—L.—Gr. paidagdgos—pais, paidos, a boy,
ag5gos, a leader—agd, to lead.]
Pedal, ped'al or pe'dal, adj. pertaining to a foot.
—n. in musical instruments, a lever moved by
the foot. [L. pedalis—pes, pedis, the foot, E.
Foot.]
Pedant, pedant, «. one making a vain and useless
display of learning, [Fr.—It. pedante, which
was prob. formed from Gr. paideud, to instruct,
from Pais, paidos. a boy. See Pedagogue. ]
Pedantic, ped-ant'ik, Pedantlcal, ped-anrtk-al,
adj. vainly displaying knowledge.
Pedantry, ped'ant-ri, n. vain and useless display
of learning.
Peddle, peal, v.t. to travel about with a basket or
bundle of goods, esp. small-wares, for sale : to
be busy about trifles.—v.t. to retail in very small
quantities.—n. Peddler. [See PedlflT.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Peerage
Peddlery, pedTer-i, n. the trade of a peddler :
the wares sold by a peddler.
Peddling, ped'ling, n. the trade of a peddler.
Pedestal, ped'es-tal, n the foot or base of a
pillar, &c. [Sp.— It. piedestallo—L. pes, Pedis,
the foot, and It. stallo, a place. See Stall.]
Pedestrian, pe-des'tri-an, adj. going on foot :
performed on foot.—«. one journeying on foot :
an expert walker. [L. pedestris—pes, pedis.]
Podostnanism, pe-des'tri-an-izm, «. a going on
foot ; walking: the practice of a pedestrian.
Pedicel, ped'i-sel, Pedicle, ped'i-kl, n. the little
footstalk by which a leaf or fruit is fixed on the
tree. [Fr. pidicclU—L, pediculus, dim. of pes,
pedis, the foot.]
Pedigree, ped'i-gre, w. a register of descent from
ancestors : lineage : genealogy. [Ety. dub. ;
Wedgwood gives Fr. pied de gres, a tree of
degrees Pied being technically used in the sense
of ' tree : 1 Skeat suggests Fr. pied de grue,
crane's-foot, from the crane's foot used in draw
ing out a pedigree.]
Pediment, ped'i-mcnt, n. (arch.) a triangular or
circular ornament, which finishes the fronts of
buildings, and serves as a decoration over gates.
—adj.L, Pediment
■with fes, pedts, al.the foot.]
[Ety. dub., perh. conn,
Pedlar, Pedler, Peddler, pedlcr, n. a hawker or
petty chapman.—«. Pedlary, Pedlary, a pedlar's
small wares : his employment. [Older form ped-
dar or pedder, one who carries wares in a ped,
prov. E. for basket, and prob. same as Pad.]
Pedobaptism, p€-do-bap'tizm, infant baptism.
[Gr. pais, paidos, a child, and Baptism.]
Pedobaptist, pe-do-bap'tist, ». one who believes
in infant baptism.
Pedometer, ped-om'ct-e"r, n. an instrument, some
what like a watch, by which the steps of a
pedestrian are registered, and thus the distance
he walks is measured. [L. pes, pedis, a foot,
and Gr. metron, a measure.]
Peduncle, pi-dungTcl, n. same as Pedicel.—adjs.
Pedun cular, Pedunculate, Pedun culated.
[Fr. pedoncuU—Low L. pedunculus~\*. pes.
Pedis, the foot.]
Peel, pel, v.t. to strip off the skin or bark : to
bare.— v.i. to come off, as the skin.—n. the skin,
rind, or bark. [Fr. pder, to unskin, from L.
pilo, to deprive of hair, from pitus, a hair, or
from pellis, a skin, E. Fell.] [a stake, a fort.]
Peel, pel, «. a small Border fortress. [Celt, pill.
Peel, pel, n. a baker's wooden shovel : a fire-
shovel. [Fr. pelle—L. p&la, a spade.]
Peel, pel, v./. to plunder; to pillage. [Same as
PilL v.)
Peep, pep, v.i. to chirpj or cry as a chicken. [Fr.
piper—L. pij>art, an imitative word.)
Peep, p€p, v.t. to look through a narrow space : to
look slyly or closely: to begin to appear. a
sly look : a beginning to appear. [Same as the
above word, Fr. p'Per, sig. to chirp like a bird
(said of a bird-catcher;, then to beguile, whence
peep = to look out slyly.]
Peeper, pep'er, n. one that peeps : a chicken just
breaking the shell.
Peer, per, n. an equal: an associate : a nobleman :
a member ofthe House of Lords :—fcm. Pour"ess.
[O. Fr. (Fr. pair)—L. par, Paris, equal.]
Peer, p£r, v.i. to appear.
Peer, per, v.i. to lo<ik narrowly : to peep :—/«./.
and Pa.p. peered. [M. E. piren—Low Ger.
piren, orig. pl&ren, to draw the eyelids to
gether.] [the body of peers.
Peerage, per'aj, n. the rank or dignity of a peer :
mOtc; mute; mBOn ; then.

Peerless, peVles, adj. having no peer or equal :
matchless,—adv. Peerlessly.—«. Peerless-
ness.
Peevish, peVish, adj. habitually fretful : easily
annoyed : hard to please.—adv. Peevishly.—
n. Peev ishness. [Prob. imitative of the puling
of fretful infants,]
Peewit. Same as Pewit.
Peg. pegi n a wooden pin for fastening boards,
&c. : one of the pins of a musical instrument.—
v.t. to fasten with a peg :—P*~.p. pegging ; pa.t.
and Pa.p. pegged. [Scand., as in Dan. pig, a
spike.]
Pegged, pegd, adj. fastened or supplied with pegs.
Pegtop, peg'top, n. a child's plaything for
spinning.
Pekoe, pelcO, n. a scented black tea. [Chinese.]
Pelagian, pe-la'ji-an, «. one who holds the views
of Pelagius, a British monk of the 4th century,
in respect to original sin.—adj. pertaining to
Pelagius and his doctrines. —n. Pela'gianism,
the doctrines of Pelagius.
Pelargonium, pel-ar-g<Vni-um, «. a vast genus of
beautiful flowering plants. [From Gr. pelargos,
stork, the fruit resembling a stork's beak.]
Pelf, pelf, «. riches (in a bad sense) : money. [O.
Fr. pdfre, booty, of unknown origin ; allied to
Pilfer.]
Pelican, pel'i-kan, «. a large water-fowl, having
an enormous bill of the shape of an axe. [Fr.
—L. pelicanus—Gr. pelikan—pelekus, an axe.]
Pelisse, pe-les', n. {orig.} a furred coat or robe,
now a silk habit worn by ladies. [Fr.—L. peliis,
a skin.]
Pell, pel, n. a skin or hide : a roll of parchment.
[O. Fr. pel, Fr. peau—L. pellis, a skin or hide.]
Pellet, pel'et, n. a little ball, as of lint or wax.
[Fr. pelofe—h. pila, a ball to play with.]
Pelleted, pel'et-ed, adj. consisting of pellets :
pelted, as with bullets.
Pellicle, peH-kl, n. a thin skin or film : the film
which gathers on liquors.— PelllC'ular.
Pell-mell, pcl-mcl', adv. mixed confusedly : pro
miscuously. [O. Fr. pesie-ntesle (Fr. pile-mile)
-mesle being from O. Fr. mesler (Fr. miler),
to mix—Low L. misculo— L. misceo; and Pesle,
a rhyming addition, pcrh. influenced by Fr.
Pelle, shovel.]
Pellucid, pel-loTJ'sid. adj., perfectly clear : trans
parent.—adv. Pellu'oidly —n. Pellu ctdness.
[Fr. —L. pellucidus—per, perfectly, and lucidtts,
clear—luceo, to shine.] [hawk all torn.
Pelt, pelt, w. a raw hide : the quarry or prey of a
Pelt, pelt, v.t. to strike with pellets, or with some
thing thrown : to throw or cast. —n. a blow from
a pellet, or from something thrown. [See
Pellet]
Pelting, pclt'ing, «. an assault with a pellet, or
with anything thrown. [furs.
Peltry, pelt'ri, n. the skirts of furred animals :
Pelvis, pcl'vis, «. the basin or bony cavity form
ing the lower part of the abdomen. [L.]
Pemmlcan, Pemlcan, pem i-kan, n. [orig.) a N.
American Indian preparation, consisting of lean
venison, dried, pounded, and pressed into cakes,
now used in Arctic expeditions.
Pen, pen, v.t. to shut up: to confine in a small
inclosure :—pr.p. penning; pa.t. and pa.p,
penned or pent.—«. a small inclosure : a coop.
[A.S. pennan, to shut up.]
Pen, pen, ft. an instrument used for writing, for
merly of the feather of a bird, but now of steel,
&c.—v.t. to write '.—pr.p. penn'ing ; pa.t. and
pa.p. punned. [Fr* Pennt—L,. penna, old formst
Peninsula
Pesna, petna, a feather—root pat, to fly. See
Feather, Find.]
Penal, pe'nal, adj. pertaining to punishment ; in
curring or denouncing punishment : used for
punishment.—adv. POTially. [Fr.—L. pcenalis
—pa*na, akin to Gr. poind, punishment.]
Penalty, pen'al-ti, «., punishment: personal or
pecuniary punishment : a fine.
Penance, pen'ans, n. in the R. C. Church, the
punishment borne by a penitent. [O. Fr. See
Penitence.]
Penates, pe-na'tcs, n.pl. the tutelary household
deities of ancient Rome. [L. , from root pen in
L. penitus, within, penetralia, the inner part of
anything.]
Pence, pens, «. plural of Penny, which see.
Penchant, pang'shang, n. inclination : decided
taste- [Fr.. pr.p. ofpencher, to incline, through
a form petidicare, from L. pendeo, to hang.]
Pencil, pen'sil, n. a small hairbrush for laying on
colours : any pointed instrument for writing or
drawing without ink : a collection of rays of
light converging to a point : the art of painting
or drawing. —v.t. to write, sketch, or mark with
a pencil : to paint or draw :—pr.fi. pencilling ;
pa.t. and pa.p. pen'cilled. [O. Fr. fiiucel, Fr.
pinceau—L. penicillutn, a painter's brush, dim.
ofPenis, a tail.]
Pencilled, pen'sild, adj. written or marked with
a pencil : having pencils of rays : radiated :
{dot.) marked with fine lines, as with a pencil.
Pencilling, pen'sil-ing, w. the art of writing,
sketching, or marking with a pencil : a sketch.
Pendant, pend'ant, «. anything hanging, espe
cially for ornament : an earring : a long narrow
flag, at the head of the principal mast in a royal
ship. [Fr.—pendant, pr.p. ofpendrr, to hang—
L. pendens, -entis—pr.p. ofpendeo, to hang.]
Pendence, pend'ens, Pendency, pend'en-si, n. a
hanging in suspense : state of being undecided.
Pendent, pend'ent, adj., hanging; projecting:
supported above the ground or l>ase. —adv.
Pend'ently. [ Latinised form of Fr. adj.
pendant. Sec Pendant.]
Pending, iiond'ing, adj., hanging: remaining un
decided : not terminated.—prep, during. [Angli
cised form of Fr. adj. pendant. [See Pendant.]
Pendulous, nend'ii-lus, adj., hancing: swinging.
—adv. Pend'ulously. —ns. Pen'd'ulousness,
PendulOS'ity. [L. pendulus—pendeo, to hang.]
Pendulum, pend'u-lum, n. any weight so hung or
suspended from a fixed point as to swing freely.
[L. . neut. ofpendulus, hanging.]
Penetrable, pcn'e-tra-bl, adj. that may be pene
trated or pierced by another body : capable of
having the mind affected.—n. Penetrability.
Penetrate, pen'e-tr5t, v.t. to thrust into the
inside : to pierce into : to affect the feelings : to
understand : to find out.—v.i. to make way : to
pass inwards. [L. penetro, -atuttt—root pen,
within. See Penates.]
Penetrating, pen'e-tnu-ing, adj., purring or
entering : sharp : subtle : acute : discerning.
Penetration, pen-e-tru'shun, n. the act of pene
trating or entering : acuteness : discernment.
Penetrative, pen'e-trat-iv, adj. tending to pene
trate: piercing: sacacious: affecting the mind.
Penguin, pen'gwin, Pinguln. pin'gwin, «. an
aquatic bird in the southern hemisphere. [Ely.
dub., acc. to some from L. pingnis, fat. acc. to
others from W. pen, head, and gwen, white.]
Peninsula, pen-in'su-la, n. land so surrounded by
water as to be almost an island. [L.—pane,
almost, insula, an island. Sec Insular.]
 Peninsular
Peninsular, pen-in'sQ-Iar, adj. pertaining to a
peninsula : in the form of a peninsula : inhabit
ing a peninsula. (sorrow for sin.
Penitence, pen'i-tens, «. state of being penitent :
Penitent, pen'i-tent, adj. suffering pain or sorrow
for sin : contrite : repentant.—«. one grieved
for sin : one under penance.—adv. Penitently.
[Fr.— L. parnitens, -entis—parniteo, to cause to
repent—poena, punishment.]
Penitential, pen-i-ten'shal, adj. pertaining to or
expressive of penitence.—«. a book of rules
relating to penance.—adv. Peniten'tially.
Penitentiary, pen-i-ten'shar-i. adj. relating to
penance', penitential.—n. a penitent: an office
at the court of Rome for secret bulls. Sc. : a
place for penance : a house of correction for
offenders. [and mending quill pens.
Penknife, pen'nlf, «. a small knife orig. for making
Penman, pen'man, n. a man skilled in the use of
the pen : an author.
Penmanship, pen'man-ship, n. the use of the pen
in writing : art of writing : manner of writing.
Pennant, pen'ant. Pennon, pen'un, n. a small
flag : a banner : a long narrow piece of bunting
at the mast-heads of war-ships. [Pennant is
formed from pennon, with excrescent t ; pennon
is Fr. pennon—L. penna, a wing, feather.]
Pennate, pen'At, Pennated, pen'at-ed, adj.,
winged; (dot.) same as Pinnate. [L. pennatus
—penna, feather, wing.] [out money : poor.
Penniless, pen'i-les, adj. without a penny: with-
Pennon. See Pennant.
Penny, pen'i, n. a copper coin, orig. silver = ^ of
a shilling, or four farthings : a small sum :
money in general: [New '/'est.) a silver coin
= 7$d. :—//. Pennies (pcn'iz), denoting the
number of coins, Pence (pens], the amount of
pennies in value. [A.S. petting, Penig ; the
oldest form is pending, where Pend- — E. j>awn,
Ger. Pfand, Dut. pand, a pledge, all which are
from L. pannus, a rag, a piece of cloth. See
Pawn, something given as security.]
Penny-a-liner, pen'i-a-Iin'er, n. one who writes
for a public journal at so much a line : a writer
for pay.
Pennyroyal, pen'i-roy-al, n. a species of mint.
[Corr. from old form pnlial, which is traced
through O. Fr. to L. jntleium reginm, the plant
pennyroyal—pulex, a flea ; it was thought to
be a protection from fleas.]
Pennyweight, pen'i-wut, n. twenty-four grains of
troy weight. [Lit. the weight 0/a silver penny.]
Pennyworth, pen'i-wurth, n. a penny's worth of
anything : a good bargain.
Pensile, pen'sTl, adj.* hanging: suspended.—n.
Pen'sileness. [O. Fr. pensil—L. pensilis—
pendeo, to hang.]
Pension, pen'shun, n. a stated allowance to a
person for past services : a sum paid to a clergy
man in place of tithes.—v.t. to grant a pension
to. [Fr.—L. pensio—pendo, pensum, to weigh,
pay, akin to pendeo, to hang.]
Pensionary, pen'shun-ar-i, adj. receiving a pen
sion : consisting of a pension.—«. one who
receives a pension : a chief magistrate of a
Dutch town.
Pensioner, pen'shun-erf n. one who receives a
pension : a dependent.
Pensive, pen'siv, adj. thoughtful : reflecting :
expressing thoughtfulness with sadness.—aav.
Pensively.- ». Pen'sivenesa. [Lit 'weighing
in the mind,' Fr.—from L. penso, to weigh—
pendo.)
Pent, pad. and pa.p. of Pen, to shut up.
X fftte, far; m£, her; mine;
Peppery
Pentachord, pen'ta-kord, «. a musical instrument
with jive strings. [Gr. pentachordos, five-
siringed—Pente, five, chordc, string.]
Pentagon, pen'ta-gon, n. {geom-) a plane figure
having jive angles and five sides.—adj. Pen
tagonal. [Gr. pentagSnon—pente, five, gdnia,
angle.]
Pentahedron, pen-t.t-he'dron, n. [geom.) a solid
figure having jive equal bases or sides.—adj.
Pentahedral, having five equal sides, [Gr.
pente, five, and hedra, seat, base,]
Pentameter, pen-tam'e-ter, «. a verse of Jive
measures or feet.—adj. having five feet. [Gr.
pentatnetros—/ewr>,fivc, and metron, a measure.]
Pentangular, pen-tang'gul-ar, adj. having jive
angles. [Gr. pente, five, and Angular.]
Pentarchy, pen'tar-ki, «., government by Jive
persons. [Gr. pente, five, arche, rule. J
Pentateuch, pen'ta-tQk, n. the first Jive books of
the Old Testament. [Gr. Pentateuchos—pente,
five, and teuchos, a tool, in late Gr. a book, from
teuckd, to prepare.] [the Pentateuch.
Pentateuchal, pen-ta-tflk'al, adj. pertaining to
Pentecost, pen'te-kost, n. a Jewish festival on the
fiftieth day after the Passover, in commemora
tion of the giving of the Law : Whitsuntide. [Gr.
Pentekosti {fumera), the fiftieth (day).]
Pentecostal, pen-te-kost'al, adj. pertaining to
Pentecost.
Penthouse, pent'hows, n. a shed projecting from
or adjoining a main building. [Lit. 'an append
age ' or ' out-building,' a corr. of pentice, which
is from Fr. appentis—L. appendicium, an ap
pendage. See Append.]
Pentroof, pent'rCOf, n. a roof with a slope on one
side only. [A hybrid word, from Fr. Pente,
a slope—pendre, to hang, and E. Roof.]
Penult, pe-nult' or pc'nult, Penultlma, pe-nult'-
i-ma, «. the syllable last but one. [L. Penul-
tima—pame, almost, uitimus, last.]
Penultimate, pe-nult'i-mat, adj. last but one.—«.
the penult. [See under Penult]
Penumbra, pe-num'bra, n. a Partial shadoiv
round the perfect shadow of an eclipse : the part
of a picture where the light and shade blend.
[L. P<rne, almost, and umbra, shade.]
Penurious, pen-u'ri-us, adj. showing penury or
scarcity : not bountiful : sordid : miserly. —adv.
Penu'riously.—«. Penu'riousness.
Penury, pen'u-ri, n., want: absence of means or
resources: poverty. [Fr.—L. penuria, akin to
Gr. Peina, hunger.]
Peony, pe'o-ni, «. a plant having beautiful crim
son flowers. [O. Fr. pione (Fr. pivoine)—L.
jkronia, healing, the plant being thought to have
nealing virtues—Gr. Paidn, the physician of the
gods.]
People, pfi'pl, «. persons generally: an indefinite
number : inhabitants : a nation : the vulgar : the
populace :—pi. Peoples (pe'plz), races, tribes.—
v.t. to stock with people or inhabitants. [Fr.
Peitple—L. po&ulus, prob. reduplicated from root
ofplebs, people, Gr. Polys, E. Full.]
Pepper, pep'er, n. a plant and its fruit, with a hot,
pungent taste.—v.t. to sprinkle with pepper.
[A.S. pipor—L. piper— Gr. peperi—Sans, pip-
pala.)
Peppercorn, pep'er-korn, «. the corn or berry of
the Pepper plant : something of little value.
Peppermint, pep'er-mint, n. a species of mint,
aromatic and pungent like Pepper: a liquor
distilled from the plant.
Peppery, pep'cr-i, adj. possessing the qualities of
1 Pepper: hot: pungent*
mOte ; mute: moTJn : Men. 3f.o
 Pepslne Perftime
PepSlne, pep'sin, n, one of the essential constituents Peregrination, per-e-grin-a'shun, *. act of pere
of the gastric juice, which aids in digestion. grinating or travelling about. [Fr.]
[Fr. — Gr. pepsis, digestion—peptd, /: sd, to Peregrinator, per e gnn-a-tor, «. one who travels
cook, digest J about.
Peptic, pep'tik, adj. relating to or promoting Peremptory, per'emp-tor-i, adj., preventing de
digestion. |Gr. peptikos—peptd, to digest.] bate : authoritative : dogmatical.—adv. Per
Peradventuro, per-ad-venrur, adv. by advent emptorily.—n. Per'emptorlness. [Fr.— L.
ure: by chance: perhaps. [L. per, by. Ad peremptorius, from pertmo, peremptmn—per,
venture] entirely, and emo, to take.]
Perambulate, per-am'bul-at, v.t. to walk through Perennial, per-en'i-al, adj. lasting through the
or over : to pass through to survey. (L. feram- year: perpetual: {oat, ) lasting more than two
bulo, -atum - Per, through, and ambulo, to walk.] years.—adv. Perennially. [L. Perennis—per,
Perambulation, per-am-bul-a'shun, n. act of Per through, and annus, a year.)
ambulating: the district within which a person Perfect, pcr'fekt, adj., done thoroughly or com
has the right of inspection. pletely: completed : not defective : unblemished :
Perambulator, per-amljul-at-or, «. one who per possessing every moral excellence : completely
ambulates : an instrument for measuring dis skilled or acquainted : (gram.) expressing an
tances on roads : a light carriage for a child. act completed.—v.t. (or per-fekt') to make per
Perceivable, per-seVa-bl, adj. same as Percept fect or complete : to finish.—n. PerTecter. [ Fr.
ible.—adv. Perceiv'ably, same as Perceptibly. — L. perfedits, pa.p. of perficw—per, thor
Perceive, pcr-sev', v.t. to obtain knowledge oughly, andfacia, to do.]
through the senses ; to see : to understand : to Perfectible, per-fekt'i-bl, adj. that may be made
discern.—*. PeroelVer. [O. Fr. percever (Fr. perfect.—«. Perfectibility, quality of being per
apercevoir)—L. percipio, percepturn—per, per fectible.
fectly, and capio, to take.] Perfection, per-fek'shun, *. state of being per
Percentage, per-sent'aj, w. rate per cent., or by fect : a perfect quality or acquirement.
the hundred. [See Cent.] Perfectionist, per-fek'shun-ist, n. one who pre
Perceptible, per-sept'i-bl, adj. that can be per tends to be perfect : an enthusiast in religion or
ceived : that may be known : discernible. —adv. politics.—*. Perfec tionism.
Perceptibly.—*. Perceptibility, quality of Perfective, per-fekt'iv, adj. tending to make per
being perceptible. fect.—adv. Perfeotlvely.
Perception, per-sep'shun, «. act of Perceiving: Perfectly, perTekt-H, adv. in a perfect manner :
discernment: (phil.) the faculty of perceiving: completely : exactly.
the evidence of external objects by our senses. Perfectness, per'fekt-nes, *. state or quality of
Perceptive, per-sept'iv, adj. having the power of being perfect : consummate excellence.
perceiving or discerning.— n. Perceptivity, Perfidious, per-fid'i-us, adj. faithless : unfaith
quality ofbeing perceptive. ful : violating trust or confidence : treacherous.
Perch, perch, n. a genus of fishes, so called from —adv. Perfidiously, -«. Perfidlousness.
their dusky colour. [Fr. perche—L. perca—Qx. [L. perfidiosus—perfdia, faithlessness.]
perkf, fromperkos, dark-coloured, spotted.] Perfidy, per'fi-di, *., faithlessness: treachery.
Perch, perch, n. a rod on which birds roost : a IL. perfidia—perfidu4% faithless—per, away
measure = si yds. : a square measure = 30I (ram, files, faith.]
square yards.—v.t. to sit or roost on a perch : to Perfoliate, per-fo'li-St, adj. (bot.) having the stem
settle.—v.t. to place, as on a perch. [It. perche as it were passing through the leaf having the
—L. pertica, a long staff, a rod.] leaf round the stem at the base. [la. per, through,
Perchance, per-chans', adv. by chance: perhaps. folium, a leaf.]
[Fr. par cos, from L. per, by, and L. root of Perforate, perTo-rat, v.t. to bore through: to
Chance. ] pierce : to make a hole through. [L. per/oro,
Percher, pcrch'er, n. a bird that perches on trees. ~atum—per, through, foro, to bore, akin to
Percipient, per-sip'i-ent, adj., perceiving: having Bore.]
the faculty of perception.—*, one who perceives. Perforation, per-fo-ra'shun, *. act of boring or
Percolate, perTco-lit, v.t. to strain through: to piercing through : a hole through anything.
filter.—v.i. to filter. [L. percolo, -atum—per, Perforator, per'fo-rat-or, *« an instrument for
through, colo, to strain.] perforating or boring.
Percolation, per-ko-la'shun, «. act of filtering. Perforce, per-fors', adv. by force : violently: of
Percolator, pt-r'ko-la-tor, «. a filtering vessel. necessity. [L. per, by, and Force.]
Percussion, pcr-kush'un, «. the striking of one Perform, per-form', v.t. to do thoroughly : to carry
body against another : collision, or the shock out: to achieve: to act.—v.t. to do: to act a
produced by it : impression of sound on the car : part : to play, as on a musical instrument [Fr.
[med.) the tapping upon the body to find the par/ourntr, from par = L, per, andfoumir, to
condition of an internal organ by the sounds. furnish. See Furnish. 1
JL. percussio—percutio, percussum—per, tho Performable, per-form'a-bl, adj. capable of being
roughly, and quatio, to shake, strike.} performed : practicable.
Percussive, pcr-kus'iv, adj., striking against. Performance, per«form'ans, n. act of performing :
Perdition, per-dish'un, n. utter loss or ruin : the carrying out of something : something done :
utter loss of happiness in a future state. [Lit. public execution of anything : an act or action.
a 'being put utterly away,' Fr.—L. perditio— Performer, per-form'er, «. one who performs,
perdo, perditum—pcr, entirely, and do. Sans. esp. one who makes a public exhibition of his
dha, to put.] skill.
Peregrinate, perVgrin-at, v.i. to travel through Perfume, per'fum or pcr-fum'. «. odorous smoke :
the country: to travel about : to live in a foreign swect-bmelling scent : anything which yields a
country. [L. feregrinor, -atum—peregrinus, sweet odour. -r./. Perfume', to fill with a pleas
foreign—pereger, away from home, probably 1 ant odour : to scent. [Fr. parfum—L. per,
from per, through, ager, a field, territory.] | through,,/*****, smoke.)
fate, far; me, her; mine; mOte ; mute ; mo~un ; Men.
 Perfumer
Perfumer, per-fam'er, «. one who or that which
perfumes ; one who trades in perfumes.
Perfumery, pcr-fum'er-i, «. perfumes in general :
the art of preparing perfumes.
Perfunctory, per-lungk tor-i, adj. carelessly per
formed : negligent: slight. — adv. Perfunc'-
torlly —h. Perfunc'toriness. [L. perfunc-
torius—perfunctus, pa.p. of Perfuugor, to exe
cute—per, thoroughly, andfungor. See Func
tion.]
Perhaps, per-haps', it may be : possibly.
[Lit. ' by haps' or 'chances,' L. per, by, and
/taps, pi. of Hap.]
Peri, pe ri, «. in Persian mythology, a female elf or
fairy. [Lit. 1 winged,' Pers. /art, conn, with
root of Feather.]
Perianth, perl-anth, n. (bot.) the floral envelope
of those plants in which the calyx and corolla
are not easily distinguished. [Gr. Peri, around,
about, and anthos, a flower. J
Pericardium, per-i-kardl-um, n. [anat.) the sac
which surrounds the heart. —adjs. Pericard iac,
Pericardial, Perioard'ian. [Late L.—Gr.
perikardion—peri, around, kardui, E. Heart.]
Pericarp, perl-karp, n. {bot.), the covering, shell,
or rind of fruits : a seed-vesseL —adj. Peri-
carp'ial. [Gr, Perikarpion—jteri, around, kar-
pos, fruit. See Harvest.]
Pericranium, per-i-kra'ni-um, n {anat.) the
membrane that surrounds the cranium. [Late
L.—Gr. perikranian—peri, around, kranion,
the skull. See Cranium, j
Perigee, perl-je, *> (astr.) the point of the moon's
orbit nearest the earth. IFrom Gr. peri, near.
gi, the earth.]
Perihelion, per-i-he'li-on, Perihelium, per-i-hc'-
li-um, n. the point of the orbit ot a planet or
comet nearest to the sun:—opposed to Aphe
lion. [Gr. peri, near, helws, the sun.]
Peril, peril, «- exposure to danger : danger.—v.t.
to expose to danger :—pr.j>. perilling ; Pa.t. and
Pa.p. perilled. {Lit. a ' trial passed through,' Fr.
pc'ril—Y,. pericnium —root of feritus, tried, ex-
perior, to try ; akin to Gr. petrad, to try, Perad,
to pass through, cog. with Fare.]
Perilous, peril-us, adj. full of peril : dangerous.—
adv. Perilously.—». Perllouaneas.
Perimeter, per-inie-ter, n. [geom.) the circuit or
boundary of any plane figure, or sum of all its
sides.—adj. Perixuet'rical, pertaining to the
perimeter. [Lit. the 'measure round about,'
Gr. perimetros—pert', around, metron, measure.]
Period, pe"'ri-ud, n. the time in which anything is
performed : \astr.) the time occupied by a body
in its revolution : a stated and recurriug interval
of time : a aeries of years : length of duration :
the time at which anything ends : conclusion :
{gram,} a mark at the end of a sentence ( . ) :
(rhet.) a complete sentence. See Date, Epoch,
Era. [Lit. a 'going round,' a 'circuit,' Fr.
piriode—V.. periodus—Gv. periodos, a going
round—peri, around, hodos, a way.)
Periodic, pcri-odlk. Periodical, pe-ri-odlk-al,
adj. pertaining to a period : happening by revo
lution : occurring at regular intervals: pertain
ing to periodicals.—adv. Periodically.
Periodical, pe-ri-odlk-al. «. a magazine or other
publication which appears in parts at regular
periods.—n. Period icalist, one who writes tn a
periodical. [periodic.
Periodicity, pt-ri-o-dis'it-i, m. state of being
Peripatetic, per-i-pa-tet'ik, adj. pertaining to the
phdosophy of Aristotle, who taught while walk
ing up and down in the Lyceum at Athens*— '•■
GUe, far ; m«. her : mine :
Permissive
an adherent of the philosophy of Aristotle : one
accustomed or obliged to walk. —n. Peripatet'-
lcism, the philosophy of Aristotle. [Gr. peri-
patetikes—peri, about, pated, to walk ; cog. with
E. Path.]
Periphery, per-if'er-i, n. [geom.) the circumfer
ence ot a circle or any figure. —adj. Periph eral.
[Lit. 'that which is carried round,' L.—(jr. peri,
around, pherd, to carry ; cog. with E. Bear.]
Periphrase, perl-fraz, Periphrasis, per-ii'ra-sis,
n. a rountiabont way of speaking ; the use of
more words than are necessary to express an
idea : {rhet.) a figure employed to avoid a trite
expression. —v.t. or v.i. Periphrase, to use
circumlocution. [ L. - Gr. periphrasis—peri,
round, about, phrasis, a speaking. See Phrase. J
Periphrastic, per-i-fras'tik, Peripnras'tioaL adj.
containing or expressed by periphrasis or cir
cumlocution.—adv. Peripnras'tlcally. [Gr.J
Perish, perish, v.i. to Pass away completely, to
waste away : to decay : to lose life : to be de
stroyed : to be ruined or lost. [M. E. perisshen
—Fr. P^rir, pr.p. pirissant—L, ferire, to per
ish—per, completely, ' to the bad, ire, to go.J
Perishable, perlsh-a-bl, adj. that may perish :
subject to speedy decay. —adv. Perishably. —
u. Perlshableness.
Peristyle, per i-stll, «. a range of columns round
a building or square: a court, square, &c. with
columns on three sides. [L. peristylium—Qt.
peristyIon—peri, around, stylos, a column."]
Periwig, perl-wig, «. a peruke or small wig,
usually shortened to Wig. [O. Dut. peruyk—
Fr. perruque, a peruke. See Peruke.]
Periwinkle, perl-wingk-1, ». a genus of binding
or creeping evergreen plants, growing in woods.
[M. E. peruenke, through A. S. peruincer, from
L. perz'inca, called also vinca-pervinca, conn,
with vineto, to bind.]
Periwinkle, pcrl-wingk-1, «. a small univalve
mollusc. [Corrupted by confusion with preced
ing from A.S. pine-.uincla—wincle, a whelk;
prov. E. pin-patch, prob. because eaten with a
pin.]
Perjure, per'joor, v.i. to swearfalsely [followed
by a reciprocal pronoun,.—*. Perjurer. iFr.
—I* perjuro—Per- ^same as E. jor- in For-
8wear,, and juro, to swear.]
Perjury, perjur-i, n. false swearing : [law] the
act of wilfully giving false evidence on an oath.
[L. perjuriurn. J
Perk, perk, adj. trim, spruce.—v. t. to make -smart
or trim. -v.t. to hold up the head with smart
ness. [W. perc. Ptrt, trim, smart. See Pert.]
Permanence, per'ma-nens, Per manency, -nen-si,
u. state or quality of being pennauent : con
tinuance in the same state : duration.
Permanent, perlna-nent, adj. lasting : durable.
—adv. Permanently. [Fr.—L- permanens,
-entis, pr.p. ofpermaneo—per, through, maneo,
to continue.]
Permeable, perlne-a-bl, adj. that may be per
meated, —adv. Pertneably.—«. Permeability.
{Fr.—L. permeabilis.]
Permeate, perlne-at, v.t. to pass through the
gares of: to penetrate and pass through. —n.
ermea'tion. [L. per, through, tueo, to go.]
Permissible, per-misl-bl, adj. that may be per
mitted : allowable.—adv. Permissibly.
Permission, per-mish'un, n. act of permitting :
liberty granted : allowance. [Fr.—-L. permission
Permissive, pcr-mis'iv, adj. granting permission
or liberty: allowing: granted.- adv. Permiss-
ively.
mote ; mate ; mCon ; then.
 Permit
Permit, per-mit', v.t, to give leave to : to allow :
to afford means :—pr.p. permitt'ing; pa.t. and
pa.p. permitt'ed.—«. Per'mit, permission, esp.
from a custom-house officer to remove goods.
[L. permitto, -missus, to let pass through—per,
through, mitto, to send.]
Pennutable, per-mQt'a-bl, adj. mutable or that
may be changed one for another.—adv. Per-
mut'ably.—n. Permut'ablenesB. [L. permth
taoilis-—per, through, muto, to change.]
Permutation, per-mu-ta'shun, «. act of changing
one thingfor another ; [math. ) the arrangement
of things or letters in every possible order. [Fr.
-L.]
Pernicious, per-nish'us, adj., killing utterly :
hurtful : destructive : highly injurious.—adv.
Perniciously.—«. Perni'ciousness. [Fr.—L.
per, completely, and nex, necis, death by
violence.]
Peroration, per-o-ra'shun, «. the conclusion of a
speech, [Fr. —L. peroratio—peroro, to bring a
speech to an end—per, through, oro, to speak—
os, oris, the mouth.]
Perpendicular, per-pen-dik'u-Iar, adj. exactly
upright : extending in a straight line toward the
centre of the earth : igeom.) at right angles to a
given line or surface.—«. a perpendicular line
or plane.—adv. PerpendUe'ularly.-». Perpen
dicularity, state of being perpendicular. [Fr.
—Lfa Perpendicular is—perpendiculum, a plumb-
line—per, through, andpendo, to weigh.]
Perpetrate, per'pe-trat, v.t. toperform or commit
(usually in a bad sense).—n. Perpetrator. [L.
perpetro, -atum—per, thoroughly, and patro, to
perform, from root of Potent.]
Perpetration, per-pe-trashun, n. act of perpe
trating or committing a crime : the thing per
petrated.
Perpetual, per-pet'Q-al, adj. never ceasing : ever
lasting : not temporary.—adv. Perpet'ually,
[Fr. perpituel—L. perpetuus, continuous—per,
through, and root pet, to go. See Path.]
Perpetuate, per-pet'u-at, v.t. to make perpetual:
to preserve from extinction or oblivion. [L.J
Perpetuation, per-pet-ii-il'shun, n. act of perpetu
ating or preserving from oblivion.
Perpetuity, per-pet-Gi-ti, n. state of being perpet
ual : endless duration : duration for an indefinite
period : something perpetual : the sum paid for
a perpetual annuity. [Fr.—L.]
Perplex, per-pleks', v.t. to make difficult to be
understood : to embarrass : to puzzle : to tease
with suspense or doubt. [Fr.—L. perplexus,
entangled —per, completely, and plexus, in
volved, pa.p. otplecto. See Plait.]
Perplexity, per-pleks'i-ti, «. state of being per
plexed : intricacy : embarrassment : doubt.
Perquisite, peKkwi-zit, n. an allowance granted
more than the settled wages : a fee allowed by
law to an officer for a specific service. [Lit.
' anything sought for diligently,' L. perquisitum,
from perqniro—per, thoroughly, queero, to ask. ]
Peny, pert, n. the fermented juice ofpears. [Fr.
poire", from poire, a pear—"L.pirum. See Pear.]
Persecute, per'se-kut, v.t. to pursue so as to
injure or annoy : to harass : to annoy or punish,
esp. for religious or political opinions.—n. Per
secutor. [Fr. pers/cuter—h. persequor, perse-
cutus—per, thoroughly, and sequor, to follow.]
Persecution, per-se-kQ'shun, «. act or practice of
persecuting : state of being persecuted.
Perseverance, pcr-se-ver'ans, n. act or state of
persevering. [L. perseverantia^\
Persevere, per-se-ver', v.t. to persist in anything :
372 fate, far ; m£, her ; mine ;
Perspicuous
to pursue anything steadily.—adv. Persever1-
ingiy, [Fr.—L. persevero—•perseverus, very
strict—per, very, severus, strict. See Severe.]
Persiflage, per'si-flazh, «. a frivolous way of talk
ing or treating any subject: banter. [Fr. —
Persijier, to banter—L. fer, through, and Fr.
sijjler—L. sibilare, to whistle, to hiss.]
Persist, per-sist', v.i. to stand throughout to
something begun : to continue in any course : to
persevere.—-adv. Persist'ingly. [Fr.—L. per
sisto—per, through, and sisto, to cause to stand
—sto, to stand.]
Persistence, per-sist'ens. Persistency, per-sist'-
en-si, «. quality of being persistent: persever
ance : obstinacy : duration.
Persistent, per-sist'ent, adj., persisting: tena
cious: fixed: \bot.) remaining till or after the
fruit is ripe.—adv. Persist'ently.
Person, per'sun, «. character represented, as on
the stage: character: an individual: a living
soul : the outward appearance, &c. : body :
{gram.) a distinction in form, according as the
subject of the verb is the person speaking,
spoken to, or spoken of.—In person, by one's
self, not by a representative. [Fr.—L. per-
sdna, a mask, esp. that used by players, which
covered the whole head, and was varied acc. to
the character represented, perh. from persdno,
-atus—fier, through, and sono, to sound, from
the voice of the actor sounding through the
large-mouthed mask.]
Personable, per'sun-a-bl,a^y. havinga well-formed
body or person : of good appearance.
Personage, per'sun-aj, n. a person: character
represented : an individual of eminence.
Personal, per'sun-al, adj. belonging to a person :
peculiar to a person or his private concerns :
pertaining to the external appearance : done in
person : applying offensively to one's character :
{gram.) denoting the person.
Personality, per-sun-atf-li, n. that which consti
tutes distinction ofperson: individuality : a per
sonal remark or reflection.
Personally, persun-al-li, adv. in a personal or
direct manner : in person : individually.
Personalty, per'sun-al-ti, h. [law) Personal estate
or all sorts of movable property.
Personate, per'sun-al, v.t. to assume the person
or character of : to represent : to counterfeit : to
feign.—ns. Persona'tion, Per'sonator.
Personify, per-son'i-fT, v.t. [rhet.) to ascribe to
any inanimate object the qualities of a person :
—pa, t. and pa.p. person'i-fled. —n. Personifica'-
tion.
Perspective, per-spekt'iv, «. a view, vista: the
art of delineating objects on a plane surface as
they appear to the eye : a picture in perspective.
—adj. pertaining or according to perspective.
[Fr.—L. persptcio, perspectus^per, through,
and specia, to look.]
Perspectively, per-spekt'iv-Ii, adv. according to
the rules of perspective.
Perspicacious, per-spi-kii'shus, adj. of clear or
acute understanding.—adv. Perspica'ciously.
—n. Persplca'clousness. [L. perspicax, per-
spicacis—Perspicio, to see through.]
Perspicacity, per-spi-kas'i-ti, ». state of being
perspicacious or acute in discerning.
Perspicuity,, per-spi-ka'i-ti, n. state of being per
spicuous: clearness: freedom from obscurity.
Perspicuous, per-spik'Q-us, adj. clear to the mind :
not obscure in any way : evident.—adv. Per-
splo'uously.—n. Perspicuousness [L. per-
spicuus, from perspicio, to sec through.]
mOte ; mate ; moon ; then.
 Perspiration
Perspiration, per-spi-ra'shun, n. act ofperspiring:
that which is perspired : sweat. [Fr.—L.1
Perspiratory, per-spir'a-tor-i, adj. pertaining to
or causing perspiration.
Perspire, per-splr', v.i. and v.t. to emit through
the pores of the skin : to sweat. [Lit. to breathe
through, L. Perspirot -atus—Per, through, and
spiro, to breathe.]
Persuade, per-swad', v.t. to influence success
fully by argument, advice, &c. : to bring to any
particular opinion : to convince.—«. Persuad'er.
[Fr.—L.
and ■■•'(•j. persuadeo,
to advise.]'Suasum—per, thoroughly,
Persuasiblo, per-swa'si-bl, adj. capable of being
persuaded.—us. Persua'sibleness, Persuasi-
Wity.
Persuasion, per-swa'zhun, «. act of persuading:
state of being persuaded : settled opinion : a
creed : a party adhering to a creed.
Persuasive, per-swi'siv, adj. having the power to
Persuouie: influencing the mind or passions.—
adv. Persua'sively—w. Persuasiveness.
Pert, pert, adj. forward : saucy : impertinent.—
adv. Pertly.— «. Pert'ness. [A form of Perk.]
Pertain, per-tan', v.i. to belong: to relate (to).
[O. Fr. partenir—Y.. pertineo—per, thoroughly,
and teneo, to hold.]
Pertinacious, per-ti-n&'shus, adj., thoroughly
tenacious: holding obstinately to an opinion or
purpose: obstinate.—adv. Pertinaciously. —n.
Pertina'ciousness. [Fr.—L. pertimix, -acis
—Per-> thoroughly, and tetuix, tenacious—teneo,
to hold.]
Pertinacity, per-ti-nas'i-ti, «. quality of being
pertinacious or unyielding : obstinacy.
Pertinence, per'ii-nens, Pertinency, per'ti-nen-si,
n. state of being Pertinent : appositeaess :
fitness.
Pertinent, per'li-nent, adj., pertaining or related
to a subject : fitting or appropriate.—adv. Per
tinently.
Perturb, per-turb', v.t. to disturb greatly : to
agitate. [Fr.—L. perturbo, -atus—per, thor
oughly, and turbo, disturb—turba, a crowd.
See Turbid ]
Perturbation, per-tur-ba'shun, n. state of being
perturbed: disquiet of mind : {astr. ) a deviation
of a heavenly body from its normal orbit.
Peruke, pcr'OOk or per-ruk', «. an artificial cap of
hair: a periwig. [Fr. perruaue—It. parrucca
(Sp. peluca)—L. pilus, hair. Doublets, Perl-
Wig, Wig.] [ing : examination : study.
Perusal, per-fl/al or pcr-otiz'al, «. the act of perus-
Peruse, per-ilz' or per-Goz', v.t. to read atten
tively : to examine.—n. Perus'er. [Formed
from L. per and Use, v.t.]
Peruvian, per-Co'vi-an, adj. pertaining to Peru in
S. America.— n. a native of Peru.
Pervade, per-vad', v.t. to go through or pene
trate: to spread all over. [L. pervado, per-
vasum—per, through, and vado, to go: conn,
with Wade. ]
Pervasive, per-vis'iv, adj. tending or having
power to pervade.
Perverse, per-vers', adj., perverted or turned
aside : obstinate in the wrong : stubborn : vex
atious,—ms. Perverse'ness, Perversity.—adv.
Perversion, per-ver'shun, «. the act of Perverting:
a diverting from the true object : a turning from
truth or propriety : misapplication.
Pervert, per-v6rt', v.t. to turn wrong or from
the right course : to change from its true use : to
corrupt: to turn from truth or virtue.—n. Per-
Btte, far ; me, hex ; mine ;
Petrean
vert'er. [Fr. pervertir—'L, perverlo—perf
thoroughly, * to the bad/ and verto, versus, to
turn.]
Pervertible, per-vert'i-bl, adj. able to be perverted.
Pervious, pcrVi-us, adj. penetrable.—adv. Per*-
viously.—n. Per'viousness. [Lit. 'affording
a way through,' L. pervius—pert through, via%
a way.]
Pessimist, pes'i-mist, «. one who complains of
everything being for the worst:—opposed to
Optimist. —«. Pessimism. [From L. pessimus,
worst.]
Pest, pest, n. a deadly disease : a plague : any
thing destructive. [Fr. peste—h.pestis, a con
tagious disease.]
Pester, pes'ter, v.t. to disturb, to annoy. [Short
for impester, O. Fr. empestrer (Fr. emp}trer)t
to entangle, from in, in, and Low L. pastoriumt
the foot-shackle of a horse at pasture—L. pas-
tus, pa. p. o(pasco, to feed.]
Pestnouse, pestliows, n. a house or hospital for
persons afflicted with any pest or contagious
disease.
Pestiferous, pest-if'er-us, adj., bearingpestilence:
pestilent. -adv. Pestiferously. [L.pestis, and
/era, E. Bear.] [disease<
Pestilence, pest'i-lens, «. any contagious deadly
Pestilent, pest'i-lent, adj. producing pestilence:
hurtful to health and life : mischievous : corrupt :
troublesome.—adv. Pestilently. [Fr.—L.]
Pestilential, pest-i-len'shal, adj. of the nature of
pestilence: producing pestilence : destructive.—
adv. Pestilentially.
Pestle, pes'l or pest'l, «. an instrument for pound
inganything in a mortar.—v. t. and v.i. to pound
with a pestle. [O. Fr. pestel—h. pistillum, a
pounder, from pinso, pisturn, to pound.]
Pet, pet, it. any animal tame and fondled : a word
ofendearment often used to young children.—
v.t. to treat as a pet : to fondle '.—pr.p. pett'ing ;
Pad. and petted. [Celt., as lr. peat,
Gael, peata.]
Pet, pet, n. a sudden fit of peevishness or slight
passion. [From the above word.]
Petal, pet'al, n. a &ower-leaf. [Gr. petalon, a
leaf, neuter of /etalos, spread out, from root
ofpeta-nnymi, to spread out. Cf. Fathom ]
Petaled, pet'ald, Petalous, pet'al-us, adj. having
petals or flower-leaves.
Petaline, pet'al-in, adj. pertaining to or resem
bling a petal : attached to a petal.
Petalold, pet'al-oid, adj. having the form of a
petal. [Petal, and Gr. eidos, form.]
Petard, pe-iard', n. an engine of war, used to
break down barriers, &c. by explosion. [Fr.—
pe"ter, to crack or explode—L. pedo, cog. with
Gr. perdd, Sans, pard, and Get. furxen.]
Peter-pence, pe'ter-pens, «. an annual tax of a
silver penny, formerly paid by the English to the
Pope as successor of Si Peter.
Petiole, pet'i-ol, «. theyiw/stalk of a leaf. [Fr.—
L. petiolus, a little foot—pes, pedis, E. Foot.]
Petition, pe-tish'un, ». a request : a prayer : a
supplication. —v.t. to present a petition to : to
supplicate. [Fr.—L. petitio—peto, fletitus, to
fall on, to ask—pat, to fall. See Pen, «.]
Petitionary, pe-tish'un-ar-i, adj. containing a
petition : supplicatory. [petition or prayer.
Petitioner, pe-tish'un-er, n. one who offers a
Petitioning, pe-tish'un-ing, «. the act of present
ing a petition : entreaty : solicitation.
Petre. Same as Saltpetre.
Petrean, pc-tre'an, adj. pertaining to rock. [L.
petra'us, Gr. petraios—1,., Gr. Petra, a rock.]
; mate ; mOOn ; thcu. 873
 Petrel Philanthropic
Pdtrel, pct'rel, «. a genus of ocean birds, which j ingot appearances or figures upon a flat surface
appear during flight sometimes to touch the sur by a magic-lantern. [Gr. phantasma (see
face of the waves with their feet, prob. so called Phantasm], an appearance, and agora, an
ill allusion to St Peter's walking on the sea. [Fr.] assembly—ageird, to gather.]
Petrescent. pe-ircs'cnt, adj. growing into or be Phantastic, Phantasy. See Fantastic, Fantasy.
coming stone,—«. Petres'cence. Phantom. Same as Phantasm [O. Fr. fan-
Petrifaction, pet-ri-fak'shun, «. the act of turning tosme— Gr.j
into stone: the state of being turned into stone : Pharisaic, far-i-sa'ik, Pharisaical, far-i-sa'ik-al,
that which is made stone. adj. pertaining to or like the Pharisees: hypo
PotrifactiVO, pet-ri-fakt'iv, Petrific. pe-trif'ik, critical.—adv. Pharisaically.—«. Pharisa ic-
having the power to change into stone. alness.
Petrify, pet'ri-fi, v.t. to turn into stone: to make Pharisaism, farf-sa-izm, Phariseelsm, farl-se"-
callous: to fix in amazement.—v.i. to become izm, n. the practice and opinions of the Phari-
stone, or hard like stone :—Pa.t. and Pa.p. pet'- . sees: strict observance of outward forms in
rified. [L. petra, a rock—Gr., andfacto,foetus, religion without the spirit of it : hypocrisy.
to make.] Pharisee, far'i-se, n. one of a religious school
Petroleum, pe-tro'Ie-um, n. a liquid inflammable among the Jews, marked by their strict ob
substance issuing from certain rocks. [Lit. servance of the law and of religious ordinances.
*rock-oil,' L. petra, rock—Gr., and oleum, oil. [Lit. 'one separate,' L. Phariseeus—Gr. phari-
See OIL] saios— Heb. parash, to separate.)
Petrous, pe'trus, adj. like stone : hard. Pharmaceutic, far-ma-sQt'ik, Pharmaceutical,
Petted, pet'ed, adj. treated as a pet : indulged. far-ma-sut'ik-al, adj. pertaining to the knowledge
Petticoat, pet i-kot. n. a little coat : a loose under or art of pharmacy.—adv. Pharmaceut'icaUy.
garment worn by females. [Petty and Coat, i Pharmaceutics, far-m.i-siit'iks, n.sing. the science
Petticoated, j>et'i-kOt-ed, adj. wearing a petticoat, i of preparing medicines.
Pettifogger, pct'i-fog-cr, «. a lawyer whopractises Pharmaceutist, fax-ma-sut'ist, n. one who prac
only in petty or paltry cases. [Petty, and pror. tises pharmacy.
hL.fog, to resort
Pettifoggery, to mean contrivances.
pctri-fog-er-i, J of a Pharmacopoeia, far-ma-ko-pe'ya, «. a book con
n. the practice taining directions for the preparation ofmedi
pettifogger: mean tricks: quibbles. cines. [Gr. pharmakon, and poied, to make.]
Pettish, pet ish, adj. shewing a pet: peevish: Pharmacy, faVma-si, «. the art of preparing and
fretful.-rt^z'. Pettishly.—«. Pett'lshness. mixing medicines. [Fr. phartttacte—L-, Gr.
Petty, pel'i, adj., small: inconsiderable : con- tkantuikon, a drug.]
temptible.-Wi/. Pettily.—*. Pettiness — Pharos, faros, «. a lighthouse or beacon, so
[M. E. petit—Ft. petit ; cf. W.pitxtt, small.] named from the famous lighthouse on the island
Petulance, pet'Q-lans, Petulanoy, pet'n-lan-si, «. ofPharos in the Bay of Alexandria.
forwardness : impudence : sauciness : peevish Pharynx, far'ingks, *. the cleft or cavity forming
ness : wantonness. the upper part of the gullet.—atfj. Pharyn geal.
Petulant, petu-lant, adj., falline upon or assail [Late L.—Gr. fharyngks. See Bore, v.]
ing saucily: forward: impudent: peevish. — Phase, faz, Phasis, fas'is, «. an appearance ; the
mdo. Pet ulantly. [L. pettdans, -antis—obs. illuminated surface exhibited by a planet.: the
petulo, dim. ofpeto, to fall upon/) particular state at any time of a phenomenon
Pew, pu, «. an inclosed seat in a church. [O. Fr. which undergoesa periodic change :—//. Phas es.
pui, a raised place—L. Podium, a projecting [Gr. phasis, from the root pha-, to shine. See
seat in the amphitheatre for the emperor, &c.— Phantasm ]
Gr. podlon, orig. a footstool—pons, podost E. Pheasant, fez'nnt, n. a gallinaceous bird abundant
Foot.] in Britain, and highly valued as food. [Lit. ' the
Pewit, pe'wit, Pewet, pS'wet. ft- the lapwing, & Phasian bird,' Fr. faisan (with excrescent -t)
bird with a black head and crest, common in —L. Phasiana (avis, bird, being understood)
moors, [From its cry. Cf. Dut. pieivit or kirwit.\ —Gr. Phasianos, of Phasis, a river flowing into
Pewter, pQ'tcr, n. an alloy of tin and antimony the eastern part of the Black Sea, whence the
with lead or with copper : vessels made ofpewter. bird was brought to Europe.] [ants.
—adj. made of pewter. [O. Fr. pentre (IL Pheasantry, fez'ant-ri. n. an inclosure for pheas-
Peltro\, from a Teut. root, found in Ice. pjatr, Phenix. Phoenix, fe'niks, n. a fabulous bird said
E. Spelter.] to exist 500 years single and to rise again from
Pewterer, pu'ter-er, n. one who works in pewter. its own ashes ; hence, the emblem ofimmortality.
Phaeton, fu.'e-tun, «. a kind of open pleasure-car [L. pltxnix—Gr. phoinijr.]
nage on four wheels, named after Phaithon, the Phenomenal, fen-om'en-al, adj. pertaining to a
fabled son of Helios, the sun, whose chariot he phenomenon.—adv. Phenom enally.
attempted to drive : the tropic bird. Phenomenon, fen-om'en-on, «. an appearance:
Phalanx, fal angks or fa'-, n. a line of battle: a something as it is perceived (not necessarily as
square battalion of heavy armed infantry drawn it really is) : an observed result : a remarkable
up in ranks and files close and deep : any com or unusual appear.incc :— Phenom'ena [Gr.
pact body of men :—//. Phalan ges, the small phainomenon—phaiuo, to shew. Sec Phan
bones of the fingers and toes. IL.—Gr. pha- tasm.]
langks.\ Phial, fl'al, «. a small ylass vessel or bottle. [L.
Phanerogamous, fan-er-04'am-us, adj. having phiala-Gr. phiall. Cf. Vial.]
vi-iblc Bowers ias opposed to the Cryptogamla). Philander, fi-lan'cler, v.i. to make love : to flirt or
Phantasm, fant'azm, n. a vain, airy appearance : coquet. [Gr. phitamiros, loving men—philos,
a fancied vision: a spectre:—//. Phantasms, dear—phila, to love, and aner, andros, a man.)
Phantas'mata. [Gr. phantasma—Phantazd, Philanthropic, fil-an-throp'ik, Phllanthroplcal,
to make visible—pJuiind, to bring to light—piui-d, I lil-an-throp'ik-al, adj., loving mankind ' shew
to shine.] ing philanthropy : benevolent.—adv. Philan-
Phantasmagoria, faiit-az-ma-gO'ri-a, n. a gather- thiop'ioally.
374 fate, far ; tu£, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; thesx.
 Philanthropist Phrase
Philanthropist, fil-an'thro-pist, n. one who loves Phlogiston, flo-jis'ton, n. the imaginary principle
and wishes to serve mankind. of fire, supposed by Stahl to be fixed in com
Philanthropy, hl-an'thro-pi, love of mankind: bustible bodies.—adj. PhloglS tlC. [Gr.]
good-will towards all men. [L.—Gr. philan- Phlox, floks, «. a well-known garden plant, so
thrdpia—philos, loving, antkrdpos, a man.] called from its colour. [Gr. 'a flame'—-phlegd,
Philharmonic, fil-har-mon'ik, adj., loving /tar- to bum. See Phlegm.]
mony or music. [Gr. /kilos, loving, harmonia, Phocine, fs'sin, adj. pertaining to the seal family.
harmony*] [L. phoca— Gr. phdke. a seal.]
Phillbeg. See FiUibeg. Phcenix. Same as Phenix.
Philippic, fil-ip'ik, «. one of the orations of Demos Phonetic, fo-net'ik, Phonetlcal, fo-net'ik-al, adj.
thenes against Philip of Macedon : a discourse pertaining to or according to the sound of the
full of invective. [L.—Gr.] voice : representing the separate elementary
Philistine, fil'is-tin, n. one of the ancient inhabit sounds: vocal.—n.sing. Phonetics, the science
ants of South-western Palestine, enemies of the of sounds, esp. of the human voice. —adv. Pho
Israelites : name applied by German students to netically. [Gr. phdnetikos—ph&ne\ a sound.]
shopkeepers and others not conn, with the uni Phonic, fon'ik, adj. pertaining to sound.—n.sing.
versity : a person without liberal ideas, an un Phon'lCS, the science of sound, acoustics.
cultured person.—n. Philistinism. Phonograph, fo"no-graf, n. an instrument by which
Philologist, til-ol'o-jist, «. one versed in philology. articulate speech or other sounds can be recorded
Philology, fil-ol'o-ji, «. the science of language : by indentations on tinfoil, and mechanically re
the study of etymology, grammar, rhetoric, and produced at will from the record, almost in the
literary criticism : {orig.) the study of the class original tones. [Gr. p/tdne, sound, and graphd,
ical languages of Greece and Rome.—adj. to write.]
Philologlo, Philological.-adv. Philologlc- Phonographer, fo-nog'ni-fer, Phonographist, fo-
ally. [L.—Gr. philologia [lit.) love of talking nog'ra-fist, n. one versed in phonography.
—phuologos, fond of words—philos, luving, Phonography, fo-nog'ra-fi, «. the art of represent
logos, discourse, from legd, to speak.] ing spoken sounds, each by a distinct character :
Philomath, nTo-math, n. a lover of learning.— phonetic shorthand.—atijs. Phonographic, -al.
adjs. Philomath ic. -al. [Gr. philomaihes, fond —adv. Phonograph icaily.
of learning--;philos, loving, and e-maih-on, a Phonology, fo-nol'o-ji, «. the science of the ele
aorist of manthano, to learn.] mentary spoken sounds: phonetics.— adj. Pho
Philomel, fU'o-mel, Philomela, fil-o-mcla, n. the nological. — «. Phonologist, one versed in
nightingale. [Gr. Philomela, daughter of Pan- phonology. [Gr. phone, sound, logos, discourse. ]
dion, king ofAthens, fabled to have been changed Phonotype, fO no-tip, n. a type or sign represent
into a nightingale.] ing a sound. [Gr. phone, sound, typos, type.]
Philoprogenitiveness, nl-o-pro-jen'i-tiv-nes, ». Phonotypy, fo-not/ip-i, «. the art of representing
(phrenology) the instinctive love of offspring. sounds by types or distinct characters.
[A hybrid, word, from Gr. philos, loving, and L. Phosphate, fos'fat, n. a salt formed by the com
firogenies, progeny.] bination of phosphoric acid with a base.
Philosopher, fil-os'o-fer, «. a lover of wisdom : Phosphoresce, fos-for-es', v.t. to shine in the dark
one versed in or devoted to philosophy : one who hke phosphorus.
acts calmly and rationally. [Fr.—L.—Gr. pkilo- Phosphorescent, fos-for-cs'ent, adj. shining in the
sophos —philos, a lover, soPhos, wise. ] dark like phosphorus.—n. Phosphores'cence.
Philosophic, fil-o-sof'ik, Philosophical, fil-o-sof'ik- Phosphoric, fos-for'ik, Phosphorous, fos'for-us,
al, adj. pertaining or according to philosophy: adj. pertaining to or obtained from phosphorus.
skilled in or given to philosophy : rational : calm. Phosphorus, fos'for-us, «. the morning-star: a
—adv. Philosoph ically. [L. philosophicus.\ yellowish substance, like wax, inflammable and
Philosophise, fil-os'o-flz, v.i. to reason like a luminous in the dark. [L.—Gr. phdsphoros,
philosopher. light-bearer—phds, light, and plioros, bearing,
from pherd, E. Bear.]
Philosophism, fil-os'o-fizm, n. would-be philosophy. Phosphuret,
—n. Philos'ophlst. —adj. Phllosophlst'ic. fos'fu-rct, n. a compound of phos
Philosophy, fil-os'o- n. the knowledge of the phorus with a metal.—adj. PhOB'phuretted,
causes of all phenomena : the collection of combined with phosphorus. [photography.
general laws or principles belonging to any de Photograph, fo'to-graf, «. a picture produced by
partment of knowledge : reasoning : a particular Photographer, fo-tog'ra-fcr, Photographist, fo-
philosophical system. [Lit. 'the love ofwisdom,' tog'ra-fist, «. one who practises photography.
Fr.—U—Gr. philosophia~-philos, loving, sop/u'a, Photographic, fo-to-graf'ik, Photographical, fo-
wisdom ] to-graf'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or done by pho
tography.—adv. Photographically.
Philtre, Philter, fiTter, «. a charm or spelt to ex Photography,
cite love. [Fr. philtre— L. philtmm—Gr. phil- fo-tog'raf-i, «. the art of producing
tron—philos, loving, -Iron, denoting the agent.] pictures by the action of light on chemically
Phlebotomy, tie-but'o-mi, «. act of letting blood. prepared surfaces. [Gr. phds, phdtos, light,
(Lit. ' vein-cutting,' Fr.—L.—Gr., from phLps, grapltd. to draw.]
phlebos, a vein, and tomos, a cutting.] Photometer, fo-tom'et-er, «. an instrument for
Phlegm, fleni, «. the thick, slimy matter secreted measuring the intensity of light. [Gr. phds,
in the throat, and discharged by toughing : photos, light, mitron, a measure.]
sluggishness: indifference. [Fr.— L. —Gr. phieg- Photophone, fu'to-fon, n. an apparatus for trans
ma, phiegmatos, a flame, inflammation—pideg-6, mitting articulate speech to a distance along a
to burn; like L. jlam-ma (for jlag-ma—Jlag-, beam of light. [Gr. phds, photos, light, and
as in L. fia^-tare, to burn , whence Flame. J phime, sound.]
Phlegmatic, fleg-inat'ik, Phlegmatical, fleg-mat- Photosphere, fO'to-sf£r, n. the luminous envelope
ik-al, adj. abounding in or generating phlegm: round the sun's globe, which is the source of
cold: sluggish: not ea>ily extiiti:d. — adz: Phleg- light. [Gr. phds.pltdtos, light, and Sphere.]
matloalfy. [Gr. pklegmatikos—phlc^ffi.] Phrase, friz, «. a part of a sentence : a short
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; 375
 Phraseologic Picture
pithy expression : a form of speech : [music) a science of nature,' Gr. pkysis, nature, logos,
short clause or portion of a sentence.—v.t. to science.]
express in words : to style. [Fr.—L.—Gr. Physique, fiz-cV, «. the physical structure oi
phrasis—phrazd, to speak.] natural constitution of a person. [Fr., from root
Phraseologlc, fra-ze-o-loj'ik, Phraseological, fra- of PhysicaL]
ze-o-loj'ik-al, adj. pertaining to phraseology : Phytology, fl-tol'o-ji, «. the science of plants:
consisting of phrases. —adv. Phraseolog lcally. botany.—adj. Phytologlcal.—n. Phytorogist.
Phraseology, fri-ze-ol'o-ji, n. style or manner of [Gr. phyton, a plant, logos, discourse, science.]
expression or use of phrases: peculiarities of Placular, pl-ak u-lar, adj. serving to appease,
diction : a collection of phrases in a language. expiatory : requiring expiation : atrociously bad.
[Gr. pkrasisy phraseds, phrase, logos, science.J [L.piaculum, sacrifice—/^.expiate— pious.]
Phrenologist, frcn-ol'o-jist, «. one who believes or Pianist, pi-5'nist, «. one who plays on the piano
is versed in phrenology. forte, or one well skilled in it.
Phrenology, fren-ol'o-ji, «. the theory of Gall Piano, pi-ano, adv. {mus.) softly.—adv. Planis'-
and his followers, which connects the mental Bimo, very softly. [It. piano (superb pianis
faculties with certain parts of the brain, and simo), plain, smooth—L* planus, plain. Doublet
professes to discover the character from an Plain.]
examination of the skulL—adj. Phrenolog ical. Pianoforte, pi-a'no-fOr'ta, (generally shortened to)
—adv. Phrenolog lcally. [Gr. phren, phrenos, Piano, pi-a'no, «. a musical instrument with
mind, logos, science. J wires struck by little hammers moved by keys,
Phthisic, til ik, Phthisical, tiz'ik-al, adj. pertain so as to produce both soft and strong sounds.
ing to or having phthisis. [It, piano (see Piano, above), and forte, strong
Phthisis, thi'sis, n. consumption of the lungs. —L.fortis, strong. See Force.]
[L.—Gr. pkthid, to waste away.] Piastre, pi-as'ter, h. a silver coin used in Turkey
Phylactery, fi-lak'ter-i, «. among the Jews, a and other countries, of varying value. [Fr.—It.
slip of parchment inscribed with passages of piastra, from same root as Plaster.]
Scripture, worn on the left arm and forehead. Piazza, pi-az'a, n. a place or square surrounded
—adjs. Phylacterlo, Phylacterlcal. [Lit. a by buildings : a walk under a roof supported by
charm to protect from danger, L.—Gr. phylak- pillars, [it. (Fr. place)—L. platea, a broad
terion, phylakter, a guard—phylassO, to guard.] street. See Place, its doublet.]
Phylloxera, fil-ok'ser-a, «. a genus of insects de Pibroch, pe'brok, «. the martial music of the Scot
structive to vines. [Gr. phyllon, a leaf, and tish bagpipe. [Gael, piobaircaehd, pipe-music
ziros, dry, withered.) —piobair, a piper—piob, a pipe, bagpipe. Cf.
Physic, fiz'ik, «. the science of medicine : the art Pipe.]
of healing: a medicine. —v.t. to give medicine Pica, plica, n. a printing type, used as a standard
to:—pf.p. physicking; pad, and pa.p. phys'- of measurement by printers. [See Pie, a book.]
icked. [From the Fr. of the Middle Ages (mod. Pick, pik, v.t, to prick with a sharp-pointed in
Fr. physique is the same as E. physics)—Gr. ' strument : to peck, as a bird : to pierce : to open
pkysikc, natural, physical ;as medical men were with a pointed instrument, as a lock : to pluck
then the only naturalists)—Gr. pAy-sis, nature, or gather, as flowers, &c. : to separate from : to
from the same root as £. Be.] clean with the teeth : to gather : to choose : to
Physical, fizlk-al, adj. pertaining to nature or select : to call : to seek, as a quarrel : to steal.
natural objects : pertaining to material things : —v.i. to do anything nicely : to eat by morsels.
known to the senses : pertaining to the body. —n. any sharp-pointed instrument : choice.—n.
—adv. Physically. [Gr. physikos—physis, Pick'er. [A.S. pycan (Ger. picken}—Celt., as
nature. Sec Physics ] Gael, pioc, to pick, W. pigo. Cf. the allied
Physician, fi-zish'an, n. one skilled in the use of Pike.]
physic or the art of healing : one who prescribes Pickaxe, pik'aks, «. a picking tool used in dig.
remedies for diseases. [versed in physics. ging. [A popular corr. of M.E. pikois—O. Fr.
Physicist, fiz'i-sist, n. a student ofnature : one picois (Fr. pic), of same Celt, origin as Pick, v.t.]
Physics, fiz'iks, n.pl. used as sing, (orig.) equiva Picket, pik'et, n. a pointed stake used in fortifica
lent to Physical Science, i.e. the science of the tion : a -iu.ill outpost or guard.—v.t. to fasten to
order of nature : usually sig. (as distinguished a stake, as a horse : to post as a vanguard. [Fr.
from chemistry') study of matter and the general piquet, dim. of pic, a pickaxe. See Pickaxe ]
properties of matter as affected by energy—also Pickle, pikl, n. a liquid in which substances are
called natural philosophy. [1* physica, Gr. preserved : anything pickled : a disagreeable
physike {thedria, theory}—pkysis} nature.] position.—v.t. to season or preserve with salt,
Physiognomy, fiz-i-og'no-mi or fiz-i-on'o-mi, «. the vinegar, &c. [Dut. pckel, pickle, brine.]
art of knowing a man's disposition from his Picklock, piklok, ». an instrument for picking
features : expression of countenance : the face. locks.
—adjs. Physiognomic, Physiognomical.— Pickpocket, pik'pok-et, «. one who picks or steals
ouiv. Physlognom'lcally. -using. Physiog from other people's pockets.
nomies, same as Physiognomy.—«. Physiog'- Picnic, pik'nik, n. a short excursion iuto the
nomist. [For physwgnomony -Gr. physiognd- country by a pleasure-parly, taking their own
tnonia—pkysis, nature, gndnsdn, one who nidi- j provisions : an entertainment in the open air,
cates or interprets—;gnonai, to know.] towards which each person contributes.—v.i. to
Physiography, fiz-i-og'ra-fi, «. a description of go on a picnic :—~pr.p. pic'nicking ; pad. and
nature, csp. in its external aspects: an introduc pa.p. pic'nicked. [Prob. from E. pick, to eat by
tion to the study of nature. [Gr. physis, nature, morsels, with the rhyming addition nick (perh. a
and grapho, to describe.] weakened form of Knack, which see!.]
Physiology, fiz-i-ol'o-ji, n. the science of the func Pictorial, pik-tOr'i-al, adj. relating to pictures :
tions of living beings—a branch of biology. — illustrated by pictures.—adv. Pictor'ially .
adjs. Physiologic, Physiological.—adv. Phy Picture, pik'tur, «. a painting: a likeness in
siologically.—m. Physiol'oglst. [Lit. ' the colours : a drawing : painting : a resemblance :
fate, far; me. her; mine; mote ; mute; mOTm ; then.
 Picturesque
an image.—v.t. to paint, to represent by paint
ing : to form an ideal likeness of: to describe
vividly. [L. pictura—jingo, /ictus, Sans. pinj.
See Paint.]
Picturesque, pik:tur-esk', adj. like a picture : fit
to make a picture : natural. —adv. Pictur
esquely.—«. Picturesque'ness. [It. pittoresco
—pittura, a picture—L. pictura. See Picture. ]
Piddle, pid'l, v.i. to peddle or deal in trifles : to
trifle. [A weakened form of Peddle.]
Pie, pi, «. a magpie: [print.) type mixed or un-
sorted. [Fr.—L. pica, akin to picus, a wood
pecker,}
Pie, pi, n. a book which ordered the manner of
performing divine service. [Fr.—L. pica, lit.
magpie, from its old black-letter type on white
paper resembling the colours of the magpie.]
Pie, pi, n. a quantity of meat or fruit baked
within a crust of prepared flour. [Ety. dub. ;
pern, from Ir. and Gael, pighe, pie.]
Piebald, pi'bawld, adj. of various colours in
patches. [For pie-balled, lit. * streaked like the
magpie,' from Pie (a magpie), and W. bal, a
streak on a horse's forehead. See Bald.]
Piece, pes, ». a part of anything : a single article :
a separate performance : a literary or artistic com
position : a gun : a coin : a person (slightingly).
—v.t. to enlarge by adding a piece : to patch.—
v.i. to unite by a coalescence of parts : to join.
—n. Pietrer. [Fr. piece (It. pezza), pern. conn,
with Bret. A*3- W.jiWA.]
Pieceless, peVles, adj. not made of pieces : entire.
Piecemeal, pes'mel, adj. made of pieces or parts :
single.—adv. in pieces or fragments : by pieces :
gradually. [Piece, and Meal, a portion.]
Piecework, p&s'wurk, «., work done by the piece
or job. [various colours : spotted.
Pled, pid, atfj. variegated like a mag-pie ; of
Pier, per, w. the mass of stone-work, between the
openings of a building, also that supporting an
arch, bridge, &c. : a mass of stone or wood
work projecting into the sea : a wharf. [M. £.
pere—Fr. picrre, a stone—L. petra—Gr. petra,
a rock. ]
Pierce, p€rs, v.t. or v.i. to thrust or make a hole
through : to enter, or force a way into : to touch
or move deeply: to dive into, as a secret—
n. Pierc'er. [Fr. Percer, of doubtful origin. ]
Pierceable, pcrs'a-bl, adj. capable of being
pierced. [between windows. [See Pier.]
Pierglass, pSr'glas, ». a glass hung in the space
Plet, pfet, n. a pie or magpie. [A form of Pie.]
Pietism, pl'ct-um, n. the doctrine and practice of
the pietists.
Pietist, pl'et-ist, «. one marked by strong devo
tional or religious feeling : a name first applied
to a sect of German religious reformers at the
end of the 17th century, marked by their devo
tional feeling. —atij. Pletist'lo.
Piety, pfet-i, n. the quality of being pious : rever
ence for the Deity, parents, friends, or country :
sense of duty : dutiful conduct. [Fr. pitti—L.
pietas. Doublet Pity.]
Pfe. P'g* n- & young swine : an oblong mass of
unforced metal, as first extracted from the ore,
so called because it is made to flow when melted
in channels called pigs, branching from a main
channel called the sow. —v.i. to briny; forth pigs :
to live together like pigs : —pr.p. pigg'ing :
Pad. and Pa.f>. pigged. [A.S. Pecg, cog. with
Dul bigge, big, a pig. Cf. Ice. pifca, Dan. pige,
a girl.]
Pigeon, pij'un, «. (/*/.) that which pipes or chirps :
a well-known bird, the dove. [Fr.—L. pipio.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Pilgrimage
•onis, a young bird or pigeon, from pipio, to
chirp. An imitative word. See Pipe.]
Pigeon-hearted, pij'un-hart ed, adj. with a heart
like a pigeon's : timid : fearful.
Pigeon-hole, pij'un-hOl, «. a hole or niche in which
pigeons lodge in a dovecot : a division of a
case for papers, &c.
Pigeon-livered, pij'un-hVerd, adj. with a liver
like a pigeon's : timid: cowardly.
Piggery, pig'er-i, w. a place where pigs are kept.
Piggln, pigun, «. a small wooden vessel. [GaeL
pigean, dim. ofpigeadh or pige, a pot.]
Piggish, pig'ish, adj. belonging to or like pigs.
Pig-iron, pig'-I'urn, «., iron in pigs or rough bars.
Pigment, pig'ment, n., paint: any substance for
colouring : that which gives the iris of the eye
its various colours.—adj. Pigment'al. [L.
pigmentnm—pingo, to paint. Sec Picture.]
Pigmy. Same as Pygmy.
Pigtail, pig'tal, «. the hair of the head tied behind
in the form of a pig's tail : a roll of twisted
tobacco. [Pig and Tail. ]
Pike, plk, n. a weapon with a shaft and spear
head, formerly used by foot-soldiers : a voracious
fresh-water fish (so called from its pointed snout).
[Celt., as Gael, pic, a pike, W. Ptg, a point : cf.
L. s-pica, a spike. Beak, Peak, Pick, Picket
are all from the same root, of which the funda
mental idea is something 'pointed,' 'sharp.']
Piked, plkt, adj. ending in a point.
Pikeman, ptk'man, «. a man armed with a pike.
Pikestaff, plk'staf, n. the staffor shaft of a pike :
a staff with a pike at the end.
Pilaster, pi-Ias'ier, «. (arch.) a square pillar or
column, usually set within a wall. [Fr. pilastre.
It. pilastre—L. pila, a pillar. See Pile, a
pillar. ]
Pllastered, pi-las'terd, adj. furnished with pilas
ters or inserted pillars.
Pilchard, pilchard, n. a sea-fish like the herring,
but thicker and rounder, caught chiefly on the
Cornish coast. [Prob. from Celt, (as in Ir. pil-
seir), with excrescent d.\
Pile, pll, «. a roundish mass : a heap : combustibles
for burning, esp. dead bodies : a large building :
a heap of shot or shell : [electricity) a form of
battery.—v.t. to lay in a pile or heap : to collect
in a mass : to heap up : to fill above the brim.
[Fr.-L.plla, a balL]
Pile, pit, n. a pillar: a large stake driven into the
earth to support foundations.—v.i. to drive piles
into. [A.S. pil—L. pila, a pillar.]
Pile, pll, n. a hairy surface : the nap on cloth. [L.
_Pd*^> a hair.]
Plleate, pfle-at, Pileated, plHe-at-ed, adj. having
the form of a cap or hat. [L. pileatus—pileus,
Gr. pilos, hair wrought into felt.]
Pile-driver, pTl'-driv'er, Pile-engine, pH'-cn'jin,
n. an engine for driving down piles.
Piles, pllz, n.pl. hemorrhoids, which see. [L.
pila, a ball.]
Pilfer, pil'fer, v.i. to steal small things.—v.t. to
steal by petty theft. [From O. Fr. Pelfre, booty,
See Pelf.]
Pilfering, pil'fer-ing, n. petty theft.
Pilgrim, pil'griiii, «. one who travels to a distance
to visit a sacred place: a wanderer. [Fr.
Pclerin {for pelegrin ; It. ptilegrino, peregrino)
—L. peregrinus, foreigner, stranger—percger, a
traveller—per, through, and ager, land, E.
Acre.]
Pilgrimage, pirgrim-uj, n. the journey of a pil
grim : a journey to a shrine or other sacred
place.
mOie ; mute ; muOn ; then. 377
 Pill Pinnacle
Pill, pi!, n. a little ball of medicine : anything or linen over a child's dress, orig. only pinned to
nauseous. [Contr. of Fr. pilule— 1*. pilula, itsfront.
dim. o(ptla, a ball.] Pincase, pin'kas, Pincushion, pin'koosh-un, «. a
Pill, pil, v.t. to rob or plunder. [Fr. pilUr -L. case or cushion for holding pins.
pilare, to plunder. Cf. Compile.] [&c Pincers. Same as Pinchers.
Pill, another spelling of Peel, v.t. and v.i, to strip. Pinch, pinsh, v.t. to gripe hard: to squeeze: to
Pillage, pil'aj, n. plunder: spoil, esp. taken in squeeze the flesh so as to give pain : to nip : to
war.—v.t. to plunder or spoil. —n. Pillager. distress: to gripe. —v.i. to act with force: to
[Fr., from piller. See Pill, v.] bear or press hard : to live sparingly.—n. a
Pillar, pil'ar, n. {arch,) a detached support, differ close compression with the fingers : what can
ing from a column in that it is not necessarily be taken up by the compressed fingers : a gripe :
cylindrical, or of classical proportions : anything distress: oppression. [Fr. pificer (It ptzsare},
that sustains. [O. Fr. piler (Fr. piller)—Low from a root seen in Dut. pitsen, to pinch.]
L. pi/are—L. pila, a pillar.] Pinchbeck, pinsh'bek, n. a yellow alloy of five
Pillared., pil'ard, adj. supported by a pillar: hay parts of copper to one of zinc. [From the name
ing the form ofa pillar. of the inventor, Christopher Pinchbeck, in the
Pillau, pil-Iaw', n. a Turkish dish, made of boiled 18th century.]
rice and mutton fat. Pincher, pinsh er, n. one who or that which pinches.
Pillion, pil'yun, tt. a cushion for a woman behind Pinchers, pinsh erz. Pincers, pin'serz, n. an instru
a horseman : the cushionofa saddle. [ Ir. pUliun, ment for seizing anything, esp. for drawing out
Gael. pilleatt, a pad, a pack-saddle—peal/, a skin nails, &c. [See Pinch.]
or mat, akin to L. pd/is, skin, E. Fell, a skin.] ! Pinchingly, pinsh'ing-U, adv. in a pinching manner.
Pillory, pil'or-i, ft. a wooden frame, supported by Pindaric, pin-dar'ik, adj. after the style and man
an upright pillar or post, and having holes ner of PinaUir, a Greek lyric poet.—n. a Pindaric
through which the head and hands of a criminal ode : an irregular ode.
were put as a punishment.—v.t. to punish in the Pinder, piud'er, Pinner, pin'er, «. one who im
pillory:—pa.t. and pa p. pill'oried. [Fr. pilori ; pounds stray cattle. (From A.S. pytuiatt, to
ety. dub.; perh. from root of Pillar. J shut up—puftd. Cf. Pen, v., and Pound, to
Pillow, pil'o, ft. a cushion filled with feathers for shut up ]
resting the head on : any cushion, —v.t. to lay Pine, pin, n. a northern cone-bearing, resinous
on for support. [A.S. Pylf, M. E. pitwe—h. tree, furnishing valuable timber. [A.S. pin—L.
Pulvinus.) pinus (for ptc-nus), ' pitch-tree '~pix, picis,
Pillow-case, pii'o-kas, «. a case for a pillow. pitch. Cf. Pitch, «.]
Pillowy, pil'o-i, adj. like a pillow : soft. Pine, pin, v.i. to waste away under pain or mental
Pilose, pil-Os', PliOUS, pH'us, atlj., hairy.—n. distress. [Lit. to 'suffer pain,* A.S. pinan, to
Pilos'lty. torment, from pin, pain—L. poena. See Pain.]
Pilot, pi'lut, n. one who conducts ships in and out Pine-apple, pin -ap'l, «. a tropical plant, and its
of a harbour, along a dangerous coast, &c. : a fruit, shaped like a /w-conc. [Pine and
guide. —v. t. to conduct as a pilot. [Fr. pilote— Apple.] [raised.
Dut. piloot, from pcilen, to sound, and loot (Ger. Pinery, pin'er-i, *. a place wliere pine-apples are
loth, E. Lead), a sounding-lead. ] Pinfold, pin'fold, tt. a pound for cattle. [For
Pilotage, pilut-iij, m. the act of piloting: the fee pind-fold = Pound-fold. J
or wages of pilots. [cloth for overcoats. Pinion, pin'yun, n. a iving : the joint of a wing
Pilot cloth, pi'lut-kloth, n. a coarse, stout kind of most remote from the body : a smaller wheel
Pilot-fish, pT'lut-fish, n. a fish of the mackerel with ' leaves' or teeth working into others.—v.t.
family, so called from its having been supposed to confine the wings of: to cut off the pinion 1
to guide sharks to their prey. to confine by binding the arms. [Fr. ptgnon—
Plmenta, pi-men'ta, Pimento, pi-men'to, tt. L. pinna (= pentta , wing. See Pen, «.]
Jamaica pepper: the tree producing it. [Port. Pink, pingk, v.t. to stab or pierce. [Eithet
pimcttta—Y.. pigtnetttum, paint, juice of plants.] through A.S. pyngnn. from L. putt^o, to prick ;
Pimp, pimp, n. one who procures gratifications for or ace to Skeat, a nasalised form of Plok. ]
the lust of others: a pander. —v.t. to procure Pink, pingk, tt. a plant with beautiful flowers :
women for others: to pander. [Fr. pimper, a a shade of light-red colour tike that of the
nasalised form ofpiper, to pipe, hence, to decoy, flower : the minnow, from the colour of its
to cheat.] abdomen in summer: that which is supremely
Pimpernel, pim'per-nel, Pimplnella, pim-pi-nel'a, excellent.—v. t. to work in eyelet holes: to cut
ft. a plant havin:: a double series of smill leaves. in small scollops or angles. [Prob. a nasalised
[Fr. pimprcmlic ;It. pittipinella), cither a rorr. form of Cell. pic. a point, the flower being so
of a L. form biptnnula, double-winded, dim. of called from the finely pointed or notched edges
bi-pennis—bis, twice, and penna, feather, wing; of the petals. See Pike.]
or from a dim. of L. pampinus, a vine-leaf.] Pink-eyed, pingk'-ld, adj. having small eyes:
Pimple, pim'pl, tt. a pustule: a small swelling. — having the eyes half-shut.
aajs. Pim'pled, Pim'ply, having pimples. [A.S. I Pinking iron. pingk'ing-T'urn, n. a tool for pink-
pipel, nasalised from L. papula, a pustule (cf. I i"g or scolloping. [Pinking and Iron ]
Papilla ; cf. W. pwmp, a knob.] Pin-money, pm'-mun'i, tt., money allowed to a
Pin, pin, n. a sharp-pointed instrument, esp. for i wife for private expenses, orig. to buy pins.
fastening articles together : anything that holds Pinnace, pin'as. n. a small vessel with oars and
pans together: a peg used in musical instruments sails : a boat with eight oars. [Lit. a '//w^wood
lor fastening the strings: anything of little boat,' Fr. pinasse—It. pinassa—L. pinus, a
value. —v.t. to fasten with a pin: to fasten: to I pine. Sec Pine, n.)
inclose \—pr.p. pinn'ing; pa.t. and pa.f>. pinned. , Pinnacle, pin'a-kl, ft. a slender turret : a high
[M. E- pirtnc, like Celt, pittite, and Ger. penn, point like a spire.—v.t. to build with pinnacles.
from I,, pinna or p<nna, a feather, a pen, a peg.] i [ Fr. pinocle—Low L. t>inna-cu-ium, double dim.
Pinafore, pin'a-fflr, «. a loose covering of cotton from L. pinna, a feather.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOOa ; tkcsu
 Pinnate
Pinnate, pin'at, adj. {hot.) shaped like afeather ;
(zool.) furnished with fins.—adv. Pinn'ately.
[L. pinnatus, from pinna (= penna), a feather.]
Pinner, pin'er, n. one who pins or fastens : a pin-
maker: the lappet of a head-dress flying loose.
Pin point, pin'-point, «. the point of a pin: a
trifle.
Pint, pint, «. a measure of capacity = \ quart or
4 gills: (nurd.) 12 ounces. [Lit. 'a measure
Painted'—i.e. indicated by a mark upon the
vessel ; Fr. pinte—Sp. pinta, mark, pint, from
L. Pingo, to paint. See Paint.]
Pintle, pin'tl, «. a little pin : a long iron bolt : the
bolt hanging the rudder of a ship. [Dim. of Pin.]
Piny, pln'i, adj. abounding with pine-irces.
Pioneer, pl-o-neV, «. a soldier who clears the road
before an army, sinks mines, &c. : one who goes
before to prepare the way.—v.t. to act as
pioneer to. [Fr. pionttier—pion, a foot-soldier
—Low L. pedo, pedanis, a foot-soldier—L. pes,
Pedis, a foot. See Pawn, in chess.]
PiOUfl, pi'us, adj., devout: having reverence and
love for the Deity : proceeding from religious
feeling.—adv. Pi'oualy. [Fr. pieux—L. plus.]
Pip, pip, «. a disease of fowls, also called roup.
[Fr. pipie (It. pipita), a corn of L. pituita,
rheum ; akin to Gr. ptyd, to spit.]
Pip, pip, n. the seed of fruit. [Orig. pippin or
ptpin—Fr.pjpin; ety. unknown.]
Pip, pip, n. a spot on cards. [Corr. ofprov. pick,
—Fr. pique, a spade, at cards. See Pike.}
Pipe, pip, n. a musical wind instrument consisting
of a long tube : any long tube : a tube of clay,
&c. with a bowl at one end for smoking
tobacco: a cask containing two hhds.—v.i. to
play upon a pipe : to whistle.—v.t. to play on a
pipe : to call with a pipe, as on board ships.—
n. Pip'er. [A.S. pipe—imitative of the sound;
as are Celt, pib, a pipe, Dat.pijp; and the L.
pipire, to chirp, Gr. pipieo.)
Pipeclay, plp'kla, n. white clay used for making
tobacco pipes and fine earthenware.
Piping, pip ing, adj. uttering a weak, shrill,, pip
ing sound, like the sick : sickly : feeble : boiling.
Pipkin, pip'kin, n. a small earthen pot. [Dim. of
Plpe.J [Pip, seed of fruit.]
Pippin, pip'in, n. a kind of apple. [Prob. from
Piquant, pikant, adj. stimulating to the taste. —
adv. Pio/uantliy.—«. Piq'uancy. [Fr. piquant,
pr.p. of Fr. piquer, to pnek.]
Pique, pek, n. an offence taken : wounded pride :
spite : nicety : punctilio.—v.t. to wound the
pride of: to offend : to pride or value (one's self ) :
—Pr.p. piq'uing ; pad. and pa.p. piqued. [Fr.
pique.
ue, a pike, pique. See Pick and Pike.J
Piquet. Same as Picket.
Piquet, pi-ket'. n. a game at cards. [Said to be
named from its inventor.]
Piracy, pl'ra-si, n. the crime of a pirate: robbery
on the high seas : infringement of copyright.
Pirate, pfriU, «. one who attempts to capture
ships at sea : a sea-robber : one who steals or
infringes a copyright.—v.t. to take without per
mission, as books or writings. [Fr.—L. pirata
—Gr. feirates, from peirao, to attempt—Peir-a,
an attempt, cog. with Ex-per ience and Fare.]
Piratical, pl-rat'ik-al, adj. pertaining to a pirate :
practising piracy.—adv. Piratically.
Pirouette, pir-oo-et', n. a ivkeeling about, csp. in
dancing : the turning of a horse on the same
ground.—v.i. to execute a pirouette. [Fr., prob.
dim. of Norm. Fr. piroue, a whirligig, cog. with
E. perry, an old word for a whirlwind (Skeat) ;
cf. Scot, pearie, a pegtop.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Pitch
Piscatorial, pis-ka-to'ri-al, Piscatory, pis'ka-tor-i,
adj. relating tofishes or fishing.
Pisces, pis'ez, n. the Fishes, the twelfth sign of
the zodiac. [L.t pi. ofpiscis, E. Fish.]
Pisciculture, pisi-kul-tur, «. the rearing offish
by artificial methods. [L. piscis, fish, and
Culture.]
Plscinal, pis'i-nal or pi-si'nal, adj. belonging to a
fishpond, [L. piscinalis, from piscina, a fish
pond.] [Pisces.
Piscine, pis'in, adj. pertaining to fishes. [See
Piscivorous, pis-ivo-rus, adj., devouring or feed
ing on fishes. [L. piscis, fish, and voro, to de
vour.]
Pish, pish, int. expressing contempt. [Imitative.]
Pismire, piz'mlr, n. an ant or emmet. [M. E.
pissemire—pisse, urine, and A.S. mire, ant,
cog. with Ice. maurr, Ir. moirbh, and Gr. mur-
mex.\
Piss, pis, v.i. (B.) to discharge urine or make
water. [Fr. pisser; imitative.]
Pistachio, pis-ta'shi-o, Pistacla, pis-t;Vshi-a, «. a
small tree cultivated in S. Europe and in the
East : its nut. [It.—L. pistacium—Or. pista-
kion—Pers. pista.]
Pistil, pis'til, ». {Sot.) the female organ in the
centre of a flower, so called from its likeness to
the 6estle of a mortar. [Fr. —L. pistillum.
Pestle is a doublet.]
Pistlllaceous, pis-til-kVshus, adj. growing on a
pistil: pertaining to or having the nature of a
pistil.
Pistillate. pis'til-Iit, a<ij. having a pistil.
PlstilllferoUS, pis-iil-lif'er-us, adj. bearing a pistil
without stamens. [Pistil, and/era, to Dear.]
Pistol, pis'tol, n. a small hand-gun. [Orig. a
dagger, Fr. pistole—It, pistola, said to be from
Pistoja {orig. Pistola), a town in Italy.]
Pistole, pis-ioV, «. a Spanish gold coin = about 16
shillings. [Same word as the above, a name
jocularly applied to the crowns of Spain, when
reduced to a smaller size than the crowns of
France-]
Pistolet, pis'to-let, n. a little pistol.
PlBton. pis'tun, «. a short solid cylinder, used in
pumps, &c, fitting and moving up and down
within another hollow one- [Lit. the 'pounder,'
Fr.—It. pistone—pesto, to pound—L. pinso,
pistus. See Pestle.] [piston is moved.
Piston-rod, pis'tun-rod, «. the rod by which the
Pit, pit, n. a hole in the earth : an abyss : the
bottomless pit : a hole used as a trap for wild
beasts : whatever insnares : the hollow of the
stomach : the indentation left by smallpox : the
ground-floor of a theatre : the shaft of a mine.
—v.t. to mark with pits or little hollows : to set
in competition :—pr.p. pitt'ing ; pa.i. and Pa.p.
pitted. [A.S. Pytt—L. j>uteus, a well.]
Pitapat, pit'a-pat, adv. with palpitation or quick
beating. [A repetition ofPat.]
Pitch, pich, n. the solid black shining substance
obtained by boiling down common vat.— v.t. to
smear with pitch. [A.S. pic—L. pix, pic-is
(whence also Gcr. Peck), conn, with Gr. pissa.
Cf. Pine, *.]
PltOh, pich, v.t. {lit.) to pick or strike with a pike :
to throw : to fix or set in array : to fix the tone.
—v.i. to settle, as something pitched : to come
to rest from flight : to fall headlong : to fix the
choice: to encamp: to rise and fall, as a ship.
—n. any point or degree of elevation or depres
sion : degree : decree of slope : a descent :
(mus.) the height of a note : ' meek. > distance be
tween the centres of two teeth. [A form of Pick. ]
mCte ; mute ; mOOu ; then. 37'J
 Pitcher
Pitcher, pich'er, n, a vessel for holding water,
&c. [O. Fr, picker—Low L. picarium, a gob
let—Gr. blkos, a wine-vessel, an Eastern word.
Doublet Beaker.]
Pitcher-plant, pich'er-plant, n. a tropical plant,
with vase-shaped leaves holding water like
pitchers.
Pitchfork, pich'fork, n. afork forpitcAiugha.y, &c
Pitchpipe, pich'pip, «. a small pipe to pitch the
voice or tune with.
Pitchy, pich'i, adj having the qualities of pitch :
smeared with pitch : black like pitch : dark :
dismal
Piteous, pit'c-us, adj. fitted to excite pity : mourn
ful : compassionate : paltry.—adv. Pit'eously.
—«. Pit eousnoss.
Pitfall, pit'fawl, n. a pit slightly covered, so that
wild beasts mayJail into it and be caught.
Pith, pith, n. the marrow or soft substance in the
centre of plants : force : importance : condensed
substance : quintessence. [A.S. pitka; cog.
with Dut. pit, marrow.] [energy.
Pithless, pith'les, adj. wanting pith, force, or
Pithy, pith i, adj. full of pith: forcible: strong:
energetic—adv. Pithily.—n. Pithiness.
Pitiable, pit'i-a-bl, adj. deserving pity : affect
ing : wretched.—adv. Plt'lably.—«. Pitlable-
ness.
Pitiful, pit'i-fool, adj. compassionate : sad :
despicable.—adv. Pitifully.—n. Pltlfulness.
Pitiless, pit'i-lcs, adj. without pity : unsympa-
thising ; cruel.—adv. Pitilessly.—n. Pitiless-
ness. [pit or a saw-pit.
Pitman, pit'man, «. a man who works in a coal-
Pitsaw, pit'saw, «. a large saw, worked verti
cally by two men, one standing in a pit below.
Pittance, pit'ans, «. an allowance of food : a
dole : a very small portion or quantity. [Fr.
pitame ; of doubtful origin.]
Pity, pit'i, ft. sympathy with distress: a subject
of pity or grief.—v.t. to sympathise with :~
pa.t. and pa.p. pitied.—It pitieth them
{Pr. Bk.}, it causeth pity in them. [Lit piety,
O. Fr. pit/ (Fr. pitii, \\.pieta)—L. pietas,
pietatis—pius, pious. See Piety.]
Pivot, piv'ut, n. the pin on which anything turns :
the officer or soldier at the flank on which a
company wheels. [Fr. dim. of It. piva, a pipe,
a peg, a pin—Low L. pipa.]
Pivoting, piv'ut-ing, n. thepivot-work in machines.
Pix, piks, n. Same as Pyx.
Pixy, Pixie, pik'si, «. a small Devonshire fairy.
Placable, pla ka-bl or plak'a-bl, adj. that may be
^appeased: relenting: forgiving.—iwff.Pla'cably.
—ns. Placability. Pla'cableness [L.placa-
bilis —placo, to appease, akin to placeo.}
Placard, pla-kard' or plak'ard, n. anything broad
andJiat : a bill stuck upon a wall as an adver
tisement, &c. [Fr. placard, a bill stuck on a
wall—plaque, plate, tablet ; acc. to Diez, from
Dut. plak, a piece of fiat wood.]
Placard, pla-kiird', v.t. to publish or notify by
pLtcards.
Place, plas, tt. a broad way in a city: a space :
locality : a town : a residence : existence : rank :
office : stead : way : passage in a book.—v.t. to
put in any place or condition : to settle : to lend :
to ascribe -ft. Plac'er. [Fr.—L. platea, a
broad street—Gr. plateta, a street—platys,
broad ; akin to E. Flat. Cf. Piazza.]
Placeman, plas'man, n. one who has a place or
office under a government :—pt. Place'nien.
Placenta, pla-sen'ta, n. the spongy organ con
necting the fetus in the womb with the mother :
380 fate, far , me, her ; mine ;
Plan
(bot.) the part of a plant to which the seeds are
attached:—//. Placen'tSB. [Lit. 'a cake,' L. ;
akin to Gr. plak-ous, a fiat cake, from plax,
plak-os, anything fiat and broad.]
Placental, pla-sen'tal, adj. pertaining to or having
a placenta.—tt. a mammal having a placenta.
Placid, plas'id, adj. gentle : peaceful. —adv.
Placidly, -ns. Placidity, Pladdness. [L.
placidus—placeo, to please. See Placable.]
Plagiarise, pliji-ar-Iz, v. t. to steal from the
writings of another. [plagiarising.
Plagiarism, pla'ji-ar-izm, n. the act or practice of
Plagiarist, pla'ji-ar-ist, n. one who plagiarises.
Plagiary, pla'ji-ar-i, tt. one who steals the thoughts
or writings of others and gives them out as his
own.—adj. practising literary theft. [Fr. pla-
giaire—L. ptagiariits, a man-stealer—plagium,
man-stealing. ]
Plague, plag, tt. any great natural evil : a deadly
epidemic or pestilence : anything troublesome.
—v.t, to infest with disease or calamity: to
trouble '.—pr.p. plSg'uing ; pa.t. and Pa*p.
plagued. [L. ptaga, a blow, stroke, cog. with
Gr. plegc, plesso, to strike.]
Plague-mark, piag'-mark, Plague-spot, pl&g'-spot,
tt. a mark or spot ofplague or foul disease.
Plaice, plas, «. a broad, flat fish. [O. Fr. plats
(Fr. pliey—h. platessa, a flat fish, from same
root as Place.]
Plaid, plad or plad, n. a loose outer garment of
woollen cloth, chiefly worn by the Highlanders
of Scotland. [Gael, plaide, a blanket, contr. of
j*eallaid, a sheep-skin—peall, a skin, cog. with
L ficllis, E. Fell.]
Plaided, plad ed, adj. wearing a plaid.
Plain, plan, adj., even: jiat: level: smooth:
simple : homely : artless : sincere : evident :
mere : not coloured or figured.—adv. Plainly.
—n. Plain'ness. [Fr.—h. planus Torplac-nus) ;
akin to Placenta. See also Plank ]
Plain, plan, «., plain level land : anyJiat expanse :
an open field.
Plain, plan, adv. honestly : distinctly.
Plain-dealer, plan'-dcTer, n. one who deals or
speaks his mind plainly.
Plain-dealing, plan'-del'ing, adj., dealing, speak
ing, or acting plainly or honestly ; open : candid.
—n. frank and candid speaking or acting :
sincerity.
Plain-hearted, plan'-hart'ed, adj. having a plain
or honest heart: sincere.—«. Plain'-hearfed-
ness. [plain, rough sincerity.
Plain-spoken, plan'-spok'en, adj., speaking with
Plaint, plant, ». lamentation : complaint : a sad
song : {law) the exhibiting of an action in writ
ing by a plaintiff. [O. Fr. pleinte (Fr. plainte)
—L. plattctus—plattgo, plattctutn, to beat the
breast, &c. in mourning. Sec Complain.]
Plaintiff, plant'if, «. a complainant: (English
law) one who commences a suit against another.
[Fr. plaintif. See Plaint.]
Plaintive, plant'iv, adj., complaining: expressing
sorrow: sad.—<uh>. Plaintively.—«. Plaint'
iveneSS. [Same as above word.J
Plainwork, plan'wurk, n., plain needlework, as
distinguished from embroidery.
Plait, plat, u. a fold: a doubling: a braid. —v.t.
to fold: to double in narrow folds: to inter
weave. 10. Fr. plait (Fr. ///}—L. plico, ptica-
tutn ; akin to Gr. pleko, to fold.]
Plalter, plat'er, n. one who plaits or braids.
Plan, plan, «. a drawing of anything on a plane
or flat surface : a ground-plot of a building : a
scheme or project : a contrivance.—v.t. to make
mote ; mute ; mOon ; ihea.
 Planary
a sketch of on a flat surface : to form in design :
■—Pr.p. plann'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. planned.—«.
Plann'er. [Fr.—L. planus, flat. See Plain,
even.]
Planary, plan'ar-i, adj. relating to a plane.
Plane, plan, w. a level surface : (geom.) an even
superficies.—adj. , plainI even: level: pertain
ing to, lying in, or forming a plane.—v.t. to
make level. [Fr.—L. planus. See Plain, even.]
Plane, plan, ». a carpenter's tool. —v.t. to make a
surface (as of wood) level. [Same as above.]
Planet, plan'et, n. one of the bodies in the solar
system which revolve round the sun. [Fr.
planitc—Gr. planites, a wanderer—planad, to
make to wander ; so called because in the
ancient astronomy the planets, among which the
sun and moon were included, seemedto wander
about, whilst the other stars seemed fixed.]
Planetarium, plan-e-tu'ri-um, «. a machine shew
ing the motions and orbits of the planets.
Planetary, plan'et-ar-i, adj. pertaining to the
planets: consisting of or produced by planets :
under the influenceofa planet : erratic : revolving.
Planetoid, plan'et-oid, n. a celestial body having
the form or nature of a planet: a very small
planet, often called an asteroid. [Gr. pianetis,
and eidos, form—eidd, L. video, to see.]
Plane-tree, plan'-tre, n. a fine tall tree, with large
broad leaves. [Fr. plane—L. platanus—Gr.
platanos—platys, broad. See Platane.]
Planet-stricken, plan'et-strik'en, Planet-struck,
plan'et-struk, adj. [astrology) struck or affected
by the planets : blasted. [a plane*
Planisphere, plan'i-sfer, «. a sphere projected on
Plank, plangk, n. a long, plain piece of timber,
thicker than a board.—v.t. to cover with planks.
[L. planca, a board, from root of Plain, even.]
Planner, plan'er, n. one who plans or forms a
plan : a projector.
Plant, plant( «. a sprout : any vegetable produc
tion : a child : the tools or material of any trade
or business.—v.t. to put into the ground for
growth : to furnish with plants : to set in the
mind : to establish. [A.S. plante (Fr. plante)
—L. planta, a shoot, a plant—nasalised form
of root plat, anything flat, ' spread out,' seen in
Gr. plat-ys, broad.]
Plantain, plan'tan, «. an important food-plant of
tropical countries, so called from its broad leaf.
[Fr.—L. plantago, plantaginis, from the root
of Plant.1
Plantation, plan-ta'shun, n. a place planted: in
the U.S. a large estate : a colony: introduction.
Planter, plant'er, n. one who plants or introduces :
the owner of a plantation.
Plantigrade, planl'i-grud, adj. that walks on the
sole of the foot.—n. a plantigrade animal, as the
bear. [L. planta, the sole, gradior, to walk.]
Planting, plant'ing, ». the act of setting in the
ground for growth : the art of forming planta
tions of trees : a plantation.
Plash, plash, a form of Pleach.
Plash, plash, n. a dash of water : a puddle : a
shallow pool.—v.t. to dabble in water : to splash,
[From the sound.] [puddles : watery.
Plashy, plash'i, adj. abounding with plashes or
Plaster, planter, «. something that can be moulded
into figures : a composition of lime, water, and
sand for overlaying walls, &c. : [med.) an ex
ternal application spread on cloth, &c.—adj.
made of plaster.—v.t. to cover with plaster : to
cover with a plaster, as a wound. [A. S. plaster,
O. Fr. piastre—L. emplastrum—Gr. emplas-
tron—em, upon, plassB, to mould, to fashion.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Play
Plasterer, plas'ter-er, «. one who plasters, or one
who works in plaster.
Plastering, plas'ter-ing, n. a covering of plaster :
the plaster-work of a building.
Plastic, plas'tik, adj., moulding: having power
to give form : capable of being moulded. [Gr.
plastikos—plassd, to mould.]
Plasticity, plas-tis'it-i, n. state or quality of
being plastic.
Plat, v.t. Same as Plait.
Plat, plat, n. a piece of ground : a piece of
ground laid out, [A form of Plot.]
Platane, plat'an, n. the plane-tree. [L. platanus,
Gr. platanos—platys, broad, flat.]
Plate, plat, n. something flat : a thin piece of
metal : wrought gold and silver : household
utensils in gold and silver : a flat dish : an
engraved plate of metal. —v.t. to overlay with
a coating of plate or metal : to adorn with
metal : to beat into thin plates.—n. Plate'-glasS,
a fine kind ofglass, cast in thick plates. [O. Fr.
plate, fem. of Fr. plat, flat—Gr. platys, broad.
See Place ]
Plateau, pla-to', n. a broad flat space on an
elevated position : a table-land :—pi. Plateaux'.
[Fr.—O. Fr. platel, dim. of Fr. plat. See Plate.]
Platform, plat'form, n. a raised level scaffolding :
(mil.) an elevated floor for cannon : a statement
of principles to which a body of men declare
their adhesion. IFr. plate-forme, a thing of
' flat form.']
Platina, plar/in-a, Platinum, plat'in-um, n. a
metal ofa dim silvery appearance. [Sp, platina
—plata, plate, silver. See Plate.]
Plating, plat'ing, ». the overlaying with a coating
ofplate or metal : a thin coating of metal.
Platitude, phu'i-tud, n., flatness : that which ex
hibits dullness : an empty remark.
Platonic, pla-ton'ik, Platonlcal, pla-ton'ik-al, adj.
pertaining to Plato, the Greek philosopher, or
to his philosophical opinions : pure and unmixed
with carnal desires.—adv. Flatonlcally.
Platonlsm, pla'ton-izm, n. the philosophical
opinions of Plato.—n. Pla'tonlst, a follower of
Plato.
Platoon, pla-toUn', n. {mil. ) orig. a body of soldiers
in a hollow square, now a number of recruits
assembled for exercise : a subdivision of a com
pany. [Lit ' a knot or group of men,' Fr.
peloton, a ball, a knot of men—Fr. pelote—L.
filla, a ball. See Pellet]
Platter, plat'er, n. a large flat plate or dish.
Plaudit, plawd'it, «., applause: praise bestowed.
[Shortened from L. plaudite, praise ye, a call for
applause, ad pers. pi. imperative of plaudo,
plausum, to praise.]
Plaudltory, plawd'it-or-i, adj., applauding.
Plausible, plawz'i-bl, adj. that may be applauded:
fitted to gain praise : superficially pleasing : ap
parently right : popular. —adv. Plaus'iOly.—ns.
Plaus'ibleness, PlausibiTity. [L. plausibilis—
plaudo, to praise.]
Play, pla, v.t. to engage in some exercise or in a
game: to sport : to trifle : to move irregularly :
to operate : to act in a' theatre : to perform on a
musical instrument : to practise a trick : to act
a character : to gamble. —v.t. to put in motion :
to perform upon : to perform : to act a sportive
part : to compete with. [A.S. plega, a game.]
Play, pla, n. any exercise for amusement : amuse
ment : a contending for victory : practice in a
contest : gaming : action or use : manner of
dealing, as fair-play : a dramatic composition :
movement : room for motion : liberty of action.
mote ; mute ; mSOn ; then. 381
 Player
—n. Playtill, a bill or advertisement of a play.
—n. PlaytMOk, a book of plays or dramas. —ns.
Play'fellow, Play'mate, a fellow or mate in
play or amusements.—n. Play thing, anything
for playing with : a toy.
Player, pla'er, «. one who plays : an actor of
plays or dramas : a musician.
Playful, pla'fool, adj. given to play : sportive.—
adv. Play'fully.—«. Play'fulness.
Playing-card, pla'ing-kard, n. one of a set of fifty-
two cards used in playing games.
Plea, pie, «. the defender's answer to the plaintiff's
declaration : an excuse : an apology : urgent
entreaty. [O. Fr. plait (Fr. plaid)—"Low L.
placitum, lit. 'what haspleased or seemedgood,'
a decision, a conference, hence, a pleading
before a court—L. placet, it pleases, seems good
—placeo, to please. J
Pleach, plech, z>.t. to intertwine the branches of,
asa hedge. [M. E. plecken—O. Fr. plesser—L.
plec-tere, plait, akin to Gr. plek-d, weave. See
Plait and Ply.]
Plead, pled, v.i. to carry on a plea or lawsuit : to
argue in support of a cause against another: to
seek to persuade : to admit or deny a charge of
guilt.—v.t. to discuss by arguments : to allege
in pleading or defence: to offer in excuse: —
Pa.t. and pa.p. plead'ed, or (less correctly) pled.
-«. Pleader. [Fr. plaider-piaid, a plea.
See Plea.]
Pleading, pled'ing, adj. imploring. —n.pl. {law)
the statements of the two parties in a lawsuit. —
adv. Pleadingly.
Pleasant, plez'ant, adj., pleasing: agreeable :
cheerful: gay: trifling, —adv. Pleas'antly.—n.
Pleas'antness. [Fr. plaisant, pr.p. Qiplaire.]
Pleasantry, plez'ant-ri, «. anything that promotes
pleasure: merriment: lively talk. [Fr. plai-
santerie—plaisant.]
Please, plez, v.t. to delight: to satisfy.—v.i'. to
like : to choose.—«. Pleas'er. [O. Fr. plaisir
(Fr. plaire]—L.. placeo, to please.J
Pleasing, plez'ing, adj. giving pleasure : agree
able : gratifying.—adv. Pleasingly.
Pleasurable, plezh'ur-a-bl, adj. able to give
pleasure: delightful : gratifying.—adv. Pleas'-
urably.—«. Pleas'urableness.
Pleasure, plezh'ur, «. agreeable emotions : grati
fication : what the will prefers : purpose : com
mand: approbation, —v.t. {B.) to give pleasure
to.—n. Pleas ure-boat, a boat used for pleasure
or amusement.—n. Pleas'uro-ground. grmtnd
laid out in an ornamental manner for pleasure.
[ Fr. plaisir— L. placeo. ]
Plebeian, ple-be'yan, adj. pertaining to or con
sisting of the common people: popular: vulgar.
—«. orig. one of the common people of ancient
Rome : one of the lower classes. [Fr. plibe'ien—
L. plebeius—piebs, plebis, the common people,
conn, with L. plenus (Plenary), E. Full, and
lit. sig. a ' crowd,' the ' many.*]
Plebiscite, plcb'i-slt, n. a decree passed by the
votes of an entire nation, as in France under
Napoleon III. [Fr.—L. plebiscitum, 'decree
of the people,' from plebs, the people, and scitum,
a decree—scisco—scio, to know.]
Pledge, plej, «. a security : surety.—v.i. to give
as security : to engage for by promise : to invite
to drink by partaking of the cup first : to drink
to the health of.—n. Pledg'er. [0- Fr. plege
(Fr. pleigei ; ety. dub.]
Pleiads, ple'yadj, Pleiades, ple'ya-dez, n.pl.
\myth. \ seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione,
after death changed into stars : {astr.) a group
fate, far ; me", her ; mine ;
Plod
of seven stars in the shoulder of the constella
tion Taurus.
Pleiocene, pli'o-sen, adj. [geol.) relating to the
strata more recent than the miocene or second
tertiary. [Gr. pleidu, more, kainos, recent.]
Pleistocene, pllst'o-sen, adj. {geol.} pertaining to
the most recent tertiary deposits. (Gr. pleistos,
most, kainos, rccent.J
Plenary, plen'ar-i or pie'-, adj., full: entire:
complete.—adv. Hen'arily.—n. Plen'ariness.
[Low L.—L. ple-nus, filled, full—ple-o, to fill—
Gr. pim-ple-mi, akin to FulL]
Plenipotentiary, plen-i-po-ten'shar-i, adj. with
full powers.—n. a negotiator invested with full
powers, esp. a special ambassador or envoy.
[Low L. plenipotentiarius—L. plcruts, and
Patens, powerful. See Potent.]
Plenitude, plen'i-tud, n. fullness : completeness :
repletion, [h.—plenus, full.]
Plenteous, plen'te-us, adj. fully sufficient: abund
ant—adv. Plen'teously.—n. Plen'teousness.
Plentiful, plen'ti-fool, adj. copious : abundant :
yielding abundance.—adv. Plentifully.—«.
Plen'tifulness.
Plenty, plen'ti, n. a full supply : abundance.
[O. Fr. plente"—L. plemts, full.J
Plenum, ple'num, n. space considered as in every
partfilled with matter. [L. See Plenary.]
Pleonasm, ple'o-nazm, n. use of more words than
are necessary: [rket.) a redundant expression.
[Gr. pleonasmos—pletott, more, pieos, full.]
Pleonastic, ple-o-nas'tik, PleonastlcaL ple-o-nas'-
tik-al, adj. redundant,—adv. Pleonas'tlcally.
[Gr. flleonaslikos.]
PleslOSaUTUS, ple-zi-o-saw'rus, ». a gigantic ex
tinct animal, allied to the lizard. [Gr. piesios,
near to, and saura, lizard.]
Plethora, pleth'o-ra, n. [med.) excessive fullness
of blood : over-fullness in any vray.—adj. Pleth
oric, afflicted with plethora : superabundant :
turgid. [Gr. pletkdre, fullness—pleas, full.]
Pleura, plOO'ra, «. a delicate serous membrane
which covers the lungs and lines the cavity of
the chest :—pi. Pleu'ras. [Gr., lit. ' a rib," then
* the side,' then the above membrane.]
Pleurisy, plo7>'ri-si, n. inflammation of the pleura.
[Fr.—L. plcuri^is—Gr. pleuritis—pleura.]
Pleuritic, ploo-rit'ik, Pleuritical, plGo-rit'ik-al,
adj. pertaining to or affected with pleurisy.
PleUTO-pneumonia, plOo'ro-nu-mO'ni-a, n. inflam
mation of the pleura and lungs. [Gr. pleura,
and pneumones. the lungs. See Pneumonia.]
Pliability, plT-a-biTi-ti, Pliableness. pli'a-bl-nes,
«. quality of being pliable or flexible.
Pliable, pli'a-bl, adj. easily bent orfolded: supple :
easily persuaded [See Ply]
Pliant, pll'ant, adj., bending easily : flexible :
tractable: easily persuaded. —adv. Pli'antly.
—». Pli'ancy.
Plicate. plT'kiit, Plicated, pIlTcat-ed, adj., folded:
plaiied [L. plicatus—plico. See Plait.]
Pliers, ptr'erz, n.pl. pincers for seizing and bending.
Plight, plit, n, dangerous condition : condition :
security: pledge: engagement: promise.—v.t.
to pledge : to give as security. [A. S. plikt, risk
—piion, to imperil ; cog. with Dut. pligt, Gcr.
p/iickt, an obligation,]
Plinth, plinth, n. \arck,) the lowest brick-shaped
part of the base of a column or pedestal: the
projecting face at the bottom of a walL [L.
plinthus—Gx. plintkos, a brick ; cog. with E.
Flint.]
Pliocene. Same as Pleiocene,
Plod, plod, v.i. to travel laboriously : trudge
mote : mate : mtfOn : tkan.
 Plodder Pluralist
on steadily : to toil pr.p. plodding ; pa. t. and Plumbery, phinVer-i, w. articles of lead: the
Pa.p. plodd'ed. [Orig. ' to wade through pools,' business of a plumber : a place for plumbing.
from Ir. plod, a pool.J Plumbic, plum'bik, a<tj. pertaining to or obtained
Plodder, plod'er, h. one who plods on : a dull, from lead. [working in lead, &c.
heavy, laborious man. Plumbing, plum'ing, it. the art of casting and
Plodding, plod'ing, adj. laborious, but slow.—«. Plumb-line, plum'-lin, «. a line attached to a mass
slow movement or study. —adv. Plodd ingly. of lead to shew the perpendicular : a plummet.
Plot, plot, «. a small piece of ground.—v.t. to Plumcake, plum'kak, «., cake containing plums
make a plan ofi—pr.p. plott'ing : pa.t. and pa.p. (raisins) or other fruit.
plotted. [A.S. plot, a patch of land. J Plume, ploom, n. afeather : a feather worn as an
Plot, plot, n. a complicated scheme : a conspiracy: ornament : a crest : token of honour : prize of
stratagem : the chain of incidents in the story of contest.—v.t. to sort the feathers of, as a bird :
a play, &c.—v.i. to scheme: to form a scheme to adorn with plumes : to strip of feathers : to
of mischief : to conspire. —v.t. to devise '.—pr.p. boast (used reflexively). [Fr.— L. pluma, asmall
plott'ing; pa.t. and Pa.p. plott'ed [Fr. corn- soft feather; perh. from the root of Flow and
plot, acc. to Diez, from L. complicitum, pa.p. Float, j
of complico, to fold together, to complicate.! Plummer, Plummery. See Plumber, Plumbery.
Plotter, plot'er, «. one who plots: a conspirator. Plummet, plum'et, «. a weight of tend hung at a
Plough, plow, «. an instrument for turning up the string, used for ascertaining the direction of the
soil : tillage.—v.t. to turn up with the plough: earth's attraction and for sounding depths: a
to furrow : to tear : to divide : to run through plumb-line. [Fr. plombet, dim. ofplomb, lead.
in sailing.—«. PlOUgh'er. lice, plogr (Dan. See Plumb ] [feathery: plume-like.
plo?>, Ger. Pflug), perh. conn, with Gr. ploion, Plumose, plOo'mos, Plumous, plOo'mus, adj..
a ship.] Plump, plump, adv. falling straight downward
Ploughable, plow'a-bl, adj. capable of being (like lead). —adj. downright : unqualified.— v.i.
ploughed : arable. [horses in ploughing. to fall or sink suddenly.—v.t. to cause to sink sud
Pfoughboy, plow'boy, n. a boy who drives or guides denly.—adv. Plumply. [A variation of Plumb.]
Ploughman, plow/man, n. a man who ploughs : a Plump, plump, adj. fat and rounded : sleek : in
husbandman : a rustic :—pi. Plough'men. good condition.—n. Plump ness. [From a com
Ploughshare, plow'shar, «. the part of a plough mon Teut. root, seen in Dut. plomp, lumpish,
which shears or cuts the ground. [Plough and clownish, Ger. plump.]
A.S. scear, a share of a plough, a shearing— Plump, plump, v.t. to give in the lump or un
sceran, to cut. See Shear J divided (as a vote to one only). See Plump,
Plover, pluv'er, n. a well-known wading bird. adj. fat.]
[Lit. the r<2/"rt-bird, Fr. pluvier—L. pluvia, Plumper, plump'er, n. a vote given to one candi
rain, cog. with Flow ; so called because asso date only when more are to be elected : one
ciated with rainy weather.) who so votes. [Same as above word.]
Plow, plow, old spelling of Plough. Plumpuddlng, plum-pood'ing, n., pudding con
Pluck, pink, v.t. to pull away: to snatch: to taining plums, raisins, or other fruit.
strip. —n. a single act of plucking. [A. S. Plumule, plOo'mul, n. {bot.} the rudimentary bud
pluccian ; akin to Dut piukken, Ger. p/ficken.] of an embryo. [L. plumula, dim. of pluma.
Pluck, pluk, n. the heart, liver, and lungs of an See Plume.]
animal, perh. so called because plucked out after Plunder, plun'der, v.t. to seize the baggage or
it is killed : hence heart, courage, spirit. goods of another by force : to pillage.—«. that
Plucky, pluk'i, adj. having pluck or spirit.—adv. which is seized by force : booty. —n. Plun'derer.
Pluck'lly.- n. Pluck'iness. [Ger. pliindem, to pillage—plunder, trash,
Plug, plug, n. a block orpeg used to stop a hole. — baggage ; akin to Low Ger. plunnen, rags.]
v.t- to stop with a plug : to drive plugs into :— Plunge, plunj, v.t. to cast suddenly into water or
pr.p. plugg ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. plugged. [Dut, other fluid : to force suddenly (into) : to baptise
plug, a bung, a peg (Sw. plugg, a peg, Ger. by immersion.—v.i. to sink suddenly into any
Pflock) ; most prob. of Celtic origin, a* in Ir., fluid : to dive : to rush headlong, as a horse : to
Gael., and W. ploc. See Block.) rush into any danger. — n. act of plunging: act
Plugging, plug'ing, n. the act of stopping with a of rushing headlong, as a horse. [Fr. flonger
plug : the material of which a plug a made. (It. piombare, to fall like a plumb-line)—L.
Plum, plum, n. a well-known stone fruit of various plumbum, lead.]
colours : the tree producing it. [A.S. plume— Plunger, plunj'er, n. one who plunges : a diver : a
L. pmnum—Gr. Prounon. Doublet Prune,] long, solid cylinder used as a forcer in pumps.
Plumage, plCOm'aj, n. the whole feailters of a Plunging, j.lunj'ing, adj. rushing headlong : pitch
bird. [Fr.—plume, a feather. See Plume, j ing downward.—«. the putting or sinking under
Plumb, plum, ft. a mass of lead or other material, water, or other fluid : the act of a horse trying
hung on a string, to shew the perpendicular to throw its rider.
position.—adj. perpendicular.—adv. perpendic Pluperfect, plOO'per-fekt, adj. (gram.) noting
ularly.—?'./, to adjust by a plumb-line : to make that an action happened before some period re-
perpendicular : to sound the depth of water by I ferred to. [A corr. of L. pius-quam-perfectum,
a plumb-line. [Fr. plomb—l*. plumbum, lead, I (//V.) more than or before perfect.\
prob. akin to Gr. molybdos and Ger. blei.] Plural, plOO'ral, adj. containing or expressing
Plumbago, plum-ba'go, n. a mineral of carbon and more than one.— «, {gram.) the form denot
iron, used for pencils, &c, wrongly thought to ing more than one.—adv. Plu'rally. [Fr.—L.
be lead, from its resemblance to it, and hence ^pluralis—rlus, pluris, more.]
commonly called ' blacklead.' j L. —plumbum, I Pluralism, plOU'ral-izm, n. the state of being
lead. See Plumb.] plural : the holding of more than one ccclesias-
Plumbean, plum'be-an, Plumbeous, plum'be-us, | tical living.
adj. consisting of or resembling lead ; stupid. Pluralist, plCo'ral-ist, n. a clergyman who holds
Plumber, plumer, n. one who works in lead. more than one benefice with cure of souls.
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOQn ; Men.
 Plurality
Plurality, pliTO-ral'i-ti, n. the state of being plural :
a number consisting of more than one : the
majority : the holding of more than one bene
fice with cure of souls.
Plus, plus, n. the sign ( + ) prefixed to positive
quantities, and set between quantities or num
bers to be added together. [L. plus, more.]
Plush, plush, «. a variety of cloth woven like
velvet, but having its pile or hairy surface un-
cropped. [Fr. peluclie, through Low L., from L.
piltis, hair. See Pile, a hairy surface.]
Plutocracy, plo~0-tok'ra-si, government by the
wealthy, [Gr. ploutokratia—ploutos, wealth,
and kratos, strength, akin to £. Hard.]
Plutonian, pIco-t<?ni-an, Plutonic, pl&o-ton'ik,
adj. infernal i dark: (geol.) formed by the
agency of heat at a depth below the surface of
the earth. [L. [lit.) belonging to Pluto—Gr.
Ploutdnios—Ploutdn, Pluto, the god of the
nether world.]
PlUTlal, plOO'vi-al, adj. pertaining to rain : rainy.
[Fr.— L. pluvialis—pluvia, rain, akin to Plow.]
Pluvious, ploU'vi-us, adj. rainy. [L. pluvius.
See Pluvial. ]
Ply, pit, v.t. to work at steadily : to urge.—v.i.
to work steadily : to go in haste : to make
regular passages between two ports : [naut.)
to make way against the wind '.—pa.t. and pa.p.
plied.—«. a fold : bent : direction. [Fr. ptier, to
bend or fold— L. plico, to bend ; Gr. plekS, to fold.]
Pneumatic, nQ-mat'ik, Pneumatical, nfl-mat'-
ik-al, adj. relating to air: consisting of air:
moved by air or wind : pertaining to pneumatics.
—adv. Pneumatically. [L.—Gr. pnenmatikos
—pneum-a, -atos, wind, ixt—pned, to blow, to
breathe.]
Pneumatics, nQ-mat'iks, n.sing. the science which
treats of air and other elastic fluids or gases.
PneumatolOglst, nu-mat-ol'o-jist, n. one versed
in pneumatology.
Pneumatology, nQ-mat-ol'o-ji, n. the science of
elastic jluids, or, more generally, of spiritual
substances. [Gr. pneuma, wind, spirit, and
logos, science.]
Pneumonia, nu-mO'ni-a, n. inflammation of the
lungs. [Gr. from pneumdn, pneumonis, the
lungs—pneuma, air.] [lungs.
Pneumonic, nu-mon'ik, adj. pertaining to the
Poach, poch, v.t. to dress eggs by breaking them
into boiling water. [Perh. Fr. pother, to put
in a pocket—poche, pouch, because the yolk is
enveloped by the white as in a pouch.]
Poach, poch, v.i. to intrude on another's preserves
in order to steal game.—v.t. to steal game.—n.
Poach'er, one who poaches or steals game.
[Fr. pocher, orig. to pocket—pocke, pouch. Cf.
above word.]
Pock, pok, n. a small elevation of the skin con
taining matter, as in smallpox.—ns. Pockmark,
Pock'pit, the mark, pit, or scar left by a pock.
[A.S./oc, a pustule ; cog. with Ger. pocke, Dut.
pok. The correct pi. form was pocks, erroneously
spelt pox. and treated as sing.]
Pocket, pok'et, «. a little pouch or bag, esp. one
attached to a dress.—v.t. to put in the pocket :
to take stealthily:—//*./, pock'eting ; pa.t and
pa.p. pocketed.—n. Pocket- book, a book for
holding papers carried in thepocket. —n. Pock'et-
mon'oy, money carried in the pocket for
ordinary expenses. [Fr. pochette, dim. ofpoche,
pouch.]
Pod, pod, «. the covering of the seed of plants, as
the pea or bean. —v.i. to fill, as a pod : to produce
pods :—Pr.p. podd'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. podd ed.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Poise
[Allied to Pad, anything stuffed, and to Dan.
Pudet a cushion, from a root meaning 'bag,'
anything 'swollen out.' See Pudding.]
Poem, poem, «. a composition in verse. [Lit.
'anything made,' Fr. potme—L. poema—Gr.
Poiema—poied, to do or make.]
Poesy, p6'e-si, «. the art of composing poems ;
poetry: a poem. [Fr. potsie—L. poesis—Gr.
Poiisis—poied, to do or make.]
Poet, pO'et, n. the author of a poem : one skilled
in making poetry: one with a strong imagina
tion —fern. Po etess. [Lit. 'a maker,' Fr. poite
—L. poeta—Gr. poiites—poied, to do or make.]
Poetaster, pOet-as-ter, «. a petty poet: a writer
of contemptible verses. [Freq. of Poet.]
Poetlo, po-ct'ik, Poetical, po-erik-al, adj. pertain
ing or suitable to poetry: expressed in poetry:
marked by poetic language : imaginative, —adv.
Poet ically, in a poetic manner.
Poetics, po-et'iks, n.sing. the branch of criticism
which relates to poetry. [verses.
Poetise, pG'et-Iz, v.i. to write as a Poet: to make
Poetry, po'et-ri, n. the art of expressing in melo
dious words the creations of feeling and ima
gination : utterance in song : metrical composi
tion. [O. Fr. poeterie.]
Poignancy, poin'an-si, n. state of being poignant.
Poignant, poin'ant, adj., stinging, pricking.
sharp : penetrating : acutely painful : satirical ;
pungent.—adv. Poign antly. [Fr. Poignant,
pr.p. of O. Fr. poindre, to sting —L. pungo,
to sting, to prick. See Point and Pungent. ]
Point, point, «. that which pricks or pierces : any
thing coming to a sharp end : the mark made by
a sharp instrument: [geom.) that which has
neither length, breadth, nor thickness : a mark
shewing the divisions of a sentence: [mus.) a
dot at the right hand of a note, to raise its value
one-half : a very small space : a moment of time :
a small affair : a single thing : a single assertion :
the precise thing to be considered : anything in
tended : exact place : degree : that which stings,
as the point of an epigram : a lively turn of
thought : that which awakens attention : a pecu
liarity:—/^ the switch on a railway. [Fr. (It.
punta)—L. punctum—pungo—root Pug. See
Poignant.]
Point, point, v.t. to give a point to: to sharpen :
:o aim: to direct one's attention : to punctuate,
as a sentence : to fill the joints of with mortar,
as a wall—v.i. to direct the finger towards an
object: to shew game by looking, as a dog. —
Point OUt {B. \ to assign.
Point-blank, point-blank', adj. aimed directly at
the mark : direct.—adv. directly. [Lit. the
white spot in the butt at which archers aimed,
from Fr. point-blanc, white point. Sec Blank. ]
Pointed, pointed, adj. having a sharp point :
sharp: direct: personal: keen: telling: {arch.)
having arches sharply pointed, Gothic-—adv.
Point7edly\—n. Point'edness.
Pointer, point'er, n. that which points: a dog
trained to point out game.
Pointing, pointing, n. the marking ofdivisions in
writing by points or marks : act of filling the
crevices of a wall with mortar.
Pointless, point'les, adj. having no Point: blunt :
dull : wanting keenness or smartness.
Pointsman, points'man, n. a man who has charge
of the points or switches on a railway.
Poise, poiz, v.t. to balance: to make of equal
weight : to examine.—«. weight : balance :
equilibrium : that which balances, a regulating
power; the weight used with steelyards. [O.
mote ; mate ; moOn ; then.
 Poison Polo
Fr. poiser, Fr. peser—L. penso, inten. of pendo, the condition of a state—politeuS, to govern
to Hang, to weigh.] a state—;polites, a citizen—Palis, a city, from
Poison, poi'zn, «. any substance having injurious root ofpolys, many, E. Pull.]
or deadly effects : anything malignant or in Policy, poll-si, n. the art or manner of governing
fectious ; that which taints or destroys moral a nation : a system of official administration :
purity.—v.t. to infect or to kill with poison : to dexterity of management : prudence : cunning :
taint: to mar: to imbitter : to corrupt. —«. in Scotland, the pleasure-grounds around a man
Poi'soner. [Lit. a potion or draught, Fr.—L. sion. [O. Fr. policie (Fr. police)— L. &c See
Potio, a draught—poto, to drink. Doublet Police.]
Potion.] Policy, pol'i-si, «. a warrant for money in the
Poisonous, poi'zn-us, adj. having the quality of funds : a writing containing a contract of insur
poison: destructive : impairing soundness or ance. [Fr. police, a policy—L. Polyptychum, a
purity.—adv. Poi'sonously.—«. Pol'sonous- register—Gr. polyptychon, a writing folded into
ness. leaves—Polyst many, ptyx, ptychos, fold, leaf.J
Poke, pOk, «. a bag : a pouch. [Prob. from Celt, Polish, pOl'ish, adj. relating to Poland or its
as U.poc, a bag. Cf. Pouch, Pock.] people.
Poke, pOk, v.t. to thrust or push against with Polish, polish, v. t. to make smooth and glossy by
something pointed : to search for with a long in rubbing: to refine: to make elegant —v.t. to
strument : to thrust at with the horns.—v.i. to become smooth and glossy.—«. Pol'isher. [Fr.
grope or feci —n. act of pushing or thrusting : Polir, polissant—L. polio, to make to shine.]
a thrust. [Ir. poc, a blow, Gael. Puc, to push.J Polite, po-llt', adj., polished', smooth: refined:
Poker, pOk'er, ». an iron rod forPoking or stirring well-bred : obliging.—adv. Politely.—n. Polite'-
the fire. ness. [L. poli/us, p&.p. ofpolio.]
Polar, pfilar, adj. pertaining to or situated near Politic, pol'i-tik, adj. pertaining to Policy : well-
either of the poles : pertaining to the magnetic devised: judicious: skilled in political affairs:
poles.—Polar
circling each ofcircle, a parallel
the poles of latitude
at a distance of 23s en
28' prudent : discreet : cunning.—adv. Politicly.
[Fr. politique—Or. politikos—politis, a citizen.]
from the pole ; the north polar being called the Political, po-lit'ik-al, adj. pertaining to polity or
arctic, the south, the antarctic circle. government : pertaining to nations : derived
Polarisation, pft-lar-i-za'shun, n. (opt.) a particular from government—rtrfw. Politically.—Political
modification of rays of light, by the action of Economy, the science which treats of the pro
certain media or surfaces, so that they cannot duction, distribution, and consumption of wealth.
be reflected or refracted again in certain direc Politician, pol-i-tish'an, n. one versed in or de
tions : state of having polarity. voted to politics: a man of artifice and cunning.
Polarise, polar-Tz, v.t. to give polarity to.—n. Politics, poll-tilts, n.sing, the art or science of
Po'lariser, that which polarises or gives polarity government: the management of a political
to. party : political affairs.
Polarity, po-larlt-i, «. a property in certain bodies Polity, poll-ti, ». the constitution of the govern
by which they arrange themselves in certain ment of a state : civil constitution.
directions, or point, as it were, to given poles. Polka, poilta, n. a dance of Bohemian origin:
Pole, pCl, n. that on which anything turns, as a also its tune. [Bohem. pulka, half, from the
pivot or axis: one of the ends of the axis of a half-step prevalent in it; also given from Slav.
sphere, esp. of the earth : {physics) one of the polka, a Polish woman.]
two points of a body in which the attractive or Poll, pol, ». a familiar name, often of a parrot.
repulsive energy is concentrated, as a magnet. [Contr. of Polly, a form of Molly = Mary.]
—Poles Of the heavens, the two points in the Poll, pol, «. the round part of the head, esp. the
heavens opposite to the Poles of the earth.— back of it : a register of heads or persons : the
n. Pole-star, a star at or near the pole of the entry of the names of electors who vote for civil
heavens. [Fr.—L. polus—Gr. polos—pels, to officers, such as members of parliament : an
be in motion.] election of civil officers : the place where the
Pole, pOl, «. a pale or pile .* a long piece of wood : votes are taken.—v.t. to remove the top : to
an instrument for measuring : a measure of cut : to clip : to lop, as the branches of a tree :
length, 5$ yards ; in square measure, 30J yards. to enter one's name in a register : to bring to
— n. Poleaxe, an axe fixed on a pole. [A.S. pal the poll as a voter.—«. Poll'er. (O. Dut. polle,
(Ger. p/ahl)—L. palus, a stake. Doublet Pale.] bol, a ball, top. Ice. kollr, top, head. Cf. Kill.]
Pole, poT, n. a native of Poland. Pollack, pol'ak, Pollock, pol'uk, «. a sea-fish of
Polecat, poTkat, «. a kind of weasel, which emits the cod family, resembling the whiting. [Celt.,
a disagreeable odour, called also the Pltchet as in Gael, pollag, a whiting.] [off.
and Foumart. [M. E. polcat, ety. of Pole- Pollard, pol'ard, n. a tree polled or with its top cut
unknown. See Cat. ] Pollen, pol'en, n. the fertilising powder contained
Polemic, po-lem'ik, Polemical, po-lemlk-al, adj. in the anthers of flowers : fine flour. [L. ' fine
given to disputing : controversial.—adv. PolenV- flour.']
Ically. [Lit. * warlike,' Gr. polemos, war.] Pollock. See Pollack.
Polemic, po-lem'ik, n. a disputant—n.sing. Poll-tax, pol'-taks, n. a tax by the poll or head—
Polemics, contest or controversy: (theol.) the i.e. on each person.
history of ecclesiastical controversy. Pollute, pol-10ot', v.t. to soil: to defile: to make
Polenta, po-len'ta, «. pudding made of the flour foul : to taint : to corrupt : to profane : to violate.
of maize. [It. —L. polenta, peeled barley.] —». Pollut'er. [Lit. 'to overflow,' L. polluo,
Police, po-lfis', «. the system of regulations of a pollutus—pol, sig. towards, and luo, to wash.]
city, town, or district, for the preservation of Pollution, pol-loo'shun, «. act of polluting: state
order and enforcement of law : the internal of being polluted : defilement: impurity. [L.]
government of a state : (short for police-force) Polo, pfllo, m. a military game, devised by the
the civil officers for preserving order, &c.—n. British officers in India, in which a ball is played
Pollce'man. [Fr.—L. politta—Gr. politeia, between two goals by men on horseback.
Y fate, far; mfi, her; mine; mflte ; mute ; mSOn ; then. 886
 Polony Pool
Polony, po-lfl'ni, n. a dry sausage made of meat Pomade, po-mad\ Pomatum, po-mfi'tum, n. [orig:)
partly cooked. [A corr. of Bologna sausage.] an ointment made from apples: any greasy com
Poltroon, pol-trOOn', «. an idle, lazy fellow : a position for dressing the hair. [Fr. pommade—
coward : a dastard : one without courage or It. pomada, pommata, lip-salve—L. pomum,
spirit.—adj. base, vile, contemptible. [Lit. 'one an apple.]
who lies in bed,' Fr. foltrvn—lt. poltro {for Pomegranate, pOm'gran-at or pum'-, «. a tree
Polstrv), orig. a bed, from Ger. polster, a bolster. bearing fruit like the orange, with numerous
See Bolster. J grains or seeds. [Through the O. Fr. from L.
Poltroonery, pol-trOOn'er-i, n. the spirit of a pol pomum, and granaturn, having many grains—
troon : laziness : cowardice : want of spirit grannm, a grain. See Grain.]
[Fr. poltronnerie.'] Pommel, pum W, «. a knob or ball : the knob on
Polverine, pol'ver-Tn or -in, «. the dust or calcined a sword-hilt : the high part of a saddle-bow. —
ashes of a plant, used in glass-making. [It. pel- v.t. to beat as with a pommel, or anything thick
verino—L. pulvis, Pulveris, dust.] or heavy : to bruise \—pr.p. pomm'elling ;
Polyandrlan, pol-i-an'dri-an, adj. having many rim 1 pa.p. pomm'ellcd. [Lit. 'anything round
or more than twenty stamens. [ Gr. polys, many, like an apple,' O. Fr. pomel (Fr. pommeau),
and anfr, andros, a man.] dim. of L. pomum, an apple.]
Polyandry, pol-i-an'dri, n. the practice of the Pomp, pomp, «. pageantry : ceremony : splendour :
woman having more husbands than one at the ostentation: grandeur. [Lit. 'a sending,' then
same time; cf. Polygamy. [Gr., from Polys, 'a showy procession,' Fr. pompe—L. pompa—
many, and anir, andros, a husband.] Gr. pompi—pempd, to send.]
Polyanth, pol'i-anth, Polyanthus, pol-i-an'thus, Pompous, pomp'us, adj. displaying pomp or
ft. a kind of primrose bearing many flowers. grandeur : grand : magnificent : dignified : boast
[Gr., from Polys, many, and anthos, a flower.} ful.—adv. Pomp'ously.—ns. Pomp'ousness,
Polycotyledon, pol-i-kot-i-l€'don, n. a plant having Pomposity.
many cotyledons or seed-lobes.—adj. Polycoty- Pond, pond, n. a pool of standing water. [From
lo donous. [Gr. polys, many, and Cotyledon.] A.S- pyndan, to shut in, thus a doublet of
Polygamlst, pol-ig'a-raist, «. one who practises or Pound, an inclosure.]
advocates Polygamy. Ponder, pon'der, v.t. to weigh in the mind : to
Polygamy, pol-ig'a-mi, n. the having more than think over : to consider.—n. Pon'dorer. [Lit.
one wife at the same time.—adj. Polyg/amous. to ' weigh/ L. pondero—potutus, ponderis, a
[Fr.—L.—Gr. polygamia—polys, many, and weight. Sec Pound, a weight]
gamos, a marriage. Cf- Bigamy.] Ponderable, pon'der-a-bl. adj. that may be
Polyglot, pol'i-glot, adj. having or containing •weighed: having sensible weight.—n. Ponder
many languages.—n. a book in several lan ability.
guages, esp. a Bible of this kind. [From Gr. Ponderous, pon'der-us, adj. , •weighty : massive :
polys, many, and gldtta, the tongue, language.] forcible: important.—adv. Pon'derously.
Polygon, pol'i-gon, «. a figure of many angles, or Ponderousness, pon'der-us-nes, Ponderosity,
with more than four.—adjs. Polyg/onal, Polyg'- pon-der-os'i-ti, n. weight : heaviness.
onous. [L.—Gr. polygdnon—polys, many, and Poniard, pon'yard, n. a small dagger for stabbing.
gdnia, a corner. See Knee.] —v.t. to stab with a poniard. [ Fr. poignard
Polyhedron, pol-i-hc'dron, n. a solid body with — fist (It. pugyw)—L. pugnus.]
many bases or sides.—adjs. Polyhe'dral, Poly- Pontage, pont'aj, n. a toll paid on bridges. [Low
ne'drous. [Gr. Polys, many, and hedra, a base L. pontagium—L. pons, pontis, a bridge, a
—Med, akin lo E. Sit.] nasalised form of the root of Path.]
Polynomial, pol-i-nO'mi-al, «. an algebraic quan Pontiff, pon'tif, *. (orig.) a Roman high-priest: in
tity of many names or terms.—adj. of many the R. Cath. Church, the Pope. [Fr. pontife—
names or terms. [A hybrid, from Gr. Polys, L. pontijex, pontijicis—pons, pout-is, a bridge,
many, and L. tiomen, a name.] and facto, to make or do, the original meaning
Polyp, Polype, pol'ip, Polypus, pol'i-pus, ». being obscure.]
something with many feet or roots : an aquatic Pontine, pon-tif'ik, Pontifical, pon-tif'ik-al, adj.
animal of the radiate kind, with many arms : a of or belonging to a pontiff or the Pope :
tumour growing in the nose, &c:—//. Polypes, splendid : magnificent.—n. a book of ecclesi
porips, Polypi, pol'i-pl.—adj. Pol'ypoUS. [Gr. astical ceremonies.—«. Pontificals, the dress of
polypous- Polys, many, and pons, E. Foot.] a priest, bishop, or Pope. [Fr. —L. pontificalis.]
PolypetalOUB, pol-i-pet'al-us, adj. with many Pontificate, pon-tif'i-kat, n. the dignity of a
Petals. [Gr. folys, many, and Petalous. ] pontiffor high-priest : the office and dignity or
Polypodo, poll-pOd, «. an animal with many feet. reign of a Pope. [Fr.—L. pontificatusS\
[Gr. polypous—polys, many, Pons, podos, a foot.] Pontoon, pon-tOon', w. a portable floating vessel
Polypus. See Polyp. used in forming a bridge for the passage of an
Polysyllable, pol'i-sil-a-bl, «. a word of many or army : a bridge of boats : a lighter. [Fr. ponton
more than three syllables.—adjs. Polysyllabic, —L. pons, a bridge. See Pontage.]
Polysyllab'leal. [Gr.polys, many, and Syllable ] Pony, pO'ni, n. a small horse. [Gael, ponaidh.]
Polytechnic, pol-i-tek nik, adj. comprehending Poodle, pOO'dl, n. a small dog with long silky hair.
many arts. [Gr. Polys, many, techne, an art.] [Ger. pudel; akin to Low Ger. pudeln, to waddle.]
Polytheism, pol'i-tnff-izm, n. the doctrine of a Pooh, pOO, int. of disdain. [Imitative.]
plurality of gods.—adjs. Polytheistic, Poly- Pool, poTjl, «. a small body of water. [A.S. p6l
iheiat'loal.—n. Pol'ythcist, a believer in many (Out. poel, Ger. Celt. poll, pnvll; akin to
gods. [Gr. Polys, many, and theos, a god.] L. pains, a marsh, Gr. pflos, mud.]
Pomace, po-mS.s' or pum as, *. the substance of Pool. pOTl, n. the receptacle for the stakes in
apples or similar fruit. [Low L. pomacium— certain games : the stakes themselves : a variety
L. pomum, fruit such as apples, &c] of play at billiards. [Fr. Poule, orig. a hen {the
PomAceouB, po-m&'shus, adj. relating to, consisting stakes being jocularly compared to eggs in a
of, or resembling apples : like pomace. nest)—L. pullus, a young animal, E. Foal.)
fit*, far ; me, her ; mine ; mute ; mute ; moon ; than.
 Poop Portcullis
Poop, pOOp, *. the hinder part of a ship : a deck Eortico at the entrance of churches and other
above the ordinary deck in the after-part of a uildings : the public porch in the forum of
ship.—v.t. to strike the stern. [Fr. poupc—L. Athens where Zeno the Stoic taught : {Jig. ) the
P»ppis, the poop. ] Stoic philosophy. [Fr. porclie (1l portico/—L.
Poor, pOOr, adj. without means : needy : spiritless : porticus, from Porta, a gate, entrance. See
depressed: \B.) humble: contrite; wanting in Port, a gate.)
appearance : lean : wantiny in strength : weak : Porcine, por'sln, adj. pertaining to swim. [L.
wanting in value : inferior: wanting in fertility : Poreinus—porcus, a swine.]
sterile : wanting in fitness, beauty, or dignity : Porcupine, por'kG-pTn, «. a rodent quadruped,
trifling : paltry : dear (endearingly). — adv. covered with spines or quills. [Lit. 1 the spiny
Poorly.—«. Poorness. [O. Fr. poure, povre hog,' M. E. porkepyn—O. Fr. pore espin—h.
[Ft. pauvre)—L. pau-per = pauca pariens, pro Porcus, a pig, and spina, a spine.]
ducing or providing little, from paucus, little, Pore, per, n. \anat^ a minute passage in the skin
and pario, to produce.] for the perspiration : an opening between the
Poorhouae, pBoYhows, «. a house established at molecules of a body. [Fr.—L. porus—Gr.
the public expense for the benefit of the poor. poros ; akin to Fare and Ferry.]
Poor-laws, pOoV-lawz, «., laws relating to the sup Pore, pfir, vd. to look with steady attention on :
port of the poor. [of the Poor. to study closely. [Perh. akin to Peer, to peep.]
Poor-ratO, po"oV-rat, «. a rate or tax for the support Foriform, poVi-form, adj. in theform of a fore.
Poor-spirited, pOor-spir'it-ed, adj. , poor or mean Pork, pork, n. the flesh of swine. [Fr. porc—h.
in spirit', cowardly: base. —». Poor-Spirited- porcus, a hog ; cog. with W. porch and E.
ness. Farrow. See Farrow.] [pork.
Pop, pop, v.i. to make a sharp, quick sound : to Porker, pGrk'er, «. a young hog: a pig fed for
dart : to move quickly.—v.t. to thrust suddenly : Porosity, pO-ros'i-ti, «, quality of being porous.
to bring suddenly to notice :—pr.p. popp'ing ; Porous, pOr'us, adj. having pores.—adv. Por/-
Pad. and pa.p. popped.—«. a sharp, quick sound OUsly. {porphyry.
or report. —adv. suddenly. [From the sound.] Porphyrlse, por'fir-Tz, v.t. to cause to resemble
Pope, pOp, n. the bishop of Rome, head of the Porphyritic, por-fir-ii'ik, Porphyraceous, por-fir-
R. Cath. Church : a kind of perch. [A.S. pdpa ashus, adj. resembling or consisting ofporphyry.
—L. papa, a father. See Papa.]] Porphyry, por'fir-i, n. a very hard, variegated
Popedom, pop'dom, «. office, dignity, or jurisdic rock, of a purple and white colour, used in
tion of the Pope. [A.S. pafedbm.) sculpture. [Through Fr. and L., from Gr. por-
Popery, pOp'er-i, «. the religion of which the Pope phyrites—porphyra, purple. Cf. Purple.]
is the head : Roman Catholicism. Porpoise, por'pus, Porpess, por'pes, «. a gregari
Popinjay, pop'in-ja, n. {prig.) a parrot : a mark ous kind of whale, from 4 to 8 feet long, caught
like a parrot, put on a pole to be shot at : a fop for its oil and flesh. [Lit. 'the hog-fish,' O.
or coxcomb. [Lit. the 'babbling cock," Fr. Fr. porpeis—L. Porcus, a hog, and piseis, a fish,
fapegai, from the imitative root PaP or bob, to from its hog-like appearance in the water.]
chatter, and Fr. gau— L. gallus, a cock.] Porridge, porTj, n. a kind of pudding usually
Popish, pop'ish, adj. relating to the Pope or made by slowly stirring oatmeal amongst boiling
Popery : taught by Popery.—adv. Pop'lsnly. water : a kind of broth. [M. E. porree, through
Poplar, pop'lar, n. a tree common in the northern O. Fr., from Low L- porrata, broth made with
hemisphere, of rapid growth, and having soft leeks—L. porrum, a leek. The affix -idge
wood. [O. Fr. poplier (Fr. peuplier)—L. (— -age) arose through confusion with Pottage. ]
pfipulns.] Porringer, por'in-jer, n. a small dish for porridge.
Poplin, poplin, n. a fabric made of silk and [Porriger, with inserted n. Cf. Passenger.]
worsted. [Fr. popeline. Ety, unknown.] Port, port, «., bearing, demeanour: carriage of
Poppy, pop i, n. a plant having large showy the body: the left side of a ship.—v.t. to put
flowers, from one species of which opium is (as the helm) to the left side of a ship (lit. to
obtained. [A.S. popig—L. papaver.] carry ') : to hold, as a musket, in a slanting
Populace, pop'u-las or -las, n. the common people. direction upward across the body. [Fr.—L.
[Fr.—It. popolazzo—Xa. populus. See People.] Porto, to carry, cog. with Fare.]
Popular, popQ-iar, adj. pertaining to the people: Port, pOrt, n. a harbour: a haven or safe station
pleasing to or prevailing among the people : for vessels, [A.S. — L. portus ; akin to portat a
easily comprehended: inferior: vulgar. —adv. gate.]
Pop'ularly. [Fr. populaire—L. popularis— Port, port, «. a gate or entrance: a porthole:
ropulus.] [suitable to the people. lid of a porthole. [Fr. porte—L. porta, from
Popularise, pop'u-lar-Tz, v.t. to make popular or root of Fare.]
Popularity, pop-Q-lar'i-ti, n. quality or state of Port, pOrt, n. a dark purple wine from Oporto in
being popular or pleasing to the people. Portugal. (Oporto = (lit.) * the port.']
Populate, pop'Q-lat, v.t. to people: to furnish Portable, pOrt'a-bl, adj. that maybe carried: not
with inhabitants. [L. Popular, populatus— bulky or heavy.—w. Port'ableness. [See Port,
Populus.] [the inhabitants of any place. bearing.] [price of carriage.
Population, pop-D-la'shun, «. act of populating: Portage, pGrt'aj, n. act of carrying: carriage:
Populous, pop'u-Ius, adj. full of people : numer Portal, pOrt'al, «. a small gate : any entrance :
ously inhabited, — adv. Pop'UloUflly. —n. Pop'U- {arch.) the arch over a gate : the lesser of two
lousness. gates. [O. Fr. (Fr. /to*-/"*/)— Low L. Port'ale.]
Porcelain, pors'Ian, «. a fine kind of earthenware, Port-crayon, pGrt-knVon, «. a metallic handle for
white, thin, and semi-transparent. [Fr. porce- holdinga crayon. [L. Porto, to carry. Crayon.]
laine—\t. porcellana^ the Venus' shell (which Portcullis, pOrt-kul'is, n. a sliding door of cross
porcelain resembles m transparency)—!., por- timbers pointed with iron, hung over a gateway,
cella, a young sow (which the shell was thought so as to be let down in a moment to keep out an
to .esemble in form), dim. from porcus, a pig.J enemy. [Fr. portecoulisse, from porte, a gate,
Porjh, pOrch, «. a covered way or entrance : a I and L. cdlo, to filter, to slide. See Colander.]
fSte, far : mfi. her ; mine ; mOte ; mute : mGon ; Men.
 Port© Posterior
Port9, port, n. the Turkish government, so called Positive, pozlt-iv, adj. definitely placed or laid
from the ' High Gate,' the chief office of the down: clearly expressed : actual : not admitting
Ottoman government [See Port, a gate.] any doubt or qualification : decisive : settled by
Portend, por-tend', v.t. to indicate the future by arbitrary appointment : dogmatic : fully assured :
signs : to betoken : presage. [Lit. ' to stretch certain : {gram.) noting the simple form of an
towards,' L. portendo, portentus—pro, forth, adjective : [math.) to be added.—n. that which
and tendo, to stretch. See Tend, to stretch.] is placed or laid down : that which may be
Portent, por'tent, n. that which portends or fore affirmed : reality.—adv. Positively.—«. Pos'i-
shows: an evil omen. [O. Fr.—L.) tiveness. [Fr.—L. positivus, fixed by agree
Portentous, por-tent'us, adj. serving to portend: ment, from pono. See Position.]
foreshadowing ill.—adv. Portent'ously. Positivism, poz'it-iv-izm, n, a system of philo
Porter, pOrt'er, «. a door-keeper or gate-keeper : sophy originated by Comte, a French philo
one who waits at the door to receive messages.— sopher (1798—1857), which, rejecting all inquiry
Jem. Port'eress orPort'ress. [Sec Port, agate.] into causes whether efficient or final, deals only
Porter, pOrt'er, m. one who carries burdens for with what is positive, or simply seeks to dis
hire : a dark-brown malt liquor—socalled because cover the laws of phenomena.
it was a favourite drink with London porters. Positlvist, poz'it-iv-ist, n. a believer in positivism.
Porterage, purt'er-aj, n. charge made by ^.porter. Possess, poz-zes', v.t. to have or hold as an
Portfolio, pOrt-fO'li-C, «. a portable case for keep owner: to have the control of: to inform: to
ing loose papers, drawings, &c. : a collection of seize: to enter into and influence. [L. possideo.
such papers : the office of a minister of state. Possessus.]
[From L. porta, to carry, and Folio, a sheet of Possession, poz-zesh'un, *. act of possessing : the
paper; cf. Fr. portefentile,\ thing possessed : property : state of being pos
Porthole, pOrt'hOl, n. a hole or opening in a ship's sessed, as by an evil spirit.
side for light and air, or for pointing a gun Possessive, poz-zes'iv, adj. pertaining to or denot
through. [Port, a gate, and Hole.] ing possession.—adv. Possessively.
Portico, poVti-kO, w. {arch.) a range of columns Possessor, poz-zes'or, n. one who possesses :
in the front of a building:—//. Porticoes or owner : proprietor : occupant.
Porticos, poVti-koz. [It.—L.porticus. Doublet Possessory, poz-zes'or-i, adj. relating to a pos
Porch.] [tico. sessor or possession : having possession.
Portlcoed, poVti-k5d, adj. furnished with a por- Posset, pos'et, n. hot milk curdled with wine or
Portlon, poVshun, n. a part: an allotment : divi acid. [W. posel, curdled milk, Ir. pnsoid.\
dend : the part of an estate descending to an Possibility, pos-i-bil'i-ti, n. state of being possible:
heir: a wife's fortune.—v.t. to divide into por that which is possible : a contingency.
tions : to allot a share : to furnish with a portion. Possible, pos'i-bl, adj. that is able to be or
[Fr.—L. Portio, portionis, akin to Pars, a part, happen : that may be done : not contrary to the
and Gr. pord, to share.] nature of things.—adv. Possibly. [Fr.—L.
Portioned, pOr'shund, adj. having a portion or possibilis—possum, to be able—potis, able, and
endowment. [assigns shares. esse, to be.]
Porttoner, poVshun-er, n. one who portions or Post, post, n, a piece of timber fixed in the ground,
Portionlst. pOr'shun-ist, n. one who has an aca generally as a support to something else : 3
demical allowance or portion : the incumbent of pillar.—v.t. to fix on or to a post, that is, in a
a benefice which has more than one rector or fiublic place : to expose to public reproach.
vicar. [dowry, or property. A-S. post—h. postis, a doorpost, from pono, to
Portionless, pOr'shun-les, adj. having no portion, place. ]
Portly, pOrt'li, adj. having a dignified port or Post, post, n. a fixed place, as a military station :
mien: corpulent.—n. Portliness, state of being a fixed place or stage on a road : an office :
portly. [See Port, bearing.] one who travels by stages, esp. carrying letters,
Portmanteau, pOrt-man'tfl, n. a bag for carrying &c. : a public letter-carrier : an established
apparel, &c on journeys. [Lit. 'a cloak-carrier,' system of conveying letters : a size of writing-
Fr. porter, to carry, manteau, a cloak, mantle.] paper, double that of common note-paper (so
Portrait, poVtrat, «. the likeness of a person: called from the water-mark, a postman's horn).
description in words. [See Portray.] —v.t* to set or station : to put in the post-office :
Portraiture, pflr'trat-ur, n. the drawing of por {book-k.) to transfer to the ledger.—v.i. to travel
traits, or describing in words. with posthorses, or with speed.—adv. with post-
Portray, pCr-tr3', v.t. to paint or draw the like horses : with speed. [Fr. poste, from L. pono,
ness of: to describe in words.—n. Portray'er. post tus, to place.]
[Fr. portraire—L.—-pro, forth, trako, to draw.] Postage, pOst'aj, n. money paid for conveyance of
Pose, pflz, n. a position : an attitude.—v.t. to letters, &c. by post or man. [mail-service.
assume an attitude. [Fr.—poser, to place—Low Postal, post al, adj. belonging to the post-office or
L. pausarc, to cease, to make to cease—L. Postboy, pOstTx>y, n. a boy that rides post-
pausa, pause —Gr. pausis. See Pause. Between horses, or who carries letters.
Fr. poser, and L. pottere, positum, there has Postcard, pOstlcard, n. a stamped card on which
been great confusion, which has influenced the a message may be sent by post
derivatives of both words.] PostchaiSO, pOst'shaz, n. a chaise or carriage
Pose. pOz, v.t to puzzle : to perplex by questions : with four wheels for the conveyance of those
to bring to a stand. [M. E. apposen, a corr. of who travel with /wrhorses.
Oppose, which in the schools meant to 'argue Postdate, pOstdar*. v.t. to date after the real
against'] [puzzle. time. [L. tost, after, and Date. 1
Poser, poYer, n. one who or that which poses : a Post-diluvial, post-di-lu'vi-al, Post-dilu vian,
Position, po-zish'un. «., place, situation : attitude : adj. being or happening after the deluge. —«.
state of affairs: the ground taken in argument Post-dllu'vlan, one who has lived since the
or a dispute : principle laid down : place in deluge. [L. post, after, and Diluvial, Dlluvian. ]
society. [Yx.—t,.—ponotPositus, to place] Posterior, pos-te'ri-or, adj., coming after: later :
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mote ; mQte ; mOOo ; Men.
 Posterity
hind or hinder.—*.//. Poste'riors, short for
interior parts.—«. Posteriority. — adv.
Posteriorly. [L», comp. of posterns, coming
after—Post, after.]
Posterity, pos-terit-i, «. those coming after: suc
ceeding generations: a race. [Fr.—L.—pos
terus. See Posterior.]
Postern, pOst'ern, *. (orig.) a back door or gate :
a small private door.—-adj. hack: private. [O.
Fr. posteme, posterle—L. posterula, a dim.
from posterus. See Posterior.)
Postfix, pOst'nks, n. a letter, syllable, or word
fixed to or put after another word, an affix.—
Postfix', v.t. to add to the end of another word.
(L. post, after, and Fix ]
Posthaste, post-hast/, haste in travelling like
that of a post.—adv. with haste or speed.
Posthorse, post/hors, «. a horse kept for posting.
Posthumous. post'u-mus, adj. born after the
father's death : published after the death of the
author.—adv. Posfhumously. [L. fosthutnus,
postumus, superl. of posterus, coming after—
post, after.]
Postil, pos'til, n. [prig.) a note in the margin of
the Bible, so called because written after the
text or otherwords : a marginal note : in R. Cath.
Church, a homily read after the gospel.—v. to
make such notes. [O. Yx.postille fit. postilla)—
Low L. postilla—L.post ilia {verba), after those
(words).]
Postillion, pCs-til'yun, *. a postboy, one who
guides posthorses, or horses in any carriage,
riding on one of them. [Fr. postilion—posted
Postman, pdst'man, n. a post or courier : a letter-
carrier, [post-office on a letter.
Postmark, pOst'mark, n. the mark or stamp of a
Postmaster, post'mas-ttr, n. the manager or
superintendent of a post-office : one who supplies
posthorses.—«. Postmaster-General, the chief
officer of the post-office department.
Post meridian, post-ine-rid'i-an, adj. coming
after the sun has crossed the meridian : in the
afternoon (written P.M.). [L. post, after, and
Meridian.]
Post-mortem, post-mor'tem, adj., afterdeath. [L.
post, after, and mortem, accus. of mors, death.]
Post-obit, post-Slut, ft. a bond payable with un
usual interest after the death of an individual
from whom the person granting it has expecta
tions. [L. post, after. Sec Obit.]
Post-office, post'-of'is, n. an office for receiving and
transmitting letters by post. [as a letter.
Postpaid, post/pad, adj. having the postagepaid,
Postpone, post-pOn', v.t. to put off to an after-
period : to defer : to delay. [L. postpono,
-positns—post, after, pono, to put,]
Postponement, pflst-pfln'mcnt, n. act of putting
off to an after-time '. temporary delay.
Post-prandial, pOst-pran'di-al, adj., after dinner.
[From h.post, after, and Prandium, a repast.]
Postscript, post'skript, *. a part added to a letter
after the signature : an addition to a book after
it is finished. [L , from post, after, and scriptum,
written, pa. p. of scribo, to write.]
Post-town, pCst'-town, n. a town with a post-office.
Postulant, pos'tQ-lant, n. a candidate. [See Pos
tulate.]
Postulate, pos'tfl-l5t, v.t. to assume without
proof : to take without positive consent.—n. a
position assumed as self-evident : (geom.) a self-
evident problem. [L. postulo, -atus, to demand
—-posco, to ask urgently.]
Postulatory, pos'tfl-la-tor-i, adj. assuming or
assumed without proof as a postulate.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Potwalloper
Posture, pos'tur, n. the placing or position of the
body : attitude : state or condition : disposition.
—v.t. to place in a particular manner. [Fr.—
L. positura—pono, Positurn, to place.]
Posy, pfl'zi, n. a verse of poetry ; a motto : an in
scription on a ring : a motto sent with a bouquet :
a bouquet. [Corn of Poesy. )
Pot, pot, n. a metallic vessel for various purposes,
esp. cooking : a drinking vessel : an earthen vessel
for plants: the quantity in a pot.—v.t. to pre
serve in pots: to put in pots:—pr.p. pott'ing;
pa.t. and pa.p. pott'ed.—To go to pot, to go to
ruin, orig. said of old metal, to go into the
melting-pot. [M. E. Pot, from the Celt., as
Ir.fota, Gael, pot/, W. pot.)
Potable, po'ta-bl, adj. that may be drunk: liquid.
—n. something drinkable.—n. Po'tableness.
[Fr.—L. potabilis~~Pdto, to drink.]
Potash, pot'ash, n. a powerful alkali, obtained
from the ashes of plants. [Lit. 'pot ashes.']
Potassa, po-tas'a, n. Latinised form of Potash.
Potassium, po-tas'i-um, n. the metallic base of
potash. [From Potassa.]
Potation, po-ta'shun, n. a drinking : a draught.
[L. potatio—pdt-o, -atus, to drink.]
Potato, po-ta'to, n. one of the tubers of a plant
almost universally cultivated for food : the plant
itself:—//. Pota'toes- [Sp. patata, batata,
orig. a Haytian word.] [drink.]
Poteen, po-ten , «. Irish whisky. [Jr. poitim, I
Potency, pO'ten-si, n. power.
Potent, pO'tent, adj. strong : powerful : having
great authority or influence.—adv. Po/tently.
[L. potens—potisf able, esse, to be.]
Potentate, pi'ten-tat, n. one who is potent: a
prince: a sovereign. [Fr. potentat—Low L.
potentatus, pa.p. of potento, to exercise power.]
Potential, po-ten shal, adj., powerful, efficacious :
existing in possibility, not in reality: [gram.)
expressing power, possibility, liberty, or obliga
tion.—n. the name for a function of great im
portance in the mathematical theory of attrac
tions, also in electricity.—adv. Potentially.
». —Potentiality.
Pother, po/A'er, «. bustle : confusion, —v.t. to
puzzle: to perplex: to tease.—v.t. to make a
pother. [A variant of Potter.]
Potherb, pot/herb or pot'erb, «. an herb or vege
table used in cooking.
Pothook, por'hook, «. a hook on which pots are
hung over the fire : a letter or character formed
like a pothook : an ill-formed or scrawled letter.
Pothouse, potliows, «. a low drinking-house.
Potion, pO'shun, n. a draught: a liquid medicine:
a dose. [Fr.—L. potio—pdto, to drink. Doublet
Poison.] [provided for dinner.
Potluck, pot'Iuk, «. whatever may chance to be
Potsherd, potsherd, n. fragment of a pot. [Pot,
and A.S. sceard, a shred—sceran, to divide.]
Pottage, potaj , n. anything cooked in a pot : a
thick soup of meat and vegetables. [Fr. poiage
—Pot. See Pot.]
Potter, pot'er, «. one whose trade is to make pots,
or earthenware.
Potter, pot'ir, v.t. to be fussily engaged about
trifles.—«. Pott'erer. [Kreq. of prov. pote, to
push. See Pother and Put.]
Pottery, por/er-i, n. earthenware pots or vessels :
a place where earthenware is manufactured.
Pottle, pot'l, n. a little pot: a measure of four
pints : a small basket for fruit. [Dim. of Pot.]
Potwalloper, pot-wol'op-er, «. a voter in certain
English boroughs where every one who boiled a
pot was entitled to vote. [Lit. ' pot-boiler,' the
mote ; mate ; mODa : then. 889
 Pouch Praise
latter part of the word being from an 0. Low the mind : any agency : moving force of any
Ger. wallen, to boil, E. Well] thing : rule : authority : influence : ability :
Pouoh, powch, n. a poke, pocket, or bag: the bag capacity : a ruler : a divinity : the result of the
or sac of an animal.—v.t. to put into a pouch. continued multiplication of a quantity by itself
[Fr. poche. See Poke, a bag.] any given number of times : (optics) magnifying
Poult, polt, n. a little hen or fowl, a chicken. strength: {obs.) a great many. [M. E. poir—
[Fr. poulet, dim. of poule, hen, fowl—I- pullus, O. Fr. (Fr. pouvoir)—Low L. pot-ere, to be
the young of any animal ; cog. with Foal. able, L. posse [pot-esse). See Potent ]
Doublet Pullet.] Powerful, pow'er-fool, adj. having great power :
Poulterer, pfilrer-er, m. one who deals infowls. mighty : intense : forcible : efficacious.—adv.
Poultice, poTtis, «. a soft composition of meal, Powerfully.—n. Pow'erfulness.
bran, &c. applied to sores. —v,t. to dress with a Powerless, pow'er-les, adj. without power : weak :
poultice. [Lit. * porridge,' L. pultes, pL. ofpuis, impotent.—adv. PoWerlessly.—«. Pow'erless-
pultis, Gr. polios, porridge.] neas. [Written forpocks, pi. ofPoox]
Poultry, polt'ri, «. domestic fowls. [See Poult.] Pox, poks, n. pustules : an eruptive disease.
Pounce, powns, v.i. to fall (upon) and seize with Practicability, prak-ti-ka-bil'i-ti, n. state or
the claws: to dart suddenly tupon).—«. a hawk's quality of being practicable.
claw. [Orig. to pierce, to stamp holes in for Practicable, praVtik-a-bl, adj. that may be prac
ornament ; through Romance forms, from L. tised, used, or followed : that may be done :
fntngo, pttnetus. Doublet Punoh, v.] passable, —adv. Prac/ticably.
Pounce, pownSj «. a fine powder for preparing a Practical, prak'tik-al, adj. that can be put in
surface for writing on : coloured powder sprinkled practice: useful: applying knowledge to some
over holes pricked in paper as a pattern.—v.t. useful end.—adv. Prao'tically.—«. Prac'tlcal-
to sprinkle with pounce, as paper or a pattern. ness.
—«. Pounce'-bOX, a box with a perforated lid for Practice, prak'tis, n. a doing: the habit of doing
sprinkling pounce. [Orig. powdered pumice- anything : frequent use : performance : method :
stone, Fr. ponce, pumice—L. pumex, pumicis. medical treatment : exercise of any profession :
Doublet Pumice.] a rule in arithmetic. [M. E. praJtttkc—O. Fr.
Pound, pownd, «. a weight of 11 oz. troy, or 16 practique—Gv. praktikos, fit for doing—-prassd,
oz. avoir. : a sovereign or 20s., also represented Praxd, to do.]
by a note: (/?.) = about £4. [A.S. pund—L. Practise, prak'tis, v.t. to put in practice or do
pondo, by weight, pondus, a weight—pendo, to habitualfy : to perform : to exercise, as a pro
weigh.] fession : to use or exercise : to commit.—v.i. to
Pound, pownd, v.t. to shut ui or confine, as have or to form a habit : to exercise any em
strayed animals-—h. an inclosure in which ployment or profession : to try artifices.—«.
strayed animals are confined. [M. E. pond— Prao'tlser. [From the noun ]
A.S. pund, inclosure. Doublet Pond.] Practitioner, prak-tish'un-er, «. one whopractises
Pound, pownd, v.t. to beat, to bruise: to bray or is engaged in the exercise of any profession,
with a pestle.—«. Pound'er. [M. E. pounen— esp. medicine or law. [Older form practician—
A.S. punian, to beat; -d excrescent] O. Fr. practicien. ]
Poundage, pownd'iij, ». a charge made for each Praemunire, prein-u-ni're, n. the offence of dis
pound. U'ng stray cattle. regard or contempt of the king and his govern
Poundage, pownd'aj, n. a charge made for pound- ment, especially the offence of introducing papal
Pounder, pownd'er, «. he or that which has so or other foreign authority into England : the
many pounds. writ founded on such an offence : the penalty
Pour, pflr, v.t. to cause to flow : to throw with incurred by the offence* [Acorr. ofpramoture,
force : to send forth : to give vent to : to utter. to forewarn, to cite. ]
—v.i. to flow : to issue forth : to rush. [Celt., PrEBtor, prS'tor, n. a magistrate of ancient Rome,
as W. bwnu, to throw, Gael, purr, to push.] next in rank to the consuls.—n. Prffl'torship.
Pourtray. Same as Portray. [Lit. 'one who goes before,' L. preetor for
Pout, pnwt, v.i. to push out the lips, in contempt praitor—pra, before, eo, itum, to go.]
or displeasure : to look sulky : to hang or be Praetorial, pre-t5'ri-al, Praetorian, pre-to'ri-an,
prominent.—«. a fit of sullenness. [Ely. dub. : adj. pertaining to a pr&tor or magistrate : auth
cf. prov. Fr. pot, pout, lip, Fr. bonder, to pout : orised or exercised by the pnetor : judicial.
W. pivdu, pout.] PTEetorlum, pre-tO'ri-um, «. the official residence
Pouter, powt'er, n. one who pouts : a variety of of the Roman prattor, proconsul, or governor
pigeon, having its breast inflated. in a province : the general's tent in a camp : the
Pouting, powt'ing, u. childish sullenness. 1 council of officers who attended the general and
Poutlngly, powt'ing-li, adv. in a pouting or sullen met in his tent.
manner. Pragmatic, prag-mat'ik, Pragmatical, prag-mat'-
Poverty, pov'er-ti, «. the state of being poor: ik-al, adj. over-active, officious, meddlesome.—
necessity : want : meanness : defect. [O. Fr. adv. Pragmatically. -Pragmatic Sanction,
poverte (Fr. pavrvrett)—L. paupertas, -latis— a special decree issued by a sovereign, such as
Pauper, poor. See Poor.] that passed by the Emperor Charles VI. of Ger
Powder, pow'der, «., dust : any substance in fine many, securing the crown to Maria Theresa,
particles: gunpowder: hair-powder.—v.t. to re and which led to the war so called in 1741.
duce to powder : to sprinkle with powder : to [Orig.,/?/for action, Fr.—L.—Gr. pragmatikos
salt. —v.i. to crumble into powder. [M. E. —pragma—pragmatos, deed—prassd, to do.]
poudre—Fr.—L. puh'is, pulven's, dust.] Prairie, pra'ri, «. an extensive meadow or tract of
Powdered, pow'derd, adj. reduced to powder : land, level or rolling, without trees, and covered
sprinkled with powder : salted. with tall coarse grass. [Fr.—Low L. prataria,
Powdery, pow'dcr-i, adj. resembling or sprinkled meadow-land—L. pratum. a meadow.]
with powder: dusty: friable. Praise, prilz, n. the expression of the price or
Power, pow'cr, «., strength : energy : faculty of value in which any person or thing is held : com-
3D0 fate, far ; me", her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mOOn ; then.
 Praiseworthy
mendation : tribute of gratitude : a glorifying,
as in worship : reason ot praise. —v.t. to express
estimation of: to commend: to honour: to
glorify, as in worship. [O. Fr. preis (Fr. prix)
—L. pretium, price, value. See Price. 1
Praiseworthy, praz'wur-Mi, adj. , worthy of
Praise: commendable.—«. Prai so worthiness.
Prance, prans, v.i. to strut about in a showy or
warlike manner: to ride showily: to bound
gaily, as a horse. [Another form of Prank.]
Prancing, prans'ing, adj. riding showily : spring
ing or bounding gaily.—aiiv. Prano'lngly.
Prank, prangk, v.t. to display or adorn showily.
[Closely aktn to prink, which is a nasalised form
of Prick.]
Prank, prangk, n. a sportive action : a mischievous
trick. [Same word as the above.J
Prate, prat, v.i. to talk idly : to tattle: to be
loquacious.—v.t. to speak without meaning.—
n. trifling talk. [Scand. and Low Ger., as
Dan. prate, Dut. praaten, to tattle. )
Prater, prat'er, «. one who prates or talks idly.
Prating, praYing, adj., talking idly or unmean
ingly. —n. idle talk. — adv. Prat mgly
Prattle, prat'l, v.i. to prate or talk much and
idly : to utter child s talk.—n. empty talk.
(Freq. of Prate.]
Prattler, pratlcr, n. one who prattles, as a child.
Prawn, prawn, n. a small crustacean animal like
the shrimp. [Ety. unknown.]
Praxis, praks'ts, «., practice ; an example for
exercise. [Gr.—prasso, praxd, to do.]
Pray, pra, v.i. to ask earnestly: to entreat: to
petition or address God.—v.t. to ask earnestly
and reverently, as in worship : to supplicate :—
Pr.p. pray'ing : pa.t. and Pa.p. prayed. [O.
Fr. preier ( Fr. prier)—L. prec-or—prtx, prec-is,
a prayer, akin to Sans, pracch, Ger. fragen, to
ask.]
Prayer, prar, *. the act of praying: entreaty :
the words used : solemn address to God : a for
mula of worship.
Prayerful, pntrfool, adj., full of or given to
Prayer: devotional.—-adv. Piay'erfully. —«.
Pray'erfulness.
Prayerless, prar'les, adj. without or not using
prayer.—adv. Pray'erlessly.—m. Pray'erless-
ness.
Praying, prft'ing, n. the act of making a prayer:
a prayer made.—adj. given to prayer.
Preach, prech, v.i. to pronounce a public discourse
on sacred subjects: to discourse earnestly: to
give advice in an offensive or obtrusive manner.
~v.t. to publish in religious discourses : to teach
publicly. [Fr. pricker (It. predicare)—L.
Pradico, -atum, to proclaim—pro?, before, dico,
to proclaim, akin to dico, to say. See Diction.]
Preacher, prech'er, «. one who discourses publicly
on religious matters.
Preaching, prech'ing, n. the act of preaching : a
public religious discourse.
Preamble, pre-am'bl or prfi'am-bl, n. preface :
introduction. [Lit. that which 'goes before,'
Fr. prfambule—L. pra>, before, ambulo, to go.J
Pre-audience, pri-awMi-ens, n. right of previous
audience or hearing : precedence at the bar
among lawyers. [L. pra, before, and Audience. ]
Prebend, preb'end, n. the share of the estate of a
cathedral or collegiate church allowed to a
member of a cathedral church. | L. prerbeuda,
a payment to a private person from a public
source—prwbeo, to allow.] [end.
Prebendal, pre-bend'al, adj. relating to a preb-
Prebendary, preb'end-ar-i, «. an ecclesiastic who
fate, fax ; me, her ; mine ;
Preoipitant
enjoys, a prebend: an officiating or residentiary
canon.—n. Preb undaryship.
Precarious, pre-kft'ri-us, adj. uncertain, because
depending on the will of another : held by a
doubtful tenure.—adv. Preca'rlously.—«. Pre-
ca'rlOUSness. [Lit. * obtained by prayer or
entreaty,' L. precarius—precor, to pray. See
Pray.]
Precaution, pre-kaw'shun. caution or care
beforehand : a preventive measure.—v.t. to warn
or advise beforehand. (Fr.—L. prar, before.
See Caution.]
Precautionary, pre-kaw'shun-ar-i,*!^". containing
or proceeding from precaution.
Precede, prc-s5d', v,t. to go be/ore in time, rank,
or importance. [Fr. jtricider—L. pracedo—
Prar, before, cedo, go. See Cede ]
Precedence, pre-sed'ens, Precedency, pre-sed'-
cn-si, «. the act ofgoing before in time : priority :
the state of being before in rank, or the place
of honour : the foremost place in ceremony.
(Fr.-L.)
Precedent, pre-sed'ent, adj., gotng before : an
terior, —adv. Preced'ently. [Br.—L. pracedens,
•entis, pr.p. ofpra>ccdo.]
Precedent, pres'c-dent, «. that which may serve
as an example or rule in the future : a parallel
case in the past. [Lit- 'foregoing.' See above
word.]
Precedented, pres'e-dent-ed, adj. having a prece
dent : warranted by an example.
Preceding, pre-sed'ing, adj., going before in time,
rank, &c. : antecedent : previous : former.
Precentor, pre-sen'tor, «. he that leads in music :
the leader of a choir : the leader of the psalmody
in the Scotch Church.—«. Precen'torsnlp. [L.
pro?, before, cantor, a singer—canto. See
Chant.]
Precept, prfi'sept, n. rule of action : a command
ment : principle, or maxim : {law) the written
warrant ofa magistrate. [Fr. pre'cepte—'L.. prce-
ceptum—pra'ceptus, pa.p. of pretcipio, to take
beforehand, to give rules to—free, before, and
capio. See Capable.]
Preceptive, rre-scpt'iv, adj. containing or giving
Precepts: directing in moral conduct: didactic.
Preceptor, pre-sept'or, «. one who delivers pre
cepts: a teacher: an instructor: the head ©f a
school.—adj. Precepto'riaL—«. Precept ress.
Preceptory, pre-sept'or-!, giving precepts —n. a
religious house or college of the Knights
Templar.
Precession, pre-sesh'un, «. the act ofgoing before.
Precinct, prfi'singkt, n. limit or boundary of a
place : a territorial district or division : limit of
jurisdiction or authority. [Lit. 'girt about,*
'encompassed,' L. prwcinclus, pa.p. ofpracingo
—pra, before, and cingo, to gird]
Precious, presh'us, adj. of great price or worth :
costly : highly esteemed : worthless, contempt
ible (in irony) : (B.) valuable because of its
rarity.—adv. Prec'lously.—n. Prec'louBness.
[O. Fr. precios (Fr. pricieux)—L. pretiosus—>
pretium, price. See Price.]
Precipice, pres'i-pis, n. a very steep place : any
steep descent. [Fr.—L. pr<rcipitium—pra>ceps,
Prtecipitis, headlong—pra>, before, and caput,
capitis, the head. See Head.]
Preclpltable. pre-sip'i-ta-bl, adj. (cJtem.) that may
be precipitated.—n. PreoipitataTlty.
Precipitance, pre-sip'i-tans, Precipltancyj pre-
sip'i-tan-si, n. quality of being precipitate:
haste in resolving or executing a purpose.
Precipitant, pre-sip'i-tant, adj..fallingheadlong:
mote ; mute ; mOOo ; tken. 391
 Precipitate
rushing down with velocity : hasty : unexpectedly
brought on.—adv. Precip'itantly. [Pr.p. of
L. pra-ciPito. See Precipitate.]
Precipitate, pre-sip'i-tat, v.t. to throw head-fore
most : to urge with eagerness : to hurry rashly :
to hasten : (chem. ) to throw to the bottom, as a
substance in solution or suspension, —adj. /ail
ing, flowing, or rushing headlong: lacking de
liberation : overhasty : (med.) ending soon in
death.—n. (chem.) a substance precipitated.
[L. pracipitoy -atus—praceps. See Precipice.]
Precipitately, pre-sip'i-tat-li, adv. in a precipitate
manner : headlong.
Precipitation, pre-sip-i-ta'shun, n. act of Precipi
tating : great hurry : rash haste : rapid move
ment.
Precipitous, pre-sip'i-tus, adj. like a precipice :
very steep : hasty : rash. —adv. Precipitously.
—n. Precipltousness. [O. Fr. precipiteux—
L. pra-ceps. Sec Precipice.}
PreClS, pra-se', n. a precise or abridged statement :
an abstract : summary. [Fr.)
Precise, pre-sis', adj. definite : exact : not vague :
adhering too much to rule : excessively nice.—
adv. Precise'ly.—«. Precise'ness. [Fr. prfcis
—L. pra-cisus, pa.p. of prarcido—pra; before,
and co-do, to cut. See CflBSUra.J
Precisian, pre-sizh'an, «. an over-precise person.
Precision, pre-sizh'un, n. quality of being precise:
exactness : accuracy.
Preclude, pre-klo<3d', v.t. to hinder by anticipa
tion : to[L.keep back : ■clusus—prw,
to prevent from taking
place. pracludo, before, and
claudo, to shut. See Clause.]
Preclusion, pre-klCo'zhun, n. act of precluding or
hindering : state of being precluded.
Preclusive, pre-klOo'siv, adj. tending to preclude:
hindering beforehand.—adv. Preclu'sively.
Precocious, pre-kG'shus, adj. having the mind
developed very early: premature: forward. —
adv. Preco'clously.—ns. Preco'clousnesa, Pre
cocity. [Orig. 'ripe before the natural time,'
formed from L. prwcox, pra,cocis—prce, before,
and coquo, to cook, to ripen. See Cook.]
Precognition, pre-kog-nish'un, cognition,
knowledge, or examination beforehand : [Scots
law) an examination as to whether there is
ground for prosecution. [L. Pra, before, and
Cognition.]
Preconceive, pre-kon-seV, v.t. to conceive or form
a notion of beforehand. [L. Prar, before, and
Conceive.] [ceiving: previous opinion.
Preconception, pre-kon-sep'shun, n. act oiprecon-
Preconcert, pr5-kon-sert', v.t. to concert or settle
beforehand. [L. Pro; before, and Conoert, v.]
Precursor, pre-kui^sor, n. aforerunner : one who
or that which indicates approach. [L.—pra?t
before, and cursor—curro, to run. See Course.]
Precursory, pre-kur'sor-i, adj., forerunning :
indicating something to follow.
Predaceous, pre-da'shus, adj. living by prey :
predatory. [It. predace—L. prarda, booty,
prey.] [tug.
Predal, prS'dal, adj. pertaining to prey : plunder-
Predatory, pred'a-tor-i or prfi da-tor-i, adj.,
plundering: characterised by plundering:
hungry : ravenous.—adv. Pred'atorlly. [L.
pro-dor, -atus, to plunder—prada, booty. See
Prey.]
Predecease, pre'-dc-scs', decease or death he-
fore something else.—v.t. to die before. [L.
pra, before, and Decease.]
Predecessor, prc-de-scs'or, n. one who has pre
ceded another in any office. [L. prte, before,
392 fate, far ; me", her ; mine ;
Pre-emption
and decessor—decedo, decessus, to withdraw—
de, away, and cedo. See Cede.]
Predestinarian, pre-des-tin-a'ri-an, adj. pertain
ing to predestination.—n. one who holds the
doctrine of predestination. [See Predestine ]
Predestinate, pre-des tin-at, v.t. to determine
beforehand : to preordain by an unchangeable
purpose. [See Predestine.]
Predestination, pre-des-tin-a'shun, n. act of pre
destinating: (theol.) the doctrine that God has
from all eternity immutably fixed whatever is to
happen.
Predestinator, pre-desrtin-3.-tor, n. one who pre
destinates or foreordains : a predestinarian.
Predestine, pre-des'tin, v.t. to destine or decree
beforehand : to foreordain. [L. pro'destino,
-atus—pra, before, and destino. Sec Destine.]
Predeterminate, prg-de-tcr'min-at, adj., deter
mined beforehand.—n. Predetermination.
Predetermine, pr6-de-ter/min, v. t. to deter
mine beforehand. [L. prtry before, and Deter
mine.]
Predial, pre'di-al,<i*#. consisting of land orfarms:
growing from land. [Fr. predial—h. pradiutn
(for pra-hendium), an estate. See Prehensile.]
Predicable, pred'i-ka-bl, adj. that may be predi
cated or affirmed of something : attributable.—
«. anything that can be predicated.—n. Predi-
cabillty, quality of being predicable.
Predicament, pre-dik'a-ment, n. (logic), one of
the classes or categories which include all pre-
dicables : condition : an unfortunate or trying
position. [Low L. predicamoitjem.]
Predicate, pred'i-kat, v.t. to affirm one thing of
another.—n. (logic and gram.) that which is
stated of the subject. [L. pradico, -atus, to
proclaim, thus a doublet of Preach.]
Predication, pred-i-ka'shun, n. act ofpredicating:
assertion.
Predicative, pred'i-kat-iv, adj. expressing predi
cation or affirmation.
Predict, pre-dikt', v.t. to declare or tell before
hand : to prophesy. [L. pr&dictus, pa.p. of
pradico, from prtr, before, and dico, to say.]
Prediction, pre-dik'shun, n. act of predicting:
that which is predicted or foretold : prophecy.
Predictive, pre-dikt'iv, adj., foretelling: pro
phetic*
Predilection, prS-di-lck'shun, n, a choosing before
hand : favourable prepossession of mind : par
tiality. [L. P*yF, before, and dilectio, -onis,
choice, from diligo, dilectus, to love—dis, apart,
and lego, to choose. ]
Predispose, pre-dis-pOz', v.t. to dispose or incline
beforehand. [L. prar, before, and Dispose.]
Predisposition, pre-dis-pa-zish'un, n. state of
being predisposed or previously inclined.
Predominance, pre-domln-ans. Predominancy,
pre-dom'in-an-si, n. condition of being predom
inant : superiority : ascendency.
Predominant, pre-dom'in-ant, adj., ruling:ascend
ant.—adv. Predom inantly.
Predominate, pre-dom'in-at, v.t. to dominate or
rule over.—v.i. to be dominant over : to surpass
in strength or authority : to prevail. [L. Pne,
over, and Dominate.]
Pre-eminence, pre-eml-nens, «. state of being
Pre-eminent: superiority in excellence. [Fr.
Pre-eminent, pre-em'i-nent, adj., eminent above
others : surpassing others in good or bad quali
ties : outstanding.—adv. Pre-eminently. [L.
Pro; before, and Eminent. ]
Pre-emption, pre-em'shun, n. right of purchasing
mute ; mute ; moon ; then.
 Preen
before others. [L. Pra, before, and emptio, a
buying—emo, emptus, to buy.]
Preen, pren, v.t. to compose and arrange as birds
do their feathers. [Same as Prone, v.]
Pre-engage, pre-en-gaj' v.t. to engage before*
hand.—«. Pre-engagement. [L. free, before,
and Engage.]
Pre-establish, pre-cs-tablish, v.t. to establish
beforehand.—«. Pre-estab lishment. [L. pra,
before, and Establish.]
Pre-exist, prfi-cgz-ist', v.i. to exist beforehand.—
«. Pre-exist ence. [L. pra, before, and Exist.]
Pre-existent, pre-egz-ist ent, adj., existent or
existing beforehand.
Preface, prcf'5s or -as, n. something spoken before :
the introduction to a book, &c.—v.t. to introduce
with a preface. [Fr. preface—L. prafatio—
pra, before, and for, fattts, to speak. See
Fate.]
Prefatory, pref'a-tor-i, adj. pertaining to a pre-
Jace : introductory. —adv. Prefatoriiy.
Prefect, prc'fekt, n. one placed in authority over
others : a commander : a governor, esp. of a
province in France —ns. Pre fecture, Pre'fect-
ship, his office or jurisdiction. [Fr. prifet—
L. prafectus, pa.p. of prceficio—prce, over, and
facia, to make, to place. See Fact.]
Prefer, pre-fer', v.t. to esteem above another : to
regard or hold in higher estimation : to choose
or select : to promote : to exalt : to offer or
present, an a prayer : to place in advance '.—pr.f.
preferring; pa.t. and Pa.p. preferred'. [Lit.
'to place before,' Yt. prtfirer—L. prafero—
Prar, before, andfero, E. Bear.]
Preferable, pref'er-a-bl, adj. worthy to be pre*
ferred or chosen : more desirable, or excellent :
of better quality,—adv. Preferably. -n. Pref'-
erableness. [Fr.]
Preference, prefer-ens, «. the act ofpreferring:
estimation above another : the state of being
preferred : that which is preferred : choice.—
adj. Preferential, pref-er-en'shal, having a
preference.
Preferment, pre-fer'ment, n. the act ofpreferring:
the state of being advanced : advancement to a
higher position : promotion : superior place.
Prengurative, pre-fig'u-ra-tiv, adj. shewing by
previousfigures, types, or similitudes.
Prefigure, pre-figrur, v.t. to figure beforehand :
to suggest by antecedent representation or by
types.—ns. Prefig'urement, Prefigura'tion.
[L. pro; before, and Figure.]
Prefix, pre-fiks', v.t. to fx or put before, or at
the beginning. [L. f>nr, before, and Fix.]
Prefix, prc'fiks, n. a letter, syllable, or wordfixed
or put at the beginning of another word.
Pregnancy, preg'nan-si, «. state of being Preg
nant or with young : fertility : unusual capacity.
Pregnant, preg'nant, adj. with child or young :
fruitful : abounding with results : full of signifi
cance : implying more than is actually expressed :
full of promise.—adv. Preg'nantly. [Lit.
' bringing forth/ 0. Fr.—L. pragnans, -antis
—pro*, before, and -gnans, pr.p. of the obs. verb
of which gnatus (see Natal) is the pa.p.}
Prehenslble, pre-hen'si-bl, adj. that may be seized.
[See Prehensile.]
Prehensile, pre-hen'sil, adj., seizing: adapted
for seizing or holding. [From L. prehensus,
pa.p. of pre-hendo, to seize, from prtr, before,
and root of Get.]
Prehension, pre-hen'shun, «. a seising or taking
hold. [L. prehensio, -onis.)
Prehistoric, prc-his-tor'ik, adj. relating to a time
Cite, far ; m&, her ; mine ;
Premier
before that treated of in history. [L. pra,
before, and Historic]
Prejudge, pre-juj', v.t. to judge or decide upon
before hearing the whole case : to condemn un
heard.—/*. Prejudg'ment. [L. prtr, before,
and Judge.]
Prejudlcate, pre-jOo'di-kat, v.t. to judge before
hand', to prejudge.—v.i. to decide without ex
amination.—n. Prejudication. [L. projudico,
-atum—pra, before, andjudico, to judge.]
Prejudlcative, pre-jro'di-kikt-iv, adj. forming a
judgment or opinion beforehand.
Prejudice, prej'u-dis, n. a judgment or opinion
formed beforehand or without due examina
tion : a prejudgment : unreasonable preposses
sion for or against anything : bias : injury or
wrong of any kind : disadvantage : mischief.
—v.t. to fill with prejudice : to prepossess : to
bias the mind of : to injure or hurt. [L. prce-
judicium—pra, before, andjudicium, judgment.
See Judge.]
Prejudicial, prej-G-dish'al, adj. disadvantageous:
injurious: mischievous: tending to obstruct.—
adv. Prejudi'cially. [Orig. 'resulting from
prejudice..']
Prelacy, prel'a-si, «. the office of a prelate: the
order of bishops or the bishops collectively :
episcopacy.
Prelate, prel'St, «. a superior clergyman having
authority over others, as a bishop : a church
dignitary.—n. Prel'ateshrp. [Lit. 'one placed
over others,' Fr. prilat—L. prelatus—pra, be
fore, and latus, borne. Sec Elate.]
Prelatlo, pre-lat'ik, Prelatical, pre-tat'ik-al, adj.
pertaining to prelates or prelacy.—adv. Prelat'-
ically.
Prelatist, prel'at-ist, n. an upholder ofprelacy.
Prelect, pre-lekr/, V.L to read before or in pres
ence of others : to read a discourse : to lecture.
[L. pralego—pra, before, and lego, ledum, to
read.] [read to others.
Prelection, pre-lek'shun, n. a lecture or discourse
Prelector, pre-lek'tor, «. one who prelects : a
lecturer.
Prelibation, pre-lT-ba'shun, n. a tasting before-
hand, foretaste. [L. pralibatiff—pra, before,
and iibo, -atus, to taste.]
Preliminary, prc-lim'in-ar-i, adj. introductory :
preparatory : preceding the main discourse or
business.—n. that which precedes: introduc
tion.—adv. Preliminarily. [L. Pra, before,
and liminaris, relating to a threshold—limcn,
itminis, a threshold. Cf. Limit.]
Prelude, prel'ud, «. a short piece of music before
a longer piece : a preface : a forerunner. ( Lit*
' anything played before,' Fr.—Late L. pra-
ludiurn—L. pra, before, ludere, to play.]
Prelude, pre-lud', v.t. to play before: to precede,
as an introduction. [From above word.J
Prelusive, pre-lu'siv, adj. of the nature of a
prelude : introductory.
Premature, prem'a-tQr or pre-ma-tur', adj.,
mature before the proper time : happening be
fore the proper time: too soon believed, un-
authenticated (as a report).—adv. Prem aturely.
—ns. Prematurity, Prem'atureness. [L.
pramatnrus—pra, before, and maturus, ripe-]
Premeditate, pre-med'i-tat, v.t, to meditate upon
beforehand : to design previously. —v.i. to deli
berate beforehand.—«. Premeditation. [L.
prameditor, -atus—pra, before, and meditor,
to meditate.]
Premier, prem'ycr or prem'-, adj., prime orfirst :
chief: [Her.) most ancient.—n, the first or chief:
mote ; mute ; moon : then.
 Premise
the prime-minister.—*. Premiership. [Fr.—
L. prim-arius, of the first rank—prim-us, first ;
cf. Prime.]
Premise, prem'is, ». that which is premised: a
proposition antecedently supposed or proved for
after-reasoning : [logic) one of the two proposi
tions in a syllogism from which the conclusion is
drawn : the thing set forth in the beginning of
a deed :—>/. a building and its adjuncts.
Premise, pre-muZ, v.I. to send or state be/ore the
rest: to make an introduction : to lay down pro
positions for subsequent reasonings. [Fr.—L.
{sententia) pramtissa (a sentence) put before—
pro?, before, and mitto, missus, to send. Cf.
Mission.]
Premiss, premls, «. Same as Premise.
Premium, prfi'mi-um, «. a reward : a prize : a
bounty : payment made for insurance : the differ
ence in value above the original price or par of
stock (opposed to Discount}: anything offered as
an incentive. [L. prtemiutn—pra*, above, and
emo, to take, to buy.]
Premonisli, pre-mon'ish, v.t. to admonish or warn
beforehand.—«. Premonition. [From pre-, be
fore, and vwnish, a corr. form through O. Fr.,
from L. moneo, to warn. See Admonish,
Monition.]
Premonitive, pre-mon'it-iv, Premonitory^ pre-
mon'ii-or-i, adj. giving warning or notice de-
forehand.—adv. Premon'itorily.
Premonitor, prc-mon'it-or, «. one who or that
which gives warning beforehand.
Prentice, pren'tis, «. short for Apprentice.
Preoccupancy, prc-ok'u-pan-si, «. the act or the
right of occupying beforehand.
Preoccupy, pre-ok'u-pt, v.t. to occupy or take pos
session of oeforehand : to occupy beforehand or
by prejudices.—*. Preoccupation. [L. pr&,
before, and Occupy.]
Preordain, prC-or-din', v.t. to ordain, appoint, or
determine beforehand.—*. Preordina tion, [L.
prar, before, and Ordain.]
Prepaid, pre-pad', adj. . paid beforehand.
Preparation, prep-ar-ashun, n. the act ofPrepar
ing: previous arrangement: the state of being
prepared or ready : that which is prepared
or made ready: {anal.) a part of any animal
body preserved as a specimen. [Fr.—L. pree-
Paratio.]
Preparative, pre-par'a-tiv, adj. having the power
ofpreparing or making ready: fitting for any
thing.—*. that which prepares : preparation.
Preparatory, pre-par'a-tor-i, adj., preparingfor:
previous : introductory : preparative.
Prepare, pre-par', v.t. to make ready beforehand :
to fit for any purpose : to make ready for use : to
adapt : to form : to set or appoint : to provide :
to equip.—«. Prepar'er. [Fr.—L- pneparo—
prw, before, and Paro, to make ready.)
Prepared, pre-pard', adj. made ready: ready.—
adv. Preparedly.—*. Preparedness.
Prepay, pre-pa', v.t. to pay before or in advance.
—«. Prepayment. [L. prw, before, and Pay.]
Prepense, pre-pens', tidj. premeditated : inten
tional, chiefly in the phrase 'malice prepense."
—adv. Prepense'ly. [Lit. 'weighed before
hand,' through the Fr., from L. Prce, before, and
pendo, pensum, to weigh.]
Preponderant, pre-pon^ler-ant, adj.t outweigh-
inr: superior in weight, power, or influence.—
adv. Preponderantly.—*. Preponderance.
Preponderate, pre-pon'der-ai, v.t. to outweigh:
to incline to one side : to exceed in power or in
fluence.—*. Prepondera'tion. [L. prte, before,
31H fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Prescription
and pondero, -atus, to weigh, from Pondus, a
weight.]
Preposition, prep-o-zish'un, «. a word placed be
fore a noun or pronoun to show its relation to
some other word of the sentence. —adj. Preposl'-
tional.—adv. Preposi'tionally. [Fr.—L. prw
positio—prw, before, and potto, positum, to
place or put ; so called because orig. prefixed to
the verb, in order to modify its meaning.]
Prepossess, pre-poz-zes', v.t. to possess before
hand : to preoccupy, as the mind : to bias or
prejudice. [L. prte, before, Possess.]
Prepossessing, pre-poz-zeslng, adj. tending to
prepossess in one's favour : giving a favourable
impression.—adv- Prepossessingly.
Prepossession, pre-poz-zesh'un, «., previous pos
session : preconceived opinion or impression.
Preposterous, pre-pos'ter-us, adj. contrary to
nature or reason: wrong: absurd: foolish. —
adv. Prepoa'terously.—«. Prepos'terousness.
[Lit. ' having that first which ought to be last,'
L. prafosterus,—pra, before, posterns, after—
Post, after.]
Prerogative, pre-rog'a-tiv, *. an exclusive or
peculiar privilege. [Lit. 'privilege of voting
first, or before others,' Fr. — L. prwrogativus,
that is asked before others for his opinion or vote
—Prw, before, rogo, -atutn, to ask.]
Presage, pres'aj, «. something that indicates a
future event.—adj. Presage'rul. [Lit. ' some
thing perceived beforehand,' Fr. presage—L.
prwsagiwn—prwsagio—prte, before, sagio, to
perceive quickly. See SagadOUS.]
Presage, pre-saj', v.t. to forebode : to indicate
something to come : to predict,—*. Presag er.
Presbyopia, pres-bi-O'pi-a, «. long-sightedness.
[Gr. presbys, old, and ops, opos, the eye.]
Presbyter, prez'bi-ter, *. (in the Eng. Church)
one of the second order of the ministry : a mem
ber of a presbytery. [Lit. 'elder,' L.—Gr. pres-
byteros, comp. ofpresbys, old. Cf. Priest.]
Presbyterian, prez-bi-tS'ri-an, Presbyterial,
prez-bi-te'ri-al, adj. pertaining to or consisting of
Presbyters : pertaining to Presbytery or that
form of church government in which all the
clergy or presbyters are equal :—opp. to Epis
copacy.—*. Presbyte'rian, an adherent of this
form of church government.
PreBbyterlanism, prez-bi-te'ri-an-izm, *. the form
of church government of Presbyterians.
Presbytery, prez'bi-t6r-i, w. (orig.) a council of
presbyters or elders : a church court consisting
of the ministers and one elder, a layman, from
each church within a certain district : (arch.)
that part of the church reserved for the officiat
ing priests.
Prescience, pre'shi-ens, «., knowledge of events
beforehand : foresight. [Fr.]
Prescient, pr6'shi-cnt, adj., knowing things be
forehand. [L. pnesciens, -entis, pr.p. of prw-
scio, to foreknow—prte, before, scio, to know.]
Prescribe, pre-skrTb', v.t. to lay down for direc
tion : to appoint : bned.) to give directions for,
as a remedy.—*. Prescrib'er. [L. frwscribo,
-scripturn—Prte, before, scribo, to write.]
Prescript, prg'skript, n. something prescribed:
direction : model prescribed.
Prescrlptible, pre-skript'i-bl, adj. that may be
prescribed for.—*. Prescriptibil'ity.
Prescription, pre-skrip'shun, «. act ofprescribing
or directing : {//ted. ) a written direction for the
preparation of a medicine : a recipe : (law)
custom continued until it has the force of law.
[Fr.—L. prescription
mote ; mate ; moon ; then.
 Prescriptive
Prescriptive, pre-skriptlv, adj. consisting in or
acquired by custom or immemorial use. [L.]
Presence, prez'ens, n, state of being present
(opp. of Absenoe) : situation within sight, &c. :
approach face to face : the person of a superior;
the persons assembled before a great person :
mien : personal appearance : calmness, readi
ness, as of mind. [Fr.—L. prasentia—prasens.
See Present, adj.\
Presence-chamber, prez'ens-cham'ber, n. the
chamber or room in which a great personage
receives company.
Present, prez'cnt, adj. being in a certain place
(opp. to Absent) : now under view or consider
ation : being at this time : not past or future :
ready at hand : attentive : not absent-minded :
[gram.) denoting time just now, or making
a general statement. —n. present time.—At
Eresent, at the present time, now. [Lit, 'being
efore or near,' Fr.—L. preesens, -sentis~prat
before, and setts, being, cog. with Sans, sant,
being, and Sooth.]
Present, pre-zenr*, v.t* to set before, to introduce :
to exhibit to view : to offer : to put into the pos
session of another : to make a gift of : to appoint
to a benefice : to lay before for consideration :
to point, as a gun before firing.—adj. Present -
able.—n. Presenter. [Fr.—L. prasento—
prctsens* See Present, adj.]
Present, prer'ent, n. that which is presented or
given, a gift.
Presentation, prez-en-ta'shun, «. act of present
ing: a setting: representation : the right of pre
senting to a benefice. [L. preesentatio.]
Presentee, prez-en-tfi', ». one who is Presented to
a benefice.
Presentiment, pre-sen'ti-ment, n. a sentiment or
perceiving beforehand : previous opinion : a
conviction of something unpleasant to happen.
[O. Fr.—L. preesentire. See Sentiment.]
Presently, prez'ent-li, adv. without delay : after
a little. [Orig. 'at present," now.]
Presentment, pre-zent'ment, «. act ofpresenting:
the thing presented or represented : {law) notice
taken of an offence bya grand-jury from observa
tion : accusation presented by a grand-Jury.
Preservation, prez-er-va'shun, ». act of preserv
ing : state of being preserved.
Preservative, pre-zerv'a-tiv, Preservatory, pre-
zerVa-tor-i, adj. tending to Preserve: having the
quality of preserving. —n. that which preserves J
a preventive of injury or decay.
Preserve, pre-zerv', v.t. to keep from injury: to
defend : to keep in a sound state : to season for
preservation : to keep up, as appearances.—n.
that which is preserved, as fruit, &c. : a place
for the protection of animals, as game, &c.—
n. Preserver. [Fr. preserver—h. Pro1, before
hand, servo, to preserve.]
Preside, prc-zld', V.t. to direct or control, esp. at
a meeting : to superintend. [Lit. * to sit before 1
or 'above,' Fr. pre'sider—L.. prasideo—pra', be
fore, sedeo, E. Sit.]
Presidency, prez'i-den-si, «. the office of a presi
dent, or nis dignity, term of office, jurisdiction,
or residence.
President, prez'i-dent, «. one who Presides over a
meeting : a chairman : the chief officer of a col
lege, institution, &c. : an officer elected to the
supreme executive of a province or nation.—n.
Presidentship. [Fr.—L. prasidens, -entis,
pr.p. of pr&sideo.)
Presidential, prez-i-den'shal, adj.f presiding
over : pertaining to a president.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Pretend
Preslgnlfy. pre-sig'ni-fT, v.t. to signifybeforehand.
[L. Prce, before, and Signify.]
Press, pres, v.t. to squeeze or crush strongly: to
hug : to drive with violence : to bear heavily
on : to distress : to urge : to inculcate with ear
nestness.—v.i. to exert pressure : to push with
force : to crowd : to go forward with violence :
to urge with vehemence and importunity : to
exert a strong influence.— «. Press'er. [Fr.
f>rrs$er—L. presso—premo, fvessits, to squeeze.]
Press, pres, n. an instrument for squeezing bodies :
a printing-machine : the art or business of print
ing and publishing : act of urging forward :
urgency : a crowd : a closet for holding articles,
—The Press, the literature of a country, esp.
newspapers.—Press Of Sail, as much sail as
can be carried.
Press, pres, v.t. {orig.) to engage men by prtst or
earnest-money for the public service : to carry
men off by violence to become soldiers or sailors.
—n. Press'-money, earnest-money. [Corr. from
old form prest, from O. Fr. prester (Fr. priter),
to lend—L. Prarsto, to stand before, to offer—
pnr, before, and sto, E. Stand.]
Pressfat, pres'fat, n. (B.) the vat of an olive or
wine press for collecting the liquor.
Pressgang, prcs'gang, n. a gang or body of
sailors under an officer empowered to impress
men into the navy. [See Press, to carry men
oft", &c] [ible.—adv. Press'lngly.
Pressing, pres'ing,a<#. urgent: importunate: forc-
Pressure, presh'Gr, ». act of pressing: a squeez
ing: the state of being pressed: impulse: con
straining force : that which presses or afflicts :
difficulties : urgency : {/Aysics) the action of
force on something resisting it. [O. Fr.—L.
Pressura—Premo.]
Presttdigitatibn, pres'ti-dij'it-a-shun, also Pres-
tig'iation, «. sleight of hand.—«. Pres'tldig'lta-
tor and Prestigiator. one who practises such.
Prestige, pres'tij or pres'tczh, «. influence arising
from past conduct or from reputation. [Orig.
'illusion' or 'deception,' Fr.—L.prafst^gittm—
Prasti'jt gjw, to obscure, to deceive.]
Presumable, pre-zum'a-bl, adj. that may be pre
sumed.—adv. Presum'ably.
Presume, pre-zum', v.t. to take as true without
examination or proof: to take for granted. —
v.i. to venture beyond what one has ground for:
to act forwardly. [Lit. 1 to take beiorehand,' Fr.
prisumer—L. prasnmo—prct, before, sumo, to
take—sub, under, and emo, to take, to buy.]
Presuming, pre-zflm'ing, adj. venturing without
permission : unreasonably bold.—adv. Presum'-
Presumptlon, pre-zum'shun, «, act ofpresuming:
supposition : strong probability : confidence
grounded on something not proved : forward
conduct : {law) assuming the truth of certain
facts from circumstantial evidence. [Through
O. Fr., from L. prasum^tio, -ottis.]
Presumptive, pre-zump'tiv, adj., presuming:
grounded on probable evidence : [law] proving
circumstantially.—adv. Presump'tlvelV.
Presumptuous, pre-zump'tu-us, adj. full of pre
sumption : bold and confident : founded on pre
sumption : wilful —adv. Presumptuously.—n.
Presump'tuousness. [L. prasumptuosus. ]
Presuppose, pre-sup-poV, v.t, to suppose be/ore
other things: to assume.—n. Presupposi'tlon.
[L. pra, before, and Suppose.]
Pretence, pro-tens', n. something pretetuied : ap
pearance or show : pretext : assumption : claim.
Pretend, pre-tend', to hold out ;ts a cloak lor
m5te ; mute ; moim ; then. 3y5
 Pretension Primage
something else : to offer something feigned : to anticipation: obstruction. [Lit. 'a coming be
affect to feel.—v.i. to put in a claim.—ft. Pre- fore.']
tend'er. [Lit. ' to stretch out before one,' Fr. Preventive, pre-vent'iv[ adj. tending to prevent
pritendre—L. pratendo—pra, before, tendo, or hinder : preservative.—n. that which pre
tenturny tensum, to stretch.] vents : a preservative.
Pretension, pre-ten'shun, n. something Pretended: Previous, prC'vi-us, adj.t going before : former.
false or fictitious appearance : claim* —<wV Pre'viously. [Lit. ' on the way before/
Pretentious, pre-ten'shus, adj. marked by or con L. pravius—pra, before, and via, a way. ]
taining /rrfoKV.* presumptuous: arrogant. Prewarn, pre-wawrn', v.t. to warn beforehand*
Pretertmperfect, pre"-ter-im-per'fekt, adj. imply [L. Pra, before, and Warn ; a hybrid word, a
ing that an event was happening at a certain quite unnecessary synonym of the correct form
time. [L. pra>ter, beyond, and Imperfect.) Forewarn.]
Preterit, Preterite, preter-it, adj., gone by; past: Prey, pra, n. booty : plunder : that which is or
noting the past tense.—n. the past tense. [L. may oe seized to be devoured.—v.i. to plunder :
Prateritus—prater, beyond, and eo, Hum, to to seize and devour : to waste or impair gradu
go.] [ing by : omission. ally : to weigh heavily (followed by on or upon).
Pretermission, pre-ter-mish'un, ». the act of pass- [O. Fr. praie (Fr. proie)—h. prada.]
Pretermit, pre-ter-mir/, v.t. to pass by : to omit : Price, pris, n. that at which anything is prized,
—pr.p. pretermitting ; pa.t. and Pa.p. preter valued, or bought: excellence: recompense.—■
mitted. [L. prater, past, and mitto, to send.] v.t. to set a value on. [O. Fr. pris (Fr. Prix)—
Preternatural, pre-ter-nat'O-ral, adj., beyond what L. pretium, akin to Gr. priamai, to buy. See
is natural: extraordinary.—adv. Preternat'- Prize, v.] [without value : worthless.
urally. [L. prater, beyond, and Natural.] Priceless, prlsles, adj. beyond price : invaluable :
Preterperfect, pre"-ter-perfekt, adj. denoting the Prick, prik, n. a sharp point : a puncture : a
perfect tense. [L. prater, more than, and I sting : remorse.—v.t. to pierce with a prick:
Perfect.] to erect any pointed thing : to fix by the point :
Preterpluperfect, pre-ter-plco'per-fckt, adj. de- to put on by puncturing : to mark or make by
noting the pluperfect tense. [L. prater, beyond, pricking : to incite : to pain '.—pa.t. and pa.p.
and Pluperfect.] pricked. [A.S.pricu, a point, a dot, cog. with
Pretext, prg'tekst or pre-tekst', n. an ostensible Ger. prick-eln, £)ut. prikk-el. a prickle.]
motive or reason put forward in order to con Pricker, prik'er, «. that which pricks : a sharp-
ceal the real one : a pretence. [Lit. ' some pointed instrument : light-horseman.
thing woven in front,' L. pretextam—fratcxo Prickle, prikl, «. a little prick: a sharp point
—pra>, before, texo, to weave.] growing from the bark of a plant. (liness
PTetor, &c. See Prator, &c. Prickly, prik'li, adj. full of prickles.—n. Prick'-
Prettily, prer/i-li, adv. in apretty manner: pleas Prickly-pear, prikli-par, «, a class of plants,
ingly : elegantly : neatly. generally covered with clusters of strong hair?
Pretty, pret'i, adj. tasteful : pleasing : neat : or prickles, and bearing fruit like the pear.
beautiful without dignity : small : affected : (in Pride, prld, n. state or feeling of being proud :
contempt} fine.—n. Prett'lness. [A.S. Prattig, extreme self-esteem : haughtiness : noble self-
tricky—pratl, trickery ; prob. from the Celt., as esteem : that of which men axe proud : that
W. pratth, a deed.] which excites boasting, —v. t. to take pride : to
Pretty, pret'i, adv. in some degree : moderately. value (followed by a reciprocal pron). [A.S.
Pretypiry, pre-tip'i-fl, v.t. to represent before Pryte—prut, proud. See Proud.]
hand in a type. [L. Pra, before, and Typify.] Priest, prcst, n. one who officiates in sacred
Prevail, pre-vaT, v.i. to be very powerful: to have offices : one above a deacon and below a bishop :
influence or effect :_ to overcome : to gain the a clergyman.—fem. Priest ess. [A.S. prebst
advantage : to be in force : to succeed. [Fr. (O. Fr. preslre, Fr. pritre), contr. of L. pres
prevaloir—L. pravaleo—pra, before or above byter, an elder or presbyter. Doublet Pres
others, and valeo, to be powerful.] byter.]
Prevailing, pre-val'ing, adj. having great power : Priestcraft, prestlcraft, n. priestly policy: the
efficacious : most general. craft or schemes of priests to gain wealth or
Prevalence, prev'al-ens, Prevalency, pre/al-en-si, power.
«. the state of being prevalent : preponderance : Priesthood, prestliood, n. the office or character
superiority : influence : efficacy. of a priest : the priestly order.
Prevalent, prev'al-ent, adj., prevailing: having Priestly, prest'Ii, adj. pertaining to or resembling
great power: victorious: most common.—adv. a priest.—tt. Prlest'liness.
Prevalently. Priest-ridden, prest'-rid'en, adj., ridden or con
Prevaricate, pre-va/i-kit, v.i. to shift about from trolled entirely by priests.
side to side, to evade the truth : to quibble. Prig, prig, n. a pert fellow who gives himself airs
[Lit. 'to spread the legs apart in walking,' L. of superior wisdom. [Ety. unknown.]
pravaricor, -atus—pra, inten., and varicus, Prig, prig, k. a thief. tEty. dub.]
straddling—varus, bent, straddling.] Prim, pnm, adj. exact and precise in manner :
Prevarication, prft-var-i-ka'shun, n. the act of affectedly nice.—p./. to deck with great nicety:
quibbling to evade the truth. to form with affected preciseness '—Pr-P- primm
Prevaricator, pre-var/i-kat-or, «. one who pre ing : pa.t. and pa.p. primmed.—adv. Primly.—
varicates to evade the truth : a quibbler. n. Prim'ness. [O. Fr. prim, fem. prime—L.
Prevent, pre-vent', v.t. to binder: to obviate. Primus, prima, first.]
[Lit. and orig. * to come or go before,' L. pra- Primacy, prl'ma-si, «. the office or dignity of a
ventus, pa.p. of prarvenio—pra, before, and primate or archbishop.
venio, to come.] Prima donna, pre'ma-don'a, n. the first or lead
Preventable, pre-vent'a-bl, adj. that may be pre ing female singer in an opera. [Lit ' first lady '
vented or hindered. —It.—L. prima domitui.\
Prevention, pre-ven'shun, n. act of preventing : Primage, prim'aj, n. an allowance to the captain
(ate, far ; me", her ; mine; mflte ; mate: moon ; Men.
 Primal
of a vessel by the shipper or consignee of goods
for loading the same. [See Prime, first.J
Primal, pri mal, adj.,first : original.
Primary, pri'mar-i, adj., first, original: chief:
primitive.—n. that which is highest in rank or
importance.—adv. Primarily.
Primate, prrmat, n. the first or highest dignitary
in a church : an archbishop.—n. Pri'mateshlp.
Prime, prim, adj., first, in order of time, rank,
or importance : chief : excellent : original : early.
—n. the beginning : the dawn : the spring : the
best part : the height of perfection. [L. primus
(for pro-i-mus), cog. with A. S. for-ma. Cf.
Former and Prior.]
Prime, prim, v.t. to put powder on the nipple of a
firearm : to lay on the first coating of colour.—
v.t. to serve for the charge of a gun. [See
Prime, adj.]
Prime-minister, prim-min'is-tcr, n. the first or
chief minister of state. [Sec Premier.]
Prime-number, prlm-num'ber, «. a first number,
i.e. one divisible only by itself or unity.
Primer, prim'er or prim'-, n. a first book : a work
of elementary religious instruction : a first
reading-book : an elementary introduction to
any subject. [Orig. a small prayer-book.]
Primeval, prl-me"'val, adj. belonging to the first
ages : original : primitive. [L. primavus—pri
mus, first, and <evum, an age. See Age.]
Priming, prlm'ing, n. the first coating of colour :
the powder in the nipple of a firearm.
Primitive, prim'i-tiv, adj. belonging to the begin
ning, or to the first times : original : ancient :
antiquated : old-fashioned : not derived.—n. a
primitive word, or one not derived from another.
—adv. Prim'itively.—». Prim'itiveness. [Fr.
—L. primitivus, an extension ofprimus. ]
Primogenial, pri-mo-jCni-al, adj., first born or
made : primary : constituent. [L. Primus, first,
and geno, genitus, to beget. See Genus.]
Primogenitor, prl-mo-jen l-tor, n. thefirstbegetter
or father : a forefather.
Primogeniture, pn-mo-jen'i-tOr, n. state of being
bom first of the same parents : {law) the right
of inheritance of the eldest born.
Primordial, prl-mor'di-al, adj., first in order :
original : existing from the beginning. —n. first
principle or element. [L. primus, first, and
ordo, order.]
Primrose, prim'rOz, w. an early spring flower
common in woods and meadows. [Lit. the
'first rose,' Fr. Prime rose—L. prima rosa;
see Prime and K086. Historically, this form
took the place of M. E. primerole, which is
traced through O. Fr. prtmerole and Low L
diminutive forms to L. primus.)
Prince, prins, n. one of highest rank : a sovereign :
son of a king or emperor : the chief of any body
of men.—fern. Princess, prin'scs. [Lit. 'one
taking the first place,' Fr.—L. princeps—
primus, first, capio, to take.]
Princedom, prins'dum, n. the estate, jurisdiction,
sovereignty, or rank of a prince.
Princely, prinsli, adj., princelike: becoming a
{irince : grand : august : regal.—adv. in a prince-
ike manner.—n. PrinceHness.
Principal, prin'si-pal, adj. taking the first place :
highest in character or importance : chief.—n.
a principal person or thing : a head, as of a
school or college : one who takes a leading part :
money on which interest is paid : [arch.) a main
beam or timber : (law) the perpetrator of a
crime, or an abettor: {music) an organ stop.—
adv. Principally. [L. principalis.)
Privative
Principality, prin-si-pal'i-ti, «. the territory of a
prince or the country which gives title to him :
obs. />'. a prince, a power.
Principle, prin'si-pl, n. a fundamental truth : a
law or doctrine from which others are derived :
an original faculty of the mind : a settled rulo
of action: (cAem.J a constituent part. —v.t. to
establish in principles : to impress with a doc
trine. [L. principtum, beginning—princeps.]
Print, print, v.t. to press or impress : to mark by
pressure : to impress letters on paper, &c. : to
publish.—v.t. to practise the art of printing : to
Eublish a book.—n. a mark or character made
y impression : the impression of types in gen
eral : a copy : an engraving : a newspaper : a
printed cloth : calico : that which impresses its
form on anything : a cut, in wood or metal :
{arch,) a plaster-cast in low relief. [Shortened
from O. Fr. emprtindre, empreint—L. imprimo
—in, into, and premo, to press.]
Printer, print'er, n. one who prints, especially
books, newspapers, &c [printing.
Printing, printing, n. act, art, or practice of
Prior, prl'or, adj., former: previous: coming
before in time.—n. the head of a priory.—-/em.
Pri'oress. [L. prior, former, earlier, comp.
from a positive form fro-, in front. See Prime.]
Priorate, prror-at, Piiorshlp, prr*or-ship, ». the
overnment or office of a prior.
orlty, prl-or'i-ti, n. state of being prior or first
in time, place, or rank : preference.
Priory, pri'or-i, «. a convent of either sex, under
a prior orprioress, and next below an abbey.
Prism, prizm, n. (geom.) a solid whose ends are
similar, equal, and parallel planes, and whose
sides are parallelograms : [optics] a solid glass,
triangular-shaped body. [Lit. 'anything sawn,
L.—Gr. prism-a, -atos, from prizd, to saw.]
Prismatic, priz-mat'ik. Prismatical, priz-mat'i-
kal, ouij. resembling or pertaining to a prism:
formed by a prism.—adv. Prismat'ically.
Prismoid, priz moid, n. a figure in the form of a
prism. [Prism, and Gr. eidos, form.]
Prison, priz'n, n. a building for the confinement
of criminals, &c. : a gaol : any place of confine
ment. [Fr.—L. prensio, -onis, for prehensio, a
seizing—pre-hendo, -kensus, to seize, from obs.
kendo. See Get.] [prison : a captive.
Prisoner, priz'n-er, ». one arrested or confined in
Pristine, pris'tin, adj. as at first : former : be
longing to the beginning or earliest time :
ancient. [O. Fr.—L. pristinus, from pris- (=
prius, earlier), and -tenus, stretching.]
Privacy, prl'va-si or priv*-, n. state of being private
or retired from company or observation : a place
of seclusion: retreat: retirement: secrecy.
Private, pri'vat, adj. apart from the state : not
invested with public office : peculiar to one's
self: belonging to an individual person or com
pany : not public : retired from observation :
secret : not publicly known : not holding a com
mission.—n. a common soldier.—adv.s?Tl'vately.
—n. Prl'vateness. [Lit. 'cut off from others,'
L. privatus, pa.p. ofprivo, to separate—privus,
single. Doublet Privy.]
Privateer, prl-va-teY, «. an armed private vessel
commissioned to seize and plunder an enemy's
ships.—v.t. to cruise in a privateer: to fit out
privateers.
Privation, prT-vS'shun, n. state of being deprived
of something, esp. of what is necessary for
comfort : destitution : hardship : absence of any
(juality. [Fr. See under Private.]
Privative, priv'a-tiv, adj. causing privatum : con
 Privet Procrustean
sisting in the absence of something.—n. that I probes. —v. t. to examine with or as with a Probe:
which is privative or depends on the absence of ' to examine thoroughly. [L. probo, to prove.]
something else : {logic) a term denoting the Probity, prob'i-ti, w. uprightness: honesty. [Fr.
absence of a quality : {gram.) a prefix denoting — L. prodHas—probus, good, excellent. ]
absence or negation.—ndv. Priv/atively. [L.] Problem, prob'lem, n. a matter difficult of settle
Privet, priv'et, n. a half-evergreen European shrub ment or solution : {geom.) a proposition in which
much used for hedges. [Ety. unknown.] something is required to be done. [Lit. ' a
Privilege, priv'i-Iej, n. a peculiar advantage: a problema,question thrown or putbefore,
forward,' Fr.—L.—Gr.
right not general: prerogative.—v.t. to grant a •atos—pro, and balls, to throw. J
privilege to ; to exempt. [Fr.—L. priviugium, Problematic, prob-lem-at'ik, Problematical,
lit. 'a law regarding only a single person'— prob-lem-arik-al, adj. of the nature of a problem :
privus, single, and lex, legis, a law.] questionable : doubtful.—adv. Problematlc-
Privily, privVli, adv., privately : secretly. ally.
Privity, prr/i-ti, «, joint knowledge of something Proboscis, pro-bos'is, «. the trunk ofsome animals,
private or confidential : knowledge implying as the elephant, for conveying food to the mouth.
concurrence :—//. secret parts. [L.—Gr.—proboshis, a trunk, lit 'front-feeder'
Privy, priv'i, adj., private: pertaining to one —pro, in front, and boskd (L. Pasco), to feed.]
person : for private uses : secret : appropriated Procedure, pro-s€dur, n. the act of proceeding :
to retirement : admitted to the knowledge of progress : process : conduct.
something secret.—«. [law) a person having an Proceed, pro-s£d\ v.i. togoforward : to advance:
interest in an action: a necessary-house.—n. to issue: to be produced: to prosecute. [Fr.
Privy-Council, the Private council of a sov procider—L. procedo-~pro, before, and <edo,
ereign to advise in the administration of govern cessum, to go. J
ment —n. Privy-COunclllor, a member of the Proceeding, pro-sed'ing, n. a goingforth or for
privy-council.—n. Privy-purse, the parse or ward: progress: step: operation: transaction.
money_ for the private or personal use of the Proceeds, prG'sfidz, n.pl. the money proceeding or
sovereign.—n. Privy seal or signet, the seal arising from anything : rent : produce.
used by or for the king in subordinate matters, Process, pros'es or pro'-, n. a going forward:
or those which are not to pass the great seal. gradual progress ; operation : the whole pro
[Fr. priv/—L.privatus. See Private.] ceedings in an action or prosecution : series of
Prize, prTz( ft. that which is taken or gained by measures : a projection on a bone. [Fr. prods—
competition : anything taken from an enemy in L. processus.J
war : a captured vessel : that which is won in Procession, pro-sesh'un, n. the act of proceeding:
a lottery : anything offered for competition : a train of persons in a formal march. [Fr.—L.]
a reward. [Fr. prise—pris, taken, pa.p. of Processional, pro-sesh'un-al, adj. pertaining to a
prendre— L. pre{he)ndo. See Prison.] procession : consisting in a procession.—n. a
Prize, prlz, v.t. to set a price on : to value : to Dook of the processions of the Romish Church.
value highly. [Fr. priser—0. Fr. pris, price Proclaim, pro-kliim', v.t. to publish : to announce
(Fr. prior}—L. pretium, price, value.] officially.—n. Proclaimer. [Fr. proclamer—
Prize-court, prTz'-kOrt, n. a court for judging L. proclamo—pro, out, and clamo, to cry. See
regarding prizes made on the high seas. Claim.]
Prize-fighter, prTz'-fTt'er, n. a boxer who fights Proclamation, prok-la-ma'shun, n. the act ofpro
publicly for a prize.—n. Prize'-fight'lng. claiming: official notice given to the public.
Prize-money, prlz'-mun'i, n. share of the money or Proclivity, pro-kliv'i-ti, «. an incliningforwards:
proceeds from any prizes taken from an enemy. tendency : inclination : aptitude. [L. proclivitas
Proa, prO's* n. a small Malay sailing-vessel. —proclivus, having a slope forwards—pro, for
[Malay /m«.] wards, and clivus, a slope. See Decline.]
Probability, prob-a-biFi-ti, n. quality of being Proconsul, pro-kon'sul, n. a Roman officer having
Probable: appearance of truth: that which is the power of a consul without his office : the
probable : chance. governor of a province. [L.—pro, instead of,
Probable, prob'a-bl, adj. having more evidence and Consul.]
for than against : giving ground for belief : Proconsular, pro-kon'sQ-lar, adj. pertaining to or
likely.—adv. Prob'aDly. [Orig. 'that may be under the government of a proconsul.
proved,' Fr.—L. probabilis—probo, probatus, Proconsulate, pro-kon'sO-lat, Proconsulshlp, pro-
to prove—probus, good, excellent. See Prove.] kon'sul-ship, n. the office or term of office of a
Probate, proTxit, n. the proof before competent proconsul.
authority that an instrument, purporting to be Procrastinate, pro-kras'ti-nat, v.t. to put off till
the will of a person deceased, is indeed his some future time: to postpone.—n. Procras'-
lawful act : the official copy of a will, with tinator. [Lit 'to put off till the morrow,' L.
the certificate of its having been proved : the —pro, forward, off, and crastinus, of to-morrow
right or jurisdiction of proving wills. [L. pro- —eras, to-morrow, and tenus, stretching.]
batum, proved. Sec Probable.] Procrastination, pro-kras-ti-na'shun «. a putting
Probation, pro-ba'shun, «. act of proving; any off till a future time : dilatoriness.
proceeding to elicit truth, &c. : trial : time of Procreate, pro'kre-at, v.t. to generate: to propa
trial : moral trial : novitiate. [Fr.—L.] gate. [L. procre-o, -atus—pro, forth, and creo,
ProbatlonaL pro-ba'shun-al, Probationary, pro- to produce. See Create.]
ba'shun-ar-i, adj. relating to probation or trial. Procreation, pro-krc-.Vshun, «. the act of pro
Probationer, pro-ba'shun-er, «. one who is on creating: generation : production. [Fr.—L.]
probation or trial: {Scotland} one licensed to Procreatlve, pruTcre-ii-tiv, adj. having the power
preach, but not ordained to a pastorate. toprocreate : generative : productive.—n. Pro'-
Probative, pro'ba-tiv, Probatory, pro'ba-tor-i, creatlveness. [a father.
adj. serving for proof or trial : relating to proof. Procreator, prO'kre-5-tor, u. one who procreates:
Probe, prSb, n. an instrument for proving or Procrustean, pro-krus'te-an, adj. reducing by
examining a wound, &c. : that which tries or i violence to strict conformity to a measure or
Hi)6 fate, far ; me, her ; mine : mOte ; mute : moon ; Men.
 Proctor Profligate
model : from Procrustes, a fabled robber of Profane, pro-fin', adj. unholy : impious : impure :
ancient Greece, who stretched or cut a piece off common : secular.—adv. Profanely.—n. Pro-
the legs of his captives, so as to fit them to an fano'noss. [Lit. ' before the temple,' outside of
iron bed, on which he laid them. [Gr. pro- it, common, Fr.—L. profanus—pro, before, and
Aroustfs [lit.) 'the stretcher.*] fanum, a temple- See Fane.]
Proctor, prok'tor, n. a procurator or manager for Profane, pro-fan', v.t. to violate anything holy : to
another : an attorney in the spiritual courts : an abuse anything sacred : to put to a wrong use :
official in the English universities who attends to (B.) to pollute : to debase.—«. Profan'er.
the morals of the students and enforces obedience Profanity, pro-fan'i-ti, «. irreverence: that which
to university regulations.—«. Proctorship. is profane : profane language. [L.]
rComr. of Procurator.] Profess, pro-fes', v.t. to own freely: to declare in
Proctorial, prok-tO'ri-al, adj. pertaining to a proc strong terms : to announce publicly one's skill
tor: magisterial. in. (Fr. profi-s, professed, said of a member of
Procumbent, pro-kum'bent, adj., leaning for fiteor—pro, a religious order— L.profcssust perf.p. of pro-
wards : lying down or on the face : (bet.) trail publicly, fatcor, to confess. See
ing. [L. pro. forward, cuntbo, to lie down.] Confess.]
Procurable, pro-kur'a-bl, adj. that may be pro Professed, pro-fest', adj., openly declared:
cured. avowed: acknowledged, -adv. Professedly.
Procuration, prok-ur-a'shun, n. the act of manag Profession, pro-fesh'un, n. the act of professing:
ing another's affairs : the instrument giving open declaration : an employment not mechan
power to do this : a sum paid by incumbents ical and requiring some degree of learning :
to the bishop or archdeacon on visitations. calling, known employment : the collective body
Procurator, prok'Or-a-tor, n. one who takes care of persons engaged in any profession : entrance
ofor attends to a thing for another : a governor into a religious order, [r r.J
of a province under the Roman emperors.- «. Professional, pro-fesh'un-al, adj. pertaining to a
ProCnratorshlp. [L. See Procure. Cf. profession.—n. one who makes his living by an
Proctor.] art, as opposed to an amateur who practises it
Procure, pro-kQV, v.t. to obtain: to cause: to merely for pastime.—adv. Professionally.
attract. [Fr. procurer—L. procuro, to take care Professor, pre-fes'o^ ». one who professes: one
of, to manage -pro, in behalf of, and euro, who publicly practises or teaches any branch of
-atus, to care for.] knowledge : a public and authorised teacher in a
Procurement, pro-kQrWnt, ». the act ofprocur university.—adj. ProfesBO'rial.—;/. Professor
ing: management : agency. ship
Procurer, pro-kur'er, n. one who procures: a Proffer, prof'er, v.t. to bring forward: to pro
pimp : a pander.—fern. Proc'uress. pose : to offer for acceptance.—n. an offer made :
Prodigal, prod'i-gaf, adj. wasteful : lavish : pro a proposal.—n. Pron'erer. [Fr. profirer—L.
fuse. —n. one who throws away from him: a Prvfero—pro, forward, andfero, E. Bear.]
waster: a spendthrift.—adv. Prodigally, waste- Proficience, pro-fish'ens, Proficiency, pro-fish'-
fully. [Lit. 'driving forth or away,' Fr. —L. en-si, ». state of being proficient : improvement
prodigus—prodigo, to drive away, squander— in anything.
pro, forth or away, and agot to drive.] Proficient, pro-fish'ent, adj. competent : thor
Prodigality, prod-i-gal'i-ti, «. state or quality of oughly qualified.—n. one who has made con
being prodigal : extravagance: profusion. siderable advancement in anything : an adept.
Prodigious, pro-dij'us, adj. like a prodigy : aston —adv. Proficiently. [L. profTciens, -entis,
ishing : enormous: monstrous. —adv. Prodlg'- pr.p. of pro/iceret to make progress—pro, for
iously.—«. Prodiglousness. [Fr. prodigieux ward, andfaciot to make,]
L. prodigiosus. See Prodigy.] Profile, pru'nl, n. an outline: a head or portrait
Prodigy, prod'i-ji, n. a portent : anything extra in a side-view : the side-face : the outline of any
ordinary: a wonder: a monster. [Fr. prodige object without foreshortening.—v.t. to draw in
— L. prodigium, a prophetic sign.] profile. [It. profile (Fr. Profit]—L. pro, and
Produce, pro-dfls', v.t. to lead or bringforward': filum, a thread, outline.]
to bear : to exhibit : to yield : to cause : {geom.) Profit, profit, n. gain : the gain resulting from the
to extend.—«. Produc'er. [L. produco, -ductus employment of capital : advantage : benefit: im
—pro, forward, and duco, to lead. See Duke. J provement.—v.t. to benefit or be of advantage
Produce, prod'us, «. that which isproduced ; pro to: to improve.—v.t. to gain advantage: to
duct, proceeds. receive profit : to improve : to be of advantage :
Producible, pro-dus'i-bl, adj. that may be pro to bring good. [tr. — L. profectus. progress,
duced: that may be generated or made : that advance- proficio, projectum, to make progress.
may be exhibited.—«. Produclbleness. See Proficient.]
Product, prod'ukt, n. that which is proiiuced ; Profitable, profIt-a-hl, adj. yielding or bringing
work: composition: effect: {arith.) the result profit or gain : lucrative : productive : advan
of numbers multiplied together. tageous : beneficial.—adv. Profitably.—n.
Production, pro-duk'shun, *. the act of produc Profitableness. [Fr.]
ing: that which is produced : fruit: product. Profiting, prof'it-ing, n.,profit, gain, oradvantage :
Productive, pro-duk tiv, adj. having the power to (£.) progress or proficiency.
produce: generative: fertile: efficient.—.;./;'. Profitless, prof'it-les, adj. without profit, gain, or
Productively. —n. Produc'tlveneBS. advantage.
Proem, prO'cm, «. an introduction : a prelude : a Profligacy, prof'li-gas-i, Profligateness, prof'li-
preface.—adj. Proom'ial. TFr. proeme—L. gat-nes, n. the state or quality of being projli-
proatmium—Gr. prooimion—pro, before, and gate: a profligate or vicious course of life.
ei-ntos, a way—root i-, to go.] Profligate, prol'li-gat, adj. abandoned to vice:
Profanation, prof-a-na'shun, «. the act ofprofan without virtue or decency : dissolute : prodigal.
ing: desecration : irreverence to what is holy. —n. one leading a profligate life : one shame,
[Fr.-L.] lessly vicious.—adv. Profligately. [Lit.
fate, far ; me", her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mSQa ; Men.
 Profound
'dashed down,' L. proffigatus, pa.p. ofprofligo
—fro, andfligo, to dash, E. Blow, *.]
Profound, pro-fownd', adj. far below the surface :
low : very deep : intense : abstruse : mysteri
ous : occult : intellectually deep : penetrating
deeply into knowledge.—«. the sea or ocean.
[Lit. 'deep,' Fr. pro/ond—L. profundus—pro,
forward, downward, andfundus, E. Bottom.)
Profoundly, pro-fowndli, adv. deeply : with deep
knowledge or insight : with deep concern.
Profoundness, pm-fownd'nes, Profundity, pro-
fundlt-i, n. the state or quality of being pro
found: depth of place, of knowledge, &c.
Profuse, pro-fus', adj. liberal to excess : lavish :
extravagant : prodigal.—adv. Profusely. [L.
profusus, pa.p. of profundo—pro, forth, and
fundo, to pour. See Fuso. v.]
Profusoness. pro-fus'nes. Profusion, pro-fQ'zhun,
n. state of being profuse: rich abundance : ex
travagance : prodigality.
Progenitor, pro-jen'it-or, n. a forefather: an
ancestor. [Fr.—\*.—pro, before, and genitor,
a parent, from root gan in gigno, genitus, to
beget.]
Progeny, proj'en-i, n. that which is broughtforth:
descendants : race : children.
Prognosis, prog-nO'sis, n.,foreknowledge : (med.)
the act or art of foretelling the course of a disease
from the symptoms : the opinion thus formed.
[Gr.—pro, before, gigndskd, root gna, to know.]
Prognostic, prog-nos^ik, «. a foreshowing : an
indication: a presage.—adj. foreknowing: fore
showing : indicating what is to happen by signs
or symptoms. [Through O. Fr. (Fr. pronosiic)
from Gr. prognottikonA
Prognosticate, prog-nos'ti-kat, v.t. to foreshow:
to foretell : to indicate as future by signs.
Prognostication, prog-nos-ti-ka'shun, n. the act of
prognosticating or foretelling something future
by present signs : a foretoken or previous sign.
Prognosticate)!-, prog-nos'ti-ka-tor, «. a predictor
offuture events, esp. a weather prophet.
Programme, Program, pro'gram, n. a public
notice in writing : an outline of any forthcom
ing proceeding: a preliminary outline. [Lit.
'something written publicly,' Fr.—L.—Gr. pro-
gramma—pro, before, and graphs, to write.]
Progress, prog'res, n. a goingforward': advance:
improvement : proficiency : course : passage :
procession : a journey of state : a circuit. [Fr.
—L. progressus—progredior, to go forward—
Pro, forward, and gradior, to go.]
Progress, pro-gres', v.i. to go forward: to make
progress : to proceed : to advance : to improve.
Progression, pro-gresh'un, «. motion onivard:
progress : regular and gradual advance : in
crease or decrease of numbers or magnitudes
according to a fixed law : [music\ a regular suc
cession of chords or movement in harmony.—
adj. Progress lonal. [Fr.]
Progressive, pro-gres'iv, adj., Progressing or
moving forward : advancing gradually : improv
ing, -adv. Progressively.—n. Progress'lve-
ness.
Prohibit, pro-hib'it, v.t. to hinder: to check or
repress : to prevent : to forbid : to interdict by
authority. [Lit. ' to hold in front," L. Pro-
hibeo, prohibitum—pro, before, and habeo, to
have. See Have.]
Prohibition, pro-hi-bish'unj n. the act ofprohibit
ing, forbidding, or interdicting : an interdict.
Prohibitive, pro-hib'it-iv, Prohibitory, pro-hib'it-
or-i, adj. that prohibits or forbids : forbidding.
Project, proj'ckt, «. a plan : a scheme : contriv-
4oo fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Promiscuous
ance. [Lit. * a thing cast forward,' O. Fr. (Fr.
projet)—L. projectum—pro, before, andjacio, to
throw.]
Project, pro-jekt', v.t. to contrive or devise : to
exhibit (as in a mirror) : to draw : to exhibit in
relief. —v.i. to shoot forward : to jut out : to be
prominent.
Projectile, pro-jek'til, adj., projectingox throwing
forward : impelling or impelled forward.—n. a
body projected by force, esp. through the air.
Projection, pro-jek'shun, n. the act ofprojecting:
that which juts out : a plan or design : a delinea
tion : a representation of any object on a plane.
Projector, pro-jek'tor, n, one who projects or
forms schemes.
Prolate, prO'Ult, adj. extended : elongated in the
direction of the line of the poles, as a spheroid.
[L. prolatus, pa.p. of profero, to bring forward
or extend—pro, forth, andfero, to bear.]
Prolegomena, pro-leg-om'en-a, n.pl. an introduc
tion to a treatise. [Gr. ' things said before.']
ProlepsiS, pro-Iep'sis, n. a taking beforehand or
anticipation : (rhet.) a figure by which objections
are anticipated and answered *. the dating of an
event before its proper time. —adis. Prolep'tic,
Proleptloal—<fctp. Prolep'tlcally. [Gr. pro-
lambano, Prolipsomai—prot before, and lam-
band, to talce.]
Proletarian, pro-le-ti'ri-an, adj. belonging to the
poorest labouring class : having little or no pro
perty: plebeian: vulgar.—n. Proletariat, the
lowest class. [L. proUtarius (in ancient Rome)
a citizen of the sixth and lowest class, who
served the state not with his property, but with
his children—proles, offspring.]
Prolific, pro-lirik, Prolifical, pro-lifik-al, adj.
producing offspring: fruitful : productive : {bot.)
applied to a flower from which another is pro
duced.-/!. Proliflcness. [Fr. prolifique—Y*
proles (for pro-ales'), offspring (root ol, as in.
olesco, to grow), andfacio, to make.]
Prolix, pro-liks' or pro'-, adj. tedious, lengthy,
minute.—adv. Prolixly.—ns. Prolixity, Pro-
lix'ness. [Fr. frolixe—L. prolixus {lit.)
' having flowed beyond bounds, from pro, for
ward, and -lixus, from liquor, to flow. See
Liquid,]
Prolocutor, pro-Iok'G-tor, n. the speaker or chair
man of a convocation. [I*.—pro, before, and
loquor, locutus, to speak.]
Prologue, prol'og or pro'-, n. a preface : the intro
ductory verses before a play. [Fr.—L.—Gr.
prologos—pro, before, logos, speech.]
Prolong, pro-long', v. t. to lengthen out : to con
tinue. [Fr. prolonger—L. prolongo—pro, for
wards, longus, long.J
Prolongate, pro-long'giit, v.t. to lengthen.—n.
Prolongation.
Promenade, prom-e-n3d' or -mid', n. a walk for
pleasure, show, or exercise : a place for walking.
—v.i. to walk for amusement, show, or exercise.
[Fr.—from {se} promener, to walk—L. promtno,
to drive forwards—pro, forwards, and mino, to
drive.]
Promethean, pro-mc'the-.in, adj. pertaining to
Prometheus : life-giving, like the fire which (in
the Greek myth) Prometheus stole from heaven.
Prominent, prom'i-nent, adj. projecting: con
spicuous : principal : eminent : distinguished.—
adv. Prom'inently.—ns. Prom inence, Prom
inency. [Lit. 'jutting out,' Fr.—L. promineo,
to jut forth—pro, forth, and mineo, to jut.]
Promiscuous, pro-mis'ku-us, adj., mixed: con
| fused : collected together without order: indis
mOtt ; mute ; raOOn ; Men*
 Promise Propinquity
criminate.—adv. Promis'cuously.—n. Promis'- Proofless, prGofles, adj. wanting proofor evidence.
cuousness. [L. promiscuity—pro, inten., and Prop, prop, n. a support : a stay.—v.t. to support
inisceo, to mix.] by something under or against : to sustain :—
Promise, prom'is, n. an engagement to do or not pr.p. propp'ing ; pa.t. and Pa.p. propped.
to do something : expectation or that which [Allied to Sw. propp, Ger. Pfropf, a stopper;
affords expectation.—v. t. to make an engagement also to Ir. propa, prop, GaeL Prop.]
to do or not to do something : to afford reason Propagandism, prop-a-gand'izm, n. practice of
to expect : to assure : to engage to bestow.—/ts. propagating tenets or principles. [From the
Prom'ifler, Promisor. [Lit. ' a sending for Congregatio de propagatuid Fide {L.)t ' Society
ward,' Fr. promesse—h, promissa, promitto, to for propagating the Faith,' founded at Rome in
send forward—pro, forward, and mitto, to send. x6as.]
See Mission.] Propagandist, prop-a-gand'ist, «. one who devotes
Promising, prom'is-ing, adj. affording ground for himself to propagandism.
hope or expectation.—adv. Promisingly. Propagate, prop'a-gat, v.t. to multiply plants by
Promissory, prom'is-or-i, adj. containing apromise iayersi to extend : to produce : to impel forward
of some engagement to be fulfilled. in space, as sound : to spread : to extend the
Promontory, prom'on-tor-i, «. a headland or high knowledge of.—v.i. to be produced or multi
cape. [L. promontorium—pro, forward, and plied : to have young. —n. Prop agator. [L.
mons, montis, a mountain,] propago, -atus, conn, with pro-pag-eo, pro-pag-o,
Promote, pro-mot', v.t. to move forward: to ad a layer, from root of Pack and Pact, Gr. pig-
vance : to further : to encourage : to raise to a rtumi.]
higher position: to elevate.—n. Promot'er.— Propagation, prop-a-gii'shun, n. act of propagat
adj. Promo'tive. [L. promotus, pa.p. of pro- ing : the spreading or extension of anything.
moveo—pro, forward, and moveo, to move.] Propel, pro-pel', v.t. to drive forward: to urge
Promotion, pro-mO'shun, rt. the act ofpromoting: onward by force ;—Pr.p. propelling; pa.t. and
advancement : encouragement : preferment. pa.p. propelled'. £L Pro, forward, pello, to
Prompt, promt, adj. prepared : ready : acting drive.]
with alacrity : cheerful : unhesitating.—adv. Propeller, pro-pel'er, «. one who or that which
Promptly.—». Prompt'ness. [Lit. 'brought propels : a screw for propelling a steamboat : a
forward,' Fr.—L. promptus—prdmo, to bring vessel thus propelled.
forward—pro, forth, and emo, to bring or take.] Propensity, pro-pens'i-ti, ». inclination : disposi
Prompt, promt, v.t. to incite : to move to action : tion. [Lit. * a hanging forwards ; ' L. proPensus,
to assist a speaker when at a loss for words : to pa.p. of propeftdo, to hang forwards—L. Pro,
suggest—n. Prompt'er. forward, pendeo, to hang.]
Promptitude, promt i-tQd, promptttess : readi Proper, prop'cr, adj., one's monl naturally or
ness : quickness of decision and action. [Fr.] essentially belonging: peculiar: belonging to
Promulgate, pro-inut'gat, v.t- to publish : to pro only one of a species (as a name) : natural :
claim.—n. Prom'ulgator. [L. promulgo, -atus. suitable : correct : just : right : becoming : (B.)
Ety. unknown.] comely, pretty.—adv. Prop'erly. [Fr. proprel
Promulgation, prO-mul-ga'shun, n. act of promul —L. proprius, one's own, akin to prope, near.]
gating : publication : open declaration. Property, prop'er-ti, «. that which is proper to
Prone, prOn, adj. with the face downward : bend anything : a peculiar or essential quality : a
ing forward : headlong : disposed : inclined.— quality : that which is one's own : an estate :
adv. Pronely.—«. Prone'ness. [O. Fr.—L. nght of possessing, employing, &c. : ownership :
Prottus; cog. with Gr. pri/tes, prone.] —pi. articles required by actors in a play. [O.
Prong, prong, «. the spike of a fork or similar Fr. propreti: a doublet of Propriety.]
instrument. [Nasalised form of Prov. E. Prog, Prophecy, prof'e-si, n. a declaration of something
to prick—W. pracio ; cf Gael brog, to goad, and to come : a prediction : public interpretation of
brog, an awl, and E. Brooch. See also Pang. J Scripture : instruction : (B.) also, a book of pro
Pronominal, pronom'i-nal, adj. belonging to or phecies, [Lit. a speaking for another, O. Fr.
of the nature of a pronoun.—adv. Pronom'- prop/tecie—L. prophetia—Gr. propheteia—pro-
inally. phetes. See Prophet.]
Pronoun, prO'nown, n. a word used instead of a Prophesy, prof'e-si, v.t. to foretell : to predict.—
noun. [L. pro, for, and Noun.] v.i. (B.) to exhort : to expound religious sub
Pronounce, pro-nowns', v.t. to utter: to speak jects:—^!./, and pa.p, proph'esTed. [s has been
distinctly : to utter formally : to utter rhetori arbitrarily substituted for c, to distinguish the v.
cally : to declare.—n. Pronoun'oer. [Fr. pro- from the «.]
noncer—L. pronuncio—pro, forth, and nuncio, Prophet, prof'et, n. one who proclaims or inter
toannounce —nuncius, a messenger. See Nuncio.] prets the will of God : one who announces
Pronounceable, pro-nowns'a-bl, adj. capable of things to come : one who predicts or foretells
being pronounced. [ciation. events: (B.) one inspired by God to teach:—
Pronouncing, pro-nowns'ing, adj. giving pronun- //. the writings of the prophets.—-fern. Proph'-
Pronunciatlon, pro-nun-si-a'shun, n. act or mode etess. [Fr. — L. propheta — Gr. prophetes,
ofpronouncing: utterance. [lit.) one who speaks for another, esp. for a
Proof, prCiOf, «. that which proves : test : experi divine power ; hence one who delivers an oracle
ment : any process to discover or establish a revealing future events or otherwise announcing
truth : that which convinces : demonstration : the divine will—pro, before, in behalf of, and
evidence : condition of having been proved : phi-mi, to speak. See Fame.]
firmness of mind : a certain strength of alco Prophetic, pro-fet'ik, Prophetical, pro-fet'ik*al,
holic spirits: {print.) an impression taken for adj. containing prophecy: foreseeing or fore
correction, also ' proof-sheet : an early impres telling events.—adv. Prophet ically.
sion of an engraving:—//. Proofs, —adj. {tit.) Propinquity, pro-ping'kwi-ti, «. , nearness in
proved: firm in resisting. [M. E. preef—Fx. time, place, or blood : proximity. [L. propin-
Preuve—L. probo, to prove. See Prove.] quitas—propitiquus, near—prope, near.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mODn ; Men. 401
 Propitlable Prosperity
PropltlablO, pro-pish'i-a-bl, adj, that may be pro pertaining to prose : like prose.—adv. Prosa'-
pitiated. Ically. [See Prose.]
Propitiate, pro-pish'i-iit, v.t. to make propitious : Proscenium, pro-se'ni-um, n. the front part of
to render tavourable.—v.i. to make propitiation : the stage. [L.—Gr. proskeniou—pro, before,
to atone.—«. Propi'tiator. [L. propitio, pro- ski-ne, the stage.]
pitiatum.) Proscribe, pro-skrib\ v.t. to publish the names of
Propitiation, pro-pish-i-a'shun, n. act of propi persons to be punished : to banish : to prohibit :
tiating: [theol.) that which propitiates; atone to denounce, as doctrine. —//. Proscrib'er. [L.
ment. Proscribo—pro, before, publicly, and scribo,
Propitiatory, pro-pish'i-a-tor-i, adj. having power scriptum, to write.]
to propitiate: expiatory.—n. the Jewish mercy- Proscription, pro-bkrip'shun, «. the act of pro
seat. scribing or dooming to death, or outlawry : utter
Propitious, pro-pish'us, adj. favourable : disposed rejection. [Fr.—L.J
to be gracious or merciful.—adv. Propi'tiOUSly. Proscrlptlve, pro-sknp'tiv, adj. pertaining to or
—n. Piopi tiousnoss. [U propittus—prope, consisting in Proscription.
near.] Prose, proz, n. the direct, straightforward
Proportion, pro-poVshun, n. the relation of one arrangement of words, free from poetical mea
thing to another in regard to magnitude : mutual sures: ordinary spoken and written language:
fitness of parts : symmetrical arrangement : all writings not in verse.—adj. pertaining to
math, the identity or equality of ratios: the prose: not poetical: plain: dull. —v.i. to write
rule of three,* in which three terms are given prose : to speak or write tediously.—n. Pros'er.
to find a fourth: equal or just share.—v.t. to [Fr. —I- prosa. for prorsa—prorsus, straight
adjust : to form symmetrically. [L. proportio forward—pro, forward, verto, versum, to turn.]
—Pro, in comparison with, and Portio, portionis, Prosecute, prosc-kut, v.t. to follow onwards or
part, share. See Portion.] pursue, in order to reach or accomplish : to con
Proportionable, pro-poVshun-a-bl, adj. that may tinue : to pursue by law.—v.i. to carry on a
be proportioned.—adv. Proportionably. legal prosecution. [L. prosequor—pro, onwards,
Proportional, pro-p3r'shun-al, adj. having a due and sequort secutus, to follow. See Sequence. ]
Proportion: relating to proportion: intath.) Prosecution, pros-e-ku'shun, «. the act of prose
naving the same or a constant ratio.—n. [math.) cuting: pursuit : a civil or criminal suit.
a number or quantity in a proportion.—adv. Prosecutor, pros'e-kQt-ar, n. one who prosecutes
Propor'tionally.—«. Proportional'lty. or pursues any plan or business : one who carries
Proportionate, pro-poVshun-at, adj. adjusted ac on a criminal suit,-^W«. Prosecutrix.
cording to a proportion: proportional,—adv. Proselyte, pros'e-llt, n. one who has come over to
Proportionately. a religion or opinion ; a convert. [Fr.—I*—
Proposal, pro-poz'al, «. anything proposed: a Gr. proselytos—proserchomai, to come to—pros,
scheme or design : terms or conditions proposed. to, and erchomai, elython, to come.]
Propose, pro-pOr, v.t. to put forward or offer for Proselytise, pros-e-lit-Iz', v.t. to make proselytes.
consideration, &c—p./'. to make a proposal : to Proselytlsm, pros'e-lit-izm, «. the act ofproselyt
make an offer of marriage.—n. Propos er. [Fr. ising or of making converts.
—prefix pro-, and poser, to place. See Poso, n.) Prosodlal, pros-o'di-al, Prosodlcal, pros-od'ik-al,
Proposition, prop-o-zish'un, «- a placing be/ore: aiij. pertaining to prosody: according to the
oner of terms : the act of stating anything : that rules of prosody.—atlv. Prosod'lcally.
which is stated : {gram, and logic) a complete Prosodlan, pros-o'di-an, Prosodist, pros'o-dist, «.
sentence, or one which affirms or denies some one skilled in proso<iy.
thing : {math.} a theorem or problem to be Prosody, pros'o-di, *. that part of grammar which
demonstrated or solved. [Fr.—L. proposition treats ol quantity, accent, and the laws of verse
Sec Propound ] or versification. [Fr.—L. prosodia, Gr. pro-
Propositional, prop-o-zish'un-al, adj. pertaining sddia, a song sung to music, an accompanying
to or of the nature of a proposition i considered song -pros, to, and ode, a song.]
as a proposition. Prosopopoeia, pros-o-po-peya, n. a rhetorical
Propound, pro-pownd', v.t. to offer for considera figure by which inanimate objects are spoken
tion : to exhibit.—». Propound'er. [Orig. pro- oi as persons : personification. [Gr. prosdpo-
Pone, from L.—pro, forth( and pono, to place.] ppiia—prosdpon, a person, and poieo, to make.]
Proprietary, pro-pri'c-tar-i, adj. belonging to a Prospect, pros'pekt, «. a looking forward: a
proprietor.—n. a Proprietor : an owner. view: object of view: a scene: expectation. —
Proprietor, pro-prl e-tor, «. one who has anything n. Prospect ing. searching a district for gold or
as his proprrty: an owner, —fern. Proprietress. silver mines with a view to further operations.
— n. Proprietorship. [L. prospectus—prospicio, prospeclur/t, to look
Propriety, pro-prfe-ti, «. state of being proper forward Pro, forward, and specio, to look.]
or right : agreement with established principles Prospectlon, pro-spek'shun, n. the act of looking
or customs : fitness : accuracy : peculiar right of forward or of providing for future wants.
possession, property. [ Fr. — L. proprietas—pro- Prospective, pro-spek'tiv, adj., lookingforward :
prius, one s own. Sec Proper.] acting with foresight: relating to the future:
Propulsion, pro-pul'shun, n. act ofpropelling. distant.—adv. Prospectively. [Fr.—L.]
Propulsive, pro-pul'siv, adj. tending or having Prospectus, pro-spek tus, w. the outline of any
power to propel. plan submitted for public approval, particularly
Prorogation, pro-ro-ga'shun, n. act ofProroguing. of a literary work or of a company or joint-stock
Prorogue, pro-ro^r*. v.t. to continue from one concern.
session to another (said of parliament) ;—Pr-P- Prosper, pros'pe>, v.t. to make fortunate or
proroguing; pa.t. and Pa.p. prorogued'. [Fr. happy: [B.) to make to prosper.—v.i. to be
—L. prorogo, -atum—pro, forward, and rogot successful : to succeed.
to ask.] Prosperity, pros-perl-ii, «. the state of being
Prosaic, pro-za'ik, Prosaloal, pro-za'ik-al, adj. prosperous : success : good-fortune.
40-2 fate, far ; me", her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Prosperous
Prosperous, pros'per-us, adj., according to hope:
in accordance with one's wishes : favourable :
successful.—adv. PrOB'perouSly. [L. prosper,
prosperus—pro, in accordance with, and spes,
hope. J
Prostitute, pros'ti-tut, v.t. to expose for sale for
bad ends ; to sell to wickedness or lewdness : to
devote to any improper purpose.—adj. openly
devoted to lewdness : sold to wickedness. —n. a
female who indulges in lewdness, esp. for hire :
a base hireling. [L. prosiiiuo, -utum—pro,
before, statuo, to place. 1
Prostitution, pros-ti-tu'shun, n. the act or practice
ofprostituting : lewdness for hire: the fife of a
lewd woman : the being devoted to infamous
purposes. [cither himself or another.
Prostitutor, pros'ti-tflt-or, n. one who prostitutes
Prostrate, pros'trat, adj., thrmvn forwards on
the ground : lying at length : lying at mercy :
bent in adoration.—v.t. to throw forwards oh
the ground : to lay flat : to overthrow : to sink
totally : to bow in humble reverence. [L. pro,
forwards, and stemo, stratum, to throw on the
ground.]
Prostration, pros-trfi'shun, n. act of throwing
doiun or laying flat : act of falling down in
adoration : dejection : complete loss of strength.
Prosy, prflz'i, adj. like dull Prose: dull and
tedious in discourse or writing.—adv. ProS'ily.
—n. Proslness.
Protean, pro'te-an or pro-tc"an, adj. readily
assuming different shapes, like Proteus, the sea-
god, fabled to have the power of changing him
self into an endless variety of forms.
Protect, pro-tckr/, v.t. to cover in front : to cover
over: to defend: to shelter. [L. pro, in front,
and tego, tectum, akin to Gr. stegO, to cover.)
Protection, pro-tek'shun, n. act of protecting:
state of being protected : preservation : defence :
guard : refuge : security : passport.
Protectionist, pro-tek'shun-ist, «. one who favours
the protection of trade by law.
Protective, pro-tekt'iv, adj. affording protection :
defensive : sheltering.
Protector, pro-tekror, n. one who protects from
injury or oppression : a guardian : a regent :—
' /em. Protect ress.Protect'rlx —«. Protect'or-
■hlp.
Protectoral, pro-tekror-al, Protectorial, pro-
tek-to'ri-al, adj. pertaining to a protector or
regent.
Protectorate, pro-tekt'or-at, «. government by a
protector; the authority assumed by a superior.
Prot£g6, pro-ta-zha', n. one under the protection
of another : a pupil : a ward '.—fern. Protegee'.
[Fr., pa. p. ofproteger, to protect—L. prolego.}
Protein, prO'te-in, n. the supposed common radical
of the group of bodies which form the most
essential articles of food, albumen, fibrine, &c
[Gr. prdtos, first, and suffix -/«.]
Protest, pro-test/, v.i. to bear witness before
others : to declare openly : to give a solemn
declaration of opinion.—v.t. to make a solemn
declaration of: to note, as a bill of exchange,
from non-acceptance or non-payment.—n. Pro-
test'er. [Fr.—L. protestor, -atus—pro, before,
tester—testis, a witness.]
Protest, pro'test, n. a solemn or formal protesting
or declaration, esp. one in writing by the minority
of a body, expressing dissent : the attestation by
a notary-public of an unpaid or unaccepted bill.
Protestant, prot'es-tant, adj., protesting: per
taining to the faith of those who protest against
the Church ofRome.—«. \orig.) one ofthose who,
fitte, far ; me", her ; mine ;
Prove
in 1529, protested against on edict of Charles
V. mid the Diet of Spires; one who protests
against the Church of Rome. [religion.
Protostantlsm, prot'es-tatu-izm, w. the Protestant
Protestation, prot-es-til'shun, «. the act of pro
testing: a solemn declaration : a declaration of
dissent : a declaration in pleading.
Protocol, prO'to-kol, n. thefirst copy of any docu
ment : the rough draught of an instrument or
transaction. [Fr. protocole—Low L. Protocol-
turn—late Gr. pritokollon, the first leaf glued to
the rolls of papyrus and to notarial documents
—Gr. prdtos, first, and kolla, glue.]
Protomartyr, pr0'to-mar't6r, «. St Stephen the
Jirst Christian martyr: the first who suffers in
any cause. [Gr. prdtos, first, and Martyr.]
Protophyte, prO'to-fU, n. theJirst or lowest order
ofplants. [Gr. prdtos, first, and phyton, a plant
—phyd, to cause to grow.]
Protoplasm, prO'to-plazm, n. a homogeneous,
structureless substance, forming the physical
basis of life, endowed with contractility, with a
chemical composition allied to that of albumen.
[Gr. prdtos, first, and plasma, form—plassd, to
form.]
Prototype, prO'to-tip, n. the Jirst or original type
or model after which anything is copied : an
exemplar: a pattern. [Fr. —L.—Gr., from prd
tos, first, and typos, a type.]
Protozoan, prO-to-zo'an, ». one of the first or
lowest class of animals. [Gr. Prdtos, first, and
z&on, an animal.]
ProtOZOlC, prO-to-zOlk, adj. pertaining to the
protozoans : containing remains of the earliest
life of the globe.
Protract, pro-trakt', v.t. to draw out or lengthen
in time : to prolong: to draw to a scale. [L.
—pro, forth, and traho, to draw.]
Protraction, pro-trak'shun, n. act of Protracting
or prolonging : the delaying the termination of
a thing : the plotting or laying down of the
dimensions of anything on paper.
Protractive, pro-trakt'iv, adj., drawing out in
time : prolonging : delaying.
Protractor, pro-trakt'or, *. one who or that which
protracts: a mathematical instrument for laying
down angles on paper, used in surveying, &c
Protrude, pro-trood', v.t. to thrust or push for
wards: to drive along : to put out. —v.i, to be
thrust forward or beyond the usual limit. [L.
protrudo—pro, forwards, and tnuto, to thrust.]
Protrusion, pro-troo'zhun, n. the act of thrusting
fonvard or beyond the usual limit : the state of
beingprotruded, [Protrusus, pa.p. of protrudo.
See Protrude.] [pelline; forward.
Protrusive, pro-troTJ'siv, adj., thrusting or im-
Protuberance, pro-tub'er-ans, n. a swellingfor
ward orforth : a prominence : a tumour.
Protuberant, pro-tub'er-ant, adj., swelling: pro
minent—adv. Protub'erantly.
Protuborate, pro-tob'er-at, v.i. to swell or bulge
out. [L. protubero, -atus—pro, forward, tuber,
a swelling. See Tuber.]
Proud, prowd [comp. Proud'er ; super/. Proud'est) ,
adj. having excessive self-esteem : arrogant :
naughty: daring : grand : ostentatious. —adv.
Proudly. [M. E pmd—A.S. pHit. Cf. Pride.]
Proud-flesh, prowd'-flesh, «. a growth or excres
cence offlesh in a wound. I Proud and Flesh.]
Provable, prooVa-bl, adj. that may be proved.—
adv. ProVably.—«. Provableness.
Prove, proov, v.t. to try by experiment or by a
test or standard : to try by suffering : to establish
or ascertain as truth by argument or other evi
mOte ; mute ; mBBn ; Men.
 Proven Pry
denec : to demonstrate: to ascertain the genuine Provocative, pro-vOTca-tivj adj. tending to pro
ness of: to experience or suffer: [math.) to voke or excite. —n. anything provocative.
ascertain the correctness of any result. —v.i. to Provoke, pro-vOk', v.t. to callforth: to excite to
make trial : to turn out : to be shewn afterwards. action : to excite with anger : to offend : [B. ) to
—ft. Prov'er. [O. Fr. prover (Fr. prottver), challenge.—adv. Provok'ingly. [Fr. provoquer
which, like A.S. prqfian and Ger. proben is from —I*—pro, forth, voco, to call. Sec VocaL]
L. probo—probus, excellent] Provost, prov'ust, n. the dignitary set ever a
Proven, prov'n, (Scots law) same as Proved, cathedral or collegiate church : the head of a
pa.p. ofProve. college : {Scotland) the chief magistrate of cer
Provender, prov'en-der, «. dry food for beasts, as tain classes of burghs, answering to mayor in
hay or corn : esp. a mixture of meal and cut England.—«. Lord Provost, the style of the chid
straw or hay. [M. E. provetide—Fr.—h.pra- magistrates of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Perth, and
benda. See Prebend, in Late L. a daily Aberdeen.—«. Provost-Marshal {army) an
allowance of food.] officer with special powers for enforcing dis
Proverb, proverb, «. a short familiar sentence, cipline : {navy) an officer having charge of
forcibly expressing a well-known truth or moral prisoners. [Lit. 'one placed over others,' O. Fr.
lesson: a byword:—//, a book of the Old provost'{Ft.prevDt)—L. propositus, pa.p. ofprer-
Testament. [Fr. proverbe—L. proverbturn— Pono—pree, over, potto, to place.] [provost.
Pro, publicly, and verimm, a word. ] Provostship, prov'ust-ship, w. the office of a
Proverbial, pro-verb'i-al, adj. pertaining to pro Prow, prow, n. thefore\ax\. of a ship. [Fr. proue
verbs: mentioned in or resembling a proverb: (It. prua)—L. Prora—Gr. —pro, before.]
widely spoken of.—adv. Proverbially. Prowess, proVes or pro'es, n. bravery, esp. in
Provide, pro-vld', v.t. to make ready be/orehand : war : valour. [Fr. prouesse, from O. Fr. prou
to prepare: to supply.—v.i. to procure supplies (Fr. Preux), valiant, prob. from L. pro, for the
or means of defence : to take measures : to good of. Cf. Prude.]
bargain previously.—n. ProvJd'er. [Lit. 'to Prowl, prowl, v.i. to rove in search of prey or
foresee,' L. provideo—pro, before, video, to see. plunder.—«. Prowl'er. [O. Fr., as if proieler,
Doublet Purvey. See Vision.] from Fr. proie—L. prttda, prey. See Prey.]
Providence, provl-dens, n. timely preparation : Proximate, proks'i-mat, adj. , nearest or next :
(theol.) the foresight and care of God over all having the most intimate connection : near and
his creatures : God, considered in this relation : immediate, —ativ. Prox imately. [L. proximus,
prudence in managing one's affairs. [Fr.—L. next, super!, of obs. propis, near.]
providential Proximity, proks-im'it-i, n. immediate nearness.
Provident, prov'i-dent, adj. providing for the [Fr.-L.]
future: cautious: prudent: economical.—adv. Proximo, proks'i-mo, adj. (in) the next {month).
Providently. [L. Proi>id-ens, -entis, pr.p. of Proxy, proks'i, n. the agency of one who acts for
provideo. See Provide. Doublet Prudent.] another: one who acts for another, or the
Providential, prov-i-den'shal, adj., effected by or writing by which he is deputed. [Lit. ' the office
Srocceding from divine providence.—adv. Provl- of procurator,' from obs. E. procuracy, from
en'tlally. Procurator.]
Province, prov'ins, «. a portion of an empire or Prude, prOOd, n. a woman of affected modesty.
state: the district over which one has jurisdic [Fr.—O. Fr. prode, fern, of prod, excellent,
tion : a region : a business or duty: one's busi from L. probus, good, virtuous.]
ness or calling : a department of knowledge. Prudence, prOO'dens, n. quality of being prudent :
[Fr.—L. provincia. Ety. unknown.] wisdom applied to practice : caution. [Fr.—L.]
Provincial, pro-vin'shal, adj. relating to a pro Prudent, pro"0'dent, adj. (lit.) provident or fore
vince : belonging to a division of a country: seeing : cautious and wise in conduct : careful :
characteristic of the inhabitants of a province : discreet : dictated by forethought : frugal. —
rude : unpolished.—«. an inhabitant ofa province adv. Pru'dently. [Fr.—L. prudetts, prudentis,
or country district : (in the K. Cath. Church) the contr. ofprovident, pr.p. ofprovideo, to foresee.
superintendent of the heads of the religious See Provide.]
houses in a province.—adv. ProVin'dally. Prudential, prSo-dea'shal, adj. proceeding from
Provincialism, pro-vin'shal-izm, n. mode of speech or dictated by prudence.—adv. Pruden'tially.
peculiar to a firoirittce or country district : a Prudery, prODd'cr-i, «. manners of a prude.
peculiarity of dialect. Prudish, prOTd'ish, adj. like a prude : affectedly
Provision, pro-vizh'un, n. act of providing: that modest or reserved.—adv. Prudishly.
which is provided or prepared : measures taken Prune, proTm, v.t. to trim, as trees or branches,
beforehand : preparation : previous agreement : by lopping off superfluous parts : to divest of
a store of food : provender.—v.t. to supply with anything superfluous.—n. Prun'er. [Lit. ' to
provisions or food. [Fr.—L.—provisus, pa, p. propagate,* older form proin, prob. from Fr.
ofprovideo. See Provide.] provigner, to propagate by slips—provirt, a
Provisional, pro-vizh'un-al, adj., provided for an shoot—L- Propag-o, -inis. See Propagate.]
occasion : temporary.—adv. Provis ionally. I Prune, prQon, n. a plum, esp. a dried plum. [Fr.
Proviso, pro-vT'zo, n. a provision or condition in —L. hrunum—Gr. prounon.]
aany
deed or other:—■//.
condition writing : the clause
Provisos, containing
provl'zoz. it : Prunella, prOo-nel'a, Prunello. prOo-nel'o, n. a
[From strong, woollen stuff, generally black. [Prob.
the L. phrase proviso quod, it being provided Latinised form of Fr. prunelle, a sloe, dim. of
that.] Fr. prune. See Prune, «. ]
Provisory, pro-vT'zor-i, adj. containing a proviso Prurience, proTS'ri-ens, Pruriency, prCo'ri-en-si,
or condition : conditional : making temporary n. state of being prurient.
provision: temporary.—adv. Provlsorily. Prurient, prfJo'ri-ent, adj., itchingor uneasy with
Provocation, prov-o-ka'shun, n. act oiprovoking: desire. [L. prurient, pr.p. offrurio, to itch.)
that which provokes. [Fr.—L. provocates, Pry, prT, v.i. to peer or peep into that which is
pa. p. ofprovoco. See Provoke.] closed : to inspect closely : to try to discover
401 fate, far; mf, her; mine; mote; mute; mo"0n ; then.
 Psalm Pugnacious
with curiosity :—pa.t. and pa.p. pried.—adv. 1 spirit actuated by regard to the public interest :
Pry'tngly. [M. E. piren. Doublet Peer, to with a regard to the public interest.—adv. Pub'-
look narrowly.] lio-spir'itedly.—«. Public-spir'itedness.
Psalm, sam, «. a sacred song.—The Psalms, one Publish, pub'lish, v.t. to make public: to divulge
of the books of the Old Tesiament. [L. psalmus or reveal : to announce : to proclaim : to send
—Gr. fsalmos {lit.) a twitching or twanging forth to the public : to print and offer for sale :
the strings of a harp, from psalld, to twang.] to put into circulation. [Fr.—L. publico, -dtus
Psalmist, sam'ist or sal'mist, n. a composer of —publicus.]
psalms, applied to David and the writers of the Publisher, pubHsh-er, «. one who makes public or
Scriptural psalms. [L.—Gr.] proclaims : one who publishes books.
Psalmodlo. sal-mod'ik, Psalmodlcal, sal-mod'ik-al, Puce, pus, adj. brownish-purple. [Lit. fl«a-
adj. pertaining to psalmody. coloured ; Fr. puce—L. pulex, pulicis, a flea.]
Psalmodist, sarmod-ist, «. a singer ofpsalms. Puck, puk, n. a goblin or mischievous sprite : a
Psalmody, sam'o-di or sal'mo-di, n. the singing celebrated fairy. [M. E. pouke—Celt., as Ir.
ofpsalms i psalms collectively. [Gr.psalmddia, puca, W. bwg; conn, with Ice. pitki. See the
singing to the harp—psalmos (see Psalm), and parallel forms Pug, Bug.]
dde, a song (see Ode).] Pucker, puk'er, v.t. to gather into folds: to
Psalter, sawl ter, «. the book of Psalms, esp. wrinkle.—n. a fold or wrinkle. [Lit. ' to gather
when separately printed : in the R. Catn. into the form of a poke* See Poke, a bag, and
Church, a series of 150 devout sentences: a Pock.]
rosary of 150 beads, according to the number of Pudding, pood'ing, n. an intestine filled with
the psalms. [O. Fr. psaltier—L. psalterium.] meat, a sausage : a soft kind of food, of flour,
Psaltery, sawFter-i, «. a stringed instrument of milk, eggs, &c. [Prob. Celt., as \V. poten, Ir.
the Jews. [O. Fr. psalterie (Fr. psaltirion)— putog—pot, a bag ; Ger. pwiiiing, Fr. boudin,
L. psalterium—Ox. psalterion. Cf. Psalm.] L. botulus, are prob. all related words.]
Pseudonym, sQ'do-nim, «. a fictitious name Puddle, pud'l, n. a small pool of muddy water : a
assumed, as by an author. —adj. Pseudo'nym- mixture of clay and sand.—v.t. to make muddy:
OUS, bearing a fictitious name. [Fr.—Gr. to make impervious to water with clay : to con
pseud-is, false, and onoma, E. Name.] vert into bar or wrought iron.—v.t. to make
Pshaw, shaw, int. of contempt. [Imitative.] a dirty stir. [M. E. podtl (for plod-el)—Celt.
Psychical, sTTcik-al, adj. pertaining to the soul, plod, a pool, conn, with Flood and Flow.]
or living principle in man. [L. psychicus—Gr. Puddler, pud'ler, «. one who turns cast-iron into
Psyckikos—psyclte, the soul—psychd, to breathe.] wrought-iron by puddling.
Psychologic, sT-ko-loj'ik, Psychological, sl-ko- Puddling, pudling, «. the act of rendering imper
ioj'ik-al, adj. pertaining to psychology.—adv. vious to water by means of clay : the process of
Psychologically. [psychology. converting cast into bar or wrought iron.
Psychologist, si-fcol'o-jist, n. one who studies Puerile, pti'er-ll, adj. pertaining to children :
Psychology, sT-kol'o-ji, n. the science which childish: trifling: silly.—adv. Pu'ertlely. [Fr.
classifies and analyses the phenomena of the pwhil- L. puerilis—puer, a child. Cf. Foal.]
human mind. [Gr. psyche, the soul, and logos, Puerility^ pu-er-il'i-ti, «. quality of being puerile!
a treatise.] that which is puerile : a childish expression.
Ptarmigan, taVmi-gan. x. a species of grouse with Puerperal, pQ-er'per-al, adj. relating to childbirth.
feathered toes inhabiting the tops of mountains. [L. puerpera, bearing children—;putr, a child,
[Gael, tarmachan.] and pario, to bear. Cf. Foal and Parent.]
Puberty, pu'bcr-ti, «. the age of full development : Puff, puf, v.t. to blow in puffs or whiffs: to swell
early manhood or womanhood. [Fr. puberti— or fill with air : to breathe with vehemence : to
L. pubertas, -tatis—pubes, the signs of man blow at, in contempt: to bustle about.—v.t. to
hood, from root of Pupil.] drive with a puff: to swell with a wind: to
Pubescence, pu-bes'ens, «. state of one arrived at praise in exaggerated terms.—n. a sudden,
puberty : (bot. } the soft, short hair on plants. forcible breath : a sudden blast of wind : a gust
Pubescent, pfl-bes'cnt, adj. arriving at puberty: or whiff: a fungous ball containing dust : any
[bot. and zool.) covered with soft, short hair. thing light and porous, or swollen and light : a
[L. pubesc-ens, -entis, pr.p. of pubesco, to arrive kind of light pastry : an exaggerated expression
at puberty—pubes. See Puberty.] of praise.—n. Puff'er. —Puff up (£.) to inflate*
Public, pub'lik, adj. of or belonging to the people : [Imitative ; cog. with Ger. puff-en, &c]
pertaining to a community or a nation : general: Puffery, puf'er-i, n., puffing or extravagant praise.
■ common to all: generally known.—«. the people: Puffin, puf'in, n. a water-fowl having a short,
the general body of mankind : the people, inde thick, projecting beak like that of a parrot.
finitely.—adv. Pub'licly. [Fr.—L. publicus [Named either from its swelling beak or its
—populus, the people. Cf. People.] round belly. See Puff.]
Publican, pub'Iik-an, n. the keeper of an inn or Puffy, puf'i, adj., puffed out with air or any soft
public-house", (orig.) a farmer-general of the matter: tumid: bombastic—adv. Puff'lly.—n.
Roman public revenue : a tax-collector. [L.] Puff'iness.
Publication, pub-li-ka'shun, n. the act ofPublish Pug, pug, n. a monkey : a small kind of dog : any
ing or making public: a proclamation: the act small animal (in familiarity or contempt). [Lit.
of printing and sending forth to the public, as a 'animp;' a corr. of Puck.] [tive]
book : that which is published as a book, &c. Pugh. pOO, int. of contempt or disdain. [Imita-
Public-house, pub'lik-hows, n. a house open to Pugllism, pu'jil-izm, «. the art of boxing or fight
the public: a house of public entertainment. ing with thefists.—adj. Pugilistic. [From L,
Publicist, publi-sist, «., one who writes on, or is fntgil, a boxer—root pug, whence L. pttgnus, E.
skilled in public law, or current political topics.
Publicity, pub-lis'i-ti, n. the state of being public Pugilist, pu^il-ist, n. one who fights with hisfists.
or open to the knowledge of all : notoriety. Pugnacious, pue-na'shus, adj. fond of fighting:
Public-spirited, pub'lik-spir'it-ed, adj. having a combative : quarrelsome.—adv. Pugna ciously.
fate, far; me", her: mine: mote: mute: mOOn : then. 405

—«. Pugnacity. [L. fugnax, pugnach—
Pugno, to fitfaX—pugnus, E. Flgt.]
FulSD.6, pu'ni, adj. [Taw) inferior in rank, applied
to certain judges in England- [Lit. 'born
after,' 0. Fr. (Fr. puln£„ from puis—L. post,
after, and nc", pa.p. of naltrt—L. uascor, natus,
to be born. Doublet of Puny.]
Puissant, pu'is-ant or pu-is'ant, adj., patent or
powerful: strong: forcible.—adv Pu'UsantlV.
—«. Puissance. [Fr. (It. possente), from L.
patens, powerful, modified by the influence of
L. posse, to be able. Cf. Potent and Possible.]
Puke, pilk, v.i. to spew: vomit. [Aform of Spew.]
Pule, pQl, v.i. to pipe or chirp : to cry, whimper,
or whine, like a child.—/*. Pul'er. [From Fr.
pianler, like It. pigolare, L. pipilo, and pipo, to
formed Irom
pipe, lormeu from tthe sound.]
Pull, pool, v.t. to dn or try to draw: to draw
forcibly : to tear : to pluck.—v.i. to give a pull
to draw.—n. the act of pulling : a struggle or
contest. [A.S. pullian, conn, with Low Ger.
Pulen, to pluck.]
Pullet, pool'et, n. a young hen. [Fr. poulette%
dim. ofpoule, a hen—Low h.pulla, a hen, fern,
of L. pullus, a young animal, cog. with Foal.
Poult is a doublet.]
Pulley, pool'S, n. a wheel turning about an axis,
and having a grDove in which a cord tuns, used
for raising wcigftis : -pi. Pull'eys. [M. E.
Poleyn, from A.S. puliian ; acc. toothers, from
Fr. potdain~L.ow L. pullanus—pullus (E.
Foal) ; acc. to Diez, from Fr. poulie, which is
from E. Pull.]
Pulmonary, pul'mon-ar-i, adj. pertaiuing to or
affecting the lungs. [L. pulmonarius —pulmo,
pulmonis, a lung—Gr. plcumon, pneumon, lung
—root pnu, to breathe.]
Pulmonic, pul-mon'ik, adj. pertaining to or affect
ing the lungs. —«. a medicine for disease of the
lungs : one affected by disease of the lungs.
Pulp, pulp, «. the soft fleshy part of bodies :
marrow : the soft part of plants, esp. of fruit* :
any soft mass. - v. t. to reduce to pulp : to deprive
of pulp: to separate the pulp. [Fr. pulpe—h.
pulpa, pcrh. conn, with root of Palpable ]
Pulpit, pool'pit, n. a platform for speaking from:
an elevated or inclosed phec in a church where
the sermon is delivered : a dunk.—aiij. belonging
to the pulpit. [Fr. —L. pulpiturn, a stage. Ety.
unknown. 1
Pulpous, pulp'us, adj. consisting of or resembling
pulp: soft.—«. Pulp'ousness
Pulpy, pulp'i, <uij. like /////■ soft.- n. Pulp iness.
Pulsate, pul'sat, v.i. to throb. [L. pnUo, pul-
satus, to beat, freq. of Pello, pulsus, to drivejj
Pulsatile, pul'sat-il, adj. that may be beaten:
played by beating : acting by pulsation.
Pulsation, pul-su'shun, n. a beating or throbbing :
a motion of the pulse: any measured beat:
a vibration. [L. pulsatio.]
Pulsative, pul'sa-iiv, Pulsatory, pul'sa-tor-i, adj.,
beating or throbbing.
Pulse, puis, «. a dealing: a throb: a vibration:
the beating of the heart and the arteries. [Fr.
Pauls —L. pulsus -pello, pulsus. See Pulsate. ]
Pulse, puis, n. grain or seed of beans, pease, &c
[I* puis, porridge (Or. poUos). Cf. Poultice.]
Pulsoluss, puls'les, adj. ha vim; no pulsation.
Pulverable, pul'vcr-a-bl, Pulverisable, pul'vcr-
Iz-a-bl, tiilj. that may be reduced to tine powder.
|L. puh'is, puh'eris, powder.]
Pulverise, pidver-Iz, v-t. to reduce to dust or fine
powder.—n. PulverlSa'tlon. IFr.— Late L.
pidverizo —pulvis.]
400 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Punctual
PulveroUS, pul'ver-us, adj. consisting of or like
dust or powder. [L. pulvereus.\
Puma, puma, «. a carnivorous animal, of the cat
kind, of a reddish-brown colour without spots,
called also the American Hon. [Peruvian /««*<*.]
Pumice, pu'mis, n. a hard, light, spongy, volcanic
mineral.—adj. Pumi'ceous, of or like pumice.
[A.S. pumic{-stan\ pumice(-stone)—L. fiumex,
pumicis, for sj*umex—spuvta, foam—spuo. See
Spume, and Pounce, a fine powder.]
Pummel Same as Pommel.
Pump, pump, «. a machine for raising water and
other fluids —v. t. to raise with a pump : to draw
out information by artful questions.—v.i. to
work a pump: to raise water by pumping.—n.
Pump'er. [Fr. pompe—Ger. pumpe (for
plutnpe), from the sound of splashing in water.
Sec Plump.]
Pump, pump, n. a thin-soled shoe used in dancing.
[Fr. pompe. So called from being used on
showy occasions. See Pomp.]
Pumpkin, pump kin, Pumpion, pump'yun. «. a
plant of the gourd family and its fruit. [A
corr. of Fr. pompon—L. /V/W, -onis—Gr. pepdn,
ripe, so called because not eaten until ripe.]
Pun, pun, v.t. to play upon words similar in sound
but different in meaning :—Pr.p. punn'ing ; pa.t.
and pap. punned. —«. a play upon words. [Lit.
'to hammer or torture words,' an old form of
Pound, to beat, from A S. punian.]
Punch, coutr. of Punchinello. [Through the
influence of prov. E. punch, thick, fat.)
Punch, punsh, «. a beverage of jive ingredients,
spirit, water, sugar, lemon-juice, and spice.
[Hindi punch, five—Sans, panchan, cog. with
E. Five.]
Punch, punsh, v.t. to prick or pierce with some
thing sharp : to perforate with a steel tool.—
«. a tool for stamping or perforating, a kind of
awl. [A cuttailed form of Puncheon, a tool.]
Punch, punsh, v.t. to strike or hit, esp. on the
head.—«. a stroke or blow. [Prob. a corr. of
Punish.]
Puncheon, punsh'un, «. a steel tool with one end
for stamping or perforating metal plates. [O. Fr.
Poiuson, a bodkin, a puncheon
functus, to-L.prick.]
punctio,
■onis. a pricking ~P»ngo,
Puncheon, punsh'un, u. a cask : a liquid measure
of 84 gallons. [O. Fr. poiuson, a cask ; perh.
from the above, so called from the brand stamped
on it. Cf. Hogshead. ]
Punchinello, punsh-i-nel'u, Punch, punsh, n. the
short, humpbacked figure of a puppet-show : a
buffoon. (A corr. of It. pulcinello, dim. of
pulcino, a young chicken, a child — L. pullus, a
young animal. See Pullet and Foal. [
Punctate, pungk'tat, Punctated, pungk'tat-ed,
adj., pointed: shot.) punctured: full of small
holes, [Formed from L. punctum, a point—
pungo, punctus, to prick.]
Punctilio, pungk-til'yo, «. a nice point in be
haviour or ceremony : nicety in forms. [Lit ' a
little point,' Sp. puntillo, dim. of punto, point
—L. punctum, point.]
Punctilious, pungk-til'yns. atlj. atlending to little
Points or matters : very nice or exact in bc-
naviour or ceremony : exact or punctual to ex
cess.—adv. Punctiliously. «. Punctilious
ness.
Punctual, pungk'lu-al, adj. observant of nice
points, punctilious : exact in keeping lime and
appointments : done at the exact time.—n.
Punc'tuallst.—adv. Punctually. [Fr. ponc-
tutl—h. punctum, a point.]
mote . mute . mSon ; then.
 Punctuality
Punctuality, pungk-tO-all-ti, n. quality or state
of being punctual: the keeping the exact time
of an appointment.
Punctuate, pungk'tfl-at, v.t. to mark with points:
to divide sentences by certain marks.
Punctuation, pungk-tQ-i'shun, n. the act or art
of dividing sentences by points or marks.
Puncture, pungk'tQr, n. a Pricking: a small hole
made with a sharp point—v.t. to prick : to
pierce with a pointed instrument. [L. punctura
—pungo.] [dita—pand, to pile up.]
Pundit, pun'dit, n. a learned man. [Sans, pan-
Pungent, pun'jent, adj., pricking or acrid to taste
or smell : keen : sarcastic.—adv. Pun'gently.
—n. Pun'gency. [L. pungens, ~e?ttis, pr.p. of
pungo. See Poignant. ]
Punish, punish, v.t. to exact a penalty: to cause
loss or pain for a fault or crime : to chasten.—■
n. Pun'ishor. [Fr. punir, Punissant—L. putting
—poena, penalty. Sec Pain. J [ished.
Punishable, pun'ish-a-bl, adj. that may be pun-
Punlshment, punlsh-mcnt, n. loss or pain
inflicted for a crime or fault
Punitive, pun'i-tiv, adj. pertaining to punish
ment.
Punkah, punglca. n. a large fan consisting of a
light framework covered with cloth and sus
pended from the ceiling of a room. [Hind.
pank/td, a fan.] [in punning.
Punster, pun'ster, «. one who Anns or is skilled
Punt, punt, n. a ferry-boat : a flat-bottomed boat.
—v.t, to propel, as a boat, by pushing with a
pole against the bottom of a river. [A.S.—L.
ponto, a punt a pontoon—pons, pontis. See
Pontage and Pontoon.]
Puny, pQ'ni, adj. {comp. Pu'nier, suptrl, Pu'-
niest), small : feeble : inferior in size or
strength. [Lit 'born after or late.' Doublet of
Puisne.]
Pup, pup, v.t. to bring forth puppies, as a bitch :
—Pr.p. pupp'ing ; pad. and Pa.p. pupped.
[Short for Puppy.]
Pupa, pfi'pa, Pupe, pup or pii'pe, w. an insect in
closed in a case before its full development : a
chrysalis :—pi. Pupffl, pfl pe, Pupes, pu'pes. [L.
f-nPa, a girl, a doll, fern, of ftupits, a boy, a child. J
Pupil, pu'pil, n. a tittle boy or girl: one under
the care of a tutor : a scholar : a ward : {law)
one under puberty. [Fr. Pupille—h. pnpillus,
pupilla, dims, ofpupus, boy, Pupa, girl.]
Pupil, pu'pil, n. the apple of the eye, so called
from the baby-llkc figures seen on it. [Same as
above word ]
Pupilage, pu'pil-aj, «. state of being a pupil.
Pupillary, Pupilary, pQ'pil-ar-i, adj, pertaining
to a pupil or ward, or to the pupil of the eye.
Puppet, pup'et, «. a small doll or image moved
by wires in a show : one entirely under the con
trol of another.—«. Pupp'et-ShOW, a mock show
or drama performed bypuppets. [O. Fr. poupette,
dim. from L. pupa.]
Puppy, pup'i, n. a. doll: a conceited young man:
a whelp.—«. Pupp'yism, conceit in men. [Fr.
fioupe'e, a doll or puppet—L. pupa, Cf. Pupa.]
Pur. See Purr.
Purblind, pur'bljnd, adj. nearly blind: near
sighted.—adv. Pur'blindly.—«. Pur"blindness,
[tor pure-blind, i.e. wholly blind; the meaning
has been modified, prub. through :.uine con
fusion with the verb to pore.] [chased.
Purchasable, pur'chas-a-bl, adj. tliat may be pur-
Purchase, purchiis, v.t. [lit.) to dune or seek
for: to acquire : to obtain by paying : to ob
tain by labour, danger, &c. : {taw) to sue out or
fiUc, far ; mc, hex ; mine ;
Purlieu
procure.—«. act of purchasing; that which is
purchased : any mechanical power or advantage
in raising or moving bodies. —«. Pur chaser.
[Fr. pourckasser, to seek eagerly, pursue—Pour
(L. Pro), for, ckasser, to chase. See Chase )
Pure, pur, adj, [comp. Pur'er, superl. Pur est),
clean, unsoiled : unmixed : not adulterated :
real : free from guilt or defilement : chaste :
modest ; mere : that and that only.—adv.
Purely.—«. Pure'ness. [Ft. pur—L. purus—
root pu, to make clean ; conn, with £. Fire, L.
Puto, and its derivatives.]
Purgation, pur-ga'shun, n. a purging: (taw) the
clearing from imputation of guilt. [Fr. — L.
purgatio.]
Purgative, pur'ga-tiv, adj., cleansing: having
the power of evacuating the intestines. —n. a
medicine that evacuates. [L. purgatiz'us.]
Purgatorial, pur-ga-to'ri-al, adj. pertaining to
Purgatory,
Purgatory, pur'ga-ior-i, adj,. Purging or cleans
ing : expiatory.—u. according to K. Catholic
and some eastern religions, a place or state in
which souls are after death purified from venial
sins. [Fr. purgatoire—L. purgatorius. See
Purge.]
Purge, purj( v.t. to make pure: to carry off
whatever is impure or superfluous : to clear
from guilt : to evacuate, as the bowels : to
clarifyf as liquors—v.i. to become pure by
clarifying : to have frequent evacuations. [Fr.
purger—L. Purgo (for pur-igo)—purus, pure,
and ago, to do or make.]
Purging, purj'ing, n, act of cleansing or clearing.
Purification, pur-i-fi-ka'shun, «. act of purifying:
the act of cleansing ceremonially by remov
ing defilement. [Fr. —L. purificatia.]
Purificatory, pQr-ifl-ka-tor-i, adj. tending to
purify or cleanse.
Purify, purl-fT, v.t. to make Pure: to free from
guilt or uncleanness : to free from improprieties
or barbarisms, as language.—v.i. to become
pure and pa.p, purified.—«. Purifier.
[Fr. purifier--L. purifico—purus, pure, facio,
to make. J
Purism, pur'izm, n.,pure or immaculate conduct
or style : the doctrine of a purist.
Purist, purist, n. one who is excessively pure or
nice in the choice of words.
Puritan, pQr'i-tan, n. one professing great purity
in religious life : one of a religious party in the
time of Elizabeth and the Stuarts marked by
rigid purity in doctrine and practice.—adj.
pertaining to the Puritans.
Puritanic, pur-i-tan'ik, Puritanical, pQr-i-tan'-
ik-al, adj. like a Puritan : rigid : exact.
Puritanism, pur'i-tan-izm, «. the notions or prac
tice of Puritans.
Purity, purl-ti, «. condition of being pure.
Purl, purl, v.i. to flow with a murmuring sound:
to ripple. —//. a soft murmuring sound, as of a
stream among stones : an eddy or ripple, [l'rob.
freq- of Purr ; cf. Sw. porta, Ger. jxrUn, to
bubble.]
Purl, purl, v.t. to fringe with a waved edging, as
lace : [knitting) to invert stitches. [Coutr. of
pnrjle—Fr. pourfiler—pour {I,, pro), and filer,
to twist threads, from fit, a thread. Cf. File,
a line, &c]
Purl, purl, «. ale warmed and spiced. [Prob.
from Fr. perle, a pearl, from the small pearl-like
bubbles ri>ing on its surface. See PearLJ
Purlieu, pur'lii, ft, the borders or environs of any
place : long,) the grounds on the borders of a
mOte ; mute ; moon ; i/tcu. 407
 Purloin Puzzle
forest. [Acc. to Skeat, a corr. of O. Fr. puralee Purvey, pur-va', v.t. to provide, esp. with con
(a mere translation of L. perambulatio), land veniences: to procure. —v.i. to provide : to buy
severed from a royal forest by perambulation— in provisions. [O. Fr. porvoir (Ft. pourvoir)—
O. Fr. 6ur{— L. Pro,, and allee, a going. See L. provideo. See Provide.]
Alley.] Purveyance, pur-va'ans, «. the act ofPurveying:
PurlollL pur-loin', v.t. to steal: to plagiarise. procuring of victuals: the royal prerogative of
— >:. Purloin or. [Lit. 'to carry away to a pre-emption, now abolished.
longdistance;' M. E. purlongen—O. Fr. pur- Purveyor, pur-va'or, «. one whoprovides victuals :
toignier—h. prolongo. See Prolong. ] an officer who formerly exacted provisions for
Purple, pur'pl, «. a very dark-red colour : a purple the use of the king's household : a procurer.
dress or robe, orig. worn only by royalty : a Pus, pus, m. that which has become putrui: white
robe of honour.—adj. red tinged with blue : matter of a sore. [L./jw, puris, matter; akin to
blood-red: bloody.—v.t. to dye purple: to Gr. pyon, and Sans, root puy, to become putrid.]
clothe with purple. [M. E. purpre—O. Fr. Puseyism. pii'zi-izm, «. a name given collectively
Porpre (Fr. Pourpre)—L. purpura—Gr. Por- to the principles of Dr Pusey and other Oxford
phyra. See Porphyry.] divines, as put forth in a .series of pamphlets
Purport, purport, «. design : signification. —v.i. called ' Tracts for the Times.'—n. Puseyitu. one
to mean. [Lit. 'that which is carried or con supposed to hold certain views attributed to Dr
veyed/ O. Fr. pur (Ft. pour)—L. pro, for, and Pusey.
Fr. porter—h. porto, to carry.] Push, poosh, v.t. to thrust or beat against : to
Purpose, pur'pos, «. that which a person sets drive by pressure : to press forward : to urge.—
before himself as an end : aim : intention : effect. v.i. to make a thrust : to make an effort : to press
—v.t. to intend.—v.t. to have an intention. against : to burst out.—«. a thrust : an impulse :
fO. Fr. purfoser, form ofproposer [see Propose I, assault : effort : exigence. [Fr. pousser—L.
influenced by Fr. propos j—L. ponere,, to place.] pulso, freq. ofpello, pulsum, to beat.]
Purposeless, puKpos-les, adj. without purpose or Pushing, poosh'ing, adj., pressing forward in
effect : aimless. [intentionally. business : enterprising : vigorous.
Purposely, pur'pos-li, adv. with purpose or design : Pusillanimous, pu-sil-an'i-mus, adj. having a
Purr, Pur, pur, v.i. to utter a murmuring sound, little wind: mean-spirited: cow.irdly.—adv.
as a cat.—*, (also Purr'ing), the low, murmur Pusillan'imously. — ns. Pusillan'lmousness,
ing sound of a cat. [From the sound.] Pusillanimity. [L. fusillanimis—pusillus,
Purse, purs, «. a small bag for money, orig. made very little (—pusus, dim. of puer, a boy), and
of mm : a sum of money : a treasury.—v.t. to animus, the mind.]
put into a purse : to contract as the mouth of a PUSS, poos, n. a familiar name for a cat: a hare,
purse : to contract into folds. [0. Fr. borse in sportsmen's language. [Dut. Poes, puss ; lr.
(Ft. bourse)— Low L. bursa—Gr. byrsa, a skin, and Gael, pus, a cat : prob, imitative of a cat's
a hide.] spitting.]
Purse-proud, purs'-prowd, adj., proud of one's Pussy, poos'i, n. a dim. of Puss.
Purse or wealth: insolent from wealth. —«, Pustular, pus'ta-lar, Pustulous, pus'tu-lus, adj.
Purse'-pride. covered with Pustules.
Purser, purs'er, «. an officer who has charge of Pustulate, pus tu-lat, v.t. to form into pustules.
the provisions, clothing, and accounts of a ship, Pustule, pus'tul, u. a small pimple containing pus.
now termed a ' paymaster.*—«. Purs'ership. [Ft.—L. Puttula-—pus.]
Purslane, Purslaln, purs'lan, n. an annual plant, Put, pool, V.t. to push or thrust: to drive into
frequently used in salads, [it. porcellana, from action : to throw suddenly, as a word : to set, lay,
L. portulaca.\ or deposit : to bring into any state : to offer : to
Pursuance, pur-su'ans, «. the act of pursuing or propose : to apply : to oblige : to incite : to add.
following out : process : consequence. —v.i. to place : to turn i—pr.p. putting (poot'-) ;
Pursuant, pur-su'ant, adj. done pursuing or seek Pa.t. and pa.p. put. [A.S. pottan; prob. from
ing any purpose : hence, agreeable. the Celt., as Gael, put, W. pwtw.\
Pursue, pur-su', v.t. tofollow onwards in order to Putative, piVta-tiv, adj., supposed: reputed. [Fr.
overtake : to chase : to prosecute : to seek : to —L. putativus—puto, putatus, to suppose.]
imitate : to continue.—«. PUTSU'er, one who Putrefaction, pQ-tre-fak'shun, n. the act or pro
pursues : {Scots law) a plaintiff. [O. Fr. porsuir cess ofputrefying: rottenness: corruption.
(Ft. poursuivre)—L. prosequort -secutus—pro, Putrefactive, pu-tre-fak'tiv, adj. pertaining to or
onwards, sequor, to follow.] causing putrefaction. —n. Putrefac'tiveness.
Pursuit, pur-sut't«. the act ofpursuing, following, Putrefy, pu'tre-fl, v.t. to make putrid or rotten :
or going after: endeavour to attain : occupation. to corrupt.—v.i. to become putrid: to rot:—
Pursuivant, pur'swi-vant.w.a pursueror follower : pa. t. and pa.p. pQ'trefied. [Putrid, and L. fttcio,
a state messenger : an attendant on the heralds : factum, to make.]
one of four junior officers in the Heralds' Col Putrescent, pu-trcs'ent. adj., becoming putrid;
lege. [Fr. poursuivant.] pertaining to putrefaction. —n. Putres'cence.
Pursy, purs'i, adj., pushed out : puffy: fat and Putrid, pu trid, adj., stinking: rotten: corrupt.
short: short-breathed.—«. Purs'inesa. [O. Fr. —ns. Putridity, Pu'tridness. [Fr. putride—
pourcif (Fr. poussif), orig. poulsif broken- L. putridus—puter, putris, rotten—/*tee?, akin
winded—O. Fr. pourcer (Fr. pousser), to push. to Gr. puthb*, Sans, puy, to stink. See PUS.]
See Push.] Putty, put'i, n. an oxide of tin, or of lead and tin,
Purtenance, pur'ten-ans, n. that which pertains used in polishing glass, &c. : a cement; of whit
or belongs to : B. the intestines of an animal. ing and linseed-oil, used in glazing windows.—
[Short for Appurtenance ) v.t. to fix or fill up with putty :—pa,t. and pa.p
Purulence, pa'roo-lens, Purulency, pu'roo-len-si, putt'ied. [O. Fr. potie, properly that which is
n. the forming ofpus or matter : pus. contained in a pot [Fr. Pol).]
Purulent, pu'roo-lcnt, adj. consisting of, full of, Puzzle, puzl, n. perplexity : something to try the
or resembling pus or matter.—adv. Pu'rulently. ingenuity, as a toy or riddle.—v.t. to pose : to
fate, far ; m(, her ; mine ; mote : mute : mo"on : thctu
 Puzzling Quadrinomial
perplex.—v.i. to be bewildered.—«. Puzzler. silver coins of the United Kingdom, prior to
[From M. E. opposaile (E. opposal), an objec their issue from the Mint. [L. Pyxis, a box—
tion or question put by an examiner—Fr. Gr. pyxis—pyxos (L. buxus), the box-tree, box
opposer. See Oppose.] wood—Pyk-nos, dense—root, pak, to bind. Cf.
Puzzling, puz'ling, adj., posingl perplexing. Box, a tree, &c, and Pact]
Pyebald. See Piebald.
Pygarg, pl'garg, n. a kind of antelope. [Lit. 1 the
white-rumped animal/ Gr. Pygargos—Pygi,
rump, argos, white.] Q
Pygmean, pig-mean, Pygmy, pig'mi, adj. per Quack, kwak, v.i. to cry like a duck: to boast:
taining to or like aPygmy: dwarfish : diminutive. to practise as a quack.—v.t. to doctor by quack
Pygmy, pig'mi, «. one of a fabulous dwarfish race ery.—n. the cry of a duck : a boastful pretender
of antiquity: a dwarf: any diminutive thine. to skill which he does not possess, esp. medical
[Fr. pygme—L. Pygmai—Gr. Pygmaioi, the skill : a mountebank.—adj. pertaining to quack
Pygmies, fabled to be of the length of a (Gr.) ery : used by quacks. [An imitative word, seen
pygme— inches (measured from the elbow to also in Ger. quaken, DuL ktvaken, Gr. koax, a
the knuckles)—pygnte, fist, I* pugnttsj] croak.] [of a quack, esp. in medicine.
Pylorus, pi-lo'rus, n. the lower opening of the Quackery, kwak'er-i, n. the pretensions or practice
stomach leading to the intestines.—adj. Pyloric. Quacksalver, kwak'sal-ver, «. a quack who deals
[Lit. 'gate-keeper,' L.—Gr. PylSros—pyle, an in salves, ointments, &c. : a quack generally.
entrance, and ouros, a guardian.] Quadragesima, kwod-ra-jes'i-ma, n. Lent, or the
Pyramid, pir'a-inid, «. a solid figure on a trian forty days of fast before Easter. [L.—quadra-
gular, square, or polygonal base, with triangular gesimus, fortieth—quadraginta,forty—quatuor,
sides meeting in a point :—pi. ' the pyramids ' or four. See Four.]
great monuments of Egypt : a game played on Quadragesimal, kwod-ra-jes'i-mal, adj. belong
a billiard table. [L.—Gr. pyramis, pyramidos. ing to or used in Lent.
Ely. unknown ; prob. Egyptian.] Quadrangle, kwod'rang-gl, «. a square sur
Pyramidal, pi-ram'i-dal, PyramidiO, pir-a-mid'ik, rounded by buildings: {geom.) a plane figure
Pyramldlcal, pir-a-mid*k-al, adj. having the having four equal sides and angles. [Fr. —L.
form of apyramid.—advs. Pyramidally, Pyra- quadrangulum—quatuor, four, and angulus,
mld'ically. an angle.]
Pyre, pir, «. a pile of wood, &c. to be set on jire Quadrangular, kwod-rang/gil-lar, adj. of the form
at a funeral. [L. Pyra—Gr. Pyra—pyr, E. Fire.] of a quadrangle.—adv. Quadrang'ularly.
Pyrites, pir-I'tez, «. a native compound of sulphur Quadrant, kwod'rant, n. {geom.) thefourth part
with other metals, so called because it strikes of a circle, or an arc of 900 : an instrument con
fire when struck against steel.—adjs. Pyrit'io, sisting of the quadrant of a circle graduated in
Pyrit'ical. [L.-Gr. pyr, E. Fire.] degrees, used for taking altitudes. [L. quadrans,
Pyrogenous, pir-oj'en-us, adj., produced by Jire. from quatuor, four.]
[Gr. pyrogenes—pyr, fire, and gen, root of gig- Quadrantal, kwnd-rant'al, adj. pertaining to,
nomai, to produce.] equal to, or included in a quadrant.
Pyrometer, pir-om'e-ter, «. an instrument for Quadrate, kwod'rat, adj., squared: having four
measuring the temperature of bodies under fierce equal sides and four right angles : divisible into
heat—adjs. Pyromet'ric, Pyromet'rical. [Gr. four equal parts : (fig.) balanced : exact : suited.
pyr, fire, and metron, a measure.] —«. a square or quadrate figure.—v.i. to square
Pyroteohnio, pir-o-tek'nik, Pyrotechnical, pir-o- or agree with: to correspond. [L. quadratus,
tek'nik-al, adj. pertaining to fireworks. pa.p. of quadra, to square, from quatuor, four.]
Pyrotechnics, pir-o-tek'niks, Pyrotechny, pir'o- Quadratic, kwod-rat'ik, adj. pertaining to, con
tek-ni, n. the art of making fireworks. [Gr. taining or denoting a square.
pyr, fire, and iechnikos, artistic—techne, art] Quadrature, kwod'ra-tGr, n. a squaring: [geom.)
Pyrotechnist, pir'o-tek-nist, n. one skilled in the finding, exactly or approximately, ofa square
Pyroteckny. that shall be equal to a given figure of some
Pyrrhonist, pirVo-nist, ». one who holds the other shape : the position of a heavenly body
tenets of Pyrrho, who taught universal scepti when 90" distant from another.
cism: a sceptic. —«. Pyrrhonism, scepticism. Quadrennial, kwod-ren'yal, adj. comprising four
Pythagorean, pi-thag-o-re'an, adj. pertaining to years: once in four years.—adv. Quadrenn'-
Pythagoras, a celebrated Greek philosopher, or ially. [L. quadrennis—quatuor, four, annus,
to his philosophy.—n. a follower of Pythagoras. a year.]
—n. Pythag'onsm, his doctrines. Quadrilateral, kwod-ri-lat'er-al, adj. havingy&wr
Pythian, pith'i-an, adj. pertaining to the Pyth sides.—n, {.geom.) a plane figure having four
oness: noting one of the four national festivals sides. [L. quadrilaterus—quatuor, four, and
of ancient Greece, in honour of Apollo. latus, lateris, a side.]
Pythoness, pith'on-es, n. the priestess of the Quadrillteral, kwod-ri-lirer-al,^'. offour letters.
oracle of Apollo at Pytho, the oldest name of [L. quatuor, four, and litera, a letter.]
Delphi, in Greece : a witch. Quadrille, ka-dril' or kwa-dril', n. a game at
Pythonic, pi-thon'ik, adj. pretending to foretell cards played byfour: a dance made up of sets
future events like the Pythoness. of dancers containingy^wr couples each. [Fr.;
Pythonlsm, pith'on-izm, «. the art of predicting from It. quadriglia—L. quadra* a square—
events by divination. —n. Pyth'oBiSt. quatuor, four.]
Pyx, piks, «. in the R. Cath. Church, the sacred Quadrillion, kwod-ril'yun, n. a million raised to
box in which the host is kept after consecration : thefourth power, represented by a unit with 34
at the Mint, the box containing sample coins.— ciphers. [Coined from L. quatcr, four times, on>
v.t. to test the weight and fineness of, as the the model of Million.]
coin deposited in the pyx.—Trial of the Pyx, Quadrinomial, kwod-ri-no'mi-al, adj. (math.)
final trial by weight and assay of the gold and consisting offour divisions or terms.—n. an ex*
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte : mute ; mOOn : Men. 40-j
 Quadroon
pression of four terms. [From L. quatuor, four,
and Gr. name, a division—nemd, to distribute.]
Quadroon, kwod-roGn', n. the offspring of a
mulatto and a white person. [Fr. quarteron—
L. quatuor, four ; so called because their blood
is one-fourth black.]
Quadruped, kwod'roo-ped, «. a four-footed ani
mal. (L. quatuort four, and Pes, pedis, a foot.]
Quadrupedal, kwod-roo'pe-dal, adj. having four
feet.
Quadruple, kwod'roo-pl, adj., fourfold.— n. four
times the quantity or number.—v.t. to increase
fourfold. [Fr.—L. quadruplus—quatuor, four.]
Quadruplicate, kwoa-roo'pli-kat, adj. madefour
fold. —v. t. to make fourfold : to double twice.—
«. Quadruplica'tlon. pL. quadruplicate—
quatuor, four, and plica, plicatus, to fold.]
Quaff, kwaf, ?t.t. to drink in large draughts.—
v. i, to drink largely.—«. Quaff'er. [Scot, gueff,
guaich, a small drinking-cup ; from Ir. and
Gael, cuach, a cup.]
Quagga, kwaga, n. a quadruped of South Africa,
like the ass in form and the zebra in colour.
[Hottentot quagga, guacha.\
Quaggy, kwag'i. adj. of the nature of a quagmirel
shaking or yielding under the feet.
Quagmire, kwag'mlr, «. wet, boggy ground that
vields under the feet. [Obs. Quag, same as
Quake, and Mire.]
Quail. kw3ltf.». to cower: to fait in spirit. [A.S.
cioelan, to suffer, to die ; Ger. qual, torment.]
Quail, kwfd, «. a migratory bird like the partridge,
common in Asia, Africa, and S. Europe. [O.
Fr. quaille, caille—Low L. quaguila—L). Flem.
quakete, from root of Quack.]
Quaint, kwant. adj. neat: unusual: odd: whim
sical.—adv. Quaintly.—w. Quaint'nesB. [Lit.
' known, famous, remarkable,' 0. Fr. cointe,
neat, acquainted—L. cognitm, known.]
Quake, kwak, vd. to tremble, esp. with cold or
fear:—pr.p. quaking: pa t. and pa.p. quaked.
—n. a shake : a shudder.—aiiv. Quak'ingly.
[A.S. ctvacian ; allied to Quick.)
Quaker, kwfik'er, n. one of the Society of Friends,
a religious sect founded by George Fox, born in
1624. [A nickname first given them by Judge
Bennet at Derby, because Fox bade him and
those present tremble at the word of the Lord.
This is Fox's own statement in his yaurnal]
Quakerism, kwak'cr-izm, h, the tenets of the
Quakers.
Qualification, kwol-t-fi-ka'shun, n. that which
gualifies: a quality that fits a person for a place,
&c. : abatement.
Qualify, kwol'i-fT, v.t. to render capable or suit
able : to furnish with legal power : to limit by
modifications : to soften : to abate : to reduce
the strength of: to vary. -«. Qualifier. [Fr.
qualifier, from L. quails, of what sort, and
facto, to make-]
Qualitative, kwol'i-ta-tiv, adj. relating toqttality:
[client.) determining the nature of component*.
Quality, kwol'i-ti, «. that which nukes a thing
what it is : property : peculiar power: acquisi
tion : character : rank : superior oirth or charac
ter. [Fr. —L. gualitas, gualitalis.\
Qualm, kwam, n. a sudden attack of illness : a
scruple, as of conscience. [A.S. avealm, pesti
lence, death : Ger. qualm, a dispo>ition to
vomit, va|>our; Sw. qvalm, a suffocating heal ;
allied to Quail, v.]
Qualmish, kwam'ish, adj. affected with qualm, or
a disposition 10 vomit, or with slight sickness.
Quandary, kwon-da'ri, «. a state of difficulty or
410 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Quarter
uncertainty: a hard plight. [Prob. a coir, of
M. E. wandreth, from Ice. vandrazdi, diffi
culty, trouble.]
Quantitative, kwon'ti-ta-tiv, adj. relating to
quantity: measurable in quantity: (che*n\) de
termining the relative proportions of components.
Quantity, kwon'ti-ti, n. the amount of anything :
bulk ; size : a determinate amount : a sum or
bulk : a large portion : {logic) the extent of a
conception : {gram.) the measure of a syllable :
{music) the relative duration of a tone : [math.)
anything which can be increased, divided, or
measured. [Fr.—L. quaniitas, guaniitatis—
quantus, how much—quam, how.]
Quantum, kwon'tum, «. quantity : amount. [L.
quantum, neut. of guantus, now great, how
much.]
Quarantine, kwor'an-ten, n. the time, orig.
forty days, during which a ship suspected
to be infected with a contagious disease, is
obliged to forbear intercourse with the shore.—
v.t. to prohibit from intercourse from fear of
infection. [Fr. quarante—L. quadraginta, forty
—quatuor, four.]
Quarrel, kwor'el, «. an angry dispute : a breach
of friendship: a brawl.—v.i. to dispute vio
lently : to fight : to disagree :—pr.fi. quarrel
ling ;pad. and fia.p. quarrelled. —*. QuarVeller.
[M. E. querele—Yr. quertlle—L. querela—
giteror, to complain.]
Quarrelsome, kworel-sum,
guarret; brawling: adj. , disposed
easily provoked.—«. to
QuaiTy-
elsomeness.
Quarry, kwor'i, ». a place where stones are dug
for building or other purposes.—v.t. to dig or
take from a quarry and/a./, quarried.
[Lit. 'a place where stones are squared,' O. Fr.
quarriere (Fr. Carriere)—Low L. quadraria—
L. quadrus, square. See Quadrant.]
Quarry, kwor'i, n. the entrails of the game
given to the dogs after the chase : the object of
the chase : the game a hawk is pursuing or has
killed : a heap of dead game. [M. E. querre—■
O. Fr. coree (Fr. curee)—Low L. corata, the
intestines or inwards of a slain animal, so called
because including the heart, from L. cor, cortlis,
the heart ; but acc. to Littre", through O. Fr.
cuirie, from cuir, the skin (—L. corium), in
which these parts were thrown to the dogs.]
Quarryman, kworr-man, Quarrler, kwori-er, n.
a man who works in a quarry.
Quart, kwort or kwawrt, «. the fourth part of a
gallon, or two pints : a vessel containing two
pints. [Fr.—L. quartust fourth—quatuor, four.]
Quartan, kwoKtan, adj. occurring every fourth
day, as an intermittent fever or ague. [Fr.—
L. quartanus, of or belonging to the fourth-]
Quarter, kworter, «. a fourth part : the fourth
part of a cwt. = 28 lbs. avoirdupois : 8 bushels
(dry measure) : the fourth part of a chaldron of
coal—of the year—of the moon's period— of a
carcass (including a limb) —of the horizon : a
cardinal point : a region of a hemisphere : a
division of a town, &c. : place of lodging, as for
soldiers, esp. in pL : mercy granted to a disabled
antagonist, prob. from the idea of the captor
sending the prisoner to his quarter or ludging :
(nattt.) the part of a ship's side between the
mainmast and the stern.—v.t. to divide into
four equal parts : to divide into parts or com
partments : to furnish with quarters : to lodge :
to furnish with entertainment : (her.) to bear as
an appendage to the hereditary arms. [Fr.
quariter; from L. quartarius—quartus, fourth.]
mOte ; mute ; mOon ; cJum.
 Quarter-day
Quarter-day, kwor'ter-da, «. the last day of a
quarter, on which rent or interest is paid.
Quarter-deck, kwor'tcr-dck, n. the part of the
deck of a ship abaft the mainmast.
Quarterly, kwor'tex-li, adj. relating to a quarter:
consisting of or containing a fourth part : once
a quarter of a year.—adv. once a quarter. —n. a
periodical published every quarter of a year.
Quartermaster, kworler-mas-ter, n. an officer
who looks after the quarters of the soldiers, and
attends to the supplies : [naut.) a petty officer
who attends to the helm, signals, &c.
Quartern, kwor'tern, n. the fourth of a pint : a
gill : (in dry measure) the fourth part of a peck,
or of a stone.—Quartern-loaf, a loaf of 4 lbs.,
because orig. made of a quarter stone of flour.
Quarter-sessions, kwor'ter-sesh'uns, n.pl. county
or borough sessions held quarterly.
Quarter-Staff, kworler-staf, n. a long staff ox
weapon of defence, grasped at a quarter of its
length from the end and at the middle.
Quartette, Quartet, kwor-tef, n. anything in
fours: a musical composition of four parts, for
voices or instruments : a stanza of four lincs.^
Quarto, kwor'tO, adj. having the sheet folded into
four leaves.—;/, a book of a quarto size :—
Quartos, kwor'tuz.
Quartz, kworts, «. a mineral composed of pure
silica: rock-crystal.—adj. QuartZOSO, kworts'Cte,
of or like quartz, [From Gcr. quarz.]
Quash, kwosh, v.t. to crush : to subdue or extin
guish suddenly and completely : to annul or make
void. [O. Fr. quasser, Fr. casser—L. quasso,
inten. ofquatio, to shake ; prob. from the sound.]
Quassia, kwash'i-a, n. a South American tree, the
bitter wood and bark of which arc used as a
tonic, so called from a negro named Quassy who
first discovered its properties.
Quaternary, kwa-ter'nar-i, adj. consisting of
four: by fours: a term applied to strata more
recent than the upper tertiary.—«. the number
four. [L. quaternarius. ]
Quaternion, kwa-ter'ni-on, «. the number four:
a file of four soldiers. [L. quatemio.]
Quaternions, kwa-ter'ni-ons, n. a kind of calculus
or method of mathematical investigation in
vented by Sir W. R. Hamilton of Trinity Col
lege, Dublin. [So called because four inde
pendent quantities are involved.]
Quatrain, kwot'riin or ka'tran, u. a stanza offour
lines rhyming alternately. [Fr.]
Quaver, kwfi'ver, v.i. to shake: to sing or play
with tremulous modulations.—//, a vibration of
the voice : a note in music, t = \ a crotchet or
I of a semibreve. [From the sound, allied to
Quiver.]
Quay, ke, *. a wharf for the loading or unloading
of vessels. [Fr. quai—Celt., as in W. cat, an
inclosure, barrier, BreL kae.]
Quayage, kfi'aj, n. payment for use of a quay.
Quean, kwen, n. a saucy girl or young woman : a
woman of worthless character. [Same as Queen. ]
Queasy, kwe'zi, adj. sick, squeamish : inclined to
vonwt : causing nausea : fastidious.—adv. Quea'-
Sily.—n. Quea'siness. [Norw. ki'eis, sickness
after a debauch, ice. kveisa, pains in the
stomach.]
Queen, kwen, «. the wife of a king : a female
sovereign: the best or chief of her kind. [Lit. 'a
woman/ A.S. fitter*; Ice. kvan, kona, O. Ger.
quena, (">r. gyne, Kuss. jcua, Sans, jam', all
from root fan, 'to produce,' from which are
Genus, Kin, King, &o]
fate, far; mi, her; mine;
Quioken
Queenly, kwenli, adj. like a queen : becoming or
suitable to a queen.
Queen-mother, kwen-muM'er, «. a^«««-dowager,
the mother of the reigning king or queen.
Queen's Bench. Same as King s Bench.
Queer, kwer, adj. odd : singular : quaint.—adv.
Queerly.—«. Queer'ness. [Low Ger. queer,
across, oblique ; Ger. quer.]
Queerlsh, kwer'ish, adj., rather queen some
what singular.
Quell, kwel, v.t. to crush : subdue : to allay.—n.
QuelTer. [A.S. cweltan, to kill, akin to Quail, v.]
Quench, kwensh, v.t. to put out : to destroy : to
check : to allay. [A.S. cwencan, to quench,
cwincan, O. Ger. kwinka, to waste away ; akin
to Wane. ] [quenched or extinguished.
Quenchable, kwensh'a-bl, adj. that may be
Quenchless, kwenshles, adj. that cannot be
quenched or extinguished : irrepressible.
Querimonious, kwer-i-mon'yus, adj., complain-
ing: discontented.—adv. Querimon'iously.—
n. Querlmon'iousness. [L, querimonia, a com
plaining—queror, to complain.]
Quern, kwern, Kern, kern, «. a handmill for
grinding grain. [A.S. cwym, civeom; Ice.
kvern, Goth, qivaimus; Sans, chum, to grind J
prob. connected with Ghurn.]
Querulous, kwer'Q-Ius, adj., complaining: dis
contented.—adv. Querulously.—«. Quer^u-
lousness.
Query, kwe'ri, w. an inquiry or question : the
mark of interrogation. — v.t. to inquire into : to
question : to doubt of : to mark with a query.—
v.i. to question :—pa.t. and pa.fi. queried.—«.
Que'rlst. [L. quare> imperative of qucero,
quasitum, to inquire.]
Quest, kwest, «. the act of seeking: search : pur
suit : request or desire.
Question, kwest'yun, «. a seeking: an inquiry:
an examination : an investigation : dispute :
doubt : a subject of discussion.—v.t, to ask
questions of: to examine by questions: to in
quire of: to regard as doubtful : to have no
confidence in.—v.i. to ask questions : to inquire.
—n. Questioner. [Fr.—L. qmesiio—qutero,
quasitum. )
Questionable, kwest'yun-a-bl, adj. that may be
questioned : doubtful : uncertain : suspicious.—
adv. Questionably. «, Quest'ionableness.
Questionary, kwest yun-ar-i, adj., asking ques
tions.
Questionlst, kwest'yun-ist, n. a questioner.
Questor, kwest'or, n. a Roman magistrate who
had charge of the money affairs of the state :
a treasurer.— «. Quest'orship. [L. quastor,
contr. of quarsitor—qu&ro.]
Queue, ku, «. a tail~\\ke twist of hair formerly
worn at the back of the head. [See Cue.]
Quibble, kwib'l, «. a turning away from the point
in question into matters irrelevant or insignifi
cant : an evasion, a pun : a petty conceit.—v.i,
to evade a question by a play upon words : to
cavil : to trifle in argument : to pun.—n.
Quibb'ler. [From M. E. quib, a form of Quip.]
Quick, kwik, adj. , living, moving: lively : speedy :
rapid: nimble: ready.—adv. without delay:
rapidly : soon.—n. a living animal or plant : the
living: the living flesh: the sensitive parts.—
adv. Quickly. -«. Quickness. [A.S. civic;
Ice- kvikr, Prov. Ger. queck, Goth, qwius,
living ; allied to L. vivo, victum, Gr. biod,
Sans, jtv, to live. )
Quicken, kwik'n, v.t. 10 make quick or alive: to
revive : to reinvigorate : to cheer : to excite : to
mote; mute; mODa; then. ill
 Quicklime Quiver
sharpen : to hasten.—v.i. to become alive : to and tarts. [O. Fr. coignasse (Fr. coing), It.
move with activity.—n. Qulck'ener. [A.S. cotogna—L. cydonium—Gr. Cyddnia, a town in
cwician.] Crete, where it abounds.]
Quicklime, kwik'lim, n. recently burnt lime, Quinine, kwin'Tn, n. an alkaline substance, ob
caustic or unslaked : carbonate of lime without tained from the bark of the Cinchona tree, muck
its carbonic acid. used in medicine in the treatment of agues and
Quicksand, kwik'sand, «., sand easily moved, or fevers. [Fr.—Peruvian kina, bark.]
readily yielding to pressure : anything treacher Quinquagesima, kwin-kwa-jes'i-ma, adj.,fiftieth,
ous. applied to the Sunday 50 days before Easter.
Quickset, kwik'set, n. a living plant set to grow [L. quinquaginta, fifty—quinque, five.]
for a hedge, particularly the hawthorn.—adj. Quinquangular, kwin-kwang'gu-lar, adj. having
consisting of living plants. Jive angles, [L. quinque, five, and Angular.]
Quickslghted, kwik'slt-ed, adj. having quick or Quinquennial, kwin-kwen'yal, tuij. occurring once
sharp sight : quick in discernment. injiveyears: lasting five years. [L. quinquen-
Quicksilver, kwik'sil-vcr, «. the common name nalis—quinque, five, and annus, a year.]
for fluid mercury, so called from its great mobi Quinsy, kwin'zi, «. inflammatory sore throat.
lity and its silver colour. [M. E. and O. Fr. squinancie (Fr. esquinancie)
Quid, kwid, n. something chewed or kept in the —Gr. kynancke, 'dog-throttling' —kydn, a dog,
mouth, esp. a piece of tobacco. [A corr. of and anchd, to press tight, to throttle.]
Cud.] Quintain, kwin'tan, «. a post with a turning and
Quiddity, kwid'i-ti, «. the essence of anything : loaded top or cross-piece, to be tilted at. [Fr.
any trifling nicety : a cavil : a captious question. —L. quintana, quintf/s, fifth, from the position
[Low L. quidditas—L- quid, what.] of the place of recreation in the Roman camp.]
Quidnunc, kwid'nungk, n. one always on the look Quintal, kwin'tal, n. a hundredweight, either 112
out for news : one who pretends to know all or 100 pounds according to the scale. [Through
occurrences. [L. 'What now?'] Fr. and Sp. quintal, from Arab, quintar, weight
Quiescence, kwl-es'ens, n. state of being quies of 100 pounds—L. centum, a hundred.]
cent or at rest : rest of mind : silence. Quintessence, kwin-tcs'ens, «. the pure essence
Quiescent, kwT-escnt, adj. being quiet, resting: of anything: a solution of an essential oil in
still : unagitated : silent.—adv. Quiescently. spirit of wine. [Fr.—L. quinta essentia, fifth
[L. quiescens, -entis, pr.p. of quiesco, to rest. essence, orig. applied to ether, which was sup
See Quiet.] posed to be purer than fire, the highest of the
Quiet, kwl'et, adj. at rest : calm : smooth : peace lour ancient elements. See Essence.]
able : gentle, inoffensive. —n. the state of being Quintilllon, kwin-til'yun, «. the fifth, power of a
at rest : repose : calm : stillness : peace.—v.t. to million, or a unit with 30 ciphers annexed. [L.
bring to rest : to stop motion : to calm or pacify ; quintus, fifth, and Million.]
to lull : to allay. [L. quietus—quiesco; akin to Quintuple, kwin'tQ-pl, adj., fivefold: [music)
L. cubo, Gr. keimai, Sans, ci, to lie.] having five crotchets in a bar.—v.t. to make
Quietism, kwi'et-izm, «., rest of the mind : mental fivefold. [Fr.—L. quintupUx—quintus, fifth,
tranquillity : apathy : the doctrine that religion plica, to fold.]
consists in repose of the mind and passive con Quip, kwip, n. a sharp sarcastic turn, a jibe : a
templation of the Deity.—it. Qui'etiSt, one who quick retort [W. chzvip, a quick turn, chivipio,
believes in this doctrine. to move briskly.]
Quietly, kwi'et-li, adv. in a quiet manner : with Quire, kwTr, «. a collection of paper consisting of
out motion or alarm : calmly : silently : patiently. twenty-four sheets, each having a single fold.
Quietness, kwret-nes, Quietude, kwret-ud, «. [O. Fr. qiuiier (Fr. cahier), prob. from Low L.
rest : repose : freedom from agitation or alarm : quatemum, a quarto sheet, from quatuar, four.]
stillness : peace : silence. Quire, kwlr, old form of Choir.
Quietus, kwi-e'tus, «. a final settlement or dis Quirk, kwerk, ». a quick turn: an artful evasion :
charge. [L., at rest, quiet.] a quibble : a taunt or retort : a slight conceit.
Quill, kwil, «. a reed-pen : the feather of a goose [Obs. E. quirk, to turn ; prob. from a Celtic
or other bird used as a pen : a pen : anything imitative root seen in W. chiviori, to turn
like a quill : the spine, as of a porcupine : the briskly ; by some conn, with Queer and Thwart,j
reed on which weavers wind their thread: the Quirklsn, kwerk'ish, adj. consisting of quirks.
instrument for striking the strings of certain Quit, kwit, v.t. to release from obligation, accusa
instruments: the tube of a musical instrument tion, &c. : to acquit : to depart from : to give
—v.t. to plait with small ridges like quills: to up : to clear by full performance :—/*"./. quitt'-
wind on a quill. [Orig. a stalk, the stalk of a ing : pa.t. and pa.p. quitt'ed.—adj. {B.) set free :
cane or reed, and lit. anything pointed, taper acquitted : released from obligation.—To be
ing, Fr. quillc, a peg—O. Ger. kegil or chegil, quits, to be even with one.—To quit one's self
Ger. kegelj a cone-shaped object, ninepin.] (£.} to behave. TFr. quitter, through Low L.
Quillet, kwil'et, «. a trick in argument : a petty quietare, from L. quietus, quiet. See Quiet. ]
quibble. [A corr. of L. quidiibet, ' what you Quite, kwit, adv. completely: wholly: entirely.
will.'] [Merely a form of Quit, Quiet.]
Quilt, kwilt, n. a bed-cover of two cloths sewed Quit-rent, kwit'-rent, n. (law) a rent on manors
together with something soft between them : a by which the tenants are quit or discharged
thick coverlet.—v.t. to make into a quilt: to from other service.
stitch together with something soft between : to Quittance, kwit'ans, n. a quitting or discharge
sew like a quilt. [O. Fr. cuilte (Fr. couette)—I,. from a debt or obligation : acquittance.
culcita, a cushion, mattress. See Counterpane. ] Quiver, kwiv'er, n. a case for arrows. [O. Fr.
Quinary, kwl'nar-i, adj. consisting of or arranged cuivre ; from O. Ger. kohhar (Ger. kfchcr) ;
in fives. [L. qniuarius — quinque, five.] cog. with A.S. cocer.]
Quince, kwins, «. a fruit with an acid taste and Quiver, kwiv'er, v.i. to shake with slight and
pleasant flavour, much used in making preserves tremulous motion : to tremble : to shiver. [M. E.
41S fate, far: me, her; mine ; mOte ; mute; moon; Men.
 Quivered
ctuiver, brisk—A.S. cwifer, seen in adv. cwifer-
lice, eagerly ; cf. Dut. kuiveren. See Quick
and Quaver.]
Quivered, kwiv'erd, adj. furnished with a quiver:
sheathed, as in a quiver.
Quixotic, kwiks-ot'ik, adj. like Don Quixote, the
knight-errant in the novel of Cervantes : romantic
to absurdity.—adv. Quixot ically.
Quixotism, kwiks'ot-izm, «. romantic and absurd
notions, schemes, or actions like those of Don
Quixote.
Quiz, kwiz, «. a riddle or enigma : one who
quizzes another : an odd fellow.—v.t. to puzzle :
to banter or make sport of : to examine narrowly
and with an air of mockery.—v.i. to practise
derisive joking^:—pr.p. quizz ing; pad. and Pa.p.
quizzed. [Said to have originated in a wager
that a new word of no meaning would be the
talk and puzzle of Dublin in twenty-four hours,
when the wagercr chalked the letters q u I z all
over the town with the desired effect.]
Quolf, koif, «. a cap or hood.—v.t. to cover or
dress with a quoif. [Same as Coif |
Quoin, koin, n. [arch.) a wedge used to support
and steady a stone : an external angle, esp. of a
building: {gun.) a wedge of wood or iron put
under the breech of heavy guns or the muzzle of
siege mortars to raise them to the proper level :
{print,} a wedge used to fasten the types in the
forms. [Same as Coin.]
Quoit, koit, «. a heavy flat ring of iron for
throwing at a distant point in play. [Perh. from
O. Ft. coiter, to drive, press, which may be
from L. coastare—cogere, to force. See Cogent.]
Quondam, kwon'dam, adj. that was formerly :
former. [L., formerly.]
Quorum, kwO'rum, n. a number of the members of
any body sufficient to transact business. [The
first word of a commission formerly issued to
certain justices, of 'whom (quorum) a certain
number had always to be present when the com
mission met.]
Quota, kwfi'ta, n. the part or share assigned to
each. [It.—L. quotus, of what number—quo/,
how many.]
Quotable, kwot'a-bl, adj. that may be quoted.
Quotation, kwo-tS'shun, n. act of quoting : that
which is quoted : the current price of anything.
Quote, kwflt, v.t. to repeat the words of any one :
to adduce for authority or illustration : to give
the current price of.—n. Quot'er. [Lit. to say
* how many, from O. Fr. quoter, to number—
Low L. quotare, to divide into chapters and
verses—L. quotus.]
Quoth, kwGth or kwuth, v.t., say, says, or said
—used only in the ist and 3d persons present
and past, and always followed by its subject.
[A.S. civethan, pt.t. cwarth, to say.]
Quotidian, kwo-tid i-an, adj., every day: occur
ring daily.—n. anything returning daily : [med.)
a kind of ague that returns daily. [Fr.—L.
quotidianus—quo/, as many as, and dies, a day.]
Quotient, kwflshent, n. {math.) the number
which shews how often one number is contained
in another. [ Fr. ; from L. quotients, quoties,
how often—quo/.]
E Racket, rak'et, n. a clattering noise. [Gael.
Rabbet, rab'et, n. a groove cut in the edge of a
plank so that another may fit into it.—v. to
groove a plank thus. [Fr. rabotrrj to plane.]
Rabbi, rub'i or rab'I, Rabbin, rab'in, n. Jewish
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Racy-
title of a doctor or expounder of the law:—//.
Rabbis (rab'Jz), Rabb ins. [Lit. ' my master,'
Gr.—Heb. raid—rab, great, a chief.]
Rabbinic, rab-bin'ik, Rabbinical, rab-binlk-al,
adj. pertaining to the rabbis or to their opinions,
learning, and language.
Rabbinism, rab'in-izm, n. the doctrine or teaching
of the rabbis : a rabbinic expression.
RabbinlSt, rab'in-ist, n. one who adheres to the
Talmud and traditions of the rabbis.
Rabbit, rab'it, «. a small rodent burrowing animal
of the hare family : a cony. [M. E. robe/,
dim. of a root seen in Dut. robbe.]
Rabble, rab'I, «. a disorderly, noisy crowd : a
mob : the lowest class of people. [Allied to Dut.
rabbelen, to gabble, Prov. Ger. rabbe/n.]
Rabid, rab'id, adj., raving: furious: mad.—adv.
Rabidly.—^. Rab'ldness. [L. rabies, rage.]
Rabies, ra bi-es. n. the disease (esp. of dogs) from
which hydrophobia is communicated. [L. 'mad
ness.']
Raoa, raTca, adj.t worth/ess:—a term of reproach
used by the Jews. [Chaldee reha, worthless.]
Raccoon, Racoon, ra-koOn', n. a carnivorous
animal of N. America, valuable for its fur. [A
corr. of Fr. raton, dim. of rat, a rat.]
Race, ris, n. family : the descendants of a com
mon ancestor : a breed or variety : a herd :
peculiar flavour or strength, as of wine, showing
its kind. [Fr, (It. razza)—O. Ger. reiza, a
line : prob. modified by the influence of L.
radix, a root.]
Race, nts, n. a running: rapid motion: trial of
speed: progress: movement of any kind: course
of action : a rapid current : a canal to a water-
wheel.—v.i. to run swiftly: to contend in
running. [A.S. rws, race, stream, cog. with
Ice. ras, rapid course, Sans, risk, to flow.]
Racecourse, ras'kOrs, n. the course or path over
which races are run.
Racehorse, ras'hors, «. a horse bred for racing.
Raceme, ra-sem', n. a duster: (bot.) a flower
cluster, as in the currant. [Fr.—L. racetnus,
akin to Gr. rax, ragos, a berry, a grape.
Doublet Raisin.]
Racemed, ra-semd', adj. having racemes.
Racer, ras'er, «. one who races : a racehorse.
Rack, rak, n. an instrument for racking or extend
ing : an engine for stretching the body in order
to extort a confession : a framework on which
articles are arranged : the grating above a man
ger for hay : [mech, ) a straight bar with teeth to
work with those of a wheel : {jig.) extreme pain,
anxiety, or doubt,— v.t. to stretch forcibly: to
strain : to stretch on the rack or wheel : to tor
ture : to exhaust. [Conn, with M. E. rechen—
A.S. racan, to reach, and cog. with Ger. recken,
Goth, rakjan. Sec Reach.]
Rack, rak, n. thin or broken clouds, drifting
across the sky. [Ice. rek, drift—reka, to drive,
E. Wreak.]
Rack, rak, v.t, to strain or draw off from the lees,
as wine. [O. Fr. raqui, ety. unknown.)
Racket, rak'et, n. a strip of wood with the ends
together, covered with network, and having a
handle—used in tennis: a snow-shoe.—v.t. to
strike, as with a racket. [Fr. raque//e—Sp.
raque/a—Ar. rahat, the palm of the hand.]
racaid—roc, to cackle.]
Rack-rent, rak'-rent, «. an annual rent stretched
to the full value of the thing rented or nearly so.
Racoon. See Raccoon.
Racy, ra'si, adj. having a strong flavour showing
mOte ; mute ; mCon ; /hen. 413
 Raddle
its origin : rioh : exciting to the mind by strongly
characteristic thought or language : spirited.—
adv. Ra'cily.—>t. Raciness. [From Race, a
family.]
Raddle, rad'l, v.t. to interweave. — «. a hedge
formed by interweaving the branches of trees.
[A.S. wr&d, a wreath or band.]
Radial, rA'di-al, adj. shooting out like a ray
or radius: pertaining to the radius of the fore
arm.
Radiance, ra'di-ans, Radiancy, ra'di-an-si, «.
quality of being radiant: brilliancy : splendour.
Radiant, nVdi-ant, adj. emitting rays of light or
heat ; issuing in rays : beaming with light :
shining.— «. {optics) the luminous point from
which light emanates: [geom.) a straight line
from a point about which it is conceived to
revolve.— a<iv. Radiantly [I,. radiatts, -otitis,
pr.p. of ratiio, radiatum, to radiate—radius,J
Radiate*, ra'di-at, v.i. to emit rays of light: to
shine : to proceed in direct lines from any point
or surface.—v.t. to send out in rays. [L. radio,
-alum. )
Radiation, rii-di-a'shun, w. act of radiating : the
emission and diffusion of rays of light or heat.
Radical, rad i-kal, adj. pertaining to the root, or
origin: original: reaching to the principles:
implanted by nature : not derived : serving to
originate: (pot.) proceeding immediately from
the root: {politics) ultra-liberal, democratic.—
n. a root : a primitive word or letter : one who
advocates radical reform, a democrat: {ckem.)
the base of a compound. —adv. Radically. —
w. Rad'lcalness. [See Radix.]
Radicalism, rad'i-kal-izm, n. the principles or
spirit of a radical or democrat.
Radicle, rad'i-kl, n. a little root: the part of a
seed which ia growing becomes the root.
Radish, rad'ish, n. an annual the root of which is
eaten raw as a salad. [Lit a * root,' Fr. radis,
through Prov. radii*, from L. radix, radicis.
Cf. Radix.]
Radius, ra'di-us, n. {geom.) a straight line from
the centre to the circumference of a circle : any
thing like a radius, as the spoke of a wheel :
{anat.) the exterior bone of the arm : {bot.\ the
ray of a flower :—//. Radii, ra'di-7. [Lit. 'a
rod, or ray,' L. See Ray, a line of light.]
Radix, radiks, «. a root: a primitive word: the
base of a system of logarithms. (L, radix,
radic-is. See Root, and Wort, a plant.]
Raffle, raf'l, n. a kind of lottery in which all the
stakes are seized or taken by the winner.—v.i.
to try a raffle.—n. Raffler. [Fr. ns/Zr, a cer
tain game of dice—Fr. rafler, to sweep away,
from Ger. rajfe/n, freq. of raffen (A.S. reafian),
to seize.]
Raft, raft, n. a collection of pieces of timber
fastened together for a support on the water:
planks conveyed by water.—n. Rafts'man, one
who guides a raft. [Ice. raptr (pron. ra/ir),
a rafter.]
Rafter, raft'er, n. an inclined beam supporting
the roof of a house.—v.t. to furnish with rafters.
[A.S. rarfter, a beam : Ice. raptr {ra/ir), a
beam ; Dan. raft, a pole.]
Rag, rag, n. a fragment of cloth: anything rent
or worn out. [A.S. raggie, rough, cog. with
Sw. ragir, rough hair, and Rug.]
Ragamuffin, rag-a-muf'in, «. a low disreputable
person. [Ety. dub.]
Rage, rSj, «., violent excitement : enthusiasm :
rapture : anger excited to fury.—v.i. to be furious
with anger : to exercise fury, to ravage : to pre-
(14 fate, far ; mC, htr : mine :
Rake
vatl fatally, as a disease : to be violently agitated,
as the waves. [Fr. (Sp. rabia)—L. rabies—rabo,
to rave ; akin t<i Sans, rabh, to be agitated,
enraged.]
Ragged, ragged, adj. torn or worn into rags:
having a rough edge : wearing ragged clothes :
intended for the very poor: (#.) rugged.— adz\
Ragg/edly. n. Ragg'edneBS.
Raggee, rag-ge', «. a species of millet, grown in
Southern India.
Raging, raj'ing, adj. acting with rage, violence,
or fury.—adv. Raglngly.
Ragout, ra-gOo', «. a stew of meat with kitchen
herbs, the French equivalent of Irish stew.
[Fr.—rago&ter, to restore the appetite—L. re,
again, Fr. a { — ad), to, and gout—L. gustus,
taste.]
Ragstone, rag'ston, Ragg, rag, «. an impure lime-
stone, so called from its ragged fracture.
Ragwort, ragwurt, «. a large coarse weed with a
yellow flower, so called from its ragged leaves.
[Rag, and A.S. toyrt, a plant.]
Raid, rod, «. a hostile or predatory invasion.
[Lit. ' a ridinginto an enemy's country,' Scand.,
as Ice. reidh. See Ride. Doublet Road,]
Rail, ral, «. a bar of timber or metal extending
from one support to another, as in fences, stair
cases, &c : a barrier : one of the iron bars on
which railway carriages run: {arck.) the hori
zontal part of a frame and panel.—v.t. to in
close with rails. [Low Gcr. regel, Ger. riegel,
from the root of Gcr. reike, a row. J
Rail, ral, v.i. to brawl : to use insolent language.
[Fr. railler, like Span, rallar, to scrape, from
L. rallum, a hoe for scraping a ploughshare—
rado, to scrape. Sec Rase. |
Rail, ral, n. a genus of wading birds with a harsh
cry. IFr. rAle (Gcr. ralle\—rAIer, to make a
rattle in the throat, from the root of Rattle.]
Railing, ral'ing, ». a fence of posts and rails:
material for rails.
Raillery, ral'er-i, «. railing or mockery : banter :
good-humoured irony. [Fr. raillerie—railler.
See Rail, to brawl.]
Railroad, raj'rod, Railway, raTwa, n. a road or
way laid with iron rails on which carriages run-
Raiment, r.Vmcnt, H. that in which one is arrayed
or dressed : clothing in general. [Contr. of obs.
A rraiment—Array. ]
Rain, ran, n. water from the clouds.—v.i. to fall
from the clouds : to drop like rain.—v.t. to pour
like rain. [A.S. regn, r/n, rain ; cog. with Dut.
and Ger. regen, and Scand. refn.}
Rainbow, ran'bO, n. the brilliant-coloured bow or
arch seen when rain is falling opposite the sun.
Rain-gauge, ran'-gaj, «. a gauge or instrument
for measuring the quantity of rain that falls.
Rainy, rfln'i, adj. abounding with rain: showery.
Raise, raz, v.t. to cause to rise: to lift up : to set
upright: to originate or produoe : to bring to
gether : to cause to grow or breed : to produce :
to give rise to : to exalt : to increase the strength
of: to excite : to recall from death : to cause to
swell, as dough. [M. E. reisen, from Ice. reisa,
causal of risa, to rise. Sec Rise and Rear. |
Raisin, rS'zn, n. a dried ripe grape. [Fr. (Prov.
razim, Sp. rneimo)— L. racemus, a bunch of
grapes. Doublet Raceme.]
Rajah, r3'ja or ra'ja, n. a native prince or king in
Hindustan. [From Sans, rajan, a king, cog.
with L. rex.]
Rake, rak, n. an instrument with teeth or pins for
smoothing earth, &c. —v.t. to scrape with some
thing toothed : to draw together : to gather with
mote : mute : mOon : Men.
 Rake
difficulty : to level with a rake : to search dili
gently over: to pass over violently: {naut.) to
tire into, as a ship, lengthwise.—v.i. to scrape,
as with a rake: to search minutely : to pass with
violence. [A.S. raca, a rake; cog. with Ger.
rechen, Ice. reka, a shovel, from the root of
Goth, rikan [rak), to collect, L. and Gr.
lego.]
Rake, nTk, «. a rascal. [Contr. of Rakehell.]
Rake, rak, n. {naut.) the projection of the stem
and stern of a ship beyond the extremities of the
keel : the inclination of a mast from the perpen
dicular. [From the Scand. raka, to reach (A.S.
ratcan). Doublet Reach.J
Rakehell, rak'hel, n. a rascal or villain : a debau
chee. [Corr. of M. E. rakel, rakle; cog. with
Prov. Sw. rakkel, a vagabond, Ice. reikall, un
settled, from reika, to wander, and Prov. E.
rake, to wander.]
Rakish, rak'ish, adj. having a rake or inclination
of the masts.—adv. Rak'ishly.
Rakish, rak'ish, adj. like a rake: dissolute:
debauched.—adv. Rak'ishly.
Rally, ral'i, v.t. to gather again: to collect and
arrange, as troops in confusion : to recover.—
v.i. to reassemble, esp. after confusion : to re
cover wasted strength:—pa.t, and pa.p. rallied
(ral'id). —n. act of rallying: recovery of order.
[Lit. * to re-ally,' Fr. rallier—L. re, again, ad,
to, and ligo, to bind. See Ally* P.]
Rally, ral'i, v.t. to attack with raillery : to ban
ter. —v.i, to exercise raillery :—pa. t. and /rt./.
rallied. [Fr. railler. A variant of Rail, v.i.]
Ram, ram, n. a male sheep: {astr.) Aries (L., the
ram), one of the signs of the zodiac : an engine
of war for battering, with a head like that of a
ram : a hydraulic engine, called water-ram : a
ship of war armed with a heavy iron beak for
running down a hostile vessel.—v.t. to thrust
with violence, as a ram with its head : to force
together : to drive hard down i—Pr.p. ramm'ing ;
pa.t. and pa.p. rammed. [A.S. ram, rom ;
cog. with Ger. ramrn, Sans, ram, to sport-]
Ramble, ram'bl, v.i. to go from place to place
without object : to visit many places : to be
desultory, as in discourse. —«. a roving from
place to place : an irregular excursion.—//.
Ram'bler. [Freq. of Roam.]
Rambling, ram'bling, adj. moving about irregu
larly : unsettled : desultory.
Ramification, ram-i-fi-ka'shun, n. division or
separation into branches: a branch : a division
or subdivision : {hot.) manner of producing
branches.
Ramify, ram'i-fT, v.t. to make or divide into
branches.—v.i. to shoot into branches : to be
divided or spread out:—pa.t. and pa.p. ram'i-
fTed. [Fr. ramifer—L. ramus, a branch,
facio, to make.]
Ramose, ra mus', Ramous, ra'mus, adj., branchy;
\bot j branched as a stem or root.
Ramp, ramp, v.t. to climb or creep, as a plant: to
leap or bound.—n. a leapor bound. [Fr. ramper,
to creep, to clamber; from theTeut., Low Ger.
rappent Ger. raffen, to snatch, as with the claws.]
Rampant, ramp'ant.rt^/., ramping or overgrowing
usual bounds : overleaping restraint : [her.)
standing on the hind-legs.—adv. Ramp'antly.
—«. Ramp'ancy, state of being rampant. [Fr.,
pr.p. of ramper, to creep, to climb.]
Rampart, ram'part, n. that which defends from
assault or danger: {fort.) a mound or wall
surrounding a fortified place. [Fr. remfrart
(orig. rempar)—remparert to defend—re, again,
fate, far ; mfi, her ; mine ;
Rant
em, to (= en), in, and parer, to defend—L. Paro,
to prepare. See Parapet, Parry.]
Ramrod, ram'rod, n. a rod used in ramming
down the charge in a gun.
Ran, pa.t. of Run.
Rancid, ran'sid, adj. having a putrid smell, as
old oil : sour.—adv. Ran'cldly. [L. ratuidun,
putrid.]
Rancidness, ran'sid-nes, Rancidity, ran-sid'i-ti,
n. the quality of being rancid: a musty smell,
as of oil.
Rancorous, rang'kur-us, adj. spiteful : malicious :
virulent.—adv. Ran'corously.
Rancour, ranglcur, n. deep-seated enmity : spite :
virulence. [Fr.—L. rancor, rancidness, an old
grudge—ranceo, to be rancid.]
Random, ran'dum, adj. done or uttered at hazard :
left to chance.—ativ. At random, without direc
tion : by chance. [O- Fr. ra/idon, urgency,
haste; of doubtful origin.]
Rang, rang, pa.t. ofRing.
Range, ranj, v.t. to rank or set in a row: to
place in proper order : to rove or pass over : to
sail in a direction parallel to.—7'./. to be placed
in order : to lie in a particular direction : to rove
at large : to sail or pass near.—«. a row or rank :
a class or order : a wandering : room for passing
to and fro : space occupied by anything moving :
capacity of mind : extent of acquirements : the
horizontal distance to which a shot is carried :
the long cooking-stove of a kitchen : {£.} a
chimney-rack. [Fr. ranger, to range—rang, a
rank. Cf. Rank.]
Ranger, ranj'er, «. a rover : a dog that beats the
ground : an officer who superintends a forest or
park.—«. Rang'ershlp,
Ranine, ra'nln, adj. pertaining to or like a frog.
[L. ratia, a frog.]
Rank, rangk, «. a row or line, esp. of soldiers
standing side by side : class or order : grade or
degree: station: high social position.—v.t. to
place in a line : to range in a particular class :
to place methodically.—v.i. to be placed in a
rank : to have a certain degree of elevation or
distinction. —The ranks, the order of common
soldiers.—Rank and file, the whole body of
common soldiers. [Fr. rang (E. Ring)—O.
Ger. hringor hrinc. Cf. Harangue.]
Rank, rangk, adj. growing high and luxuriantly :
coarse from excessive growth ; raised to a high
degree : excessive : causing strong growth : very
fertile : strong scented : strong tasted : rancid :
strong.—adv. Rankly.—«. Rank'ness. [A.S.
ranc, fruitful, rank ; Dan. rank, lank, slender ;
a nasalised form of the root of Rack.]
Rankle, rangk'l, v.i. to be inflamed : to fester :
to be a source of disquietude or excitement : to
rage. [From Rank, adj.]
Ransack, ran'sak, v.t. to search thoroughly: to
plunder. [Lit. ' to search a house,' Ice. rann-
saka—rami, a house, and sak {swkja), E. Seek ]
Ransom, ran sum, «. price paid for redemption
from captivity or punishment : release from
captivity.—v.t. to redeem from captivity, pun
ishment, or ownership. —n. Ran'somer. [Lit.
' redemption' or 'buying back,' Fr. ranfou jit.
redenzione)— L. redetnptio. See Redemption.]
Ransomless, ran'sum-les, adj\ without ransom :
incapable of being ransomed.
Rant, rant, v.i. to use violent or extravagant
language : to be noisy in words.—«. boisterous,
empty declamation. [O. Dut. ranten, to rave ;
cog. with Low Ger. randen, Ger. ranzen, and
prob. with O. Ger. razi, raze, violent.]
mOte ; mGte ; raOon ; then. 4ir>
 Ranter Rate
Banter, rant'er, n. a noisy talker : a boisterous excellent : extraordinary.—adv. Rarely.—«.
preacher. Bare'neSB. [Fr.—L. rdrus, rare, thin.]
Ranunculus, ra-nun'kG-lus, w. a genus of plants, Rarefaction, rar-e-fak'shun or ra-re-fak'shun, «.
including the crowfoot, buttercup, &c, so called act of rarefying : expansion of aeriform bodies.
by Pliny because some grow where frogs [Fr.—L. See Rarefy.]
abound :—pi. Ranun culuses. [L., dim. of Rarefy, rar'e-fl or ra're-fl, v.t. to make rare, thin,
ranuia, a little frog, itself a dim. of rana, a or less dense : to expand a body.—v.i. to become
frog.) thin and porous :—pa.t. and pa.p. rarefied.
Rap, rap, n. a sharp blow : a knock.—v.t. and [Fr. rarificr—X*. rarus, rare,facia, factum, to
v.i. to strike with a quick blow : to knock :— make.]
pr.p. rapp'ing ; /a./, and A*-/, rapped. [Scand., Rarity, rarl-ti or rarl-ti, n. state of being rare :
as Dan. rap; imitative of the sound.] thinness : subtilty : something valued lor its
Rap, rap, v.t. to seize and carry off: to transport scarcity : uucommonness.
out of one's self: to affect with rapture pr.p. Rascal, ras'kal, ft. a tricking, dishonest fellow : a
rapp'ing; Pa.p. rapped or rapt. [Scand., as knave: a rogue. [Lit, 'the scrapings and re
Ice. hrafki, to rush headlong, cog. with Ger. fuse of anything,' Fr. racailU, the scum of
raffen, to snatch.) the people—racier, O. Fr. rascler, to scrape,
Rapacious, ra-pa'shus, adj., seizing by violence: through a supposed L. form rasiculare, from
given to plunder : ravenous : greedy of gain.— rasus, scraped. See Rase. J
adv. Rapaciously.—«. Rapa'clousness. [L. Rascality, ras-kal'i-ti, n. mean trickery or dis
rapax, rapacis—rapio, rupturn, to seize and honesty : fraud : the mob. [base.
carry off ; akin to Gr. harp-asJ, to seize.] Rascally, ras'kal-i, adj. mean : vile : worthless :
Rapacity, ra-pasl-ti, «. the quality of being rapa Rase, raz, v.t. to scratch or blot out : to efface :
cious: ravenou&ness : extortion. to cancel : to level with the ground ; to de
Rape, rap, n. the act of seizing by force : viola molish : to ruin (in this sense Raze is generally
tion of the chastity of a female. [M. E. rape, used), [Fr. raser—L. rado, rasum, to scrape.]
haste, from Rap, to seize, influenced by L. Rash, rash, adj. {comp. Rash er, superl. Rash -
rapere, to snatch.] est}, hasty : sudden : headstrong : incautious.
Rape, rap, n. a plant nearly allied to the turnip, —adv. Rashly. Rash'ness. [Dan. and
cultivated for its herbage and oil-producing Sw. rash; Ger. rasch, rapid.]
seeds. [O. Fr. rabe (Fr. rave)—L. rapa, Bash, rash, «. a slight eruption on the body. [O.
rapum ; cog. with Gr. raPys, the turnip.] Fr. rasche [Fr. rache;—L. ratio, rasum, to
Rapecake, rap'kak, «., cake made of the refuse, scrape, to scratch. Cf. Base.]
after the oil has been expressed from the rape- Basher, rash'cr, «. a thin slice of broiled bacon,
seed. prob. so called because rashly or quickly roasted.
Rape-oil, rap'-oil, «., oil obtained from rape- Basorial, ra-zo'ri-al, adj. belonging to an order of
seed. birds which scrape the ground for their food, as
Raphaellsm, raf'a-el-izm, n. the principles of the hen. [Low L. rasor, rasoris, a scraper—L.
painting introduced by Raphael, the I talian ratio, rasum, to scrape. See Base. ]
painter, 1483-1520. —«. Baphaelite, raf a-cl-It, Basp, rasp, v.t. to rub with a coarse file.—n. a
one who follows the principles of Raphael. file.—«. Basp'er. 10. Fr. rasper {Ft. raper)—
Rapid, rap'id, adj. hurrying along : very swift : O. Ger. raspdn} akin to Dut. raspen, to scrape
speedy.—«. that part of a river where the cur together.]
rent is more rapid than usual (gen. in pi.).— Raspberry, razTjer-i, n. a kind of bramble, who*e
adv. Rap idly.—^/. Rap'idness. [Kr. rapid*— . fruit has a rough outside like a rasp.
L. raputus—rapio. See Rapacious. ] I Basure, ra'zhur, w. act of scraping, shaving, or
Rapidity, ra-pid i-ti, n. quickness of motion or 1 erasing: obliteration: an erasure. [Fr. — L.
utterance : swiftness : velocity. See Rase ]
Rapier, ra'pi-er, n. a light sword with a straight, : Bat, rat, «. an animal of the mouse kind, but
narrow blade (generally four-sided;, used only ' larger and more destructive. [A. S. rat, cog.
in thrusting. [Fr. rapiere, of unknown origin.] 1 with Ger. ratte, GaeL radan, prob. allied to L.
Rapine, rap'in, n. act ofseizingand carryingaway rodo, to gnaw.]
forcibly ; plunder : violence. [Fr.—L. rapina— I Rat, rat, v.i. to desert one's party and join their
rapio. See Rapacious. Doublet Ravine.] j opponents for gain or power, as rats are said to
Rapparee, rap-ar-e\ «. a wild Irish plunderer. leave a falling house '—pr.p. ratt ing ; pad. and
[Ir. rapaire, a noisy fellow, a thief.] ! pa.p. ratted.
Rappee, rap-pe', n. a moist, coarse kind of snuff. Ratable, rat'a-bl, adj. that may be rated or set at
[Kr. r/ipi, rasped, grated—rdper, to rasp. See a certain value : subject to taxation.—us. Rata
Rasp] bility, Rat'ableneSB, quality of being ratable.
Rapper, rap'cr, n. one who raps '. a door-knocker. —adv. Rat'ably.
Rapt, rapt, adj. raised to rapture : transported : Ratafia, rat-a-f€'a, n. a spirituous liquor flavoured
ravished. [Lit. ' carried away,' from Rap, to with fruit. [Fr. —Malay araq-t&fia, from Ar.
seize, influenced by L. rapere, to snatch.] araq (see Arraok), and Malay tafia, rum.]
Raptorial, rap-tO'ri-al, adj., seizing by violence, Batch, rach, n. a rack or bar with teeth into
as a bird of prey. [L. raptor, a snatcher— which a click drops : the wheel which makes a
rapere. ] clock strike. [A weakened form of Back.]
Rapture, rap'tflr, n. a seizing and carrying away : Ratchet, rach'et, n. a bar acting on the teeth of a
extreme delight : transport : ecstasy. [L. rapio, ratchet-wheel : a click or pall.
raptus, to sei^c] Ratchet-wheel, rach'et-hwel, «. a wheel having
Rapturous, rap'iur-us, adj., seizing and carrying teeth for a ratchet.
away : ecstatic : transporting.—adv. Rap'tUT- ] Bate, rat, n. a ratio or proportion : allowance :
ously. standard: value: price: the class of a ship:
Bare, rftr. adj. [comp. Rar'er, nperi. Rar'est , movement, as fast or slow: a tax.—71.t. to cal
thin : of a loose texture : not dense : uncommon : culate : to estimate : to settle the relative rank,
41U fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mflte ; mute ; moon : Men.
 Bate
scale, or position of.—v.i. to make an estimate :
to be placed in a certain class. [0. Fr.—L.
reor, ratus, to calculate, to think.]
Bate, rat, v.t. to tax one with a thing : to scold :
to chide. [pays a rate or tax.
Ratepayer, rat'pa-er, «. one who is assessed and
Rath, Rathe, rath, adj. early, soon. [A.S.
hradh, cog. with 0. Ger. hrad, quick.]
Rather, ra/A'6r, adv. more willingly: in prefer
ence : especially : more so than otherwise : on
the contrary: somewhat. [Lit. 'sooner,' A.S.
rather, comp. of Rath, early.]
Ratification, rat-i-fi-ka'shun, n. act of ratifying
or confirming : confirmation.
Ratify, rat'i-fT, v.t. to approve and sanction : to
settle i—pa.t» and Pa.p. rat'ified. [Fr. ratifier
—L. ratus, fixed by calculation—reor, ratus,
to calculate, andfacio, to make. See Rate, ».]
Ratio, ra'shi-o, n. the relation of one thing to
another. [L. ratio, calculation, reason, the
faculty which calculates—wr, ratus* Doublets
Ration, Reason.]
Ratiocination, rash-i-os-i-na'shun, «. the act or
process of reasoning: deducing conclusions from
premises.—adj. Rauo'cinative. [Fr.—L. ratio
cinate—ratiocinor, -atus, tocalculate, to reason.]
Ration, ra'shun, n. the rate of provisions dis
tributed to a soldier or sailor daily : an allow
ance. [Fr.—L. ratio. See Ratio.)
Rational, rash'un-al, adj. pertaining to the
reason: endowed with reason: agreeable to
reason : sane : intelligent : judicious : {arith,
and alg.) noting a quantity which can be exactly
expressed by numbers: {geog.) noting the plane
parallel to the sensible horizon of a place, and
passing through the earth's centre. [See Ratio.]
Rationale, rasiw-o-nale, n. an account of, with
reasons : an account of the principles of some
opinion.
Rationalise, rash'un-al-Tz, v.t. to interpret like a
rationalist.—v.i'. to rely entirely or unduly on
reason.
Rationalism, rash'un-al-izm, n. the religious sys
tem or doctrines of a rationalist.
Rationalist, rash'un-al-ist, ». one guided in his
opinions solely by reason : esp. one so guided in
regard to religion.
Rationalistic, rash-un-al-istlk, Rationalistical,
rash-un-al-ist'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or in
accordance with the principles of rationalism.
Rationality, rash-un-at'i-ti, n. quality of being
rational : possession or due exercise of reason :
reasonableness.
Ratline, Ratlin, rat'lin. Rattling, rat'ling, n. one
of the small lines or ropes traversing the shrouds
and forming the steps of the rigging of ships.
[Prob. 'rat-line/ i.e. for the rats to climb by.)
Rattan, rat-an', n. a genus of palms having a
smooth, reed-like stem several hundreds of feet
in length : a walking-stick made of rattan : stems
of this palm used as a raft. [Malay rCtan.]
Ratten, rat'n, v.t. to take away a workman's tools
for not paying his contribution to the trades-
union, or for having in any way offended the
union. [Prov. E. and Scot, ratten, a rat—Fr.
raton—Low L. rata. Cf. Rat, v.t.]
Rattle, rati, v.i. to produce rapidly the sound
rat: to clatter: to speak eagerly and noisily.—
v.t, to cause to make a rattle or clatter : to stun
with noise, —n. a sharp noise rapidly repeated :
a clatter : loud empty talk : a toy or instrument
for rattling. [A.S. hratele, cog. with Ger.
rasseln, Dut. ratelen; Gr. krotalon.\
Rattlesnake, rat'l-snaJc, n. a poisonous snake
1A fate, far ; me, her : mine ;
Reach
having a number of hard, bony rings loosely
jointed at the end of the tall, which make a
rattling noise.
Ravage, rav'aj, v.t* to lay waste : to destroy: to
pillage.—n. devastation : ruin : plunder. [Fr.—
ravir—L. rapio, to carry off by forccj
Ravager, nrVaj-er, n. he or that which lays
waste : a plunderer.
Rave, rav, v.i. to be rabid or mad : to be wild or
raging, like a madman : to talk irrationally : to
utter wild exclamations. [O. Fr. rdver (Fr.
river), to dream, to be delirious—L. rabies^
madness. A doublet of Rage.]
Ravel, rav'el, v.t. to untwist or unweave : to con
fuse, entangle.—v.i. to be untwisted or un
woven '-—pr.p. ravelling; pa.t. and pa.p. rav/-
elled. [Dut. ravelin, to ravel, to talk confusedly.]
Ravelin, ravlin, n. a detached work with two
embankments raised before the counterscarp.
[Fr. ; It. rivellino, perh. from L. re, back, and
vallum, a rampart.]
Raven, r&Vn, n. a kind of crow, noted for its
croak and plundering habits.—adj. black, like a
raven. [A.S. hrafn; cog. with Ice. hra/n,
Dut. roof: so called from its cry.]
Raven, rav'n, v.t. to obtain by violence : to
devour with great eagerness orvoracity.—v.i. to
prey with rapacity.—n. prey: plunder. [M. E.
ravine, plunder—O. Fr. ravine, rapidity, im
petuosity—L. rapina* See Rapine.]
Ravening, rav'n-ing, *. {B.) eagerness for plunder.
Ravenous, rav'u-us, adj. voracious, like a raven ;
devouring with rapacity : eager for prey or
gratification.—adv. Rav'enously.—*. Raven-
ousness.
Ravin [B.) same as Raven, to obtain by violence.
Ravine, ra-vSn', n. a long, deep hollow, worn
away by a torrent : a deep, narrow mountain-
pass. [Fr.—L. rapina. See Rapine.]
Ravish, rav'ish, v.t. to seize or carry away by
violence : to have sexual intercourse with by
force : to fill with ecstasy.—n. Ravisher. [Fr.
ravir.}
Ravishment, rav'ish-ment, n. act of ravishing ;
abduction : rape : ecstatic delight : rapture.
Raw, raw, adj. not altered from its natural state :
not cooked or dressed : not prepared : not mixed :
not covered : sore : unfinished : bleak.—adv.
RaWly.—n. RaWness. [A.S. hreatu, cog.
with Dut. raaww, Ice. hrar, Ger. rah, akin to
L. crudus, raw.] [bones.
Rawboned, raw'bOnd, adj. with little flesh on the
Ray, ra, «. a line of light or he.tt proceeding from
a point: intellectual light: apprehension. [Fr.
rate—L. radius, a rod. staff, a beam of light.]
Ray, ra, n. a class of fishes including the skate,
thornback, and torpedo. [Fr. raie—L. raia.}
Rayah, rS'yah, n. a non-Mohammedan subject of
Turkey who pays the capitation tax. [Ar.
raiyah, a herd, a peasant—raya, to pasture, to
feed.]
Raze, raz, v.t. to lay level with the ground : to
overthrow : to destroy. [A form of Rase.]
Razor, ra'zor, n. a knife for shaving.
Razor-Strop, ra'zor-strop, n. a strop for razors.
Reach, r5ch, v.t. to stretch or extend: to attain
or obtain by stretching out the hand : to hand
over : to extend to : to arrive at : to gain : to in
clude.—v.i. to be extended so as to touch : to
stretchout the hand: to try to obtain.—n. act
or power of reaching : extent : extent of force *.
penetration : artifice : contrivance : a straight
portion of a stream. [A. S. racan ; Ger. reichen,
to reach.]
mote : mute ; moon ; then. 417
 Rebaptlse
React, re-akt', v.i. to act again : to return an im tion the objects immediately known are real
pulse : to act mutually upon each other. [L. re, existences. —«. Realist, one who holds the
again, and Act.] doctrine of realism.—adj. Realistic, re-al-ist'ik,
Reaction, re-ak'shun, «., action back upon or re pertaining to the realists or to realism.
sisting other action : mutual action : backward Reality, re-all-ti, n. that which is real and not
tendency from revolution, reform, or progress. imaginary : truth ; verity : {law) the fixed, per
Reactionary, rfi-ak'shun-ar-i, adj. for or implying manent nature of real property. * *
reaction. Really, re'al-li, adv. in reality : actually : in truth.
Read, red, v.t. to utter aloud written or printed Realm, relm, n. a regal or royal jurisdiction :
words : to peruse : to comprehend : to study.— kingdom : province : country. [O. Fr. realme,
v.i. to perform the act of reading : to practise through a Low L. form regalimen, from L.
much reading : to appear in reading :—pad. and regalis, royaL See Regal.)
Pa.p. read (red). [A.S. radon, to discern, inter Realty, re'al-ti, «. Same as Reality in law.
pret, read ; Ger. ratken, to advise.] Ream, r£m, n. a quantity of paper consisting of 20
Read, red, adj. versed in books : learned. quires. JO. Fr. raime (Fr. rame)—Sp. resma—
Readable, r&i'a-bl, adj. that may be read : worth Arab, rizmat (pi. rizam), a bundle.]
reading : interesting, —adv. Read'ably.—«. Reanimate, re-an'i-mat, v.t. to restore to life : to
Read ableness. infuse new life or spirit into: to revive.—n.
Readdress, re-ad-dres, v.t. to address again or a Reanlma'tion. [L. re, again, and Animate.]
second time. [L. re, again, and Address.] Reap, rep, v.t. to cut down, as grain : to clear off
Reader, red'er, «. one who reads : one who reads a crop : to gather : to receive as a reward.—n.
prayers in a church, or lectures on scientific Reap'er. [A. S. ripan, to pluck ; cog. with
subjects : one who reads or corrects proofs : one Goth, raupjan, Ger. rnu/en.]
who reads much : a reading-book.—«. Read'er- Reappear} rfi-ap-peV, V.u to appear again or a
ship, the office of a reader. second time, [L. re, again, and Appear.]
Readily, Readiness. See under Ready. Rear, rer, n. the back or nindmost part : the last
Reading, red'ing, adj. addicted to reading. —n. part of an army or fleet.—n. Rear-ad'miral, an
act of reading : perusal : study of books : public officer of the third rank, who commands the rear
or formal recital : the way in which a passage division ofa fleet—n. Rear'-guard, troops which
reads : an interpretation of a passage or work. protect the rear ofanarmy. —«. Rear'-rank, the
Reading-book, rCdlng-book, «. a bookof exercises /undermost rank of a body of troops.—». Rear'-
in reading. ward, IB.) Rere'ward, the rear-guard. [O. Fr.
Reading-room, red'ing-room, n. a room with riere—L. retro, behind, from re, back, and
papers, &c resorted to for reading. suffix tro, denoting motion.]
Readjourn, r£-ad-jurn', v.t. to adjourn again or a Rear, rer, v.t. long.) to raise: to bring up to
second time, [L. re, again, and Adjourn.] maturity : to educate : to stir up.—v.i. to rise on
Readjust, re-ad-just7, v.t. to adjust or put in the hind-legs, as a horse. [A.S. raran, to raise,
order again. [L. re, again, and Adjust ] the causal of Rise.]
Readmlssion, re-ad-mish'un, ». act ofreadmitting : Rearmouse. Same as Reremouse.
stale of being readmitted. Reason, re'zn, «. that which supports or justifies
Readmit, re-ad-mit', v.t. to admit again. [L, re, an act, &c : a motive : proof: excuse : cause :
again, and Admit.] the faculty of the mind by which man draws
Ready, red'i, adj. prepared at the moment : pre conclusions, and determines right and truth :
pared in mind ; willing : not slow or awkward : the exercise of reason: just view of things:
dexterous : prompt : quick : present in hand : at right conduct : propriety : justice.—v.u to exer
hand : near : easy : on the point of.—adv. in a cise the faculty of reason : to deduce inferences
state ofreadinessor preparation.—oak-. Readily. from premises: to argue: to debate: IB.) to
—«. Readiness. [AS. rode; Scot, red, to set converse.—v.t. to examine or discuss : to debate :
to rights, to put in order, Ger. bc-reit, ready. to persuade by reasoning.—«. Rea'soner.—By
Conn, with Raid, Ride.] reason Of, on account of: in consequence of.
Ready-made, red'i-mad, adj. made and ready for [Lit * a calculation/ Fr. raison—L. ratio,
use : not made to order. [Ready and Made.] rationis—reor, ratus, to calculate, to think.]
Reagent, re-ii'jent, «. a substance that reacts on Reasonable, re'zun-a-bl, adj. endowed withreason :
and detects the presence of other bodies : a test rational : acting according to reason : agreeable
[L. re, again, and Agent.] to reason : just : not excessive : moderate.—adv.
Real, re'al, adj. actually existing : not counterfeit Reasonably.—n. Reasonableness.
or assumed : true: genuine : Qaiu) pertaining to Reasoning, r£'zun-ing, «. act of reasoning : that
things fixed, as lands or houses. [Lit. relating which is offered in argument : course of argu
to the thing. Low L. rtalis—L. res, a thing.] ment.
Real, re'al, n. a Spanish coin, 100 of which — £,\ Reassemble, re-as-sem'bl, v.t. and v.i. to assemble
sterling. [Sp.—L. regalis, royal*] or collect again. [L. re, again, and Assemble.]
Realisable, re'al-lz-a-bl. adj. that may be realised. Reassert, re-as-sert', v.t to assert again. [L. re,
Realisation, re-al-i-za shun, n. act of realising or again, and Assert.]
state of being realised. Reassurance, re-a-shOur'ans, n. repeated assur
Realise, rc'al-Ia, v.t. to make real: to bring into ance : a second assurance against toss.
being or act : to accomplish : to convert into real Reassure, re-a-shOoV, v.t. to assure anew : to give
property : to obtain, as a possession : to feel confidence to : to insure an insurer. [L. re,
strongly : to comprehend completely : to bring again, and Assure ]
home to one's own experience. Reave, rev, v.t. to take away by violence :—Pa.t.
Realism, re'al-izm, n. the medieval doctrine that and pa.p. reft. ' -ua.:—
[A.S. reafian,
—:> ■ to rob,with(lit?}Ger.
1 to
general terms stand for real existences (opp. to strip '—rcaf, clothing, spoil ; cog,
Nominalism) : the tendency to accept and to rauben. See Rob.]
represent things as they really are (opp. to Rebaptlse, re-bap-tlz , v.t. to baptise again or a
Idealism) : the doctrine that in external percep second time. [L. re, again, and Baptise.]
IIS fate, far 1 me, her ; mine I mOte ; mute ; mOOn ; thwx.
 Rebatement Heoltatlve
Rebatoment, re-bat'ment, m. deduction : diminu treat : to giw up a claim.—v.t. to cede back, as
tion. [Fr. rebattrt, to beat back—L. re, back, to a former possessor. [L. recedo, recessus —re,
battuo, to beat.] back, and cedo, to go. See Cede.]
Rebel, reb el, n. one wbo rebels.—adj. rebellious. Receipt, re-set', n. act of receiving: place of re
[Fr.—L. rebel/is, making war afresh, insurgent ceiving : power of holding : a written acknow
—re, again, and bettum, war.] ledgment of anything received : that which is
Rebel, re-bcl', v.i. to renounce authority, or to received: a recipe.—v.t. to give a receipt for :
take up arms against it : to oppose any lawful to sign. [M. E. receit—O. Fr. recete (Fr.
authority \—pr.p. rebell ing ; pa.t. and Pa.p. recetteY—h. recipio.]
rebelled'. Receivable, re-scVa-bl, adj. that may be received.
Rebellion, re-bel'yun, w. act of rebelling : open Receive, re-seV, v. t. to take what is offered, &c. ;
opposition to lawful authority : revolt. to accept : to embrace with the mind : to assent
Rebellious, re-bel'yus, adj. engaged in rebellion. to : to allow : to give acceptance to : to give
Rebound, re-bownd', v.i. to bound or start back : admittance to : to welcome or entertain J to hold
to be reverberated.—v.t. to drive back : to rever or contain : (iaw) to take goods knowing them
berate.—n. act of rebounding. [L. re, back, to be stolen: (/>'. to bear with, to believe in.
and Bound.] [O. Fr. recever (Fr. recevoir)—L. recipio, re-
Rebuff, re-buf', n. a beating back : sudden resist ceptum—re, back, and capio, to take.]
ance : sudden check : defeat : unexpected re Receiver, re-seVer, w. one who receives: (chem.)
fusal.—v.t. to beat back: to check: to repel a vessel for receiving and condensing in distilla
violently : to refuse. [It. ribuffo, a reproof—It, tion, or for containing gases : the glass vessel of
ri{— L. re), back, and buffo, a puff, of imitative an air-pump in which the vacuum is formed.
origin.] Recension, re-scn'shun, n. act of reviewing or
Rebuild, r€-bild', v.t. to build again : to renew. revising : review, esp. critical revisal of a text :
Rebuke, re-bilk', v.t. to check with reproof: to a text established by critical revision. [L. re-
chide or reprove: {B.) to chasten.—n. direct censio, recenseo—ret again, teuseo, to value,
reproof: reprimand : (B.) chastisement : re estimate.]
proach: persecution.—n. Rebuk'er. [O. Fr. re- Recent, rfi'sent, adj. of late origin or occur
bouquer { Fr. reboucher\ from re, back, bouque rence : not long parted from : fresh : modern :
(Fr. bouche), the mouth—L. bucca, the cheek.] (geoi.) subsequent to the existence of man.—
Rebus, rfi'bus, «. an enigmatical representation of adv. Re'cently.—n. Re'centness. [Fr.— L.
a word or phrase by pictures of things: {her.) a rectus, recentis.]
coat of arms bearing an allusion to the name of Receptacle, re-sep'ta-kl, n. that into which any
the person :—//. Re buses. [Lit. 1 by things,' thing is received or contained : (bot.) the basis
L , from res, ret, a thing.] of a flower. [From Receive.]
Rebut, re-but', v.t. to butt or drive bach ; {law) Receptlblllty, reTsep-ti-bil'i-ti, «. possibility of re
to oppose by argument or proof.—v.i. {/aw) to ceiving or of being received.
return an answer :—Pr.p. rebutt'ing ; pa t. and Reception, re-sep'snun, n. act of receiving: ad
Pap. rebutt'ed. [Fr. rebuter—re, back, and mission : state of being received : a receiving or
O. Fr. bouter. See Butt.] manner of receiving for entertainment : welcome.
Rebutter, re-bu^er, n. that which rebuts : a plaint Receptive, re-sep'tiv, adj. having the quality of
iff's answer to a defendant's rejoinder. receiving or containing; (phi/.) capable of re
Recalcitrant, rc-kal'si-trant, adj. showing repug ceiving impressions.—«. Receptivity, quality
nance or opposition.
•antis—re,[Lit.
back,'kicking
calcitro,back,' L. of being receptive.
recalcitrans, -aturn, Recess, re-ses', n. a going back or withdrawing :
to kick—calx, ealris, the heel] retirement : state of king withdrawn : seclusion :
Recalcitrate, re-kal'si-trat, v.t. or v.i. to express remission of business : part of a room formed by
repugnance. [Lit. ' to kick back.'] a receding of the wall : private abode. [See
Recall, re-kawl', v.t. to call back : to command to Recede.] [or giving back.
return : to revoke : to call back to mind : to Recession, re-sesh'un, n. act of receding : a ceding
remember.—n. act of recalling or revoking. Recipe, res'i-pe, n. a medical prescription : any
Recant, re-kant', v.t* to withdraw (a former formula for the preparation of a compound :
declaration) : to retract.—v.i. to revoke a former —p/. Recipes, res'i-pez. [Lit. take, the first
declaration : to unsay what has been said.—n. word of a medical prescription, L., imperative
Recant'er. [Lit 'to sound or sing back/ L. of recipio. ]
re, back, and Cant.] Recipient, re-sipl-cnt, n. one who receives.
Recantation, r£-kaii-ta'shun, n. act of recanting : Reciprocal, re sip'ro-kal, adj. acting in return :
a declaration contradicting a former one. mutual : given and received. —«. that which is
Recapitulate, rC-ka-pit'G-lat, v.t. to go over again reciprocal: (tuath.) unity divided by any quan
tlie heads or chief points of anything. [L. reca- tity. [L. reciprocus, pern, from reque proque,
pitulo, -atum—re, again, and capitulum, dim. backward and forward—re, back, pro, forward,
of caput, the head.] que, and.] [terchangeably.
Recapitulation, rf-ka-pit-Q-la'shun, «. act of re Reciprocally, re-sip'ro-kaMi, adv. mutually : in-
capitulating : a summary of main points. Reciprocate, re-sip ro-kat, v.t. to give and receive
Recapitulatory, re-ka-pit'u-la-tor-i, adj. repeat mutually: to requite. [L. reciproco, rectpro-
ing again : containing recapitulation. catum.] [of acts : alternation.
Recapture, re-kap'tur, v.t. to capture back or re Reciprocation, re-sip-ro-ka'shun, n. interchange
take, csp. a prize from a captor.—«. act of re Reciprocity, res-i-pros'i-ti, «. mutual obligations ;
taking : a prize retaken. [L. re, back, and action and reaction.
Capture.] Recital, rc-slt'al, «. act of reciting: rehearsal :
Recast, rS-kast', v.t. to cast or throw again : to that which is recited : a narration.
cast or mould anew : to compute a second time. Recitation, res-i-ta'shun, *. act of reciting: a
[L. re, again, and Cast.] public reading : rehearsal.
Recede, re-s£d', v.i. to go or fail back : to rc- Recitative, res-i-ta-teV, adj. pertaining to musical
fate, far ; me, h4r ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mGon ; then. 419
 Recite Recoup
rtcttation ; in the style of recitation.—n. lan Recommendable, rek-om-mend'a-bl, adj. that
guage delivered in the sounds of the musical may be recommended : worthy of praise.
scale : a piece of music for recitation. Recommendation, rek-om-men-da shun, n. act of
Recite, re-sit', v.t. to read aloud from paper, or recommending : act of introducing with com
repeat from memory : to narrate : to recapitu mendation, [recommends : commendatory.
late.—n. Recit'er. [Fr.—L. re, again, and cito, Recommendatory, rek-om-mend a-tor-i, adj. that
citatum, to call, from cieo, to move.] Recommit, re-kom-mit', v.t. to commit again:
Reck, rek, v.t. to care jbr: to regard. [A.S. particularly, to send back to a committee.—ns.
recan, from a root seen in O. Ger. ruoch, care, Recommitment, Recommltt'al. [L. re, again,
Ger. rucklos, regardless, wicked.] and Commit.]
Reckless, rekles, </,//., careless: heedless of con Recompense, rek'om-pens, v.t. to return an equi
sequences.—adv. Recklessly. Reckless valent for anything : to repay or requite : to
ness. reward : to compensate : to remunerate.—n. that
Reckling, rek'ling, n. a reckless person. which is returned as an equivalent : repayment :
Reckon, rek'n, v.t. to count : to place in the reward : compensation : remuneration. [Lit.
number or rank of: to account: to esteem.— * to weigh out in return,' Fr. r/comfenser—L.
v.i. to calculate : to charge to account : to re, again, and compenso. Sec Compensate.]
make up accounts : to settle : to pay a penalty. Recompose, re-kom-pOz*, v.t. to compose again or
—n. Reck oner. [A.S. ge-recenian, to explain, anew : to form anew : to soothe or quiet. [L.
cog. with Dut. rekenen, Ger. rechnen.] re, again, and Compose.]
Reckoning, rek'n-ing, ». an account of time : Reconcilable, rek-on-sil'a-bl, adj. that may be
settlement of accounts, &c. : charges for enter reconciled : that may be made to agree : con
tainment : {naut.) a calculation of the ship's sistent.
position : ;'/>.) estimation. Reconcile, rek'on-sll, v.t. to restore to friendship
Reclaim, re-klftm', v.t. to demand the return of: or union : to bring to agreement : to bring to
to regain : to bring back from a wild or bar contentment : to pacify : to make consistent :
barous state, or from error or vice : to bring to adjust or compose.—ft. Rec onciler. [Lit.
into a state of cultivation : to bring into the * to bring into counsel again,' Fr. riconcilier—
desired condition : to make tame or gentle : to L. re, again, and conci/io, -atum, to call together
reform.—v.i. to cry out or exclaim. [Fr.—L. —con, together, calo, Gr. Mated, to call.]
re, again, and clamo. to cry out.] Reconciliation, rek-on-sil-i-a'shun. Reconcile
Reclaimable, re-klam a-bl, adj. that may be re ment, rek'on-sil-ment, «. act of reconciling :
claimed, or reformed.—adv. Reclalm'ably. state of being reconciled : renewal of friend
Reclamation, rek-la-ma'shun, ».actofreclaiming: ship : atonement : the bringing to agreement
state of being reclaimed : demand : recovery. things at variance.
Recline, re-klln', v.t. to lean or betui backwards: Recondite, rek'on-dlt or re-kon'dit, adj. secret :
to lean to or on one side.—v.i. to lean : to rest trofound. [Lit. 'put together out of the way,'
or repose. [L. recline—re, back, clino, to bend.) ,. reconditus, pa.p. of recondo, to put away
Recluse, re-klooY, adj. secluded : retired : soli —re, and condo, to put together—cont together,
tary.—n. one shut up or secluded : one who and do, to put.]
lives retired from the world : a religious devotee Reconnaissance, re-kon'a-sans or -z5ns, n. the
living in a single cell, generally attached to a act of reconnoitring: a survey or examination :
monastery. [Fr.—L. reciusus, pa.p. of recludo, the examination of a tract of country with a
to open, also to shut away—re, away, undoing, view to military or engineering operations. [Fr.
and claudo, to shut.] Doublet Recognisance.]
Recognisable, rek-og-niz'a-bl, adj. that may be Reconnoitre, rek-on-noi'ter, v.t. to survey or ex
recognised or acknowledged. amine : to survey with a view to military opera
Recognisance, re-kog'ni-zans or re-kon'i-zans, n. tions. [Lit. 'to recognise,' O. Fr. reconoistre
a recognition : an avowal : a profession : a legal (Fr. reconnaltre)—L. recognosco. See Recog
obligation entered into before a magistrate to do, nise.]
or not do, some particular act. Reconsider, rf-kon-sid'er, v.t to consider again :
Recognise, rek'og-nlz, v.t. to knmu again: to to review.—n. Roconsidera tion. [L. re, again,
recollect : to acknowledge. [L. recognosco—re, and Consider.]
again, and cogtwsco, to know. See Know ] Reconstruct, re-kon-strukt/, v.t. to construct
Recognition, rek-og-nish'un, ». act ofrecognising: again: to rebuild.—w. Reconstruc'tlon. [L. re,
state of being recognised : recollection : avowal. again, and Construct.]
Recoil, re-koil , v.t. to start back : to rebound : to Reconvey. rC-kon-va', v.t. to transfer back to a
return : to shrink from.—n. a starting or spring former owner. [L. re, again, and Convey.]
ing back : rebound. [Fr. reculer^h. re, back, Record, re-kord', v.t. to write anything formally,
and Fr. cul, the hinder part—L. cuius.} to preserve evidence of it : to register or enrol :
Recollect, rek-ol-lekt/, v.t. to remember : to re to celebrate. (Fr. recorder—L. recordo, re
cover composure or resolution (with reflex, cord(rr, to call to mind— re, again, and cort
pron.). [L. re, again, and Collect-] cordis, E. Heart.]
Recollect, re-kol-Iekt', V.t. to collect again. Record, rek'ord, «. a register : a formal writing of
Recollection, rek-ol-lek'shun, n. act of recollecting any fact or proceeding ; a book of such writings.
or remembering: the power of recollecting: Recorder, rc-kord'er, «. one who records or regis
memory : that which is recollected. ters : the chief judicial officer in some towns.—
Recommence, r£-kom-mens', v. t. to commence Reoord'ershlp, his office.
again. — ». Recommence'ment. [L. re, again* Recount, rf-kownt', v.t. to count again.
and Commence j Recount, re-kownt', v.t. to tell over again : to
Recommend, rek-om-mend', v.t. to commend to narrate the particulars of: to detail. [Fr. re-
another : to bestow praise on : to introduce confer—re, and confer, to tell, akin to compter,
favourably : to give in charge : to advise. [I- to count. See Count, : . ]
re, again, and Commend,] Recoup, r*-ko"Op', v.t. to make good : to indemnify.
420 fite, fir; me", her : mfne : mote ; mute ; mOon ; Men.
 Recourse
[Lit. to cut a piece off, to secure a piece, Fr.
recouper, to cut again—re-, and couper, to cut,
coup, a stroke, blow, through Low L. colpusy L.
colaphus, from Gr. kolaphos, a blow.]
Recourse, re-kors', n. a going to for aid or pro
tection. [Lit 'a running back,' Fr. recourse
L. recursus—re, back, and curro, cursum, to
run.]
Recover, re-kuv'er, V. t. to get possession of again :
to make up for : to retrieve : to cure : to revise :
to bring back to any former state : to obtain as
compensation : to obtain for injury or debt.—
v.i. to regain health : to regain any former state :
Y./.-" to obtain a judgment. [Lit 'to take
again,' Fr. recouvrer—L. recuperart—re, again,
and capio, to take.]
Recoverable, re-kuv'er-a-bl, adj. that may be
recovered or regained : capable of being brought
to a former condition.
Recovery, re-kuv'cr-i, «. the act of recovering :
the act of regaining anything lost : restoration
to health or to any former state : the power of
recovering anything.
Recroancy, rek'rc-an-si, n. the quality of a
recreant : a yielding, mean, cowardly spirit.
Recreant, rek re-ant, adj. cowardly : false : apos
tate : renegade.—n. a mean-spirited wretch : an
apostate: a renegade. [O. Fr. pr.p. of rrcroirt,
to change belief—Low L. (*r) re-credere, to be
vanquished in judicial combat and forced to
confess one's self wrong—L. ret denoting
change, credo, to believe.]
Recreate, rS-kre-at', v.t. to create again or anew.
—«. Rocrea'tion. [L. re, again, and Create ]
Recreate, rek're-5t, v. t. to revive : to reanimate :
to cheer or amuse : to refresh : to delight.—
v.i. to take recreation.
Recreation, re-kre-a'shun, n. a creating again :
a new creation.
Recreation, rek-re-a'shun, n. the act of recreating
or state of being recreated : refreshment after
toil, sorrow, &c. : diversion : amusement : sport.
Recreative, rek're-at-iv, adj. serving to recreate
or refresh : giving relief in weariness, &c. :
amusing.
Recriminate, re-krim'in-at, v.t. to criminate or
accuse in return. —v.i. to charge an accuser
with a similar crime. [L. re, in return, and
Criminate.]
Recrimination, re-krim-in-X'shun, n. the act of
recriminating or returning one accusation by
another : a counter-charge or accusation.
Recriminative, re-krim'in-at-iv, Recriminatory,
rc-krim'in-a-tor-i, adj. recriminating or retorting
accusations or charges.
Recruit, re-kr5ot', v.i. to obtain fresh supplies :
to recover in health, &c. : to enlist new soldiers.
—v.t. to repair: to supply: to supply with
recruits.—n. the supply of any want: a newly
enlisted soldier.—ns. Recruit'er, Recruit ment.
[Lit. ' to grow again,' Fr. recruter, from re and
crottre—L. recresco—re, again, and cresco, to
grow.]
Recruiting, re-kroTJt'ing, adj. obtaining new
supplies: enlisting recruits.— n. the business of
obtaining new supplies or enlisting new soldiers.
Rectangle, rekt'ang-gl, n. a four-sided figure with
right angles. [L. rectus, right, and angulus,
an angle.] [angles.
Rectangled, rekt-ang'gld, adj. having right
Rectangular, rekt-angVul-ar, adj., right-angled.
RectlfiatJle, rek'ti-fl-a-bl, adj. that may be recti
fied or set right.
Rectification, rek-ti-fi-ka'shun, n. the act of recti-
fate, far ; m€, her ; mine ;
Red-deer
fying or setting right: the process of refining
any substance by repeated distillation.
Rectifier, rek'ti-fl-er, n. one who rectifies or cor
rects : one who refines a substance by repeated
distillation.
Rectify, rek'ti-fl, v.t. to make straight or right;
to adjust : to correct or redress : to refine by
distillation:—pa.t. and pa.p. rec'tificd. [L.
rectus, straight, right, andfacio, to make.]
Rectilineal, rek-ti-hn'e-al, Rectilinear, rek-ti-
lin'e-ar, adj. bounded by straight tines: straight
[L. rectus, straight, right, and tinea, a line.]
Rectitude, rck'ti-tud, n., uprightness: correctness
of principle or practice: integrity. [Fr.—L.
rectitudo—rectus, straight, E. Right. ]
Rector, rek'tor, u. a rider: the parson of an un-
impropriated parish who receives the tithes:
(Scot. ) the head master of a public school : the
chief elective officer of some universities, as in
France and Scotland : the title given by the
Jesuits to the heads of their religious houses.—ns.
Rec'torate, Rec'torship. [L.—rego, rectum,
to rule ; akin to Sans, raj, to govern.]
RectoraL rek'tor-al, Rectorial, rek-tori-al, adj.
pertaining to a rector or to a rectory.
Rectory, rek'tor-i, ». the province or mansion of
a rector.
Rectum, rek'tum, «. the lowest part of the large
intestine. [From L. rectus, straight]
Recumbent, re-kum'bent, adj., lying back: re
clining : idle.—adv. Recum'bently.—ns. Re-
cum'bence, RecumTwncy. [L. recumbo—re,
back, and cumbo, cubo, to lie down.]
Recuperative, re-ku'per-a-tiv, Recuperatory,
re-kQ'pcr-a-tor-i, adj. tending to recovery.
[L. recuperativus—recupero, to recover. See
Recover.]
Recur, re-kur', v.i. to return to the mind : to
have recourse : to resort : to happen at a stated
interval \~pr.p. recurring ; /a./, and pa.p.
recurred'. [L. recurro—re, back, and curro, to
run. See Current.]
Recurrent, re-kur'ent, adj. returning at intervals.
—ns. Recurr'ence, Recurr'ency.
Recurvate, re-kurVat, v.t. to curve or bend back.
Recusancy, re-kOz'an-si, *. state of being a
recusant : nonconformity.
Recusant, re-kflYant or rek'-, adj. refusing to
acknowledge the supremacy of the sovereign in
religious matters.—n. one who refuses to acknow
ledge the supremacy of the sovereign in religious
matters : a nonconformist. [Fr.—pr.p. of L.
recuso—re, against, and causa, a cause. See
Cause.]
Red, red, adj. {comp. Redd'er, svperl. Redd'est)
of a colour like blood.—«. one of the primary
colours, of several shades, as scarlet, pink, &c.—
adv. Redly.—«. Red ness. [A.S. reati, cog.
with Ice. raudh-r, Gcr. roth, L. ruf-us, Gr.
c-rythros, Celt ruadk, rhudd,]
Redaction, re-dak'shun, n. the act of arranging in
systematic order, esp. literary materials : the
digest so made. [Fr.—L. redadus, pa.p. of
redigo, to bring back, to get together.]
Redan, re-dan', «. {fort.) the simplest form of
field-work, consisting of two faces which form a
salient angle towards the enemy, serving to
cover a bridge or causeway. [Fr., for O. Fr.
redent. See Redented.]
Redbreast, red'brest, w. a favourite song-bird, so
called from the red colour of its breast, the robin.
Red chalk, Red clay. See Reddle.
Red-deer, red'-dCr, «. a species of deer which is
reddish-htown in summer : the common stag.
mOtc ; mute ; mOOa ; Men. 4^1
 Redden
Redden, red'n, v.t. to make red.—vd. to grow
red : to blush.
Reddish, red'ish, adj. somewhat red : moderately
red.—«. Redd'ishness.
Reddltlon, red-dish'un, n. a giving back or re-
turning of anything : surrender: a rendering of
the sense : explanation. [ Fr.—L. redditi-o,
-onis—redditus, pa.p. o( reddot to restore. See
Render.]
Redditive, red'di-tiv, adj., returning an answer.
Reddle, red'l, n. a soft clay iron ore of a reddish
colour, also called Red clay or Red. chalk.
Redeem, re-dcm', v.t. to ransom : to relieve from
captivity by a price : to rescue : to pay the
penalty of : to atone for : to perform, as a pro
mise : to improve : to recover, as a pledge.
[Lit. 'to buy back,' Fr. ridimer—L. redimo—
red, back, and emo, to buy, orig. to take.]
Redeemable, re-dem'a-bl, adj. that may be re
deemed.—«. Redeem ableness.
Redeemer, re-diin'er, «. one who redeems or ran
soms : Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the world.
Redeliver, re-de-liv'er, v.t. to deliver back or
again : to liberate a second time. —n. Rodeliv'er-
anoe. [L. re, back or again, and Deliver.]
Redelivery, re-de-liv/er-i, «. the act of delivering
back : a second delivery or liberation.
Redemption, re-dem'shun, n. act of redeeming or
buying back: ransom : release : the deliverance
of mankind from sin and misery by Christ.
[Fr.—L.—redemptus, pa.p. of redimo. See
Redeem. Doublet Ransom.]
Redemptive, re-demp'tiv, adj. pertaining to re
demption : serving or tending to redeem.
Redemptoxy, re-demp'tor-i, adj. serving to re
deem : paid for ransom.
Redented, re-dcnt'cd, adj. formed like the teeth
of a saw. [O. Fr. redent, a double notching or
jagging—L. re, again, and dens, dcntis, a tooth.]
Red-hand, red'-hand, ». a bloody hand: {her.) a.
sinister hand, erect, open, and ' couped,' the dis
tinguishing badge of baronets.—adv. in the very
act, as if with red or bloody hands.
Red-heat, red'-het, n. heat amounting to redness.
Red-hot, red'-hot, adj. heated to redness.
Redintegration,
to integrity or red-in-te-gra'shun,
to a •whole or sound>;.,state
restoration
: reno
vation. [L. redintegratio.)
Red-lead, redMed, «. a preparation of lead of a
fine red colour used in painting, &c.
Red-letter, red'-let'er, adj. having red Utters:
auspicious or fortunate, as a day, so called from
the holidays or saints' days being indicated by
red letters in the old calendars.
Redolent, red'o-lent, adj., diffusing odour or fra
grance: scented.—ns. Redolence, Rod olency.
[Fr.— L. redo/-ens, -entis—red, re, off, again,
and oleo, to emit an odour. See Odour and
Olfactory.]
Redouble, rc-dub'l, v.t. to double again or re
peatedly : to increase greatly : to multiply.—v.u
to become greatly increased : to become twice as
much. [Fr. re-doubler. See Double.]
Redoubt, re-dowt', n. [fort.) a field-work in
closed on all sides, its ditch not flanked from the
parapet. [Fr. redoute, riduit, a redoubt, retreat
— It. ridotto—L. ri'ductus, retired. See Re
duce]
Redoubtable, re-dowt'a-bl, adj. terrible to foes :
valiant. [O. Fr. (Fr. redoutable), to be feared
—O. Fr. redoubter [ Fr. redouter), to fear greatly
—L. re, back, and dubito, to doubt. See
Doubt ]
Redound, re-downd', v.t. to bo sent back by reac-
1J2 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Reel
tion: to result. [Lit. * to roll back as a wave,
Fr. rfdonder—L. reduntio—re, back, and undo,
to surge—unda, a wave.]
Redraft, r5-drafr/, n. a second draft or copy : a
new bill of exchange which the holder of a pro
tested bill draws on the drawer or indorsers, for
the amount of the bill, with costs and charges.
[L. re, again, and Draft.]
Redress, re-dres', v.t. to set right : to relieve
from: to make amends to.—n. relief: reparation.
[Fr, redresser—re, again, and dresser. See
Dress. ]
Redresslble, rc-dresl-bl, adj. that may be re
dressed.
Redresslve, re-dres'iv, adj. affording redress.
Redshank, red'shank, n. an aquatic bird of the
snipe family, with legs of a bright red colour.
Red-tape, red-tap', n. the red tape used in public,
and esp. government offices, for tying up docu
ments, &c. : applied satirically to the intricate
system of rouune in vogue there : official for
mality.—adj. pertaining to official formality.
Red-tapism, red-tap'izm, n. the system of routine
in government and other public offices.—n. Red-
tap1st, a great stickler for routine.
Reduce, re-dQs', v.t. to bring into a lower state :
to lessen : to impoverish : to subdue: to arrange:
{aritk. anda/f.) to change numbers or quantities
from one denomination into another. [Lit, ' to
bring back,' L. reduco, reductum—re, back, and
duco, to lead. See Duke.]
Reducible, re-dfis'i-bl, adj. that may be reduced.
Reduction, re-duk'shun, «. act ofreducing or state
of being reduced : diminution : subjugation : a
rule for changing numbers or quantities from one
denomination to another. [Fr.—L.]
Redundance, re-dun'dans, Redundancy, re-dun'-
dan-si, n. quality of being redundant or super
fluous : that which is redundant
Redundant, rc-dun'dant, adj. exceeding what is
necessary : superfluous, in words or images.—
adv. Redun'dantly. [Lit. 'overflowing like
waves' fr.—I- reaund-ans, -antis, pr.p. of re~
duftdo. See Redound.]
Reduplicate, re-dii'pHk-at, v.t. to duplicate or
double again: to multiply: to repeat.—adj.
doubled.—n. Reduplica'tion. [L. re, again,
and Duplicate.]
Re-echo, rfi-ck'o, v.t. to echo back. —v.t. to give
back echoes: to resound. —n. the echo of an
echo. [L. re, back, and Echo.]
Reed, red, n. the largest of the British grasses,
common at the sides of rivers, lakes, &c. : a
musical pipe anciently made of a reed : the
mouth-tube of a musical instrument : the part of
a loom by which the threads are separated.
[A.S. hreod; Dut. andGer. riet.]
Reeded, red'ed, adj. covered with reeds : formed
with reed-like ridges or channels.
Reedy, recTi, adj. abounding with reeds : resem
bling or sounding as a reed.
Reef, rCf. n, a chain of rocks lying at or near the
surface of the water. [Ice. rif, Dan. rev; conn,
with Rive, and so lit. the 'cleft' or 'riven.']
Reef, reT, «. a portion of a sail.—v.t. to reduce the
exposed surface of, as a sail. [Dut. rif, reef.]
Reefy, ref'i, adj. full of reefs.
Reek, rek, n. smoke : vapour.—v.t. to emit smoke
or vapour: to steam. [A.S. reel Ice. reykry
Ger. ranch, Dut. rook, smoke.]
Reeky, rfik'i, adj. full of reek : smoky : soiled with
steam or smoke : foul.
Reel, rel, «. a lively Scottish dance. [Gael, rig/til.]
Reel, r€l, h. a rollingox turning frame for winding
mote ; mute ; mdon ; Men.
 Reel Refract
yarn, ftc—V.t. to wind on a reel. [A.S. reoi, back after striking upon any surface, as light,
hreoL\ &c.—v.i. to be thrown back, as light, heat, &c:
Reel, nil, v.i. to stagger : to vacillate. to revolve in the mind : to consider attentively
Re-elect, re-e-lekt\ v.t. to elect again.—«. Re- or deeply: to ponder: to cast reproach or
elec'tlon. [L. rex again, and Elect] censure. [L. reflecto, reflexum—re, andJlecto,
Re-eligible, rc-cl'i-ji-bl. adj. capable of re-elec to bend or turn.)
tion.—«. Re-eligibil'ity. Reflecting, re-flekt'ing, adj., throwingback light,
Re-embark, re-cm-bark', v.t. to embark or put on heat, &c. : given to reflection : thoughtful.
board again.—*. Re-embarkation. [L. re, Reflection, re-flek'shun, n. the act of reflecting :
again, and Embark.] the sending back of light, heat, &c- : the stale
Re-enact, rfr-en-akt', v.t. to enact again.—n. Re- of being reflected : that which is reflected : the
enact'ment. [L. re, again, and Enact.] action of the mind by which it is conscious of
Re enforce, Re-enforcement. Same as Rein its own operations : attentive consideration : con
force, Reinforcement. templation : censure or reproach.
Re-enter, rfi-en'ter, v.t. and v.t. to enter again or Reflective, re-flcktiv, adj. reflecting : considering
anew.—Re-entering angle, an angle pointing the operations of the mind : exercising thought
inwards. [L. re, again, and Enter.) or reflection : {grant.) reciprocal.—5*dv. Re
Re-entry, rS-en'tri, *. an entering again : the re flectively.—« Reflectiveness.
suming a possession lately lost. Reflector, re-flektor, n. one who or that which
Reermouse. See Reremouse. reflects : a mirror or polished reflecting sur
Reestablish, re-es-iab'lish, v.t. to establish face.
again.— «. Re-establishment. [L. re, again, Reflex, rfi'fleks, adj., bent or turned back: re
and Establish.] flected : {physiology) said of certain movements
Reeve, rev, n. a steward or other officer (now which take place independent of the will, being
used only in composition, as in Sheriff). [M. £. sent back from a nerve-centre in answer to a
reve—A.S. gerefa; Ger. graf; all from Low L. stimulus from the surface: {paint.) illuminated
grafio, grapkiS—Qr. graphd, to write.] by light reflected from another part of the same
Reeve, rev, v.t. to pass the end of a rope through picture.—is. reflection: light reflected from an
any hole, as the channel of a block \—i>a.t. and illuminated surface.
/a.p. reeved, also rove (nattt.). [See Reef, v.] Renexible, re-fleks'i-bl, Reflectible, re-flekt'i-bl,
Re-examine, re-egz-am'in, v.t. to examine again ; adj. that may be reflected or thrown back.—«.
or anew. [L. re, again, and Examine.] Reflexibll'ity.
Refection, re-fek/shun, n. refreshment : a meal or Reflexive, re-ffeks'iv, adj., turned backward : re
repast. [Fr —L. refectio - reficio, refectum— flective: respecting the past: turning back on
re, again, andfacio, to make.] itself.—adv. Reflex'ively.
Refectory, re-fek'tor-i, n. the place where refec Refluent, ref'lWVent, adj., flowing back: ebbing.
tions or meals are taken : (orig.) a hall in con [L. refluens, -entis, pr.p. of refluo—re, back,
vents or monasteries where meals were taken. andfluo,fluxum, to flow.]
Refer, re-fer', v.t. to submit to another person or Reflux, rtKfluks, adj., flowing or returning back :
authority: to assign: to reduce.—v.i. to have reflex.—n. a flowing back : ebb.
reference or recourse : to relate : to allude :— Reform, re-form', v.t. to form again or anew: to
Pr.p. referr'ing; pa.t. and Pa.p. referred'. [Fr. transform : to make better : to remove that
rtfe'rer—L. refero, to carry away or back—re, which is objectionable from : to repair or im
back, andfero, to bear.] prove: to reclaim.—v.i. to become better: to
Referable, ref'er-a-bl, Referrible, re-fer*i-bl,*gr' abandon evil : to be corrected or improved.—*,
that may be referred or considered in connection a forming anew : change, amendment, improve
with something else : that may be assigned or ment : an extension or better distribution of
considered as belonging or related to. Parliamentary representation. [L. re, again,
Referee, ref-er-fi', n. one to whom anything is re formo, to shape, fromforma. See Form, «.]
ferred : an arbitrator, umpire, or judge. Reformation, rfi-for-mi'shun, n. the act of form
Reference, ref'er-ens, n, the act of referring^ : a ing again.
submitting for information or decision : relation: Reformation, ref-or-mS'shun, n. the act of reform
allusion : one who or that which is referred to : ing : amendment : improvement : the great
{law) the act of submitting a dispute for investi religious change of the 16th century, when the
gation or decision. Protestants separated from the R. Cath.
Referrible. Same as Referable. Church,
Refine, re-fuY, v.t. to separate from extraneous Reformative, re-form'a-tiv, adj. forming again or
matter : to reduce to a fine or pure state : to purify: anew : tending to produce reform.
to clarify : to polish : to make elegant : to purify Reformatory, re-form'a-tor-i, adj. reforming :
the manners, morals, &c.—v.i. to become fine or tending to produce reform.—n. an institution
pure : to affect nicety : to improve in any kind for reclaiming youths and children who have
of excellence.—*. Refin'er. [L. re, denoting been convicted of crime.
change of state, and Fine ; cf. Fr. rafliner (rr- Reformed, re-formd', adj. formed again or anew :
aMner), It, ra/Xnare.] changed : amended : improved : denoting the
Refinement, re-fTn'ment, n. act of refining or state churches formed after the Reformation, esp.
of being refined : purification : separation from those that separated from Luther on matters of
what is impure, &c. : cultivation : elegance : doctrine and discipline : Protestant.
polish : purity : an excessive nicety. Reformer, re-form er, n. one who reforms : one
Refinery, re-fln'er-i, n. a place for refining. who advocates political reform : one of those
Refining, re-fTn'ing, n. the act or process of refin who took part in the Reformation of the 16th
ing or purifying, particularly metals. century.
Refit, re-fit', v.t. to Jit or prepare again.~^n. Re Refract, re-frakt', v.t. to break back or open : to
fitment. [L. re, again, and Fit.] break the natural course, or bend from a direct
Reflect, re-flekt'. v.t. to bend back: to throw line, as rays of light, &c. (L. refringo, refrac
fate, far ; me\ her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; inOOn ; then. 423
 Refraction Regicide
turn—re, back, and frango, to break. See Refutation, ref-Q-ta'shun, n. the act of refuting or
Fraction. ] disproving.
Refraction, re-frak'shun, n. the act of refracting : Refutatory, rc-fut'a-tor-i, adj. tending to refute :
the change in the direction of a ray of light, refuting.
heat, &c. when it enters a different medium. Refute, re-fur/, v.t. to repel: to oppose: to dis
Refractive, re-frakt'iv, adj. refracting : pertain prove. [Lit. ' to pour back,' Fr. rifuter—
ing to refraction.—«. Refract'lveness. refuto—re, back, and base _/W, root offundo,
Refractory, re-frakt'or-i, adj., breaking through futilis.]
rules: unruly: unmanageable: obstinate: per Regain, re-gin', v.t. to gain back or again : to
verse : difficult of fusion, as metals, &C—adv. recover. [L. re, back, and Gain.J
Refract orily.—«. Refract'oriness. Regal, rfi'gal, adj. belonging to a king: kingly ;
Refrain, re-fran', «. a phrase or verse recurring royal.—adv. Re'gally. [Fr.—L. regaliz—rear,
at the end of each division of a poem : the a king, from rego, to rule. ]
burden of a song. [Fr.—O. Fr. re/raindre Regal, re'gal, or Rigole, rig'ol, ft.fi. small portable
—L. refringo [re/rango).] organ used to support treble voices. [Fr.—It.—
Refrain, re-fran', v.t. to curb: to restrain.—v.i. L. regalis. See Regal, adj.]
to keep from action : to forbear. [Fr. refriner Regale, re-gar, v.t. to entertain in a sumptuous
—L. refreno—re, andfrenum, a bridle.] manner : to refresh : to gratify.—v.i. to feast.—
Refrangible, re-fran'ji-bl, adj. that may be re «. a regal or magnificent feast. [Fr. rigaler—
fracted or turned out of a direct course, as Sp. regalar—L. regelare, to thaw ; or from Fr.
rays of light, heat, &c—n. Refrangibil'itv. and It. gala, good cheer. See Gala.]
Refresh, re-fresh'j v.t. to make fresh again : to Regalement, re-gaTment, n. the act of regaling :
allay heat : to give new strength, spirit, &c. to : entertainment : refreshment.
to revive after exhaustion: to enliven: to restore. Regalia, re-ga'li-a, n.pL the ensigns of royalty :
[L. re, again, and Fresh.] the crown, sceptre, &c, esp. those used at a
Refreshment, re-fresh'ment, h. the act of refresh coronation : the rights and privileges of kings.
ing : new strength or spirit after exhaustion : [Lit. 'royal things, neuter pi. of regalis.]
that which refreshes, as food or rest. Regality, re-gal'i-ti, n. state of being regal :
Refrigerant, re-frij'er-ant, adj. making cold; royalty : sovereignty.
cooling : refreshing.—n.
Refrigerate, re-frijyer-at, that
v.t. which
to makecools.
cold; to Regard, re-gard', v.t. to observe particularly : to
hold in respect or affection : to pay attention
cool : to refresh.—«. Refrigeration. [Fr.—L. to : to keep or observe : to esteem : to consider.
re, denoting change of state, andfrigero, -aCutti, —n. {orig.} look, gaze; attention with interest:
to cool, from frigus, cold. See Frigid.] observation : respect : affection : repute : rela
Refrigerative, re-frij;er-a-tiv, Refrigeratory, re- tion : reference. —n. Regard'er. [Fr. regarder
frij'er-a-tor-i, adj., cooling; refreshing. —re, and garder, to keep, look after. See
Refrigerator, rc-frij'er-a-tor, «. an apparatus for Guard.]
preserving food by keeping it at a low tempera Regardful, re-gard'fool, adj. full of regard : tak
ture : an ice-safe. ingnotice : heedful : attentive.—adv. Regard-
Refrigeratory, rc-frij'er-a-tor-i, «. a cooler: a
vessel or apparatus for cooling, used in brewing, Regardless, re-gardles, adj. without regard : not
&c. attending : negligent : heedless.—adv. Regard-
Reft, rch,pa.t. and fia.p. of Reave. lessly.—». Regard'lessness.
Refuge, ref'uj, «. that which affords shelter or Regatta, re-gat/a, n. a race of yachts : any row
protection : an asylum or retreat : a resource or ing or sailing match. [Orig. a grand f£tc and
expedient. [Lit. *a fleeing back,* Fr.—L. re- contest of the gondoliers at Venice, it. regatta
fugium—re, back, andfugio, to flee.] or rigatta—It. riga, a row—O. Ger. riga, Ger.
Refugee, ref-u-je', «. one who flees for refuge to reike, a row,]
another country, esp. from religious persecution Regelation, rc-jel-a'shun, h. the act of freezing
or political commotion. anew. [L. re, again, and gelatin, freezing. See
Refulgence, re-ful'jens, Refulgenoy. re-ful'jen-si, Gelatin.]
n. state of being refulgent : brightness : bril Regency, rff'jen-si, n. the office, jurisdiction, or
liance. dominion of a regent : a body intrusted with
Refulgent, re-ful'jent, adj. casting a flood of vicarious government.
light : shining : brilliant.—adv. Reful'gently. Regenerate, re-jen'er-5t, v.t. to generate or pro
[L. refulgens, -entis, pr.p. of refulgeo—re, duce anew : [theoL) to renew the heart and turn
\ntens.,fulgeo, to shine,] it to the love of God.—adj. regenerated : re
Refund, re-fund', v.t. to repay: to restore: to newed.—m. Regen'erateness, Regen'eracy,
return what has been taken. [Lit. * to pour state of being regenerate. [I* regenero, -atum,
back,' L. refundo, refusurrt—re, back, and to bring forth again—re, again, genero, to beget,
fundo, to pour.] bring forth. See Generate.]
Refusal, re-fuz'al, n, denial ofanything requested : Regeneration, re-jen-er-a'shun, n. act of regener
rejection : the right of taking in preference to ating : state of being regenerated : (theol.) new
others. birth : the change from a carnal to a Christian
Refuse, re-fuz7, v.t. to repect : to deny, as a re life.
quest, &c.—v.i. to decline acceptance : not to Regenerative, re-jen'er-at-iv, adj. pertaining to
comply. [Fr. refuser, prob. due to confusion regeneration.—adv. Regen'eratively.
of L. refuto, to drive back, and recuso, to make Regent, re'jent, adj. invested with interim sov
an objection against.] ereign authority. —n. one invested with interim
Refuse, ref'us, adj., refused: worthless.—n. that authority : one who rules for the sovereign.
which is rejected or left as worthless : dross. [Fr.—L. regens, -entis, pr.p. of rego, to rule.]
Refutable, re-fut'a-bl, adj. that may be refuted or Regentship, re"jent-ship, n. office of a regent :
disproved.—adv. Refut'ably.—n. Refutabil'- deputed authority.
ity. Regicide, rej'i-sld, n. the murtUrer of a king:
4U4 fate, far ; me", her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Regime
the murder of a king.—™//. Regici'dal. [Fr. ;
from L. r/ i", regis, a king, and cado, to kill.)
Regime, ra-zh€m , «. mode of ruling one's diet :
form of government : administration. [Fr.—L.
regimen—rego, to rule.]
Regimen, rej'i-men, rule prescribed : orderly
Sovernmcnt : any regulation for gradually pro-
ucing benefit : {med. ) rule of diet : I gram.) the
government of one word by another : words
governed. [L.] *
Regiment, rett-ment, n. a body of soldiers ruled
or commanded by a colonel, and consisting of a
number of companies or troops.
Regimental, rej-i-menfal, adj. relating to a regi
ment :—n.pt. the uniform of a regiment.
Region, rfi'jun, n. a portion of land: country:
district [L. rrgio, regionis—rego, to rule,
direct, mark a boundary.]
Register, rej'is-ter, «. a written record, regularly
kept : the book containing the register : that
which registers or records : that which regulates,
as the damper of a furnace or stove : a stop or
range of pipes on the organ, &c. : the compass
of a voice or of a musical instrument.—v.t.
to enter in a register : to record. { Fr. registre
(It, and Sp. registro)—Low L. registrum, for
L. regestum—re, back, and/w, to carry.]
Registrar, rej'is-trar, «. one who keeps a register.
—«. Rog'istrarship, office of a registrar.
Registration, rej-is-tra'shun, «. act of registering.
Registry, rcj'is-tri, ru act of registering : place
where a register is kept : facts recorded.
Regnancy, reg'nan-si, n. condition of being
regnant or reigning : reign : predominance.
Regnant, reg'nant, adj., reigntng or ruling : pre
dominant : exercising regal authority. [L. reg-
nans, re%nantis, pr.p. of regno—rego, to rule.]
Regross, re'gres, n. a going or passage back:
return : power of returning.—v.i. to go back :
to return to a former place or state. [L. regres-
sus—re, back, and grudiar, gressus, to step, go. ]
Regression, re-gresh'un, n. act of going back or
returning.
Regressive, re-greslv, adj.,goingback: returning.
Regret, re-grer, v.t. to grieve at : to remember
with sorrow '.—pr.p. regrett'ing ; pad. and pa.p.
regrett ed.—n. sorrow for anything : concern :
remorse. [Fr. regretter—re-, and Goth- gretan,
A. S. grartan, to weep. ]
Regretful, re-grer/fool, adj. full of regret—adv.
Regretfully.
Regular, reg'O.-lar, adj. according to rule or estab
lished custom: governed by rule: uniform:
orderly : periodical : level, unbroken : instituted
according to established forms : (geom.) having
all the sides and angles equal : belonging to the
army : as opp. to * secular ' in the
Cath. Church, denoting monks, friars, &c
under a monastic rule.—n. a soldier belonging
to the permanent army.—adv. Reg'ularly.
[L. regularis—regula, a rule—rego, to rule.]
Regularity, reg-Q-lar'i-ti, n. quality of being
regular : conformity to rule : method : uni
formity
Regulate, reg'u-lat, v.t. to make regular: to
adjust by rule : to subject to rules or restric
tions : to put in good order.
Regulation, reg-u-la'shun, n. act of regulating :
state of being regulated : a rule or order pre
scribed : precept : law.
Regulative, regQ-la-iiv, adj. tending to regulate.
Regulator, reg^u-lS-tor, «. one who or that which
regulates : a lever which regulates the motion of
a watch, &c. S anything that regulates motion.
, far mi, her ; mine .
Rejoicingly
Regulus, reg'fl-lus, «. an intermediate and impure
product in the smelting of metallic ores. [Lit.
* little king,' L. ; a name given by the alchemists.]
Rehabilitate, re-ha-bil'i-tat, v.t. (laiv) to reinstate,
restore to former privileges. [Fr. rihabiliter—
L. re, again, habeo, to have.]
Rehearsal, re-hers'al, ». act of rehearsing : re
cital : recital before public representation.
Rehearse, re-hers', v.t. to repeat what has already
been said : to narrate : to recite before a public
representation.—n. Rehears'er. [Lit. ' to har
row again/ O. Fr. rehercer—re, again, kerce
(Fr. kerse), a harrow. See Hearse.]
Reign, r5n, n. rule : dominion : royal authority :
supreme power : influence : time during which
a sovereign rules.—v.t. to rule : to have sov
ereign power : to be predominant. [Fr. regne
—L. regnum—rego, to rule.]
Reimburse, re-im-burs', v.t. to refund : to pay an
equivalent to for loss or expense. [Fr. rem-
bourser—re, back, and embonrser, to put in a
purse, from bourse, a purse. Sec Purse. ]
Reimbursement, re-im-burs ment, n. act of reim
bursing or repaying.
Rein, ran, n. the strap of a bridle : an instrument
for curbing or governing : government.—v.t. to
govern with the rein or bridle : to restrain or
control—To give the reins to, to leave un
checked. [O. Fr. reine (Fr. rine), through
Late L. retina, from retineo, to hold back.]
Reindeer, ran'der, n. a kind of deer in the north,
valuable for the chase and for domestic uses.
[Ice. hreinn, O. Sw. ren—Lapp, reino, pasture
(Skeatj, and E. Deer.]
Reinforce, re-in-fOrs', v. t. to enforce again : to
strengthen with new force or support.—n. Re
inforcement, the act of reinforcing : addi
tional force or assistance, esp. of troops. [L.
re, again, and Enforce.]
Reinless, ran'les, adj. without rein or restraint.
Reins, rcinz, n.pl. the kidneys : the lower part of
the back over the kidneys: {£.) the inward
parts: the heart. [Fr.—L. renes; Gr. phrin,
the midriff.]
Reinstate, reVin-stflt', v.t. to place in a former
state. [L. re, again, and Instate.]
Reinstatement, r£-in-stat'mcnt, «. act ot rein
stating : re-establishment.
Reinvest, r£-in-vest/, v.t. to invest again or a
second time.—n. Reinvest'ment, act of rein
vesting: a second investment, [L. re, again,
and Invest.]
Relnvlgorate, r€-in-vig'or-at, v.t. to invigorate
again. [L. re, again, and Invigorate.]
Reissue, rc-ish'GO, v. t. to issue again.—n. a second
issue. [L. re, again, and Issue.
Reiterate, re-it/er-at, v.t. to iterate or repeat
again: to repeat again and again. —adj. Re
iterative. [L. re, again, and Iterate.]
Reiteration, rfi-it-er-a'shun, n. act of reiterating.
Reject, re-jekt', v.t. to throw away: to refuse:
to renounce. [Lit. 'to throw back,' L. rejicio,
rejectum—re, back, andjacio, to throw.]
Rejection, re-jek'shun, n. act of rejecting: re
fusal.
Rejoice, re-jois\ v.t. to feel and expressjoy again
and again; to be glad : to exult or triumph.—
v.t. to make joyful: to gladden. [Fr. rijouir
—re, again, and jouir% to enjoy— ie, joy. See
Joy.]
Rejoicing, re-jois'ing, n. act of being joyful : ex
pression, subject, or experience of joy.
Rejoicingly, re-jois'ing-li, adv. with joy or exulta
tion.
mOte ; mute ; mOon : Men 425
 Rejoin Remand
Rejoin, re-join', v.t. to join again : to unite what —adv. Reliably —ns. Reliability, Reliable
is separated : to meet again.—v.i. to answer ness.
to a reply. [L. re, again, and Join | Reliance, re-lT'ans, n. trust : confidence.
Rejoinder, re-join'der, n. an answer joined on to Relic, relik, n, that which is left after loss or
another, an answer to a reply : (/aw) the defend decay of the rest : a corpse : in R. Cath.
ant's answer to a plaintiff's ' replication.' Church, the body or other memorial of a saint :
Rejuvenescent, re-j<5o-ven-es'ent, adj., growing a memorial. [Fr. relique—\j.reHquiee—relinqu&t
youngagain. [L. *r, again, ami Juvenescent.] relictum, to leave behind. See Relinquish.)
Rekindle, rc-kin'dl, v.t. to kindle again : to set Relict, rel'ikt, ». a woman left behind her hus
on fire or arouse anew. [L, ret again, and band, a widow. [L. relicta—relinquo. Sec
Kindle.] Relinquish.]
Relapse, re-laps', v.i. to slide, sink, or fall back: Relief, re-lef, n. the removal of any evil : release
to return to a former state or practice.—*, a from a post or duty : that which relieves or
falling back into a former bad state. (L. rela- mitigates : aid : (fne art) the projection of a
bor, relapsus—re, back or again, labor, to slip sculptured design from its ground. [Same as
or slide ] Relievo.)
Relate, re-lat', v.t. to describe : to tell : to ally Relieve, re-lev', v.t. to remove from that which
by connection or kindred.—v.i. to have refer weighs down or depresses : to lessen .* to ease :
ence : to refer. [Lit. ' to bring back,' L. referof to help : to release . (fine art) to set off by con
relatum—re-, back,jero, to carry.] trast : (law) to redress. [Fr. relever, to raise
Related, rc-lfi^ed, adj. allied or connected by again—L. relevo—re-, again, leva, to raise—
kindred or blood. levis, light.]
Relation, re-l;i'shun. ». act of relating or telling : Relievo, Rilievo, re-le'vo, n. See Alto-relievo,
recital : that which is related : mutual connec Bass-relief.
tion betwen two things : resemblance : connec Religion, re-lij'un, h. the performance of our
tion by birth or marriage.—n. Relationship, duties of love and obedience towards God :
Relational, re-li'shun-al, adj. having relation : piety : any system of faith and worship. [Lit.
having kindred. ' restraint,' L. religio, -onis-~re-t back, and
Relative, rel'a-tiv, adj. having relation: respect ligo, to bind.]
ing: not absolute or existing by itself: con Religionist, ro-lij'un-ist, n. one attached to a re
sidered as belonging to something else : (gram.) ligion.
expressing relation.—n, that which has relation Religious, re-lij'us, adj. pertaining to religion :
to something else: a relation: (gram.) a pro concerned with or set apart to religion ; pious :
noun which relates to something before, called godly : in R. Cath. Church, bound to a monastic
its antecedent.—adv. Relatively.—n. Relativ life : strict. - adv. Religiously. [L. retigiosus.}
ity. Relinquish, re-ling'kwish, v.t. to abandon : to
Relax, re-laks', v.t. to loosen one thing awayfrom give up : to renounce a claim to.—n. Relin
another : to slacken : to make less close : to quishment, act of relinquishing or giving up.
make less severe : to relieve from attention or lO. Fr. relinquir—L. relinquo, relictum—re-t
effort : to divert : to loosen, as the bowels : to away from, linquo, to leave.)
make languid.—v.i. to become less close : to Reliquary, reli-kwar-i, n. a small chest or casket
become less severe : to attend less. [L. relaxot for holding relics. [Fr. reliquaire. See Relic.)
-aturn.—re-, away from, laxo, to loosen—laxus, Relique, re-leV, n. a relic.
loose, slack.] Relish, relish, v.t. to like the taste of: to be
Relaxation, re-laks-a'shun, n. act of relaxing : pleased with.—v.i. to have an agreeable taste ;
state of being relaxed : remission of application. to give pleasure.—n. an agreeable peculiar
Relay, re-la', n. a supply of horses to relieve taste or quality : enjoyable quality : power of
others on a journey. [Fr. relais—re- and laier, pleasing : inclination or taste for : appetite :
a byform of laisser, so that relay is a doublet of just enough to give a flavour : a sauce. [O. Fr.
Release.] relecher, to lick or taste again, from re and
Release, re-les', v.t. to let loose from: to set lecher—O. Gcr. lecchon (Ger. lecken), E. lick.
free : to discharge from : to relieve : to let go, See Lecher and Lick. |
as a claim : to give up a right to.— n. a setting Reluctance, re-Iuk'tansReluctanoy, re-Iuk tan-si,
free : discharge or acquittance : the giving up n. state of being reluctant : unwillingness.
of a right or claim. [O. Fr. rtlaisser—re- and Reluctant, re-luk'tant, adj., struggling or striv
lassstr—L. laxo. See Relay.] ing against : unwilling: disinclined.—adv. Re
Relegate, rele-gat, v.t. to send away, to consign : luctantly. [L. reluct-ans, -antis, pr.p. of
to exile.—n, Relega'tlon. [L. re/ego, -atum— reIhctor—re-, against, luctor, to struggle.)
re-, away, lego, to send. See Legate.] Rely, re-ll', v.i. to rest or repose : to have full
Relent, re-lent', v.i. to slacken, to soften or grow confidence in :—/«./. and Pa.p. relied'. [Prob.
less severe : to grow tender : to feel compassion. from re-, back, and Lie, to rest.)
[Fr. raUntir, to retard—O. Fr. alentir—h. Remain, re-tniin', v.i. to stay or be left behind :
lentns, pliant, flexible.] to continue in the same place : to be left after or
Relentless, re-lenr/les, adj. without relenting : out of a greater number : to continue in au
without tenderness or compassion : merciless. — unchanged form or condition: to last. —«.//.
adv. Relentlessly —«. Relentlessness. Remains', a corpse : the literary productions of
Relevance, rele-vans, Relevancy, rele-van-si, ». one dead. [O. Fr. remanoir, remaindrv—L.
state of being relevant : pertinence : applica rrmaneo—re, back, maneo, akin to Gr. mend,
bility. to stay.)
Relevant, rel'e-vant, adj. bearing upon or apply Remainder, re-man'der, «. that which remains or
ing to the purpose: pertinent: related. [Fr., is left behind after the removal of a part : an
pr.p. of rrlever, to raise again, relieve. See interest in an estate to come into effect after a
Relieve.) certain other event happens. (See Remain.)
Reliable, re-lfa-bl, adj. that may be relied upon. Remand, re-mand', v.t. to recommit or send
42o fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; mOOn ; Men.
 Remark Rendezvous
back. [L. remando—re-, back, mando, to Remonstrant, re-mon'strant, adj. inclined to
order. See Command.] remonstrate.—n. one who remonstrates.
Remark, re-mark', v.t. to mark or take notice of: Remonstrate, re-mon'strat, v.t. to set forth strong
to express what one thinks or sees : to say.— «. reasons against a measure. [Lit. ' to point out
words regarding anything : notice. [Fr. re- again and again/ L. re-, again, and monstro, to
marquer—re-t intensive, marquer, to mark. point out.]
See Mark.] Remorse, re-mors', n. the gnawing pain or anguish
Remarkable, re-mark'a-bl,<i<//. deserving remark of guilt. [Lit. 'a biting again,' O. Fr. remars
or notice : distinguished : famous : that may (Fr. remortis)—Low L. remorsus—L. remordeo,
excite admiration or wonder: strange: ex:t in rcmorsum, to bite again—re-, again, and mor-
ordinary,—adv. Remark'ably.—«. Remark'- deo, to bite.] [adv. Remorse'fully.
ableness. Remorseful, re-mors'fool, adj. full of remorse.—
Remediable, re-m€'di-a-bl, adj. that may be Remorseless, re-mors'les, adj. without remorse :
remedied : curable.—adv. Reme'dlably.—n. cruel.—adv. Remorselessly.—«. Remorse'-
Reme dlableness. lessness.
Remedial, re-me'di-al, euij. tending to remedy or Remote, re-m5t', adj. , moved back to a distance
remove.—adv. Reme'dially. in time or place : far : distant : primary*, as a
Remedy, rem'e-di, «. any medicine, appliance, or cause : not agreeing : not related.—adv. Re
particular treatment that cures disease : that motely.—//. Remote'ness. [See Remove.]
which counteracts any evil or repairs any loss. Remould, rC-mOld', v.t. to mould or shape anew.
—v.t. to remove, counteract, or repair :—pa. t. [L- re, again, and Mould.]
and pa.p. remedied. [L. remedium—re-, back, Remount, rfl-mownf, v.t. and v.t. to mount again.
again, medeor, to restore, cure.] [L. re, again, and Mount.]
Remember, re-mem'ber, v.t. to keep in mind: Removable, re-mOoVa-bl, adj. that may be re
(B.) to meditate on : to bear in mind with moved.—«. Removability.
gratitude and reverence : to attend to. [O. Fr. Removal, re-mOoVal, ». the act of taking away :
rememorer{Fr. remimorer)—L. rememoro—re-, displacing : change of place.
again, memoro, to call to mind—memor, mind Remove, re-mooV, v.t. to put from its place: to
ful. See Memoir.] take away : to withdraw.—v.t. to go from one
Remembrance, re-mem'brans, n. memory : that place to another.—n. any indefinite distance: a
which serves to bring to or keep in mind : a step in any scale of gradation : a dish to be
memorial : the power of remembering : the changed while the rest remain. [L. removeo,
length of time during which a thing can be remotus—re, away, mavea, to move. See Move. ]
remembered. [Fr.] Renumerable, re-mu'ner-a-bl, adj. that may be
Remembrancer, re-mem'brans-er, tt. that which remunerated : worthy of being rewarded.
reminds : a recorder : an officer of exchequer. Remunerate, rc-mG'ner-at, v. t. to render an
Remind, re-mind', v.t. to bring to the mind of equivalent for any service : to recompense.
again : to bring under the notice or considera [L. remuner-o, -titus—re-, in return, munero, to
tion of. [L. re, again, and Mind.] give something—munus, muneris, a service, a
Reminiscence, rem-i-nis'ens, «. recollection: an gift] [recompense : requital.
account of what is remembered : the recurrence Remuneration, re-mn-ner-a'shun, n. reward :
to the mind of the past. [Fr.—L. reminiscentiw, Remunerative, re-mu'ner-a-tiv, adj. fitted to
recollections—reminiscor, to recall to mind—re-, remunerate : lucrative : yielding due return.
nnd root men, whence mens, the mind. See Renaissance, re-nas'ans, n, the period (in the
Mention.] 15th century) at which the revival of arts and
Remiss, re-mis', adj., mnitting'm attention, &c. : letters took place, marking the transition from
negligent : not punctual : slack : not vigorous. the middle ages to the modern world.—adj.
—adv. Remissly.—n. Remissness. relating to the foregoing. [Lit. second or new
Remissible, re-mis'i-bl, adj. that may be remitted birth, Fr. ; sec Renascent.]
or pardoned.—«. RemlssiblTity. Renal, re"nal, adj. pertaining to the reins or
Remission, re-mish'un, «. slackening: abatement : kidneys. [L. renalis—rrnes, renum (only in pi.).
relinquishment of a claim : release : pardon. Renard, reo'ard, n. a fox, so called in fables and
Remissive, re-mis'iv, adj., remitting: forgiv in poetry. [Fr.—O. Gcr. Reinhard, Reginhart,
ing. 'strong in counsel,' the name of the fox in a
Remit, re-mit', v.t. to relax : to pardon : to resign : celebrated German epic poem.)
to transmit, as money, &c. : to put again in Renascent, re-nas'ent, adj. rising again into
custody.—r./. to abate in force or violence:— being.—n. Renas'cence, the same as Renaiss
tr.p. remitting ; fta.t. and Pa.p. remitt'ed.—n. ance. [L. renascens, -entis, pr.p. of renascor
Remltt'er. [Lit. 'to let go back,' L. remitto, ~re-, again, and nascor, to be born.)
remissus—re-, back, and mitto, to send.] Rencounter, ren-kownt'er, Rencontre, rang-
Remittal, re-mir/al, «. a remitting: surrender. kong'tr, n. a meeting in contest : a casual
Remittance, re-mit'ans, «. that which is remitted : combat : a collision. [ Fr. rencontre—-L. re-,
the sending of money, &c. to a distance : also against, and root of Encounter.]
the sum or thing sent. Rend, rend, v.t. to tear asunder with force: to
Remittent, re-mit'ent, adj. increasing and remitt split \—pa,t. and fa.p. rent. [A.S. rendan, to
ing or abating alternately, as a disease- tear.]
Remnant, rem nant, «. that which remain* bekind Render, ren'der, v.t. to give up: to make up : to
after a part is removed, &c. : remainder : a deliver : to cause to be : to translate into another
fragment. [Contr. of O. Fr. remainanty pr.p. language : to perform.—n. a surrender : a pay
of remaindre. See Remain.] ment of rent. [Fr. rendre—L. reddo—re-,
Remodel, re-mod'l, v.t. to model or fashion anew. away, and do, to give.]
(L. re, again, and Model.] Rendering, ren'der-ing, n. the act of rendering :
Remonstrance, rc-mon'strans, n. strong statement version : translation.
of reasons against an act : expostulation. Rendezvous, ren'de-voTJ or rang*-, n. an appointed
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mate ; mflte ; moon ; Men.
 Renegade
place of meeting, esp. for troops or ships : a
place for enlistment.—v.i. to assemble at any
appointed place. [Fr. rendes vcus, render
yourselves—rendrt. See Bender.]
Renegade, ren'e-gad, Renegado, ren-e-ga'do, w.
one faithless to principle or party : an apostate :
a deserter. [Sp. renegado—Low L. renegatus
—L. re-, inten., and nego, negatus, to deny.]
Renew, re-nQ', v.t. to make new again: to reno
vate : to transform to new life : to revive : to begin
again : to make again : to invigorate.—v.i. to be
made new : to begin again. [L. re, again, and
New.]
Renewable, re-nO'a-bl, adj. that may be renewed
Renewal, re-nu'al, «. renovation : regeneration :
restoration.
Rennet, ren'et, «. the prepared inner membrane of
a calfs stomach, used to make milk run together
or coagulate. [From A.S. rennan, to cause to
run ; and cog. with Ger. rensal, (melk-)r/«f*.]
Rennet, ren'et, «. a sweet kind of apple. [Fr.
reinette, rainette, dim. of rainc, a frog—L.
rana ; so called from its spotted rind.]
Renounce, re-nowns', v.t. to disclaim : to disown:
to reject publicly and finally: to forsake.—v.i.
to neglect to follow suit at cards. [L. renuntio,
—re-, away, and nuntio, -atus, to announce—
nuntins, a messenger.]
Renouncement, re-nowns'ment, n. act of renounc
ing, disclaiming, or rejecting.
Renovate, ren'o-vat, v.t. to renew or make new
again: to rotore to the original state.—«.
Ren'ovator. [L. re-, again, and novo, -atus, to
make new—nevus, new. See New.]
Renovation, ren-o-v.Vshun, «. renewal : state of
being renewed.
Renown, re-nown', n. a great name ; celebrity.
[Fr. renom—L. re-, again, nomen, a name.]
Renowned, re-nownd', adj. celebrated : illustrious :
famous. [break : tear.
Rent, rent, n. an opening made by rending: fissure :
Rent, rent, «. annual payment in return for the
use of property held of another, esp. houses and
lands.—v.t. to hold or occupy by paying rent :
to let for a rent.—v.i. to be let for rent. [Fr.
rente—rendre, to give back. See Render.]
Rent, rent, pa.t. andpa.p. of Rend.
Rental, rent'al, n. a schedule or account of rents,
with the tenants' names, &c. : a rent-roll : rent.
Renter, rent'er, n. one who holds by paying rent
for.
Rent-roll, rent'-rCl, «. a roll or account of rents :
a rental or schedule of rents.
Renunciation, re-nun-si-a'shun, ». disowning:
rejection : abandonment. [See Renounce.]
Repaid, re-pad', pa.t. and pa.p. of Repay.
Repair, re-par , v.i. to betake one's self to : to go :
to resort.—n. a retreat or abode. [Fr. repaire,
a haunt—L. repatrio, to return to one's country
—re-, back, patria, native country.]
Repair, re-par', v.t. to restore after injury : to
make amends for : to mend.—n. restoration
after injury or decay: supply of loss. [Fr. ri-
Parer—L. reparo—re-, again, paro, to prepare.]
Repairer, re-par'cr, «. one who restores or amends.
Reparable, rep'ar-a-bl, adj. that may be re
paired.—adv. Rep'arably.
Reparation, rep-ar-a'shun, n., repair: supply of
what is wasted : amends.
Reparative, re-par a-tiv, adj. amending defect or
injury.—»■ that which restores to a good state :
that which makes amends*
Repartee, rep-ar-tg', «. a smart, ready, and witty
reply. I Fr. repartte—repartir, to go back
428 fate, far ; me", her ; mine ;
Replenish
again—re-, back, and partir, to set out—L.
partwr, to divide. Cf. the E. Sally.]
Repast, re-pasr*, k, a meal : the food taken :
victuals. [Low L, rrpastus (whence Fr. re-pas)
—L. re-, intensive, and pastus, food, feeding—
Pasco, pastus, to feed.]
Repay, re-pa', v.t. to pay back: to make return
for : to recompense : to pay again or a second
time. [L. re, back, and Fay.]
Repayable, re-pa'a-bl, adj. that is to be repaid.
Repayment, rc-pa'ment, «. act of repaying : the
money or thing repaid.
Repeal, re-pel', v.t, to revoke by authority, as a
law : to abrogate. —n, a revoking or annulling. —
n. Repeal er, one who repeals : one who seeks
for a repeal. [Fr. rappeUr—re-, back, and
appelcr—L. appello. to call. See Appeal]
Repealable, re-peTa-bl, adj. that maybe repealed.
Repeat, re-pet', v.t. to do again : to speak again,
to iterate : to quote from memory : to rehearse.
—v.i. to strike the hours, as a watch : to recur.
—n. itnus. ) a mark directing a part to be re
peated. [ Fr. ripe"tcr—V,. repeto, repetitus—rt~9
again, and peto, to attack, seek.]
Repeatedly, re-per/ed-li, adv. many times re
peated : again and again : frequently.
Repeater, re-p€t'er, «. one who or that which re
peats: a decimal in which the same figure or
figures are continually repeated : a watch that
strikes again the previous hour at the touch of a
spring.
Repel, re-pel', v.t, to drive back: to repulse: to
check the advance of.—v.i. to act with opposing
force: (med.) to check or drive inwards:—
Pr.p. repell'ing; pa.t. and Pa.p. repelled'.—«.
Repairer. [L. repello—re-, off, back, and pella,
to drive.]
Repellent, re-pel'ent, adj., driving back: able or
tending to repel.—«. that which repels.
Repent, re-pent', v.i. to regret or sorrow for what
one has done or left undone : to change from
past evil : (t/icol.) to feel such sorrow for sin as
produces newness of life.—v.t, to remember with
sorrow. [Fr. repentir—re-, and O. Fr. pentir—
L. pecnitere, to cause to repent, from pernio,
punio, to punish. See Punish,]
Repentance, re-pent'ans, n. sorrow for what has
been done or left undone : contrition for sin,
producing newness of life.
Repentant, re-pent'ant, adj., repenting or sorry
for past conduct : showing sorrow for sin.
Repercussion. r£-pcr-kush un, n. a striking or
driving back: reverberation: [mus.) frequent
repetition of the same sound. [L. reperenssio—
re-f back, percutio—Per, through, quatio, to
strike.] [causing to reverberate.
Ropercussive, re-per-kus'iv, adj., driving back:
Repertory, rep'er-tor-i, «. a place where things
are kept to be broughtforth again : a treasury :
a magazine. [Fr.—L, repertorium—reperio, to
find—re-, again, and pario, to bring forth.]
Repetition, rep-e-tish'un, n. act of repeating: re
cital from memory.
Repine, re-pTn', v.i. to pine again or continue to
pine (at or against): to fret one's self: to feel
discontent : to murmur : to envy.—adv. Ropin'-
ingly.—n. Repin'er. [h.re, again, and Pine, v.]
Replace, re-plas', v.t. to place bach: to put again
in a former place, condition, &c. : to repay : to
provide a substitute for : to take the place of.
[L. re, back, again, and Place.]
Replacement, re-plas'ment, n. act of replacing.
Replenish, re-plen'ish, v.t. to fill again : to fill
completely: to stock abundantly.—«. Replen'
mOte ; mute ; moOn ; then.
 Replete Republicanism
lshment. [O. Fr. rtplenir, from reflet*, full— Reprieve, re-preV, v.t. to delay the execution of
L. re-, again, and plenus, fulL Se« FUlL] a criminal : to give a respite to.—n. a suspension
Replete, re-plet', adj. full : completely filled. [L. of a criminal sentence : interval of ease or relief.
repletus, pa.p. of repleo—re-, again, and plea, to [Lit. to disapprove or disallow (the sentence
fill.] ( med. J fullness of blood. passed), O. Fr. repruver (Fr. rijrrouver)—L.
Repletion, re-ple'shun, n. superabundant fullness : reprobo. See Reprove.)
Replevin, rc-plev'in, «. an action for replevying. Reprimand, rep'ri-mand or -mand', n. a severe
Replevy, re-ple/i, v.t. {law) to recover goods reproof.—v.t. to chide : to reprove severely : to
distrained upon giving a pledge or security to administer reproof publicly or officially. [Fr.
try the right to them at law.—adj. Replev'- r/primande—Lt, reprimendum—reprimo, re-
lable. [O. Fr. replevir—re-, back, and plevir, pressum, to press back—re-, andprimo, to press. ]
to pledge. See Pledge.] Reprint, re-print', v.t. to print again : to print a
Replica, repli-ka, n. [paint.) a copy of a picture new impression of.—n. Re print, another im
done by the same hand that did the original. pression of. [L. re, again, and Print.]
[It.—L. reflico. See Reply.] Reprisal, re-prlz'al, «. a seizing back or in retali
Replication, rep-li-ka'shun, n. a reply : {law) the ation : {war) the retaking of goods captured by
plaintiff's answer to a plea. [See Reply.] an enemy : anything seized in retaliation : that
Reply, re-pll', v.t. and v.i. to answer ',—pa.t. and which is seized for injury inflicted. [Fr. repri
Pa.p. replied'.— n* an answer.—*. Repll'er. sallie—It. ripresaglia—ripreso (Fr. reprise), re
[Fr. rfplwuer—L. replica, -atus—re-, back, and taken—L. re-pre{ne)ndere, to seize again. See
plico, to fold.] Apprehend and Get.]
Report, re-pOrt/, v.t. to bring back, as an answer Reproach, re-prOch', v.t. to cast in one's teeth :
or account of anything: to give an account of: to censure severely : to upbraid : to revile : to
to relate : to circulate publicly : to write down or treat with contempt.—n. the act of reproaching :
take notes of, esp. for a newspaper.—v.i. to make reproof: censure : blame in opprobrious language :
a statement : to write an account of occurrences. disgrace : an object of scorn. [Lit. to brtng
—n. a statement of facts: description : a formal (some offence) back or near to one, Fr. reprocker
or official statement, esp. of a judicial opinion or —re-, and proche, near—L. propius, comp. of
decision: rumour: sound: noise: {B.) reputa prppe, near.]
tion.—w. Report'er, one who reports, esp. for a Reproachable, re-prOch'a-bl, adj. deserving re
newspaper. [L. reporlo—re-, back, and Porto, proach : opprobrious.—adv. Reproach'ably.
to carry.] Reproachful, re-prtJch'fool, adj. full of reproach
Repose, re-poY, v.t. to lay at rest : to compose : or blame : abusive : scurrilous : bringing reproach :
to place in trust (with on or in). — v.i. to rest : to shameful : disgraceful.—adv. Reproach fully.
sleep : to rest in confidence (with on or upon) : Reprobate, rep ro-bat, adj. condemned : base :
to lie,—n. a lying at rest : sleep : quiet : rest of given over to sin : depraved : vile : (A) that
mind : {fine art) that harmony which gives rest will not stand proof or trial.—*. an abandoned
to the eye. [Fr. reposer—re-, back, and poser. or profligate person.—v. t. to disapprove: to
See Po«e, «.] censure : to disown. [L. reprobatus, pa.p. of
Reposlt, re-poz'it, v.t. to lodge, as for safety. reprobo. See Reprove ]
Repository, re-poz'i-tor-i, n. a place where any Reprobation, rep-ro-ba'shun, «. the act of repro
thing is laid up for safe keeping. bating : rejection : the act of abandoning to
Repossess, re-poz-zes', v.t. to possess again. [L. destruction : state of being so abandoned,
re, again, and Possess.] Reproduce, re-pro-tins', v.t. to produce again : to
Reprehend, rep-re-hend', v.t. to blame: to re form anew. [L. re, again, and Produce. ]
prove. [L. reprekendo, -kensus—re-, inten., and Reproduction, re-pro-duk'shun, n. the act of pro
prekendo, to fay hold of. See Hand.] ducing new organisms. [produce.
Reprehensible, rep-re-hen'si-bl, adj. worthy of Reproductive, re"-pro-dukt'iv, adj. tending to re-
being reprehended or blamed.—adv. Repre- Reproof, re-prODf , ». a reproving or blaming :
henftbly. [sure. rebuke : censure : reprehension.
Reprehension, rep-rc-hen'shun, n. reproof: cen* Reprovable, re-prOoVa-bl, adj. deserving reproof,
Reprehensive, rcp-re-hen'siv, adj. containing re blame, or censure.—adv. Reprov'ably.
proof: given in reproof. Reprove, re-prGoV, v.t. to condemn: to chide:
Represent, rep-re-zent', v.t. to exhibit the image to censure: [B.) to disprove or refute.—n. Re-
of : to serve as a sign of : to personate or prov'er. [Fr. riprouver—V,. reprobo, the oppo
act the part of: to stand in the place of: to site of approbo (see Approve)—re-, off, away,
bring before the mind : to describe. [L. repr&- rejection, and probo, to try or prove. See Prove. )
sento, -atum—re-, again, and prasento, to place Reptile, rep'til or -til, adj. moving or crawling on
before. See Present, v.] [represented. the belly or with very short legs : grovelling :
Representable, rep-re-zent'a-bl, adj. that may be low.—n. an animal that moves or crawls on us
Representation, rep-re-zen-ta'shun, «. act of re belly or with short legs : a grovelling, low per
presenting or exhibiting : that which represents : son. [L. reptilis—repo, serpo, Gr. kerpd, Sans.
an image : picture : dramatic performance : part trip, to creep.]
performed by a representative : statement. Reptilian, rcp-til'yan, adj. belonging to reptiles.
Representative, rcp-re-zent'a-tiv, adj. represent Republic, re-pub hk. «. a commonwealth : a form
ing : showing a likeness : bearing the character of government without a monarch, in which the
or power of others : presenting the full character supreme power is vested in representatives
of a class.—n. one who stands for another, elected by the people. [Fr. ripublique—L.
a deputy, delegate : {law) an heir. [Fr.] respublica, * common weal." See Public]
Repress, re-pres', v.t. to check or restrain. [L. Republican, re-pub'lik-an, adj. belonging to a re
re, back, and Press.] [straint. public : agreeable to the principles of a republic.
Repression, re-presh'un, n. act of repressing : re- —n, one who advocates a republican form of
Repressive, re-pres'iv, adj. tending or able to government : a democrat.
repress.—adv. Represslvely. Republicanism, re-pub'lik-an-izni, n. the principles
fate, far ; mS, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; nOOn ; Men.
 Republish
of republican government : attachment to re
publican government.
Republish, re-publish, v.t* to publish again or
anew.—*. Republication. [L. re, again, and
Publish.]
Repudiate, re-pQ'di-at, v.t. to reject : to disclaim :
to disavow.—n. Repu diator. [L. repudio, re-
Pudiatus—rtpudium, aputtingaway—re-, away,
and Pudere, to be ashamed.]
Repudiation, re-pu-di-a'shun, «. the act of repudi
ating : rejection : the stato of being repudiated.
[L. repudiation -onis. ]
Repugnance, re-pug'nans, n, the state of being
repugnant : resistance : aversion : reluctance.
[L. repugnaxtia. See Repugnant.]
Repugnant, re-pug'nant, adj. hostile: adverse:
contrary : distasteful.—adv. Ropug'nantly. [L.
repugno—re-, against, and pugno, to fight]
RepUlBO, re-puls', v.t. to drive back: to repel : to
beat off.—tu the state of being repulsed or driven
back: the act of repelling: refusal. [L, repulsus,
pa.p. of repello—re-, off, back, and peilo, to
drive. See Pulsate.]
Repulsion, re-pul'shun, n. act of repulsing or
driving back : state of being repelled : power by
which bodies or their particles repel each other.
Repulsive, re-puls'iv, adj. that repulses or drives
off: repelling: cold, reserved, forbidding.—adv.
Repuls'lvely.—m. Repuls'lveness.
Repurchase, re-pur'chas, v.t. to purchase or buy
back or again.—n. the act of buying again : that
which is bought again. [L. re, again, Purchase ]
Reputable, rep'ut-a-bl, adj. in good repute or
esteem : respectable : honourable : consistent
with reputation.—adv. Rep'utably.—n. Rep'Ut-
ableness.
Reputation, rep-il-ta'shun, n. state of being held
in repute : estimation : character as established
in public opinion : credit : fame. [Fr.—L. repu-
tatio, consideration—re-putare, to think over,]
Repute, re-put', v.t. to account or estimate : to
hold.—». estimate : established opinion : char
acter. [L. reputOy -aturn—re-, again, and puto,
to reckon, to count.] [estimation.
Reputedly, re-pfit'ed-li, adv. in common repute or
Request, re-kwest', v.t. to ask for earnestly: to
entreat : to desire.—n. petition : prayer : desire :
demand : that which is requested : a want : the
state of being desired. [L. requisitum, pa.p. of
requiro—re-, away, and qtuero, to seek.]
Requiem, re'kwi-em or rek'-, «. a hymn or mass
sung for the quiet or rest of the soul of the
dead: a grand musical composition in honour of
the dead. [L. , acc. airequies—[re-, intensive, and
quirs, rest) ; so called from the words Requiem
wtemam dona eis, Domine, * Give eternal rest
to them, O Lord!' which are repeated in the
service.]
Requirable, re-kwir'a-bl, adj. that may be re
quired : fit or proper to be required.
Require, re-kwlr', v.t. to ask : to demand : to
need : to exact : to direct. [L. requiro.]
Requirement, rc-kwlr'ment, n. the act of requir
ing : that which is required : claim : demand.
Requisite, rek'wi-zit, adj.. required: needful :
indispensable.—n. that which is required : any
thing necessary or indispensable.
Requisition, rek-wi-zish'un, «. the act of requir
ing-: an application : a demand : a written re
quest or invitation.—«. Requlsi'tionist, one who
makes a requisition. [L. requisition
Requital, re-kwital, «. the act of requiting ; pay
ment in return : recompense : reward.
Requite, re-kwlr/, v.t. to give back so as to be
480 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Reset
quits : to repay : to pay in return. fL. re, bade,
and Quit]
Reredos, rcVdos, ft. the wall of a church behind*
the altar: an ornamental screen there placed.
[Fr. arriire, behind—L. ad, and retro, and Fr.
dot, back—L. dorsum.]
Reremouse, reVmows, n. a bat. [Lit. 4 the mouse
that moves' or agitates the air with its wings.
A.S. krertfrus—Jtrcran, to move, and mus, a
mouse.]
Rereward. Same as Rearward.
Rescind, re-sind', v.t. to cut away or off : to
annul : to repeal : to reverse. [L. rescinds, rr-
scissum—re-, and scindo, to cut. See Scissors J
Rescission, rc-sizh'un, n. the act of rescinding :
the act of annulling or repealing.—adj. Resciss
ory.
Rescript, re'skript, *. the official answer of a
pope or an emperor to any legal question ; an
edict or decree. [Lit. ' that which is written in
return,' L. rescriptum—re-, back, scribo, scrip-
turn, to write.]
Rescue, res'kfi, v.t. to free from danger or vio
lence : to deliver : to liberate.—n. the act of
rescuing : deliverance from violence or danger :
forcible release from arrest or imprisonment :—
—Pr.p. rescuing : pa.i. and pa.p. res'cued.
[M. E. rescous—O. Fr. rescousse—O. Fr. res-
courre—L. re-, away, and excutere, to shake
out—ex, out, and quatio, to shake.]
Research, re-serch', n. a careful search : diligent
examination or investigation : scrutiny. [L. re,
inten., and Search.]
Resemblance, re-zem'blans, n. the state of resem
bling : similitude : likeness : similarity : that
which is similar.
Resemble, re-zem'bl, v.t. to be similar to : to
have the likeness of : to possess similar qualities
or appearance : to compare : to make like. [Fr.
ressembler—re-, and sembier, to seem—L.
simulo, to make like—similis, like. Cf. Assim
ilate and Assemble.]
Resent, re-zenr*, v.t. (orig.) to take well : to take
ill : to consider as an injury or affront : to be
indignant at : to express indignation. [Fr.
ressentir, from L. re-, in return, and seniio, to
perceive, to feel.]
Resentful, re-zent'fool, adj. full of or prone to
resentment.—adv. Resentfully.
Resentment, re-zent'ment, «. the act of resent
ing : displeasure : anger : indignation : wrath.
Reservation, rcr-er-vivshun, «. the act of reserv
ing or keeping back: the withholding from a
statement of a word or clause necessary to con
vey its real meaning : something withheld : a
clause, proviso, or limitation by which some
thing is reserved.
Reserve, re-zerv', v. t. to keep back : to keep for
future or other use : to retain.—*. that which
is reserved : that which is kept for future use :
a part of an army or a fleet reserved to assist
those engaged in action : that which is kept
back in the mind : mental concealment : absence
of freedom in words or actions : caution. [L.
reservo—re-, back, and servo, to save, to keep.]
Reserved, rc-zervd', adj. characterised by reserve :
not free or frank in words or behaviour : shy :
cold.—adv. ReserVedly.—w. Reserv'edness.
Reservoir, rez-er-vwoi/, n. a place where anything
is reserved or kept in store : a place where water
is collected and stored for use. [Fr.]
Reset, reiser/, to set again or anew.
Reset, re-set', v.t. {Scot.) to receive and hide, as
stolen goods. [Peril, a corr. of Receipt]
mote ; mute ; moon ; then.

Beside, re-xld', vd. to remain sitting: to dwell
permanently : to abide : to live : to inhere. [L.
resideo—re-, back, and sedeo, to sit.)
Residence, rezH-dens, n. act of residing or of
dwelling in a place : place where one resides.
Residency, rez l-den-si, n, residence : the official
dwelling of a government officer in India.
Resident, rez'i-dent, adj., residing or dwelling in
a place for some time : residing in the place of
his duties.—n. one who resides : a public mini
ster at a foreign court.
Residential, rez-i-den'shal, adj. residing : having
actual residence.
Residentiary, rez-i-den'shar-i, adj., residing:—*.
one who keeps a certain residence, esp. an eccle
siastic
Residual, rc-zid'ii-al, adj. remaining as residue.
Residuary, re-zid'O-ar-i, adj. pertaining to the
residue : receiving the remainder.
Residue, rezi-dfl, n. that which is left behind after
a part is taken away : the remainder. [L. resi
duum, from resideo, to remain behind. See
Reside.]
Residuum, re-zid'O-um, n., residue: that which is
left after any process of purification. [L.]
Resign, re-zln', v.t. to yield up to another : to
submit calmly. [L. resigno, -atus, to unseal, to
annul, to give back—re, sig. reversal, signo,
to mark, to seal—lignum, a mark.]
Resignation, rex-ig-nashun, «. act of resigning or
giving up : state of being resigned or quietly
submissive : acquiescence : patience. [Fr.—Low
L.—L. resigno. )
Resilience, re-zil'i-ens, Resiliency, re-ril'i-en-si,
n. act of springing back or rebounding.
Resilient, re-zili-ent, adj., springing Back or re
bounding. [L. resili-ens, -ends, pr.p. of re-
siIio—rrs back, and salio, to leap or spring. ]
Resin, rez'in, n. an inflammable substance, which
exudes from trees. [Fr. risine—I* resina.\
Resinous, rez'in-us, adj. having the qualities of or
resembling resin.—adv. Res'lnously.—n. Res'-
inousness.
Resiny, rez'in-i, adj. like resin.
Resist, re-zisr*, v. t. to strive against : to oppose.
—v.i. to make opposition. [L. resisto—r*-,
against, and sisto, to stand.]
Resistance, re-zist'ans, n. act of resisting : oppo
sition1 : [meek.)
[meek,) the power of a body which acts
in opposition to the impulse of another.
Resistible, re-zist'i-bl, adj. that may be resisted.
—adv. Reslstlbly.—» Resistibirity.
Resistless, re-zist'les, adj. irresistible.—adv. Re*
sistlessly.—«. Resist lessness.
Resolute, rez'o-lut, adj., resolved: determined:
having a fixed purpose : constant in pursuing a
purpose.—adv. Res'olutely.—n. Res oluteness.
Resolution, rec-o-lu'shun, n. act of resolving:
analysis : solution : state of being resolved :
fixed determination : steadiness : that which is
resolved : formal proposal in a public assembly.
Resolvable, re-zolv'a-bl, adj. that may be resolved
or reduced to its elements.—adv. Resolv'ably.
Resolve, re-zolv', v. t. to separate into parts : to
analyse : to free from doubt or difficulty : to ex
plain : to decide : to fix by resolution or formal
declaration: [math.) to solve: (med,) to dis
perse, as a tumour : (music) to carry a discord
into a concord.—v.i. to determine.—n. anything
resolved or determined : resolution : fixed pur
pose. [L. resolvo, resolutum—re-, inten., and
solve, to loose.]
Resolved, re-zolvd', adj. fixed in purpose.—adv.
Resolvedly.—«. ResolVednesa.
fate, far i me", her ; mine ;
Response
Resonance, rez'o-nans, n. act of resounding: the
returning of sound by reflection or by the pro
duction of vibrations in other bodies.
Resonant, rcz'o-nant, adj., sounding back: re
turning sound. [L. resono—re-, back, and sono,
to sound.]
Resort, re-zort', v.i. to go : to betake one's self :
to have recourse : to apply.—n. act of resorting :
a place much frequented : a haunt : resource,
[Fr. ressortir, lit. 'to obtain again,' from re-
and L. sortiri, to cast lots, to obtain—sors%
sortis, a lot.]
Resound, re-zownd', v.t. to sound back: to echo:
to praise or celebrate with sound : to spread the
fame of.—v.i. to be sent back or echoed : to
echo : to sound loudly : to be much mentioned.
[L. re, back, and Sound.] 4
Resource, re-sOrs', «. a source of help : an ex
pedient :—-pi. means of raising money : means
of any kind. [Fr. ressource—O. Fr. resors, from
resordrt—L. re-surgere, to rise again.]
Respect, re-spekt', v.t. to esteem for merit: to
honour : to relate to.—n. act of esteeming
highly : regard : expression of esteem : deport
ment arising from esteem : relation : reference :
(B.) good-will: partiality. [Lit. 'to look back
upon/ L. respicio, respectum—re-, back, and
specio, to look.]
Respectable, re-spektVbl, adj. worthy of respect
or regard : moderate in excellence or number ;
not mean or despicable.—oulv. Respect'ably. —
n. Respectability, state or quality of being
respectable.
Respectful, re-spekt'fool, adj. full of respect :
marked by civility, —adv. Respect'fully.
Respective, re-spekt'iv, adj* having respect or
reference to: relative: relating to a particular
person or thing: particular, —adv. Respeot'-
ively.
Resplrable, re-splr'a-bl, adj. that maybebrealked:
fit for respiration.—n. Resplrabll'ity, quality of
being respirable. [breathing.
Respiration, res-pi-ra'shun, «. the function of
Respirator, res'pi-ra-tor, n. a network of fine wire
for respiring or breathing^ through.
Respiratory, re-spTra-tor-i, adj. pertaining to or
serving for respiration.
Respire, re-spTr, v.i. to breatke again and again:
to breathe: to take rest.— v.t. to breathe out.
[L. respiro—re-, sig. repetition, continuance, and
spiro, -atvm} to breathe.]
Respite, res'pit, «. temporary cessation of any
thing: pause: interval of rest : (law) temporary
suspension of the execution of a criminal.—v.t.
to grant a respite to : to relieve by a pause : to
delay. [O. Fr. respit (Fr. Hpit\—L, respectus.
Doublet Respect.]
Resplendence, re-splen'dens, Resplendency, re-
splen'dcn-si, rt. state of being resplendent
Resplendent, re-splcn'dent, adj. very splendid,
shining brilliantly : very bright.—adv. Resplen'-
dently. [L. resplendeo—re-, inten., andspiendeo,
to shine.]
Respond, re-spond', v.i. to answer or reply : to
correspond to or suit: to be answerable. [L.
respondeo, respansum—re-, back, and spondeo,
to promise. See Sponsor. ]
Respondent, re-spond'ent, adj. answering : cor
responding to expectation.—n. one who answers,
esp. in a lawsuit : one who refutes objections.
Response, re-spons', n. a reply : an oracular
answer : the answer made by the congregation
to the priest during divine service : reply to an
objection in a formal disputation. [See Respond. ]
i 431
 Responsibility Reticule
Responsibility, re-spon-si-bil'i-ti, n. state of being Resume, re-zum', v. t. to take bach what has been
responsible l what one is responsible for. given : to take up again : to begin again after
Responsible, re-spon'si-bl, adj. liable to be called interruption. [L. resumo—re-, back, sumo,
to account or render satisfaction : answerable : sumpturn, to take. See Sumptuary.]
capable of discharging duty, adv. Rospon' Resumption, re-zump'shun, «. act of resuming or
sibly. taking back again.
Rosponslons, re-spon'shuns, «. the first of the Resurgent, re-sur'jent, adj., risingagain, or from
three examinations for the 11. A. degree at the dead. [L. re-, again, and surgot surrectum,
Oxford, familiarlycalled ' smalls.' [See Respond. ] to rise.]
Responsive, re-spon siv, adj. inclined to respond: Resurrection, rez-ur-rek'shun, ». the risingagain
answering Correspondent. —o^/f.Respon'sively. from the dead : the life thereafter.
Rest, rest, m. cessation from motion or disturbance : Resuscitate, re-sus'i-tat, v.t. to revive : to re
peace : quiet : sleep : the final sleep or death : vivify.—v.i. to revive : to awaken and come to
place of rest : that on which anything rests ; a life again. [L. re-, again, and suscito—sus, from
pause of the voice in reading : [music) an inter subs, for sub, from beneath, and cito, to put into
val of silence and its mark.—At rest, applied to quick motion—i ieo, to make to go.]
a body, means, having no velocity with respect Resuscitation, re-sus-i-ta'shun, n. act of reviving
to that on which the body stands.—v.i. to cease from a state of apparent death: state of being
from action or labour : to be still : to repose : to revivified.
sleep : to be dead : to be supported : to lean or Resuscitatlve, re-sus'i-tat-iv, adj. tending to re
trust : to be satisfied : to come to an end.—v.t. to suscitate: reviving: revivifying: reanimating.
lay at rest : to quiet : to place on a support. Retail, re-tal', v.t. to sell in small parts : to deal
[A.S. ; Ger. rast, Dut rust.] out in small portions : to tell in broken parts,
Rest, rest, «. that which remains after the separa or at second-hand.—«. Retail'er. [Fr. re
tion of a part: remainder: others.—v.i. to re tainer, to cut again—re-t again, and tail/ert
main. [Fr. reste—L. resto, to remain—re-, back, to cut. See Detail.]
and sto, to stand.] Retail, re'tal, n. the sale of goods in small quan
Restaurant, res'to-rang or rcs'to-rant, n. a house tities.
for the sale of refreshments. [Fr.—restaurer, Retain, re-tan', v.t. to keep in possession : to
to restore. See Restore. ] detain: to employ by a fee paid. [Fr.— L.
Restitution, res-ti-tfl'shun, n. act of restoring retineo—rt; back, and teneo, to hold. See
what was lost or taken away. [L. restitutio— Tenure.]
restituo, to set up again—re-, again, and statue, Retainable, re-tan'a-bl, adj. that may be retained.
to make to stand. See Statue.] Retainer, re-tan'er, «. one who is retained or kept
Restive, resr/iv, adj. unwilling to go forward : in service : a dependent : a fee paid to a lawyer
obstinate.—adv. Rost'ivolv «. Rost'iveness. to defend a cause.
[O. Fr. resti/, Fr. ritif—reste. Sec Rest, that Retaliate, re-tal'i-5t, v.t. to return like for like:
which remains.] to repay.—v.i. to return like for like. [L. re-
Restless, rest'les, adj. in continual motion : un talio, -atum—re-, in return, tatio, -onis, like for
easy : passed in unquietness : seeking change or like—talis, of such a kind.]
action: unsettled: turbulent.—-adv. Restlessly. Retaliation, re-tal-i-a'shun, *. act of retaliating :
—n. Restlessness. [From Rest, cessation the return of like for like : retribution.
from motion.] Retallative. re-tal'i-a-tiv, Retaliatory, re-tal'i-a-
Restoration, res-to-ra'shun, n. act of restoring : tor-i. adj. returning like for like.
replacement : recovery : revival : reparation. Retard, re-tard', v.t. to keep back : to delay : to
Restorative, re-stoVa-tiv, adj., able or tending to defer. [Fr.—L. retardo—re-, inten., and tarda,
restore, especially to strength and vigour. —n. a to make slow—tardus, slow. See Tardy.)
medicine that restores.—adv. Reator?atively. Retardation, re"-tar-da'shun, n. delay: hinder
Restore, re-stoV, v.t. to repair: to replace: to ance : obstacle.
return : to bring back to its former state : to Retch, rcch, v.i. to try to vomit : to strain. [A.S.
revive : to cure.—n. Rostor'er. [Fr. restaurer hracan, to hawk, cog. with Ice. hr&kja, to
—L. restauro—re-, again, and root sta, to stand.] vomit.]
Restrain, re-ctran', v.t. to hold back : to check : Retention, re-ten'shun, n, act or power of retain
to hinder : to limit. [O. Fr. restraindre—L. ing: memory: restraint: custody.
restringo, restrictum—re-, back, and stringo, to Retentive, re-tent'iv, adj. having power to retain,
draw or bind tightly.] —adv. Retent'ively.—«. Retentlveness.
Restraint, re-strant', n. act of restraining : state Retiary, re'shi-ar-i, adj., netlike: constructing a
of being restrained : want of liberty : limitation: web to catch prey: provided with a net. [L.
hinderance. reliarius, a gladiator who fights with a net—
Restrict, re-strikt', v.t. to limit: to confine: to rete, a net.]
repress. [See under Restrain ] Reticence, ret'i-sens, Reticency, ret'i-sen-si, n.
Restriction, re-strik'shun, n. act of restricting : concealment by silence : reserve in speech.
limitation : confinement. Reticent, ret'i-sent, adj. concealing by silence :
Restrictive, re-strikt'iv, adj. having the poiver or reserved in speech. [L. reticenst -erttis, pr.p.
tendency to restrict.—adv. Restrict lvoly. of reticeo—re-, and taceo, to be silent.]
Result, re-zult', v.i. to issue (in) : to follow as a Reticular, re-tik'Q-lar, adj. having the form of
consequence.—«. consequence : conclusion : de network: formed with interstices.
cision. [Fr.—L. resulto—resitio. See Re Reticulate, re-tik'u-lat. Reticulated, re-tik'u-
silient] lat-ed, adj. , netted : having the form or structure
Resultant, re-zuh'ant, adj., resulting from com of a net : having veins crossing like network.—
bination.—n, {physics) a force compounded of n. Retioula'tion.
two or more forces. Reticule, ret'i-kul, Reticle, ret'i-kl, n. a little net
Resumable, rc-zum'a-bl, adj. liable to be taken work bag: a lady's workbag. [L. reticulumf
back again, or taken up again. dim. oirete, a net.]
433 face, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOie ; mute ; mOOn ; Men.
 Retiform
Retlform, retl-form, adj. having the form or
structure of a net. [L. rete, andforma, form.]
Retina, ret'i-na, «. the innermost coating of the
eye, consisting of a fine network of optic
nerves. [From L. rete, a net.]
Retinue, ret'i-nu, ». the body of retainers who
follow a person of rank : a suite. [See Retain.}
Retire, re-tir', v.i. to draw back: to retreat: to
recede.—v.t. to withdraw: to cause to retire.
[Fr. retirer—re-, back, and tt'rer, from a Teut.
root seen in Goth, lairan, Ger. zerren, E.
Tear.]
Retirement, re-tTr'ment, «. act of retiring or with
drawing from society or from public life : state
of being retired : solitude : privacy.
Retort, re-tort', v.t. to throwback: to return.—
v.i. to make a sharp reply. —n. a ready and
sharp reply : a witty answer : a vessel used in
distillation, properly a spiral tube. [Fr.—L.
retorturn, pa.p. of retorgueo—re-, back, and
torqueo, to twist. See Torture.]
Retouch, re-tuch', v.t. to improve, as a picture,
by new touches.—n. the re-application of the
artist's hand to a work. [L. re, again, and
Touch.]
Retrace, r6-tr5s', v.t. to trace back: to go back by
the same course : to renew the outline of. [L.
re, back, and Trace.]
Retraot, re-trakt', v.t. to retrace or draw back :
to recall : to recant.—v.t. to take back what has
been said or granted.—m. Retracta'tion. [L. re-
traJto, retractum—re-, back, and trako, to draw.]
Retractile, re-trakt'il, adj. that may be drawn
back, as claws.
Retraction, re-trak'shun, n. act of retracting or
drawing back : recantation.
Retractive, re-trakt'iv, adj. able or ready to re
tract—adv. Retraot'lvely.
Retreat, re-tret', «. a drawing back or retracing
one's steps : retirement : place of privacy : a
place of security : a shelter : [mil.) the act of re
tiring in order from before the enemy, or from
an advanced position : the signal for retiring
from an engagement or to quarters.—v.i. to
draw back : to retire, esp. to a place of shelter
or security : to retire before an enemy or from
an advanced position. [O. Fr. retret (Fr. re-
traite)—L. retractus, pa.p. of retraho]
Retrench, re-trensh', v.t. to cut off or away : to
render less : to curtail.—v.i. to live at less ex
pense : to economise. [O. Fr. rttrencher (Fr.
retrancher\—re-, and trencher, to cut, which,
acc. to Littrc', is from L. truncare, to cut off,
maim.]
Retrenchment, re-trensh'ment, n. cutting off:
lessening or abridging: reduction: [fort.) a
work within another for prolonging the defence.
Retribution, ret-ri-bfl'shun, ». repayment : suit
able return : reward or punishment. [L. retri
bute—retribuo, to give back—re-, back, and
tHbuo, to give. See Tribute. ]
Retributlve; rc-trib'u-tiv, adj. repaying : reward
ing or punishing suitably.
Retrievable, re-trev'a-bl, adj. that may be re
covered.—adv. Retriev'ably.
Retrieve, re-trcV, v.t. to recover: to recall or
bring back : to bring back to a former state : to
repair.—«. Retrieval. [O. Fr. rctruver, Fr. re-
trouver—re-, again, and trouver, to find. Cf.
Contrive and (for the vowel change) Reprieve.]
Retriever, re-trev'cr, n. a kind of dog trained to
find and fetch game that has been shot, and to
recover anything lost. [Sec Retrieve.]
Retrocession, re-tro-sesh'un, «. a going back: a
2B fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Revenue
giving back. [L. retrocessus—retrocedo, to go
back, to yield—retro, back, and cedo. to go.]
Retrograde, rS'tro-griid, adj., going backward:
falling fromorganised.—v.i.
better to worse :toQnology) becoming
less highly go backwards.—■
«. Retrograd&'tlon. [L. retrogradus—retro^
backward, and gradior, gressus, to go.]
Retrogression, re-tro-gresh'un, «. a going back
ward: a decline in quality or merit.—adj.
Retrogressive.—adv. Retrogress'ively. [See
Retrograde.]
Retrospect, rg'tro-spekt, «. a looking back: a con
templation of the past- [L. retrospectus, pa.p.
of retrospicfo—retro, back, and spect'o, to look.]
Retrospection, re-tro-spek'shun, n. the act or
faculty of looking back on the past.—adj. Re
trospective.—adv. Retrospect ively.
Return, re-turn', v.i. to come back to the same
place or state : to answer : to retort.—v.i. to bring
or send back : to transmit : to give back : to repay :
to give back in reply : to report : to give an
account. —n. the act of going back : revolution :
periodic renewal : the act of bringing or sending
back: restitution: repayment: the profit on
capital or labour : a reply : a report or account,
esp. official:—//, a light tobacco. [Fr. re-
tourner—re-, back, and tourtter, to turn—L.
tomare. See Turn.]
Returnable, re-turn'a-bl, adj. that may be re
turned or restored.
Reunion, re'-un'yun, n. a union after separation :
an assembly. [Fr. reunion—re-t and union.
See Union.]
Reunite, rS-u-nlt', v.t. to join after separation : to
reconcile after variance. —vd. to become united
again : to join again. [L. re, again, and
Unite.]
Reveal, re-vel', v.t. to unveil: to make known:
to disclose. [Fr. reveler—L. revelo—re-j.reversal,
and veto, to veil—velum, a veil. See veil.]
Reveille, ra-vel'yfl, n. the sound of the drum or
bugle at daybreak to awaken soldiers. [Lit.
' awake,' imperative of Fr. reveiller, to awake—
re-, again, and veiller—L. vigilare, to watch.
See Vigil.]
Revel, re/el, v.i. to feast in a riotous or noisy
manner : to carouse '.—j>r.p. rev'elling ; pad. and
pa p. rev'elled.—n. a riotous or tumultuous feast :
carousal.—«. ReVeller. [O. Fr. reveler—I,,
rebellare, to rebel. See Rebel ; prob. influenced
also by Fr. reveiller {set Reveille), and rive
(see Rave).]
Revelation, rev-e-la'shun, «. the act of revealing
or making known : that which is revealed : the
revealing divine truth : that which Is revealed
by God to man : the Apocalypse or last book
of the New Testament. [Fr.—L. revelatio—
revelo. See ReveaL]
Revelry, rev'el-ri, n. riotous or noisy festivity.
Revenge, re-venj', v.t. to punish or injure in re
turn : to avenge.—«. the act of revenging : in
jury inflicted in return : a malicious injuring in
return for an offence or injury received : the
passion for retaliation.—n. Revong'er. [O. Fr.
revenger, revencher (Fr. rez>ancker)—L. re-,
in return, and vindico, to lay claim to. See
Vindicate and Vengeance.]
Revengeful, re-venj'fool, adj. full of revenge or
a desire to inflict injury in return : vindictive :
malicious.—adv. Revenge'fully.
Revengement, re-venj'ment, n. \B.) revenge.
Revenue, rev'en-fl, n. the receipts or rents from
any source : return : income : the income of a
state. [Lit. ' that which comes back,' Fr.
mote : mflte ; mCOn : Men. 4:i:j
 Reverberate Rhapsody
revenue, pa.p. of revenir, to return—L. revenire [Fr. reviser—L. re-, back, and visa, to look at
—re-, back, venio, to come. J attentively, inten. of video, to see.]
Reverberate, re-vc^ber-at, v.t. to send back, as Revisit, re-vLt'it, v.t. to visit again. [L. re, again,
sound : to echo : to reflect : to drive from side and Visit.]
to side, as flame.—v.i. to echo : to resound : to Revival, re-viv'al, n. recovery from languor,
bound back : to be repelled.—n. Reverbera'- neglect, depression, &c. : renewed performance
tion. [Lit, ' to beat back,' L. re-, back, and of, as of a play : renewed interest in or atten
verber-o, -atus, lo beat—verber, a lash.] tion to : a time of religions awakening.—n.
Revorboratory, rc-ver'ber-a-tor-i, adj. that rever RevrValist, one who promotes religious re
berates : returning or driving back. vivals.—n. Reviv'alism.
Revere, re-ver7, v.t. to regard with respectful Revive, re-vlv\ v.i, to return to life, vigour, or
awe: to venerate. [Fr. rivirer—L. rtvereor— fame : to recover from neglect, oblivion, or de
re-, intensive, and vereor, to feel awe, akin to pression. —v.i. to restore to life again : to re
Gr. horad, 0. Ger. warten, E. Ward.] awaken in the mind : to recover from neglect or
Reverence, rev'er-ens, n. fear arising from high depression : to bring again into public notice, as
respect : respectful awe : veneration : honour : a play.—n. Rovlv'er. [L> re-, again, and vivo,
an act of revering or obeisance : a bow or cour to live. See Vivid,]
tesy : a title of the clergy.—v.i. to regard with Revivify, re-viv'i-fl, v.t. to cause to revive : to
reverence : to venerate or honour. [See Revere.] reanimate.—«. Revivlfica'tlon.
Reverend,
a title ofrev'cr-end, adj. ■'/>'.)
worthy of reverence
venerable.: Revocable, rev'o-ka-bl, adj. that may be revoked.
the clergy: awful, —ns. ReVocableness, Revooabil'ity.—adv.
[Fr.— L. reverendus—revereor. See Revere ] Rev'ocably. [reversal.
Reverent, rever-ent, adj. shewing reverence : Revocation, rev-o-kii'shun, n. a recalling: repeal :
submissive: humble. —adv. Rev'erently. Revoke, re-vok', v.t. to annul by recalling: to
Reverential, rev-cr-en'shal, adj. proceeding from repeal : to reverse : to neglect to follow suit (at
reverence : respectful : submissive.—adv. Re cards). [L. revoco—re-, back, and voco, to call.
verentially. Sec Voice.]
Reverie, Revery, reVer-i, n. an irregular train of Revolt, re-volt, v.i. to renounce allegiance : to
thoughts or fancies in meditation : voluntary be grossly offended.—v.t. to cause to rise in
inactivity of the external senses to the impres revolt : to shock.—«. a rebellion.—w. Rovolt'er.
sions of surrounding objects during wakeful [Fr.—It. rivolta—ri, against, and volta, a turn
ness. [Lit. ' a dreaming,' Fr., from river, to ing—L. volvere. to turn.]
dream. See Rave.] Revolting, re-vOlt'ing, adj. causing a turning
Reversal, rc-vers'al, n. the act of reversing : a away from : shocking.—adv. Revolt'ingly.
change : an overthrowing or annulling. Revolute, rev'ol-Qt, adj. rolled backward.
Reverse, re-vers', v. t. to place in the contrary order Revolution, rev-ol-u'shun, «. act of revolving:
or position : to change wholly : to overthrow: to motion round a centre : course which brings to
change by an opposite decision: to annul.—«. the same point or state : space measured by a
that which is reversed : the opposite : the back, revolving body : extensive change in the govern
esp. of a coin : change : misfortune. —adj. turned ment of a country : a revolt. [See Revolve. ]
backward : having an opposite direction. [L. Revolutionary, rev-ol-Q'shun-ar-i, adj. pertaining
reverstis, pa.p. of reverto, to turn back—re-, to or tending to a revolution in government.
back, and verto, lo turn.] Revolutionise, rev-ol-Q'shun-lz, v.t. to cause a
Reversible, rc-v6rs'i-bl,a(j(/. that maybe reversed. revolution or entire change of anything.
Reversion, re-ver'shun, «. the act of reverting or Revolutionist, rev-ol-u'shun-ist, «. one who pro
returning : that which reverts or returns : the motes or favours a revolution.
return or future possession of any property after Revolve, re-volv', v.i. to roll back: to roll round
some particular event : the right to future pos on an axis: to move round a centre.— v.t. to
session. [L. reversio.) cause to turn : to consider. [L. rerwlvo, rrvo-
Reversionary, rc-ver'shun-ar-i, adj. relating to a lutunt—rc-, back, and volvo, to roll.]
reversion : lo be enjoyed in succession. Revolver, re-volv'er, n. that which revolves : a
Revert, rc-vcrt', v.t. to turn or drive back: to firearm which, by means of revolving barrels,
reverse.—v.i. to return : to fall back : to refer can fire more than once without reloading.
back : to return to the original owner or his Revulsion, re-vul'shun, «. disgust : the diverting
heirs. [L. reverto.] [be reverted. of a disease from one part to another. [Lit. *a
Revertible, re-vert'i-bl, adj. that may revert or tearing away,' L. revulsio—revello, revulsum, to
Revery. Same as Reverie. tear on or away—re-, away, and vello, to tear.]
Review, re-vii', v.t. to re-examine : to revise : to Revulsive, re-vul'siv, adj. tending to revulsion.
examine critically : to inspect, as a body of Reward, re-wawrd', n. that which is given in
troops. —n. a viewing again : a reconsideration : return for good or evil: recompense: retri
a careful or critical examination : a critique : a bution : the fruit of one*s own labour.—v.t.
periodical with critiques of books, &c. : the to give in return : to requite, whether good or
inspection of a body of troops or a number of evil : to punish : {B.\ to recompense. [O. Fr.
ships. [Fr. revue, pa.p. of rtvoir—L. re-, resivarder, from re and the Teut, root of Ward
again, and video. See View.] [review. or Guard.]
Reviewer, re-vO/er, n. an inspector : a writer in a Reynard, rii'nard, n. Same as Renard.
Revile, re-vll', v.t. to reproach: to calumniate.— Rhapsodic, rap-sod'ik, Rhapsodical, rap-sod ik-al,
«. Revil'er. [L. re, and Vile.] adj. pertaining to. consisting of, or resembling
Revindicate, ru-vin'di-kat, v.t. to vindicate again : rhapsody.—miv. Rhapsod'ioally.
to reclaim. [L. re. again, and Vindicate.] Rhapsodist. rap'so-dist, n. one who recites or
Revlsal, re-vlz'al, Revision, re-vizh'un, n. review: sings rhapsodies : one who composes verses ex
re-examination. tempore : one who speaks or writes disjointedly.
Revise, rc-vlz\ v.t. to review and amend.—n. Rhapsody, rap'so-di, n. any wild unconnected
review : a second proof-sheet.—«. Revis er. composition : a part of an epic poem for recita-
fate, far ; me, her ; mTne ; niOte : mute ; moon ; Men.
 Rhenish Riddle
tiou at one time. [Fr.—Gr. rhaps&dia, lit. *a a leaf: a prominence running in a line : {arch. ) a
stringing together ofsongs '—rhaptd, to sew, and moulding or projecting band on a ceiling.—v.t.
ode, a song.) {Rhine. [L. Rtunus.] to furnish or inclose with ribs : to form with
Rhenish, ren'ish, adj. pertaining to the river rising lines '—pr.p. ribb'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p.
Rhetoric, ret'o-rik, «. the an of speaking with ribbed. [AS., cog. with Ger. rippe.]
propriety, elegance, and force. [Vr.—Gr. rhi- Ribald, rib'ald, «. a loose, low character.—adj.
toriki—rhitd>\ a publicspeaker—rheS, to speak.] low : base : mean. [O. Fr. ribalt (Fr. riband.
Rhetorical, re-tor'ik-al, adj. pertaining to rhetoric : It. ribaido)—O. Ger. rib*,, a prostitute, and
oratorical.—adv. Rhetorically . suffix -aid.) [and vulgar scurrility.
Rhetorician, ret-o-rish'an, n. one who teaches the Ribaldry, rib'ald-ri, n, obscenity : filthiness : low
art of rhetoric : an orator. Ribbing, rib'ing, n. an arrangement of ribs.
Rheum, r'.r.ni, n, the jicnu or discharge from the Ribbon, rib'on, Riband, Ribband, rib'and, n. a
lungs or nostrils caused by cold : increased fillet or strip of silk: a narrow strip.—v.t. to
action of any organ, csp. of the mucous glands. adorn with ribbons. [O. Fr. riban (Fr. ruban\,
[L.—Gr. rheuma—rhed, to flow.] perh. from Dut. ring-band, necktie, collar (Diezj,
Rheumatic. rou-mat'ik, Rhoumatical. rSo-mat'ik- or from Dut. rij ( Ger. reihe), a row. and Band. ]
al, adj. pertaining to, or affected with rheuma Rice, ns, tt. one of the most useful and extensively
tism. cultivated of grains, like oats when ripe. [Fr.
Rheumatism, rCom'a-tizm, «. a painful affection riz (It. rise)—L. and Gr. oryza—Ar. rozz,
of the muscles, so named from a notion that the (with art.) ar rozz.]
pain was caused by rheum or humour flowing Rice-paper, rls-pa'per, «. a white smooth paper,
through the part affected. made by the Chinese from the pith of a plant.
Rheumy, rOom'i, adj. full of or causing rheum. [So called because formerly supposed to be made
Rhinoceros, rl-nos'cr-os, n. a very large animal from rice.]
allied to the elephant, having a very thick skin, Rich, rich [comp. Rlch'er, mperl. Rlch'est), adj.
and one or two /tortis on the nose. [L.—Gr. rhi- abounding in possessions : wealthy : valuable :
nokerds—rhin, rhinos, nose, keras, a horn.] sumptuous : fertile : full of agreeable or nutritive
Rhododendron, ro-do-den'dron, n. a genus of qualities: bright, as a colour : full of harmonious
plants having evergreen leaves, and large beau sounds: full of beauty.—adv. Richly. [A.S.
tiful flowers like roses. (Lit. ' the rose-tree,' Gr. rice, rule (as ric in bishopric), having rule,
rhodon, a rose, and dendron, a tree.] having means or wealth, rich ; cog. with Ger.
Rhodomontade. See Rodomontade. reich, empire, also rich, Goth, reiks, L. rex,
Rhomb, romb. Rhombus, rom'bus, ». a quadri a king, Sans, raj-an, to rule. The fundamental
lateral figure having its sides equal, but its idea is that of power shewn in stretching out the
angles not right angles. [L. —Gr. rhombos— hand, guiding, obtaining, as in £. Reach, Gr.
rhembd, to turn round and round.] o-reg-0, to reach after, L. reg-err, to keep
Rhombic, roin'hik, adj. shaped like a rhomb. straight or guide, Sans. arg-t to obtain. Through
Rhomboid, rom'boid, «. a figure of the form of a the idea of ' keeping straight,' the root is conn,
rhomb: a quadrilateral figure having only its also with K. Right, Ger. rechi, L. rectus.]
opposite sides and angles equal. [Gr. rhombos, Riches, rich'ez, n.fil. (in B. sometimes n.sing.),
and eidos, form.] [of a rhomboid. wealth : richness : abundance. [M. £. richesse
Rhomboldal. rom-boid'al, adj. having the shape (n.sing.)—Fr. richesse.]
Rhubarb, rGO'barb, ». a plant, the stalks of which Richness, rich'nes, tt. wealth : abundance : fruit-
are much used in cooking and the root in medi fulness : value : costliness : abundance ofimagery.
cine, so called because brought orig. from the Rick, rik, n. a pile or heap, as of hay. [AS.
banks of the Rha or Volga. [Fr. rhubarbe— hrcac, cog. with Ice. hraukr.]
Low L. rha-barbarum—L. Rhii, the Volga, Rickets, nk'cts, n.sing. a disease of children,
barbants, foreign.] characterised by softness and curvature of the
Rhumb, rum, n. [orig.) a meridian, especially the bones. [From the Prov. E. verb {iv)ritk (Sw.
principal meridian of a map : any vertical circle, vricka)) to twist, whose nasalised form is
hence any point of the compass. {Fr. rumb, a Wring, and freq. Wriggle. ]
byform of rhombe, through L., from Gr. rhom Rickety, rik'et-i, adj. affected with rickets : feeble.
bos. Sec Rhomb ] Ricochet, rik'o-sha or -shet, n. rebound along the
Rhumb line, rum'-lln, n. a line which cuts all the ground, as of a ball fired at a low elevation:
meridians at the same angle. the skipping of a flat stone on the surface of
Rhyme, rim, n. [orig.) words arranged in numbers water. [Fr. ; ety. unknown.]
or verse : the correspondence ofsounds at the ends Ricochet, rik-o-shet', v.t. to fire at with guns at a
of verses : poetry.—v.i. to correspond in sound : ground low elevation,
:—/'■-/•so ricochctt
as to makeingthe; pad.
balls skip
and onPa.p.
the
to make rhymes or verses. —v.t. to put into
rhyme.—«j. Rhymer, Ehym'stcr. [Properly ricochett'ed.
rime (the hy being due to the influence of Rid, rid, v.t. to free: to deliver: to remove by
Rhythm)—A.S. rim, number, cog. with O. Ger. violence : to clear : to disencumber :—pr.p. ridd'-
rim Gen reim).] ing : pa. t. and Pa.p. rid. [A. S. hreddan, to
Rhythm, rithm, n.^Jloivmg motion : metre : regular snatch away : Ger. retten.]
recurrence of accents: harmony of proportion. Riddance, rid'ans, n. act of ridding or freeing.
[L. rhythmus—Gr. rhythmos—rhei, rheusomai, Riddle, rid'l, «. an obscure description of some-
to flow.] thing which the hearer is asked to name : a
Rhythmic, rith'mik, Rhythmical, rith'mik-al, puzzling question : an enigma.—v.i. to make
adj. having or pertaining to rhythm or metre.— riddles: to speak obscurely.—v.t. to solve, as a
adv. Rhytn'mlcally. riddle. [A.S. radels—rwdan, to guess, to read
Rib. rib, n, one of the bones from the backbone —rady counsel, cog. with Dut, rand, Ger. rath.]
which encircle the chest : anything like a rib in Riddle, rid ), n. a large sieve for separating coarser
form or use : a piece of timber which helps to materials from finer.—v.t. to separate with a
form or strengthen the side of a ship : a vein of 1 riddle, as grain from chaff : to make full of holes
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mOOn ; then.
 Bide
like a riddle, as with shot [A-S. kriddel—
hridrian, to sift ; Ger. r&del, a riddle—raden,
to sift.]
Ride, rid, v.i. to be borne, as on horseback or in a
carriage : to practise riding : to float, as a ship
at anchor.—v. t. to rest on so as to be carried :—
pa.t. rode ; Pa.p. ridd'en. —n. act of riding : an
excursion on horseback or in a vehicle : the course
passed over in riding : a district inspected by an
excise officer. [A.S. rtdan; Ice. reida, to move,
Ger. rtiten, to move along, L. (from Celt.)
rheda, a carriage. See Road j
Rider, rider, ». one who rides on a horse : one
who manages a horse : an addition to a document
after its completion, on a separate piece ofpaper :
an additional clause.
Ridge, rij, n. the back or top of the back : anything
like a back, as a long range of hills : an extended
protuberance : the earth thrown up by the plough
between the furrows : the upper horizontal tim
ber of a roof.—v.t. to form into ridges: to
wrinkle. [A.S. hrycg; Prov. E. and Scot, rig;
Ice. hryggr, Ger. rucken, the back.]
Ridgy, rij \{ atfj. having, or rising in ridges.
Ridicule, nd'i-kfll, n. wit exposing one to laughter:
derision : mockery.—v.t. to laugh at : to expose
to merriment : to deride : to mock. [L. ridicu
les, exciting laughter—rideo, to laugh.]
Ridiculous, ri-dikxi-lus, adj. deserving or exciting
ridicule : laughable : absurd.—adv. Ridic'u-
lously.—«. Ridiculousness. [L. Hdiculosus
—ridiculus.]
Riding, rld'ing, adj. used to ride or travel : suit
able for riding on, as a horse. — ». a road for rid
ing on : a district visited by an excise officer.—■
n. Rid ing habit. Riding-skirt, the long upper
habit, garment, or skirt worn by ladies when
riding.
Riding, rld'ing, n. one of the three divisions of
the county of York. [A corr. of A.S. thrithing,
thruling, a third part—tkry, thri, three.]
Rife, rif, adj. prevailing : abundant. —adv*
Rifely.—w. Rife'ness. [A.S. rif, prevalent;
cog. with Dut. rij/. Ice, rtfr, liberal.]
Riff-raff, rif'-raf, «. sweepings : refuse : the
rabble, the mob. [A reduplication of obs. rafft
sweepings, conn, with Raffle, Rifle, v. to rob.]
Rifle, ri'fl, v.t. to carry off by force : to strip, to
rob.—n. Rl'fler. [ Fr. rijfler, rafler; from
Teut., as Ger. raffen, to snatch away. See
Raffle.]
Rifle, ri'fl, v.t. to groove spirally, as a gun-barrel.
—n. a musket with a barrel spirally grooved.
[Allied to Low Ger. geri/elde, rifled, grooved,
and Ger. rie/eln, to channel—riefe, a channel, a
groove.]
Rifleman, rl'fl-man, n. a man armed with a rifle.
Rift, rift, n. an opening riven or split in anything :
a cleft or fissure.—v.t. to rive : to cleave.—v.i.
to split : to burst open. [From Rive.]
Rig, rig, v.t. to clothe, to dress: to put on: inaut.)
to fit with sails and tackling '.—pr.p. rigg'ing ;
pa.t. and Pa.p. rigged.—«. sails and tackling.
[Ice. to bandage, to put on sails—riga,
to be .stiff.)
Rig. rig, n. [Scotch) a ridge.: the[Asystem
Rigging, rigging, u. tackle form ofofRidge.]
cordage
which supports a ship's masts and extends the
sails. [Sec Rig, v.t.]
Right, Tit, adj., straight ; most direct: upright:
erect : according to truth and justice : according
to law : true : correct : just : fit : proper : exact :
most convenient : well performed : most dexter
ous, as the hand : on the right hand : on the right
430 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Ring
hand of one looking towards the mouth of a
river : [math.) upright from a base : containing
90 degrees.—adv. Rightly.—«. Right ness.
[A. S. rikt, ryht ; Ger. recktt L. rectus—rego%
to guide. See Rich.)
Right, rtt, adv. in a straight or direct line : in a
right manner: according to truth and justice :
correctly : very : in a great degree.
Right, rlt, «, that which is right or correct : truth :
justice : virtue : freedom from error : what one
has a just claim to : privilege : property : the
right side.—v.t. to make right or straight: to
set upright : to do justice to.—v.u to recover the
proper position.
Righteous, rtt'yus or ri'chus, adj. living and
acting according to right and justice : free
from guilt or sin : equitable : merited.—adv.
Right eously, [Litany) justly.—n. Righteous
ness. [Lit. 'in a right way,' A.S. rihHvis—
rikt, and ivis, a way or manner. The form
righteous is due to the influence of such words
as bounteous, plenteous, &c]
Rightful, rltTooL adj. having right : according to
justice.—adv. Rightfully, -n. Rightfulness.
Rigid, rij'id, adj. not easily bent: stiff: severe :
strict.—adv. Rigidly. Rlgidness. [L.
rigidus—rigeo, to be stiff" with cold ; akin to
frigco and to Gr. rigc&t to shiver with cold.]
Rigidity, ri-jid'it-i, «. the quality of resisting
change of form : stiffness of manner.
Rigmarole, rig'-ina-rfll, «. a repetition of foolish
words : a long story. [A corr. of ragman-rolly
a document with a long list of names, or with
numerous seals pendent.]
Rigorous, rig'ur-us, adj. exercising rigour : allow
ing no abatement: marked by severity: harsh :
scrupulously accurate : very severe.—adv,
Rig/orously.—«. Rig'orousnoss.
Rigour, rig'ur, «. the quality of being rigid or
severe : stiffness of opinion or temper : strict
ness : severity of climate: [tned. spelt Rigor)
a sense of chilliness attended by a shivering.
[L. rigor- rigeo.)
Rillevo. See Relievo.
R1U, ril, n. a small murmuring brook : a streamlet.
—v.i. to flow in small streams. [Prob. a Celt.
word, akin to Fr. rigole, and W. rhigol, a
furrow, a small trench.J
Rim, rim, «. a raised margin : a border: a brim.
—v.t. to put a rim to :—pr.p. rimm'ine ; pa.t.
and Pa.p. rimmed. [A.S. rima; ety. unknown.]
Rime, rim, «. hoar-frost : frozen dew.—adj,
Rim'y. [A.S. hrim; Dut. rijm, O. Ger. hrifo,
Ger. reif.\
Rind, rind, n. the external covering, as the skin
of fruit, the bark of trees, &c. [A.S. rina*,
rhind, Ger. rinde ; prob. from a Teut. root seen
in Goth, rindan (O. Ger. rintan), to surround.]
Rinderpest, rin'der-pest, n. a malignant and
contagious disease of cattle. [Ger. 'cattle-
plague.']
Ring, ring, n. a circle : a small hoop, usually of
metal, worn on the finger as an ornament : a
circular area for races, &c. : a circular group of
persons.—v.t. to encircle : to fit with a ring.
[A.S. hringj Ice. hring-r, Ger. Dan. and Sw.
ring. Cf. Rink and OfrcUfl.]
Ring, ring, v.i. to sound as a bell when struck :
to tinkle : to practise the art of ringing bells :
to continue to sound : to be filled with report.—-
v. t. to cause to sound, as a metal : to produce by
ringing '.—pa.t. rang, rung: Pa.p. rung.—*, a
sound, esp. of metals : the sound of many
voices : a chime of many bells. [A. S. hringan%
mOte ; mute ; moon ; then.
 Ringdove
cog. with Ice. hringia, to ring bells, kringtat
to clink, Dan. ringle, to tinkle.]
Ringdove, ringMuv, «. the cushat or wood-
pigeon ; so called from a white ring or line on
the neck.
Ringleader, ring'led-er, n. the head of a riotous
body. [Orig. the leader in the ring of a dance.]
Ringlet, ring let, «. a little ring : a curl, esp. of
hair.
Ring-ousel, ring'-GOzl, n. a species of thrush,
with a white band on the breast. [See Ousel.)
Ring-straked, ring'-strakt, adj. [B. ) streaked
with rings.
Ringworm, ringVurm, «. a skin disease in which
itchy pimples appear in rings, as if caused by a
worm.
Rink, ringk, «. the area where a race is run, or
games are played.—«. Skat'ing-rink, a place
artificially prepared for skating. [Simply a
variant of Ring, a circle.]
Rinse, rins, v.t. to cleanse by introducing water:
to cleanse with clean water. [O. Fr. rinser
(Fr. rimer)—Ice. kreinsa; Ger. and Dut. rein,
pure.]
Riot, rl'ot, «. uproar : tumult : a disturbance of
the peace: excessive feasting: luxury.—v.i. to
brawl : to raise an uproar : to run to excess in
feasting, behaviour, &c. : to be highly excited.
—n. Ri'oter. [Fr. riotte; ety. dub.]
Riotous, rT'ot-us, adj. engaging in riot : seditious:
tumultuous : luxurious : wanton.—adv. Ri ot-
ously.—«. Ri'otousness.
Rip, rip, v. t. to divide by cutting or tearing .* to
cut open : to take out by cutting or tearing : to
tear up for search or alteration ',—pr.p. ripp ing ;
pa. t. and pa.p. ripped. —«. a tear : a rent : a place
torn. [A.S. rypan; Dan. rippe, akin to Reap.]
Riparian, rip-a'ri-an, adj. belonging to a river-
bank. [L. ripa, a river-bank.]
Ripe, rTp, adj. ready for harvest : arrived at per
fection : fit for use : developed to the utmost :
finished: ready: resembling ripe fruit.—adv.
Ripely.—//. Ripe ness. [A.S. ripe, conn, with
rip, harvest ; cog. with Dut. rijp, Ger. reif,
akin to A.S. ripan, E. Reap.]
Ripen, rlp'en, v.i. to grow ripe: to approach or
reach perfection.—v.t. to nuke ripe: to bring to
perfection. [A.S. ripian; Get. rei/en.]
Ripple, ripl, «. the little waves on the surface of
running water: a little wave.—v.t. to cause a
ripple in.—v.i. to curl on the surface, as running
water. [Allied to Ger. rippelri, Low Ger.
reppen, to move.]
Ripple, rip'l, v.t. to pluck the seeds from stalks of
flax by drawing them through an iron comb.—
n. the comb for rippling. [Low Ger. repel,
machine for breaking flax, Ger. riffel, a flax-
comb.]
Rise, rlz, v.i. to move from a lower to a higher
position : to ascend : to grow upward : to swell
in quantity or extent : to take an upright posi
tion : to leave the place of rest : to tower up : to
appear above the horizon : to break forth : to
appear : to have its source : to increase in size,
value, &c: to become excited or hostile : to break
forth into commotion or insurrection : to in
crease in rank, fortune, or fame : to come to
mind : to close a session: [B.) to asctitd from
the grave \—pa.t. rose : pa.p. risen (riz'n).—n.
act of rising : ascent : degree ofelevation : a steep:
origin: increase: advance: {mux.) elevation of
the voice. [A.S. risan, cog. with Ice. risa,
Goth, reisan, Ger. reisen; intransitive form of
Raise.]
Ale, far ; ml, her ; mine ;
Roamer
Risible, riz'i-bl, adj. capable of exciting Innghter:
laughable: amusing.—adv. Ris'ibly.—«. Risi
bility, quality of being risible. [L. risibilis,
from rideo, risum, to laugh.]
Rising, rlz'ing, n. act of rising : resurrection :
[B.) a tumour.
Risk, risk, n. hazard : chance of loss or injury. —
v.t. to expose to hazard: to venture. [Fr.
risque (It. risico)—Sp. risco, a rock—L. reseco,
to cut off—re, off, seco, to cut The connection
is, an abrupt precipice, hence danger.]
Rissole, ris'Ol, «. fish or meat minced and fried
with bread crumbs and egg. [Fr., perh. from
the Teut., as Dan. riste, to roast.]
Rite, rlt, n. a religious usage or ceremony. [Fr.
rite—L. rt'tus.]
Ritual, rit'u-al, adj. consisting of or prescribing
rites —«. manner of performing divine service,
or a book containing it : the body of rites em
ployed in the church.—adv. Rit'ually. [L.
rititatis. See Rite.]
Ritualism, rit'O-al-izm, n. system of rituals or
prescribed forms of religion : the observance of
them : the name given to the great increase of
ceremonial in religious worship which has taken
place in a large section of the Church of England.
Ritualist, rit'u-al-ist, n. one skilled in or devoted
to a ritual ; one of the party in favour of ritual
ism in the Church of England. —ndj. Ritualist ic,
pertaining to the ritual.
Rival, ri'val, n. one pursuing the same object as
another : one who strives to equal or excel
another: a competitor.—adj. having the same
chums: standing in competition.—v.t. to stand
in competition with : to try to gain the same
object as another: to try to equal or excel:—
pr.p. rivalling; pa.t. and pa.p. rl'valled. [Lit.
one who lives on the opposite side of ariver%
and contends sometimes for the use of it, Fr.—
L. rivalis—rivus, a brook. See Rivulet.]
Rivalry, rl'val-ri, «. act of rivalling: competi
tion : emulation.
Rive, rlv, v.t. to tear asunder: to split.—v.i. to
be split asunder \~~pa.t. rived; pa.p. rived,
riVen. [A.S. red/an; Dan. rive.]
River, riv'er, «. a large running stream of water.
[Fr. riviere (It. rivlera, shore, river)—Low I*
riparia, a shore district—L, ripa, a bank.]
Rivet, riv'et, ». a bolt of metal fastened by being
hammered at both ends. —v.t. to fasten with a
rivet : to make firm or immovable :—Pr.p. riv'et-
ing ; Pa.t. and pa.p. riv'eted. [Fr., acc. to
Dicz from the root of Ice. rlfa, Dan. rive,
Ger. reiben, E. Rive.]
Rivulet, riv'Q-let, «. a small river or stream : a
brook. [L. rivulus, dim. of rivus, a stream,
akin to Sans, sru, Or. rhed, to flow.]
Roach, rOch, m. a fresh-water fish of a silvery
colour. [Dut. rock, Ger. roche, Dan. rokke.)
Road, rod, n. a highway : an open way for passen
gers and traffic: '/>'.! a plundering excursion.
[A.S. rod, a riding—rod, pa.t. of rldan. Ride.]
Road, rod, Roadstead, rod sted, Roads, rodz, n.
a place where ships ride at anchor.
Roadster, rod'ster, n. {naul.) a vessel riding at
anchor in a road: a horse fitted for travelling.
Roadway, rOd'wa, «. the way or part of a road or
street travelled by carriages.
Roam, rOm, v.i. to rove about: to ramble.— v.t.
to wander over. [Prob. formed from Roamer.]
Roamer, rCm'er, n. a wanderer. [Usually derived
from O. Fr. romier, one who makes a pilgrimage
to Rome (Sp. romero, It. romeo)—L. Roma,
Rome.]
mOie ; mute ; uiOon ; then.
 Roan Rolling
Roan, rfln, adj. having a bay or dark colour, with Rocky, roVi, adj. full of rocks : resembling a rock :
spots of gray and white : of a mixed colour, with hard : unfeeling.—«. Rock moss.
a decided shade of red.—». a roan colour : a ROCOCO, rokO'ko, n. a term applied to a debased
roan horse : grained sheepskin leather. [BY. style of architecture prevailing in the 18th
rouan {It. roano) \ ety. unknown.] century, marked by endless multiplication of
Roan-tree, Rowan-tree, ro'an-trc, n. the moun ornamental details. [Formed from Fr. rocailie,
tain-ash. [So called either from the colour of rockwork.]
its stem (see Roan), or it is a corr. of Rune, Rod, rod, «. a long twig : a slender stick : any
from its use in divination. Sec Rune.] thing long and slender : an instrument of correc
Roar, rOr, v.i. to utter a full, loud sound : to cry, tion : an emblem of power or authority : a pole
as a beast: to cry aloud: to bawl.—». a full, or perch (5J yards) : (Jig.) punishment : autho
loud sound : the cry of a beast : an outcry of rity : oppression : M.) race or tribe. [A.S, ;
mirth, esp. of laughter. [AS. rhrian, O. Ger. Dut. roede, Ger. rutke ; akin to L. rudis, a rod,
reran, Ger. rdhren, to cry as a stag, to bellow ; and Sans, ridh, to grow. See Rood. ]
influenced also by an old verb hroren, the Ger. Rode, rod, pa.t. of Ride.
rfihren, to move (cf. Uproar).] Rodent, ro'dent, adj.* gnawing. [I* rodens, ro~
Roaring, roYing, n. act or sound of roaring : a dentis, pr.p. oirodo, to gnaw.]
disease of horses causing them to roar in Rodomontade, rod-o-mont-ad', «. vain boasting,
breathing. like that of Rodontonte in the Orlando Furiosa
Roast, rost, v.t. to cook before a fire : to parch by of Ariosto.—V.i. to boast or bluster.
exposure to heat : to heat to excess : to dissipate Roe, rO, n. the eggs or spawn of fishes, flee.
the volatile parts of by heat.—«. that which is krogn, Ger. rogen.]
roasted. [O. Fr. rostir (Fr. r6tir)—Q. Ger. Roe, ro, n. a species of deer, smaller than the
rdstan (whence Ger. rdsten , to roast.] fallow-deer : also the female deer.
Rob, rob, n. the juice of ripe fruit mixed with Roebuck, nYbuk, n. the male of the roe, having
honey or sugar. [Fr.—Ar. robb, purified sirup of usually one front antler and two hinder ones.
boiled fruit.] [A.S. rah; Ger. reh, Ice. ra.\
Rot), rob, v.t. to take away from by force or theft : Rogation. ro-g;Vshun, n. an asking: supplication.
10 plunder: to steal: to deprive: (/•'.) to with —Rogation-days, the three days before the
hold what is due:—pr.p. robb'ing ; pa.t. and festival of Ascension, being days of special
Pa.p, robbed.—n. Robb er, one who robs. [O. supplication. [L., from rogo, to ask.]
Fr. rober—Ger. rauben, A.S. reajian.} Rogue, rog, n. a dishonest person: a knave: a
Robbery, rob'er-i, «. theft from the person, aggra mischievous or frolicsome person : [law] a
vated by violence or intimidation : plundering. vagrant. [Fr. rogue, proud; either from Bret.
Robe, rob, n. a gown or outer garment : a dress of rok, proud, or acc. to Dies, from Ice. hrokr,
dignity or state : a rich dress.—v.t. to dress, as proud, haughty.] [chievousness : waggery.
wuh a robe : to clothe. [Fr. ; from O- Ger. Roguery, rog'cr-i, n. knavish tricks: fraud : mis-
tvubon (Ger. rauben), E. Rob ; applied to Roguish, rog'ish, adj. knavish : mischievous :
clothes, because they were so frequently stolen. waggish.—adv. Roguishly. ~m, Rog'uiBh.ness.
Robin, rob'in, Robin-redbreast, rob'in-red'brest, Roister, roisr'er, v.i. to bluster, swagger, bully.
m. a singing bird with a reddish breast. [A —«. Roist'erer. [Fr. rustre, a rough, rude
familiarformof Robert: cf. TVuvfc-daw, Jfag-pie.] fellow—(). Fr. ruste—L. rusticus, rustic]
Robust, ru-bust', adj. of great strength or vigour : Rule, rot, «. the part performed by an actor in a
requiring strength.—adv. RobUSt'ly.—«. Ro- play : any important part played in public life.
bUSt'nesS. [Fr. —L. robustus—robnr. oak.] [Fr., the part of each actor being written ou a
ROC, rok, «. an enormous bird in Persian folk-tales. roll of paper. Sec Roll. ]
[Pers. rukh.\ Roll, rol, v.i. to turn like a wheel : to turn on an
Rochet, roch'et, n. a surplice with narrow sleeves axis : to be formed into a roll or cylinder : to
worn by bishops. [Fr., dim. of Low L. roccus move, as waves : to be tossed about : to move
—O- Ger. roc (A.S. rocc, Ger. rock), a coat.] tumultuously : to be hurled : to rock, or move
Rock, rok, n. a large mass of stone: (geol.) a from side to side : to wallow : to spread under
natural deposit of sand, earth, or clay : that a roller : to sound as a drum beaten rapidly. —
which has the firmness of a rock: (5.) defence. v.t. to cause to roll : to turn on an axis : to
[Fr. roc, roche ; prob. Celt., as in Gael, roc, wrap round on itself : to inwrap : to drive for
W. rkivg, a projection.] ward : to move upon wheels : to press with a
Rock, rok, n. a distaff. [Dut. rokken. Ice. rockr.] roller : to beat rapidly, as a drum.—n. act of
Rock, rok, v.t. to move backward and forward : to rolling : that which rolls : a roller : that which
lull to sleep.—v.i. to be moved backward and is rolled up : hence parchment, paper, &c.
forward: to totter. [Teut., as Ice. rugga, Ger. wound into a circular form : a document : a
rUcken, to move.] register: a kind of fancy bread : the continued
Rocker, rok'er, «. the curved support on which a sound of a drum. [O. rr. roeller (Fr. router)—
cr.idle or rocking-chair rocks. Low L. rotutare—L.. rotula, a little wheel—
Rockery, rok'er-i, n. Same as Rockwork. rota, a wheel.]
Rocket, rok'et, «. a firework which is projected Roll-call, ruT-kawl, n. the calling of the roll or
through the air, used for making signals in war, list of names, as in the army.
and for saving life at sea by conveying a line over Roller, ruler, «. that which rolls : a cylinder
a stranded vessel. [It. rocc/tetta, Irom root of used for rolling, grinding, &c. : a long broad
rock, a distal), because its thick upper end is like bandage :—/*/. heavy waves.
a distaff.] [rocks. Rollicking, rol'ik-ing. adj. careless, swaggering.
Rock-pigeon, rok-pij'un, n. a pigeon inhabiting [Prob. a form of Roll, with allusion to Frolic]
Rocksalt, rok'sawft, n., sali in rock-\\kc masses. Rolling, rol ing, adj. moving on wheels : used in
Rockwork. rok'wurk, n. {arch.) masonry in imi rolling. «. Roll'ing-pin, a cylindrical pin or
tation of masses of rock: \hort.) a pile of earth piece
covered with strmcs with plants growing between. press.ofa wood for rolling paste. —n. Rolling-
press of two cylinders for rolling or
fate, far ; me, her : mine ; mOie ; mute ; moon ; tkeu.
 Romaic
calendering cloth,—?/. Roll'ing-Btock, the stock
or store of engines, carriages, &c of a railway.
Romaic, ro-maik, w. modern Greek, the language
of the descendants of the Eastern Romans.
[Fr. Romaique; from modern Gr. Rdmaikos—
L. Roma.]
Roman, rO'man, adj* pertaining to Rome or to
the Romans : pertaining to the Roman Catholic
religion : papal : {print.) noting the letters com
monly used, as opposed to Italics : written in
letters {used by the Romans, as IV.}, not in
figures (as 4).— n. a native or citizen of Rome.
[L. Romanus—Roma, Rome.]
Roman Catholic, rO'man kath'ol-ik, adj. denoting
the Christians throughout the world who recog
nise the spiritual supremacy of the Pope or
Bishop of Rome. —n. a member of the Roman
Catholic Church.
Romance, ro-mans', «. the dialects in S. Europe
which sprung from a corruption of the Roman
or Latin language : a tale written in these dia
lects : any fictitious and wonderful tale : a ficti
tious narrative in prose or verse which passes
beyond the limits of real life.—adj. belonging
to the dialects called Romance,—v.i. to write
or tell romances: to talk extravagantly.
Roman'cer. [O. Fr. romans—Low L. adv.
'loqui) romanice fto speak) in the Roman or
Latin tongue—L. Romanicus, Roman.}
Romanesque, rO-man-esk', «. that which pertains
to romance: [arch.) the debased style adopted
in the later Roman empire : the dialect of Lan-
gucdoc and other districts of the south of
France. IFr. ; It. romanesco—Romanicus.]
Romanise, rO'man-Iz, v.t. to convert to theRowan
Catholic religion. —v.i, to conform to Roman
Catholic opinions or practices.
Romanism. rO'man-izm, «. the tenets of the
Roman Catholic Church.
Romanist, ro'man-ist, n. a Roman Catholic.
Romantic, ro-mon'tik, atij. pertaining to or re
sembling romance ; fictitious : extravagant :
wild : fantastic—adv. Roman'tlcally.—#. Ro-
man'tlcness.
Romanticism, ro-man'ti-sizm, n. in literature, the
revolt from a classical to a medieval style. [So
called because the latter was orig. imitated from
Romance models.]
Romish, rom'ish, adj. belonging to Route, or to
the Roman Catholic Church.
Romp, romp, v.i. to play noisily : to skip about in
play.—n. a girl who romps : rude frolic [A
form of Ramp.]
Romplsh, romp'ish, adj. fond of romping or noisy
play.—adv. Romp'isnly- «. Romp'ishness.
Rondeau, ron'dO, n. a little poem in three parts,
of which the first two or three words are re
peated at the end of the second and third part,
and which thus ends as it began. [Fr., from
rond, round. See Round. ]
Rondo, ron'ds, «. the same as Rondeau. [It.
form of the same word.]
Rood, riTOd, n. the fourth part of an acre, or forty
perches, so called from the rod used in measur
ing : a figure of Christ's cross, and often of the
crucifix, m R. Cath. churches. [Same as Rod.]
Roof, rOof, n. the top covering of a house or
building : a vault or arch, or the inner side of
it: a house or dwelling. —v.t. to cover with a
roof: to shelter. [A.S. kr6f; Out. roe/.]
Roofing, roUf'ing, «. covering with a roof : mate
rials Tor a roof : the roof itself.
Roofless, rfRjfles, adj. without a roof: having no
house or home : unsheltered.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Rose-window
Rook, rook, n. a kind of crow, so called from its
croak, [A.S. krdc ; Goth, hrnkjan, to croak.
See Crow,]
Rook, rook, ft. a castle or piece used in playing
chess. [Fr. roc; from Pers. rokh, a camel with
a tower for archers.]
Rookery, rook'er-i, n. a group of trees to which
rooks resort to build their nests.
Room, rOom, space: a chamber: extent of
place : space unoccupied : freedom to act : fit
occasion : place of another : stead : {B.) a seat.
[A.S. and Ice. rum ; Ger. raum.]
Roomy, roTJm'i, adj. having ample room : wide :
spacious.—adv. Room'ily.—«. Roominess.
Roost, rSOst, m. a pole or support on which a bird
rests at night : a number of fowls resting to
gether.—v.t* to sit or sleep on a roost. [A.S.
nrost ; DuL roest,}
Root, ro"Ot, n. the part of a plant which is fixed in
the earth, and which draws up sap from the
soil : an edible root : anything like a root : the
bottom : a word from which others are derived :
the cause or occasion of anything : (math.) the
factor of a quantity which multiplied by itself
produces that quantity : the value of the un
known quantity in an equation.—v.i. to Jix the
root: to be firmly established.—v.t. to plant in
the earth: to implant deeply. [Ice. and Sw.
rot s Dan. rod ; akin to L. radix, Gr. riza, a
root, Sans, run, to grow.]
Root, root, v.t. to turn up with the snout, as
swine.—v.i. to turn up the earth with the snout.
[A.S. ivrotian—ivrot, a snout ; Out. utroctm.]
Rootlet, rOOilei, «. a little root : a radicle.
Rope, rSp, «. a thick twisted cord. —v.i- to extend
into a thread, as by a glutinous quality. — adj.
Ropy. -adv. Ropily.—«. Rop'iness. [A.S.
rdp; cog. with Ice. reip, Dut. reep, Ger. rei/.]
Rope-dancer, rOp'-dans-er, n. one who performs
acrobatic feats on a rope.
Roper, rOp'er, «. a maker of ropes.
Ropery, rGp'er-i, «. a place where ropes are made.
Ropewalk, rop'wawk, ». a long narrow shed
used for the spinning of ropes.
Rorqual, rorTcwal, n. a genus of whales of the
largest size. [Norw.]
Rosaceous, ro-za'shus, adj. {Sot.) pertaining to
the rose family : having the petals arranged
like those of the rose. [L. rosacens.]
Rosary, ro'zar-i, n. the string of beads by which
Roman Catholics count their prayers. [Low
L. rosarium (lit. a rose-bed), a dook of roses or
choice extracts, an anthology, esp. a series of
prayers.]
Rose, pad. of Rise.
Rose, roz, «. a plant of many species with a
beautiful flower, generally red: a rosette: a
perforated nozzle of a pipe, &c : pink, the
colour of the rose. [A.S. rose—L. rosa, akin to
Gr. rodon ; prob. akin to erythros, red.]
Roseal, roz'e-al, adj. like a rose in smell or colour.
Roseate. rOz'e-at, adj., rosy: full of roses : bloom
ing : red.
Rosemary, roYmar-i, Rosmarln, roz'ma-rcn, n.
a small fragrant evergreen shrub of a pungent
taste, once used as an emblem of fidelity.
[M. E. rosemaryne—h. ros-marinus, ' sea-
spray,' from its usually growing on the sea-coast
—ros, dew, marinus—tnare, the sea.]
Rosette, ro-zet', «. an imitation of a rose by
means of a ribbon : {arch.) a rose-shaped orna
ment. [Fr. , dim. o( rose.] [rose-leaves.
Rose-water, roz'-waw'ter, «., water distilled from
I Rose-Window, roz'-wind'G, n. a circular window
m6te ; mute ; mCOn ; Afceu> *i9
 Rosewood
with its compartments branching from a centre,
like a rose.
Rosewood, roYwood, «. the ivood of a Brazilian
tree having a fragrance like that of roses.
Rosin, roz'in, n. the solid left after distilling off
the oil from crude turpentine.—v.t. to rub or
cover with rosin. [A form of Resin.]
Eosiny, roz'in-i, adj. like or containing rosin.
Roster, ros'ter, «. the list of persons liable to a
certain duty. [Prob. Prov. Ger. roster—Ger.
register, a Fist. See Register.}
Rostral, ros'iral, adj. like a rostrum or beak.
Rostrate, rustnit, Rostrated, ros'trat-ed, adj.,
beaked. iape Of 3
Rostriform, ros'tri-form, adj. having the form or
Rostrum, ros'trum, «. in ancient Rome, an erection
for public speakers in the Forum, adorned with
the beaks or heads of ships taken in war : the
platform from which a speaker addresses his
audience. [L., lit. 1 the beak '—rodo, rosum, to
gnaw.)
Rosy, rOz'i, adj. like a rose : red : blooming :
blushing: charming. — «. Ros'lness.
Rot, rot, v.i. to putrefy : to become decomposed.
—v. t. to cause to rot : to bring to corruption :—
pr.p. rott'ing ; jxi.t. and pa.p. rott'ed.—n.
~ decay : putrefaction : a disease of the potato : a
decay (called Dry-rot) which attacks timber ; a
fatal distemper in sheep. [A.S. rotian, cog.
with Ice. rotna.]
Rotary, rO'tar-i, adj. turning round like a ivkeei ;
rotatory. [ L. rota, a wheel, akin to Sans. rat/ut,
a chariot, and Ger. rod, a wheel.]
Rotate,
•wheel:rOtotat, v.t.tototurn.—v.t,
cause turn anything
to turnround
roundlikelikea
a wheel. [L. roto, rotatus—rota.]
Rotation, ro-ta'shun, n. a turning round like a
wheel: series or appropriate succession, as of
crops. [Fr. —L. rotatio.]
Rotatory, rO'la-tor-i, adj. turning round like a
ivkeei: going in a circle : following in succession.
Rote, rot, n. the frequent and mechanical repeti
tion of words without knowledge of the meaning.
[M. E. rote, to hum a tunc—A.S. hrutan, to
roar ; cf, Scot, rout, to bellow, O. Fr. rote, a
hurdy-gurdy.]
Rotten, rot'n, adj. putrefied : corrupt : decom
posed : unsound : treacherous. —«. Rott'enness.
Rottenstone, rot'n-stOn, n. a soft stone used in a
state of powder to polish soft metals and glass.
[See Rotten and Stone.]
Rotund, ro-tund', adj. round : spherical, —ns.
Rotund'noss, Rotundity. [L. rotnndus—rota.
See Rotary.]
Rotunda, ro-tund'a, Rotundo, ro-tund'o, n. a
round building. [Fr. rotonde, II rotondo.]
Rouble. Same as Ruble.
Roue*. rOO'a, n. a fashionable profligate : a rake :
a debauchee. [Lit. 'one broken on the ivkeelf
a name given by Philippe, Duke of Orleans,
Regent of France 1715-23, to his dissolute com
panions, Fr., pa.p. of rouer—roue—L. rota, a
wheel.]
Rouge, rOO/h, n. a red paint used to colour the
cheeks or lips.—v.t. to colour with rouge. [Fr.
(It. roggio, robbio)—L. rubcus, red. See Ruby. ]
Rouge-et-nolr, rCSzh'-a-nwawr', n. a game at cards
played at a table, marked with four diamond-
shaped spots, two red and two black. [Fr. 'red-
and-black.'J
Rough, ruf, adj. not smooth: uneven: uncut:
unpolished : unfinished : boisterous : tempestu
ous : violent : harsh : severe : rude : coarse :
disordered in appearance.—adv. Roughly.—
440 fate, far : me, her ; mine :
Route
n. Rough'ness. [A.S. ruk, rough, cog. with
Ger. ranch, rauh, Dut. ruig.j [horse.
Rough, ruf, v.t. to make rough : to break in a
Roughen, ruf'n, v.t. to make rough.—v.i. to
become rough.
Rough-rider, ruf'-rid'er, n. one who rides rough
or untrained horses : a horse-breaker.
Roulette, rGol-et', «. a little ball or roller: a game
of chance played with a small ball on a circle
divided into red and black spaces. [Fr. — rouler,
to roll, from the balls rolling. See Roll.]
Round, rownd, adj. circular : globular : cylin
drical : whole : complete : plump : large : smooth :
flowing: open: plain: positive: bold: brisk.—
adv. in a round manner : on all sides : from one
side or party to another : circularly.—prep.
around : on every side of : all over. —n. that
which is round : a circle or globe : a series of
actions : the time of such a series : a turn :
routine : revolution : cycle : an accustomed walk :
a step of a ladder : a song or dance having a
frequent return to the same point : a volley or
general discharge of firearms : that in which a
whole company takes part,—v.t. to make round:
to surround : to go round : to complete : to make
full and flowing.—v.i. to grow or become round
or full : to go round.—adj. Round'ish, some
what round. [O. Fr. round, roond (Fr. rond)—
L. rotundus—rota, a wheel. See Rotary.]
Roundabout, rownd'a-bowt, adj. encircling : cir
cuitous : indirect.—tu a horizontal revolving
wheel on which children ride.
Roundel, rownd'el, n, anything of a round form or
figure : a circle : a roundelay. [O. Fr. rondel
(Fr. rondeau), dim. of rond. See Round.]
Roundelay, rownd'e-la, «. a round', a song or
dance in which parts are repeated. [Same as
above, modified by influence of £. Lay.]
Roundhead, rownd hed, n. a Puritan, so called in
the time of Charles I. from the Puritan fashion
of having the hair cut close to the head.
Roundhouse, rownd'hows, n. in ships, a cabin or
house on the after-part of the quarter-deck.
Roundly, rownd'li, adx>. in a round manner : fully :
completely: boldly: openly: plainly.
Roundness, rownd'nes, n. quality of being round,
globular, or cylindrical : cylindrical form : full
ness : smoothness of flow : plainness : boldness.
RoundrODln, rownd-rob'in, n. a petition with the
signatures in the form of a circle or round
ribbon, so as not to show who signed first. [Fr.
rond ruban, round ribbon.)
Roup, rowp, n. a sale by auction.—v. to sell by
auction. [A Scotch word.]
Rouse, rowz, v.t. to raise up : to stir up : to
awaken : to excite to : to put into action : to
startle or start, as an animal. —v.i to awake: to
be excited to action. [Prob. from the root of
Rose, pa-L of Rise. See also Raise.]
Rouse, rowz, n. a carousal. [Perh. akin to Ger.
rausck, drunkenness, perh- short for Carouse.]
Rout, rowt, «. a tumultuous crowd, a rabble : a
large party : a fashionable evening assembly.
[O. Fr. route, a band, division—Low L. rupta,
thing broken—L. rumpo, ruptus, to break.]
Rout, rowt, n. the defeat of an army or body of
troops : the disorder of troops defeated.—v.t. to
put to disorderly flight : to defeat and throw
into confusion : to conquer. [O. Fr. route—
L. ruptns, rupta, pa. p. of rumpo, to break.
See Rupture.]
Route, rOOt, n. a course to be traversed : a line of
march: road: track. [Fr.—L. rupta [via), *a
broken way.']
mote ; mute ; mo"0n : then.
 Routine
Routine, rOot-fin', n. course of duties : regular
course of action. [Ft.]
Rove, rOv, v.t. {Hi.) to rob: to wander oyer like
robbers.—v.i. to wander about: to ramble: to
range. [A byform of Reave, modified by
influence of Dul roven, to plunder. See Rob.]
Rover, rov'er, «. one who roves : a robber or
pirate : a wanderer : an inconstant person.
Row, rO, n. a line : a rank : persons or things in
a line. [A.S. raiua : Ger. reihe, Dut. rij.\
ROW, rO, v.t. to impel with an oar: to transport
by rowing. —v.i. to work with the oar: to b«
moved by oars. —n. an excursion in a rowing-
boat. — m. Row'er. [A.S. rovan; Ger. rudern.
Ice. roa.] fa corr. of Rout, a rabble ]
Row, row, n. a noisy squabble : uproar. [Prob.
Rowan-tree, ro'an-tr€, n. See Roan-tree.
Rowdy, rowMi, adj. noisy and turbulent.—«.
Row dyism. [Short for rowdydow, an expres
sion formed on the basis of Row, uproar, and
Rout, a rabble ]
Rowel, row'el, n. the little wheel in a spur, set
with sharp points : a little flat wheel or ring on
horses' bits. [Fr. rouelle—Low L. rotella, dim,
of L. rata, a wheel. ]
Rowlock, rO'lok or rul'uk, «. a contrivance on the
wale of a boat, to hold the oar in rowing. [Row,
v. and Look.]
Royal, roy'al, adj., regal, kingly: magnificent:
illustrious : magnanimous : enjoying the favour
or patronage of the sovereign. —adv. Roy ally.
[Fr.—L. regalis. See RegaL]
Royal, roy'al, n. a large kind of paper : a sail
above the topgallant sail : one of the soldiers of
the ist British regiment of foot : one of the
shoots of a stag's head.
Royallam, roy'al-izm, «. attachment to kings or
to kingly government.
Royalist, roy'al-ist, n. an adherent of royalism.
Royalty, ro/al-ti, w., kingship; the character,
state, or office of a king : majesty : the person
of the king or sovereign : fixed sum paid to the
crown or other proprietor, as on the produce of
a mine, &c, : kingdom.
Rub. rub, v.t. to move something over (the surface
of) with pressure or friction : to clean : to polish :
to wipe: to scour: to erase or beat out: to
touch hard.—v.i. to move along with pressure:
to grate : to fret '.—pr.p. rubbing ; pa.t. and pa.p.
rubbed.—«. the act of rubbing : that which rubs :
a collision : an obstruction : difficulty : a pinch : a
joke. [Gael, rub, W. rhwbio, to rub, to grind.]
Rubber, rub er, n. caoutchouc : a coarse file : a
contest of three games at cards.
Rubbish, rub'ish, n. waste matter: the fragments
of ruinous buildings: any mingled mass: non
sense.—adj. Rubbishy. [From Rub.]
Rubble, rubl, «. the upper fragmentary decom
posed matter of a mass of rock : water-worn
stones : small, undressed stones used in coarse
masonry. [From Rub.]
Rubescent, rCo-bes'ent, adj. tending to a red
colour. [L. rubesco, to grow red—ruder, red.]
Rubicund, roT/bi-kund, adj. inclining to ruby or
redness: ruddy-—«. Rublcun'dlty.
Ruble, rix/bl, n. a Russian silver coin equal in
value to 100 copper copecks, worth about 3s.
[Russ. mil, a piece cut off—rubitj, to cut.]
Rubric, rOo'brik, «. the title of a statute : the
directions for the service, in Prayer-books,
formerly in red letter: :in ecclesiastical injunc
tion : a thing definitely settled.—adt's. Ru'brical,
Ru'brlO. [L. rubrica, red earth, hence the title
of a law (because written in red)—ruber, red.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Rule
Ruby, roTVbi, redness: anything red : a pre
cious stone of a red colour.—adj. having the
colour of the ruby: red. —v.t. to make red:
—pa.t. and pa.p. ru'bied. [Fr. rubis ; from L.
rubeus—ruber, red.]
Rudder, rud'er, n. the instrument by which a
ship is rowed or steered, which originally was
an oar working at the stern. [A.S. rather;
Ger. ruder, an oar. See Row, v.t.]
Ruddy, rud'i [camp. Ruddier, superl. Ruddiest),
adj. of a red colour : of the colour of the skin
in high health. - adv. Rudd'ily.—w.Rudd'iness.
[M. E. rude, the colour of the face, from root
of Red.]
Rude, ro"od [comp. Rud'er, superl. Rud'est), adj.
crude : uncultivated : barbarous : rough : harsh :
ignorant : uncivil.—adv. Rudely.—n. Rude'-
ness. [Fr.—L. rudis; conn, with Crude.]
Rudiment, rOTd'i-ment, «. anything in its rude
or first state : a first principle or element.
Rudlmental, r5od-i-ment'al, Rudimentary, rOod-
i-ment'ar-i, adj. pertaining to, consisting in, or
containing rudiments or first principles : initial.
Rue, ro"0, n. a plant used in medicine, having a
bitter taste and strong smell. [Fr. rwtf—L, ruta
—Gr. rkyti.]
Rue, rC50, v.t. to be sorry for : to lament :—pr.p.
rue'ing; pa.t. and Pa.p. rued. [A.S. hreowan,
to be sorry for—hreoiu, sorrow ; Ger. reue, O.
Ger. hriuiua, mourning.]
Rueful, rfSo'fool, adj., sorrowful', piteous.—adv.
Rue'fully.—n. Rue'fulness.
Ruff, ruf, «. an ornament of frills formerly worn
round the neck : anything plaited : a species of
wading birdj the male of which has the neck
surrounded in the breeding season with a ntff
of long feathers.—fern. Reeve.—v.t. to ruffle :
to trump at whist instead of following suit.
[Prob. a form of Rough.]
Ruffian, ruf'i-an, n. a brutal, boisterous fellow : a
robber : a murderer.—adj. brutal : boisterous.
[Fr. rufien; It. rufiano, prob. from a root ruf,
seen in Prov. Ger. ruffer, ruffeln, to pander.]
Ruffianism, ruf'i-an-izm, //. conduct of a ruffian.
Ruffianly, ruf'i-an-li, adj. like a ruffian : violent.
Ruffle, ruf'l, v.t. to make like a ruff, to wrinkle :
to form into plaits : to form with ruffles : to
disorder : to agitate.—v.i. to grow rough : to
flutter.—*. a plaited article of dress : agitation :
a low roll of the drum. [See Ruff.]
Ruffler, ruf'ler, «. a swaggerer, a bully.
RufOUS, rOo'fus, adj., reddish or brownish-red :
having reddish hair. [L. rufus, akin to ruber,
red.]
Rug, rug, n. a coarse, rough woollen cloth or
coverlet : a soft, woolly mat. [From root of
Rough.]
Rugged, rug'ed, grating
sour : stormy: adj., rough: uneven: shaggy:
to the ear.—adv. Ruggv-
edly.—n. Rugg'edness. [M. E. rogge, to
shake, Scot, rug, to tear, from Scand. rugga.]
Rugose, rdr/gOs, RugOUS, rOo'gus,m#., wrinkled:
full of wrinkles. [L. rugosus—ruga, a wrinkle.]
Ruin, rOD in, «. a rushing or falling down vio
lently : destruction : overthrow : that which
destroys : the remains of a building demolished
or decayed (usually in //.).—v.t. to demolish:
to destroy : to defeat : to impoverish. [Fr.—L.
ruina—rua. to rush or tumble down.]
Ruinous, roG'in-us, adj. fallen to ruins : decayed :
pernicious. —adv. Ruinously.
Rule, rool, ». government : a principle : a stand
ard : a statute : a maxim : order : an instru-
- ment used in drawing lines.—v.t. to govern : to
mOte ; mute ; mCon ; Men. 4-11
 Ruler Rustle
manage : to settle u by a rule : to establish by with Ice. run, with O. Ger. runa, a
decision : to determine, as a court : to mark whispering, Goth, runa, secret.]
with lines.—V.i, to exercise power : to decide : Rung, rung. pa,t. and pa.p. of Ring.
to lay down and settle : to stand or range, as Runic, rOon ik, adj. relating to runts, to the
prices. [O. Fr. reuU, Fr. rigU—L. regula— ancient Teutonic nations, or to their language.
rego, to keep straight, to rule.J
Rulor, rOol'er, w. a sovereign : a governor : an Runner, run'er, n. one who or that which runs : a
racer : a messenger : a rooting stem that runs
instrument used in drawing lines. along the ground : the moving stone of a nidi :
Ruling, rOOfing, adj. predominant : prevailing. a rope to increase the power ofa tackle.
Bum, rum, «. a kind of spirit distilled from the Running, run ing, adj. kept for the race : suc
fermented juice of the sugar-cane, or from cessive : continuous ; flowing : easy : discharg
molasses. [Prob. a West Indian word.]
Rumblo, rum'bl, ». a seat for servants behind a ing matter.—n. act of moving swiftly : that
which runs or flows : a discharge from a wound.
carriage. [Ety. dub.] Rupee, roTJ-pe', n. the standard silver coin of
Rumble, rum'bl. v.i. to make a confused noise India, once valued at as., now fallen to is. 2d.
from rolling heavily.—n. a low, heavy continued [Hind, rupiyah—Sans, rupya, silver.]
sound. i'J'eut., found in Dut. rommelcn, rum- Rupture, rup'tGr, «. the act of breaking or burst
meln, from the sound.] [sound. ing : the state of being broken : a breach of
Rumbling, rum'bling, «. a low, heavy, continued the peace : (med.) the protrusion of any of the
Ruminant, rOo'mt-nant, adj. having the power of viscera.—v.t. to break or burst: to part by
ruminating or chewing the cud.—n, an animal violence.—v.i. to suffer a breach. [Fr.—Low
that chews the cud, as the ox, &c. L. ruptura —L. rumpo, ruptum, to break.]
Ruminate, rOO'mi-nat, v.i. to chew the cud : to Rural, rSoral, adj. of or belonging to the
meditate. —v.t. to chew over again : to muse on. country: suiting the country: rustic: pertain
[L. rumitto, -atum—rumen, the throat, gullet.] ing to agriculture.—adv. Rur ally, —n. Rural
Rumination, rGO-mi-na'shun, >:. act of chewing dean, an ecclesiastic under the bishop and arch
the cud : calm reflection. deacon, with the peculiar care of the clergy of
Rummage, rum'aj, v.t. and v.i. to search nar a district. [Fr.—L. ruralis—rus, ruris, the
rowly by turning things over: to clear a ship's country.] [become rural.
hold of goods.—«. a careful search. (Orig. a Ruralise, roor'al-iz, v.t. to render rural.—v.i. to
naut. term, M. E. rume, to clear a space—A. S. Ruse, rooz, n. a turning or doubling, as of animals
rum. room, or from Dut. ruim, a ship's hold. to get out of the way of dogs : a trick : fraud,
Sec Room. I [Fr. ruser, to turn, O. Fr. raiser, to get out of
Rummer, rum'er, n. a large drinking-glass. [Dut. the way; prob. from L. recusare, to decline.]
rocmer, Ger. rdtner, perh. from Low L. ro- Rush, rush, v.i. to move with a shaking, rustling
marius, a glass of Roman ware.] noise, as the wind : to move forward violently :
Rumour, rGO'mur, n. flying report : a current to enter rashly and hastily.—//, a rushing or
story.—v.t. to report: to circulate by report. driving forward. [A.S. Arisetan, to shake,
[L. rumor, a noise; conn, with mucus, hoarse, Ger. ramchen, to make a noise.]
rudo, to bray, Sans, rw, to sound.] Rush, rush, «. a plant with a round stem and no
Rump, rump, n. the end of the backbone of an leaves, common in wet ground. [A.S. riser, like
animal with the parts adjacent. [Ice. rumpr, Ger. risen, from L. ruseum.]
Ger. rump/, Dut. rompe.} Rushy, rush'i, adj. full of or made of rushes.
Rumple, rum'pl, v.t. to crush out of shape: to Rusk, rusk, n. a kind of light hard cake : a kind
make uneven.—«. a fold or wrinkle. [A.S. of light soft cake or sweetened biscuit. [Acc. to
krymfielUy a fold ; Dut. rompelen, to fold.] Mann, prob. from Low Ger. rusken, to crackle.]
Run, run, v.i. to move swiftly : to pass quickly Russet, rus'et, adj., rusty or reddis/i-hvown :
on the ground : to flee : to go, as ships, &c. : to coarse: rustic.—*. a coarse homespun dress.—
have course in any direction : to flow : to dart : adj. Russ'ety. [Dim. of Fr. rousse—L. russus,
to turn : to extend : to pierce : to melt : to be red ; said to be from rubeo, to be red, like
busied : to become : to be in force : to discharge jussus, fromjuSeo.]
matter, as a sore : to press, esp. for immediate Russetlng, rus'et-ingj n. an apple of a russet
payment.—v.t. to cause to move swiftly: to colour and rough skin.
force forward : to push : to cause to pass : to Rust, rust, n. the rvddukAxowa coating on iron
fuse : to discharge, as a sore : to pursue in exposed to moisture ; anything resembling rust :
thought : to incur \—pr.p. runn'ing : pa.t. ran ; a disease of cereals and grasses, showing itself
Pa.p. run.—«. act of running: course: flow: in brown or orange spots on the leaves, caused
discharge from a sore : distance sailed : voy by small fungi.—v.i. to become rusty : to become
age : continued series : general reception .* dull by inaction.—v.t. to make rusty : to impair
prevalence : popular clamour : an unusual pres by time and inactivity. | A.S. ; Ger. rout.]
sure, as on a bank, for payment of notes. [A.S. Rustic, rus'tik, adj. pertaining to the country:
rennan ; Ger. rennen. Ice. renna, to run.] niral : rude : awkward : simple ; coarse : artless ;
Runagate, run'a-git, n. a vagabond : renegade. unadorned.—adv. Rus'tlcally. [Fr.—L. rus-
[A corr. of Renegade, but modified both in form ticus—rus, the country.]
and meaning by Run. J Rusticate, rus'ti-kftt, v.t. to send into the country ;
Runaway, run a-wii, «. one who runs aivay from to banish for a time from a town or college.—
danger or restraint : a fugitive.—adj. fleeing v.i. to live in the country.—n. Rustication.
from danger or restraint : done by or in flight. [L. rxisticor, rustieatus—rw.]
Rune, roTin, «. one of the characters forming the Rusticity, rus-tis'i-ti, «., rustic manners : sim
earliest alphabet of the Teutonic nations. [A.S. plicity : rudeness. [Fr. rust/cite'—L. 1
run, a secret, mysterious talk, mysterious writ Rustle, rus'l, v.i. to make a soft, whispering sound,
ing : applied to the old Teutonic written charac as silk, straw, &.c. —n. a quick succession of small
ter^ from their use in divination. The word is sounds, as that of dry leaves: a rustling. (A.S.
found in M. E. fountu, to whisper, and is cog. kristlan: Ger. rassrln: perh. from the sound ]
442 fate, far; member; mine; mote; mute; moon; tAen.
 Rustling Sacrist
Bustling, msling, «. a quick succession of small in a liquid. [Gr. sakcharon, sugar, and metron,
sounds, as of dry leaves. a measure.]
Busty, rust'i, adj. covered with rust : impaired by Sacerdotal, sas-er-dSt'al, adj., priestly.—adv.
inactivity : dull.—-adv. Rust'lly. —«. Rustlness. Sacerdot'ally. [L.—sacer-dos, a priest—sacer,
But, rut, «. a track left by a wheel.—v.t. to form sacred, and prob. either do, to give, or root dhd,
ruts in :—pr.p. rutt'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. rutt'ed. to do. See Sacred.]
[Fr. route. See Route.J Sacerdotalism, sas-er-dot'al-izm, n. the spirit of
Rut, rut, «. the copulation of animals, esp. of the priesthood: devotion to priestly interests.
deer.—v.t. to cover in copulation.—v.t. to lust, Saohel. Same as Satchel. [Indian tribe.
said of animals '.—pr.p. rutt'ing ; Pa.p. rutt'ed. Sachem, sa'kem, ft. one of the chiefs ofa N. Amer.
[Fr. ntt—h. rugitus—rugio, to roar.] Sack, sak, n. a large bag of coarse cloth, for hold
ButhlOSS, rooth'les, adj., -wit/tout pity or tender ing grain, flour, &c. : the contents of a sack : a
ness : insensible to misery : cruel. — adv. Ruth'- loose upper garment or cloak.—v.t. to put into
lessly.—«. Ruthlessness. [Obs. ruth, pity- a sack. [A.S. sac, sacc, a word common to all
Rue, v.] European tongues, perh. orig. Semitic, as Heb.
Bye. rl, n. a genus of grasses allied to wheat and sak, a coarse cloth or garment.]
barley, one species of which is cultivated as a Sack, sak, v.t. to plunder: to ravage.—n. the
grain. [A.S. ryge; Ice. rugr, Ger. roggen, VV. plunder or devastation of a town : ravage. [Fr.
rhyg.] sac, a sack, plunder {saccager, to sack) ; cf. Dut.
Ryegrass, n'gras, n. a variety of grass like rye, sacken, to put in sacks, to plunder (from the use
cultivated for pasture and fodder. of a sack in removing plunder).]
Ryot, ri'ut, n. a Hindu cultivator or peasant. Sack, sak, «. the old name of a dry Spanish wine.
[From Ar. raaya, to pasture.] [O. E. seek—Fr. sec (Sp, seco)—L. siccus, dry ]
Sackbut, sak'but, n. the name of the trombone
when first brought to England: (B.) a kind of
lyre or stringed instrument. [Fr. saquebute; of
S uncertain origin. ]
Sackcloth, sak'kloth, cloth for sacks: coarse
Sabalsm, sa'ba-izm. Same as Sabianism. cloth formerly worn in mourning or penance.
Sabaoth, sa-ba'oth, n.p/.t armies, used only in the Sacking, sak'ing, n. cloth ofwhich sacks are made :
B. phrase, tlie Lord ofSabaoth. [Heb. tzebaotk, the coarse cloth or canvas that supports a bed.
pi. of tzaba, an army—tzaba, to go forth.] Sacking, sak'ing, «. the storming and pilbging of
Sabbatarian, sab-a-ta'ri-an, «. one who observes a town.
the seventh day of the week as the Sabbath: a Sacrament, sak'ra-ment, n. one of the solemn
very strict observer of the Sabbath.—adj. per religious rites in the Christian Church, esp. the
taining to the Sabbath or to Sabbatarians. —n. Lord's Supper. [L. sacramentum, a sacred
Sabbatarianism. [L. sabbatarius—Sabbata. thing—sacro, to consecrate—sacer, sacred.]
See Sabbath.] Sacramental, sak-ra-ment'al, adj. belonging to or
Sabbath, sab'ath, n. among the Jews, the seventh constitutingasacramenL—adv. Sacrament ally.
day of the week, set apart for rest from work : Sacred, saTcred, adj., set apart or dedicated, esp.
among Christians, the first day of the week, in to God : made holy : proceeding from God :
memory of the resurrection of Christ : among the religious : entitled to respect or veneration :
ancient Jews, the seventh year, when the land inviolable.—adv. Sa'oredly.—«. Sa'credness.
was left fallow. [Lit. rest, L. Sabbata—Heb. [M. E. sacre, to set apart, consecrate, pa.p. sa
Shabbath, rest.] cred—Fr. sacre" —L. sacer, from root sa, akin to
Sabbatic, sab-at'ik, Sabbatical, sab-at/ik-al, adj. j(T*7«, sound, Gr. j<3*,safe. Cf. Whole and Holy. ]
pertaining to or resembling the Sabbath: enjoy Sacrifice, sak'ri-f!z, v.t. to offer up, esp. on the
ing or bringing rest. [Low L. sabbaticus.] altar of a divinity; to destroy or give up for
Sabianism, sa'bi-an-izm, Sabalsm, sa ba-izm, n. something else : to devote or destroy with loss
the worship of the host of heaven, i.e. heavenly or suffering: to kill.—v.£ to make offerings to
bodies, angels, &c, as well as the Deity. [Prob. God.—n. Sac'rlficer. [L. sacrifico—sacer,
from Heb. tzaba, an army, a host.] sacred, andfacto, to make, to do.]
Sable, sa'bl, n. an animal of the weasel kind found Sacrifice, sak'ri-fis, n. act of sacrificing or offering
in N. Europe and N. Asia, valuable for its glossy to a deity, esp. a victim on an altar : that which
black fur : its fur. [O. Fr. sable, through Low is sacrificed or offered : destruction or loss of
L. sabelus, from Russ. sbbof.] anything to gain some object : that which is
Sable, sa'bl, adj. of the colour of the sable's fur: given up, destroyed, or lost for some end.
black : dark : made of the fur of the sable. Sacrificial, sak-ri-fish'aL adj. relating to or con
Sabre, sa'br, n. a heavy one-edged sword, slightly sisting in sacrifice : performing sacrifice. [L.
curved towards the point, used by cavalry. —v.t. sacri/icialis.]
to wound or kill with a sabre. [Fr. sabre—Ger. Sacrilege, sak'ri-lej, n. profanation of a sacred
stibrl, prob. from the Slav., as Russ. sab/a, place or thing : the breaking into a place of
Polish szabla.] worship and stealing therefrom. [Lit. the crime
Sabre-tache, sab'er-tash, ft. an ornamental leather of stealing sacred things, Fr. sacrilege—L*
case worn by cavalry officers at the left side, sacrilegium—sacer, sacred, and lego, to gather,
suspended from the sword-belt. [Fr. sabre to steal.]
tache, from sabre, and Ger. tasche, a pocket.] Sacrilegious, sak-ii-Ie'jus, adj. polluted with sac
Sao, sak, n. {fiat, hist.) a. sack or bag for a liquid. rilege : profane: violating sacred things. —adv.
[Fr. form of Sack, a bag.] Sacrilegiously. /.. Sacrilegiousness. [L.
Saccharine, sak'a-rin, adj. pertaining to or having sacrilegus. J
the qualities of sugar. { Fr. saccharin—L. sac- Sacrist, sa'krist, «. a person in a sacred place or
chantm, sugar. See Sugar.] cathedral who copies out music fur the choir and
Saccharometer, sak-ar-am'c-ter, n. an instrument takes care of the books: a sacristan. [Low L.
for meaturiug the quantity of saccharine matter sacrista—L.. sacer.}
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moDu ; Men. 443
 Sacristan Sale
Sacristan, sak'rist-an, «. an officer in a church from its supposed healing virtue. [Fr. saugv
who has charge of the sacred vessels and other (It. salvm)—L. salvia—salvus, safe, sound.]
movables : a sexton. [Low L. sacrutanus— Sage, saj, adj. discriminating, discerning, wise :
L. sacer.] well Judged.—n. a sage or wise man: a man of
Sacristy, sak'rist-i, «. an apartment in a church gravity and wisdom.—adv. Sagely.—«. Sage'-
where the sacred utensils, vestments, &c. are ness. (Fr. sage (It. saggio, savio), from a L.
kept : vestry. [Low L. sacristia—L. sacer.] sapius (seen in ne'sapius), wise—sa-pio, to taste,
Sad, sad [camp. Sadd er, superl. Saddest , adj. discriminate, be wise.]
heavy: serious: cast down: calamitous.—adz/. Sagittal, saj'it-al, adj. of or like an arrow. [L.
Sadly.—;/. Sad'ness. [A.S. sad, sated, weary, sagitta, an arrow.]
with cog. words in all the Teut. tongues and Sagittarius, saj-i-ta'ri-us, n. the Archer, one of
in L. satur, full.] the signs of the zodiac. [L—sagitta, an arrow.]
Sadden, sad'n, V.t. to make sad. —v.i. to grow sad. Sago, sa'go, n. a dry starch produced from the pith
Saddle, sad'I, ft. a seat or pad, generally of leather, of several palms in the E. India Islands, &c. ,
for a horse's back : anything like a saddle, as a used for food. [Papuan name for the sago-palm.]
saddle of mutton (the two loins undivided), &c. Said, sed,/n./. and pa.p. of Say.
—v.t. to put a saddle on : to load. [A.S. sadcl. Sail, sal, «. a sheet of canvas, &c. spread to catch
Cog. words are in all the Teut. tongues, and the wind, by which a ship is driven forward : a
even in Slav. sedlo, Celt, sadeil, and Finn, satula,] ship or ships : a trip in a vessel.—v.i. to be moved
Saddler, sad'ler, n. a maker of saddles. by sails : to go by water : to begin a voyage : to
Saddlery, sad'ler-i, «. occupation of a saddler : glide or float smoothly along.—v.t. to navigate :
materials for saddles: articles sold by a saddler. to pass in a ship : to fly through. [A.S. segel,
Sadducean. sad-u-se'an, adj. of or relating to the and found in nearly all the Teut. tongues.]
Sadducecs. Sailcloth, sfd'kloth, «. a strong cloth, for sails.
Sadducee, sad'O-se, «. one of a Jewish school or Sailer, sal'er, n. he who or that which sails, mainly
party who denied the resurrection, the existence limited to ships and boats.
of spirits, and a future state.—n. Sadduceelsm, Sailing, sal'ing, h. act of sailing : motion of a
sad-u-se'izm. [Gr. Saddoukaios ; Heb. Zedukim.] vessel on water : art of directing a ship's course.
Sadly, Sadness. See under Sad. Sailor, sal'or, n. one who sails in or navigates a
Safe, saf, adj. unharmed : free from danger or ship : a seaman.
injury : secure : securing from danger or injury : Sainfoin, sau'foin, n. a leguminous fodder-plant.
no longer dangerous.—adv. Safely.—n. Safe'- [Fr. sain, wholesome, andfain, hay—L. sanum
ness. [Fr. sauf—Y.. salvus ; allied to Gr. holocs, famum.]
Sans, sarva, whole, entire, and Goth. sfls.] Saint, sant, «. a sanctified or holy person : one
Safe, saf, n. a chest or closet for money, &c, safe eminent for piety : one of the blessed in heaven :
against fire, thieves, &c, generally of iron: a one canonised by the R. Cath. Church. [Fr.—
chest or cupboard for meats. L. sanctus, holy—sancio, to render sacred.]
Sale conduct, saf'-kon'dukt, n. a writing, pasv Sainted, sant'ed, adj. made a saint : holy : sacred :
portt or guard granted to a person, to enable gone to heaven.
him to travel with safety. [See Safe, adj. and Saintlike, santllk, Saintly, santli, adj. like or
Conduct.] becoming a saint.—u. Saintliness.
Safeguard, saf'g&rd, n. he or that which guards Sake, sak, «. cause : account : regard. [Lit 'dis
or renders safe: protection : a guard, passport, pute,' ' cause,' A.S. sacu (with cog. words in all
or warrant to protect a traveller. the Teut. tongues!—sacan, to strive, Goth.
Safety, saf'ti, n. freedom from danger or loss : sakan. Seek is a doublet.]
close custody. Salaam, Salazn, sa-lam', «. a word of salutation
Safety-fuse, sitf'ti-fuz, «. a waterproof woven tube in the East, chiefly among Mohammedans :
inclosing an inflammable substance which burns homage. [Lit. 'peace,' Ar. salam, Heb. shaiam.]
at a regular rate. [See Safety and Fuse, ».] Salacious, sal-a'shi-us, adj. lustful : lecherous.
Safety-lamp, silf'ti-lamp, n. a lamp surrounded fL. salax—salio, to leap.]
by wire-gauze, used for safety in mines. Salad, sal'ad, n. raw herbs cut up and seasoned
Safety-valve, saf ti-valv, «. a vahx in the top of with salt, vinegar, &c [Fr. satade (It. salute),
a steam-boiler, which lets out the steam when lit. sailed—L. sal, salt.]
the pressure is too great for safety. SalseratUS, sal-e-ri'tus, n. a mixture of carbonate
Safflower, saf'flowr, «. a plant of Asia and S. of soda and salt, used in baking. [See Salt and
Europe, whose flowers yield a red dye. [Corr. Aerate.]
of Saffron Flower.] Salam. Sec Salaam.
Saffron, saf'nm, n. a bulbous plant of the crocus Salamander, sal'a-man-der, «. a genus of reptiles
kind with deep-yellow flowers : a colouring sub allied to the frog, once supposed able to live in
stance prepared from its flowers. —adj. having fire. [Fr. salamandre—L. and Gr. salatna>idraS\
the colour of saffron : deep yellow. [Fr. safran. Salamandrine, sal-a-man'drin, adj. pertaining to
(It. zafferatio)—Kx: zafar&n, the plant having or resembling a salamander : enduring fire.
been cultivated by the Mor>rs in Spain.] Sal-ammoniac, sal-am-inon'i-ak, «. chloride of
Saga, s&'ga, «. a Scandinavian legend. [Ice. saga ammonium, a salt of a sharp, acrid taste. [From
—segja, E. Say. Doublet Saw, a saying. ] L. sal, salt, and Ammoniac.]
Sagacious, sa-g;Vshus, adj. keen or quick in per Salaried, sal'a-rid, adj. receiving a salary.
ception or thought : acute : discerning and judi Salary, sal'a-ri, n. a recompense for services :
cious : wise.—adv. Saga ciously. n Saga'- wages. [Lit. ' salt-money,' O. Fr. salarit (Fr.
Clousness. [L. sagax, sagacis—sag-io, to per salaire, It. solaria) —L. solarium, money given
ceive quickly or keenly.] to Roman soldiers for salt —sal, salt.]
Sagacity, sa-gas'i-ti, «. acuteness of perception or Sale, sal, «. act of selling: the exchange of any
thought : acute practical judgment : shrewdness. thing for money : power or opportunity of sell
[L. sagacitas —sagax. See Sagacious. I ing : demand: public showing of goods to sell;
Sage, saj, ft. an aromatic garden herb, so called auction. [Ice. and O. Ger. sala. See Sell.]
fate, far; me, her ; mine; mute; mute: inoDn ; r«4eti.
 Saleable Samite
Saleable, sfd'a-bl, adj. that may be sold : in good 1 Tent, and nearly all the Slav, tongues, and in
demand.—n. Sale'ableness.—rt<&>. Sale'ably. L. sal, Gr. hals. Sans, sara.)
Salep, sal'ep, «. the dried tubers of the Orchis Salt, sawlt, v.t. to sprinkle or season with salt.
mascula : the food prepared from it. [Ar.] Saltant, sal'tant, adj., leaping; dancing. [L.
Salesman, salz7man, n. a man who sells goods. saltans, pr.p. of salto, -alum, inten. of salio,
Salic, sal'ik, adj. denoting a law, as in France, by to leap.]
which males alone can succeed to the throne. Saltation, sal-ta'shun, n. a leaping or jumping :
[Fr. salique, prob. from the Saltan Franks, beating or palpitation. [L. saltatio—salio.]
among whom this law existed.] Saltatory, sal'ta-tor-i, adj., leaping, dancing :
Salient, sali-ent, adj., leaping or springing : [fori.) having the power of or used in leaping or
projecting outwards, as an angle : prominent : dancing.
\geont.) denoting any angle less than two right Saltcellar, sawlt'sel-ar, n. a small hollow vessel
angles.—adv. Sallently. [L. saliens, -entis, for holding salt. [Cellar, a corr. of M. E. sailer
pr.p. of salio, to leap.] —Fr. saltire, salt-box—L. salarium (vas), vessel
Sallfy, sal'i-fl, v.t. to combine with an acid in for salt—sal. Salt has been unnecessarily pre
order to make a salt :—pa,t. and Pa.p. sal'ified. fixed.]
—adj. Salifi able. [L. sal, salt, and facto, to Saltlre or Saltier, sal'ter, n. {her.) a diagonal
make. ] cross, also called a St Andrew's Cross, from the
Saline, salTn or sal-m', adj. consisting of or con belief that he suffered martyrdom on such a cross.
taining suit: partaking of the qualities of salt. [O. Fr. saulteur (Fr. sautoir)—Low L. sana
—ft. a salt-spring.—n. Saline'neaa. [Fr.—L. torium, an instrument to help in mounting a
salinns—sal, salt.] horse—L. salto, to leap.]
Saliva, sa-irva, «. the spittle : the fluid secreted Saltpan, sawlt'pan, n. a Pan, basin, or pit where
by the glands of the mouth, and used to mix salt is obtained or made.
with the food and aid digestion. [It. and L., Saltpetre, sawlt-p€'ter, n. a salt consisting of
allied to Gr. sinIon, saliva, and to Slaver] nitric acid and potash : nitre. [Lit. ' salt-rock,'
SalivaL sa-lfval, Salivary, sal i-var-i, adj. per Salt, and L. and Gr. petra, a rock.]
taining to, secreting, or containing saliva. Salubrious, sa-l5o'bri-us, adj., healthful: favour
Salivate, sail-vat, v.t. to produce an unusual able to health.—adv. Salu briously. —«. Salu'-
amount of saliva. [saliva. brity. [L. salubris—salus, saintis, health,
Salivation, sal-i-va'shun, «. an unusual flow of akin to Safe.]
Sallow, sal'O, n. a tree or low shrub of the •willow Salutary, sal'u-tar-i, adj* belonging to health:
kind. [Scot, saugh, A.S. sealh; cog. with Ger. promoting health or safety : wholesome : bene
sakl (whence Fr. saule), L. salix, Gr. helike.] ficial.—«. Sal'utariness. [L., from salus,
Sallow, sal'O, adj. of a pale, yellowish colour.— health.] [which is said in saluting.
n. Sall'ownesa. [AS. sal*, cog. with Dut. Salutation, sal-u-t&'shun, n. act of saluting : that
zaluw, O. Ger. sato.] Salute, sal-iit', v.t. to address with kind wishes:
Sally, sari, «. a leaping or bursting out : a sudden to greet with a kiss, bow, &c. : to honour by a
rushing forth of troops to attack besiegers : discharge of cannon, striking colours, &c.—n.
excursion : outburst of fancy, wit, &c. : levity. act of saluting : greeting, a Kiss : a discharge
—v.i. to rush out suddenly :—pa.t. and pa.p. of cannon in honour of any one. [Lit. ' to wish
sall'ied. [Fr. saillie—saillir (It. salire)—L. health to,' L. saluto, -atunt, from salus, salutis.]
salio, to leap, spring.] Salvage, sal'va}, n. money paid to those who
Sally-port, sall-pOrt, n. a Port, gate, or passage, assist in saving a ship or goods at sea : the
by which a garrison may make a sally. goods and materials saved. [Fr., from L. salvo,
Salinagundi, sal-ma-gun'di, n. a mixture of -aturn, to save.]
chopped meat and other ingredients : a medley. Salvation, sal-va'shun, n. act of saving: preser
[Fr. saltnigondis ; ety. unknown.] vation : (theat.) the saving of man from eternal
Salmon, sam'un, n. a well-known fish, living misery: (Zf.) deliverance from enemies.
mostly in the sea, but ascending rivers to spawn. Salve, sav, ». {£.) an ointment : anything to cure
[O. Fr. saulmon—h. satmo, perh. from salio, to sores. [A.S. sealf; Dan. salve, Ger. salbe.]
leap, from its leaping obstacles on its way from Salver, sal'ver, n. a plate on which anything is
the sea.] presented. (Found in Sp. salvilla, a salver-
Salmon-trout, sam'un-trowt, n. a trout like the Low L. salva, a testing, trial—L. salvo, to
salmon, but smaller and thicker in proportion. save : from the practice of tasting food as a
Saloon, sa-lGon', n. a spacious and elegant hall, guarantee against poison.]
or apartment for the reception of company, Salvo, sal'vO, n. an exception : a reservation.
works of art, or for refreshment, &c. : a main [L. salvo jure, one's rijjht being safe, an expres
cabin. [Fr. salon—salle; from O. Ger. sal, a sion used in reserving rights.]
dwelling, Ger. saal.] Salvo, sal'vG, n. a military or naval salute with
Saloop, sa-lo"op', «. a drink composed of sassafras guns : a simultaneous and concentrated dis
tea, with sugar and milk. [A form of Salop.] charge of artillery:—//. SalvOB, sal'vOz. [Fr.
Salsify, sal'si-fi, n. a biennial plant with an eat salve—L. salve, a form of salutation—root of
able root like the carrot or parsnip. [Fr,—It. salus. See Safe, adj.]
sassefrica. ] Sal-volatile, sal-vo-lat"i-le, n. a solution of
Salt, sawlt, n. a well-known substance used for carbonate of ammonia. [L., 'volatile salt.']
seasoning, found either in the earth or obtained Samaritan, sa-marf-tan, adj. pertaining to Sa
by evaporation from sea-water : anything like maria, in Palestine.—n. an inhabitant of Sa
salt: seasoning: piquancy: [chem.) a combina maria : the language of Samaria.
tion of an acid with a base.—adj. containing Same, sam, adj. identical : of the like kind or
salt : tasting of salt : overflowed with or grow degree: similar: mentioned before.-- n. Same'-
ing in salt water : pungent.—adj. Salt'isb, ness. [A.S. : Goth, samana ; akin to L.
somewhat salt. —adv. Salfly.— «. Salt'nesa. similis, like, Gr. homos, Sans, samas.)
[A.S. sealt, salt; with cog. forms in all the Samite, sa'mlt, «. a kind of silk stuff. [O. Fr.—
fate, far ; me, her ; mTne ; mOte ; mute ; mGun : thcu 445
 Samphire
Low L. examitum, from Gr. hex, six, and
mitos, thread.]
Samphire, sam'flr or sam'fer, n. an herb found
chiefly on rocky cliffs near the sea, used in
pickles and salads. [Lit. ' the herb of St Peter,'
corr. from Fr. Saint Pierre, Saint Peter.]
Sample, sam'pl, n. a specimen : a part to show
the quality of the whole.—v.t. to make up
samples of. [Short for esample, from O. Fr.
essample—L. exetnplum. Doublet Example.]
Sampler, sam'pler, «. one who makes up samples.
[Used in compounds, as wool-sampler; from
Sample]
Sampler, sam'pler, n. a pattern of work : orna
mental needle-work. [Formed from L. ex
emplar.]
Sanable, san'a-bl, adj. able to be made sane or
sound: curable.—«. Sanabil'ity. [L. sanabilis
—sano, -aturn, to heal. Sec Sane.]
Sanative, san'a-tiv, adj. tending or able to heal:
healing.—w. San'ativeness.
Sanatorium, san-a-to'ri-um, n. a place for restoring
to health, a health-station. [health.
Sanatory, san'a-tor-i, adj., healing: conducive to
Sanctincatlon, sangk-ti-fi-ka'shun, n. act of sanc
tifying : state of being sanctified.
Sanctity, sangk'ri-fT, v.t. to make sacred or holy:
to set apart to sacred use : to free from sin or
evil : to make the means of holiness : to secure
from violation :—pa.t. and Pa.p. sanc'tifled.—
w. Sanc'tifier. [Fr.—L. sattctijico, -atum—
sauctus. sacred,faciot to make.]
Sanctimonious, sangk-ti-mo'ni-usj adj. having
sanctity: holy: devout: affecting holiness.—
adv. Sanctimo'niously. —«. Sanctimonious
ness.
Sanctimony, sangk'ti-mun-i, n. devoutness : ap
pearance of sanctity. [L., from sanctus, holy.
See Saint]
Sanction, sangk'shun, n. act of ratifying, or giv
ing authority to: confirmation: support.—v.t.
to give validity to : to authorise : to countenance.
[Fr. —L. sauctio.]
Sanctity, sangk'ti-ti, n. quality of being sacred
or holy: purity: godliness: inviolability.
Sanctuary, sangk'tG-ar-i, n. a sacred place : a
place for the worship of God : the most sacred
part of the Temple of Jerusalem : the Temple
itself: the part of a church round the altar : an
inviolable asylum : refuge. [See Sanctity.]
Sanctum, sangk'tum, n. a sacred place : a private
room. [L., ' holy.']
Sand, sand, «. fine particles of crushed or worn
rocks :—pi. lands covered with sand : a sandy
beach : moments of time, from the use of sand
in the hour-glass.—v.t. to sprinkle with sand-
[A.S. ; cog. with Ger. sand, Ice. sand-r.]
Sandal, san'dal, n. a kind of shoe consisting^ of a
sole bound to the foot by straps : a loose slipper.
[Fr.—L. sandalinm—Gr. sandalon, prob. from
Pcrs. sandal, a kind of shoe.]
Sandalled, san'dald, adj. wearing sandals.
Sandalwood, san'dal-wood, n. a wood, remark
able for its fragrance, brought from the E. Indies
and islands of the Pacific. [Fr.—Port, sandalo
—Ar. sandal— Sans, tschandana, and Wood.]
Sandeel, sand'el, «. a small «/-like fish, which
buries itself in the sand when the tide retires.
Sanderllng, sand'er-ling, «. a small wading bird
which feeds on the insects in sea-sands.
Sandglass, sand'glas, «. a glass instrument for
measuring time by the running of sand.
Sandheat, sand'hfit, n. the heat of warm sand in
chemical operations.
4 Hi fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Sandlver, san'di-ver, n. the saline scum which
forms on glass during its first fusion : glass-gall.
[Said to be a corr. of Fr. sel de verre, ' salt of
glass.']
Sand martin, sand'-mar'tin, «. the smallest of
British swallows, which builds its nest in sandy
river-banks and gravel-pits. [See Martin.]
Sand-paper, sand -pi'per, n., paper covered with
a kind of sand for smoothing and polishing.
Sandpiper, sand'pi-per, n. a wading-bird of the
snipe family, which frequents sandy river-banks,
distinguished by its clear piping note.
Sandstone, sand stOn, n., stone composed of con
solidated sand.
Sandwich, sand'wich, «. two slices of bread with
ham, &c. between, said to be named after an
Earl of Sandwich ; hence armour-plating made
up of two plates of iron with a plate of wood
between, or vice versd.
Sandy, sand'i, adj. consisting of or covered with
sand: loose : of the colour of sand.—h. Saudi-
nsu.
Sane, san, adj., sound in mind or body : healthy :
not disordered in intellect.—». Sane'ness. [L.
sarins, akin to Gr. saos, s&s, sound.]
Sang, pa.t. of Sing.
Sanguinary, sang^win-ar-i, adj.., bloody: attended
with much bloodshed : bloodthirsty.—adv.
San'guinarUy.—«. San'guiuarin&ss. [Fr. See
Sanguine.]
Sanguine, sang'gwin, adj. abounding with blood'
ardent : hopeful : confident.—adv. San'guinely.
—«, San'guineness. [L. sanguineus—sanguis,
sanguinis, blood, prob. from root sag, sak, to
drop, flow, as in A.S. suc-an, Ger. saugen, E.
Suck.]
Sanguineous, sang-gwin'e-us, adj., sanguine:
resembling or constituting blood.
Sanhedrim, san'he-drim, «. the highest council of
the Jews, consisting^ of seventy members with
the high-priest. [Lit *a sitting together/ Heb.
sanhedrin, from Gr. synedrion—syn, together,
and kedra, a seat.]
Sanitary, sanl-tar-i, adj. pertaining to, tending.
or designed to promote health. [From Sanity.]
Sanity; san'i-ti, n. state of beingr sane: soundness
of mind or body. [L. sanitas—sauus. See
sansOcrit, n. the ancient language of the
Hindus. [Lit. the 'perfect' language, from
Sans, sam, with (Gr. hama), and krita, done,
perfected, from hri, root of L. creo. See
Create.']
Sap, sap, n. the vital juice of plants: [bat.) the
part of the wood next to the bark. [A.S. step;
Low Ger. sapp, juice, Ger. soft ; all borrowed
from L. sapa, new wine boiled thick.]
Sap, sap, v.t. to destroy by digging underneath :
to undermine.—v.t. to proceed by undermining :
Pr.p. sapp'ing; Pa.t. and pa.p. sapped.—w. an
approach dug to a fortification under cover of
gabions.—«. Sapp'er, one who saps. [Fr. saper,
from Low L. sappa, a pick.]
Sapid, sap'id, adj., well-tasted: savoury : that
affects the taste. [Fr.—L. sapidus—sapio, to
taste.]
Sapidity, sa-pid'i-ti, n. savouriness.
Sapience, sa'pi-ens, «. discernment : wisdom :
knowledge. [Fr. See Sapient.]
Sapient, sa'pi-ent, adj., wise: discerning: saga
cious.—adv. Sa'piently. [L. sapiens, sapientis,
pr.p. of sapio, to taste, to be wise, akin to Gr.
saphes, clear, distinct.]
Sapless, sap'les, adj. wanting sap : not juicy.
mCte ; mute : m5on : Men.
 Sapling
Sapling, sapling, n. a young tree, so called from
being full of sap.
Saponaceous, sap-o-na'shus, adj., soapy: soap
like. [Fr. saponact—L. sa/>t>, saponis, Gr.
sapdn, both borrowed from the ancient Celts or
Germans. See Soap.]
Sapphic, saf'ik, adj. pertaining to SappJio, a
Grecian poetess : denoting a kind of verse said
to have been invented by Sappho.
SappMre, saf'ir or saf'ir, «. a highly brilliant
precious stone, inferior only to the diamond.
[Fr.—L. sapphirus—Gr. sapfrlieiros—Ptx. saflr,
Heb. sappir, fair, from shaphar. to shine.)
Sapphirlne, saf'ir-in, adj. made of or like
sapphire.
Sappy, sap'i, adj. abounding with sap : juicy.—*.
Sapp'iness.
Saracen, sar'a-sen, «. a name applied in the
middle ages to the Mohammedans.—adjs. Sara-
cen'lo, Saracen'ioal. [L. Sanuenus—Ar. skar-
keyn, easLem people, first applied to some tribes
of Bedouins in E. Arabia.]
Sarcasm, saYkazm, n. a bitter sneer : a satirical
remark in scorn or contempt. [Fr.—L. sar-
casmus—Gr; sarkasmos—sarkatd, to tearflesh
like dogs, to speak bitterly—sarx, sarkos, flesh.]
Sarcastic, sdr-kas'tik, Sarcastlcal, sar-kas'tik-al,
adj. containing sarcasm: bitterly satirical.—
adv. Sarcas tically.
Sarcenet, sars'net, n. a very thin fine silk. [O.
Fr., from Low L. sericinus, silken—L. sericum,
silk—L. seres, Gr. seres, a people of E. Asia,
from whom the ancients got their first silk.]
Sarcophagous, sar-kof'a-gus, adj., flesh-eating :
feeding on flesh.
Sarcophagus, sar-kof'a-gus, n. a kind of lime
stone used by the Greeks for coffins, and so
called because it was thought to consume the
flesh of corpses: any stone receptacle for a
corpse. [L.—Gr. sarkophagus—sarx, sarkos,
flesh, and phagd, to eat.]
Sardine, saVdin, «. a small fish of the herring
family, abundant about the island of Sardinia,
potted with olive oil for export. [Fr. (It.
sardina)—]^. sarda, saniina —Gr. sardine1.]
Sardine, saVdin, SardiUS, saVdi-us, «. a name of
the cornelian stone.—adj. relating to the sardius.
[Fr. sardoine—L. sardonyx—Gr. sardonyx.]
Sardonic, sar-don'ik, adj. forced, heartless, or
bitter, said of a laugh. [Fr.—L. sardonius,
sardonicus—Gr. sardanios, referred to sar-
ilonion, a plant of Sardinia (Gr. Sards), which
was said to screw up the face of the eater, but
more prob. from Gr. saird, to grin.]
Sardonyx, saYdon-iks, n. a reddish-yellow variety
of chalcedony, said to have been found orig. at
Sardis in Asia Minor, and to be so called because
its colour resembles that of the flesh under the
nail. [Gr.—Sardios, Sardian, and onyx, a nail.]
Sarsaparilla, sar-sa-pa-ril'a, Saxsa, saVsa, n. a
twining shrub like the bramble, found chiefly in
Mexico, used in medicine. [Sp. zarzapariiia —
zarza, bramble, and parilla, a little vine, and
so sig. 'a thorny vine.']
Sash, sash, n. a band, riband, or scarf worn as a
badge or ornament. [Pers. shash, a turban,
perh. from Heb. skesh, fine cloth.]
Sash, sash, n. a case or frame for panes of glass.—
v.t. to furnish with sashes. [Fr. chasse, chassis
—L. capsa, the receiving thing, a case—capio,
to take. See Case, a covering.]
Sassafras, sas'a-fras, n. a kind of laurel, the
wood of which has a pungent taste, and is much
used in medicine, so called because formerly
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Saturation
used to break or dissolve stone in the bladder.
[Fr.—L. saxifraga — saxum, a stone, and
frango, to break. See Saxifrage. ]
Sat, sat, pa.t. and pa.p. of Sit.
Satan, sa'tan, n. the enemy of men : the devil :
the chief of the fallen angels. [Heb. Satan,
enemy—satan, Ar. shatana, to be adverse.]
Satanic, sa-tan'ik, Satanical, sa-tanlk-al, adj.
pertaining to or like Satan: devilish.
Satchel, sach'el, n. a small sack or bag, esp. for
papers, books, &c. [Older form sachet, dim. of
Sack ; cf. L. saccellus, dim. of saccus.)
Sate, sat, v.t. to satisfy or give enough: to glut.
[A.S. sad ; L. satio, -aturn—satis, enough.]
Satellite, sat'cl-llt, n. an obsequious follower : one
of the bodies which revolve round some of the
planets. [L. safeties, satellilis, an attendant.]
Satiable, sa'shi-a-bl, adj. that may be satiated.
Satiate, sa'shi-at, v.t. to satisfy or give enough:
to gratify fully : to glut.—adj. glutted.—n.
Satia tion. [L. satio—satis, cnougn.]
Satiety, sa-tlVti, «. state of being satiated :
surfeit.
Satin, sat'in, «. a closely woven glossy silk. [Fr.
(It. setino)—Low L. setinus, adj., from L. seta,
hair.)
Satinet, satVnet, n. a thin species of satin : a
cloth with a cotton warp and woollen weft.
Satinwood, sat'in-wood, n. a beautiful orna
mental wood from E. and W. Indies, having a
texture like satin.
Satiny, sat'in-i, adj. like or composed of satin.
Satire, sai'Tr or sat'er, «. a species of poetry, ex
posing and turning to ridicule vice or folly :
seventy of remark : ridicule. [Fr.—L. satira,
satura [lanx, a dish, understood), a dishfull of
various kinds of fruit, food composed of various
ingredients, a medley ; hence applied to a dra
matic piece in which dancing, music, and words
were intermixed, afterwards to satire in its pres
ent sense—satur, full, akin to satis, enough.]
Satiric, sa-tirfk, Satirical, sa-tirfk-al, adj. per
taining to or conveying satire : sarcastic :
abusive.—-adv. Satirically.
Satirise, sat/ir-Tz, v.t. to make the object of
satire: to censure severely.—n. Satirist, a
writer of satire.
Satisfaction, sat-is-fak'shun, «. state of being
satisfied : gratification : comfort : that which
satisfies : amends : atonement : payment : con
viction.
Satisfactory, sat-is-fak'tor-i. adj., satisfying:
giving content : making amends or payment :
atoning : convincing.—adv. Satisfac'torlly.—
«. Satisfac'toriness
Satisfy, sat'is-fT, v.t. to give enough to : to sup
ply fully : to please fully : to discharge : to free
from doubt: to convince. —v.i. to give content :
to supply fully: to make payment '.—Pa.t. and
Pa.p. satisfied. [ Fr. satisfaire—L. satis,
enough, andfacio, to make. ]
Satrap, sa'trap or sat'rap, n. a Persian viceroy
or ruler of one of the greater provinces.—^///.
Sa trapess.—«. Sat'rapy, the government of a
satrap. [Gr. satrapes, from the Persian, lit.
' chief of a district.']
Saturable, sat'ii-ra-bl, adj. that may be saturated.
Saturate, satu-rSt, v.t. to fill: to unite with till
no more can be received : to fill to excess. [L.
saturo, -aturn—satur, full, akin to satis,
enough.]
Saturation, sat-Q-ra'shun, n. act of saturating :
state of being saturated : the state of a body
when quite filled with another.
mOt^: mAte ; mOOn ; then. 447
 Saturday Scaffold
Saturday, sat'ur-dii, n, the seventh or last day of nomical : incurring no loss, preserving; from
the week, dedicated by the Romans to Saturn. wrong: {tkeol.) securing salvation. —Pre-p. ex-
[A.S. S/eler-dofg, Scetern-dtcg, day of Saturn— cepting.—adv. Sav'ingly.—«. Sav'ingness.
L. Saturnus.] Saving, saVing, «. that which is saved;—j>L
Saturn, sat'um or s3/-, «. the ancient Roman god earnings.
of agriculture : one of the planets. [L. Sat Savings-bank, sSv'ingz-bangk, n. a bank in which
urnus—sero, satum, to sow. J savings are deposited at interest.
Saturnalia, sat-ur-nali-a, n.pl. the annual festival Saviour, saVyur, «. one who saves from evil.—
in honour of Saturn, a time of unrestrained The Saviour, Jesus Christ, the Redeemer of
license and enjoyment. men.
Saturnalian, sat-ur-nii'li-an, adj. pertaining to Savory, sa'vor-i, ». an aromatic kitchen herb.
the Saturnalia : riotously merry : dissolute. [From Savour.]
Saturnian, sa-turn'i-an, adj. pertaining to Savour, sa'vur, «., taste: odour: scent : [B.) re
Saturn, whose fabulous reign was called ' the putation.—v.i. to have a particular taste or smell :
golden age : 1 happy : pure : simple : denoting to be like. [Fr. saveur—L. sapor—sapio, to
the verse in which the oldest Latin poems were taste.]
written. Savoury, sa'vur-i, adj. having savour or relish :
Saturnine, sat'ur-nTn, adj. grave : gloomy : pleasant, —adv. SaVourUy.—«. Sa'vouriness.
phlegmatic:—because the astrologers said that Savoy, sa-voy7, n. a kind of cabbage brought orig;.
those born under the planet Saturn were so from Savoy, in France.
disposed. Saw, saw, pa.t. of See.
Satyr, sat'er or sa'ter, «. a silvan deity, repre Saw, saw, n. an instrument for cutting, formed of
sented as part man and part goat, and extremely a blade, band, or disc of thin steel, with a
wanton. [L. satyrns—Gr. satyros.] toothed edge.—v.t. to cut with a saw.—v.i, to
Satyrlc, sa-tir'ik, adj. pertaining to satyrs. use a saw : to be cut with a saw : pa.t. sawed ;
Sauce, saws, n. a liquid seasoning for food, con Pa.p. sawed or sawn. [A.S. saga; cog. with
sisting of salt, &c. : a relish: impudence.—v.t. Ger. sage, and allied to L. seco, to cut.]
to put sauce in to relish : to make poignant : to Saw, saw, n. a saying : a proverb. [A.S. sagu—
treat with bitter or pert language. [Fr.—L. sagian, secgan, to say. Doublet Saga. See
salio, salsutn, to salt—sal, salt. See Salt.] also Say.]
Saucepan, saws'pnn, «. a pan in which sauce or Sawdust, sawMust, »., dust, or small pieces of
any small thing is boiled. wood, &c. made in sawing.
Saucer, saws'er, n. the shallow platter for a tea or Sawfish, saw'fish, n. a fish allied to the shark,
coffee cup : (prig.) a small vessel to hold sauce. so called from the jaw-like form of its snout.
Saucy, saws'!, adj. [comp. Sauc'ler, supert. Sawmill, saw'mil, «. a mill for sawing timber.
Sauc'lest! sharp : pungent : insolent : impu Sawplt, saw'pit, «. a /// where wood is sawed.
dent.—adv. Sauc'ily.—«. Sauc'iness. [From Sawyer, sawyer, n. one who saws timber.
Sauce.] Saxifrage, saks'i-fraj, n. a genus of alpine plants
Saunter, sawn'ter or san'ter, v.i. to wander about formerly used for dissolvingstone in the bladder.
idly : to loiter.—«. a sauntering : a place for [Fr.—L. saxum, a stone, andfrango, to break.]
sauntering.—n. Saun'terer. [Said to be from Saxon, saks'un, u. one of the people of N. Ger
Fr. sainte terre, holy land, to make a pilgrimage many who conquered England in the 5th and
to the Holy Land.] 6th centuries : the language of the Saxons.—adj.
Saurian, saw'ri-an, «. a reptile or animal covered pertaining to the Saxons, their language, country,
with scales, as the lizard.—adj. pertaining to or architecture. [A.S. Sea.ve—sauc, O. Ger.
or of the nature of a saurian. [Gr. saura, sanros, sans, a knife, a short sword ; so called from the
the lizard.] short sword which they carried.]
Sausage, saws'aj, n. a gut stuffed with chopped Saxonlsm, saks'on-izm, n. a Saxon idiom.
meat salted and seasoned. [Fr. saucisse, Say, si, v.t. to utter in words: to speak: to de
through Low L. salcitia, from root of Sauce.] clare : to state: to answer.—v.i. to speak: to
Sauterne, so-tern', «. a kind of white wine pro relate: to state \—pa. t. and Pa.p. said (sed).—
duced at Sauterne, in France. n. samething said : a remark > a speech. [A. S.
Savage, sav'aj, adj. wild : uncivilised : fierce : sagian, secgan ; cog. with Ice. segja, Ger.
cruel: brutal.—«. a human being in a wild sagen. See Saw, a saying. ]
state : a brutal person : a barbarian.—adv. Saying, saving, «. something said: an expression :
Savagely.— ns. Sav'ageness, Savagery. [Lit. a maxim.
living in the woods, Fr. sauvage, O. Fr. salvage Scab, skab, n. a crust over a sore : a disease of
—L. silvaticus, pertaining to the woods—silva, sheep, resembling the mange. [A.S. sca*b;
a wood j Dan. scab, Ger. schabe; L. scabies, from scabo,
Savanna. Savannah, sa-van'a. n. one of the vast Ger. schaben, to scratch ; akin to Shave.]
meadows in the west of N. America. [Sp. Scabbard, skab'ard, n. the case in which the
savana, sahana, bed-sheet, a meadow—L. blade of a sword is kept. [M. E. scauberk,
sabanum—Gr. sahanon, a linen cloth.] prob. from Ice. ska/a, chisel, and biarga, Ger.
Save, sav, v.t. to bring safe out of evil : to rescue : bergen, to hide.]
to reserve: to spare. —z:i. to be economical.— Scabbed, skab'cd, adj. affected or covered with
Prep, except.—n. Sav'er. [Fr. sauver—L. scabs: diseased with the scab. —n. Scabb'ed-
salvo—satvM. Sec Safe.] ness.
Save-all, saV-awl, n. a contrivance intended to Scabby, skabri, adj., scabbed.—n. Scabb'iness.
save anything from being wasted. Scaffold, skaf'old, ». a temporary platform for
Saveloy, sav'e-loy, «. a kind of sausage made of exhibiting or for supporting something: for the
meat chopped and seasoned, orig. of brains. execution of a criminal.—v.t. to furnish with a
[Fr. cervelas, a saveloy, cervelle, brains—L. scaffold : to sustain. [O. Fr. eschafault, Fr.
cerebellum.] ichafaud [\\.. catafalco) ; from a Romance word,
Saving, saVing, adj. disposed to save or be eco- found in Sp. catar, to view, andjalcot It. palco,
44s fate, far ; mS, her ; mine : mote : mute ; m£on ; Men.
 Scaffolding Soarf
a scaffold, from Ger. balke, a beam. Doublet opprobrious censure. [Orig. offence, Fr. scan-
Catafalque.) dale—h. scandaltint—Gr. skandalon, a snare
Scaffolding, skaf'old-ing, n. a scaffold of wood laid for an enemy, a stumbling-block.]
for supporting workmen while building : materials Scandalise, skan'dal-Iz, v.t. to give scandal or
for scaffolds : {fig.) a frame : framework. offence to : to shock : to reproach : to disgrace.
Scalable, skaTa-bl, adj. that may be scaled or Scandalous, skan'dal-us, adj. giving scandal or
climbed. offence : calling forth condemnation : openly
Scald, skawld, v.t. to burn with hot liquid: to vile : defamatory.—adv. Scan dalously. — «.
expose to a boiling liquid.—«. a burn caused by Scan'dalousness.
hot liquid.—Scalding hot, so hot as to scald. Scandinavian, skan-di-na'vi-an, adj. of Scandi
[O. Fr. eschalder, Fr. ichauder—L. excaldo, to navia, the peninsula divided into Norway and
bathe in warm water, from calidus, warm, hot.] Sweden. The Scandinavian languages are
Scald, Skald, skald, n. one of the ancient Scandi Icelandic, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian.
navian poets. [Ice. and Sw. skalti.) [Latinised form of the native name ; the termi
Scale, skal, n. a ladder : series of steps : a gradu nation -avia, sig. 1 island,' being the same as the
ated measure : {music) a series of all the tones : Goth, avi, Ice. ey (as in Orkn-ey), A.S. ig.]
the order of a numeral system: gradation: pro- | Scansion, skan'shun, n. act of scanning or count
portion : series.—v.t. to mount, as by a ladder: ing the measures in a verse.
to ascend. [L. scala, a ladder (for scandld), Scansorial, skan-sO'ri-al, adj., climbing: formed
from scando, to mount. Sans, skand, to ascend.] for climbing. [From L. scando, scansum. See
Scale, skal, n. one of the small, thin plates on a Scan. J
fish or reptile: a thin layer.—v.t. to clear of Scant, skant, adj. not full or plentiful : scarcely
scales : to peel off in thin layers. —v.i. to come sufficient : deficient. [Ice. skammt, short,
off in thin layers. [A.S. scealu, the scale of a narrow.]
fish ; Ger. schale, shell (whence Fr. icaille, a Scantling, skantling, n. a little piece : a piece or
fish-scale). Doublets Shell and Skull] quantity cut for a particular purpose : a certain
Scale, skal, n. the dish of a balance : a balance- proportion. [Fr. ichantillon, a sample—O. Fr.
chiefly in pi. :—pL Libra, one of the signs of the cant, edge, corner. See Cant, an edge.]
zodiac. fA.S. scalu, a balance. It is simply a Scanty, skant'i, adj., scant: not copious or full :
form of Scale, a thin plate.] hardlysufficient : wanting extent : narrow : small.
Scaled, skald, adj. having scales. —adv. Scantily.—n. Scant iness.
Scalene, ska-lcn', adj. {geom.) having three un Scapegoat, skap'got, n. a goat on which, once a
equal sides.—n. a scalene triangle. [Lit. year, the Jewish high-priest confessed the sins
' limping,' Fr. —L. scalenus—Gr. skaienos, un of the people, and which was then allowed to
even, from root of skasd, to limp.] escape into the wilderness. [Escape and Goat. J
SoalL skawl, n. (B.) a scab: scabbiness. [A.S. Scapegrace, skap'gras, n. a graceless harebrained
scalu, scale ; simply a form of Scale, a thin fellow. [Lit. * one who has escapedgrace.'1]
plate.] Scapement. Same as Escapement.
Scallop, skol'up, n. a bivalvular shell-fish, having Scapular, skap'Q-lar, adj. pertaining to the shoul
the edge of its shell in the form of a series of der. [Fr.—Low L. scapuiaris—L. scapula, the
curves : one of a series of curves in the edge of shoulder-blades. ]
anything. —v.t. to cut the edge or border into Scapular, skap'u-lar, Scapulary, skap'a-lar-i, n.
scallops or curves. [O. Fr. escalope ; from Ger. an ornament worn by some K. C. orders, con
schale, shell. See Scale, a shell.] sisting of two woollen bands, one of which
Scalp, skalp, n. the skin of the head on which the crosses the shoulders, and the other the breast
hair grows : the skin of the top of the head torn Scar, skar, «. the mark left by a wound or sore :
off as a token of victory by the N. American any mark or blemish.—v.t. to mark with a scar.
Indians.—v.t. to cut the scalp from. [Prob. from —v.i- to become scarred '.—pr.p. scarr ing: Pad,
Ice. skal, a skull, modified by confusion with and Pa.p. scarred. [Fr. escarre—L. eschara—
L. scalpo, to cut ; akin to Scale, a shell, and Gr. eschara, a fireplace, a scab on a wound
Shell] produced by burning.]
Scalpel, skalp'el, n. a small surgical knife for Scar, skar, n. a precipitous bank or rock. [A
dissecting and operating. [L. scalpellum, dim. Scand. word, as Ice. sker, from the root of
of scalprum, a knife—scalpo, to cut.] Shear, v.. and Shore, the coast.]
Scaly, skat'i, adj. covered with scales: like scales : Scaramouch, skar j-mowch, n. a buffoon : a brag
{dot.) formed of scales.—«. Seal'iness. ging, cowardly fellow. [Fr., through It., from
Scammony, skam'o-ni, n. a cathartic gum-resin O. Ger. skerman, to fight. See Ssinnlsh.]
obtained from a species of convolvulus in Asia Scarce, skirs, adj. not plentiful : not equal to the
Minor. [Gr. skamdnt'a.] demand : rare : not common.—adz>. Scarcely,
Scamp, skamp, n. a vagabond : a mean fellow. (B.) Scarce.—«. Scarceness. [Lit. 'picked
—v.t. in phrase to scamp work, to do it out,' O. Fr. escars \ Yx. fchars), niggardly—Low
dishonestly, without thoroughness. [From L. scarpsus = ex-carpsus, for L. excerptus,
Scamper.] pap. of excerpo—ex, out of, and carpo, to pick.]
Scamper, skamp'er, v.i* to run with speed and Scarcity, skars'i-ti, n. state of being scarce: defi
trepidation. [Lit. 'to quit the field,' O. Fr. ciency : rareness.
escamper—h. ex, out of, from, and campus, Scare, skar, v.t. to drive away by frightening:
field : cf. Decamp ] to strike with sudden terror. [Scot, skair, to
Scan, skan, v.t. to count the feet or measures in a take fright, conn, with Ice. skjarr, shy, timid,
verse : to examine carefully : to scrutinise :— Ger. {sich) scheren, to make off.]
pr.p. scann'ing ; pad. and pa.p. scanned. [Lit. Scarecrow, skaVkrO, n. anything set up to scare
'to climb,' Fr. scander, to scan—L. scando, away cvjzvs or other birds : a vain cause of terror.
scansum. Sans, skaml, to ascend.] Scarf, skarf, n. a light piece of dress worn loosely
Scandal, skan'dal, ». something said which is on the shoulders or about the neck : a light
false and injurious to reputation : disgrace : handkerchief for the neck :—pi. Scarfs. (Fr.
tc filte. far; m€, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon : then.
 Scarf Scholium
icharpe, a scarf, a girdle, orig. the pocket which I doctrines or principles : {theol.) doubting or de
a pilgrim bore suspended from his neck (cf. nying the truth of revelation.—«. Scep tic, one
Scrip . from O. Ger. scherbe, a pocket.] who is sceptical: (theol.) one who doubts or
Scarf, skarf, v.t. to join two pieces of timber end denies the existence of God or the truths of
wise, so that they may be used as one. —«. revelation.—<uiv. Scep tically. [L. scepticus—
Scarfing. [Sw. skar/a, Dan. skarve, to join Gr. skeptikos, thoughtful, reflective—skeptomai,
together; Ger. scharben, to cut smallt A.S. to look about, to consider.]
scearfe, a fragment. The fundamental idea is Scepticism, skep'ti-sizm, n. doubt : the doctrine
that of pointing^ cutting, and so piecing to that no facts can be certainly known: (theol.)
gether: conn, with Shear, 7'.] doubt of the existence of God or the truth of
Scarfskin, skarf'skin, n. the scurfor surface skin : revelation.
the cuticle or outer skin of animals. [A.S. Sceptre, sep'ter, n. the staff or baton borne by
sceorf, scurf, and Skin. See Scurf.] kings as an emblem of authority : royal power.
Scarification, skar-i-fi-kii'shun, «. act ofscarifying. [L. sceptrum—Gr. skPptron, a staff to lean upon
Scarify, skarf-fl, v.t. to scratch or slightly cut —skiptd, to lean ]
the skin : to make small cuts with a lancet, so Sceptred, scp'trd, adj. bearing a sceptre.
as to draw blood \~pa.t. and pa.p. scarified. Schedule, shed'Ql, n. a piece of paper containing
[Fr. scarifier—L. scarifico, -atum—Gr. ska- some writing : a list, inventory, or table.—v.t.
riphaomai—skariphos, an etching tool.] to place in a schedule or list. [O. Fr. schedule
Scarlatina, skar-la-te'na, Soarlet-fever, skarlet- (Fr. cidule)— L. schedula, dim. of scheda, a strip
fe'ver, n. a contagious fever, known by the of papyrus, Gr. schedi, anything formed by
scarlet flush which accompanies it. cleaving, a leaf, from L. scindo, Gr. schisJf, to
Scarlet, skat-Met, n. a bright-red colour : scarlet cleave.]
cloth. —adj. of the colour called scarlet. [O. Fr. Schelk. Same as Sheik.
escarlate (Fr. icarlate), through Low L. scarla- Scheme, skem, n. plan : something contrived to
turn—Pers. sakirlat, pcrh. from Gr. Siketia^ be done : purpose : plot : a combination of
Sicily, which during the Arab domination had a things by design : an illustrative diagram.—
large cotton and silk manufacture.] v.t. to plan : to contrive.—v.t. to form a plan
Scarlet-runner, skarMet-run'fcr, «. a plant with or scheme.—«. Schem'er. [Fr.—L. schema—
scarlet flowers which runs up any support. Gr. schema, form or shape—echd, schesd, to have
Scarp, skarp. Same as Escarp. [Fr. escarpe, or hold.] [intriguing.
through It. scarpa, from O. Ger. scarp (Ger. Scheming, skem'ing, tz^r.given to forming schemes :
scharf), E. Sharp.] Schism, sum, «. a separation in a church, from
Scath, Scathe, skfuh, n. damage, injury.—v.t. to diversity of opinion. [L. schisma—Gr. schizH,
injure. [A.S. sceatha, an enemy, cog. with to split.]
Ger. schade, injury.] [damage, or injury. Schismatic, siz-mat'ik, Schismatical, siz-matlk-
Scathle&B, skath'les or skath'les, adj. without al, adj. tending to, or of the nature of schism.
Scatter, skat'er, v.t. to disperse in all directions : —n. Schismatic, one who separates from a
to throw loosely about : to strew : to sprinkle.— church on account ofdifference ofopinion.—adv.
v.t. to be dispersed or dissipated. [A.S. scate- Schlsmat'loally. [L. schismaticus—Gr. schis-
ran, scaterian. See Shatter. J matikos—schisma.]
Scavenger, skav'en-jer, n. one who cleans the Schist, shist, n. (geol.) a kind of rock splitting
streets. [Orig. scavager, an inspector of goods into thin layers: slate-rock. [Fr. schiste—Gr.
for sale, and also of the streets ; from obs. E. schistos—scnixd, to split.]
scavage, duty on goods for sale—A.S. sceawian, Schistic, shist'ik. Schistous, shist'us, Schistose,
to inspect, E. Show ] shist-oV, adj. like schist : having a slaty struc
Scene, sen, n. {orig.) the stage of a theatre on ture.
which the actors perform : a picture of the place Scholar, skol'ar, n. a pupil : a disciple : a
of an action: a large painted view : place of student : one who has received a learned edu
action, occurrence, or exhibition : the part of a cation : a man of learning : in the English
play acted without change of place : a series of universities, an undergraduate partly supported
events connected and exhibited : a number of from the revenues of a college. [L. scholaris,
objects presented to the view at once : spectacle : belonging to a school—schola. See SohooL ]
view : a display of strong feeling between two or Scholarly, skol'ar-li, adj. like or becoming a
more persons. [Fr. scene—L. seena—Gr. skent, scholar.
a covered place, a booth, a stage.] Scholarship, skol'ar-ship, n. the # character of a
Scenery, sc"n'6r-i, n, the painted representation on scholar : learning : in the English universities,
a stage : the appearance of anything presented maintenance for a scholar.
to the eye : general aspect of a landscape. ScholastlO, sko-las'tik, adj. pertaining to a scholar
8oeniC, sen'ik or sS'nik, adj. pertaining to scenery: or to schools : scholar-like : pertaining to the
dramatic : theatrical. schoolmen : excessively subtle.—n. one who ad
Scenographic, sen-o-graf'ik, Scenographical, heres to the method or subtleties of the schools
s6n-o-graf'ik-al, adj. drawn in perspective.— of the middle ages. [Fr.—L. scholasticus—Gr.
adv. Scenograph'lcally. scholastikos—scholaad, to have leisure, to attend
Soenography, se-nogVa-n, «. the art of perspec school -schofc, leisure. Cf. School. 1
tive : representation in perspective. [Gr. skint, Scholiast, skoli-ast, n. a writer of scholia. [Gr.
a scene, and graphs, to write, delineate.] scholiastes—scholion, a scholium.]
Scent, sent, v.t. to discern by the sense of smell : Scholiastio, sko-li-astlk, adj. pertaining to a
to perfume.—n. odour : sense of smell : chase sc/wliast or to scholia.
followed by the scent : course of pursuit. [Fr. Scholium, skO'li-um, n. one of the marginal notes
rentif—L. sentio, lit. ' to discern by the senses.' of the old critics on the ancient classics : [math. )
See Sense. | an explanation added to a problem : -pi. Scho'-
Sceptic, skep'tik, Sceptloal, skep'tik-al, adj. 11a, Scho'liums. [Low L.—Gr. scholion, a
doubting : hesitating to admit the certainty of short note or comment—scltolf, leisure.]
460 fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOOn ; than.
 School
, skOoi, n. a place for instruction : an insti
tution of learning, esp. for children : the pupils
of a school : exercises for instruction : the dis
ciples of a particular teacher, or those who hold
a common doctrine. —v.t. to educate in a school :
to instruct : to admonish. [L. sckola—Gr.
schole, leisure, a lecture, a school.]
Schoolman, skCoTman, n. one of the philosophers
and divines of the second half of the middle-ages.
Schoolmaster, sk(JoTmas-t6r, «. the master or
teacher of a school: {£.) a pedagogue,—fern.
School'mistress.
Schooner, skOOn'er, n. a sharp-built, swift-sailing
vessel, generally two-masted, rigged cither with
fore-and-aft sails on both masts, or with square
top and top-gallant sails on the foremast.
[Coined in New England from the Prov. Eng.
scoon ( Scot, scon), to make a flat stone skip along
the surface of water.]
SoiatiO, sT-at'ik, Sciatlcal, sl-atlk-al, adj. per
taining to or affecting the hip. [Low L. scia-
ticus Gr. ischion, the hip-joint.]
Sciatica, sl-at'ik-a, «. a rheumatic affection of
the hip-joint: a neuralgic affection of the sciatic
nerve. [Low L. sciatica—Gr. ischion.\
Science, sl'ens, knowledge (systematised) : truth
ascertained : pursuit of knowledge or truth for
its own sake : knowledge arranged under general
truths and principles : that which refers to ab
stract principles, as distinguished from 'art.'
[Fr.—L. scientia—sciens, -eutis, pr.p. of scio, to
know.]
Scientific, sT-en-tif'ik, Sclentlfical, sT-cn-tifik-al,
adj. producing or containing science : according
to or versed in science.—adv. Scientifically.
[Fr. scientijique—L. scientia, science, facio, to
make.] [esp. natural science.
Scientist, si'ent-ist, «. one who studies science,
Scimitar, simi-tar, «. a short, single-edged curved
sword, broadest at the point end, used by the
Turks and Persians. [Prob. through Sp. cimi-
tarra, from Basque cime-terra, something ' with
a fine edge.']
Scintillate, sin'til-lat, v.i. to throw out sharks :
to sparkle. [L. scintilla, a spark.]
Scintillation, sin-til-la'shun, «. act of throwing
out sparks : shining with a twinkling light.
Sciolism, si'ol-izm, «. superficial knowledge. [L.
sciolus, dim. of scius, knowing—scio, to know.]
Sciolist, si'ol-ist, n. one who knows anything
superficially : a pretender to science.
Scion, sl'un, n. a cutting ox twig for grafting : a
young member of a family. [Fr. (lor secion)
— L. sectio, a cutting—seco, to cut.]
Scirrhous, skirYus, adj., hardened: proceeding
from scirrhus.
ScllThus, skir'rus, n. [med.) a hardened gland
forming a tumour : a hardening, esp. that pre
ceding cancer. [Gr. shiros, hard.]
Scissors, siz'urz, n.pl. a cutting instrument con
sisting of two blades fastened at the middle.
[Formerly written cisors—O. Fr. cisoircs, conn,
with Fr. ciseaux, scissors, from Late L. ciso-
rium, :\ cutting instrument—L. cwdo, to cut.]
Sclave, Sclavonian, &c. See Slav, Slavonic.
Sclerotic, skle-rot ik, adj., hard, jinn, noting
the outer membrane of the eyeball.—«. the
outermost membrane of the eyeball. [From Gr.
skltros, hard.]
Scoff, skof, v.t. to mock: to treat with scorn.—
v i. to show contempt or scorn.—«. an expression
ofscorn or contempt.—n. Scoff'er. [Dan. skuffe,
to delude, allied to Fris. schof.]
skoid, v.i. to rail in a loud and violent
fate, far ; mC, her ; mTne ;
Scotch
manner : to find fault.—v. t. to chide rudely : to
rebuke in words.—«. a rude, clamorous woman.
—n. Scold er. [Low Ger. schelden, Ger. schel-
ten, to brawl, to scold.]
Scollop. Same as Scallop.
Sconce, skons, ». a bulwark : a small fort : a
protective headpiece, hence the head, the skull.
(O. Fr. sconcer, esconcer, to conceal, to with
draw -L. absconders]
Sconce, skons, n. the part of a candlestick for the
candle : a hanging candlestick with a mirror to
reflect the light. [O. Fr. esconse—Low L. ab-
sconsa, sconsa, orig. a dark-lantern—L. absconsa
candela, a hidden light—abscondo, to hide,
catuiela, a light.]
Scoop, skoOp, v.t. to lift up, as water, with some
thing hollow : to empty with a ladle : to make
hollow : to dig out —n. anything hollow for
scooping : a large hollow shovel or ladle : a
place hollowed out : a sweeping stroke. [Cog.
with Dan. skuffe, Ger. sc/tu/pe, prob. from the
same root as ShoveLJ
Scope, skop, «. that which one sees, space as
far as one can see : room or opportunity for free
outlook : space for action : the end before the
mind: intention. [L. scoPos—Gr. skopos—
skofied. skeptomai, to look, to view.]
Scorbutic, skor-bii'iik, Scorbu'ticaL -at, adj. per
taining to, resembling, or diseased with scurvy.
[Late Low L. scorbuticus—scorbutus, scurvy,
prob. from O. Dut. schore (DuL scheur), a
break, rent, and bot, bone, from the wasted
appearance of the limbs of a person afflicted with
scurvy.]
Scorch, skorch, v.t. to burn slightly: to roast
highly: to affect painfully with heat.—v.i. to
be burned on the surface : to be dried up. I Lit.
' to strip the bark off,' O. Fr. escorchier, from
Low L. excorticare—L. cortex, corticis, bark.
See Cork.]
Score, skOr, n. a mark or notch for keeping count :
a line drawn : the number twenty, once repre
sented by a larger notch : a reckoning : account :
reason : the original draught of a musical com
position with allthe parts, or its transcript.—v.t.
to mark with notches or lines : to furrow.—n.
Scor'er. [A.S. icor, cog. with Ice. skor; akin
to A.S. scemn, E. Shear.]
Scoria, sko'ri-a, «., dross or slag left from metal
or ores after being under fire :—//. Scorice,
skO'ri-u, volcanic ashes. [L.—Gr. skOria.]
Scorn, skorn, n. disdain caused by a mean opinion :
extreme contempt : object of contempt.—v.t. to
hold in extreme contempt : to disdain : (B.) To
laugh to scorn, to deride.—To think scorn,
to disdain or despise. [O. Fr. escomer (It.
scornare), lit. ' to take the horns off* to humble,
to insult, from L. excomis, hornless, from ex,
without, and cornua, horns.]
Scorner, skorn er, n. one who scorns : [B.) one
who scoffs at religion.
Scornful, skorn'ibol, adj. full of scorn: contemptu
ous : disdainful.—adz: Scorn fully.
Scorpion, skor'pi-un, n. an insect with claws like
the lobster, and armed with a poisonous sting in
its tail : one of the signs of the zodiac : \B.) a
whip with points like a scorpion's tail. [Fr.— L.
scorpio—Gr. skorpios.]
Scot, skot, n. a native of Scotland. [A Celtic
word, ety- dub.]
Scotch, skoch, Scottish, skot'ish, Scots, skots,
adj. pertaining to Scotland, its people, or lan
guage.—ns. Scotch'man, Scotsman, a native of
Scotland.
mflte ; mute ; mOOn : then. 451
 Scotch Scripture
Scotch, slcoch, v.t. to cut or wound slightly. claws in tearing or digging.—h. a mark or tear
[Ety. dub ] made by scratching: a slight wound : the line in
Scoter, sko'ter, n. a species of marine duck with a prize-ring up to which boxers arc led, hence
dark plumage, also c died the ' surf duck.' test, trial, as in phrase, ' to come up to the
800t-fr66, skot'-fre, adj., free from scot \ofrs.) or ' scratch.' [Allied to Ger. kratzen, Dut. krassen,
payment: untaxed: unhurt, safe. —Scot and to scratch, s being intrusive.]
lot, a scot or tax originally assessed according Scratcher, skrach'er, «. a bird which scratches
to the lot or ability of the payer. [A.S. scot, for iood, as a hen.
sceot (cog. with Ger. schosz)— sceotan, to shoot, | Scrawl, skrawl, v.t. ind v.i. to scrape, mark, or
to throw down as payment. See ShOOt.J write irregularly, or hastily.—«. irregular or
Scotticism, skot'i-sizm, n. a Scotch idiom. hasty writing.—n. Scrawl'er. [Akin to Duu
Scoundrel, skown'drel, n. a low, worthless fellow : schravelen, scra/elen, to scrape.]
a rascal: a man without principle. —«. Scoun'- Scream, skrem, v.i. to cry out with a shrill cry,
drellsm, baseness, rascality. [It. scondaruolo, as in fear or pain : to shriek.—«. a shrill,
a coward—scondere, to hide—L. abs-condere. sudden cry, as in fear or pain : a shriek. [An
See Abscond.] imitative word, found in Sw. skramma, to fear ;
SOOUT, skowr, v.t. to clean by rubbing with some cf. Creak, Crack. Screech, Shriek.]
thing rough : to cleanse from grease, dirt, &c. : Screech, skrech, V.i. to shriek or utter a harsh,
to remove by rubbing : to pass quickly over : to shrill, and sudden cry.—n. a harsh, shrill, and
range. —«. Soour'er. [O. Fr. escurer, Ft. sudden cry. [An imitative word, found in Gael.
icurer; Ger. scheuem; prob. both from Low L. sgreach, Scot, skreigh. See Scroani
scurare, to sweep—L. ex-curare.] Screech-OWl, skrech -owl, ». a kind of owl, so
Scourge, skurj, «. a whip made of leather called trom its screeching cry.
thongs : an instrument of punishment : a punish Screen, skren, «. that which shelters from danger
ment: means of punishment.—v.t. to whip or observation : a partition in churches : a coarse
severely: to punish in order to correct.—«. riddle for sifting coal, &c. —v.t* to shelter or con
Scourg'er. [Fr. etcourgie, icourgie — L. ceal : to pass through a coarse riddle. [O. Fr.
{scutica) excoriata, (a whip) made of leather— escren (Fr. fcran) ; of uncertain origin.)
corium, leather.] Screw, skro~o, n. a cylinder with a spiral groove
Scout, skowt, n. one sent out to bring in tidings, or ridge on either its outer or inner surface, used
observe the enemy, &c. : a college servant at as a fastening and as a mechanical power: a
Oxford. [O. Fr. escoute—escouter {It. ascol- screw-propeller. —v.t. to apply a screw to : to
tare)—L. auscultare, to listen—auricula, auris, press with a screw: to twist : to oppress by ex
the ear.] tortion : to force : to squeeze. [Low Ger.
Scout, skowt, v.t. to sneer at : to reject with dis schruve. Ice. skrufa, Ger. schraube, whence
dain. [Acc. to Wedgwood, Scot, scout, to pour prob. Fr. e'erou.)
forth a liquid forcibly.] Screw-driver, skro~0'-drTv'er, n. an instrument
Scowl, skowl, v.t. to wrinkle the brows in dis for driving or turning .rrnfw-nails.
pleasure : to look sour or angry: to look gloomy. Screw-jack, skrOO'-jak. Same as Jackscrew.
—n. the wrinkling of the brows when displeased : Screw-nail, skroo'-nal, n. a nail made in the form
a look of sullenness, anger, or discontent. of a screw.
[Cog. with Dan. skule. Dut. schuilen ; perh. Screw-propeller, skroo'-pro-perer, *. a screw or
conn, with A.S. sceol, squint, Ger. schel, spiral-bladed wheel at the stern of steam-vessels
squinting, Scot, shelly, to squint.] for propelling them : a steamer so propelled.
Scrabble, skrab'l, v.t. [B.] to scrape or make un Screw-Steamer, skroU'-stfim'er, n. a steamer pro
meaning marks: to scrawl [Freq. of Scrape. J pelled by a screw.
Scrag, skrag, «. anything thin or lean and rough : Scribble, skribl, v.t. to scratch or write care
the bony part of the neck. [Gael, sgreag, lessly: to fill with worthless writing.—v.i. to
parched.] write carelessly : to scrawl. — n. Scribbler.
Scragged, skrag'cd, Scraggy, skrag7!, adj. lean [O. Fr. escrivailler, to scribble—escrire, L.
and rough : uneven : rugged.—ns. Stragg'ed- scribere, to write, akin to Gr. graphs, to scratch.]
ness, Scragg'iness.—adv. Scragg'lly. Scribe, skrib, «. a writer: a public or official
Scramble, slcram'bl, v.i. to struggle to seize writer: a clerk, amanuensis, secretary: {I}.) a
something before others : to eaten at or strive copyist or expounder of the law. [Fr. —L.
for rudely : to move on all-fours.—n. act of scriba—scribo, scribere, to write.]
scrambling. —«. Scram'bler. [Prov. E. scramb, Scrimmage, skrim'aj, n. a skirmish: a general
to rake together with the hands, or scramp, fight. [Prob. a corr. of Skirmish, |
to snatch at ; nearly allied to Scrabble and Scrimp, skrimp, v.t. to make too small or short :
Scrape.] to limit or shorten. —adj. short, scanty. [Scot.
Scrap, skrap, n. a small piece : an unconnected scrimp, scanty ; Ger. schmmp/en, to shrink.]
extract.—Scrap'-book, «. a blank book tot scraps Scrip, skrip, n. that which is written : a piece of
or extracts, prints, &c [From Scrape.] paper containing writing : a certificate of stock
Scrape, skrap, v.t. to make a harsh or grating or shares in any joint-stock company subscribed
noise on : to rub with something sharp : to re or allotted. [L. scriptum, pa.p. of scribo.]
move by drawing a sharp edge over : to collect Scrip, skrip, «. a small bag or wallet. [Ice.
by laborious effort : to save penuriously.—w. a skreppa; conn, with Scarf.]
perplexing situation : difficulty. [A.S. screopan ; Script, skript, n. {print. \ type like written letters.
Ice. skrapa, to creak, grate: from the sound.] [L. scriptum—scribo, to write.]
Scraper, skrSp'er, n. an instrument used for Scriptural, skript'ur-al, adj. contained in Script
scraping, esp. the soles of shoes. ure: according to Scripture: biblical. —adv.
Scraping, skrap'ing, n. that which is scraped off. Script'urally. Script'uralness
Scratch, skrach, v.t. to rub or mark the surface Scripture, sknpt'flr, » sacred writing: the Bible.
with something pointed, as the nails : to tear or —The Scriptures, the Bible. [Lit. a writing,
to dig with the claws.—v.i. to use the nails or L. scriptura—scribo, to write-]
453 fate, far : mi. her : mine; mOte : mute; moon : then.
 Scrivener
Scrivener, skriv'en-er, n. a scribe or writer: a
copyist : one who draws up contracts, &c: one
who receives the money of others to lay it out at
interest. [O. Fr. escrivain (Fr. icrivain)—Low
L. scribanus, L. scriba, a scribe—scribo. ]
Scrofula, skrof'u-la, «. a disease characterised by
chronic swellings of the glands in various parts
of the body, esp. the neck, tending to suppurate :
the king's-evil. [L. scrofula?—scrofa, a sow,
from the belief that swine were subject to a
disease of this kind.]
Scrofulous, skrof'u-lus, adj. pertaining to, resem
bling, or affected with scrofula.
Scroll, skrol, n. a roll of paper or parchment : a
writing in the form of a roll : a rough draught of
anything: a schedule: [arch.) a. spiral orna
ment: the volute of the Ionic and Corinthian
capitals. [O. Fr. escrol, Fr. icrou ; of uncertain
ongin.]
Scrub, skrub, v.t. to rub hard, esp. with something
rough.—v.i. to be laborious and penurious :—
pr.p. scrubbing; pa.t. and /a-/, scrubbed.—n.
one who works nard and lives meanly : anything
small or mean : a worn-out brush : low under
wood.—n. Scrubb'er. [Low Ger. schrubben,
Dan. skrubbe, torub or scrub ; conn, with Scrape.]
Scrubby, skrub'i, adj. laborious and penurious :
mean : small ; stunted in growth.
Scruple, skrOO'pl, n. a small weight (20 grains, or
1 drachmj : a very small quantity : reluctance to
decide or act, as from motives of conscience :
difficulty.—v.i. to hesitate in deciding or acting.
[Fr. scrupule—L. scrufiulus, dim. of scrupus, a
rough, sharp stone, anxiety.]
Scrupulous, skroD'pu-lus, adj. having scruples,
doubts, or objections: conscientious: cautious:
exact.—adv. Scru'pulOUSly. [L. scmpulosns.\
Scrupulousness, skrco'pa-lus-nes, Scrupulosity,
skrOo-pQ-los'i-ti, n. state of being scrupulous:
doubt : niceness : precision.
Scrutineer, skrOO-ti-ner', n. one who makes a
scrutiny, or minute search or inquiry.
Scrutinise, skrOo'ti-nlz, v.t. to search minutely
or closely : to examine carefully or critically : to
investigate.
Scrutiny, skrOT'ti-ni, n. careful or minute inquiry:
critical examination : an examination of the
votes gjven at an election for the purpose of
correcting the poll. [L. scruttnium—scrutor,
to search even to the rags—-scruta, Gr. gryti,
rags, trash.]
Scud, skud, v.i. to run quickly: (naul.) to run
before the wind in a gale '.—pr.p. scudd'ing ;
Pa t. and Pa.p. sendd^d.—«. act of moving
quickly : loose, vapoury clouds driven swiftly
along. [A.S. scudan; Ger. schilttem.}
Scuffle, skuf'l, v.i. to struggle closely: to fight
confusedly.—n. a struggle in which the com
batants grapple closely: any confused contest.
[A.S. scufan, to shove : Dan. skuffe, Sw. skuffa,
to shove or push, skuff, a blow, a thrust. See
Shove, Shuffle.]
Sculk. Same as Skulk.
Scull, skid, n. a short, light oar: a small boat:
a cock-boat. — v.t. to impel by sculls : to propel
by working an oar from side to side of the stern,
without raising the blade from the water.—n.
Sculling [Scand. skol, to splash.]
Sculler, sktil'er, n. one who sculls : a small boat
rowed by two sculls pulled by one man.
Scullery* skul'er-i, n. the place for dishes and
other lcitchen utensils. [O. Fr. esculier—escuel/e
—L. sculella, a salver—scutula, dim. of scutra,
a dish.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Sea
Scullion, skul'yun, n. a servant in the scullery: a
servant for drudgery-work.
Sculptor, skulp'tor, n. one who carves figures.—
fem. Sculp tress. [ture.
Sculptural, skulp'tur-al, adj. belonging to sculp-
Sculpture, skulptur, n. the art of carving figure!
in wood, stone, &c. : carved-work.—v.t. to carve :
to form, as a piece of sculpture. [Fr.—L.
sculpturn.—sculfo. sculptum, to carve, to cut,
Gr. glyphs, to carve.]
Scum, skum, n., foam or froth: the extraneous
matter rising to the surface of liquids, esp. when
boiled or fermented : refuse.—v.t. to take the
scum from: to skim :—pr.p. scumm'ing ; pa.t.
and pa*p. scummed.—n. Scumra er. [Ice.
skum; Ger. schaum, foam, froth.]
Scupper, skup'er, n. a hole in the side of a ship
to carry off" water from the deck. [O. Fr.
escupir; origin dubious.]
Scurf, skurf, n. the crust or flaky matter formed
on the skin: anything adhering to the surface.
[A.S. scurf, cog. with Ice. skurfa, from a root
seen in A.S. sceorfian, to scrape, scratch; allied
to Scrub, Scrape. ]
Scurfy, skurf'i, adj. having scurf: like scurf.—
n. Scurf'iness.
Scurrlle, skur'ril, adj., buffoon-like: jesting : foul-
mouthed : low. [L. scurrilis—scurra, an elegant
town-bred man, a buffoon.]
Scurrility, skur-ril'it-i, «. buffoonery : low or
obscene jesting : indecency of language : vulgar
abuse. [L. scurrilitas.]
Scurrilous, skur'ril-us, adj. using scurrility, or
the language of a buffoon : indecent : vile :
vulgar: opprobrious: grossly abusive.—adv.
Scur'rUousiy. [meanly, basely.
ScurvUy, skurv'i-li, adv. in a scurvy manner :
Scurviness, skuiVi-nes, n. state of being scurvy ;
meanness
Scurvy, skutVi, «. a disease marked by livid
spots on the skin and general debility. [From
Scurf.]
Scurvy, skurVi, adj., scurfy ; affected with
scurvy: vile, vulgar, contemptible. [From
Scurf.]
Scutage, sku'taj, n. a pecuniary fine or tax,
instead of personal service, which a vassal or
tenant owed to his lord, sometimes levied by the
crown in feudal times. [From L. scutum, a
shield.]
Scutcheon. Same as Escutcheon.
Scutlform, skQ'ti-form, adj. having theform of a
shield. [L. scutum, a shield, and Form.]
Scuttle, Skuf'l, n. a shallow basket : a vessel for
holding coal. [A.S. scutel, O. Fr. escuelle—L.
scutella, a salver—scutula, dim. of scutra, a
dish. See Scullery.]
Scuttle, skur'l, n. the openings or hatchways of a
ship : a hole through the hatches or in the side
or bottom of a ship.—v.t. to cut holes through
any part of a ship: to sink a ship by cutting
holes in it. [O. Fr. escoutille, a hatchway, from
O. Ger. scoz. Ger. schoosz, bosom, a lap.]
Scuttle, skuti, v.i. to scud or run with haste: to
hurry.—n. a quick run. [From Scud ]
Scythe, sMh, «. a kind of sickle : an instrument
with a large curved blade for mowing grass, &c.
—v.t. to cut with a scythe, to mow. [A.S. sithe;
Ice. sigd, Low Ger. sigde, a sickle, akin to L.
securis, an axe, seco, to cut ]
Sea. se, «. the great mass of salt water covering
the greater part of the earth's surface : any great
expanse of water less than an ocean : the ocean :
the swell of the sea in a tempest : a wave : any
mote ; mute ; mOOn : then. 453
 Sea-anemone
large quantity of liquid : any rough or agitated
place or element.—At sea. away from land : on
the ocean.—Half-seas over, half-drunk. High
seas, the open ocean.—To go to BOa, to become
a sailor. |A.S. sot; Ger. see, Goth, saivs, lake,
Ice. sior, Sans, sava, water.]
Sea-anemone, sc'-a-nem'u-nc, ». a kind of polyp,
like an anemone, found on rocks on, the sea-
coast.
Seaboard, sebord, n. the border or shore of the
sea. [Sea, and Fr. bord, border, the shore.]
Seacoast, se'kost, «. the coast or shore of the
sea : the land adjacent to the sea.
Seafaring, se'far-ing, adj., faring or going to
sea: belonging to a seaman. [Sea and rare.]
Seagage, sega|, n. the depth a vessel sinks in
the water. [Sea and Gage.] {sea.
Seagirt, sc'gert, adj ,£irt or surrounded by the
Sea-going, s£'-gG'ing, adj. sailing on the deep sea,
as opposed to coasting or river (vessels).
Seagreen, se'grfin, adj., green like the sea.
Seahorse, se'hors, «. the walrus : the hippopo
tamus or river-horse : the hippocampus.
Seakale, selcal, ». a kind ot kale or cabbage
Soaking,onseeking,
found sandy shores of thesometimes
«. a name sea. given to
the leaders of the early Scandinavian piratical
expeditions. [Based on a false ety. of Viking,
which see.]
Seal, sel, n. an engraved stamp for impressing the
wax which closes a letter, &c. : the wax or olhw
substance so impressed : that which makes fast
or secure : that which authenticates or ratifies:
assurance. —v.t. to fasten with a seal : to set a
seal to : to mark with a stamp ; to make fast :
to confirm: to keep secure—Great soal, the
state seal of the United Kingdom. [A.S. sigU
(Ger. siege/. It. sigilio); alt from L. sigillum,
dim. of signum, a mark or sign.]
Seal, sel, «, a marine animal valuable for its skin
and oil. [A.S. seolh; Ice. selr, O. Ger. selah.]
Seal-engraving, seT-en-grav'ing, ft, the art of
engraving seals.
Sea-level, se'-Iev'el. «. the level or surface of the
sea. [letters, &c.
Sealing-wax, sel'ing-waks, «., wax for sealing
Seam, sum, n. that wnich is sewed: the line formed
by the sewing together of two pieces: a line of
union : a vein or stratum of metal, ore, coal, &c. :
igeol.) a thin layer between thicker strata-—
v.t. to unite by a seam : to sew : to make a seam
in. [A.S. seam, from scthuiatt, to sew; Ice.
saumr, Ger. saum, a scam.]
Seaman, se'man, ». a man who assists in the
navigation of ships at sea : a sailor.
Seamanship, se'man-ship, n. the art of navigating
ships at sea.
Seamark, se'mark, «. any mark or object on
land serving as a guide to those at sea : a
beacon.
Seamew, se'mii, «. a species of gull.
Seamless, sfim'les, adj., without a seam: woven
throughout.
Seamstress, sem'stres or sem'-, «. one who sews.
[From Seam ; doublet Sempstress.]
Soamy, semi, adj. having a seam or scams.
Sean, sen, «. a drag-net : a seine. [See Seine.]
Seance, sa'angs, «. a sitting, as of some public
body: a sitting for consideration or inquiry.
TFr , from L. sedeo, to sit.]
Seaplece, sc'pes, «. a piece or picture repre
senting a scene at sea.
Seaport, sC'pOrt, «. a port or harbour on the sea-
shore : a town near such a harbour.
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ;
Seceder
Sear, ser, v.t. to dry up: to burn to dryness on
the surface : to scorch : to cauterise : to render
callous or insensible, —adj. dry, withered [A.S.
searian; 0. Ger. soren, to dry, Low Ger. soorf
sear. ]
Search, serch, v.t. to look round to find : to seek:
to examine : to inspect : to explore : to put to
the test.—v.t- to seek for: to make inquiry.—
n. the act of seeking or looking for : examina
tion : inquiry : investigation : pursuit. [M. E.
sercken, cerchen—O. Fr. cercher ;Fr. chercher)
—L. circare, to go about—circus, a circle. See
Circle. ] [examiner.
Searcher, scrch'er, n. a seeker : an inquirer or
Searching, scrch'ing, adj. looking over closely :
penetrating : trying : severe.—adv. Search'-
Search-warrant, serch'-wor'ant, «. a legal nwr.
rant authorising a search for stolen goods, &c
Seared, serd, adj., dried up: burned : hardened.
Searoom, se'rGoin, n., room or space at sea for a
ship to drive about without running ashore.
Seasalt, sfi'salt, u. common salt obtained from
sea-water by evaporation.
Sea-serpent, se'-screpent, *. a fabulous [monster.
sea-
Seashore, se"'shur, «. the land adjacent to the
sea.
Seasick, sc'sik, adj. affected with sickness through
the rolling of a vessel at sea.—n. Sea'-Slck ness.
Seaside, sc'sTd, «. the land beside the sea.
Season, se'zn, «. one of the four periods of the
year : the usual or proper time : any particular
time: any period of time.— v.t. to mature: to
prepare for use : to accustom : to fit for the taste :
to give relish to: to mingle : to moderate.—v.i,
to become seasoned or matured : to grow fit for
use: to become inured.—h Sea soner. [Fr.
saison - L. satio, -onis, a sowing, seedtime.]
Seasonable, s£'zn-a-bl, adj. happening in due
season : occurring in good, suitable, or proper
time: timely: opportune.—adv. Sua'sunably.
—n. Sea'sonahleneBS.
Seasoning, se'zn-ing, n. that which is added to
food to give it greater relish : anything added to
increase enjoyment. [See Season.}
Seat, set, n. that on which one sits: a chair,
bench, &c. : the place where one sits : site : a
place where anything is established : post of
authority: station: abode: a mansion.—v.t. to
place on a seat : to cause to sit down : to place
in any situation, site. &c. : to establish : to fix:
to assign a seat to. [A.S. sate—sitan, E. Sit,
which see.] [sea, the narwhal-
Sea unicorn sc'-u'ni-korn, n. the unicorn of the
Sea-urchin, se'-ur'chin, n. the sea-hedgehog. [So
called from its spines.]
Seaward, se'ward, adj., towards the sea.—adv.
towards or in the direction of the sea*
Seaweed, se'wcd, «. a weed or plant of the sea.
Seaworthy, se'wur-^Ai, adj., worthy ot fit for sea.
—«. Sea'worthiness.
Secant, scTsant. adj., cutting: dividing into two
parts. —«. a line that cuts another: a straight
line from the centre of a circle to one extremity
of an arc, produced till it meets the tangent to
the other extremity. [L. secans, secantis, pr.p.
of seco, to cut.]
Secede, se-sSd', v.i. to go away: to separate one's
self: to withdraw from fellowship or association.
[L. secedo, secessum—se, away, and cedo, to go.
See Cede ]
Seceder, se-scd'er, n. one who secedes : one of a
body of Presbyterians who seceded from the
Church of Scotland about 1733.
mote ; mute ; moon ; then
 Secession Seditious
Secession, se-sesh'un, «. the act of seceding: with Sectary, sek'tar-i, «. one of a sect: a c
drawal : departure. SectUe, sek'til, adj. that may be cut with a
Seclude, se-kloOd', v.t. to shut apart: to keep knife. [L.—seco, to cut.]
apart. [L. secludo, seclusum—se, apart, and Section, sek'shun, «. act of cutting: a division : a
claudo, to shut] portion : the plan of any object cut through, as
Seclusion, se-kl5o'zhun, «. the act of secluding: I it were, to show its interior : the line formed by
a shutting out : the state of being secluded or I the intersection of two surfaces : the surface
apart : separation : retirement : privacy : solitude. < formed when a solid is cut by a plane.
Second, sek'und, adj. immediately following the Sectional, sek'shun-al, adj. pertaining to a section
first : the ordinal of two : next in position : in or distinct part.—adv. SWtlonally.
ferior.—«. one who or that which follows or is Sector, sck'tur, ». that which cuts: that which is
second : one who attends another in a duel or a cut off: a portion of a circle between two radii
prize-fight : a supporter : the 6oth part of a and the intercepted arc : a mathematical instru
minute of time, or of a degree.—v.t. to follow : ment for finding a fourth proportional.
to act as second : to assist : to encourage : to Secular, sck'Q-lar, adj. pertaining to an age or
support the mover of a question or resolution. generation: coming or observed only once in a
[Fr.—L. secundus—sequor, secutus, to follow. century : (geol.) gradually becoming appreciable
See Sequence.] in the course of ages : pertaining to the present
Secondarily, sek'und-ar-i-li, adv. in a secondary world, or to things not spiritual : not bound by
manner or degree : {B.) secondly. monastic rules.—*, a layman: an ecclesiastic
Secondary, sek und-ar-i, adj., fallowing or coming not bound by monastic rules.—adv. Sec ularly.
after the first : second in position : inferior : sub (L. secularis—seculum, an age, a generation.]
ordinate : deputed.—n. a subordinate: a dele Secularise, sek'ii-lar-iz, v.t. to make secular : to
gate or deputy. [L. secundarius.} [ports. convert from spiritual to common use.—n. Secu-
Seconder, sek'und-er, «. one who seconds or sup- larisation.
Second-hand, sek'und-hand, adj. received as it Secularist, sek'G-lar-ist, n. one who, discarding
were from the hand of a second person : not religious belief and worship, applies himself ex
new : that has been used by another. clusively to the things of this life.—n. Sec'll-
Secondly, sek'und-li, adv. in the second place. larism. [or worldly : worldliness.
Second-sight, sek'und-slt, «. a second or additional Secularity, sek-u-lart-ti, «. state of being secular
sight: power of seeing things future or distant. Securable, se-kuVa-bl, adj. that may be secured.
Secrecy, sg'kre-si, n. the state of being secret: Secure, se-kQr', adj., without care or anxiety,
separation : concealment : retirement : privacy : careless, so in B. : free from fear or danger :
fidelity to a secret : the keeping of secrets. safe : confident : incautious.—v.t. to make safe :
Secret, secret, adj. put apart or separate: con to render certain : to guarantee *. to fasten.—
cealed from notice : removed from sight : unre- adv. Securely.—*. Secure ness. [L. se (for
vealed : hidden : secluded : retired : private : sine), without, cura, care. See Care.]
keeping secrets: reserved.—w. that which is Security, sc-kuYi-ti, *. state of being secure : free
concealed : anything unrevealed or unknown : dom from fear: carelessness: protection: cer
privacy. {Fr.—L. secretus, from secemo, secre~ tainty: a pledge : —pi. bonds or certificates in
turn—se, apart, and cemo, to separate.] evidence of debt or property.
Secretarial, sek-re-ta'ri-al, adj. pertaining to a Sedan, sc-dan', «. a covered chair for one, carried
secretary or his duties. by two men. [Invented at Sedan, in France.]
Secretary, sek're-tar-i, «. one employed to write Sedate, se-dat', adj. quiet : serene : serious.—
for another : a public officer intrusted with the adv. Sedately.—*. Sedate'ness. [Lit. 'seated,'
affairs of a department of government, or of a 'settled,' L. sedatus—sedo, sedatumy to seat, to
company, &c.—n. Secretaryship. [Lit. * one compose, akin to sedeo, Sans, sad, to sit.]
who is intrusted with secrets,' a confidant, Fr. Sedative, sed'a-tiv, adj. tending to make sedate
secretaire—Low L, secretarius. See Secret.] or composed : moderating : allaying irritation or
Secrete, se-kreV, v.t. to put apart or make secret : pain.—*, a medicine that allays irritation or pain.
to hide : to conceal : to produce from the circu Sedentary, sed'en-tar-i, adj., sitting much : passed
lating fluids, as the blood in animals, the sap in chiefly in sitting : requiring much sitting : inac
vegetables. [L. secerno, secretum.) tive.—adv. Sed'entarily.—«. Sedentariness.
Secretion, sc-kr€'shun, w. the act of secreting or [L. sedetttarius—sedeo, to sit.]
separating from a circulating fluid : that which Sederunt, sed-c"runt, *. {Scotland] the sitting of
is secreted. a court. [L. ' they sat '—sedeo, to sit.]
Secretive, sc-kreViv, adj. tending to or causing Sedge, sej, n. a kind of flag or coarse grass grow
secretion : given to secrecy or to keeping secrets. ing in swamps and rivers. [Older form seg—
—a4ht. Secretively.—«. Secret'iveness. A.S. secg; from root of Saw, instrument for
Secretly, sc'kret-H, adv. in a secret manner : cutting, the sedge being so called from its sharp,
privately: unknown to others : inwardly. sword-like leaves. Cf. Gladiolus. J
Secretness, se""kret-nes, «. the state of being secret. Sedged, sejd, adj. composed of sedge or flags.
Secretory, se-kret'or-i, adj. performing the office Sedgy, scj'i, adj. overgrown with sedge.
of secretion. Sediment, sed'i-ment, «. that which settles at the
Sect, sekt, «. a body of men who unite in holding bottom of a liquid : dregs. [L. sedimentum-—
some particular views, esp. in religion and philo sedeo, to sit, to settle.]
sophy : those who dissent from an established Sedimentary, sed-i-ment'ar-i, adj. pertaining to,
church. (Fr. secte—L. secta, a way, a way of consisting of, or formed by sediment.
thinking, hence a school of philosophy—seco, Sedition, sc-dish'un, «. insurrection : any offence
tectum, to cut off. ] against the state next to treason. [Lit. *a going
Sectarian, sek-ta'ri-an, adj. pertaining to or away,' L. seditio—se, away, and eo, itum, Sans.
peculiar to a sect.—«. one of a sect.
Sectarianism, sek-ta'ri-an-izm, «. quality or char Seditious, se-dish'us, adj. pertaining to sedition :
acter of a sectarian : devotion to a sect of the nature of or tending to excite sedition :
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mOOn ; /Aen. 4&6
 Seduoe Self-willed
turbulent.—adv. Seditiously.—«. Sedl'tlous- Segment, seg'ment, n. a part cut off: a portion :
nesB. (geom.) the part of a circle cut off by a straight
Seduce, se-dus', v. t. to draw aside from rectitude : line : the part of a sphere cut off by a plane
to entice : to corrupt.—«. Sedu'cer. [L. seduco [L. seco, to cut.]
—se, aside, and duco, dueturn, to lead, to draw. Segregate, segYe-gat, v.t. to separate from
See Duot.J others.—«. Segregation. [Lit. 'to set apart
Seducement, se-dfls'ment, «. act of seducing or from a Jfock,' L. segrego, -atus—se, apart, and
drawing aside : allurement. grex, gregis, a flock. ]
Seduction, se-duk'shun, n. act of seducing or en Seidlltr, sld'litz, adj. saline water of or from
ticing from virtue : crime of fraudulently depriv Seidlitz in Bohemia, also a saline aperient
ing an unmarried woman of her cha-stity. powder.
Seductive, se-duk'tiv, adj\ tending to seduce or Seignior, sen'yur, «. a title of honour and address
draw aside. —ad7>. SedUC'tively. in Europe to elders or superiors : the lord of a
Sedulous, sed'O-lus, adj. diligent : constant.— manor.—Grand Seignior, the Sultan of Turkey.
adv. Sed'ulously.—«. Sed'ulousness. [Lit. —adj. Seignorial, sc-uO'ri-aL [Fr. seigneur
' sitting constantly,' L. sedulus—sedeo, to sit.J —L. senior—senex, old. In Low L. senior
See, se, «. the seat or jurisdiction of a bishop or sometimes ~ dominus, lord. Doublet Sire.]
archbishop. [O. Fr. se, sied—h. sedes—sedeo, Seigniory, scn'yur-i, n. the power or authority of
to sit. See Sit.] a seignior or lord : a manor.
See, s€, v.t. to perceive by the eye: to observe : Seine, ten, «. a Large net for catching fish, [Fr.
to discover : to remark : to experience : to visit. — L. sagena~Gr. sagPnc.]
—v.i. to look or inquire : to discern : to under Seismic, sls'mic, belonging to an earthquake.
stand : to be attentive \—pa.t. saw ; pa.p. seen. Seismology, sTs-mol'o-ji, «. the science of earth
—int. look ! behold !—«. Se'er.—To see to, to quakes. [Gr. seismos, an earthquake, and logos.}
look after : (B.) to behold. [A.S. seon, sehvan; Seize, stfz, v.t. to take possession of forcibly : to
cog. with Ger. sehenS] take hold of: to grasp: to apprehend.— *.
Seed, scd, «. the thing sown : the substance pro Seizor. —adj. Seiz'able. [ Fr. smistr (Prov. sazirt
duced by plants and animals from which new to take possession ofi—0. Ger. sazjan, to set,
plants and animals are generated : first principle: Ger. be-setzen, E. Beset.]
original : descendants. —v i. to produce seed. Seizin, sez'in, n. the taking possession of an
[A.S. sadshwan, E. SOW; cog. with Ice. estate of freehold : the thing possessed.
shdk, Ger. saat.] [seed. Seizure, sc'zhOOr, «. act of seising : capture :
Seedbud, sgd'bud, «. the bud or germ of the grasp : the thing seized.
Seedcake, sed'kak, «. a sweet cake containing Selah, se'la, «. in the Psalms, a word denoting
aromatic seeds. silence or a pause in the musical performance of
Seedling, scd'ling, «. a plant reared from the seed. the song. [Heb.]
Seedlobe, scd'lOb, «. the lobe or leaf of a plant Seldom, sel'dum, adv., rarely: not often. [A.S.
which nourishes the growing point or seed. seldum ; Ice. sialdan, Ger. selten, rare.]
Seedsman, seds'man, «. one who deals in seeds ; Select, se-lckt', v.t. to pick out from a number by
a sower :—pi. Seeds'men. [seed preference : to choose : to cull.—adj., picked
Seedtime, sed'tTm, «. the time or season for sowing out: nicely chosen: choice.—n. Select ness.
Seedy, sed'i, adj. abounding with seed : run to [L. seligo, selectum—se, aside, and lego, Gr.
seed : having the flavour of seeds : worn out : legd, to gather, to pick out.]
shabby.—adv.
Seeing, seeing, «.,Seed'ily.—«.
sight : vision,Seed'iness.
—amj. since. Selection, se-lek'shun, n. act of selecting : things
selected : a book containing select pieces.
Seek, s£k, v.t. to go in search of: to look for : to Selenium, sel-e'ni-um, n. an elementary sub
try to find or gain : to ask for : to solicit.—v.i. stance allied to sulphur. (Coined from Gr.
to make search or inquiry : to try : to use seline, the moon, like tellurium from L. tellus.)
solicitation : [B.) to resort to :—pa./, and Pa.p. Selenography, sel-en-og'raf-i, n. description of
sought.—u. Seeker. [A.S. sican, cog. with the moon. [Gr. seleni, and graphs, to write ]
Ger. sttchen, E. Sake.] Self, self, n. one's own person : one's personal
Seem, sem, v.i. to appear : to have a show : to interest : selfishness :—pt. Selves (selvz).—adj.
look,—v.t, IB.) to befit.—«. Seem'er. [A.S. very : particular : one's own. [A.S. self, sit/,
siman, to place together, lo adapt or fit ; conn, cog. with Ger. selbe, Goth, silba.]
with Same, and Ger. zienten, to be suitable.] Self-denial, self-de-nl'al, ». the denial of one's
Seeming, sem'ing, adj., apparent : specious.—n. self: the not gratifying one's own appetites or
appearance : semblance.—adv. Seem ingly.— desires.
n. Seem'ingness. Self-evident, self-ev'i-dent, adj. evident of itself
Seemly, sem'li, adj. (comp. Seemlier, superL or without proof : that commands assent.
Seem'liest , becoming : suitable : decent. —adv. Self-existent, self-egz-ist'ent, adj. existing of or
in a decent or suitable manner.—n. Seemliness. by himself, independent of any other being, —n.
Seen, sen, pa.p. of See. Self-existence.
Seer, se'r, «. one who foresees events : a prophet. Selfish, selfish, adj. chiefly or wholly regarding
Seesaw, sG'saw, «. motion to and fro, as in the one's own self: void of regard to others. —adv.
act of satving: a play among children, in which Selfishly.—n. Selfishness.
two seated at opposite ends of a board supported Self-possession, self-poz-zesh'un, «. the possession
in the centre move alternately up and down — of one's self or faculties in danger : calmness.
adj. moving up and down, or to and fro. —v.t. Self-righteous, self-rlt/yus, adj. righteous in one's
to movo backwards and forwards. [Prob, a own estimation.—n. Self right eousness.
reduplication of Saw.] Selfsame, self'sam, adj. the very same.
Seethe, s&lh, v.t. to boil: to cook in hot liquid. Self-SUfflcient, sclf-suf-fish'cnt, adj. confident in
—v.i. to be boiling : to be hot l~-/a.L seethed one's own sufficiency : haughty. —n. Self suffi
or sod ; pa.p. seethed or sodd'en. [A. S. se6than, ciency, [wilt.
cog. with Ice. sjodha, and Ger. sieden.] Self-willed, self-wild, adj. governed by one's own
456 fate, far; mC, her; mine; mote; mute ; mOOo : //ten.
 Sell Sensorium
Sell, sel, v.t. to deliver in exchange for something longing to six. [L. senarius—seni, six each—
paid as equivalent : to betray for money.—v.u sex, six.]
to have commerce : to be sold :—pat. and p't-p. Senate, sen'at, n. a legislative or deliberative body,
sold.—n. Seller. [A.S. sellan, to give, with esp. the upper house of a national legislature.
cog. words in all the Teut. tongues, as Ice. [L. senatus {lit.} a council of elders—senex,
sclja, O. Ger. sellen, Goth, sal/an, to offer in senis, old, an old man.] [Sen'atorship.
sacrifice. ] Senator, sen'a-tur, n. a member of a senate.—n.
Seltzer, selt'zer, adj. denoting a mineral water Senatorial, sen-a-to'ri-al, adj. pertaining to or
brought from Lower Stiters, a village of becoming a senate or a senator.—adv. Senato'-
Nassau, in Germany. rlally.
Selvage, sel'vaj, Selvedge, sel'vej, n. that part of Send, send, v.t. to cause to go; to cause to be con
cloth which forms an edge of itselfwithout hem veyed : to despatch : to commission : to diffuse :
ming : a border. [From Self and Edge.] to bestow.—v-i. to despatch a message or mes
Selves, selvz, pL of Self. senger :—pd.t. and Pa.p. sent.—«. Sender.
Semaphore, sem'a-fGr, ». a contrivance for con [A.S. sendan; Ice. senda ; Goth, sandjan;
veying signals, consisting of a mast with arms prob. allied to Sans, sadh, to go away.]
turned on pivots by means of cords or levers. — Sendal, sen'dal, n. a thin silk or linen. [0. Fr.—
adjs. Semaphur ic. Seruaphor leal. [Gr. si-ma, Low L. sindalum—L. siiuion—Gr. sinddn, a
a sign, and plierd, to bear.] fine cloth from India.]
Semblance, sem'blans, «., likeness; appearance: Seneschal, sen'esh-al, n. a steward.—n. Sen'-
figure. [Vr.—sem6ler, to seem—L. similo, to eschaUhlp. [ Lit. ' the senior or oldest of the
make like—sintilis, like.] servants,' Ft. sinichal— Low L. siniscalcus, from
Semlbreve, sem'i-brfiv, n. a musical note, &, half a Teut. root sin found in Goth, sini-sta, oldest
the length of a breve. [L. semi, half, Brave.] (cog. with L. senex, senis, old), and Goth, skulks,
Semicircle, scm'i-serk-1, half a circle : the O. Ger. scale, a servant.]
figure bounded by the diameter of a circle and Senile, se'nTl, adj. pertaining to old age or attend
half the circumference.—adj. Soniicir cular. ant on it : aged.—n. Senility, se-nil'i-ti. [L.
[L. semi, half, and Circle.] senilis—senex, senis, old.]
Semicircumference, sem-i-ser-kum'fer-ens, «. Senior, se"n'yur, adj., elder: older in office.—«.
halfof the circumference of a circle. [L. semi, one older than another: one older in office : an
half, and Circumference.] aged person. —n. Seniority, sfn-i-or^-ti. [L.,
Semicolon, sem'i-ko-lon, n. the point ( ; ) showing comp. of senex.)
a division greater than the comma. [Lit. 'half Senna, sen'a, n. the dried, purgative leaflets of
a colon,' L. semi, half, and Colon.] several species of cassia. [Ar. se/ta.]
Semidiameter, sem-i-di-am'e-ter, «., half the Sennight, sen'it, «. contracted from seven night :
diameter of a circle : a radius. [L. semi, half, a week. [Sec Fortnight.]
and Diameter.] Sensation, sen-sii'shun, n. perception by the
Semifluid, sem-i-fiOO'id, adj., half or imperfectly senses: feeling excited by external objects, by
fluid. [L. semi, half, and Fluid.] the state of the body, or by immaterial objects :
Seminal, sem'in-al, adj. pertaining to seed ; a state of excited feeling.—adj. Sensa tional
radical : rudimental. [L. semen, seminis, seed Sensationalism, sen-sa'shun-al-izm, n. the doc-'
—sero, to sow.] trine that our ideas originate solely in sensation,
Seminary, sem'in-ar-i, w. a place of education : and that there are no innate ideas.—«. Sensa'-
[lit.) a place where seed is sown. tlonallst, a believer in sensationalism.
Semination, sem-i-na'shun, n. act of sowing: Sense, sens, «. a faculty by which objects are per
natural dispersion of seed. ceived : perception : discernment : understand
Semiquaver, sem'i-kwa-vcr, «. a musical note, • ing : power or soundness of judgment : reason :
half the length of a quaver. [L. semi, half, g opinion: conviction: import \—pi. The senses,
and Quaver. ] ™ or five senses, sight, hearing, smell, taste, and
Semitic, sem-it'ik, adj. pertaining to the great touch. [Fr.—L. sensus—sentio, to discern by
family of languages that includes Hebrew and the senses.]
Arabic. [Derived from Slum in Genesis x. ai.] Senseless, sensles, adj. without sense ; incapable
Semitone, sem'i-ton, «., half a tone; one of the of feeling : wanting sympathy : foolish.—adv.
lesser intervals of the musical scale, as from j Sense lessly, n. Senselessness.
B to C.—adj. Semitonic. [L. semi,' half, and Sensibility, sens-i-bil'i-ti, n. state or quality of
Tone ] 1 being sensible : actual feeling : capacity of feel
Semi-transparent, sem'i-trans-pa'rent, od/., half ing : susceptibility : acuteness of feeling : deli
or impertectly transparent.—n. Sam l- trans cacy.
parency. [L. semi, half, and Transparent.] Sensible, sens'i-bl, adj. capable of being perceived
Semivocal, sein-i-vfl kal, adj. pertaining to a by the senses or by the mind : capable of being
semivowel. (L. semi, half, and Vocal.J affected : easily affected : delicate : intelligent ;
Semivowel, sem-i-vow'el, «. a half vowel: ?l judicious : cognisant : aware.—«. Sensible-
letter with a half-vowel sound, as m. [L. stmt, ness.—adv. Sensibly.
half, and Vowel ] Sensitive, sens'i-tiv, adj. having sense or feeling :
Semolina, sem-o-l£'na, n. the particles of fine hard susceptible to sensations : easily affected : per
wheat which do not pass into flour in milling. taining to or depending on sensation.—adv.
[From It. semola—L. simila, the finest wheat Sons itively.—ns. Sens'itiveness. Sensitivity.
flour.] -Sens itive plant, a plant, the leaves of which
Sempiternal, sem-pi-ter'nal, adj., everlasting: are so sensitive that they close when touched.
endless. [L. sempitemus—semper, ever, and Sensorial, sen-sO'ri-al, adj. pertaining to the
afternns. See Eternal.] sensorium.
Sempster, sem'stcr, Sempstress, sem'stres, n. a Sensorlum, sen-sO'ri-um, Sensory, sen'sor-i, n.
woman who sews. (See Seamstress.] the organ which receives the impressions made
Senary, sen'ar-i, adj. containing six: of or be- on the senses.
file, far ; me, hex ; mine ; mole ; mute ; mOOn ; then. 407
 Sensual
Sensual, sen'shoo-al, adj. pertaining to, affecting,
or derived from the senses, as distinct from the
mind : not intellectual or spiritual : given to the
Slcasures of sense: voluptuous: lewd. —adv.
en'sually.—«. Sen'sualness. [Fr.—L. sen-
sualis.] [to debase by carnal gratification.
Sensualise, sen'shoo-al-tz, v.t. to make sensual :
Sensualism, sen'shOo-al-izm, «. sensual indul
gence : the doctrine that all our knowledge is
derived originally from the senses.
Sensualist, sen'shiJO-al-ist, «. one given to sen
sualism or sensual indulgence; a debauchee: a
believer in the doctrine of sensualism.
Sensuality, sen-shoo-al'i-ti, n. indulgence in
sensual pleasures : lewdness.
Sensuous, sen'shoO-us, adj. pertaining to sense:
full of passion : connected with sensible objects.
Sentence, sentens, n. opinion : a judgment pro
nounced on a criminal by a court or judge : a
maxim : [gram.) a number of words containing
a complete thought.—p./. to pronounce judg
ment on : to condemn. [Fr-—L. sententia {lit.)
what one thinks—sentio, to feel, to think.]
Sentential, sen-ten'shal, adj. pertaining to a sen
tence: comprising sentences. —adv. Senten -
tiaUy.
Sententious, sen-ten'shus, adj. abounding with
sentences or maxims : short and pithy in expres
sion : bombastic, or affected in speech*—adv.
Senten'tiously.—«. Senten'tlousness.
Sentient, sen'shi-ent, adj., discerning by the
senses : having the faculty of perception and
sensation.—n. Sen'tience. [Pr.p. of L. sentio,
to feel.]
Sentiment, sen'ti-ment, n. a thought occasioned
by feeling: opinion : judgment : sensibility :
feeling: a thought expressed in words: a maxim:
a toast. [From L. sentio, to feel.]
Sentimental, sen-ti-ment'al, adj. having or
abounding in sentiments or reflections : having
an excess of sentiment or feeling : affectedly
tender.—adv. Sentiment ally.
SentimentaUsm, sen-ti-mcnt'al-izm, Sentimen
tality, sen-ti-men-tal'i-ti, «. quality of being
sentimental : affectation of fine feeling.
Sentimentalist, sen-ti-ment'aMst, n. one who
affects sentiment or fine feeling.
Sentinel, sen'ti-ncl, n. one who keeps watch by
pacing to and fro a little path: a sentry. [Fr.
sentincite ; of doubtful origin.]
Sentry, sen'tri, «. a sentinel: a soldier on guard
to observe the approach of danger. [A corr. of
Sentinel. ] [sentry.
Sentry-box, sen'tri-boks, «. a box to shelter a
Separable, sep'ar-a-bl, adj. that may be separated
or disjoined.—adv. Sep'arably.—«. Separa
bility.
Separate, sep'ar-at, v.t. to divide : to part : to
withdraw : to set apart for a certain purpose.—
v.i. to part: to withdraw from each other; to
become disunited. —adj. separated: divided:
apan from another : distinct.—adv. Separately.
[L. sefiaro, sef>aratus {lit.) to put aside or by
itself— aside, and Paro, to put, to prepare.]
Separation, scp-ar-.1'shun, «. act of separating or
disjoining : state of being separate : disunion.
Separatism, sep'ar-a-tizm, n. act of separating or
withdrawing, esp. from an established church.
Separatist, sep'ar-a-tist, n. one who separates or
withdraws, esp. from an established church : a
dissenter.
Sepia, se'pi-a, «. a fine brown pigment prepared
from the 1 ink ' of the cuttle-fish; Indian or China
ink. [L. — Gr., the cuttle-fish.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Sequin
Sepoy, se'poy, n. a native soldier, whether Hindu
or Mohammedan, in the British army in India.
[Hind, stpalti, a soldier, {lit.) a bowman, the
spaki of Turkish and Algerian armies, from sip,
a bow and arrow.]
Sept, sept, n. in Ireland, a subdivision of a tribe.
[Probably a corr. of Sect.J
September, sep-tem'ber, n. the ninth month of
the year. [L. septem, seven, and her = frr,
Sans, bhar, to carry, bear. It was the seventh
month of the old Roman year, which began in
March.]
Septenary, sep'ten-ar-i, adj. consisting of seven.
[L. septenarius—septan, seven.]
Septennial, sep-ten'yal, adj. lasting sevenyears:
happening every seven years.—adv. Septenn'-
ially. [L. septennis—septem, seven, annus, a
year.]
Septic, sep'tik, adj. promoting putrefaction. — tt.
a substance that promotes the putrefaction of
bodies. [Gr, septikos—sepd, to make putrid. ■
Septuagenarian, sep-tu-a-jen-a'ri-an, n. a person
seventy years old.
Septuagenary, sep-tu-aj'en-ar-i, adj. consisting of
seventy.—n. one 70years old. [L. septuagemirius
—septuageni, seventy each—septem, seven.)
Septuagesima, sep-tu-a-jes'i-ma, «. the third Sun
day before Lent—the seventieth day before
Easter. [L. septuagesimus—septem, seven.]
Septuagesimal, sep-iQ-a-jes'i-mal, adj. consisting
of seventy; counted by seventies.
Septuagint, sep'tu-a-jint, n. the Greek version of
the Old Testament, said to have been made by
seventy translators at Alexandria about 300 years
B.C. IL. septuaginta—septem, seven.]
Sepulchral, se-pul'kral, adj. pertaining to a sepul
chre, or to monuments erected for the dead :
i/ig.) deep, hollow, as tone.
Sepulchre, sep'ul-ker, «, a place of burial: tomb.
[Fr.— L. sepulchrumsepelio, sepultus, to bury.]
Sepulture, sep'ul-tur, n. act of burying the dead :
interment : burial.
Sequel, se'kwel, m. that which follows: succeed
ing part : result : consequence. [Fr.—L. sequela
—sequor, Gr. kepomai, to follow.]
Sequence, sc kwens, n. state of being sequent or
following : order of succession : that which
follows : consequence : {music) a regular suc
cession of similar chords. [L. sequor, to follow.]
Sequent, sc"kwent, adj. following : succeeding.
Sequester, se-kwes'ter, v.t. to separate : to with
draw from society : to set apart : [law) to place
anything contested into the hands of a third
person till the dispute is settled : to hold the
property of another till the profits pay the
demands : to take possession of the estate of a
bankrupt in order to distribute it among the
creditors. —v.i. [law) to renounce any interest
in■atum—L.,
the estatesequester,
of a husband. [Low L.from
sequestra,
a depositary, sequi,
to follow.)
Sequestered, se-kwes'terd, adj. retired, secluded.
Sequestrate, se-kwes'trat, v.t. to sequester.
Sequestration, sek-wes-tni'shun, «. act of seques
tering, esp. the seizure of any one's property for
the use of the state during dispute, or for the
benefit of creditors : state of being separated :
seclusion from society.
Sequestrator, sek-wes-tra'tor, h. one who seques
ters another's property : one to whom property
is committed during dispute.
Sequin, se'kwin, n, a gold Venetian coin of the
13th c. = 9s. +d. [Fr.— It. zecchino—aecca, the
mint.]
mote ; mute ; moon ; then*
 Seraglio
Seraglio, se-ral'yo, «. the palace of the Turkish
Sultan, esp. the part in which the women arc
kept. [It. serraglio—serrare, to lock up, from
L. sera, a door-bar, which came to be used for
Pcrs. serai, a palace.]
Seraph, seKaf, «. an angel of the highest rank : —
//. Seraphs, ser'afs. Seraphim, seraf-im. [Heb.,
lit. ' a prince of heaven,' akin to sar, a prince, in
pt. angels.J
Seraphic, se-raf'ik, Seraphleal, se-raf'ik-al, adj.
pertaining to or becoming a seraph: angelic:
pure : sublime : refined.—adv. Seraph ically.
Sere. Same as Sear.
Serenade, ser-e-nid', n. evening music in the
open air : music performed by a gentleman
under a lady's window at night : a piece of
music for such an occasion.—v.t. to entertain
with a serenade. [Fr.—It. serenala, from Prov.
serena, even-song—L. serus, late.]
Serene, sc-ren', adj. calm : unclouded : undis
turbed : unruffled ; a form of address used to
the princes of Germany and their families.—
adv. Serenely. [L. serenus, clear.]
Serenity, se-ren'i-ti, «. state or quality of being
serene : clearness : calmness : peace.
Serf, serf, «. a slave attached to the soil and sold
with it. [Fr.—L. serins, a slave. See Serve.]
Serfdom, serfdom, «. condition of a serf.
Serge, serj, «. a cloth made of twilled worsted or
silk. [Fr.—L. serica, silk, from Seres, the
Chinese.]
Sergeanoy, sar'jen-ai, Sergeantship, sar'jent-
ship, «. office of a sergeant.
Sergeant, sar'jent, «. a non-commissioned officer
next above a corporal.—«. Sergeant-major, the
highest non-commissioned officer, employed to
assist the adjutant. (Lit. 'a servant,' Fr. sergent
—L. servient, -entis, pr.p. of servut, to serve.
See Serve.]
Serial, s£'ri-alt adj. pertaining to or consisting of
a series: appearing periodically.—*, a tale or
other composition appearing in successive parts,
as in a periodical. [order.
Serially, s£'ri-al-)i, adv. in a series or regular
Seriate, se'ri-fit, adj. arranged in a series.
Series, se'ri-ez, n.sing. and pi. a succession of
things connected by some likeness : sequence :
order: {math.) a progression of numbers or
quantities according to a certain law. (L.—
scro, sertus, to join, akin to Gr, eirS, to fasten,
Sans, sarat, thread. See Sermon, Serried.]
Serious, sfi'ri-us, adj. solemn : in earnest : im
portant : attended with danger.—adv. Se'ri-
OUSly.—«. Seriousness. [L. terms, akin to
severus, severe.]
Serjeant, sar'jent, «. a lawyer of the highest rank.
—n% Serjeant-at-arms, an officer who attends
the king, the lord-high-steward, &c. : an officer
of a legislative body for keeping order, &c.
[Same as Sergeant.]
Sermon, ser'mun, «. a discourse on a text of
Scripture. [L. sermo, sertnonis, from sero, to
join or bind together, to compose.]
8erous, si'ms, adj. resembling serum : thin :
watery.—«. Seros'lty.
Serpent, ser'pent, «. a reptile without feet which
moves by means of its ribs and scales : a person
subtle or malicious : one of the constellations :
[music) a bass wind-instrument, so called from
its form. [Lit. ' the creeping animal,' L. serpens,
-entis, pr.p. of serpo, to creep, akin to Gr. JkerpO,
L. reps, and Sans, srip, to creep. ]
Serpentine, ser'pen-tIn, adj. resembling a serpent :
winding : spiral : crooked.—n. a mineral of a
fate, far ; roe*, hex ; mine ;
Set
green, black, or red colour, sometimes spotted
Tike a serpent's skin.
Serrate, serVat, Serrated, ser'rat-ed, adj. notched
or cut like a saw. [L. serratus—serra, a saw.]
Serration, ser-rashun, «. state of being serrated.
Serried, ser'rid, adj. crowded : pressed together.
[Pa.p. of obs. v. serry, to press together— Fr.
serrer, to crowd (It. serrare, to lock up)—L.
sera, a door-bar, conn, with sero, to join to
gether.]
Serum, serum, «. the watery part of curdled milk :
whey: the thin fluid which separates from the
blood when it coagulates. [L. ; prob. akin to
Gr. oros, serum, and Sans, saras, water.]
Servant, serv'ant, «. one who is in the service of
another: a domestic : (if.) a slave : one of low
condition or spirit : a word of civility. [Fr.,
pr.p. of servir, to serve—L. servire. Doublet
Sergeant.]
Serve, serv, v.L to be a servant to : to work for
and obey : to discharge the duties of an office :
to attend or wait : to be sufficient : to suit. —v.t.
to work for: to be in the employment of: to
obey : to be subservient or subordinate to : to
wait upon at table, &c. : to do duty for : to
treat.—Serve up, to bring to table.—Serve out,
to deal or distribute. [Fr. servir—L. servio,
from servus, a slave, pcrh. conn, with sero, to
bind together. See Series.]
Server, serv'er, u. one who serves : a salver.
Service, serv'is, «. condition or occupation of a
servant : a working for another : duty required
in any office : military or aaval duty : office of
devotion : a musical composition for devotional
purposes : labour, assistance, or kindness to
another : benefit : profession of respect : order of
dishes at table, or a set of them.—n. Service-
book, a book of forms of religious sennce : a
prayer-book. [Fr,—L. servitium.]
Serviceable, servls-a-bl, adj. able or willing to
serve : advantageous : useful.—adv. Serv'ice-
ably.—«. Senrlceableness.
Servile, serVil, adj. pertaining to a slave or serv
ant : slavish: meanly submissive : cringing.—
adv. Servilely.
Servility, ser-vil'i-ti, «. state or quality of being
servile : slavery : obsequiousness.
Servitor, seiVi-tor, n. one who serves : a servant :
a follower or adherent.
Servitude, seiVi-tGd, «. state of being a slave :
slavery : state of slavish dependence. [Fr.—L.]
Sesame, ses'a-me, Sesamum, scs'a-mum, n. an
annual herb of Southern Asia, whose seed yields
a valuable oil. [Gr.]
Sesquipedalian, ses-kwi-pe-da'li-an, adj. contain
ing afoot and a half: often humorously said of
a very long word. [L. sesqui-Pedalis—sesqui,
one half more, and pes. p,d-is, E. Foot.]
Session, sesh'un, «. the sitting or assembly of a
court or public body : the time it sits : the Deriod
of time between the meeting and prorogation of
Parliament : {Scotland) the lowest ecclesias
tical court of a Presbyterian church.—Court of
Session, the supreme civil court of Scotland.
[Fr.—L. sessio, sessionis, from sessum, pa. p. of
sedeo.K. Sit]
Sesspool. Same as Cesspool.
Set, set, v.t. to make to sit: to place : to fix : to
put in a condition : to render motionless : to de
termine beforehand : to obstruct : to plant : to
fix in metal : to assign, as a price : to put in order
for use : to sharpen : to spread, as sails : to pitch,
as a tune : to adapt music to : to adorn with
something fixed : to stud : to point, as a dog.—
mOte ; mute ; mOon ; then.
 Set Shackles
v.i. to sink below the horizon : to decline : to rent asunder. [Fr. sevrer, to wean (It. set'rare,
plant: to become fixed: to congeal: to have a sceverare)—L. separo. Doublet Separate. ]
certain direction in motion : to point out game : Several, several, adj. distinct : particular : differ
to apply (one's self) :—pr,p. sett'ing : Pa.t. and ent : various : consisting of a number : sundry.
Pa.p. set.—To set aside, to put away, to omit adv. Severally. [Lit. * separate,' O. Fr.—L.
or reject :—at naught, to despise :—by {B.\, to separo. See Separate, Sever.] [tion.
value or esteem :—forth, to exhibit : to publish : Severance, sev'er-ans, n. act of severing : separa-
[B.) to set off to advantage: to set out on a Severe, se-veV, adj. serious : grave : austere :
journey:—forward [B.), to further, promote *.— strict : not mild : strictly adhering to rule :
in, to put in the way : to begin :—On, to adorn : sharp : distressing : inclement : searching : diffi
to place against as an equivalent :—on (B.), to cult to be endured.—adv. Severely. [Fr.
attack:—to, to affix. [A.S. settan, cog. with sive~re—L. severus, akin to Gr. seb-omai, to
Ger. setzen, Ice. tttja, Goth, satjan ; being the worship, Sans. siv.~\
weak causative of the Goth, root-verb sittan, Severity, se-ver'i-ti, n. quality of being severe :
E. Sit.) gravity : harshness : exactness : inclemency.
Set, set, adj. {lit.) seated, so in B. : fixed : firm : Sew", so, v.t. to join or fasten together with a needle
determined: regular: established. —m. a number and thread.—v.i. to practise sewing.—n. Sew'er.
of things similar or suited to each other, set or [A.S. semvian, stiuian, cog. with O. Ger. siuxuen,
used together : a number of persons associated : and Goth, siujan; also conn, with L. su-ot and
direction. Sans, root siv.)
Set-off, set'-of, «. a claim set up against another : Sewage, sii'aj, n. refuse carried off by sewers.
a counterbalance. Sewer, su'er, «. an underground passage for
Seton, se"tn, «. a passage made by a needle under draining off water and filth. [Lit. 'a drainer,'
the skin, through which threads of silk are drawn from an obs. verb seiv, to drain—O. Fr. essuer
to cause irritation and discharge. [Fr. siton (It. [Ft. essuyer, It. asciugare)— Late L. exsueare
setone)—Low L. seta—L. seta, a bristle. See —L. ex, out of, and sucus, moisture.]
Satin.] Sewerage, su'er-aj, «. the whole sewers of a city:
Settee, set-t<5', n. a long seat with a back. drainage by sewers.
Setter, set'er, «. one who sets, as words to music: Sewing, sO'ing, n. act of sewing : what is sewed.
a dog which sets or crouches when it sees the Sex, seks, n. the distinction between male and
came. female : the characteristics by which an animal
Setting, set'ing, n. act of setting : direction of a or plant is male or female.—The Sex, woman
current of wind : the hardening of plaster: that kind. [Lit. ' a division or section,' Ft. sexe—
which sets or holds, as the mounting of a jewel. L. sexus, from the root of seco, to cut. See
Settle, set1!, v. t. to set or place in a fixed state : to Sect. ] [sixty years old.
fix : to establish in a situation or business : to Sexagenarian, seks-a-jen-a'ri-an, n. a person
render quiet, clear, &c. : to decide : to free from Sexagenary, seks-aj'en-ar-i or seks'a-jcn-ar-i,
uncertainty : to quiet : to compose : to fix by adj. designating the number sixty.—n. a sexa
gift or legal act : to adjust : to liquidate or pay : genarian : something containing sixty. [I*
to colonise.—v.i. to become fixed or stationary: sexaginta, sixty—sex, six-]
to fix one's residence: to grow calm or clear : to Sexagesiraa, seks-a-jes'i-ma.w. the second Sunday
sink by its own weight : to sink to the bottom : before Lent, being about the sixtieth day before
to cease from agitation : to adjust differences or Easter. [L. sexagesimus, sixtieth.}
accounts. [M. E. setlen—A.S. setlan.] Sexagesimal, seks-a-jes'i-mal, adj. pertaining to
Settle, set'l, n. a long bench with a high back for the number sixty: proceeding by sixties.
sitting on: [B.) also, a platform lower than Sexennial, scks-en'yal, adj. lasting six years:
another part. [M. E. setel—A.S. sett, from happening once in six years.—adv. Sexenn-
sittan, to sit ; cog. with Ger. sesse/.] ially. [L. sex, six, and annus, a year.]
Settlement, set'l-raent, n. act of settling: state of Sextant, seks'tant, n. {math.) the sixth part of a
being settled : payment : arrangement : a colony circle : an optical instrument having an arc
newly settled : a sum newly settled on a woman — the sixth part of a circle, and used for mea
at her marriage. suring angular distances. [Fr. —L. sextans,
Settler, sel ler, n. one who settles : a colonist. -antis, a sixth—sex, six.)
Seven, sev'n, adj. and «. six and one. ! A.S. Sexton, seks'tun, «. an officer who has charge of
seofon ; cog. with Dut. seven, Ger. sieben, Goth. a church, attends the clergyman, digs graves.
sioun, Gr. hepfa, L. septem, Sans, saptan.] &c—«. Sex'tonship, his office. [A corr. of
Sevenfold, sev'n-fold, adj. folded seven times : Sacristan]
multiplied seven times. [A.S. seofon-feald. See Sextuple, seks'tu-plf adj., sixfoiti: (music) having
Seven and Fold.] six parts. [Fr.—L. sextus, sixth, and -pins, akin
Seventeen, sev'n-tfin, adj. and seven and ten. to plenus, E. Full.]
[A.S. seofontine—seofon, and tin, ten.] Sexual, seks'u-al, adj. pertaining to sex : distin
Seventeenth, sev'n-tenth, adj. and «. the seventh guishing or founded on the sex : relating to the
after the tenth. [A.S. seo/onteotlia—seofon, and distinct organs of the sexes. —adv. Sux'ually.
teotha, tenth.] Sexuality, scks-ii-al'i-ti, n. state or quality of being
Seventh, sevnth, adj. last of seven, next after the sexual.
sixth. —«. one of seven equal parts.—adv. Shabby, shab^i, adj. threadbare or worn, as
Seventhly. [A.S. seofotha.} clothes: having a look of poverty: mean in
Seventieth, sev'n-ti-eth, adj. last of seventy: the look or conduct : low : paltry.—adv. Shabb'ily.
ordinal of 70.—«. a seventieth part. —u. Shabb'lness. [Adj. from shah, an old by-
Seventy, sev'n-ti, adj. and «., seven times ten* form of Scab ; cog. with Ger. schabig, scabby,
[A.S. seofontig—seofon, seven, and tig, ten.] threadbare. Doublet Scabby.]
Sever, sev er, v.t. to separate with violence : to Shackles, shak'lz, n.pl. a chain to confine the
cut apart: to divide: [B.) to keep distinct.— limbs: handcuffs: fetters: anything that hin
v.i. to make a separation or distinction : to be ders free action.—v.t. Shackle, tu fetter: to
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mate ; mute ; mSOu ; then.
 Shad Shamrock
tie the limbs of: to confine. [A.S. sceacnl, unsteady : full of cracks or clefts.—n. Shak'l-
scacul, a shackle; cog. with O. Dut. shakel, a ness.
link of a chain. Ice. sk&kull, the pole of a cart.] Shale, shal, n. a rock of a slaty structure, often
Shad, shad, «. a fish of the herring family. lA.S. found in the coal-measures. [Doublet of Scale
sceadda—L. squatus. See Skate.] and ShelL]
Shade, shad, n. partial darkness: interception of Shall, shal, v.i. to be under obligation : used in
light : obscurity : a shady place : protection : the future tense of the verb. [Orig. 'to owe,"
shelter : a screen : degree of colour : a very A.S. sccal, to be obliged, Ger. soli, Goth. skalt
minute change: {paint.) the dark part of a Ice. skal, to be in duty bound : acc. to Grimm
picture : the soul separated from the body : a orig. the pa.t. of a root-verb skilan, to kill, thus
ghost.—v. t. to screen from light or heat: to lit. sig. ' I have slain,' hence ' I am liable for
shelter : to mark with gradations of colour : to the fine or vxr.gild*\
darken. —v.i. to act as a shade.—n. Shad'er. Shalloon, shal-lGOn', n. a light kind of woollen
[A.S. scead, sceadu, cog. with Ger. schatte, stuff said to have been first made at Chdlons in
schattcn ; perh. conn, with Gr. skia> shadow, France.
skotos, darkness, and with root ska, to cover.] Shallop, shal'op, n. a large schooner-rigged boat
Shadow, shad'5, shade caused by an object : with two masts. [Fr. chaloupe—Dut. sloep.
shade: darkness: shelter: security: favour: the Doublet Sloop.]
dark part of a picture : an inseparable com Shalot, Shallot, sha-lot', «. a kind of onion
panion : a mystical representation : faint appear with a flavour like that of garlic. [Short for
ance : something only in appearance.—v.t. to Eschalot.]
shade : to cloud or darken : to shade, as a Shallow, shal'O, n. a sandbank : a fiat place over
painting : to represent faintly.—adj. Shadow which the water is not deep : a shoal.—adj. not
less. [Doublet of Shade.] deep: not profound: not wise: trifling. —«.
Shadowing, shad'5-ing, tt.t shading : gradation Shallowness. [Conn, with Shoal, and perh.
of light and colour. with Shelf.]
Shadowy, shad'5-i, adj. full of shadow : dark : Shalt, shalt, 2d per. sing, of Shall.
obscure : typical : unsubstantial. Shaly, shal'i, adj. pertaining to or having the
8hady, shadl, adj. having or in shade: sheltered qualities of shale.
from light or heat.—adv. Shad'lly.—«. Shad'l- Sham, sham, n. a pretence : that which deceives
ness. expectation : imposture,—adj. pretended : false.
Shaft, shaft, n. anything long and straight, as the —v.t. to pretend: to feign : to impose upon.—v.i.
stem of an arrow, &c. : the part of a column to make false pretences :—pr.p. shamming ; pa. t.
between the base and capital : the stem of a andPa.p. shammed. [From root of Shame.)
feather ; the entrance to a mine : a pole of a Shamble, sham'bl, v.i. to walk with an awkward,
carriage. [A.S. scea/t, cog. with Ger. schaft, unsteady gait.—adj. Sham/bling. [Conn, with
prob. from root of Shape.] Scamper ?]
Shafted, shaft'ed, adj. having a shaft or handle. Shambles, sham'blz, «.//. a slaughter-house.
Shag, shag, «. that which is rough or bushy : [Lit. stalls on which butchers exposed their
woolly hair: cloth with a rough nap: a kind of meat for sale, A.S. scamel (Ger. schamel), a
tobacco cut into shreds. [A.S. sceacga, a head bench—Low L. scamellum, for L. scabellum,
ol hair, prob. from a Scand. root seen in Ice. dim. of scamnum, a bench.]
skegg, beardj skagi, cape (in Shetland, skaw).\ Shame, sham, n. the feeling caused by the ex
Shaggy, shag^i, adj. covered with rough hair or posure of that which ought to be concealed, or
wool : rough : rugged.—n. Shagglness. by a consciousness of guilt : the cause of shame :
Shagreen, sha-gren , «. a kind of leather made dishonour: {B.) the parts of the body which
from horse's, ass's, or camel's skin : shark-skin. modesty requires to be concealed.—v.t. to make
—adj. also Shagreened', made of or covered ashamed : to cause to blush : to cover with re
with shagreen. [Fr. chagrin—Turk. zAgrl, the proach. [A.S. sceamu, scamu, modesty; cog.
back of an ass or mule. Cf. Chagrin, which with Ger. scham, prob. from a root-verb skiman,
is the same word.] [a king.] to become red, seen in Shimmer.1
Shah, sha, n. the monarch of Persia. [Pers. shah. Shamefaced, sham'fast (properly Shamefast,
Shake, shak, v.t. to move with quick, short mo sham'fast), adj. very modest or bashful : easily
tions : to agitate : to make to tremble : to confused.—adv. Shamefacedly.—//. Shame'-
threaten to overthrow : to cause to waver : to fa00dneS8, modesty. [For M. E. shantffast
make afraid : to give a tremulous note to.—v.i. —A. S. sceam-fast—sceamu, modesty, jiest,
to be agitated : to tremble : to shiver : to lose fast, perfectly, very.]
firmness :~-pa.t. shook, {B.) shaked ; pa.p. Shameful, shftm'fool, adj. disgraceful : raising
shak'en.—«. a rapid tremulous motion : a trem shame in others : indecent.—adv. Shame'fully.
bling or shivering : a concussion : a rent in tim —n. Shame fulness.
ber, rock, &c. : {music) a rapid repetition of two Shameless, shiim'les, adj. immodest : done with
notes. [A.S. scacan, cog. with Ice. shaka, and out shame ; audacious.—adv. Shamelessly. —
perh. akin to Ger. schaukeln, to make to swing. n. Shamelessness.
Cf. Shook.] Shammy, sham'i, Shamoy, sham'oy, «. leather
Shaker, shak'er, n. one of a small communistic orig. prepared from the skin of the chamois, but
religious sect in America, so nicknamed from a now from that of the deer, goat, &c. [A corr.
peculiar dance forming part of their religious of Chamois ]
service. Shampoo, sham-pOo', v.t. to squeeze and rub the
Shakespearean or -lan, Shakspearean or -lan, body, in connection with the hot bath : to wash
Shaksperean or -Ian, shak-speVe-an, adj. per thoroughly with soap and water, as the head.
taining to or in the style of Shakespeare, or to —n. Shampoo'er. [Hind, tshampua, to squeeze.]
his works. Shamrock, sham'rok, n. a species of clover, the
Shako, shale's, n. a kind of military cap. fHun.] national emblem of Ireland. [A Celt, word ;
Shaky, shak'i, adj. in a shaking condition : feeble : Ir. seamrog, Gael, seamrag.]
fSt«, far ; m<, her ; mine ; mote ; mate ; mODn : then. 4C1
 Shank Sheepish
Shank, shangk, n. the leg below the knee to the Shaveling, shavHing, n. a monk or friar (in con
foot : the long part of any instrument, as of tempt), from his shaven crown.
an anchor between the arms and ring. [A.S. Shaver, shaver, «. one who shaves : a barber : a
sceanca, the bone of the leg, the leg ; cog. with sharp dealer : a plunderer.
O. Ger. scincho (Ger. schinken, schenkel).) Shaving, shaVing, n. the act of shaving : that
Shanty, shant'i, n. a mean dwelling or hut, so which is shaved or pared off.
called in Ireland. [Perh. from Ir. scan, old, Shaw, shaw, n. a thicket, a small wood. [M. E.
and tig, a house.] shawe, showe ; Ice. skogr, Dan. skov. ]
Shapable, sh&p'a-bl, adj. that may be shaped. Shawl, shawl, h. a cloth of wool, cotton, silk, or
Shape, shup, v.t. to form: to fashion: to adapt hair, used, particularly by women, as a cover
to a purpose : to regulate : to direct : to con ing for the shoulders : a kind of mantle.—v.t.
ceive '.—pa.fi. shaped, {B.) shap'en. —«. form or to wrap in a shawl. [From the Pers. word shal,
figure : external appearance : that which has a fine cloth (Ger. shawl, Fr. chdle are from the
form or figure : an appearance : particular nature : E. word).]
expression, as in words. [A.S. sceapian, scapan, She, she, pron. fem* the female understood or
cog. with Goth, skapjan, Ger. schaffen, Ice. previously mentioned : sometimes used as a
skafia, to form ; prob. conn, with Ship, Shaft, noun for female. [Orig. the fern, of the def.
Shift. J art. in A.S.—viz. sc6 or sia, which in the 12th
Shapeless. shSples, adj. having no shape or century began to replace hed, the old fern,
regular form : wanting symmetry.—-». Shape'- pron.]
lessness. Sheaf, shCf, n. a quantity of things, esp. the
Shapely, sh&pli, adj. having shape or a regular stalks of grain, shoved together and bound :
form : symmetrical.—«. Shapeliness. any bundle or collection :—pi. Sheaves, shCvz.—
Share, shiir, «. a part shorn or cut off: a portion : v.t. to bind in sheaves.—v.i. to make sheaves.
dividend : one of a number of equal portions of [A.S. seeaf, Ger. schattb—AS. sceo/an, Ger.
anything.—v.t. to divide into parts : to partake schieben, to shove.]
with others.—v.Sharper.
dividend.—«. i, to have(A.S. : to receive a Sheafy, sh6f'i, adj. consisting of sheaves.
a partsecant—sceran,
Shear, sher, v.t. to cut or clip : to clip with shears
E. Shear ; cog. with Ger. schar, schaar, a or any other instrument. —vJ. to separate : -
division.) Pa.t. sheared, (06s.) shore; pa.p. sheared or
Share, shfir, w. the iron blade of a plough which shorn.—n. Shear'er. [A S. sceran; Ice. skera,
shears or cuts the ground. [M. E. schar—A.S. to clip, Ger. seheren, to shave, to separate.]
scear—sceran, E. Shear : cog. with Ger. sckar, Shearling, shelling, n. a sheep only once sheared.
schaar, a division, also a ploughshare. Cf. Shears, snerz, tt.pl. an instrument for shearing or
above word.] cutting, consisting of two blades that meet each
Shareholder, sharliold-er, n. one who holds or other: anything like shears: an apparatus for
owns a share in a joint fund or property. raising heavyweights, consisting ofupright spars
Shark, shark, n. a large voracious fish with large fastened together at the top and furnished with
sharp teeth. (Ety. dub.; perh. from L. car- tackle.
charus—Gr. karcharos, sharp-pointed, having Sheath, shfith, n. a case for a sword or other long
sharp teeth.] instrument : a scabbard : any thin defensive
Sharp, sharp, adj. having a thin, cutting edge or covering : a membrane covering a stem or
fine point : peaked or ridged : affecting the senses branch : the wing-case of an insect. [A.S.
as if pointed or cutting : severe : keen : of keen sceath, sca>th ; cog. with Ger. scheide, a sheath.
or quick perception : pungent : biting : sarcastic : Ice. skeid-ir; from the root ofShed, to separate. J
eager : fierce : impetuous : shrill.—n. an acute Sheathe, she//*, v. t. to put into a sheath : to cover
sound : [music] a note raised a semitone : the with a sheath or case : to inclose in a lining.
character jj, directing this.—adv. Sharply. Sheathing, shcM'ing, n. that which sheathes, esp,
the covering of a ship's bottom.
n.—Sharp'ness. [A.S. scearfi; cog. with Ice. Sheave, shdv, «. the wheel of a pulley over which
skarp-r, Ger. schar/; from a root sharp seen in the rope runs. [M. E. she/e, shtve. allied to
A.S. sceorfan, to split, sceran, to Shear ; conn, Low Ger. schive, Ger. scheibe, a flat, thin piece
with L. sarp-ere, to prune, Gr. harp-i. Cf. also of anything.]
Scarf and Escarp.] Shebeen, she-ben', n. a place where intoxicating
Sharpen, sharp'n, v. t. to make sharp or keen : to drinks are privately and unlawfully sold. [Ir.j
give edge or point to : to make pungent or pain Shechlnah, she-k^na, n. See Sheklnah.
ful : to make severe : to make eager, active, or Shed, shed, v.t. to scatter : to throw out : to pour:
acute.—v.i. to grow sharp. [cheat. to spill.—v.i. to let fall i—fir.p. shedd'ing : pa,t.
Sharper, sharp'dr, «. a trickster : a swindler : a and pa.p. shed.—n. Shedd'er. [A.S. sceddan ;
Sharp-set, sharp'-set, adj. eager : keen : ravenous. cog. with Ger. schHtten, to pour.]
Sharp-sighted, sharp -sit'ed, adj. having acute Shed, shed, v.t. to part, separate. [A.S. sceadan;
sight : shrewd : discerning. [wit : sagacious. cog. with Ger. scheiden. See Watershed ]
Sharp-witted, sharp'-wit'ed. adj. having an acute Shed, shed, «. that which shades: a slight erec
Shatter, shat'er, v.t. to break so that the pieces tion, usually of wood, for shade or shelter: an
are scattered : to break or dash to pieces : to outhouse : a hut. [From Shade.]
crack: to disorder: to render unsound.—«. a Sheen, shfin, «. that which shines : brightness or
fragment. [A doublet of Scatter.] splendour. [From Shine.]
Shave, shay, v.t. to cut off the hair with a razor : Sheep, shep, n.sing. and pi. the well-known ani
to pare closely : to make smooth by paring : to mal covered with wool : a silly fellow (in con
cut in thin slices : to skim along the surface : tempt). [A.S. sceap : Dut. schaap, Ger. tchaj.]
to strip :—pa.p. shaved or shav'en. [A.S. Sheepcot, sh€p'kot, n. a cot or inclosure for sheep.
tea/an ; Dut. schaven, to rub, to shave, Ger. Sheepfold, shep'fold, «. a fold or inclosure for
schaben, L. scabo, to scrape, Gr. skaptd, to dig. sheep : a flock of sheep.
See Shape.] Sheepish, shep'ish, adj. like a sheep : bashful :
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mute ; mute ; mOon ; Men.
 foolishly diffident. — adv. Sheep'iBhly. — n.
Sheep'ishness.
Sheepmaster, shep'mas-ter, n. \B.) a master or
owner of sheep.
Sheepshearer, shep'shir-er, «. one who shears
sheep.
Sheepshearing, shtrp'shcr-ing, n. the shearing
or removing the fleece of sheep: the time of
shearing the sheep.
Sheepwalk, shfip'wawk, n. the place where the
sheep walk and pasture : sheep-pasture.
Sheer, sher, adj. pure: unminglea: simple: with
out a break, perpendicular. —adv. clear : quite :
at once. [A.S. stir; Ice. skirr, bright, clear,
Ger. scht'er, Goth, sheirs, clear ]
Sheer, sher, v.i, to deviate from the line of the
proper course, as a ship : to turn aside. —ru the
deviation from the straight line, or the longi
tudinal curve or bend of a ship's deck or sides.
[From Shear, v.i.]
Sheers, sherz, n. Same as Shears.
Sheet, sh€t, n. a large, thin piece of anything : a
large, broad piece of cloth in a bed : a large,
broad piece of paper : a sail : the rope fastened
to the leeward comer of a sail to extend it to
the wind.—v.t. to cover with or as with a
sheet. [Lit. ' that which is shot or spread out,'
A.S. seeAt, scete, from sceotan, to shoot, to
extend, Ger. schote, the sheet (nant.).]
Sheet-anchor, she't'-ang'kor, «. the largest anchor
of a ship, shot or thrown out in extreme danger :
chief support : last refuge. [See Sheet.]
Sheeting, shst'ing, «, cloth used for bed-sheets.
Sheet-lightning, shat'-llt'ning, lightning ap
pearing in sheets or having a broad appearance.
Sheik, shek, n. a man of eminence, a lord, a chief.
[Lit 'an elder,' Ar. sheikh—shAkha, to be old.]
Shekel, shek'l, n. a Jewish weight (about half an
ounce avoirdupois) and coin (about as, 6d. ster
ling). [Heb., from shakal, to weigh.]
Sheklnah, she-ki'na, n. the Divine presence which
rested like a cloud or visible light over the mercy-
seat. [Heb., from shttkan, to rest.]
Shelf, shelf, n. a board fixed on a wall, &c. for
laying things on : a flat layer of rock : a ledge : a
shoal : a sandbank :—//. Shelves (shclvz).—adj.
Shelf'y. [M. E. scelfe—A.S. scylfescelan, to
separate, to split ; cog. with Scotch shelve and
Ger. schel/e, a shell or husk. ]
Shell, shel, n. a hard covering of some animals :
any framework : a rough kind of coffin : an
instrument of music : a bomb. —v.t, to break off
the shell : to remove the shell from : to take out
of the shell : to throw shells or bombs upon, to
bombard.—v.i. to fall off like a shell: to cast
the shell. [Lit. 'something thin like a scale,1
A.S. scell, cog. with Ice. shell, Ger. schale.
Doublet Scale.]
Shellac, Shell-lac, shellak, n. lac prepared in
thin plates. [See Lac, a resinous substance.]
Shellfish, shel'fish, n. a fish or an aquatic animal
with an external shell.
Shellproof, shel'prBof, adj., proof against or
able to resist shells or bombs.
Shellwork, shel'wurk, «., -work composed of or
adorned with shells.
Shelly, shel'i, adj. full of or made of shells.
Shelter, shel'ter, n. that which shields or protects :
a refuge: a retreat, a harbour; one who pro
tects, a guardian : the state of being covered or
protected : protection.—v.t. to cover or shield :
to defend: to conceal.—-v.i. to take shelter.
[Prob. from the M. E. sheld ( E. Shield), through
the influence of M. E. scheltrone (from A.S.
file, far ; me, her ; mine ;
scildtruma, a covering composed of shields, a
line of soldiers).]
Shelve, shelv, v.t. to furnish with shelves: to
place on a shelf: to put aside.—v.i. to slope like
a shelf.
Shelving, shelving, n. the furnishing with
shelves : the act of placing on a shelf: shelves
or materials for shelves. [shallow.
Shelvy, shelv't, adj. full of shelves or shoals :
Shemitlc. Same as Semitic.
Shepherd, shep'erd, n. one who herds sheep : a
swain: a pastor.—/fr///. Shepherdess. [A.S.
sceaphirde. Sec Sheep and Herd.]
Sherbet, sher'bet, n. a drink of water and fruit
juices, sweetened and flavoured. [Arab, sherbet,
a drink, from shariba, to drink, perh. conn,
with L. sorbco, to sip : other forms are Shrub
and Sirup.]
Sherd, sherd, n. (B.) a shred, a fragment.
Sheriff, sher'if, n. the governor of a shire: an
officer in a county who executes the law.—«.
Sheriffship. [M. E. shir-reeve-A.S. scir-
gere/a—scir (E. Shire), and grreja, a governor,
cog. with Ger. graf, a count, E. Reeve ; cf.
Landgrave and Margrave.]
Sheriffalty, sher'if-al-ti, Sheriffdom, shertf-dum,
n. the office or jurisdiction of a sheriff.
Sherry, sher*!, n. a dry wine of an amber colour,
obtained principally from Xeres in Spain.
[Formerly sherris.]
Shew. sho. Same as Show.
Shewbread, sho'bred. Same as Showbread.
Shibboleth, shib'bo-leth, n. (B.) a word used as a
test by the Gileadites to detect the Ephraimites,
who could not pronounce the sh : the criterion or
watchword of a party. [Heb. an ear of corn ;
or a stream, from shabat, to grow, to flow.]
Shield, shffld, «. a broad plate worn for defence
on the left arm : defence : a person who protects :
an escutcheon. —v.t. to defend. [A.S. scyld—
scyldan, to defend ; cog. with Ger. schild, Ice.
skidld-r, protection.]
Shleldless, sheid'lcs, adj. without a shield : de
fenceless.
Shift, shift, v.t. to chance: to put out of the
way: to dress in fresh clothes.—v.i. to change
about : to remove : to change one's clothes : to
resort to expedients for some purpose.—n. a
change : a contrivance : an artifice : last re
source : a chemise (orig. sig. a change of linen).
—n, Shlft'er. [A.S. sciftan, to divide, to order ;
cog. with Ice. skipta, to divide, to change;
conn, with Equip.]
Shiftless, shiftTes, adj. destitute of shifts or ex
pedients : unsuccessful, for want of proper means.
Shlllalah. shil-Iala, Shillaly, shil-lali, n. an oak
sapling : a cudgel. [Said to be named from an
Irish wood, famous for its oaks.]
Shilling, shil'ing. n. an English silver coin = 12
pence. [Lit. ' the ringing coin),' A.S. scilling,
cog. with Ger. schilling ; the root is seen in O.
Ger. scillan, Ger. schallen, to sound, to ring.]
Shimmer, shim'er, v.i. to gleam: to glisten. —«.
Shimm'er. [A.S. scymrian - scintian, to shine
—scima, lustre, brightness, cog. with Ger.
schimtnem.)
ShiU, shin, n. the large bone of the leg or the fore
part of it. [A.S. scina, the shin (esp. in the
compound scin-ban, shin-bone), cog. with Dut.
scheen, Ger. schien.]
Shine, shin, v.i. to beam with steady radiance : to
glitter : to be bright or beautiful : to be eminent :
—Pa.t. and Pa.p. shone (shon), (B.) pa.t. and
pa.p. shTned.—«. brightness : splendour : fair
mOte ; mute ; mODn ; then.
 Shingle Shooting-star
weather. [A.S. srinan ; Goth, skeinan, Ger. ! Shlttah, shk'a, Shlttim, shit'im, n. a precious
scheinen ; conn, with root of Shimmer. wood used in the construction of the Jewish
Shingle, shing'gl, n. wood sawed or split thin, Tabernacle and its furniture, supposed to be a
used instead of slates or tiles, for covering species of acacia. [Heb. shiltah, pi. shittim.]
houses : the coarse gravel on the shores of Shiver, shiv'cr, «. a splinter, or small piece into
rivers or of the sea.—v.t. to cover or roof which a thing breaks by sudden violence.—v.t.
with shingles. [Orig. shindle (cog. with Ger. to shatter.—v.i. to fall into shivers. [From root
schiridcl}—scindula, a late form of L. scattdula, of Sheave ; allied to Ger. schie/er, a splinter. J
perh. from scindo, to split.] Shiver, shiv'er, v.t. to shake or tremble : to shud
Shingles, shing'glz, n. an eruptive disease which der. —v.t. to cause to shake in the wind, as sails.
often spreads round the body like a belt, [A [An imitative word ; allied to O. Dut. schoevercHy
corr. of L. ringiilum, a belt or girdle—cingo, to to shake, prov. Ger. schubbem.]
gird.) Shivery, shiv'er-i, adj. easily falling into shit*ers
Shingly, shing^gli, adj. abounding with shingle. or fragments : cohering loosely.
Shining, shin'ing, adj. scattering light: bright: Shoal, shot, ft. a great multitude of fishes swim
resplendent: conspicuous. —«. effusion or clear ming together.—v.i. to crowd. [A.S. scolm, a
ness of light : brightness. company—L. schola, a school See School. J
Shiny, shln'i, adj. , shining: diffusing light : Shoal, shOl, ft. a shallow : a place where the water
bright : splendid : unclouded. of a river, sea, or lake is not deep : a sandbank.
Ship, ship, n. a vessel having three masts, with —adj. shallow.—v.i. to grow shallow : to come
tops and yards to each : generally, any large upon shallows. [From root of Shallow.]
vessel.—v.t. to put on board a ship : to engage Shoaly, short, adj. full of shoals or shallows : not
for service on board a ship : to receive on board deep.—n. Shoal'iness.
ship: to fix in its place.—v.i. to engage for Shoar, shOr, n. a prop. Same as Shore, a prop.
service on shipboard : shipp'ing ; Pa.t. Shock, shok, n. a violent shake: a sudden dashing
and pa.p. shipped.—». Shlpp'er.—«. Ship of- of one thing against another : violent onset : an
the line, one of the large war-ships of the royal offence.—v.t. to shake by violence : to offend :
navy. [Lit. 'a vessel;' A.S. scip, cog. with to disgust: to dismay. [Prob. through Fr.
Goth, skip, Ice. skip, Ger. schiff; conn, with E. choc, a dashing, from O. Ger. schoc, shock ;
Shape, and with Gr. skap-td, to dig, skaph-os, allied to Shake.]
the hull of a ship, a ship, and L. scapha, a boat. Shock, shok, n. a heap or pile of sheaves of corn.
Doublet Skiff.) [Ger. schock. Dot. schokke, a heap.]
Shipboard, shif/bOrd, n. the board or deck of a Shock-headed, shok'-hed'ed, adj. having a thick
ship. —adv. upon or within a ship. and bushy head of hair. [From Prov. E. shock,
Ship-broker, ship'-brOk'er, «. a broker who effects a rough dog : a form of Shag.]
sales, insurances, &c. of ships. Shocking, shok'ing, adj. giving a shock or shake
Ship-chandler, ship'-chandler, n. a chandler or from horror or disgust : highly offensive.—adv.
dealer incordage, canvas, and othership furniture. Shockingly.
Shlpman, ship'man, «. (A) a man who manages Shod, shod, pa.i. andpa.f. of Shoe.
a ship: a sailor.—//. Ship 'men. [A.S. scip- I Shoddy, shod'i, n. \orgg.) the waste shed or
mann.] [tain of a ship. thrown off in spinning wool : now applied to the
Shipmaster, ship'mas-ter, n. the master or cap- wool of old woven fabrics reduced to the state in
Shipmate, ship'mat, n. a mate or companion in which it was before being spun and woven, and
the same ship. thus fit for re-manufacture. [From Shed, to part. ]
Shipment, ship'ment, n. act of putting on board Shoe, shOO, n. a covering for the foot : a rim of
ship : embarkation : that which is shipped. iron nailed to the hoof of an animal to keep it
Ship-money, ship'-mun'i, «., money for providing from injury: anything in form or use like a
ships for the service of the king in time of war, shoe:—//. Shoes (shOOz).—v.t. to furnish with
raised at intervals
Shipping, shipping, inadj.
England 1007—1640.
relating shoes : to cover at the bottom :—Pr.p. shoe'ing ;
to ships. —n. Pa.t. and Pa.p, shod. [A.S. sco, sceo; Gotru
ships collectively : tonnage. —To take shipping, skohs, Ger. schuh.] [shoes or boots.
[B.j to embark. Shoeblack, shco'blak, «. one who blacks and cleans
Ship's-husband, ship's-huz'band, n. the owner's Shoehorn, shOOTiorn, «. a curved piece of horn
agent in the management of a ship. or metal used in putting on a shoe.
Shipwreck, ship'rek, «. the wreck or destruction Shone, shon. and pa.p. of Shine.
of a ship: destruction.—v.t. to destroy on the Shook, shook, pa.t. of Shake.
sea : to make to suffer wreck. [ships. Shoon. shOOn, «., old pi. of Shoe. [A.S. sce6n.
Shipwright, ship'rlt, «. a Wright who constructs See Shoe. ]
Shipyard, ship'yard, n. a yard where ships are Shoot, shoot, 7'. t. to dart ; to let fly with force : to
built or repaired. discharge from a bow or gun : to strike with a
Shire, shir, n. a division of the kingdom under a shot : to thrust forward : to send forth new parts,
sheriff : a county. (When added to the name of as a plant.—v.i. to perform the act of shooting :
a county the i is pronounced as in hill.', [A.S. to be driven along : to fly, as an arrow : to jut
scir, a division—sceran, to shear, to cut. See out : to germinate : to advance :~pa.t. and
Share and Shear.] Pa.p. shot. —n. act of shooting : a young branch.
Shirk, sherk, v.t. to avoid, get off or slink away —». Shoot'er. [A.S. sceotan ; cog. with Dut.
from. [A form of vulgar shark, to play the schieten, Ger. schiessen, to dart.]
thief, to shift for a living, from Shark, the fish.] Shooting, shGOt'ing, n. act of discharging fire
Shirt, shert, «. a short garment worn next the arms or an arrow : sensation of a quick pain :
body by men. —v.t. to cover as with a shirt. act or practice of killing game.
[Cog. with Ice. skyrta, Ger. schurz, an apron ; Shootlng-box, shOOt'ing-boks, «. a small house in
conn, with Short and Skirt.] the country for use in the shooting season.
Shirting, shert'ing, m, cloth for shirts. Shooting-star, shOot'ing-star, ». a meteor, so
Shist. &c. See Schist, &c. called from its quick, darting motion.
4ft4 fata, far : me, her ; mine ; mOtc ; mQte ; moon ; then.
 Shop
Shop, shop, n. a building in which goods are sold
by retail: a place where mechanics work.—v.i.
to visit shops for the purpose of buying :—Pr.p.
shopping; /<*•/• shopped. [AS. sceoppa, a
treasury (influenced by O. Fr. eschoppe, a stall
—Ger. scfwppen, a shed).]
Shop-lifting, shop'-lift'ing, n., lifting or stealing
anything trom a shop.—«. Shop'-lift'er.
Shop-walker, shop'-wawk'er, n. one who walks
in a shop and sees the customers attended to.
Shore, shflr, «. the coast or land adjacent to the
sea. a river, or lake. [Lit. the place where the
land is cut or broken off, A.S. score—sceran, to
shear, to divide.]
Shoro, shOr, «. a prop or support for the side of a
building, or to keep
the slips.—v.t. to prop.a vessel in dock steady
—n. Shorter. [Allied on
to
O. Dut. schore, and conn, with Shear. ]
Shoreless, shur'les, adj. having no shore or coast :
of indefinite or unlimited extent.
Shorn, shorn, pa.p. of Shear.
Short, short, adj. (comp. Short'er, superl. Short'-
est , not long in time or space : near at hand :
scanty : insufficient : narrow : abrupt : brittle.
—adv. not long.—«. Short'ness.—In short, in
a few words. [A.S. sceort, cog. with O. Ger.
scurz, prob. conn, with Shear. The Dut. and
Scand. kort, Ger. kttrz, are borrowed from L.
curttts. See Curt.]
Shortcoming, short'kum-ing, n. act of coming or
foiling short of produce or result : neglect of
or failure in duty.
Short-dated, short'-dat'ed, adj. having snort «r
little time to run from its date, as a bilL
Shorten, shorr/n, v.t. to make short : to deprive :
to make friable.—v.i. to become short or shorter :
to contract
Shorthand, shorthand, n. an art by which writ
ing is made shorter and easier, so as to keep
pace with speaking.
Short-lived, short'-Tlvd, adj., living or lasting
only for a short time.
Shortly, short'li, adv. in a short time : in a brief
manner: quickly: soon.
Short-sighted, short'-slt'ed, adj. having sight
extending but a short distance : unable to see
far: of weak intellect: heedless. — n. Short'-
sight'edness.
Short-winded, short'-wind'ed, adj. affected with
shortness of wind or breath.
Shot, pa.t. and pa.p. ofShoot.
Shot, shot, n. act of shooting: a marksman : a
missile : flight of a missile or the distance passed
by it : small globules of lead: {gun.) solid pro
jectiles generally.—z:t. to load with shot:—
firP- shotting; pa.p. shott'ed.
Should, shood, pa.t. of 8hall. [A.S. sceolde,
pa.t. ofsceal. Sec Shall]
Shoulder, shol'der, n. the joint which connects
the human arm or the foreleg of a quadruped
with the body : the flesh and muscles about the
shoulder : the upper joint of the foreleg of an
animal cut for market : a prominence : {Jig.) that
which sustains.—v.t. to push with the shoulder
or violently : to take upon the shoulder. [A.S.
sculdor; Ger. schulter, Dut. schoiuier.]
Shoulder-belt, shul'der-belt, n. a belt that passes
across the shoulder.
Shoulder-blade, shoTder-blad, n, the broad, flat,
blade-WVe bone of the shoulder.
Shoulder-knot, shoTder-not, n. a knotvrom as an
ornament on the shoulder.
Shout, showt, n. a loud and sudden outcry of joy,
triumph, or courage.—v.i. to utter a shout.—
2D fate, f£r ; m£, her ; mine ;
Shrimp
v.t. to utter with a shout : to cry.—«. Shout'er.
[Either merely imitative, or a by-form of Scout,
as being the sentinel's challenge.]
ShOTO, shuv, v.t. to drive along : to push before
onc.—vj, 10 push forward : to push off.—n. act
of shoving: a push. [A.S. sceo/an, cog. with
Dut. schuiven, Ger. schieben.]
Shovel, shuv'l, «. an instrument with a broad
blade, and a handle for shaving and lifting.— v.t,
to lilt up and throw with a shovel : to gather in
large quantities.—7>. i. to use a shovel '.—pr.p.
shovelling; pa.t. and Pa.p. shov'elled. [From
Shove ; cog. with Ger. schaufel.]
Show, shfl, v.t. to present to view : to enable to
perceive or know : to inform : to teach : to guide :
to prove : to explain : to bestow.—v.i. to appear :
to look :—pa.p. shown or showed.—n. act of
showing : display : a sight or spectacle : parade :
appearance : plausibility ; pretence.—«. Snow'er.
[A.S- sceawian ; Dut. schouwen, Ger. schauen,
Goth, us-scavjan; probably allied to See.]
Showbill, sho'bil, n. a bill for showing or adver
tising the price, merits, &c. of goods.
Showbread, shO'bred, n. among the Jews, the
twelve loaves of bread shotvn or presented be
fore the Lord in the sanctuary.
Shower, show'er, «. a fall of rain or hail, of short
duration : a copious and rapid fall.—v.t. to wet
with rain: to bestow liberally. —v.i. to rain in
showers. [A.S. scur,- Ice. shur, O. Ger. scur
(Ger. schauer) ; perh. orig. sig. ' a raincloud.'J
Showery, show'er-i, adj. abounding with showers.
Showy, shO'i, adj. making a show; cutting a
dash: ostentatious: gay.—adv. Show'ily.—n.
ShoWlness.
Shrapnel, shrap'nel. n. {gun.) a shell filled with
musket-balls, called after its inventor, Col.
Shrapnel
Shred, shred, n. a long, narrow piece cut or torn
off: a .strip or fragment.—v.t. to cut or tear
into shreds. [A.S. screade; Ger. schrot, Scot.
screed.]
Shrew, shrOD, n. a brawling troublesome woman :
a scold. [Prob. closely connected with Dut.
schreeuwen. Low Ger. schrauen, Ger. schreien,
to brawl.]
Shrewd, shrOotl, adj. of an acute judgment :
{obs.) malicious, wicked, cunning. — adv.
Shrewdly.—«. Shrewd'ness. [Lit. 'havingthe
nature of a shrew.']
Shrewish, shrGo'ish, adj. having the qualities of
a shrew : peevish and troublesome : clamorous.
—adv. Shrewlshly.—«. Shrew ishness.
Shrewmouse, shrOTJ'mows, «. a harmless little
animal like the mouse, which burrows in the
ground. [A.S. screawa, and House.]
Shriek, shrSk, v.i. to utter a shriek : to scream.—
n. the shrill outcry caused by terror or anguish.
[Ice. skrika. Sec Scream and Screech.)
Shrievalty, shreVal-ti, n. Same as Sheriffalty.
Shrift, shrift, n. confession made to a priest :
absolution—especially of a dying man. [From
Shrive.]
Shrike, shrlk, n. a bird which preys on insects and
small birds, impaling its prey on thorns, hence
called the Butcher Bird. [Lit. the 'shrieking'
bird, Ice. skrikja. Cf. Shriek.]
Shrill, shril, adj. piercing: sharp: uttering an
acute sound.—adv. Shrilly.—n. Shrill ness.
[Allied to Low Ger. schrell, Ger. schrill, and
conn, with Ger. schreien, to cry.]
Shrimp, shrimp, n. a small shellfish, about two
inches long, much esteemed as food. [Prov. E.
shrimp, anything very small; conn, with A.S.
mOte ; mute ; mOTn ; Men. 4Cf>
 Shrine Siege
scrymman, to wither, and Gcr. schrumpfen, to itself :—pr.p, shutting ; pa.t. and P<*~P- shut.
shrivel.] [A.S. scyttan, conn, with Shoot, from the shoot
Shrine, shrln, n. a place in which sacred things ing forward of the bar.]
are deposited : a sacred place : an altar.—v.t. to Shutter, shut'er, n. one who or that which shuts t
enshrine. [Lit. 'a chest for written papers,' a close cover for a u indow or aperture.
A.S. serin, 0. Fr. escrin—L. sennium—scribo, Shuttle, shut'l, n. an instrument used for shooting
to write.) the thread of the woof between the threads of
Shrink, shringk, v.L to contract : to wither : to the warp in weaving. [A.S. scytel, sceathtl—
occupy less space : to become wrinkled by con sceotan, E. Shoot ; cog. with Dan. and Sw.
traction : to recoiL as from fear, disgust, &c.— skyttel. J
v.t. to cause to shrink or contract :—pa.t. shrank, Shuttlecock, shurl-kok, n. a cork stuck with
shrunk ; pa.p. shrunk, shrunk'en. —n. act of feathers, like a cock, shot, struck, or driven with
shrinking: contraction: withdrawal or recoil. a battledore.
[A.S. scrincan; akin to Ger. schranken, to Shy, shT, adj. timid : reserved : cautious : sus
place obliquely or crosswise : pcrh. also conn, picious. — v.i. to start aside, as a horse from fear :
with Shrug.J —pa.t. and pa.p. shied.—adv. Shyly or Shily.
Shrive, shrTv, v.t. to hear at confession.—V.i. to —n. Shyness. [A.S. sccoh ; Ger. scheu.)
receive confession (said of a priest) :—/a.r. Sibilant, sib'i-lant, adj. making a hissing sound.
shrOve or shrived ; pa.fi. shriv'en. [A.S. scri/an, n. a sibilant letter. [L. sibilo, to hiss J
to write, to prescribe penance—L. scribo.) Sibllatlon, sib-i-lit'shun, «. a kissing sound.
Shrivel, shriv'l, v.t. and v.t. to contract into Sibyl, sib'il, ft. {lit. } she that tells the will of Zeus
wrinkles '.—pr.p. shriv'elling ; pa.t. and P't-P- or Jupiter; a pagan prophetess. [L.—Gr. «-
shriv'elled. [Ety. dub.; pern, conn, with A.S. bylta, Doric Gr. sio-bofia—Dios, Doric Sios,
screpa, to become dry, and obs. E. rivel, to genitive ofZeus, and boule, Doric botla, couuset.]
shrink, to wither.] ylllne, sib'il-Tn, adj. pertaining to, uttered, or
Shroud, shrowd, n. the dress of the dead : that written by sibyls: prophetical.
which clothes or covers :—//. a set of ropes from Slok, sik, adj. affected with disease : ill : inclined
the mast-heads to a ship's sides, to support the to vomit : disgusted : used by the sick.—//.
masts. —v.t. to inclose in a shroud : to cover : Sickness,//. :/>'. Sicknesses, diseases. [AS.
to hide : to shelter. [A.S. scrnd, cog. with Ice, sioc ; Ger. siech, Goth, siuks]
skmdk, clothing.] Sicken, sik'n, v.t. to make sick: to disgust. —v.i,
Shrove-tlde, shroV-tld, «. the time at which con to become sick : to be disgusted : to become dis
fession used to be made, the time immediately gusting or tedious : to become weak.
before Lent.—*. ShroveTues'day, the day be Slckish, siklsh, adj. somewhat sick. —adv. Sick -
fore Ash-Wednesday. [M. E. sckrof (pa.t. of ishly. «. Sick'ishnoss.
sckriven)—A.S. scraf (pa.t. of scri/aw. See Sickle, sikl, «. a h ioked instrument for cutting
Shrive and Tide.] grain. [A.S. siceI ; Ger. siekel. Low Ger.
Shrub, shrub, n. a low, dwarf tree : a woody plant stihel ; ail from a rustic L. secula—seco, to cut.]
with several stems from the same root. [A.S. Sickly, sik'li, adj. inclined to sickness ; unhealthy :
scrobh, pcrh. conn, with prov. E. shruff, light somewhat sick : weak : languid : producing dis
rubbish wood, and with the root of Shrivel.] ease.—n. Sickliness.
Shrub, shrub, n. a drink or liquor of lemon-juice, Side, sld, ft. the edge or border of anything : the
spirit, sugar, and water. [A corr. of Sherbet. J surface of a solid : a part of a thing as seen by
Shrubbery, shrub'er-i, «. a collection of shrubs. the eye : region : part : the part of an animal be
Shrubby, shrub'i, adj. full of shrubs : like a shrub: tween the hip and shoulder : any party, interest,
consisting of shrubs or brush. or opinion opposed to another : faction : line of
Shrug, shrug, v.t. to draw up : to contract—v.t. descent.—adj. being on or toward the side :
to draw up the shoulders '—Pr.p. shrugging ; lateral : indirect.—v.i. to embrace the opinion or
Pa.t. and pa.p. shrugged.—«. a drawing up of cause of one party against another. [A.S. side,
the shoulders. [Ety. dub. ; perh. conn, with cog. with Ice. sida, Ger. seite.]
Shrink, j Sidearms, sld'armz, n.fil., arms or weapons worn
Shrunk, pa.t. and pa.p. of Shrink. on the side, as a sword or bayonet.
Shudder, shud'er, v.t. to tremble from fear or Sideboard, sld'bord, «. a piece of furniture on one
horror, — n. a trembling from fear or horror. side of a dining-room for holding dishes, &c
[Dut. schuddern, schudden, Ger. schaudem, to SldebOZ, sld'boks, u. a box or seat at the side of
shudder.] a theatre.
Shuffle, shuf'I, v.t. to change the positions of: to Sided, sid'ed, adj. having a side.
confuse : to remove or introduce by purposed Sideling, sld'ling, adj. inclining to a side: sloping.
confusion. —v.i. to change the order of cards in Sidelong, sTdlong, atlj. oblique : not straight.—
a pack : to shift ground : to evade fair questions : adv. in the direction of the side : obliquely.
to move by shoving the feet along.—«. act of Sidereal, sl-de're-al, atij. relating to a star or
shuffling : an evasion or artifice.—ti. Shuffler. stars: starry: [astr.) measured by the apparent
[A by-form of Souffle, thus conn, with Shove motion of the stars. [L. sidus, sideris, a star.]
and Shovel. . Side-saddle, sld'-sadl, ». a saddle for women.
Shun, shun, v.t. to avoid : to keep clear of: to Sidoways. s!d'waz; SldewlSO, sld'wlz, adv. toward
neglect '.—pr.p. shunn'ing; pa.t. and Pa.p. or on one side : inclining ^laterally.
shunned. [A.S. sctinian, sceonian ; akin to Dut. Siding, sld'ing, n. a short line of rails on which
schuitien, to slope.] wagons are shunted from the main-line.
Shunt, shunt, v.t. to turn off upon a sideraiL —«. Sidle, sl'dl, v.i. to go or move side-foremost.
a short sidcrail for allowing the main-line to be Siege, sej, n. a sitting down with an army round
kept free. — «. Shunt ing. [M. E. shunten; a or before a fortified place to take it by force: a
form of Shun.] continued endeavour to gain possession. [Orig.
Shut, shut, v.t. to close, as a door: to forbid en a 'seat,' Fr. sie'ge, seat i. It. seggia, sedia)—L,
trance into: to contract or close.—v.i. to close sedes, a seat—sedeo, K. Sit.]
(ate, far ; m6, h€r , mine ; raOtc ; mute ; m(K)n ; Meu.
 Sienna Silver
Sienna, si-en'a, n. a line orange-red pigment used address equivalent to Sir, Mr. [ft. signore.
in pointing. [From Sienna in Italy.] See Seignior.]
Sierra, se-crYa, n. a ridge of mountains, the sum Sign-manual, sin-man'fl-al, n. {lit.) a sign made
mits of which resemble the lecth of a saw. by one's own hand: the royal signature, usually
[Sp., from L. serra, a saw.] only the initial of the sovereign's name, with R.
Siesta, si-es'ta, n. a short sleep taken about mid for Rex (L. 'king'), or Regina (L. 'queen').
day or after dinner. [Sp.—L. sexta [hora), the [Sign and Manual.]
sixth [hour) after sunrise, the hour of noon.] Signora, sen-yfl'ra, n. feminine of Signer.
Sieve, siv, «. a vessel with a bottom of woven hair Signpost, sln'post, n. a Post on which a sign is
or wire to separate the fine part of anything from hung : a direction-post.
the coarse. [A.S. sife ; cog. with Ger. sieb. \ Silence, sl'lens, n. state of being silent: absence ot
Sift is a derivative.] sound or speech : muteness : cessation of agita
Sift, sift, v.t. to separate with or as with a sieve : tion : calmness: oblivion. —v.t. to cause to be
to examine closely.—«. Sift'er. [A.S. si/tan silent : to put to rest : to stop.—int. be silent I
—sife (see Sieve; ; cog. with Ger. sichten*] Silent, sT'lent, adj. free from noise : not speaking :
Sigh, sT, v.i. to inhale and respire with a long, habitually taciturn : still : not pronounced.—adv.
deep, and audible breathing, as in grief: to Silently. [L. silens, -en/is, pr.p. of sileo, to be
sound like sighing. —v.t. to express by sighs. — silent.]
n. a long, deep, audible respiration. [A-S. Sllex, slleks, »., silica, as found in nature, occur
stcom : from the sound.] ring as flint, quartz, rock-crystal, &c [L. silex,
Sight, sit, «. act of seeing: view : faculty of see siltcis, flint.]
ing : that which is seen : a spectacle : space Silhouette, sil'oo-et, «. a shadow-outline of the
within vision : examination : a small opening human figure or profile filled in of a dark colour.
for looking through at objects : a piece of [From Silhouette, a French minister of finance tn
metal on a gun to guide the eye in taking aim. 1759, after whom everything cheap was named,
—v.t. to catch sight of. [A.S. ge-siht ; O. Ger. from his excessive economy in financial matters. )
si/tt, Ger. sicht, from root of See.] Silica, sil'i-ka, ». pure silex or flint, the most
Sighted, sired, adj. having sight. abundant solid constituent of our globe.
Sightless, sltles, adj. wanting sight : blind.— Siliceous, SillclOUS, si-Iish'us, adj. pertaining to,
adv. Sightlessly.--/;. Sight lessness. containing, or resembling silex or flint.
Sightly, sTt'li, adj. pleasing to the sight or eye : Silk, silk, n. the delicate, soft thread produced by
comely.—«. Sightliness. certain caterpillars : thread or cloth woven from
Sign, sin, «., mark, token: proof: that by which it.—adj. pertaining to or consisting of silk.
a thing is known or represented : a word, ges [A.S. seolc—L. sericum—Gr. serikon, neut. of
ture, or mark, intended to signify something adj. Senkos, pertaining to the Seres—S?r, a
else : a remarkable event : an omen : a miracle : native of China, whence silk was first obtained.]
a memorial : something set up as a notice in a Silken, silk'n, adj. made of silk : dressed in silk :
public place : {math.) a mark showing the rela resembling silk : soft : delicate. [silks.
tion of quantities or an operation to be per Silk mercer, silk'-mer'ser, «. a mercer or dealer-in
formed: \med.\ a symptom: (astr.) one of the Silk-weaver, silk'-wev'er, n. a weaver of s:lk
twelve parts of the zodiac, —v.t. to represent or stuffs. [which produces silk.
make known by a sign : to attach a signature to. Silkworm, silk'wurm, n. the ivorm or caterpillar
[Fr. sigue—L. signum.] Silky, silk'i, adj. like silk in texture : soft : smooth :
Signal, signal, «. a sign for giving notice, gene glossy.—«. Silk'lness.
rally at a distance: token: the notice given. — Sill, sil, w. the timber or stone at the foot of a door
v.t. and v.i. to make signals to : to convey by or window: the lowest piece in a window-frame.
signals :—/>r.p. signalling ; pad. and pa.p. sig'- [A.S. syll, cog. with Ice. sylla, Ger. schwelU,
nalled.—adj. having a sign : remarkable : not conn, with Swell.]
able : eminent.—*. Sig nalling.—adv. Slg/naUy. Sillabub, sil'a-bub, «. a liquor made of wine or
[Fr.] [nent : to signal. cider mixed with milk and sweetened. [Perh.
Signalise, sig/nal-Tz, v.t. to make signal or emi- from slabbering it up quickly.]
Signature, sig'na-tur, n. a sign or mark : the Silly, sil'i, adj. simple : harmless : foolish : wit
name of a person written by himself: [music) less : imprudent : absurd : stupid.—adv. Sillily.
the flats and sharps after the clef to show the —n. Silliness. [Orig. ' happy,' ' blessed," and
key. [Fr.— Low L. signatura.] so 'innocent,' 'simple,' A.S. sorlig; cog. with
Signboard, sTn'bflrd, n. a board with a sign tell Ger. selig, and Goth, sels, good. ]
ing a man's occupation or articles for sale. Silt, silt, «. that which is left by straining: sedi
Signet, sig'net, ». the privy-seal : [B.) a seal. ment: the sand, &c. left by water. [Prov. E.
[From Sign.] sile, allied to Low Ger. sielen, Sw. sila, to let
Significance, sig-nifi-kans, n. that which is sig Silurian, water off, to strain.]
nified : meaning : importance : moment. si-lo"o'ri-an,<irf/. belonging toSt'luria,thc
Significant, sig-nif'i-kant, adj., signifying: ex country of the Silures, the ancient inhabitants of
pressive of something : standing as a sign.— strata below part of Wales and England : applied to the
adv. Significantly. the old red sandstone, which are
Signification, sig-ni-fi-ka'shun, «. act of signify found best developed in that district.
ing : that which is signified : meaning. Silvan, sil'van, adj. pertaining to woods: woody :
Significative, sig-nif'i-kat-iv, ad/. , signifying: de inhabiting woods. [Fr.—L. silva; cf. Gr. hyte,
noting by a sis;n : having meaning : expressive. a wood.]
Signify, sig'ni-fT, v.t. to make known by a sign Silver, sil'ver, «. a soft white metal, capable of a
ur by words: to mean : to indicate or declare : high polish : money made of silver : anything
to have consequence :—pa.t. and pa.p. sig'- having the appearance of silver.—adj. made of
nifled. [L. significo, -atus—sigrtum, andfacio, silver : resembling silver : white : bright : pre
to make.] cious : gentle.—v.t. to cover with silver : to make
Slgnlor, Signer, sen'yur» **. an Italian word of like silver : to make smooth and bright : to make
f'.'-to, far; me, h«:r ; mine; tnOte; mute; raOOn ; Men. 467
 Silvering Single
silvery. [A.S. sil/er, seolfer, eog. with Ice. Sin, sin, n. wilful violation of law : neglect ofduty :
sil/r, and Ger. silber.] neglect of the laws of morality and religion :
Silvering, sil ver-ing, n. the operation of covering wickedness: iniquity.—v.i. to commit sin : to
with silver : the silver so used. violate or neglect the laws of morality or reli
Silverling, sil'ver-ling, n. (/?.) a smallsilver coin. gion : to do wrong:—Pr.p. sinn'ing ; pa.t. and
Silversmith, sil'ver-smith, n. a smith who works Pa.p. sinned. [A.S. synn, cog. with Ice. syn-dt
in silver. Ger. stinde; prob. from a root seen in Goth, sun-
Silvery, sil'ver-i, adj. covered with silver : resem ja, truth, and syn-jon, to vindicate (both from
bling silver : white : clear, soft, mellow. sun-is, h ue , also in Ice. syn, denial. Prob. it
Similar, sim'i-lar, adj., like: resembling : uniform : thus orig. meant 'a thing to be cleared up or
[geom.) exactly corresponding in shape, with accounted for,' ' an act as to which one must
out regard to size.—adz'. Similarly.—w. Slmi- justify one's self,' ' a deed involving responsibility
lafity. [Fr. similairt—L. similis, like, same.] or guilt,' hence 'a crime,']
Simile, sim'i-le, «. something similar; similitude : Since, sins, adz: from the time that : past : ago.—
r/'ict. a comparison to illustrate anything. Prep, after: from the time of.—conj. seeing
Similitude, si-mil'i-tud, n. the state of being simi that : because : considering. [M. E. sin, sith,
lar or like: resemblance: comparison: simile: sithence ; A.S. sitk-than, lit. 'after that,' from
(/?.) a parable. [Fr.—L. similttudo.] sith, late (Ger. sett), and than, dative case of
Slmious, sim'i-us, adj. pertaining to or resembling the article.]
an ape or monkey: monkey-like. [From L. Sincere, sin-sir7, adj. clean: pure: {ff.) unadul
simius, an ape —simus, flat-nosed.] terated : being in reality what it is in appear
Simmer, sim'er, v.i. to boil with a gentle, hissing ance : unfeigned : frank : honest : true.—adv.
sound. [From the sound.] Sincerely. [Fr. — L. sincerus, clean, generally
Simonlac, si-mci'ni-ak, n. one guilty of simony. derived from sine, without, and cera, wax :
Simonlacal, sim-o-nl'ak-al, adj. pertaining to, better from sim-, single, and the root of Ger.
guilty of, or involving simony. schier, £. Sheer. See Simple, Single.]
Simony, sim'on-i, n. the crime of buying or selling ; Sincerity, sin-ser'i-ti, «. state or quality of being
ecclesiastical preferment, so named from Simon sincere: honesty ofmind : freedom from pretence.
Magus who thought to purchase the gift of the Sinciput, sin'si-put, n. the forepart of the head
Holy Spirit with money, Acts viii. from the forehead to the vertex. [I.., lit. ' half
Simoom, si-m5om'. Simoon, si-mOTn', «. a a head '—semi, half, and caput, the head.]
destructive hot wind which blows in Northern Sine, sin, n. a straight line drawn from one ex
Africa and Arabia and the adjacent countries tremity of an arc perpendicular to the diameter
from the interior deserts. [Ar. scmiim—semm, that passes through the other extremity. [L.
to poison. ] sinus, a curve.]
Simper, sim'per, v.i. to smile in a silly affected Sinecuro, sl'ne-kOr, n. an ecclesiastical benefice
manner.—». a silly or affected smile. [Prob. without the cure or care of souls : an office with
conn, with Simmer.] salary but without work.—n. Si nocurist. one
Simple, sim'pl, adj. single : undivided : resisting who holds a sinecure. [L. sine, without, and
decomposition : elementary : homogeneous: cura, care.]
open : unaffected : undesigning : true : clear : Sinew, sin'fl, n. that which joins a muscle to a
straightforward : artless: guileless: unsuspect bone, a tendon : muscle, nerve : that which
ing : credulous : not cunning : weak in intelWt : supplies vigour.—v.t. to bind as by sinews: to
silly.—n. something not mixed or compounded : strengthen. [A.S. sinu, cog. with Ice. sin, Ger.
a medicinal herb. [Lit. 'one-fold,' Fr.—L. sim- sehne.]
plus—sim- (L. semel, Gr. hama. Sans, sam), Sinewy, sin'G-i, adj. furnished with sinews : con
once, and root ofplico, to fold.] sisting of, belonging to, or resembling sinews :
Simploness, sim'pl-nes, n. the state or quality of strong : vigorous.
being simple: artlessness : simplicity: folly. Sinful, sin'fool, adj. full of or tainted with sin :
Simpleton, sim'pl-tun, «. a simple person : a weak iniquitous: wicked: depraved: criminal: un
or foolish person. holy.—*<H'. Sinfully.—«. Sin'fulness.
SlmpUolty, sim-plisl-ti, n. the state or quality of Sing, sing, v.i. to utter melodious sounds : to
being simple: singleness: want of complication: make a small shrill sound : to relate in verse.—
openness : clearness : freedom from excessive v.t. to utter musically: to chant: to celebrate
adornment : plainness : sincerity : artlessness : or relate in verse \—pa.t. sang or sung ; pa.p.
credulity, silliness, folly. [L. simplicilas.] sung. [A.S. singan, cog. with Ger. sing-en,
Simplify, sim'pli-fT, v.t. to make simple : to Goth, siggvan ; cf. Gael, scinn. Sans. svan.\
render less difficult : to make plain :—pa.t. Singe, sinj, v. t. to burn on the surface : to scorch :
and pa.p. sim'plined.—h. Slmpliflca'tion. [L. —pr.p. singe'ing ; Pad. and Pa,p. singed.—m. a
simplex, simple, andfacio, to make.] burning of the surface : a slight burn. [M. E.
Simply, sim'pli, adv. in a simple manner: art «•*«.■ sengen (cog. with
causative of Ger.
Sing,sengen)—A.S. be-sengast,
from the singing noise
lessly: foolishly: weakly: plainly: considered
by itself: alone: merely: solely. produced by scorching.]
Simulate, sim'Q-lat, v.t. to imitate: to counter Singer, sing'er, ». one who sings : one whose
feit : to pretend : to assume the appearance of occupation is to sing.
without the reality.—n. Sim'ulator. [L. simu Singing, sing'ing, n. the act or art of singing.
lates, pa.p. of simulo, to make (something) Singing-master, sing'ing-mas'ter, n. a master
similar to (another thing)—similis, like.] who teaches singing.
Simulation, sim-G-l;Vshunf n. the act of simulating Single, sing'gl, adj. consisting of one only : indi
or putting on what is not true. vidual : separate : alone : unmarried : not com
Simultaneous, sim-ul-tan'e-us, adj. acting, exist bined with others : unmixed : having one only
ing, or happening at the same time. —adv. on each side : straightforward : sincere : simple:
Simultaneously. [Low L. simultaneus—L. pure.—v.t. to separate : to choose one from
simul, at the same time, akin to similis, like.] others : to select from a number. ( L. sin-gutus,
f5te, fiir ; m«, her : mTne ; mote ; mute ; mfion : Men.
 Single-hearted Site
one to each, separate, akin to sem-ely once, Gr. —n. the taking of a liquor with the lips : a small
kam-a. See Simple, Sincere.] draught taken with the lips. [A.S. supan, cog.
Single-hearted, sing'gl-hart'ed, adj. having a with Ger. sau/en; conn, with Sop, Soup, Sup.]
single or sincere heart ; without duplicity. Siphon, sl'fun, n. a bent tube for drawing off
Single-minded, sing'gl-minded, adj. having a liquids from one vessel into another. [Fr.—Gr.
single or sincere mind; upright. siphdn—sipklos, hollow.]
Singleness, sing'gl-nes, «. state of being single or Sippet, sip'et, n. a small sop.
alone : freedom from deceit : sincerity : simplicity. Sir, scr, n. a word of respect used in addressing a
Singlestick, sing'gl-stik, «. a single stick or man : the title of a knight or baronet. [Lit.
cudgel used in fighting : a fight or game with 'senior' or 'elder,' O. Fr. sire, through O. Fr.
singlesticks. [tree. sendre, from L. senior, an elder, comp. of senex,
Singletree, sing'gl-tre', «. The same as Swingle- old. Cf. the parallel forms Sire, Senior,
Singly, sing'gl!, adv. one by one : particularly : Seignior, Signor.]
alone: by one's self: honestly: sincerely. Sire, sir, n. {lit.) a ' senior * or father : one in the
Singsong, sing/song, n. bad singing : drawling. place of a father, as a sovereign : the male
Singular, sing'gu-lar, adj. alone : {gram.) denot parent of a beast, esp. of a horse :—-fil. { poetry)
ing one person or thing : single : not complex ot ancestors.—v.t. to beget, used of animals. [See
compound : standing alone : rare : unusual : above word.]
uncommon : extraordinary : strange : odd : (A) Siren, sl'ren, «. (myth.) one of certain fabulous
particular. [L. si/tgularis.] nymphs in S. Italy who enticed mariners to
Singularity, sing-gfl-lar'i-ti, «. the state of being destruction by sweet music : a fascinating
singular : peculiarity : anything curious or re woman : any one insidious and deceptive : an
markable : particular privilege or distinction. eel-like, amphibious animal, with only one pair
Singularly, sing'gii-lar-ii, adv. in a singular man of feet.—adj. pertaining to or like a siren :
ner : peculiarly : strangely : so as to express one fascinating. [L. siren—Gr. seirin, lit. an 'en-
or the singular number. tangler*—seira, a cord, a band.]
Sinister, sin'is-ter, adj., left ; on the left hand : Slrene, sl'r€n, «. a musical instrument for deter
evil : unfair : dishonest ; unlucky : inauspicious. mining the number of pulses per second in a
[LJ given note. [Same word as above.]
Sinistral, sin'is-tral, adj. belonging or inclining SlrlUS, sir'i-us, n. the Dogstar. [L.—Gr. seirios,
to the left : reversed, —adv. Sln'lstrally. scorching ; cf. Sans, surya, the sun.]
Sinlstrous, sin'is-trus, adj. on the left side : Sirloin, ser'Ioin, «. a loin of beef. [Fr. surlonge
wrong: absurd : perverse.—adv. Sin'lStrously. —sur {—L. super, above), and longe {see Loin).
nk, singk, v.i. to fall to the bottom : to fall down : The first syllable has been modified by confusion
to descend lower : to fall gradually : to fall below with E. Sir.]
the surface : to enter deeply : to be impressed : Sirname, ser'nam, «. [A corruption of Surname,]
to be overwhelmed : to fail in strength.—v.t. Sirocco, si-rok'o, n. a hot, oppressive wind, from
to cause to sink : to put under water : to keep the toxiXh-east in S. Italy and adjoining parts.
out of sight : to suppress : to degrade : to cause [It. sirocco, Sp. siroco, Ar. schoruq—senary, the
to decline or fall : to plunge into destruction : to east]
make by digging or delving : to pay absolutely: Sirrah, ser'a, k. sir, used in anger or contempt
to lower in value or amount : to lessen \~pa.t. [M. E. sirrha—sir, ha; or from Ir. sirreach,
sank and sunk ; pa.p. sunk, sunk'en.—n. a drain poor.]
to carry off dirty water : a box or vessel con Sirup, sb/up, n. a solution of sugar in water,
nected with a drain for receiving dirty water.— simple, flavoured, or medicated. [Fr. sirop—
«. Slnk'er. [A.S. sencan, cog. with Ger. sinken, Low L. sirupus—Ar. sharub, sharbat, a drink.
Goth, siggauan, \<x.so~kkva, tofall to the bottom.] See Sherbet and Shrub.]
Sinless, sin'les, adj.without sin : innocent : pure : Siskin, sis'kin, n. a migratory song-bird, resem
perfect.—adv. Sin'lessly.—n. Sinlessness. bling the green canary. [Dan. sisgen, Sw. siska.'\
Sinner, sin'cr. n. one who sins : an offender or \ Sister, sis'ter, «. a female born of the same
criminal : (theol.) an unregenerate person. parents : a female closely allied to or associated
Sin-offering, sin'-of'er-ing, n. an offering for or with another.—n. Sister-in-law, a husband's or
sacrifice in expiation of sin. wife's sister, or a brother's wife. [M. E. susten
Sinter, sin'ter, n. a name given to rocks precipi —A.S. svjeoster, cog. with Dut. suster, Ger.
tated in a crystalline form from mineral waters. schwes/er, Slav, sestra, L. sorter {(or sosor, orig.
[Ger., 'iron sparks.'] sostor). Sans. svasrit svasdr {orig. svastdr).]
Sinuate, sin'0-a.t, adj., curved: (bot.) with a Sisterhood, sis'ter-hood, «. [orig.) state of being a
waved margin.—v.t. to bend in and out.—n. sister, the duty of a sister : a society of females.
Slnua'tlon. [L. sinuatus, pa.p. of sinuo, to I Sisterlike, sis'ter-llk. Sisterly, sis'tcr-li, adj.
bend.] like or becoming a sister: kind : affectionate.
Sinuosity. sin-u-os'i-ti, n. quality of being sinuous : Sit, sit, v.i. to rest on the haunches : to perch, as
a bend or series of bends and turns. birds : to rest : to remain : to brood : to occupy
Sinuous, sin'u-us, SuiUOSe, sin'Q-Os, adj., bending : a seat, esp. officially : to be officially engaged :
in and out: winding : undulating.—adv. Sln'U- to blow from a certain direction, as the wind.—
ously. [L. sinuosus—sinus, a bending.] I v.t. to keep the seat upon: to seat:—pr.p.
Sinus, sT'nus, n. a bending: a fold : an opening : siti'ing ; fa.l. and pa.p. sat.—n. Sitt er.- Sit
a bay of the sea : a recess in the shore : (ana/.) OUt, to sit during. —Sit Up, to rise from a lying
a cavity wider in the interior than at the entrance : to a sitting position. [A.S. sittan, cog. with
a venous canal : (med.) a cavity containing pus. Ger. sitzen, L. sed-eo, Gr. hed-os, a seat, hezo-
[L. sinus, a bending, a curve.] mai, to sit. Cf. Seat and Set.]
Sip, sip, v.t. to sup or drink in small quantities : Site, sit, n. the place where anything is set down
to draw into the mouth : to taste : to drink out or fixed : situation : a place chosen for any par
of.—v.i. to drink in small quantities : to drink by ticular purpose. [Fr.—L. si/us—situm, pa. p.
the lips \—pr.p. sipp'ing ; pa.t. and pa p. sipped. oisino, to set down. Cf. Situate.]
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mOte ; mule ; mCOn ; then.
 Sith Skirmish
filth., sith, adv. (B.) since. [A.S. sidk ; cog. with (Lit. 'something made offhand,' Fr. escuisse,
Goth. seidku, Ger. seit. Sec Silice.j influenced by Dut. sckets, from L. sckedins,
Bitting, sit'ing, «. state of resting on a seat : a made offhand—Gr. sckedios, sudden—sckedon,
seat : the net or time of resting in a posture for ncar—eckd, scheso, to have.]
a painter to take a likeness : an official meeting Sketchy, skech'i, adj. containing a sketck or out
to transact business : uninterrupted application line : mcomplete.—*i^7/.Sketchfily.—«. Sketch'-
to anything for a time : the time during which ineas.
one continues at anything : a resting on eggs Skew, ska, adj. oblique : intersecting a road,
for hatching. river, &c. not at right angles, as a bridge. —adv.
Situate, sit'u-at, Situated, sit'Q-at-ed, adj., set or awry: obliquely. [Ice. s&eifr, Dan. skjev;
permanently fixed : placed with respect to other conn, with Shy.]
objects: residing. [Low L. situatus—L. situo, Skewer, sku'er, ». a pin of wood or iron for keep
to place—situs, a site, situation J ing meat in form while roasting.—v.t. to fasten
Situation, sit-Q-a'shun, «. the place where any with skewers. [Prov. E. skiver, prob. the same
thing is situated: position: temporary state: as Shiver, a splint of wood.]
condition : office : employment. Skid, skid, n. a piece of timber hung against a
Six, siks, adj. and n. five and one : a figure denot ship's side to protect it from injury : a sliding
ing six units {6, or VI.). [A.S six, sex; cog. wedge or drag to check the wheel of a wagon
with Scand. sex, Goth, safks, Gcr. seeks, Gael. on a steep place *. a slab put below a gun to
se ; also with L. sex, Gr. hex, Pers. skesk. Sans. keep it off the ground.—v.t. to check with a
skask.] [limes. skid. [A.S. scide, a piece split off, a billet of
Sixfold, siks'fOld, adj., folded or multiplied six wood—scidan, to cleave.] [Ship ]
Sixpence, siks'pens, «. a silver coin = six pence. Skiff, skif, w. a small light boat. [A doublet of
Sixteen, siks'ten, atij. and «., six and ten. Skilful, skil'fool, adj. having or displaying skill:
Sixteenth, siks'tcnth, adj. and «. the sixtk after I dexterous.—adv. SkU'fUlly. —«. SklTfulness.
the tenth. Skill, skil, «. knowledge of anything : dexterity
Sixth, siksth, adj. the last of six : the ordinal I in practice.—\B.\ v.i. to understand. [Lit.
of six.— «. the sixth part : [music] an interval ' 'separation,' 'discrimination,' prob. first from
of four tones and a semitone, or six intervals. the Scand., as Ice. skil, and skilja (verb), cog.
[A.S. sixta.] with A.S. scylan, to separate.]
Sixthly, siksth li, adv. in the sixth place. Skilled, skild. adj. having skill : skilful : expert.
Sixtieth, siks'ti-eth, adj. and n. the sixtk tentkt Skillet, skil'et, «. a small metal vessel with a long
the ordinal of sixty. [A.S. sixteogeotka.] handle, used for boiling water, in cooking, &c.
Sixty, siks'ti, adj. and rt.,six times ten. [A.S. j [Prob. from O. Fr. escuellette. dim. of escueUe
sixtig.} (Fr. icuelle)—L. scutella, dim. of scutra, a
Sizar, slz'ar, n. in University of Cambridge, orig. dish. See Scullery. '
one who served out the siscs or rations : one of Skim, skim, v.t. to clear off scum : to take off by
the lowest rank of students. [From Size, orig. skimming: to brush the surface of lightly. —
a 'fixed quantity. '] v.i. to pass over lightly : to glide along near
Size, siz, «. extent of volume or surface : magni the surface:—Pr.p. skimm'ing; pa.t. and pa,p.
tude.— v.t. to arrange according to size. [Orig. skimmed. [A by-form of Scum. |
a ' fixed quantity,' contr. of Assize, which sec.] ! Skimmer, skim'er, n. a utensil for skimming milk.
Size, siz. Sizing, sTz'ing, n. a kind of weak glue, Skim-milk, skim'-milk. »., skimmed milk; milk
used as varnish : any gluey substance. —Size, from which the cream has been skimmed.
v.t. to c#ver with size. [W. sytk, stiffening, glue Skin, skin, n. the natural outer covering of an
—sytk, stiff.] [iness. animal body: a hide: the bark or rind of
Sizy, siz'i, adj. , size-like I glutinous.—». Slz1- plants, &c.—v.t. to cover with skin : to cover
Skald, n. See Scald, a poet. the surface of : to strip the skin from, to peel.—
Skate, skat, «. a kind of sandal or frame of wood v.i. to be covered with a skin :—»*»-./. skinn'ing ;
with a steel ridge under it for moving on ice.— pa.t. and pa.p. skinned.—n. Skinn'er. fA.S,
v.i. to slide on skates.—ns. Skat'er, Skat ing. scinn, cog. with Ice. sMiftn, skin, Gcr. schindm,
[Dut. schaats ; cf. also Dan. skdite.] to flay ]
Skate, skat, it. a large flat fi>h belonging to the Skin-deep, skin'-dep, adj. as deep a* the skin
Ray family, with spikes or thorns on the back. only : superficial.
[M. E. scltate (ice. skata)—L. squatus ; cf. Skinflint, skin'flint, «. one who takes the smallest
Shad.] gains, who would, as it were, even skin a Jlint;
Skathe. Same as Scathe. a very niggardly person.
Skean, sken, «. a dagger. [Gael, sgt'an, a knife.] Skinny, skin'i, adj. consisting of skin or of skin
Skein, skan. n. a knot or number of knots of only: wanting flesh.—m, Sklnn'iness
thread or yarn. [O. Fr. escaigne; Gael, sgeinn.] Skip, skip, v.i. to leap : to bound lightly and
Skeleton, skel'e-iun, «. the tones of an animal joyfully: to pass over.—v.t. to leap over: to
separated from the flesh and preserved in their omit '.—pr.p. skipp ing ; pa.t. and p.i.p. skipped.
natural position : the framework or outline of —n. a light leap : a bound : the omission of a
anything. [Gr. skeleton [sdma), a dried (body) part. [Either Celt., conn, with W. cip, a sudden
—skeletos, dried—ekelld, to dry, to parch.] effort, and Gael, sgiab. to move suddenly, or
Skeleton-key, skel'e-tun-ke, «. a key for picking Tent., conn, with Ice. skopa, to run.]
locks, without the inner bits, and so like a Skipper, skip'er, n. the master of a merchant-
skeleton. ship. [Lit. ' a shipper or sailor,' Dut. schipper,
Skeptic. Same as Sceptic. Dan skipper. See Ship.]
Skerry, sker'i, «. a rocky isle. [Ice.] Skipping-rope, skip'ing-rOp, «. a rope used in
Sketch, skech, «. a first draft of any plan or ' skipping.
painting : an outline.—v.t. to make a rough Skirmish, sker'mish. w. an irregular fight between
draft of ; to draw the outline: to give the two small parties: a contest.—r-.i. to fight
principal points of.—v.t. to practise sketching. slightly or irregularly. [M. E. scarmish—Fr.
4,U fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moT»n ; Men.
 Skirmisher Slav
escarmouche—O. Gcr. skerman, to fight, Ger. &c. : the scorias of a volcano. [Low Ger. slagget
scAirmett.] Ger. scklacke—scAJagen, to cast off, Ice. stagga,
Skirmisher, skeKmish-er, n. a soldier belonging to flow over.]
to troops dispersed to cover front or flank, and Slaggy, slag'i, adj. pertaining to or like slag.
prevent surprises. Slain, slan, pa.p. of Slay.
Skirt, skert, w. the part of a garment below the Slake, slak, v.t. to quench : to extinguish : to mix
waist : a woman's garment like a petticoat : the with water.—7'./. to go out : to become extinct.
edge of any part of the dress : border : margin : [Lit. to slacken or make less active ; it is simply
extreme pact.—f./. to border : to form the edge a form of Slack.]
of. — v.i. to be on the border: to live near the Slam, slam, v.t. or v.i. to shut with violence and
extremity. [A doublet of 8hirt. Cf. Skiff and noise:—Pr.p. slamm'ing; pad. and pa.p.
Ship.] slammed.—w. the act of slamming: the sound
Skittish, skit'ish, adj. unsteady, light-headed, so mide. [From the sound ]
easily frightened: hasty: volatile, changeable: Slander, slan'der, «. a false or malicious report :
wanton.--adv. Skittishly. —«. Skitt'ishness. defamation by words : calumny. — v.t. to defame:
[M. E. sket — lcc. skjotr, quick, hasty, conn, to calumniate.—n Slan'derer. [M. E. sclaun
with root of Shoot.] der—Fr. esclandre—L. scandalum—Gr. skan*
Skittles, skit'lz, n.pl. a game in which wooden dalon. See Scandal.]
pins are shot or Knocked down with a wooden Slanderous, slan'der-us, adj. given to or contain
ball. (From root of Skittish.] ing slander : calumnious.—adv. Slan derously.
Skulk, skulk, v.i. to sneak out of the way: to Slang, slang, «. low language. [Ety. dub.]
lurk.—«. Skulker. [Scand., as Dan. skulke, Slant, slant, adj., sloping: oblique : inclined from
to sneak, conn, with Ice. skjol, cover, hiding- a direct line.—«. a slope.—v.t. to turn in a slop
place: also with E. Scowl.] ing direction.—v.i. to slope. [Scot, sclent, Prov.
Skull, skul, n. the bony case that incloses the E. slcn, to slope, allied to Sw. slinta, to slide.]
brain : the head. [Ice. and Dan. skal, a shell ; Slantly, slant'li, Slantwise, slant'wtz, adv. in a
conn, with Shell and Scale, a thin plate. The i sloping, oblique, or inclined manner,
fundamental idea is that of a thin plate or case, j Slap, slap, «. a blow with the hand or anything
with which a body is covered, or in which any flat.—v.t. to give a slap ta:—pr,p. slapp'ing ;
thing is contained.] (to the skull or head. I pa.t. and pa.p. slapped —adv. with a slap: sud
Skullcap, skul'kap, n. a cap which fits closely denly, violently. [Allied to Low Gcr. slappe,
Skunk, skungk, «. a small N. American carniv ; Gcr. schlappe: from the sound.]
orous quadruped allied to the otter and weasel, Slapdash, slap'dash, adv. in a bold, careless way.
which defends itself by emitting a most offensive [From Slap and Dash.]
fluid. [Contr. from the Indian segaiiku.] : Slash, slash, v.t. to cut by striking with violence
Sky, skT, h. the apparent canopy over our heads : and at random : to make long cuts.—v.i, to strike
the heavens: the weather. [Dan., Sw., and violently and at random with an edged instru
Ice. sky, a cloud ; akin to A.S- scua, Gr. skia, ment.—n. a long cut : a cut at random : a cut
a shadow, Sans. sku, to cover.] in cloth to shew colours through the openings.
Sky-blue, skT'-bloO, adj., blue like the sky. [Ice. slasa, to strike : from the sound.]
Skyey, ski'i, adj. like the sky : ethereal. Slate, ^lat, n. a well-known stone which splits into
Skylark, skftark, n. a species of lark that mounts thin plates : a rock or stone of a slaty structure :
high towards the sky and sings on the wing. a piece of slate for roofing, or for writing upon.—
SkyLarking, skT'lark-ing, n. running about the v t. to cover with slate.—n. Sla'ter. [M. E.
rigging of a ship in sport: frolicking. [From sclat—O. Fr. esclat, from O. Ger. skleizan, Ger.
Sky, and Lark, a game.] schleiszen^ to split.]
Skylight, skl'lTt, «. a window in a roof or ceiling Slate-pencil, slat'-pen'sil, «. a pencil of soft slate,
towards the sky for the admission of light. or for writing on slate.
Sky-rocket, skf-rok'et, «. a rocket that ascends Slating, slat'mg, n. the act of covering with
high towards the sky and burns as it flies slates: a covering of slates: materials for slating.
Skysall, skl'sal, n. the sail above the ' royal.* Slattern, slat'ern, ». a woman sluttish and negli
Sky-scraper, skT'-skrap'cr, n. a skysail of a tri gent of her dress: an untidy woman. [Allied
angular shape. to Low Ger. sludtlern, Dut. slodderen, to hang
Skyward, ski'ward, adv., toward the sky. and flap ; prob. from the flapping sound of loose,
Slab, slab, n. a thin slip of anything, esp. of stone, untidy clothing : conn, with Slut.]
having plane surfaces : a piece sawed from a log. Slatternly, slat ern-Ii, adj. like a slattern : negli
[W. yslab, llab, a thin slip.] gent of person : slovenly: dirty: sluttish.—adv.
Slabber, slab'er, v.i. to slaver: to let the saliva negligently : untidily.
fall from the mouth : to drivel.—z'.t. to wet by Slaty, slat/i, adj. resembling slate : having the
saliva.-«. Slabb'erer. [Allied to Low Ger. nature or properties of slate.
and Dut. slabbern; from the sound. Doublet Slaughter, slaw'ter, n. a slaying or killing: a
Slaver.] great destruction of life : carnage : butchery. —
Slack, slak, adj. lax or loose : not firmly extended v.t. to slay : to kill for the market : to destroy by
or drawn out : not holding fast : weak : not eager violence (as numbers) : to massacre.—«. Slaugh
or diligent : inattentive : not violent or rapid : terer. [Ice. slatr, prob. influenced by A.S.
slow. —adv. in a slack manner: partially: in slt-aht ; both are from root of Slay.]
sufficiently. -W,- Slackly.—«. Slack'ness. Slaughterhouse, slaw'ier-hows, n. a house where
[A S. sleac, cog. with Sw. slak, Ice. slakr.] beasts are slaughtered or killed for the market.
Slack, slak, Slacken, slak'n, v.i. to become loose Slaughterman, slawV-r-man. «. a man employed
or less tight : to be remiss : to abate : to become in slaughtering, killing, or butchering animals.
slower: to fail or flag.—v.t. to make less tight : to Slaughterous. sTaw'ter-us, adj. given to slaughter :
loosen: to relax : to remit : to abate : to withhold : destructive : murderous.
to use less liberally : to check : [B.\ to delay. Slav, Slave, sUv. n. the name of the peoples
Slag, slag, n. vitrified cinders from smelting-works, inhabiting E. Eurup'_-.—adj. Slavic [Lit. 'the
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mate ; mute ; moOu ; //ten. 471
 Slave Slip
speaking men,' from Polish slowo, a word, in Sleigh, sla, m. Same as Sledge.
contrast to niemiez, the ' dumb,' ' unintelligible,' Sleight, slit, n. cunning : dexterity : an anful
applied by the Poles to the Germans. Cf. Bar* trick.—m. Sleight-of-hand, legerdemain. [Ice.
bariaiL] slcegth, cunning, slagr, sly.]
Slave, tlav, n. a captive in servitude : any one in Slender, slen'der, adj., thin or narrow : feeble :
bondage : a serf : one who labours like a slave : inconsiderable : simple.—adv. Slen'dorly . —n,
a drudge: one wholly under the will of another: Slenderness. [O. Dut siinder, thin, conn.
one who has lost all power of resistance.—v.i. to with DuL slenderen, Ger. schlenderrt, to
work like a slave : to drudge. [Orig. a Slav saunter.]
made captive by the Teutons, Fr. esclave— Slept, slept, pad. and fia.p. of Sleep.
Ger. sclave, from Slav, the national name. Sleuth-hound, slCOth-hownd, n. a dog that tracks
During the early wars of the Germans against game by the scent, a bloodhound. See Slot.
the Slavs, many of the latter were captured and Slew, sl5o, /<!./. of Slay.
reduced to servitude.] [trade. Slice, slls, v.t. to slit or divide into thin pieces. —
Slaver, sla/er, «. a ship employed in the stave- «. a thin broad piece : a broad knife for serving
Slaver, slav'er, spittle or saliva running from fish. [O. Fr. esctisse—O. Ger. sleizan, to
the mouth. —v.i. to lot the saliva run out of the split, E. Slit.] [broad, flat knife.
mouth.—v.t. to smear with saliva. —«. Slav'erer. Sllcer, slls'er, «. one who or that which slices : a
[A form of Slabber.] Slid, slid, pa.t. and pa.p. of Slide.
Slavery, slav'er-i, n. the state of being a slave: Slidden, slid'n, /.-./. of Slide.
serfdom : the state of being entirely under the Slide, slid, v.i. to slip or glide: to pass along
will of another: bondage: drudgery. smoothly: to fall.—v.t. to thrust along: to
Slave-trade, slav'-trad, «. the trade of buying and slip:—pa. I. slid; Pa.p. slid or slidd'en.—n. a
selling slaves. smooth passage : the fall of a mass of earth or
Slave-trader, slav'-trad'er, «. a trader in slaves. rock : a smooth declivity : a slider : {music! two
Slavish, slavish, adj. of or belonging to slaves : notes sliding into each other. [A.S. slidatt, to
becoming slaves : servile : mean : base : labori slide; Dut. sliddcren, to slip.]
ous.—^/. Slavishly.—//. Slav'ishness. Slider, slld'cr, n. one who or that which slides :
Slavonic, sla-von'ik, Sclavonic, skla-von'ik, Sla the part of an instrument or machine that slides.
vonian, sla-von'yan, Sclavonlan, skla-vfln'yan, Sliding scale, slld'ing-skal, «. a scale of duties
adj. of or belonging to the Slavs, or their lan which slide or vary according to the value or
guage. market prices: a sliding-rule.
Slay, sla, v.t. to strike: to kill : to put to death ; Slight, slit, adj. weak: slender: of little value:
to destroy :-—/<!./. slew (slOO) ; pa.p. slain.—n. trifling: small: negligent: not decided. —adv.
Slayer. [A.S. slean; Ice. sla, Goth, slahati, Slightly.—*/. Slight'ness. [Orig. 'plain,
Ger. schiagen, to strike.] smooth ;' found in Low Ger. sligt, Ger. schlicht,
Sled, sled, Sledge, slej, «. a carriage made for plain, smooth. See Sleek ]
sliding upon snow : a sleigh. [Low Ger- slede, Slight, slit, v.t. to disregard, as of little value :
Ice. sledt; from a root seen in A.S. slitian, to to neglect. —«. neglect : disregard.—adv. Slight
slide.] ingly. [From Slight, adj.]
Sledge, slej, n. an instrument for striking: a large 81ily, sllli, adv. See under Sly.
heavy hammer used chiefly by ironsmitns. [A.S. Slim, slim,/i///'. {comp. Slimm'er. superL Slimm'-
slecge—slean, to strike, slay fcf. Ger. schl&gel, OSt), weak : slender : slight. [Orig. 'vile, worth
a beater—schiagen). See Slay.] less ; ' found in Low Ger. slim, Ger. schlimm.)
Sleek, slek, adj., smooth : glossy : soft : not rough. Slime, slim, //. glutinous mud : [£.) prob. bitu
—adv. Sleekly.—«. Sleek'ness. [Ger. schlicht, men. [A-S. slim, cog. with Ger. schfeim.]
Ice. slikja, to smooth or polish ; perh. akin to Slimy, slim'i, adj. abounding with or consisting of
Slight.] slime: glutinous.—n. Slim inoss.
Sleep, slep, v.i. to take rest by relaxation : to be Sling, sling, «. an instrument consisting of a strap
come unconscious : to slumber : to rest : to be and two cords, for throwing stones to a great
motionless or inactive : to remain unnoticed : to distance, by whirling it rapidly round: a
live thoughtlessly: to be dead: to rest in the throw : a hanging bandage for a wounded limb:
grave:—//!./, and fa.p. slept.—n. the state of a rope with hooks, used in hoisting and lower
one who or that which sleeps : slumber : rest. — ing weights. —v.t. to throw with a sling: to
On sleep (£.} asleep. [A.S. slapan ; Ger. hang so as to swing : to move or swing by
sckla/en, Goth, slepan, from O. Ger. slaf, re means of a rope : to cast :—Pa.t. and pa.p.
laxed, Ice. slapa, to hang loose.] slung.—«. SlinVer.—n.pl. Sling'atones [A)
Sleeper, slcp'cr, tt. one who sleeps : a horizontal stones thrown from a sling. [A-S. slingan, to
timber supporting a weight, rails, &c. turn in a circle, cog. witli Ger. schlingen, to
Sleepless, slep'les, adj. without sleep: unable to move or twine round.]
sleep.—adv. Sleeplessly.—n. Sleeplessness. Slink, slingk, v.i. to creep or crawl away, as if
Sleep-walker, slep -wawk'er, «. one who walks ashamed ; to sneak '.—pa.t. and Pa.p. slunk.
while asleep : a somnambulist.—«. Sleep'-walk'- [A.S. slincan; Low Ger. sliken, Ger. schleichen.]
lng. Slip, slip, v.i. to slide or glide along : to move out
Sleepy, slep'i, adj. inclined to sleep : drowsy : of place : to escape : to err : to slink : to enter
dull : lazy.—adv. Sleepily. -«. Sleepiness. by oversight.—v.t. to cause to slide : to convey
Sleet, stet, n, rain mingled with snow or hail.— secretly : to omit : to throw off to let loose : to
v.i. to hail or snow with rain mingled. [Prob. escape from : to part from the branch or stem :—
allied to Low Ger. slate, slate, hail, Ger. ! Pr.p. slipping; pa.t. and Pa.p. slipped. —m. act
schlosze.) [n. Sloet inoss. 1 of slipping: that on which anything may slip:
Sleety, slfit'i, adj. consisting of or bringing sleet.— an error : an escape : a twig : a strip : a leash : a
Sleeve, slev, n. the part of a garment which sloping bank for ship-building: anything easily
covers the arm.—v.t. to furnish with sleeves. slipped on. [A.S. slipan; Sw. slipa, DuL
[A.S. sle/e, a sleeve ; cog. with Ger. schlauf.} slippen, to glide.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mute ; mute ; mOOn ; then.
 Slip-knot
Slip-knot, slip'-not, n. a knot which slips along
the rope or line around which it is made.
Slipper, slip'er. tt. a loose shoe easily slipped on.
Slippered, slip'erd, adj. wearing slippers.
Slippery, slip er-i, adj. apt to slip away : smooth :
not affording Arm footing or confidence : un
stable : uncertain.—«. Slipp'eriness.
Slipshod, slip'shod, adj., shod with slippers, or
shoes down at the heel like slippers : careless.
Slit, slit, v.t. to cut lengthwise : to split : to cut
into strips :—pr.p. slitting; pa.t. and Pa.p. slit.
—n. a long cut: a narrow opening. [A-S.
slitan ; Ice. slita, to tear.]
Sloe, slO, tt. a small sour wild plum, the fruit of
the blackthorn. [A.S. sla, Dut. sleeuwe, a sloe
—sleeuw, sour.]
Slogan, slo'gan, tt. a war-cry among the ancient
Highlanders of Scotland. [Gael., contracted
from sluagh-g/tairm, an army-cry.]
Sloop, sloop, n. a light boat : a one-masted cutter-
rifiged vessel. [Dut. sloepe. See Shallop.]
Slop, slop, n. water carelessly spilled : a puddle :
mean liquor or liquid food:—//, dirty water.—
v.t. to soil by letting a liquid fall upon :—Pr.p.
slopp'ing ; pa.p. slopped. [Acc, to Wedgwood,
imitative of the sound of dashing water.]
Slope, slOp, «. any incline down which a thing may
slip: a direction downward.—v.t. to form with
a slope, or obliquely.—v.t. to be inclined.—adz>.
in a sloping manner. [From slopent pa.p. of
A.S. slupan.)
Sloppy, slop'i, adj. wet : muddy.—*. Slopp'iness.
Slops, slops, H.pl. any loose lower garment, that
slips on easily, esp. trousers : ready-made cloth
ing, &c. [From Slip ]
Slot, slot, ft. a broad, flat, wooden bar which locks
or holds together larger pieces. [Allied to Low
Ger. slot, Dut. slot, a lock.]
Slot, slot, n. the track of a deer. [Ice. sloth,
track, path ; Scot, sleuth, track by the scent.]
Sloth, sloth or sloth, ft. laziness : sluggishness : a
quadruped which lives on trees, so named from
its slow movement when on the ground. [Lit.
'slowness,' A.S. slarwlh, slewth—slaw, slow.
See Slow.]
Slothful, sloth/fool or sloth'-, atii. given to sloth :
inactive : lazy.—adv. Sloth'fully.—n. Sloth'-
fulness.
Slouch, slowch, n. a hanging down loosely of the
head or other part: clownish gait : a clown.—
v.t. to hang down : to have a clownish look or
gait.—v.t. to depress. [Allied to Slack, Slow,
Slug,]
Slough, slow, tt. a hollow filled with mud: a soft
bog or marsh. [A.S. slog, a hotlow place; perh.
from Gael, slugaid, W7 yslwch, a deep miry
place. ]
Slough, sluf, n. the cast-off skin of a serpent : the
dead part which separates from a sore.—v.t. to
come away as a slough : .to be in the state of
sloughing. [Allied to O. Ger. sluch, Ger. schlauch,
the cast-off skin of the serpent.]
Sloughy, slow'i, adj. full of sloughs : miry.
Sloughy, sluf'i, adj. like or containing slough.
Sloven, sluv'n, tt. a man carelessly or dirtily
dressed ;—/em. Slut. [Dut slof, Low Ger.
sluf, slow, indolent.]
Slovenly, sluv'en-li, adj like a sloven : negligent
of neatness or cleanliness : disorderly : done in
an untidy manner. — «. Slovenliness.
Slow, slO, adj. not swift : late : behind in time :
not hasty: not ready: not progressive.—adv.
Slowly.—n. SloWness. [A.S. slaw, slow,
lazy : cog. with Dut slee. Ice. slio/r, blunt]
fate, far ; m6, tier ; mine ;
Smallpox
Slow-worm, slo'-wurm, n. a species of worm, so
called from the slotvttess of its motion.
Sludge, sluj, n. soft mud or mire. [A form of
Slush.]
Slug, slug, tt. a heavy, lazy fellow : a snail very
■ lazy ; conn, towith
destructive vegetation.
Slack] [From M. E. slugge,
Slug, slug, ft. a cylindrical or oval piece of metal
for firing from a gun. [From root of Slay]
Sluggard, slug'ard, ft. one habitually idle or
inactive.
Sluggish, slug'ish, adj. habitually lazy : slothful :
having little motion : having little or no power.—
a.tz<. Sluggishly—». Sluggishness.
Sluice, slOOs, ft. a sliding gate in a frame for
shutting off or regulating the flow of water :
the stream which flows through it : that through
which anything flows : a source of supply. [Like
Dut. sluis, Ger. schleuse, from O. rr. escluse
(1 it.Fr. 1 icluse)—Low L. exclusa \aqua), a sluice,
(water) shut out,' pa. p. of L. ex-cludo. See
Exclude.] [Ety. dub.]
Slum, slum, tt. a low street or neighbourhood.
Slumber, slum'ber, v.t. to sleep lightly : to sleep :
to be in a state of negligence or inactivity.—«.
light sleep : repose.—«. Slum'herer. [With
intrusive o from A.S. slumeriatt, to slumber—
slutfia, slumber, cog. with Ger. schturnmem.]
Slumberous, slum'ber-us, adj. inviting or causing
slumber : sleepy.
Slump, slump, v.t. to fall or sink suddenly into
water or mud. [From the sound.]
Slump, slump, v.t. to throw into a lump or mass.
[A corr. of Lump.]
Slung, pa.t. and pa.p. of Sling.
Slunk, pa.t. and pa.p. of Slink.
Slur, slur, v.t. to soil: to contaminate: to dis
grace : to pass over lightly : to conceal : [music)
to sing or play in a gliding manner '.—pr.p.
slurring ; pa.t. and pa.p. slurred.—«. a stain :
slight reproach : {music) a mark showing that
notes are to be sung to the same syllable. [Prob.
orig. ' to draw or touch in a careless way,' found
in Low Ger. slUrett, Dut. sleuren, to drag along
the ground.]
Slush, slush, «. liquid mud : melting snow.—adj.
Slush'y. [Prob. conn, with Slough ; cf. Dan.
slaske, to dabble.]
Slut, slut, n. (fern, of Sloven), a dirty, untidy
woman, used sometimes in contempt. [Dan.
slutte, Bav. schliltt, an uncleanly person.]
Sluttish, slut'ish, adj. resembling a slut : dirty :
careless.—adv. Slutt'lshly.—«. Slutt'ishness.
Sly, sli, adj. dexterous in doing anything so as
to be unobserved : cunning : wily : secret : done
with artful dexterity.—^. Slyly or Silly.—n.
Sly ness. [Prob. from Scand. stag-r; cf. Ger.
schlau.]
Smack, smak, ft. taste : flavour : a pleasing taste :
a small quantity : a taste. —v. i. to make a noise
with the lips, as after tasting : to have a taste :
to have a quality. [A.S. smcec ; Dut smak:
from the sound made by the lips.]
Smack, smak, tt. a small vessel used chiefly in the
coasting and fishing trade. [From A.S. suacc
(Dut. smak, Ger. schmacke), perh. from Ice.
sn&k-r, E. Snake.]
Small, smawl, adj., tittle in quantity or degree :
minute: not great : unimportant: of little worth
or ability: short: having tittle strength : gentle.
~tt. Small'ness. [A.S. sma>l; O. Ger. smal
(Ger. schmal).)
Smallpox, smawl'poks, n. a contagious, feverish
disease, characterised by smallpox or eruptions
mote ; mute ; mOOn ; Men. 473
 Smalt
on the skin. [See Pock, of which il is a mis
taken form.]
Smalt, smawlt, «. glass melted, tinged blue by
cobalt, and pulverised when cold. [Low L.
smaltum—O. Ger, smalzjan (Ger. schmelzen),
to melt. See Smelt, v. and Melt.J
Smart, smart, n. quick, stinging pain of body or
mind.—v.i. to feel a smart : to be punished.—
adj. causing a smart : pricking : severe : sharp :
vigorous : acute : witty : vivacious. —adv.
Smartly.—«. Smartness. [M. E. stnerte;
cog. with Dnt. smerte, Ger. schmrrz; perh. also
conn, with L. mord-eo, to bite, Sans. mard.\
Smart-money, smart'-munl, «., money required
of a person in order that he may smart or be
punished by its loss for being set free from
military service or the like : money allowed to
soldiers and sailors for wounds received.
Smash, smash, v.t. to break in pieces violently :
to crush.—n. act of smashing. —n. Smash er.
[Prob. imitative, and perh. also influenced by
Mash.]
Smatter, smat'er, v.i. to talk superficially : to
have a superficial knowledge.—//. Smatt'erer.
[M. E. smateren, to rattle, to chatter; cog.
with Ger. schmeltcm, to rattle, to jabber, to
shatter; perh. from the root of Smite.]
Smattering, smat'er-ing, «. a superficial know
ledge.
Smear, smcr, v.t. to overspread with anything
sticky or oily, as grease: to daub. [A.S.
smerian—smcru, fat, grease, cog. with Ger.
schmecr, grease, Ice. smj'dr, butter.]
Smell, smel, z>.i. to affect the nose : to have odour :
to use the sense of smell.—v.t. to perceive by the
nose :—pa.t. and pa.p. smellcd or smelt.—«. the
quality of bodies which affects the nose : odour :
perfume : the sense which perceives this quality.
[Allied to Low Ger. smellen, to smoke ; so Ger.
riechen, to smell, from ranch, smoke, j
Smelling-bottle, smering-bot'l, «. a bottle con
taining a smelling substance for stimulating the
nose and reviving the spirits.
Smelt, smelt, u. a fish of the salmon or trout
family, having a cucumber-like smell. [A.S.]
Smelt, smelt, v.t. to melt ore in order to sepa
rate the metal.—«. Smelt'er. [Allied to Dut.
smelten; prob. conn, with Melt.]
Smeltery, smelt'er-!, «. a place for smelting.
Smew, smtt, n. a kind of duck which appears in
Britain only in winter. [Ety. unknown.]
Smile, smll, v.i. to express pleasure by the coun
tenance : to express slight contempt : to look
joyous: to be favourable. —«. act of smiling:
the expression of the features in smiling : favour.
[Dan. smile, Sw. smila ; conn, with E. Smirk,
L. mints, wonderful, Sans, smi, to smile.]
Smirch, smirch, v. to besmear, dirty. [A weakened
form of smer-kt from M- E. smeren, to smear.]
Smirk, smerk, v.t. to smile affectedly : to look
affectedly soft.—«. an affected smile. [A.S.
smcrcian ; akin to Smile.]
Smite, smlt, v.t. to strike with the fist, hand, or
weapon : to beat : to kill : to overthrow in battle :
to affect with feeling : />*. ) lo blast : to afflict. —
v.i. to strike :~pa.t. smote : pa.p. smitt/en. —n.
Smiter. [A.S. smitan; cog. with Dut. smijten,
Ger. sc/in/ciszen.)
Smith, smith, «. one who forges with the hammer :
a worker in metals : one who makes anything.
[AS. ", cog. with Ger. schmied.]
Smithery, smith/er-i, n, the workshop of a smith;
work dune by a smith.
Smithy, smith'i, n. the workshop of a smith.
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ;
Snaffle
Smitten, smit'n, /a.p. of Smite.
Smock, smok, ». a woman's shift : a smock-frock.
[A.S. smoCy perh. from A.S. smeogant Ger.
schmiegrn, to creep ; and so lit. sig. ' a garment
crept into.']
Smock-frock, smok'-frok, «. a loose shirt of coarse
linen worn over the other clothes. [Smock and
Frock.]
Smoke, smok, n. the vapour from a burning body.
—v.i. to emit smoke : to draw in and puff out
the smoke of tobacco : to raise smoke by moving
rapidly: (B.) to burn: to rage.—v.t. to apply
smoke to : to dry, scent, or medicate by smoke :
to inhale the smoke of: to use in smoking: to
try to expel by smoking. —On a Smoke [B.)
smoking, or on fire. [A.S. smoca ; cog. with
Low Ger. and Dut. smook, Ger. schmauch;
perh. conn, with the root of Smack.]
Smoker, smok'er, «. one who smokes tobacco :
one who dries by smoking.
Smoky, smok'i, adj. giving out smoke : like
smoke : filled, or subject to be filled, with
smoke : tarnished or noisome with smoke.—
adv. Smok'ily.—n. Smok'iness.
Smooth, smoTjM, adj. having an even surface :
not rough : evenly spread : glossy : gently flow
ing : easy : regular : unobstructed : bland : mild.
—v.t, to make smooth : to palliate : to soften :
to calm: to ease.—n. IB.) the smooth part. —
adv. Smoothly.—«. Smooth ness, [Lit. ' yield
ing to the hammer,' A.S. smoethe; cog. with
Low Ger. smoedig, and with Ger schmridig,
ge-schmeidig, soft; from same root as Smith ]
Smoothing-iron, smfSoM'ing-T'urn, n. an instru
ment of iron for smoothing clothe*.
Smooth-tongued, smixjM'-tungd, adj. having a
smooth tongue: flattering.
Smote, smot, /a./. of Smite.
Smother, smuM'er, v.t. to suffocate by excluding
the air: to conceal. —v.i, to be suffocated or
suppressed : to smoulder.—n. smoke : thick
floating dust. [Closely conn, with A.S. stnorian
(cog. with Ger. schmoren, to stew) ; perh. from
the same root as Smear.]
Smoulder, smoi'der, v.i. to burn slowly or without
vent. [Conn, with Smother, also influenced by
Smell.]
Smug, smug^ adj. neat, prim, spruce : affectedly
smart. [From the Scand., as Dan. smuh, hand
some ; cf. A.S. smeagt fine.]
Smuggle, smua'l, v.t. to import or export without
paying the legal duty: to convey secretly.—«.
Smuggling. [Low Ger. smnggeln, cog. wiih
Ger. schmnggeln; from a root found in DtiL
Smuggler, tosmuggler,
smnigen, do secretly.]
n. one who smuggles : a
vessel used in smuggling.
Smut, smut, n. a spot of dirt, soot, &c. : foul mat
ter, as soot : a disease of corn by which the ear
becomes a soot-like powder: obscene language.
—v.t. to soil with smut: to blacken or tarnish.
—v.i. to gather smut : to be turned into smut :—
f>r p. smutt'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. smutted. [Cog.
with Sw. smuts, Ger. schmutz^ prob. from root
of Smite. Cf. Smutch ]
Smutch, smuch, v.t. to blacken, as with soot.—*.
a dirty mark. [From Smut.]
Smutty, smut'i, adj. stained with smut.—adv.
Smutt ily.—//. Smutt'iness.
Snack, snak, n. a share: a slight, hasty meal.
[A form of Snatch.]
Snaffle, sn;if'l, n. a bridle which crosses the nose
and has a slender mouth-bit without branches.
[Perh. an extension of Snap.]
mOte : mate ; moon ; Men.
 Snag
snag, u. a sharp protuberance : a short
branch : a projecting tooth or stump. [Akin to
Gael, and Ir. snaigh, to cut down, to prune]
Snagged, snag'ed, Snaggy, snag'i, adj. full of
snags.
Snail, luff], ». a slimy creeping mollusc, with or
without a shell. [Lit. *ihe crawling animal,'
A.S. snegl, smegl; Ger. scknecke ; conn, with
Snake and Sneak.]
Snake, snuk, «. a kind of serpent. I Lit. 'the
creeping animal,' A.S. snaca, prob. from snican,
to creep ; Ice. snak r. Cf. Snail and Sneak. ]
Snap, snap, v.t. to bre tk short or at once : to bite,
or catch at suddenly: to crack. —v.i. to break
short: to try to bite:—/r./*. snapp'ing ; pa.t.
and pa.p. snapped. —n. act of snapping, or the
noise made by it : a small catch or lock.
[Allied to Ice. snapa, Dut. snappen, Ger.
schnappen. See Snip.]
Snapdragon, snap'drag-un, n. a plant, so called
because the lower lip of the corolla when parted
shuts with a snap like a dragon's jaw : a play in
which raisins are snatched from burning brandy,
also the raisins so taken.
Snappish, snap'ish, adj. inclined to snap : eager
to bite: sharp in reply.—n. Snapp'ishness.
Snare, inir, «. a running noose ol string or wire,
&c. for catching an animal: a trap: that by
which any one is entrapped.—v.t same as Iri-
snare.-«. Snafer —adj. Snar'y. [A.H.snear,
cord, snare ; cog. with Ger. schnur, Goth.
snorjo; also conn, with L. nervus, Gr. neuron,
string, nerve.]
Snarl, snarl, V.U to growl as a surly dog : to speak
in a surly manner.—«. Snarl or. [Prub. imi
tative; Low Ger. snarren, Ger. schnarren;
conn, with E. Snore.]
Snatch, snach, v.t. to seize quickly : to take with
out permission : to seize and carry away. —v u
to try to seize hastily.—n. a hasty catching or
seizing : a short time of exertion : a small piece
or fragment. [M. E. snecchen; cog. with Dut.
snakken, and with Prov. K. sneck, a bolt ; also
conn, with Snap.}
Sneak, snik, v.i. to creep or steal away privately
or meanly: to behave meanly. —n. a mean,
servile fellow.—adj. Sneak ing. ■/./.- Sneak -
ingly. [A.S. snican, to creep; Dan. snigt.
See Snake.]
Sneer, sner, v.i. to show contempt by the expres
sion of the face, as by turning up the nose : to
insinuate contempt.—n. an indirect expression
of contempt.—n. Sneer'er. —adj. Sneor'ing -
adv. Sneer'ingly. [Imitative ; conn, with
Snarl.J
Snoezo. snez, v.i. to eject air rapidly and audibly
through the nose.—n. a sneezing. (M. E. nesin,
kneosen 'the ttiesen.]
/;■■:»./. Ger. A.S. is Jneosan), cog. with Ice.
Sniff, snif, v.t. to draw in with the breath through
the DOM.—v.i. to snuff or draw in air sharply
through the nose: to snuff: to scent. [From
the root of Snuff ]
Snip, snip, v.t. to cut off at once with scissors : to
cut off the nib of: to cut off:—/r./. snipp'intr;
Pa.t. and Pa.p. snipped.—n. a single cut with
scissors : a clip or small shred. [Allied to Dut
snippen, Ger. schnippen; closely conn, with
Snap]
Snipe, snip, n. a bird which frequents marshy
places. [Prob. so called from its long hill; Dut.
snip, Ger. schnep/e ; conn, with Ger. schneppe,
K. Neb J
Snivel, sniv'l, v»i. to run at the nose : to cry, as a
fate, fir ; me, her ; mine ;
Snug
child :—Pr.p. snivelling ; pa.t. and Pa.p. sniv
elled.—ndj. Snivelling. [A.S. stto/el, mucus
from the nose; akin to Sniff, Snuff.J
Sniveller, sniv'l-er, «. one prone to snivelling : one
who cries for slight causes.
Snob, snob, ». a vulgar person, esp. one who apes
gentility: [orig.) a shoemaker.—adj. Snobbish.
—n. Snobb' ishness. —adv. Snobb ishly. IProv.
E-]
Snood, snOUd, ». the fillet which binds a maiden's
hair. [A. S. snod, prob. orig. Celtic]
Snooze, snooz, v.i. to doze : to slumber.—n. a
quiet nap. [From root of Sneeze.]
Snore, snOr, v.i. to breathe roughly and hoarsely
in sleep. — n. a noisy breathing in sleep.— «.
Snor'er. [From the root of Snarl, influenced
by imitation of the sound.]
Snort, snort, v.i. to force the air with violence and
noise through the nostrils, as horses. —«. Snort'-
ing.—«. Snort'er. [Extension of Snore.)
Snot, snot, «. mucus of the nose.—adj. Snott'y.
[A.S., and in other Teut tongues; conn, with
Snout.]
Snout, snowt, w. the projecting nose of a beast, as
of a swine. [Low Ger. mute ; cog. with Dut.
situit, Ger. sc/manse.)
Snow, sno, «. fro/en moisture which falls from the
atmosphere in light, white flakes.—7>.i. to fall in
snuw. [A.S. snaw (cog- with Goth, snaivs,
Ger. schnee, L. nix, ttivis}snijvan, to snow
(cog. with Ger. schneitn, L. uiugo, Gr. niphd).\
Snow-blindness, snO'-bllnd'ncs, »., blindness
caused by the reflection of light from snow.
Snowdrift, sno'drift, n. a bank of snow drifted
together by the wind.
Snowdrop, snO'drop, n. a bulbous-rooted plant
with beautiful drop-\\ke flowers, which often
come forth before the snow has disappeared.
Snowline, snO'lTnf n. the line upon a mountain
that marks the limit of perpetual snow.
Snowplough, snfl'plow, n. a machine like a
plough for cleanng roads and railways from
snow. [prevent sinking in the snow.
Snowshoe, snO'shffi>, n. a great flat shoe worn to
Snowsllp, snO'slip, n. a mass of snow which slips
down a mountain's side.
Snowy, sn<3'i, adj. abounding or covered with
snow : white, like snow : pure : spotless.
Snub, snub, v.t. to check : to reprimand :—pr.p.
snubb'ing ; pa.t. and Pa.p. snubbed. [Dan.
snubbe {of), to nip ioff), and Ice. snubba {lit. 'to
cut short'), to chide.]
Snub-nose, snub'-noz, a short or flat nose.
[See under Snub.]
Snuff, snuf, v.i. to draw in air violently and
noisily through the nose: to sniff.— v.t. to draw
into the nose : to smell : to take off the snuff of
/as a candle).—n. powdered tobacco or other
substance for snuffing: the charred part of a
candle-wick. [Cog. with Dut. snrffen, Ger.
schnau/en, Sw. snufva. See Sniff, Snivel]
Snuff-OOX, snuf'-boks, «. a box for snuff.
Snuff-dishes, snuf'-dish'ez, n.pl. (B.) dishes for
the snuffof the lamps of the tabernacle.
Snuffer, snuf'cr, n. one who snuffs:—//, an in
strument for taking the snuff off a candle.
Snuffle, snuf'l, v.i. to breathe hard through the
nose. [Freq. of Snuff.]
Snuffy, snuf'i, adj. soiled with or smelling of snuff.
Snug, snug. adj. lying close and warm: comfort
able : not exposed to view or notice : being in
good order : compact.—adv. Snugly.—«. Snug-
ness [Scaml . as Ice. stidgg-r, short-haired,
smooth ; perh conn, with E. Sneak.J
mOte ; mute ; mGon : Men. 475
 So Solace
So, sG, adv. and conj. in this manner or degree : Socinian, so-sin'i-an, adj. pertaining to Socinus,
thus : for like reason : in such manner or degree : who in the 16th century denied the doctrine of
in a high degree ; as has been stated : on this the Trinity, the deity of Christ, &c.—«. Socin -
account : be it so : provided that : in case that. ianism, the doctrines of Socinus.
[A.S. sw&. Ice. and Goth, sv&; whence E. and Sociology, sC-shi-ol'o-ji, h. the science that treats
Ger. so [sva being changed to sua, and the » of the conditions and development of human
coalescing with the a to form o).] society, including ethics, politics, political
Soak, s5k, v.t. to steep in a fluid: to wet economy, Sac—adj. SociolOgTioal. [A hybrid
thoroughly : to drench : to draw in by the pores. from L. socius, a companion, and Gr. logos,
—v.i. to be steeped in a liquid : to enter into science.]
Sires.—«. Soak er. [A.S. socio* ; conn, with Sock, sok, n. a kind of half-stocking : comedy.
uok.] [Orig. a low-heeled light shoe, worn by actors of
Soap, sOp, ». a compound of oils or fats with soda comedy, A S. socc—L. soccits.]
or potash, used in washing.—v. t. to rub or wash Socket, sok'et, n. a hollow into which something
with soap. [A.S. safe, from the root of sipan, is inserted : the hollow of a candlestick. [From
to drip; cog. with Ger. sei/e; conn, also with Sock.]
L. sebum, fat \h. sapo is borrowed from the 1 Socratic, so-krat'ik, Socratloal, so-krat'ik-al adj.
Teut}.] pertaining to Socrates, a celebrated Greek phi
SoapstODO, sOp'stfln, «. a soft kind of magnesian losopher, to his philosophy, or to his manner of
rock having a soafy feel, also called Steatite. teaching, which was by a series of questions
Soapy, sOp'i, adj. like soap : having the qualities leading to the desired result.—adv. Socrat'-
ofsoap: covered with soap.—«. Soap'lness. lcally.
Soar, sOr, v.i. to mount into the air: to fly aloft : Sod, sod, n. any surface of earth grown with grass,
to rise to a height. [O- Fr. es-sor-er, to &c. : turf.—adj. consisting of sod.—v.t. to cover
balance in air (Fr., to air or dry, as linen ; cf. with sod. [Low Ger. sode, Ger. .rA&;perh.
es-sor, flight of birds, and It sor-are, to flutter, connected with sod, pa.t. of Seethe, and thus
to soar)—L- ex, out of, and aura, air.] orig. sig. 1 fuel for making the pot boil.'}
Sob, sob, v.i. to sigh in a convulsive manner, with Sod, sod, pa.t. of Seethe.
tears '.—pr.p. sobVmg ; pa.t. and Pa.p. sobbed. Soda, sO'da, «. oxide of the metal sodium. [Sp.
—«. a short, convulsive sigh. [Conn, with A.S. soda (It. soda, Fr. soude)—L. solida, firm, be
seo/ian, to sigh, Ger. setifz-en, and E. Sigh.] cause found in hard masscs.J
Sober, sO'ber, adj. not drunk : temperate, esp. in Soda-Water, sO'da-waw'ter, water containing
the use of liquors : not mad : not wild or pas soda charged with carbonic acid
sionate : self-possessed : sedate : grave : calm : Sodden, sod'n, obs. pa.p. of Seethe.
regular.—v.t. to make sober : to free from intoxi Soddy, sod'i, adj. covered with sod : turfy.
cation.—adv. SoTwriy.—n. Soberness. [Fr. Sodium, s<5'di-um, n. a yellowish-white metal, the
sobre—L. sobrius, conn, with Gr. sdphrdn, of base of soda.
sound mind, and sds (for roar), sound, L. tonus.] Sodomite, sod'om-Tt, «. an inhabitant of Sodom:
Sobriety, so-brt'et-i, n. state or habit of being one guilty of sodomy.—adj. Sodomit'lcal.—
sober: calmness: gravity. [Fr. sobriiti—L. adv. Sodomit'ically.
sobrietas. See Sober.] Sodomy, sod'om-i, «. unnatural lust, so called
Sobriquet, sO'bri-ka, «. a contemptuous nickname : because imputed to the inhabitants of Sodom.
an assumed name. [Fr. ; ety. dub. ; acc. to Sofa, sG'fa, w. a long seat with stuffed bottom,
Diez, pcrh. comp. of Fr. sot, simple, and O. Fr. back, and arms. [Fr.—Ar. sujfa—saffa, to
briquet, a young ass, a simpleton.] arrange or set in order.]
Socage, sok'aj, «. a tenure of lands in England, Soft, soft, adj. easily yielding to pressure : easily
for which the service is fixed and determinate in cut or acted upon : malleable : not rough to the
quality. [A.S. soc, a right of holding a court ; touch : smooth : pleasing or soothing to the
from hlaford-socn, seeking a lord—secart, to senses : easily yielding to any influence : mild ;
seek.] [ciable : good-fellowship. gentle : effeminate : gentle in motion : easy :
Sociability, sO-sha-bil'i-ti, n. quality of being so- free from lime or salt, as water.—adv. gently :
Soclable, sO'sha-bl. a*tj. inclined to society: fit quletly.—tf^i'. Softly.—n. Softness. [A.S.
for company : companionable : affording oppor seftei cog. with Dul soft, Ger. sanft.\
tunities for intercourse, —adv. So'ciaoly.—n. Soften, SOI n, v.t. to make soft or softer.—v.i. to
So'clablenees. [Fr.—L. sociahilis—socio, to grow soft or softer.—ft. Soft'enor.
associate—socius, a companion.] 1 Soil, soil, tt. the ground ; the mould on the surface
Social, sG'shal, adj. pertaining to society or com of the earth which nourishes plauts : country.
panionship : relating to men united in a society : [Fr. sot—L. solum, conn, with solidus, solid.
inclined for friendly intercourse : consisting in It has been much confused with the following
mutual converse : convivial.—adv. So'Clally.— I word.]
ns. Social ity, So'clalness. [L. socialis—socius, Soil, soil, n. dirt : dung : foulness : a spot or slain.
a companion.] [state: to render social. —v.t. to make dirty : to stain: to manure.—v.i.
Socialise, so'shal-Tz, v.t. to reduce to a social to take a soil : to tarnish. [Fr. souille, wallow-
Socialism, sO'shal-izm, n. the name given to ing-place—L. suillus, piggish—sus, a pig, a hog.]
schemes for regenerating society by a more Solrc'e, swa'ra, tt. an evening parly : a public
equal distribution of property, and esp. by sub meeting with refreshments. [Fr. —soir, evening
stituting the principle of association for that of (Prov. sera)—L. serus, late.]
competition.—n. Socialist, an adherent of Soloum, so'jurn, v.t. to stay for a day: to dwell
socialism. for a time.—«. a temporary residence. —ft.
Society, so-sl'e-ti, «. a number of persons asso So journer. [Fr. sojourner—L. sub, and Low
ciated for a common interest : a community or L. jorttus—L. diurntts, relating to day—dies,
partnership : the civilised body of mankind : a day.]
persons who associate : a religious or ecclesias Solace, sol'as, «., consolation, comfort in distress:
tical body. [L. societas—socius, a companion.] relief.—v.t. to comfort in distress: to console :
47U fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mOon ; Men.
 Solan-goose Solution
to allay. [0. Fr.—L. solatium—solar, -atus, \ Solicitor, so-lislt-or, n. one who asks earnestly:
to comfort in distress.] [sula. ] | one who is legally qualified to act for another
Solan g0086t sO'lan-go~os, n. the gannet. (Ice. i in a court of law, esp. in Chancery : a lawyer.
Solar. sC'lar, adj. pertaining to the sun : measured —«. Solicitor-general, in Eng. the second law.
by the progress of the sun : produced by the officer of the crown. [Fr. solliciteur—solliciter.
sun. [L. solan's—sol, the sun. J See Solicit |
Sold, sold, pa.t. and pa.p. of Sell. [A.S. sealde, Solicitous, so-Iis'it-us, adj., soliciting or earnestly
seaId.] asking or desiring : very desirous : anxious :
Solder, soi'der, v.t. to unite two metallic surfaces careful.—adv. SoUC'ltOUSly. [Lit. ' thoroughly
by a fusible metallic cement : to cement.—n. a moved,' L. solticitus—sollus (see Solemn), and
metallic cement for uniting metals. [Lit. 'to citus, pa.p. of cieo.]
make solid,' O. Fr. solider, solder {Fr. sorufsr) Solicitude, so-lis'i-tud, n. state of being solicitous:
—L. solidare, to make solid—solidus, solid.] anxiety or uneasiness of mind: trouble [Fr.
Soldier, soTjer, n. a man engaged in military sollicitude—Y.. sollicituda.]
service : a private, as distinguished from an Solid, sol'id, adj. having the parts firmly adhering :
officer : a man of much military experience or of hard: compact: full of matter: not hollow:
great valour. [Lit. ' one who serves for pay,' strong: having length, breadth, and thickness
M. E. souldier—O. Fr. soldier (Fr. soldat)—L. (opp. to a mere surface) : cubic : substantial :
solt'dus, a piece of money, the pay of a soldier.] weighty.—n. a substance having the parts firmly
Soldierlike, sol'jer-lik. Soldierly, sorjer-lL adj., adhering together: a firm, compact body, op
like a soldier : martial : brave. posed to fluid.—adv. Sol'ldly.—«. Solidness.
Soldiership, sol'jer-ship, n., state or quality of [L. solidus, akin to O. Lat. sollus, Gr. kolos,
being a soldier: military qualities: martial whole, Sans, sarvas, all. Cf. Solemn.]
skill. [body of military men. Solidarity, sol-i-dar'i-ti, «. the being made solid
Soldiery, sol'jer-i, soldiers collectively: the or compact : the being bound : a consolidation,
Sole, sol, «. the lowest part or under side of the or oneness of interests. [Fr. solidariti^-soli-
foot : the foot : the bottom of a boot or shoe : daire, jointly and severally liable—solide—L..
the bottom of anything. —v.t. to furnish with a solidus.) [solid or hard.
sole. [A.S.—L. solea—solum, the lowest part. Solidification, so-lid-i-fi-kS'shun, n. act of making
Sec Soil, the ground.] Solidify, so-lid'i-fT, v.t. to make solid or compact.
Sole, soi, n. a genus of flat-fish which keep on or —v.t. to grow solid : to harden \~pa.p. solid'i-
near the bottom of the sea. (Fr. sole—L. solea.} fied. [Fr. solidijier—\,. solidus,facio, to make.]
Sole, sol, atij., alone : only : being or acting with Solidity, so-lid'i-ti, *. a being solid: fullness of
out another : single : [taw) unmarried.—n. Sole'- matter : strength or firmness, moral or physical :
noss. [L. solust alone. Cf. Solo ] soundness : (geom.) the solid content of a body.
Solecism, sol'e-sizm, n. a breach of syntax: any Soliloquise, so-lil'o-kwiz, v.i. to speak to one's
absurdity or impropriety. [Fr. soUcisme—L. selfor utter a soliloquy.
soloecismus—Gr. soloikismos—soloikos, speaking Soliloquy, so-lil'o-kwe, «. a talking when solitary
incorrectly, awkward ; said to come from the or to one's self : a discourse of a person, not
corruption of the Attic dialect among the addressed to any one. [L. soliloqutum—solus,
Athenian colonists of Soloi in Cilicia, but this is alone, and loqui, to speak.]
very improb. (Liddell and Scott).] Soliped. sot'i-i>ed, n. an animal with a single or
Soleclst, sol'e-sist, n. one who commits solecisms. uncloven hoof on each foot. [L. solus, alone,
SolecistlO, sol-e-sist'ik, Solecist'lcal, -al, adj. per pes. Pedis, a foot.]
taining to or involving a solecism: incorrect: Solitaire, sol-i-taV, «. a recluse or one who lives
incongruous.—adv. Soleclst'lcally. alone : a game played by one person with a
Solely, soi'li, adv., alone: only: singly. board and balls : an ornament worn singly on
Solemn, sol'em, adj. [lit.) taking place every year, the neck or wrist.
said esp. of religious ceremonies : attended with Solitary, soll-tar-i, adj. being the sole person
religious ceremonies, pomp, or gravity : impress present: alone or lonely: single: living alone :
ing with seriousness : awful : devout : having the without company : remote from society : retired :
appearance of gravity : devotional : attended with gloomy.— n. one who lives alone: a recluse or
an appeal to God, as an oath: serious.—adv. hermit.—adv. Sol'itarily.—«. Solitariness.
Soremnly.—n. Soremnness. [Fr. soletmel, (Fr. solitaire—L. solitarius—solus, alone.]
It. solenne, L. sollemnis, solennis—Oscan sollus, Solitude, sol'i-tfid, «. a being alone: a lonely life:
all, every, L. annus, a year. See Solid. ] want of company *. a lonely place or desert.
Solemnise, sol'em-nlz, v.t. to perform religiously [Fr. —L. solitudo—solus, alone.]
or solemnly once a year, or periodically : to Solmisation, sol-mi-zS'shun, «., sol-fatng: a re
celebrate : to render grave.—ns. Sol emniser, cital of the notes of the gamut, do, re, mi, &c.
Solemnisation. Solo, sOlo, n. a musical piece performed by only
Solemnity, so-lem'ni-ti, n. a solemn religious one voice or instrument :—pi. Solos.—n. So'-
ceremony: a ceremony adapted to inspire with lolst. [It— L. solus, alone.]
awe: reverence: seriousness: affected gravity. Solstice, sol'stis, «. that point in the ecliptic where
Sol-fa, sAl-fa', v.t. to sing the notes of the gamut, the sun is farthest from the equator, and seems
do, re, ndtjfa, sol, &c. :—Pr.f>. sol-fa'ing. to stand still : the time when the sun reaches
Solfeggio, sol-fej'i-o, n. (music, an exercise on the this point. [Fr.—L. solstitium—sol, the sun,
notes of the scale as represented by do, re, mi, and sisto, to make to stand—sto, to stand.]
&c. [It] Solstitial, sol-stish'al, adj. pertaining to or hap
Solicit, so-lislt, v.t. to ask earnestly: to petition: pening at a solstice, especially at the north one.
to seek or try to obtain. [ Fr. solliciter— Solubility, sol-O-bii'i-ti, «. capability of being
I,, sollicito—sollicitus. See Solicitous.] dissolved in a fluid.
Sollcltant, so-lis'it-ant, n. one who solicits. Soluble, sol'fl-bl, adj. capable of being solved or
Solicitation, so-Us-i-tii'shun, n. a soliciting: dissolved in a fluid. [L. solubilis. See Solve.]
earnest request : invitation. [L. sollieitatio*\ Solution, sol-u'shun, ar.act ofsolvingor dissolving,
fSte, far; mi', her; mine; mote; mute; mOOn ; Men. 477
 Solvable
csp. a solid by a fluid : the separating of the
parts of any body : the preparation resulting
trom dissolving a solid in a Liquid : explanation :
removal of a doubt : construction or solving of
a problem. [L. solutiosolvo, soluturn, to
loosen. J
Solvable, soli/a-bl, adj. capable of being solved
or explained : capable of being paid.—«. Solva
bility. [Fr.—L. solvo, to dissolve, pay.]
Solve, solv, v.i. to loosen or separate the parts of:
to clear up or explain : to remove.—n. Solv'er.
[L. solvo, to loosen, prob. from se, aside, and
luo, to loosen.] [able to pay all debts.
Solvency, solv'en-si, «. state of being solvent, or
Solvent, solv'ent, adj. having power to solve or
dissolve: able to pay all deuts.—n. anything
that dissolves another. [L. solvens, -entis, pr.p.
of solvo, to loosen, to pay. J
Sombre, som'ber, adj. dull : gloomy : melan
choly.—n. Somlireness. [Lit. ' under a shade,'
Fr. sombre—Sp. sombra, a shade—L. sub,
under, umbra, a shade.J
Some, sum, adj. denoting an indefinite number or
quantity : certain, in distinction from others :
moderate or in a certain degree : about. [A.S.
sum; Goth, sums, Ice. sumr.]
Somebody, sum'bod-i, n., some or any body or
person : a person of importance.
Somehow, sum'how, adv. in some way or other.
Somersault, sum'er-sawlt, Somerset, sum'er-set,
«. a leaj> in which a person turns with his heels
over his head. [Corr. of Fr. soubresaut. It.
soprassalto—L. supra, over, saltus, a leap—
salio, to leap.]
Something, sum'thing, «. an indefinite thing or
event: a portion, an indefinite quantity. —adv.
in some degree. [at one time or other.
Sometime, sum'tTm, adv. at a time not fixed : once :
Sometimes, sum'tTmz, adv. at certain times : now
and then : at one time : \B.) once.
Somewhat, sum'hwot, n. an unfixed quantity or
degree.—adv. in some degree. [Some and
What.]
Somewhere, sumTiwar, adv. in some place : in
one place or another. [Some and Where.]
Somewhither, sum'hwi/«-er, adv. to some place.
Somnamhulate, som-nam'bQ-lAt, v.i. to walk in
sleep, —n. Somnambula'tion. [L. somnus,
sleep, and ambulo, -aturn, to walk.]
Somnambulism, som-nam'bu-lizm, «. act or prac
tice of walking in sleep.
Somnambulist, som-nam'bu-list, n. asleep-walker.
Somniferous, som-nif'er-us, adj., bringing or
causing sleep. [L. somnus, sleep, and Jero, to
bring.]
Somnolence, som'no-lens, Somnolenoy, som'no-
Icn-si, «., sleepiness: inclination to sleep. [L.
somnolentia—somnus, sleep. ]
Somnolent, som'no-lent, adj., sleepy or inclined
to sleep. [L. somnolentus.]
Son, sun, 7i. a male child or descendant : any
young male person spoken of as a child : a
term of affection generally : a disciple : a native
or inhabitant : the produce of anything. [A.S.
sunu ; Gcr. tohn, Russ. sun; Sans, sunn—su, to
beget, bring forth ; conn, with Gr. Autos, a. son.]
Sonata, so-na'ta, «. a musical composition for
one or more instruments, consisting of three or
more movements or divisions. [It. —L. sono, to
sound.]
Song, song, «. that which is sung: a short poem
or ballad : the melody to which it is adapted :
a poem, or poetry tn general : the notes of
birds: a mere trifle: [B.) an object of derision.
fatCf far ; mi, her ; mine ;
Sorcerer
[A.S. song, sang; Ger. gr-sang, Goth, saggus,
Ice. sbngr; from root of Sing, j
Songster, song'ster, n. a singer or one skilled in
singing; esp. a bird that sings.—-fern. Song
stress. [A.S. sangestre, from Song.]
Son-in-law, sun'-in-law, n. the husband of one's
daughter.
Sonnet, son'ct, n. a short song or poem of four
teen lines, with varying rhymes. [Fr.—It.
soneti-o, dim. of sono, a sound, song—L. sonus,
a sound.]
Sonneteer, son-et-er', «. a composer of sonnets.
Sonorous, so-no'rus, adj,% soutidiug when struck :
giving a clear, loud sound: high sounding. —
adv. Sonorously.— n. Sonorousness. [L.
sonorus—sonor or sonus, a sound—sono, to
sound. See Sound,]
Sonshlp, sun'ship, «. state or character of a son.
Soon, sOOn, adv. immediately or in a short time :
without delay : early : readily : willingly. [A.S.
sona, cog. with Goth, suns, immediately, soon.J
Soot, soot, *. the black powder condensed from
smoke. [A.S. and Ice. sdt ,- Dan. sood.]
Sooth, soTJth, «. truth, reality. —adj. true : pleas
ing. [A.S. sotA, true; Ice. sannr, true, Goth.
sunis : conn, with Gr. eteos. Sans, satyas, true.]
Soothe, sOO/A, v.t. to please with soft words:
to flatter: to soften.—adv. Sooth'ingly. [Lit.
'to please any one by agreed with him, by
receiving his words as true,' A.S. gesodhian, to
soothe, gesotA, a flatterer —sotA, true.]
Soothsay, sGOth'sa, v.i. to foretell.—ns. Sooth'-
sayer, Sooth/saying. [Lit. ' to say or tell the
trutk. '}
Sooty, soot'i, adj. producing, consisting of, con
taining, or like soot.—«. Soot'iness. [A. S. sotig.]
Sop, sop, «. anything dipped or soaked, esp. in
soup, to be eaten : anything given to satisfy. —
v.t. to steep in liquor '—pr.p. sopp'ing ; pad.
and pa.p. sopped. [A.S. sop (in sopcoppa, a
soup-cup, dish}, from supan, to sip, soak ; Ice.
soppa, broth, soup. See Sup, Soup.]
Sophism, sof km, n. a specious fallacy. [Fr.
sophisme—Gr. sophisma—sop/iizd, to make wise
—sopAos, cleverness.]
Sophist, sof'ist, n. one of a class of public
teachers in Greece in the fifth century b.c : a
captious or fallacious reasoner. [Lit. and crig.
'a wise or clever man,' Gr. sophist'fssophos,
wise.]
Sophistic so-fist'ik, Sophistical, so-nsfik-al, adj.
pertaining to a sophist or to sophistry : falla
ciously subtle.—adv. SophlSt'lcaUy. [Gr.
so6histikos.\
Sophisticate, so-fist'i-kat, v.t. to render sophist
ical, or unsound : to corrupt by mixture.
Sophistication, so-nst-i-ka'snun, n. act of sophisti
cating, adulterating, or injuring by mixture.
Sophistry, sof'ist-n, «. specious but fallacious
reasoning.
Soporlferous, sop-or-if'er-us, adj., bringing* caus
ing, or tending to cause sleep: sleepy. [L.
sopor, soporis, sleep, and fero, to bring.]
Soporific, sop-or-if'ik, adj., making or causing
sleep. ~n. anything that causes sleep. [Fr.
soporifique—L. sopor, sleep, andjacio, to make.]
Soppy, sop'i, adj., sopped or soaked in liquid.
Sopranist, so-pra nist, n. a singer of soprano.
Soprano, so-pra'no, n. the highest kind of female
voice : air :—pi. Sopra'nos or Sopra'ni. [Lit.
'superior,* It., from sopra—L. supra or super,
above.]
Sorcerer, sor'scr-er, n. one who practises sorcery ;
an enchanter: a magician.—-fem. Sorceress.
mote ; mQte ; roOTJn ; (fan.
 Sorcery Southwester
TFr. sorcirt—Low L. sort/artus—h. sors, soriis, strait. [A.S. sund, a »wmiming, a narrow arm
a lot] of the se.i, from svimman, to swim ; cog. with
Sorcery, sor'ser-i, n. divination by the assistance Ger. sund, a strait.]
of evil spirits: enchantment: magic. [Lit. Sound, sownd, «. the air or swimming bladder of
'casting lots,' O. Fr. sorcerie—L. sortior, to a fish. [A.S. sund, swimming.]
cast lots—sors, sortt's, a lot.] Sound, sownd, v.i. to make a noise: to utter a
Sordid, sordid, adj. vile : mean : meanly avari voice : to spread.—v.t. to cause to make a
cious.—adv. Sordidly.—//. Sor'didness. [Fr. noise : to utter audibly : to direct by a sound
sordid*—\~ sordidits—sordeo, to be dirty.) or audible signal : to publish audibly.—n. the
Sore, sOr, n. a wound : an ulcer or boil: (/?.) impression produced on the ear by the vibrations
grief, afHiction. —adj. wounded: tender: sus of air : noise : report : empty or meaningless
ceptible of pain : easily pained or grieved : noise. [M. E. sounen—Fr. sonnet— L. sono ;
(B.) severe.—adv. (B.) same as Sore'ly.—». cog. with O- Ger. svaua, Sans, svan, tu sound.)
Sore'ness. [A.S. sar, a wound ; cog. with Ger. Sound, sownd, v.t. to measure the depth of, esp.
sehr (orig. painfully), very, Ice. sar, wound, with a line and plummet : to probe : to try to
sore, pain. See Sorry.] discover a man's secret wishes, &c- : to test : to
Sorely, sorli, adv. in a sore manner : grievously. introduce an instrument into the bladder to
Sorrel, sor'el, n. a plant of a sour taste, allied to examine it. —v.i. to use the line and lead in
the dock. [Fr. surelle—sur, sour; from Ger. ascertaining the depth of water.—n. an instru
sauer, A.S. sur, sour.] ment to discover stone in the bladder. [Fr.
Sorrel, sor'el, adj. of a reddish-brown colour.— sontler, to sound ; acc. to Diez, from Low L. sub~
w. a sorrel or reddish-brown colour. [Fr. saure, uudare, to put under the wave—L. sub, under,
sorrel ; of uncertain origin.] unda, a wave.)
Sorrow, sor'O, n. pain of mind : grief: affliction. Sounding, sownd'ing, n. the ascertaining the
—v.i. to feel sorrow or pain of mind : to grieve. depth of water :—pi. any part of the ocean
[A.S. sorg, sork ; cog. with Ger. sorge, Ice. where a sounding-line will reach the bottom.
sorg. and perhaps allied to Sore.) Soup, sCflp, n. the juice or liquid obtained by boil
Sorrowful, soKo-fool, adj. full of sorrow : causing, ing, seasoned, and often mixed with vegetables.
showing, or expressing sorrow : sad : dejected. [Fr. soufe ; from Ger. su/pe, soup, cog. with
—adv. Sorr'owfully.—«. Sorrowfulness. E. Sup ]
Sony, sor'i, adj. grieved for something past : Sour, suwr, adj. having a pungent, acid taste :
melancholy : poor : worthless.—adv. Sorrily. turned, as milk : rancid : crabbed or peevish in
—n. Sorriness. [A.S. sarig, wounded, sorrow temper : bitter.—adv. Sourly.—n. Sour ness.
ful i O. Dut. sorigk' conn, with Sore, but has [A.S. sur; Ger. saucr, Ice. surr.]
come to be regarded as the adj. of Sorrow.] Sour, sowr, v. t. to make sour or acid : to make
Sort, sort, n. a number of persons or things havingf cross, peevish, or discontented.—v.i. to become
like qualities: class, kind, or species: order or sour or acid : to become peevish or crabbed.
rank: manner.—v.t. to separate into lots or Source, sOrs, n. that from whioh anything rises
classes : to put together : to select —v.i. to be or originates : origin: the spring from which a
joined with others of the same sort ; to asso stream flows. [Fr. source, from sounlre (It.
ciate : to suit.—«. Sort'er.—Out of sorts, ou\ sorgere)—L. surgo, to raise up, to rise.]
of order : unwell. [Lit. * lot,' Fr. sorte- L. Souse, sows, n. pickle made of salt : anything
sors, sortis, a lot— sero, to join.) steeped in pickle : the ears, feet, &c. of swine
Sortie, sor't.5, «. the issuing of a body of troops pickled.—v.t. to steep in pickle: to plunge into
from a besieged place to attack the besiegers wat^r —v.i. to fall on suddenly. [Written also
[Fr.—sortir, to go out, to issue.] soucey a form of S.iuce j
Sot, sot, «. one stupefied by drinking: a habitual South, sowth, n. the direction in which the sun
drunkard. [Old Fr. sot, perh. of Celt origin.] appears at noon to the people N. of the Tropic
SotetlolOgy, sfl-tfi-ri-ol'o-ii, «. {theol. ) the doctrine ot Cancer: any land opposite the N.—adj.
of salvation by Jesus Christ. (Gr. sdtcrios, sav lying towards the south.—adv. towards the
ing, sSter, saviour, and logos, discourse.] south. [A.S- sudh; Ger. sild (whence Fr. sud),
Sottish, sot'ish, adj. like a sot: foolish: stupid Ice. sudr, prob. from root of Sun. ]
with drink.—ad\: Sott'ishly.—n. Sott'lshness South-east, sowth-est', n. the direction equally
SOU, soo, n. a French copper coin = ^th of a distant from the south and east.
franc. [Fr. sou. It. soldo— h. solidus, a coin.] South-east, sowth-esi", South-easterly, sowth-
Souchong, s5o-shong', n. a fine sort of black tea. est'er-li, South-eastern, sowth-cstern, adj. per
Sough, sOBch [ck guttural), v.i. to whistle orsi>;li, taining to, in the direction of, or coming from
as the wind.—n. a sighing of the wind. [From the south-east.
the sound] Southerly, suM'er-li, Southern, sufA'ern, adj.
Sought, sawt,/a.r\ and pa.p. of Seek. pertaining to, situated in, or proceeding from or
Soul, sol, n. that part of man which thinks, feels, towards the south.—superl. South ernmost,
desires, &c. : the seat of life and intellect : life : Southmost, sowth'most, most southern, furthest
essence : internal power : energy or grandeur of towards the south.
mind : a human being, a person. [M. E. saule Southernwood, suM'ern-wood, n. an aromatic
—A.S. sawol ; Ger. seel*, Goth, saivala.] plant of Southern Europe, closely allied to
Souled, sold, adj. full of soul or feeling. wormwood. [the south.
Soulless, sGlles, adj. without a soul or nobleness Southward, sowth'ward or su/A'ard, adv., toward
of mind: mean: spiritless. South-west, sowth-west', «. the direction equally
Sound, sownd, adj. safe, whole, entire : perfect : distant from the south and west.
healthy, strong : profound : correct : orthodox : South-west, sowth-west'. South-westerly, sowth-
weighty—adv. Soundly, -n. Sound'ness. [A S. west'cr-li, South western, sowth-west cm, adj.
sund, grsnnd; cog. with Ger. gesund, allied to pertaining to, proceeding from, or lying in the
L. sattus, sound, Gr. sans, stfs, safe and sound ] direction of the south-west.
Sound, sownd, «. a narrow passage of water : a Southwester, sow-west'er, n. a storm or gale
fate, f^r ; me. her , mine ; mute ; mute ; mOOn ; Men- 479
 Souvenir Spavin
from the south-west : a painted canvas hat with yards, booms, and gaffs, &c. [Ice. spam', Dut.
a broad flap behind for the neck. spar; prob. conn, with Bar.]
Souvenir, soOv'ner, «. a remembrancer. [Fr. Spar, spar, n. a mineral which is perfectly crystal
[It. soxruenire)—L. sufrpenire, to come up, to line. [A.S. spa'ri'Statt), gypsum, pern, from the
come to mind—sub, under, from under, and spar or spear form it assumes; cf. Ger. spar
z>euio, venire, to come.] [■kalk).]
Sovereign, sov'er-in, adj., supreme: possessing Spar, spar, v.i. to box with the hands: to fight
supreme power or dominion: superior to all with snowy action : to dispute :—pr.p. spanning :
others : utmost.—?/, a supreme ruler: a monarch : pa.t. and pa.p. sparred.— n. Spanker. [O. Fr.
a gold coin = ios. [M. E. severaitte—Fx. esfiarer, Fr. sparer, to kick out, from root of
souverain—Low L. superanus — L. super, Parry,]
supra, above.] Spare, spar, v.t. to use frugally: to do without :
Sovereignty, sov'er-in-ti, «. supreme power : to save from any use : to withhold from : to treat
dominion. [Fr. souveraineti,\ tenderly: to part with willingly.—v.i. to be
SOW, sow, «. a female pig : an oblong piece of frugal : to forbear : to be tender : to forgive.
metal larger than a pig. [A.S. sit, sugu ; cog. [A.S. spartan ; cog. with Ger. sparen ; allied
with Ger. sau, Ice. syr; L. sus, Gr. Ays; conn, also to L. par-co (for spar-co).]
with Swine.] Spare, spar, adj., sparing: frugal : scanty : lean :
Sow, sO, v.t. to scatter seed that it may grow : to superfluous. —n. Spare'ness.
plant by strewing : to scatter seed over : to Sparerib, sparYib, n. a piece of meat consisting
spread.—7'./. to scatter seed for growth :—pa.p. of the ribs with a spare or small amount of flesh.
sown and sowed.—«. Sow'er. [A.S. sawan ; Sparing, sparing, adj. scarce : scanty : saving.
Ger. siiett, Ice. sa, Goth, saian; akin to L. sero Spark, spark", n. a small particle of fire shot off
[for sew). See Seed.] from a ourning body : any small shining body or
Spa, spaw, n. a place where there is a mineral light : a small portion of anything active or
spring of water. [From Spa, a famous watering- vivid. [A.S. spearca, a spark ; Dut. spark,
place in Belgium.] sperk.]
Space, spas, k. extension as distinct from material Sparkle, sparkl, «. a little spark : lustre.—v.i. to
substances : room : largeness : distance between emit sparks : to shine : to glitter. [Dim. of
objects : interval between lines or words in Spark.J [glittering : brilliant : lively.
books : quantity of time : distance between two Sparkling, sparkling, adj. giving out sparks:
points of time : a short time : interval.—v.t. to Sparrer. See under Spar, to box.
make or arrange intervals between. [Fr. espace Sparrow, spar'o", «. a well-known small bird.
—L. spatium, from root spa. Sans, spka, to [A.S. spearwa ; cog. with Goth, sparva, Ice,
draw, as in Gr. spad, Ger. spanften.] sporr, Ger. sper-ling.]
Spacious, spa'shus, adj. having large space; large Sparrow-bilL spar'S-oil, «. a small shoe-nail, so
in extent : roomy : wide. —adv. Spa'ciously.—«. called from its shape.
Spaciousness [Fr. spacieux—L. spatiosus.] Sparrow-hawk, spar'o-hawk, «. a small species
Spade, spad, n. a broad blade of iron with a handle, of katvk destructive to sparrows, &c. [A.S.
used for digging. —v.t, to dig with a spade. spear-hafoc.\
[A.S. spadu; cog. with Ger. spaten, L. spatha, Sparry, sparl, adj. consisting of or like spar.
Gr. spathe, any broad blade.] Sparse, spars, adj. thinly scattered. —adv.
Spake, ipOk, old pa.t. of Speak. Sparsely.—«. Sparse'ness. [L. sparsum,
Span, span, «. the space from the end of the thumb pa.p. of spargo, to scatter ; allied to Gr. speird,
to the end of the little-finger when the fingers 10 sow.]
are extended: nine inches : the spread of an arch Spartan, spar'tan, adj. of or pertaining to Sparta
between its abutments : a space of time.—v.t. to in Greece : hardy : fearless.
measure by spans : to measure : to embrace : - Spasm, spazm, «. an irregular, violent, and invol
pr.p. spann'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. spanned. [A.S. untary drawing or contraction of the muscles—
spann —sf>annan ; cog. with Ger. spannen, L. less violent than a convulsion. [Fr. spasme—L.
pando (for sjHindo). See Space.] spasmus—Gr. spasmos—spad, to draw.]
Span, span, «. a yoke of horses or oxen. [Bor Spasmodic, spaz-mod'ik. Spasmodical, spaz-mod'-
rowed from Dut. ; from the same root as above ik-al, adj. relating to or consisting in spasms:
word.] convulsive.—rt. Spasmodic, a medicine for re
Spandrel, span'drel, «. the irregular triangular moving spasms.
space between the span or curve of an arch and Spat, spat, pa. t. of Spit, to throw from the mouth.
the inclosing right angle. [From Span.] Spat, spat, n. the spawn or young, spit or thrown
Spangle, spang'gl, n. a small, thin plate or boss out by shellfish. [From root of Spit.]
of shining metal : anything sparkling and bril Spatter, spat'er, v.t. to sfiit or throw out upon : to
liant, like a spangle.—?'./, to adorn with spangles. scatter about : to sprinkle with dirt or anything
—v.t. to glitter. [A.S. spange, a clasp, being moist: to defame. [Freq. from Spat, pa.t. of
yrob. conn, with Span; cog. with Ger spange; Spit.]
ce. spiing] Spatter-dashes, spat'er-dash'ez, n.pl. coverings
Spaniard, span'yard, n. a native of Spain. for the legs, to keep them clean from water and
Spaniel, span'yel, n. a kind of dog, usually liver mud, a kind of gaiters.
and white coloured, and with large pendent ears, Spatula, spat'Q-la, Spattie. spar'i, n. a little spade :
once supposed to be of Spanish origin. [O. Fr. a broad kind of knife for spreading plasters.
espagneul (Fr. ipagfteul), Spanish.] [L. spatula, spathula, dim. of spatha, any
Spanish, span'ish, atij. of or pertaining to Spain. broad blade-Gr. spathi. See Spade.]
— w. the fanguage of Spain. Spavin, spavin, n. a swelling near the joints of
Spanker, spanglccr, «. the after-sail of a ship or horses, producing lameness, and causing them
barque, so called from itsflapping in the breeze. to lift their feet like a sparrow-hawk. [O. Fr.
[From Prov. E. sfia.uk, to flap, to move quickly.] esfiavain, Fr. tparvin—^Pervicr, a sparrow-
Spar, spar, n. a rafter : a general term for masts, hawk—O. Ger. sparwari, E. Sparrow.]
480 fate, far ; me\ her ; mTne ; mOte : mute ; mOTjn ; then.
 Spavined
Spavined, spavlnd, adj. affected with spavin.
Spawn, spawn. «. the eggs of fish or frogs when
ejected : offspring.—v.t. to produce, as fishes
and frogs do their eggs : to bring forth.—v.i. to
deposit eggs, as fishes or frogs : to issue, as off
spring. [Ety. dub.] [the spawn is ejected.
Spawner, spawn'er, n. the female fish, from which
Speak, spek, v.i, to utter words or articulate
sounds : to say : to talk : to converse : to sound.
—v.t. to pronounce : to converse in : to address:
to declare : to express by signs .—pa.t. spoke or
sp^ke ; pa.p. spoVen. [A.S. sptum (for &pre~
can) : cog. with Dut. spreken, Ger. sprecken.]
Speaker, spek'er, «. one who speaks : the person
who presides in a deliberative or legislative body,
as the House of Commons. —«. Speak ership.
Speaking-trumpet, spek'ing-trum pet, n. an in
strument somewhat resembling a trumpet, used
for intensifying the sound of the voice, so as to
convey it to a greater distance.
Spear, sper, n. a long weapon used in war and
hunting, made of a pole pointed with iron : a
lance with barbed prongs used for catching fish.
—v.t. to pierce or kill with a spear. [A.S.
spere ; cog. with Ger. speer, W. yspir, L.
spams ; prob. further conn, with Spar and
Spire.]
Spearman, speVman, n. a man armed with a spear.
Spearmint, speVmint, n. a species of mint having
j/fvir-shaped leaves.
Special, spesh/al, adj. of a species or sort : par
ticular : distinctive : uncommon : designed for a
particular purpose : confined to a particular sub
ject.—adv. Specially.
Specialise, spesh'al-Tz, v. t. to determine in a special
manner.—n. Specialisation.
Specialist, spesh'al-ist, ». one who devotes him
self to a special subject.
Speciality, spesh-i-al'i-ti, n. the special or partic
ular mark of a person or thing : a special occu
pation or object of attention. [Fr.—L.]
Specialty, spesh'al-ti, «. something special: a
special contract : that for which a person is
distinguished.
Specie, spe'shi, m. gold and silver coin, because
visible wealth, and not merely representing it, as
bills and notes do. [Cf. next word.]
Species, spe'shez, «. a group of individuals having
common marks or characteristics :—subordinate
to a Genua. [L. {lit.) 'that which is seen,'
then a form, a particular sort—specio, to look.]
Specific, spe-sif'ik, Speclfical, spe-sif'ik-al, aiij.
pertaining to or constituting a species : that
sficctfes: precise : infallible.—adv. Specifically.
Specific, spe-sif'ik, «. a remedy which has a special
power in a particular disease : an infallible
remedy.
Specification, spes-i-fi-k5'shun, n. act of specify
ing: a statement of particulars.
Specify, spes'i-fl, v.t. to make special: to mention
particularly:—pa.t. And pa.p. specified. [Low
L. specifico—L. species, andfacio, to make.]
Specimen, spes'i-men, n. a portion of anything to
shenvthe kind and quality of the whole : a sample.
Specious, spe'shus, adj. that locks well at first
sight: showy: plausible.—adv. SpO'ciOtlSly. —
«. Spe'olousnes8.
Speck, spek, n. a spot: a blemish.—v.t. to spot.
[A.S. sprcca ; Low Ger. spaak.]
Speckle, spekl, n. a little speck or spot in anything
different in substance or colour from the thing
itself.—v.t. to mark with speckles.
Spectacle, spek'ta-kl, n. a sight: show: exhibi
tion :—pi. glasses to assist the sight.—adj. Spec-
tE fate, utr : mC, her ; mine ;
Spelt
tac'ular. [L. specla-culnm—specto, spectatum,
intens. of spec do, to look at.]
Spectacled, spek'ta-kld, adj. wearing spectacles.
Spectator, spek-ta'tur, n. one who looks on.~/em.
Spectatress.
Spectral, spek'tral, adj. relating to, or like a
spectre. [seen.' Doublet Spectrum]
Spectre, spek'ter, n. a ghost. [Lit. 'something
Spectroscope, spek'tro-skop, n. an instrument for
forming and examining spectra of luminous
bodies, so as to determine their composition.
[Spectrum, and Gr. shaped, to look at.]
Spectrum, spek'Irum, «. the image of something
seen continued after the eyes are closed : the
colours of light separated by a prism, and ex
hibited as spread out on a screen v—pl. Spec'tra.
[Lit. 'something seen,' from L. spec-io, to see.
Doublet Spectre.]
Specular, spck'u-lar, adj. resembling a speculum :
having a smooth reflecting surface. [L.]
Speculate, spek'O-lat, v.i. to look at or into with
the mind : to consider : to theorise : to traffic for
great profit.—n. Spec ulator. [L. spectdatus,
pa. p. of speculor—speculat a look-out—spec-io,
to look. ]
Speculation, spek-Q-la'shun, n. act of speculating :
mental view : contemplation : theory : the buy
ing goods, &c. to sell them at an advance.
Speculative, spek'Q-lat-iv, adj. given to specula
tion or theory : ideal : pertaining to speculation
in business, &c—adv. Spec'ulatlvely.
Speculum, spek'u-lum, n. [opt.) a reflector usually
made of polished metal : [surgrry) an instrument
for bringing into view parts otherwise hidden :
—pi. Specula. [Lit. 'a looking-glass,' L.—
spec-io, to look.]
Sped, sped, pa.t. and pa.p. of Speed.
Speech, spech, n. that which is spoken : language :
the power of soeaking : oration : any declaration
of thoughts : mention. [A.S. speec, sprwc; Ger.
spracke. See Speak.]
Speechless, specnlcs, adj. destitute or deprived
of the power of speech.—«. Speech lessness.
Speed, sped, «. quickness, velocity : success.—
v.i. to move quickly: to succeed : to fare.—v.t.
to despatch quickly: to hasten, as to a conclu
sion : to execute : to aid : to make prosperous :
—pr.p. speed'ing ; pa.t. and Pa.p. sped. [A.S.
sped; cog. with Dut. spaed, speed, Ger. sputen,
to speed.]
Speedy, sped'i, adj. hasty : quick : nimble.—adv.
Speedily.—«. Speed'iness.
Spell, spel, n. any form of words supposed to
possess magical power.—adj. Spell'bound.
[A.S. spell, a narrative or tale ; cog. with Goth.
spill. Ice. spiall, a tale.]
Spell, spel, v.t. to tell or name the letters of : to
name, write, or print the proper letters of.—v.i.
to form words with the proper letters :—Pr.p.
speU'ing ; Pa.t, and Pa.p. spelled, spelt. [Same
word as above, modified by O. Fr. espa/er (Vr.
ipelcr)—0. Ger. spellon. to tell, Goth, spillon.)
Spell, spel, v.t. to take another's place at work.—
n. a turn at work : a short period :—P*"P.
spelling : pa.t. and pa.p. spelled. [A.S. spelian,
to act for another, perh. conn, with A.S. spilian,
Ger. spielen, to play.]
Spelling, spel'ing, n. act of spelling or naming the
letters of words : orthography.
Spelling-book, sparing-book, n. a book for teach
ing to spell. —«. Spell ing boo, a competition in
spelling.
Spelt, spelt, n. a kind of corn : also called German
wheat. [A.S. (Ger. spelt) - L. spelta.}
mOte ; mute ; mCOn ; Men. 481
 Spelter Spiracle
Spelter, spel'ter, n. line. [Allied to Dut. spiauter. just made and a chip just split. [Prov. form of
See Pewter. ] Spike, a nail.]
Spencer, spens'er, n. a short over-jacket worn by Spicy, spls'i, adj. producing or abounding with
men or women, named after a Lord Spencer who spices : fragrant : pungent.—adv. Spic'ily.—n.
introduced it or made it fashionable. Spic'iness.
Spencer, spens'er, «. in ships and barques) a fore* Spider, spi der, n. an animal remarkable for spin
and-aft sail abaft the fore and main masts. [Ely. ning webs to take its prey. [Lit. * the spinner,"
unknown.] for spinder, from. Spin; cf. Dan. spinder, O.
Spend, spend, v.t. to expend or weigh out : to give Ger. spinna, Ger. spinne.]
for any purpose : to consume : to waste : to pass, Spigot, spig'ut, «. a spike, or pointed piece of
as time.—v.i. to make, expense : to be dissi wood for stopping a small hole in a cask.
pated \~pr.p. spend'ing ; pad. and A*./, spent. [Gael. spiocau/t W. yspigdd; conn, with root of
—«. Spend or. [A.S. a-spendan, tor -spendan Spike, a nail.]
—L. expendo or disfiendo, to weigh out.] Spike, spik, n. an ear of corn : {&ol.\ an inflor
Spendthrift, spendthrift* «. one who spends the escence, of which the flowers are sessile, or issue
savings of thrift i a prodigal. [See Spend and directly from a simple undivided axis. [From
Thrift.] L. spica, an ear of corn. ]
Spent, spent, pa.t. and pa.p. of Spend. Spike, split, n. a small pointed rod: a large nail.—
Sperm, sperm, n. animal seed : spawn of fishes or v.t. to set with spikes : to stop the vent of with
frogs : spermaceti. [Lit. 1 that which is sown* a spike. [A.S. spicing, cog. with Ger. spieker;
Late L.—Gr. sperm-a, sperm-atosspeird, to conn, with Spike, an ear of corn, and Spoke, ».]
sow.] Spikelet, spik let, n. a little spike.
Spermaceti, sper-ma-se'ti, «. a waxy matter from Spikenard, spik'naxd, n. a highly aromatic oil or
the head of the sperm-whale. [L. [lit. ) 1 the balsam obtained from an Indian plant, the Nar-
sperm of the whale '—sperma (see Sperm), and dus, with spihe-s.ha.ped blossoms : the plant itself.
cettts, a whale—Gr. hetos.) [L. spica nardi. See Nard.]
Spermatic, sper-mat'ik, Sperraatical. sper-mat/- Spiky, spik'i, adj. furnished with spikes : having
ik-al, adj. pertaining to or consisting of sperm a sharp point
or seed : seminal. Spill, spil, v.t. to allow to run out of a vessel : to
Sporm oil, sperm'-oil, oil from the sperm- shed : to waste. —v.i. to be shed *. to be allowed
whale. to fall, be lost, or wasted \—pa.t. and Pa.p.
Sperm-whale, sperm'-hwal, «. a species of whale spilled, spilt.—«. SpUTer. [A.S. spillan ; cog.
from which sperm or spermaceti is obtained. with Dut. spilten, ice. spilla, to destroy ; also
Spew, Spue, spu, v.t. and v.i. to vomit : to eject conn, with Split.]
with loathing. [A.S. spfwan; cog. with Dut. Spill, spil, Spue, spil, n. a small peg or pin to
spuiren, Ger. speien ; also conn, with L. spuo, stop a hole. [Lit. 'a splinter,' Dut. spil, Ger.
Gr. ptyo, and with Spit.] sptlle, conn, with E. Spindle.]
Sphere, sfer, «. a ball or globe: an orb : circuit of Spin, spin, v.t. to draw out and twist into threads :
motion: province or duty: rank: \geom.) a to draw out a thread as spiders do : to draw
surface every point of which is equidistant from out tediously: to cause to whirl rapidly.—v.i.
one and the same point, called the centre.—adj. to practise the art or trade of spinning, to per
Sphor'al. [Fr.--L sphtrra—Ox. sphaira.] form the act of spinning : to issue in a small
Spheric, sfer'ik. Spherical, sfer'ik-al, adj. per orthread-likecurrent : to whirl :—P^-P- spinn ing ;
taining to or like a sphere.—adv. Spher ically. pad. and pa.p. spun.—n. Spinner. [A_S.
Sphericity, sfer-is'i-U, «. state or quality of be spinnan, cog. with Dut. and Ger. spinner: ;
ing spherical : roundness. closely conn, with Span.]
Spheroid, sfeVoid, n. a body or figure having the Spinach, Spinage, spin'iij, «. an esculent vege
form of a sphere, but not quite round. [Fr. table with jagged or spiny leaves, [It. spintice
sphe'rofde—Gr. sfi/iaira, and eidos, form.] —Low L. spindcens—spina, a thorn.] [bone.
Spheroidal, sfer-oid'al, adj. having the form of a Spinal, spln'al, adj. pertaining to the spine or back-
spheroid. Spindle, spin'dl, «. the pin from which the thread
Spherule, sfer'Ol, n. a little sphere. is spun or twisted: a pin on which anything
Sphincter, sfingk'ter, n. {anat.) a muscle that turns: the fusee of a watch. [A.S. spinl (from
contracts or shuts an orifice or opening which it Spin) : cog. with Ger. spindel. Cf. Spill, «.]
surrounds. [Gr., * that which binds tight'— Spine, spin, «. a thorn : a thin, pointed spike, esp.
sphinggd, to bind tight.] in fishes : the backbone of an animal- [O. Fr.
Sphinx, sfingks, n. (ancient myth.) a monster espine (Fr. epine)—L. spina, a thorn, conn, with
with the head of a woman and the body of a root of Spike, a nail, applied to the backbone
lioness, that proposed riddles to travellers, and because of its sharp-pointed projections.]
strangled those who could not solve them. [Lit. Spinet, spin'et or spin-el', n. [mus.) an old-
' the throttier,* Gr. —spltinggi*, spkingxd, to fashioned keyed instrument like the harpsichord.
squeeze, akin to L.flgo, to fix.) [It. spinetta (Fr. Spinette), dim. of spina—L-
Spice, spTs, «. an aromatic vegetable used for spina, a thorn ; so called from the pointed
seasoning food, formerly one of the most valuable quills used in playing on it.]
kinds of merchandise : a small quantity.—v.t. to Spinning, spin'ing, adj. used in spinning.
season with spice : to tincture. [O. Fr. espice Spinose, spt'nOs, Spinous, spl'nus, adj. full of
(Fr. /pice)—Late L. species, kinds of goods, spines : thorny.
spices—L. species, a particular kind, &c. isee Spinster, spin'ster, n. {law) sax unmarried female.
Species). Cf. the us* of Ger. materialien (lit. [Lit. a woman who spins.]
* materials '), to signify drugs.] Spiny, spln'i, adj. full of spines : thorny : trouble
Spicery, spls'er-i, «. spices in general : a re some : perplexed.—«. Spin'iness
pository of spices. Spiracle, spir'a-kl, «. a breathing hole : any
Spick, spik, n. a nail : obs. save in the phrase minute passage. [L. spiractdum^ formed as a
Spick and span new, i.e. as new as a spike double dim. from spiro, to breathe.]
48* fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mOte ; mate ; mOOu ; then.
 Spiral
Spiral, spTr'al, adj. pertaining to or like a spire:
winding like the thread of a screw.—«. a spiral
line : a curve which continually recedes from a
centre about which it revolves : a screw.
Spirally, splr'al-li, adv. in a spiral form or direc
tion.
Spire, spir, «. a winding line like the threads of a
screw: a curl: a wreath: a tapering body: a
steeple. [L. spira—Gr. speira, anything wound
round or upon a thing; akin to eirdy to fasten
together in rows.)
Spirit, spir it, n. vital force : the soul : a ghost :
mental disposition: enthusiasm: real racming:
chief quality : a very lively person : any volatile,
inflammable liquid obtained by distillation, as
brandy:—//. intellectual activity: liveliness:
persons with particular qualities of mind : mental
excitement : spirituous liquors-—Holy Spirit.
See under Holy.—The Spirit, the Holy Spirit :
the human spirit under the influence of the Holy
Spirit.—v.t. to take away suddenly or secretly,
as by a spirit. [L. spiritus, a breath—spirv, to
breathe.]
Spirited, spir^t-ed, adj. full of spirit, life, or fire:
animated.—adv. Spiritedly.—u. Splr'itedness.
Spiritism, spir'it-izm, ». See under Spiritualism.
Spiritless, spirit-les, adj. without spirit, cheer
fulness, or courage: dejected: dead. —adv.
Spiritlessly.
Spirit-rapper, spirlt-rap'er, n. a spiritualist who
professes that spirits convey intelligence to him
by raps or knocks.
Spiritual, spirlt-O-al, adj. consisting of spirit :
having the nature of a spirit : immaterial : relat
ing to the mind : intellectual : pertaining to the
soid : holy : divine : relating to sacred things :
not lay or temporal.—adv. Spiritually.
Spiritualise, spirit-Q-al-U, v.t. to make spiritual:
to imbue with spirituality : to refine : to free
from sensuality : to give a spiritual meaning to.
Spiritualism, spirlt-fl-al-izm, «. a being spiritual :
the philosophical doctrine that nothing is real
but soul or spirit : the doctrine that spirit has a
real existence apart from matter : the oelief that
certain peculiar phenomena (as rapping, table-
turning, &c.l are directly due to the influence of
departed spirits, invoked by a 'medium' (in
this sense better called Spiritism).
Spiritualist, spirlt-u-al-ist, n. one who has a re
gard only to spiritual things : one who holds the
doctrine of spiritualism (or spiritism).
Spirituality, spir-it-u-al'i-ii, ». state of being
spiritual: essence distinct from matter.
Spirituous, spirlt-fl-us, adj. possessing the quali
ties of spirit: containing spirit: volatile.
Spirt, spert. Same as Spurt.
Splry, spTr'i. adj. of a spiral form : wreathed :
tapering like a spire or a pyramid : abounding
in spires.
Spit, spit, m. an iron prong on which meat is
roasted.—v.t. to pierce with a spit :—Pr.p. spitt'-
ing ; pa.t. and pa.fi. spitt'ed. [A.S. spitu ;
Dut. spit, Ger. spies?.]
Spit, spit, v.t. to throw out from the mouth: to
eject with violence.—v.i. to throw out saliva from
the mouth spitting ; pa.t. spit, spat;
Pa.p. spit. [A. S. spittan ; Ice. sPyla, Ger.
sputzen- These are all extensions of Spew".]
Spite, spit, n. grudge : lasting ill-will : hatred.—
v.t. to vex: to thwart: to hate. [Short for
Despite. ]
Spiteful, splt'fool, adj. full of spite : desirous to
vex or injure : malignant.—adv. Spi to fully .—
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ;
Spokesbave
Spitted, spired \B.) pa.p. of Spit, to throw out
from the mouth.
Spittle, spii l, n. the moist matter spit or thrown
from the mouth : saliva.
Spittoon, spit-toon', «. a vessel for receivingspitile.
Splash, splash, v.t. to spatter with water or mud.
■—v.i. to dash about water or any liquid.—«.
water or mud thrown on anything. [Like Plash,
an imitative word.)
Splashboard, splash'bord, «. a board to keep
those in a vehicle from being splashed with mud.
Splashy, splash'i, adj., splashing: wet and muddy :
full of dirty water.
Splay, spla, v.i. {arch.) to slope or slant : to dis
locate, as the shoulder-bone. —mij. turned out
ward, as in spiay-J'oot. [A contr. of Display. J
Spleen, splen, «. a spongy gland near the large
extremity of the stomach, supposed by the
ancients to be the seat of anger and melancholy :
hence, spite : ill-humour : melancholy. [M. K.
splen—L.—Gr. splen ; cog. with L. hen (for
P-lien), Sans, plihan.]
Splendent, splen'dent, adj. splendid or shining;
bright. [L., pr.p. of splendeo, to shine.]
Splendid, splen'did, adj. magnificent : famous :
illustrious: heroic—adv. Splen'dldly. [Lit.
'shining,' L. spleudidus—splendeo, to shine.]
Splendour, splen'dur, n. the appearance of any
thing splendid: brilliance: magnificence.
Splenetic, sple-net'ik or splen'e-tik, Splenetlcal,
sple-netlk-al, adj. affected wi(h spleen." peevish :
melancholy.—«. Splen'etiC, a splenetic person
—adv. Splenet'ically.
Splenic, splen ik, adj. pertaining to the spleen.
Splenitis, sple-nl'tis, «. inflammation of the spleen.
Splice, splls, v.t. to unite two ends of a rope by
interweaving the strands. —«. act of splicing:
joint made by splicing. [Lit. * to split in order
to join;' a form of Split; allied to Dut.
spiitsen.]
Splint, splint, «. a small piece of wood split ofT :
(med>) a thin piece of wood, &c. for confining a
broken or injured limb : a hard excrescence on
the shank-bone of a horse.—v.t. to confine with
splints. [A nasalised form of Split.]
Splinter, splint'er, «. a piece of wood or other
substance split off.—v.t. and v.i. to split into
splinters.
Splintery, splint'er-i, adj. made ofor likesplinters.
Split, split, v. t. to cleave lengthwise : to tear asun
der violently : to divide : to throw into discord.
—v.i. to divide or part asunder : to be dashed
to pieces :—Pr.p. splitting ; pa.t. and pa.p. split.
—«. a crack or rent lengthwise. [Allied to Dut.
stlijten, Ger. spleiszen. Cf. Splice and Splint. J
Splutter, splut'er, v.i. to eject drops of saliva
while speaking : to scatter ink upon a paper, as
a bad pen. [By-form of Sputter.]
Spoil, spoil, v.t. to take by force : to plunder. —
v.i. to practise robbery.—n. that which is taken
by force : plunder : pillage : robbery.—«.
Spoll'er, a plunderer. [Prob. short for despoile—
O. Fr. despoiller (Fr. d/pouitler)—h. despotiare
—de-, and spolio—spolhtm, spoil.]
Spoil, spoil, v.t. to corrupt : to mar : to make use
less. —v.i. to decay : to become useless.—«.
Spoll'er, a corrupter. [Same as above word.]
Spoke, spok, pa.t. of Speak.
Spoke, spok, n. one of the bars from the nave to
the rim of a wheel. [A.S. spaca ; cog. with Ger.
speiche; conn, with Spike, a small pointed rod.)
Sptken. spoVn, pa.p. of Speak.
Spokeshave, spGk'sh&v, n. a plane for dressing
the spokes of wheels. [Cf. Shaving.]
 Spokesman Sprig
Spokesman, spOks'man, n. (£.) one who speaks which amuses or makes merry : play : mirth :
for another, or for others. jest : contemptuous mirth : anything for playing
Spoliate, spO'li-at, v.t. to spoil: to plunder: to with : a toy : idle jingle : field diversion. [Short
pillage.—v.i. to practise robbery. [L. spoliatus, for Disport.]
pa.p. of spolh—spolium, spoil.] [bery. Sportful, spOrt'fool, adj. full of sport : merry : full
Spoliation, spo-li-a'shun, «. act of spoiling: rob- ofjesting.—adv. Sport'fully.--n. Sport fulness
SpondalO, spon-d&'ik, adj. pertaining to or con Sporting, spOrt'ing, adj. relating to or engaging
sisting of spondees. in sports.—adv. Sport'lngly.
Spondee, spon'dc", «. in classical poetry, a foot of Sportive, spOrt'iv, adj. inclined to sport .* playful :
two long syllables, as bills. [Fr. —L. spondeus merry, —aiiv. Sportively.—*. Sport'iveness,
[pes)—Gr. spondeios {potts), (a foot) of two Sportsman, spOrts'man, «. one who practises, or
syllables, so called because much used in the one skilled in field-sports.—n. Sportsmanship,
slow solemn hymns sung at a spondi or drink- practice or skill of a sportsman.
offering (—spends). See Sponsor.] Spot, spot, n. a mark made by a drop of wet mat
Sponge, spunj, >;. the porous framework of an ter : a blot *. a discoloured place : a small part
animal, found attached to rocks, &c. under of a different colour : a small extent of space :
water, remarkable for its power of sucking up any particular place : something that soils : a
water : an instrument for cleaning cannon after stain on character or reputation. —v.t. to mark
a discharge : the heel of a horse's shoe.—v.t. to with drops of wet : to stain : to discolour : to
wipe with a sponge : to wipe out with a sponge : taint : to tarnish, as reputation :—pr.p. spotting :
to wipe out completely : to destroy.—v.i. to suck pa.t. and pa.p. spott ed. [M. E. spat, Scot,
in, as a sponge: to gain by mean tricks. [A.S., and Dut. spat, prob. from the root of Spit, to
O. Fr. esponge (F'r. Sponge)— spongia—Gr. throw out from the mouth.]
sponggia, sponggos. Doublet Fungus. J Spotless, spot'les, adj. without a spot : untainted :
Spongecake, spunjTcak, «. a very light cake. pure.—adv. Spotlessly.—>/. Spotlessnoss.
Spongy, spunj'i, adj. like a sponge: of an open Spotted, spot'ed, Spotty, spot'i, adj. marked with
texture : soft and porous : wet and soft : capa spots or discoloured places.
ble of imbibing fluids.—n. Spong'lness. Spousal, spowz'al, adj. pertaining to a spouse, or
Sponsal, spon'sal, adj. pertaining to a betrothal, to marriage : nuptial : matrimonial.—h. usually
a marriage, or a spouse. [L.—sponsits, a be in pi. nuptials : marriage.
trothal—sporuieo, sponsus, to promise solemnly. Spouse, spowz, n. a husband or wife. [Lit- ' one
See Sponsor.] promised in marriage/ 1 a betrothed person,' O.
Sponsor, spon'sur, n. one who promises solemnly Fr. espous (Fr. ipoux, fern, Spouse)—L. sponsus,
for another: a surety: a godfather or god pa.p. of sporuieo, to promise, to promise in
mother.—«. Spon'sorship. [L.—stondeo, spon marriage. Cf. Espouse and Sponsor.]
sus, to promise solemnly, akin to Gr. spendd, to Spout, spowt, v.t. to throw out, as from a pipe.—
Sour a libation, spondai, a solemn treaty. Cf. v.i. to issue with violence, as from a pipe.—«.
pouae.J _ [sponsor, or sponsorship. the projecting mouth of a vessel from which a
Sponsorial, spon-sO'ri-al, adj. pertaining to a stream issues : a pipe for conducting a liquid.
Spontaneity, spon-ta-n5'i-ti, «. state or quality of [Allied to Dut. spuiten. Ice. spj/ta, from root of
being spontaneous. Spit, to throw out.]
Spontaneous, spon-ta'ne-us, adj. of ones free- Sprain, spr&n, v.t. to overstrain the muscles of a
iviu : involuntary : acting by its own impulse or joint.—n. an excessive strain of the muscles of a
natural law : produced of itself or without inter joint. [Lit. ' to strain,' ' to squeeze out," O. Fr.
ference.—adv. Sponta neously. [L. spontaneus espreindre (Fr. ipreindre}, to force out, to strain
—sponte, of one's own accord—sfiondeo. \ —L. exprimere. See Express.]
Spool, spGOl, «. a hollow cylinder for winding yarn Sprang, pa.t. of Spring.
upon.—v.t. to wind on spools. [Low Ger. ; Ger. Sprat, sprat, n. a seansh like the herring, but
spttle.] much smaller. [M. E. sprotte ; Dut. sprot,
Spoon, spOOn, «. an instrument for supping liquids. Ger. sprotte-]
[hit. 'a chip of wood,' A.S. spon; Ger. span, a Sprawl, sprawl, v.i. to toss or kick about the
chip. Ice. spann, a chip, a spoon.] limbs : to stretch the body carelessly when
Spoonbill spOOn'bil, n. a wading bird like the lying: to spread ungracefully.—n. Sprawl'er.
heron, with a long bill rounded at the end like a [Akin to Low Ger. spaddeln, Dan. spreellr, to
spoon. [As if fed on jyWw-meat.J toss about the limbs.]
Spooney, spOOn'i, adj. silly, weakly affectionate. Spray, spra, «. small particles of water driven by
Spoonful, spODn'fool, «. as much as a spoon con the wind, as from the top of waves, &c. [From
tains whenfull: a small quantity. A.S. spregan, to pour.]
Spoor, spOOr, n. track or trail of an animal, esp. Spray, spra, n. a small shoot of a tree. [Akin to
when hunted as game. [Dut. spoor, a track, A.S. spree. Ice. sprek, a twig. Doublet Sprig.]
cog. with Scot. sj>eir, to ask.] Spread, spred, v.t. to scatter abroad or in all
Sporadic, spo-radik, adj., scattered—a term spe directions : to stretch : to extend : to overlay : to
cially applied to solitary cases of a disease shoot out, as branches : to circulate, as news :
usually epidemic. [Gr. sporadikos—sporas, to cause to affect numbers, as a disease :
sporados, scattered—speird, to sow.] to diffuse: to set with provisions, as a table. —
Spore, spOr, n. a minute grain which serves as a p.i. to extend or expand in all directions : to be
seed in flowerless plants like the fern. [Gr. extended or stretched : to be propagated or
sporos, a sowing, seed—speird, to sow.] circulated:—pa,t. and pa.p. spread. —«. extent:
Sporran, spor'an, ». an ornamental pouch worn compass: expansion of parts. [A.S. sprtrdan ;
in front of the kilt by the Highlanders of Scot Dut. spreiden, Ger. spreiten.]
land. [Gael, sporan.] Spree, spre, n. a merry frolic : & drunken frolic,
Sport, spOrt, v.i. to play : to frolic : to practise [Prov. E. adj. sprag, spry, spree, M. E. sprac,
field diversions: to trifle.—v.t. to amuse: from Ice. sprakr, lively.]
to make merry: to represent playfully.—n. that Sprig, sprig, n. a smalt shoot or twig.—v.t. to
484 fate, far ; m€. her ; mine : mOte ; mute : mOOn ; then.
 Sprightly Squally
embroider with representations of twigs :—pr.p. Spun, pa.t. and pa.p. of Spin.
sprigg'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. sprigged. [Doublet Spunk, spungk. «. a piece of wood easily set on
of Spray.] fire. [Prob. tne same word as spunge, Sponge ;
Sprightly, sprlt'li, adj., spirit-like: airy: full of cf. Ir. sponc, tinder, sponge.]
life : lively : brisk.—«. Spright'liness. [From Spur, spur, «. an instrument on a horseman's heels,
spright, a corr. of Spirit. Cf. Sprite.] with sharp points for goading the horse : that
Spring, spring, v.i. to bound : to leap : to rush which goads or instigates : something projecting :
hastily : to move suddenly by elastic force : to the hard projection on a cock's leg : a small range
start up suddenly : to break forth : to appear : to of mountains extending laterally from a larger
issue : to come into existence : /•'. to rise, as the range. —v.t. to urge on with spurs: to urge on
sun.—v.t. to cause to spring up: to start: to ward : to impel : to put spurs on.—v.i. to press
produce quickly: to contrive on a sudden : to forward : to travel in great haste \—pr.p. spurr'-
explode, as a mine : to open, as a leak : to crack, ing ; pa.t. and Pa.p. spurred. [A.S. spura,
as a mast :—pa.t. sprung, sprang; Pa.p. sprung. spora; Ice. sport, Ger. spor-n; akin to Spar
—«. a leap : a flying back with elastic force : , and Spear.]
elastic power: an elastic body: any active Spurge, spurj, «. a class of acrid plants with a
power : that by which action is produced : cause milky juice, used for taking off warls. [O. Fr.
or origin : a source : an outflow of water from espurgt (Fr. ipurgey—L. expurgare, to purge—
the earth : [B.) the dawn : the time when plants exy oft purgo, to clear. See Purge.]
begin to spring up and grow, the vernal season Spurious, spuVi-us, adj. illegitimate : bastard :
—March, April, May : a starting of a plank in not genuine : false.- adv. Spur iously. —n.
a vessel: a crack in a mast. [A.S. springau ; SpurlOUSnoSS. [L. spurius.)
Ger. springen.\ Spurn, spuan, v.t. to drive away as with the foot :
Springbok, spring'bok, «. a sort of South African to kick: to reject with disdain. — n. disdainful
antelope, larger than a roebuck. [Dut. for rejection. [A.S. spurrtan, an extension of
'spring-buck, from its leaping motion.] Spur.]
Springe, sprinj, «. a snare with a sfiring-noose : a Spurt, spurt, v.t. to spout, or send out in a sudden
gin.—v.t. to catch in a springe. [Prov. E. stream, as water. —v.i. to gush out suddenly in a
springle—Spring; cf. Ger. $prtukel—sfringen.\ small stream : to flow out forcibly or at intervals.
Springer, spring er, «, a kind of dog allied to the —n. a sudden or violent gush of a liquid from
spaniel, useful for springing game in copses. an opening ; a jet : a sudden and short effort.
Spring-tide, spring'-1id, n. a fide which springs [Like Spirt, formed by transposition from sprit
or rises higher than ordinary tides, after new and (Ger. spHtzen), conn, with Spilt and Sprout.]
full moon. Spur-wheel, spur'-hw6l, u. [meek.) aiu/teei with
Springy, spring!, adj. pertaining to or like a the cogs on the face of the edge like a spur.
spring: elastic : nimble : abounding with springs Sputter, sput'er, v.i. to spit in small drops, as in
or fountains.—«. Spring iness. rapid speaking : to throw out moisture in scat
Sprinkle, springlcl, v.t. to scatter in small drops tered drops : to speak rapidly and indistinctly.
or particles : to scatter on : to baptise with a few —v.t. to throw out with haste and noise : to
drops of water: to purify.—v.i. to scatter in utter hastily and indistinctly.—//, moist matter
drops.—«. SprinTtle or Sprinkling, a small thrown out in particles. [Like Spatter, from
quantity sprinkled. —n. Sprinkler. [Freq. the stem of Spit and Spout.]
formed from A.S. sprengan, the causative of Spy, spT, n. one sent into an enemy's country or
Spring ; cf. Ger. sprenkeln,\ camp to find out their strength, &c. : one who
Sprit, sprit, n. (naui.) a spar set diagonally to ex keeps a watch on others : one who secretly con
tend a fore-and-aft sail. [A.S. spreot, a pole; veys information.—v.t. to see: to discover,
Dut. and Ger. shrift, a bowsprit ; conn, with generally at a distance : to discover by close
Sprout.J [corr. of Spirit. Cf. Sprightly.] search: to inspect secretly:—pa.t. ana Pa.p.
Sprite, sprit, n. a spirit: a shade: a ghost. [A spied. [O. Fr. espie—O. Ger. sftha ; cog. with
Sprout, sprowt, n. a germ or young shoot :—'pi. L. specio, Sans, spac.} [telescope.
young snoots from old cabbages.—v.i. to shoot : Spyglass, spl'glas, n. a glass for spying: a small
to push out new shoots. [M. E. sprute—A.S. Squabble, skwobl, v.i. to dispute in a noisy
spreotan (Ger. sprieszen) ; cog. with Dut. spruit. manner : to wrangle.—«. a noisy, petty quarrel :
Cf. Sprit and Spruce-beer.] a brawl.—«. Squabbler. [Akin to Low Ger.
Spruce, sprOos, adj. smart : neat.—adv. Sprucely kabbeln, to quarrel, and Prov. Ger. scnwabbelu,
—n. Spruce'ness. [Prob. from O. Fr. preus to jabber.]
(Fr. preux), gallant.] Squad, skwod, «. a small body of men assembled
Spruce-beer, spr(SJs'-ber, n. , beer flavoured with a for drill. [Fr. escouade (It. squadra)— L. ex-
decoction of the young shoots of the spruce-fir. quadrare, to make square. See Squadron. ]
[Ger. sprossen-birr (lit. ' beer made of sprouts ') Squadron, skwod'run, «. a body of cavalry, con
—sprvssen, young shoots of tices—sprieszen, E. sisting of two troops, or iao to 200 men : a section
Sprout.] of a fleet, commanded by a flag-officer. [Orig. a
Spruce-fir, sprCSoV-fcr, n. a genus of firs whose square of troops, Fr. escouade (It. squadra).
shoots were used for making spruce-becr. [See See Square ]
above word.] Squalid, skwol'id, adj., stijf dirt: filthy.—
Sprung, pa.t. and pa.p. of Spring. adv. Squalidly. Squal'ldness. [L. squa-
Spud, spud, n. a narrow spade with a short handle. lidus—sqnaleo, to be stiff; akin to Gr. skelid, to
[From root of Spade.] dry.]
Spue. Same as Spew. Squall, skwawl, v.t. to cry out violently.—n. a
Spume, spurn, n. scum or froth spewed or thrown loud cry or scream : a violent gust of wind.
up by liquids : foam.—v.i. to throw up scum : to [Ice. sqvala ; Ir. and Gael, sgal, to shriek ; an
foam. [L. spuma—spuOy E. Spew.] imitative word ; cf. SqUOaL]
Spumous, spum'us, Spumy, spum'i, adj. consist Squally, skwawl'i, adj. abounding or disturbed
ing of spume or froth : frothy : foamy. with squalls or gusts of wind : gusty.
fate, far ; mC, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mOOn ; ///en. 430
 Squaior Staghound
Squalor, skwol'or, h. state of being squalid: scuriolus, dim. of L. sciurus—Gr. skiourv*—
dirtiness: filthiness. [L.] skin, shade, tfura, tail.]
Squander, skwon'der, v.t. to spend lavishly or Squirt, skwert, v.t. to throw out water in a stream
wastefully.—n. Squan derer. [Ety. dub. ; perh. from a narrow opening.—«. a small instrument
a nasalised form of Prov. E. squatter, to splash, for squirting : a small, quick stream. [Allied to
to disperse ; allied to E. Scatter.] Low tier. sivirtjen, 0. Sw. sqniittrat to scatter.
Square, skwar, adj. having four equal sides and Cf. Squander.]
angles : forming a right angle : having a straight Stab, stab, v.t. to wound with a pointed weapon :
front or an outline formed by straight lines.— to wound : to injure secretly, or by falsehood or
n. that which is square : a square figure : a four- slander.—v.i. to give a stab or a mortal wound :
sided space inclosed by houses: a square body —pr.p. stabb'ing; pa.t. and pa,p. stabbed.—n.
of troops: the length of the side of any figure a wound with a pointed weapon : an injury given
squared : an instrument for measuring right secretly. [Orig. 'to pierce with a staff or
angles: {aritk.) the product of a quantity mul stake' See 8taff.]
tiplied by itself. —v.t. to form like a square : to Stability, sta-bil'i-ti, n. state of being stable:
form with four equal sides and angles: {aritk.) firmness: steadiness: immovability. [Fr. —L]
to multiply by itself: [nnut.) to place at right Stable, stS'bl, adj. that stands firm : firmly
angles with the keel.—n. Squareness. [O. established: durable: firm in purpose or char
Fr. esquarre (Fr. iquerre)—L. ex-quadrare, to acter: constant.—adv. StaT)ly. —n. Sta'ble-
square—guadrns, conn, with quattuor, four. Cf. ness. [Fr.—L. stabilis—sto, E. Stand.]
Squad and Quarry.J Stable, sti'bl, n. a building for horses and cattle.
Squash, skwosh, v.t. to beat or press into pulp: —v.t. to put or keep in a stable, — v.i. to dwell
to crush flat.—ft. a sudden fall or shock of soft in a stable. (O. Fr. estable (Fr. itaiie)—L.
bodies : anything soft and ca_sily crushed, any stabulum—sto, E. Stand.]
thing soft or unripe. [Conn, with Quash.] Stabling, sta'bling, «. act of putting into a stable:
Squat, skwot, v.i. to sit down upon the hams or accommodation for horses and cattle.
heels : to cower, as an animal : to settle on new ! Stablish, stab'lish, v.t. old form of Establish.
land without title:—pr.p. squatt'ing ; pa.t. and I Staccato, stak-ka'to, adj. [mus.) giving a clear
pa.p. squatt'ed. [Prov. E. quat, to squat ; prob. distinct sound to each note. [It., trom staccare,
a Romance word ; cf. It. quatto. cowering, Fr. for distaccare, to separate, from root of Tack. ]
{se) cocker, to crouch down, to hide one's self, Stack, stak, «. [lit.) that which sticks out : a large
both from L. coactus, pa.p. of cogo—co-, to pile of hay, corn, wood, &c. : a number of chim
gether, and ago, to drive.] neys standing together.—v.t. to pile into a stack
Squatter, skwot'er, n. a settler on new land with or stacks. [Dan. sttik. Ice. stak-r; conn, with
out title : one who leases pasture-land from the Stake, Stick, and Stock.]
government, in Australia and New Zealand. Stackyard, stak'yard, ru a yard for stacks.
[See Squat.J [esp. a wife. Stadium, st.Vdi-um, «. a Greek measure of length
Squaw, skwaw, n. (in America) an Indian woman. = 606} English feet:—//. Sta'dia. [L.—Gr.
Squeak, skwek, v.i. to utter a shrill and usually stadion. ]
short cry.— «. a sudden, shrill cry. [Imitative : Staff, staf, n. a stick carried for support or
cf. S.\. sqviika, to croak, Ger. quieken, to defence : a prop : a long piece of wood : pole :
squeak.] a flagstaff: the long handle of an instrument :
Squeal, skwel; v.i. to utter a shrill and prolonged a stick or ensign of authority : the five lines and
sound. [Imitative : cf. Sw. sqviila, to cry out.] spaces for music: a stanza (the previous mean
Squeamish, skwem'ish, adj. sickish at stomach : ings have //. Staffs or Staves, stavz] : an
easily disgusted or offended : fastidious in taste. establishment of officers acting together in an
—attv. Squeamishly.—n. Squeam'lshness. army, esp. that attached to the commander : a
[Akin to Ice. rveim-r, stir, Ger. schiveim-en, similar establishment of persons in any under
to become giddy or faint, conn, with Swim ; prob. taking (the last two meanings have //. Staffs,
also influenced by qualmish (see Qualm}.] stafs). [A.S. stt*f; cog. with Ice. staf-r, Ger.
Squeeze, skwCz, v.t. to crush or press between stab.]
two bodies : to embrace closely : to force Stag, stag, n. the male deer, esp. one of the red
through a small hole: to cause to pass.—v.i. deer.—-Jetn. Hind. [Ice. stegg-r, a male bird,
to push between close bodies : to press : to Yorkshire steg, a gander, Scot, stag, staig, a
crowd.—«. act of squeezing : pressing between young hnr*e ; prob. from root stig, to mount.}
bodies. [M. E. queisen—A.S. cwisan; akin to Stage, staj, n. an elevated platform, esp. in a
Ger. quetschen.] theatre : theatre : theatrical representations :
Squib, skwib, m. a paper tube filled with combus any place of exhibition or performance : a place
tibles, thrown up into the air burning and burst of rest on a journey or road: distance between
ing : a petty lampoon. [Ety. unknown.] places: degree of progress. [O. Fr. estuge { Fr.
Squill, skwil, ». a genus of plants (including the Hage), a story of a house, through a L. form
bluebell) allied to the lily, an African species of 1 staticus. from sto, E. Stand.]
which is used in medicine. [Fr. sqnilie—L. Stagecoach, staj'koch, «. a coach that runs
sqjiiila, scilla—Gr. ski!la.\ regularly with passengers from stage to stage.
Squint, skwint, adj. looking obliquely : having the Stage-player, slaj'-pla'er, «. a player on the
vision distorted. —v.i. to look obliquely: to nave stage.
the vision distorted.—v.t. to cause to squint. — Stagger, stag'cr, v.i. to reel from side to side :
«. act or habit of squinting : an oblique look : to begin to give way : to begin to doubt : to hesi
distortion of vision. [Prob. allied to Dut. sckuin, tate.—v.t. to cause to reel; to cause to doubt
oblique; cf. Wink, and Fr. gu'guer, to squint.] or hesitate : to shock. [Ice. staknt, to totter,
Squire, skwir, «. Short for Esquire. O. Dut. staggeren.]
Squirrel, skwir'el, u. a nimble, reddish-brown, Staggers, stag'erz, «. a disease of horses.
rodent animal with a bushy tail. [Lit. ' shadow- Staghound, stag'hownd, n. a houtul used in hunt
tail,' O. Fr. esquirel (Fr. icureuil)— Low L. ing the stag or deer.
4«i
 Staging
Staging, staj'ing, «. a stage or structure for work
men in building.
Stagnant, stag'nant, adj., stagnating: not flow
ing: motionless: impure from being motionless:
noi brisk: dull.—adv. Stagnantly. [L. stag-
nans, -antis, pr.p. of stagno. See Stagnate.]
Stagnate, stag'nit, v.i. to cease to flow: to be
come dull or motionless. [L. stagno, stag-
natus—stag/turn, a pool.]
Stagnation, stag-na'shun, n. act of stagnating :
state of being stagnant or motionless : dullness.
Staid, stad, adj. steady: sober: grave.—adv.
Staidly.—«. Staid'ness. [From Stay.]
Stain, stiln, v.t. to tinge or colour: to give a
different colour to : to dye : to mark with guilt
or infamy : to bring reproach on : to sully : to
tarnish.—n. a discoloration : a spot : taint of
Suilt : cause of reproach : shame. [Short for
>istain.J
Stainless, stfin'les, adj. without or free from stain.
StalT, star, «. {orig.) a series of steps for ascend
ing to a higher level : one of such steps : a
flight of steps, only in pi. [A. S. stager—stigan,
to ascend, Ger. steigen, Ice. stigi, a ladder.
See Stile, a step, and Sty.]
Staircase, staVkas, «. a case or flight of stairs
with balusters, &C.
Stake, stak, n. a strong stick pointed at one end :
one of the upright pieces of a fence : a post to
which an animal is tied, esp. that to which a
martyr was tied to be burned : martyrdom : any
thing pledged in a wager.—v.t. to fasten, or
pierce with a stake : to mark the bounds of
with stakes: to wager: to hazard. [A.S. staca
—stecan. See Stick. J
Stalactlc, sta-Iak'tik, Stalactitic, sta-lak-tit'ik,
adj. having the form or properties of a stalac
tite.
Stalactite, sta-lak'tit, n. a cone of carbonate of
lime, hanging like an icicle, in a cavern, formed
by the dripping of water containing carbonate
of lime, [fr r.—Gr. stataktos, dropping—stalazd,
to drip, to drop.]
Stalagmite, sta-lag'mtt, n, a cone of carbonate
of lime on the floor of a cavern, formed by the
dripping of water from the roof. [Fr.— Gr.
stalagvws, a dropping—stalazd, to drip.]
StalagmltlC, sta-lag-mit'ik, adj. having the form
of stalagmites.
Stale, stal, adj. too long kept : tainted : vapid or
tasteless from age, as Deer : not new : worn out
hy age : decayed : no longer fresh : trite.—«.
Stale'ness. [Prov. E. stale, conn, with O. Dut.
stel, old.]
Stale, stal, v.i. to make water, as beasts. [Ger.
statten—stall, a stable, A.S. stea11 (see Stall).]
Stalk, stawk, n. the stem of a plant : the stem on
which a flower or fruit grows : the stem ofa quill.
[An extension of A.S. stel(cf. Ice. stilkr, Dan.
stilk), cog. with Ger. stiel, which is allied to,
perh. borrowed from, L. stilus, a stake, a pale,
further conn, with Gr. stelechosj]
Stalk, stawk, v.i. to walk as on stilts: to walk
with long, stow steps : to walk behind a stalking-
horse : to pursue game by approaching behind
covers.—7'.t. io approach secretly in order to
kill, as deer.-«. Stalk'er. [A S. steaician—
stealc, high, elevated; Dan. stalke, to walk
with long steps.]
Stalking-horse, stawk'ing-hors, «. a horse behind
which a sportsman hides while stalking game :
a mask or pretence.
Stall, stawl, «. a place where a horse or other
animal stands and is fed : a division of a stable
fate, far ; me", her ; mine ;
Stand
for a single animal : a stable : a bench or tabid
on which articles are exposed for sale : the fixed
seat of a church dignitary in the choir : a reserved
seat in a theatre.—v.t. to put or keep in a stall.
[A.S. steall, Ice. stall-r, Ger. stall; conn, with
Ger. stelleh, and Gr. stello.]
Stallage, stawl'aj, «. liberty of erecting stalls in
a fair or market : reut paid for this liberty.
Stall-feed, stawl'-fed, v.t. to feed and fatten in a
stall or stable.
Stallion, stal'yun, n. a horse not castrated. [Lit.
'a horse kept in the stall,' Fr. estalon (Fr.
etalon), through Low L. from O. Ger. stall (see
Stall).]
Stalwart, stawl'wart, adj. stout : strong : sturdy.
[Lit. 'worth stealing,' A.S. slart-zt'ordA, See
Steal and Worthy ]
Stamen, stamen, n. {pi. Sta'mens) one of the
male organs ofa flower which produce the pollen :
—pi. Stamina, the principal strength of any
thing : the firm part of a oody which supports
the whole. [Lit. 'a thread, L. stamen \p\. sta
mina), the warp in an upright loom, hence, a
thread—sto, E. Stand; like Gr. stemon, from
stcnai, to stand.]
Stammer, siam'cr, v.i. to halt in one's speech :
to falter in speaking: to stutter.—v.t. to utter
with hesitation. —n. hesitation in speech : defec
tive utterance.—tts. Stamm'erer, Stamm'ering,
—adv. Stamxn'erlngly. [A.S. stamor, stam
mering ; cog. with Low Ger. stammem.]
Stamp, stamp, v.i. to step or plant the foot firmly
down.—v.t. to strike with tne sole of the foot,
by thrusting it down : to impress with some
mark or figure : to imprint : to fix deeply : to
coin: to form: {£.) to pound.—n. the act of
stamping : the mark made by pressing something
on a soft body : an instrument for making im
pressions on other bodies : that which is stamped :
an official mark put on things chargeable with
duty, as proof that the duty is paid : an instru
ment for cutting materials into a certain shape
by a downward pressure : cast : form : character :
a heavy hammer worked by machinery for
crushing metal ores.— us. Stamp'er, Stamping.
[Low Ger. stampen, Ice. stappa, to stamp ;
cog. with Gr. stemph-. Sans, stambn: a nasal
ised form of Step.]
Stampede, stam-ped', n. a sudden fright seizing
on large bodies of horses or other cattle, causing
them to stamp and run : flight caused by panic.
[Sp. estampeda ; from root of Stamp ]
Stanch, stansh, v.t. to stop the flowing of, as
blood. — v.i. (B.) to cease to flow.—adj. constant :
trusty: zealous: sound: firm. —adv. Stancnly.
—M. Stanch'ness. [O. Fr. cstamhier (Fr.
e'tancker)—Low L. stancare, to stanch— L.
stagno, stagnare, to be or make stagnant. See
Stagnant.]
Stanchion, stan'shun, tt. an upright iron bar of a
window or screen: {naut.) an upright beam
used as a support. [O. Fr. eslanfon—estancert
to stop, to stay. See Stencil.]
Stand, stand, v.i. to cease to move : to be
stationary : to occupy a certain position : to
stagnate : to be at rest : to be fixed in an up
right position: to have a position or rank: to
be in a particular state: to maintain an atti
tude : to be fixed or firm : to keep one's
ground : to remain unimpaired : to endure : to
consist : to depend or be supported : to offer
one's self as a candidate : to have a certain
direction : to hold a course at sea.—v.t. to
endure: to sustain: to suffer: to abide by:—
mOte ; mute ; mXSOn ; then. 4*7
 Stand State
pa.t. and pa.p. stood.— «. Stand'er. - Stand Starch, starch, adj. stiff, precise —n. stiffness:
against, to resist :—by, to support :—fast, to formality. [Simply a form of Stark.]
be unmoved :—for, to be a candidate for : Starch, starch, «, a glistering white powder, form
[ttant.) to direct the course towards :—out. to i ing when wet a sort of gum much used for
project :—to [B.) to agree to :—up, to rise from j stiffening cloth. —v.t. to stiffen with starch. —«.
a sitting posture :—upon (B. ) to attack : —With, j Starch'er. [Lit. ' that which makes stark or
to be consistent. [A. is. standan, Goth, standan. stiff; ' a special use of the adj. Stark; cf. Ger.
Ice. standa, O. Gcr. st&n (for slantan), whence stiirke, starch—stark, strong.]
Ger. stehen ; from a root seen in Gr. ki'Sta-nai, Star-chamber, star'-chim'beT, «. a tribunal with a
to place, L. sta-re, to stand. Sans. stkd.\ civil and criminal jurisdiction, which met in the
Stand, stand, «. a place where one stands or re old council chamber of the palace of West
mains for any purpose : a place beyond which minster, abolished in the reign of Charles I.
one does not go : an erection for spectators : [Said to have been so named either from the gilt
something on which anything rests: a stop: stars on the ceiling, or from the Jewish bonds
a difficulty : resistance.—n. Standstill, a stop. (called starrs, from Heb. sketar) which were
Standard, stand'ard, n. that which stamis or is kept in the room where the council met.]
fixed, as a rule : the upright post of a truss : Starched, starcht, adj. stiffened with starck :
that which is established as a rule or model : a stiff: formal.—adv. Starch'edly.—«. Starch'-
staff with a flag : an ensign of war : one of the ' edness. [stiff: precise.
two flags of a cavalry regiment ;not dragoons) : I Starchy, starchl, adj. consisting of or like starck :
[/tart.) a standing tree, not supported by a wall. Stare, stir, v.i. to look at with a fixed gaze, as
—adj. according to some standard : legal : usual : in horror, astonishment, &c. : to look fixedly.—
having a fixed or permanent value. [A.S.—0. v.t. to influence by gazing.—«. a fixed look*
Fr. estendard (Fr. e'tendard), which is either [A.S. starian, from a Teut. root seen in Ger.
from the Teut. root found in Ger. sicken, E. starr, fixed, rigid ; also in E. Stern.]
Stand, or from L. ex-tenaere, to stretch out.] Starfish, starfish, «. a marine animal usually in
Standing, standing, adj. established : settled : the form of a five-rayed star.
permanent : fixed : stagnant : being erect.—n. Star-gazer, staV-giz'er, n. one who gazes at the
continuance : existence : place to stand in : stars: an astrologer : an astronomer.
position in society. Stark, stark, adj., stiff: gross : absolute : entire.
Standlsh, stand'ish, n. a standing disk for pen —adv. absolutely : completely.—adv. Starkly.
and ink. | Stand and Dish.] [AS. stearc, hard, strong, cog. with Ice. sterk-r,
Stannary, stan'ar-i, adj. of or relating to tin Ger. stark. Doublet Starch.]
mines or works.—«. a tin mine. [L, stannum, Starling, starling, n. a bird about the size of the
tin.] [from tin. blackbird : (area.) a ring of piles supporting the
Stannic, stan'ik, adj. pertaining to or procured pier of a bridge. [Formed as a dim. from the
Stanza, stan'za, n. [poetry) a series of lines or obs. stare—A.S. star, cog. with Ger. staar, L.
verses connected with and adjusted to each stur-nm, Gr. psar.]
other: a division of a poem containing every Starred, stard, adj. adorned or studded with stars.
variation of measure in the poem. [It. stanza, Starry, star'i, adj. abounding or adorned with
a stop—L. starts, pr.p. of sto, to stand.] stars: consisting ofor proceeding from the stars:
Staple, sta'pl, h. [orig.) a settled mart or market: like or shining like the stars.—n. Starr'iness.
the principal production or industry of a district Start, start, v.i. to move suddenly aside : to winoe :
or country : the principal element : the thread to deviate : to begin.—v.t. to cause to move sud
of textile fabrics : unmanufactured material : a denly : to disturb suddenly : to rouse suddenly
loop of iron for holding a pin, bolt, &c.—adj. from concealment : to set in motion : to call forth :
established in commerce : regularly produced to invent or discover: to move suddenly from its
for market. [A.S. stapul and slaffel, a prop, a place : to loosen : to empty : to pour out. —n. a
table ; Ger. stapel, a heap, mart ; L. stabilis, sudden movement : a sudden motion of the
fixed. Sec Stable.} body : a sudden rousing to action : an unex
Stapler, stapler, n. a dealer. pected movement : a sally : a sudden fit : a quick
Star, star, n. one of the bright bodies in the spring : the first motion from a point or place :
heavens, except the sun and moon : one of the the outset. [Ice. sterta ; closely akin to DuL
heavenly bodies shining by their own light, and and Low Ger. storten, to plunge, Ger. sttirzen.)
which keep the same relative position in the Startle, startl, v.i. to start or move suddenly : to
heavens : a representation of a star worn as a feel sudden alarm.—v.t. to excite suddenly : to
badge of rank or honour: a person of brilliant or shock : to frighten.—n. sudden alarm or surprise.
attractive qualities: [print.) an asterisk [*].— [Extension of Start.]
v.l. to set with stars : to bespangle.—v.i. to shine, Starvation, star-vii'shun, n. act of starving:
as a star : to attract attention '■—PrP. starring; state of being starved.
pa.t. and pa.p. starred.—Star Of Bethlehem, n. Starve, starv, v.i. to die of hunger or cold : to
a garden plant of the lily family, so called from suffer extreme hunger or want : to be in want of
the likeness of its white starAWc flowers to old anything necessary.—v.t. to kill with hunger or
drawings of the star of Nativity (Matt. ii. 2, 9, cold : to destroy by want : to deprive of power.
10). [M. E. sterre— A.S. steorra, cog. with [AS. steorfan, cog. with Dut. sterven, Ger.
Ger. stem, L. Stella (for sterula), Gr. astir, sterben, to die, orig. prob. 'to work one's self to
Sans, stri, pL star-as.] death,* the Ice. star/, work, pains, and star/a,
Starboard, staKbOrd, n. the right-hand side of a to work, to take pains, being from the same root.]
ship, to one looking toward the bow.—adj. per Starveling, starvling, adj. hungry : lean : weak.
taining to or lying on the right side of a ship. —n. a thin, weak, pining animal or plant. [See
[Lit. 'the steering side,' A.S. steorbord—stcoran, Starve.]
E. Steer, and bord, a board, the side of a ship. State, stat, «. position : condition : situation : cir
See Board, Larboard, and cf. the Ger. steuer- cumstances at any time : the whole body of
bord.\ people under one government : the public : the
fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon ; tken.
 Stated
civil power : estate, one of the orders or classes
of men forming the body politic (as nobles,
clergy, commonalty) : a body of men united
by profession : rank, quality : pomp : dignity :
—pt. the bodies constituting the legislature of a
country.—adj. belonging to the state: public:
royal : ceremonial : pompous : magnificent.—v.t.
to set forth : to express the details of: to set down
fully and formally: to narrate : to set in order:
to settle. [Lit. 'a standing,' O. Fr. estat (Fr.
itat—h. status, from sto, stalum, E. Stand..]
Stated, stat'ed, adj., settled: established : fixed:
regular.—adv. Stat'edly.
Stately, staVli, adj. showing state or dignity :
majestic : grand.—«. Stateliness.
Statement, stat'ment, «. the act of stating: that
which is staled : a narrative or recital.
State-paper, stat'-pa'per, «. an official paper or
document relating to affairs of state.
State-prisoner, stat'-prizVer, «. a prisoner con
fined for offences against the state.
Stateroom, stat'rSom, «. a stately room in a
palace or mansion : principal room in the cabin
of a ship.
Statesman, stats'man, «. a man acquainted with
the affairs of the state or of government : one
skilled in government : one employed in public
affairs : a politician. —«. Statesmanship.
Statesmanlike, stats'man-llk, adj., like a states
man.
Static, stat'ik, Statical, stat'ik-at, adj. pertaining
to statics: pertaining to bodies at rest or in
equilibrium : resting: acting by mere weight.
Statics, stat'iks, n. the science which treats of the
action of force in maintaining rest or preventing
change of motion. [Gr. statike [epistemc,
science, being understood/—histemi, cog. with
K. Stand.}
Station, stu'shun, n. the place where a person
or thing stands : post assigned : position :
office: situation: occupation: business: state:
rank : condition in life the place where rail
way trains come to a stand : a district or branch
police-office.—v.t. to assign a station to: to set:
to appoint to a post, place, or office. [Lit. ' a
standing,' Fr.—L. statio—sto. See Stand.]
Stationary, sta'shun-ar-i, adj. pertaining to a
station: standing: fixed: settled: acting from
or in a fixed position (as an engine) : not pro
gressing or retrogressing : not improving.
Stationer, sta'shun-er, «. one who sells paper
and other articles used in writing. [Orig. a
bookseller, from occupying a stall or station in
a market-place.)
Stationery, sta'shun-er-i, adj. belonging to a
stationer.—«. the articles soH by stationers.
Statist, sta'tist, n. a statesman, a politician.
Statistic, sta-tist'ik, Statistical, sta-tist'ik-al,
adj. pertaining to or containing statistics. —
adv. Statistically. [science of statistics.
Statistician, stat-ist-ish'an, ». one skilled in the
Statistics, sta-tist'iks, n. a collection of facts and
figures regarding the condition of a people,
class, &c. : the science which treats of the col
lection and arrangement of statistics. [Coined
(as if from a form slatistiki) from the Gr.
statizd, to set up, establish.]
Statuary, stat'O-ar-i, «. the art of carving statues :
a statue or a collection of statues : one who makes
statues : one who deals in statues. [L. statuarins. ]
Statue, statu, w. a likeness of a living being
carved out of some solid substance : an image.
[Lit. 'that which is made to stand or is set up,'
Fr.—L. statua—statuo, to cause to stand—sto.]
fate, far ; rac, her ; mine ;
Steam-engine
Statuesque, stat-Q-esk', adj. like a statue. [Fr.]
Statuette, stat-Q-ct', «. a small statue. [Fr.]
Stature, stat'Or, «. the height of any animal.
[L. statura.}
Status, status, «., state: condition: rank. [L-]
Statutable, stat'ut-a-bl, adj. made by statute:
according to statute.—adv. Stat'utably.
Statute, stat'Qt, «. a law expressly enacted by the
legislature (as distinguished from a customary
law or law of use and wont) : a written law : the
act of a corporation or its founder, intended as a
permanent rule or law. [L. statutum, that
which is set up—statuo.]
Statutory, ttarQt-or-i, adj. enacted by statute:
depending on statute for its authority. [&c.
Staunch. Staunchly, Staunchness. See Stanch,
Stave, stav, «. one of the pieces of which a cask
is made: a staff or part of a piece of music :
a stanza.—?'./, to break a stave or the staves
of: to break: to burst: to drive off, as with a
staff: to delay : pa.t. and Pa.p. staved or stove-
[By-form of Stab and Stall.]
Stay, sta, v.i. to remain : to abide for any time :
to continue in a state : to wait : to cease acting :
to dwell: to trust. —v.t. to cause to stand : to
stop : to restrain : to delay : to prevent from
falling: to prop: to support :—pa.t. and Pa.p.
staid, stayed. —n. continuance in a place : abode
for a time: stand: stop: a fixed state: \B.)
a stand-still: prop: support: [naut.) a large
strong rope running from the head of one mast
to another mast ('fore-and-aft' stay), or to the
side of the ship (' back -stay) :—pL a kind of stiff
inner waistcoat worn by women. [O. Fr. esteir
— L. stare, to stand.]
Stead, sted, ». the place which another had or
might have. [Lit. 'a standing-place,' A.S. stcde,
from root of Stand ; cog. with Ger. statt.]
Steadfast, stcd'fast, adj. firmly fixed or estab
lished : firm : constant : resolute : steady.—adv.
Steadfastly.—//. Stead'fastness.
Steady, sted'i, adj. {camp. Steadier, superl.
Steadiest), firm in standing or in place : fixed :
stable : constant : resolute : consistent : regular :
uniform.—adv. Steadily.—«. Steadiness.
Steady, sted'i, v.t. to make steady: to make or
keep firm : -pa.t. and Pa-P- stead'ied.
Steak, stak, «. a slice of meat (csp. beef) broiled,
or for broiling. [M. E. steike, prob. from Ice.
steik, steikja, to broil.]
Steal, siel, v.t. to take by theft, or feloniously : to
take away without notice : to gain or win by
address or by gradual means.—v.i. to practise
theft : to take feloniously : to pass secretly : to
slip in or out unperceived :—pa.t. stole; pa.p.
stfll'cn.—«. Steaf'er. [A.S. stelan; cog. with
Ger. stehlen ; further conn, with Gr. stereo,
to rob. Sans, st^nas, a thief.]
Stealth, stelth, u. the act of stealing: a secret
manner of bringing anything to pass.
Stealthy, stclth'i, adj. done by stealth : uni*cr-
ceived : secret, — adv. Stealth ily. —n. Stealth' -
lness.
Steam, stem, «. the vapour into which water is
changed when heated to the boiling-point, water
in the gaseous state : the mist formed by con
densed vapour: any exhalation.—v.i. to rise or
pass off in steam or vapour : to move by steam.
—v.t. to expose to steam. [A.S. steam; cog.
with Dut. stoom, Fris. stoame.]
Steamboat, stem'hot. Steamship, stem'ship,
Steam-vessel, stem'-ves'el, ». a boat, ship, or
vessel propelled by steam.
Steam-engine, stem'-cn'jin, «. an engine or
mote ; mute ; mOOn ; then. 4ay
 Steamer Stem
machine which changes heat into useful work Stencil, sten'sil, «. a plate of metal, &c. with a
through the medium of steam. pattern cut out, which is impressed upon a sur
Steamer, sterner, n. a vessel moved by steam: a face by drawing a brush with colour over it.—
vessel in which articles are steamed. v.t. to print or paint by means of a stencil:—
Steamy, stem'i, adj. consisting of or like steam : pr.p. sten'cilling ; pa.t. and Pa.p. sten'cilled.
full of steam or vapour. [O. Fr. estance [Fr. /tancon), a support—Low
Stearins, ste'a rin, «. the solid substance of beef L. stantia—L. sto, E. Stand.]
and mutton suet. [Gr. stear, steatos, suet— Stenography, sten-og'ra-fi, n. art of writing very
stenai, aorist inf. of kistemi, to make to stand.] quickly by means of abbreviations : shorthand.
Steatite, stc"a-tU, «. soapstone, a soft magnesian —u. Stenographer. —oiijs. Stenographic,
rock, soapy and unctuous to the touch. [Gr. Stenograph ic.il. [Gr. stenos, narrow, and
steatitcsstear. See Stearine.J graphd, to write.]
Steed, sted, «. a horse or stallion, esp. a spirited Stentorian, sten-ts'ri-an, adj. very loud or power
horse. [A.S. steda, from the root of Stand.} ful, like the voice of Stentor, a herald mentioned
Steel, stci, «. iron combined with carbon for mak by Homer. [L. stenloreus—Gr. —Stentor,
ing edged tools : any instrument of steel : an in Stentor.J
strument of steel for sharpening knives on : ex- Step, step, m. a pace : the distance crossed by the
treme hardness : a chalybeate medicine.—adj. foot in walking or running: a small space:
made of steel.—v.t. to overlay or edge with degree : one remove in ascending or descending
steel : to harden : to make obdurate. [A.S. a stair: round of a ladder: footprint: manner
sty11 cog. with Ice. sial, Ger. stakL\ of walking : proceeding: action:—//, walk: a
Steelyard, stil'yard, n. a weighing machine, in self-supporting ladder with flat steps.—v.i. to
which a single weight is moved along a graduated advance or retire by pacing : to walk : to walk
beam. tOrig. the yard in London where steel slowly or gravely. —v.t. to set, as a foot : to tix
was sold by German merchants.] as a mast:—pr.p. stepping ; pa.t* and pa~p.
Steep, step, adj. rising or descending with great stepped. [A. S. stape ; Ger. stnpjc.\
inclination : precipitous.—it. a precipitous place : Step-child, step'-chTld, « one who stands in the
a precipice.—adv. Steeply. -«, Steep'ness. relation of a child through the marriage of a
—Steep'en, v.i. to become steep. |"A.S. steap.] parent. [A.S. steop, Ger. stief, orig. an adj.
Steep, step, v.t. to dip or soak in a liquid : to im sig. bereft, and Child.] — So Step'-brother,
bue. —«. something steeped or used in steeping: Step'-daugh'ter, Step -fa ther, Step -moth er,
a fertilising liquid for seed. [M. E. stopen; Step'-sls'ter, Step -son.
prob. conn, with Steep, adj.) Steppe, step, n. one of the vast uncultivated plains
Steeple, stfip'l, «. a tower of a church or building, in the S.E. of Europe and in Asia. [ Russ %t*pj. ;
ending in a point. [A.S. stepel; conn, with Stepping stone, step'ing-stGn, n. a stone for step
Steep, adj., and with Staple.] ping on to raise the feet above the water or mud.
Steeplechase, step'l-chas, «. a chase or race, Stereographic, ster-c-o-graf'ik, Stereograph-
over nil obstacles, direct toward a distant object, Ical, ster-e-o-graf'ik-al, adj. pertaining to stere
orig. a steeple. ography : made according to stereography : de
Steer, ster, n. a young ox, esp. a castrated one lineated on a plane.—ativ. Stereograph Ically.
from two to four years old. [A.S. steor ; Ger. Stereography, ster-c-og'ra-fi, «. the art of show
stier ; akin to L. taunts, Gr. tauros% Sans. ing solitls on a plane. [Gr. stereos, hard, solid,
sth&ra, Ice, thior, Celt, tarbh.) and graphs, to write.]
Steer, steY, v.t. to direct with the helm : to guide : Stereoscope, ster'e-o-skOp, «. an optical contriv
to govern. —v.i. to direct a ship in its course: ance by which two flat pictures of the same
to be directed: to move. [A.S. steoran ; cog. object are seen having an appearance of solidity
with Ger. steitcrn, Ice. styra, to guide.] and reality.—n. Stereos copy. [Gr. stereos,
Steerage, steVaj, «. act or practice of steering: solid, and skoped, to see.]
the effect of a rudder on the ship : an apartment Stereoscopic, ster-e-o-skoplk, Storooscopical,
in the forepart of a ship for passengers paying ster-e-o-skop'ik-al, adj. pertaining to the stereo
a lower rate of fare. scope.
Steersman, sterz'man, n. a man who steers a ship. Stereotype, ster'e-o-tlp, «. a solui metallic plate
Stellar, stel'ar, Steilary, stel'ar-i. adj. relating for printing, cast from an impression of movable
to the stars: starry. [L. stellaris—Stella, a types, taken oil some plastic substance: art of
star.J [star: radiated. making or printing with such plates.—adj. per
Stellate, stelaf, Stellated, stelat-ed, adj. like a taining to or done with stereotypes.—v.t. to
Stellular, stel'u-lar, adj. formed like little stars: make a stereotype of: to print with stereotypes.
[From L. steliula, dim. of stella, a star.] [Gr. stereos, solid, and Type.]
Stellulate, stelu-lat, adj. [hot.) like a little star. Stereotyper, sterVo-tlp-er, n* one who makes
Stem, stem, «. the part of a tree between the stereotype plates.
ground and the branches : the little branch Sterile, ster'il, adj. unfruitful: barren: destitute
supporting the flower or fruit: a race or family: of ideas or sentiment. [Fr.—L. sterilis, akin to
branch of a family. [A-S. stefn, stemm, cog. Gr. stereos, hard, and to steira, a barren cow.
with Ger. stamm. The root is found in A.S. Sans, start]
s/a'f, Ger. stab ; see Staff.} Sterility, ster-il'i-ti, n. quality of being sterile:
Stem, stem, n. the prow of a ship : a curved piece unfruitfulncss : barrenness.
of timber at the prow to which the two sides of a Sterling, sterling, adj. a designation of British
ship are united.—r'./. to cut, as with the stem : money : pure : genuine : of good quality.
to resist or make progress against : to stop, to [Orig. the name of a penny : prob. from the
check \~pr.p. stemm'ing : fia.t. and pa.p. Easterlings, the early E. name for the mer
stemmed. [Same word as above, the trunk of a chants from North Germany, noted for the
tree forming the forepart of a primitive ship.] purity of their money, and said to have perfected
Stench, stensh, n. , stink: bad odour or smell. the British coin.]
[A.S. stenc ; Ger. stank. See Stink.] j Stem, st6rn, adj* severe of countenance, manner.
fate, far j mi, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Stern Sting
or feeling : austere: har»h: unrelenting: stead- j stif; cog. with Ger. steif; prob. conn, with L,
fast.—adv. Sternly. - w. Sternness. lOrig. < st/po, to cram.)
'rigid,' A.S. sterne, from the root of Stare; Stiffen, stif'n, v.t. to make stiff.—v.i. to become
conn, with M. E. stur, Scot, stour, Ger. Starr.] stiff* : to become less impressible or more obsti
Stem, stern, n. the hiiulpart of a vessel.—«. j nate- [obstinate : contumacious.
Stern'post, the aftermost timber of a ship that Stiff-necked, stif'-nekt, aiij. [lit.) stiffin the neck:
supports the rudder. [Lit. 'the part ot a ship Stifle, stl'ff, v.t. to stop the breath of by foul air
where it is steered ; ' cf. Ice. stjcfrn, a steering.] or other means : to suffocate : to extinguish : to
Sternmost, stern'most, adj. furthest astern. suppress the sound of: to destroy. [Prob. from
Sternaheets, stem'shets, «. the part of a boat Stiff, and so ' to make stiff; ' but influenced by
Ijetween the stern and the rowers. stive, M. E. form of E. Stew]
Sternum, ster'num, n. the breastbone. —adj. Stigma, stig'ma, n. a brand : a mark of infamy :
Sternal. [U—Gr. sternon, the chest.] {hot.) the top of a pistil :—pl. 6tlg'mas or Stig'-
Sternutatory, ster-nu'ta-tor-i, a*ij. that causes mata. [Lit. 'the mark of a pointed instru
sneezing.—n. a substance that causes sneering. ment,' L.—Gr.—root stig, lo be sharp (Sans.
[From L. stemuto, -atum, to sneeze.] tig), seen also in L. -sttnguo, -stiga, and iu E.
Stertorous, sieVm-rus, adj., snoring. —adv. Stick. Sting.]
Steftorously. [Fr. stertoreux—L. sterto, to Stigmata, stig'ma-ta, n. the marks of the wounds
snore. ] on Christ's body, or marks resembling them,
Stethoscope, steth'o-skop, n. the tube used in said to have been miraculously impressed on the
auscultation. [Lit. ' the chest-examiner,' Gr. bodies of saints.
stethos, the breast, skoped, to see, examine.] Stlgmatlo, stig-mar'ik, Stlgmatlcal, stig-mat'ik-
Stethoscoplc, steth-o-skoplk, Stethoscoploal, al, adj. marked or branded with a stigma: giv
steth-o-skop'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or per ing infamy or reproach.— adv. Stigmat'lcally.
formed by the stethoscope. Stigmatise, stig'ina-tlz, v.t. to brand with a
Stevedore, steve-dor, «. one whose occupation is stigma. [Gr. stigtnatizo. See Stigma.]
to load and unload vessels. [A corr. of Sp. Stile, stll, n. a step or set of steps lor climbing
estivador, a wool-packer—estiziar, to stow, to over a wall or fence. [A. S. stigel, a step—
pack wool—L. stipare, to press together.] stig-an, akin to Ger. steigen, to mount.]
Stew, stu. v.t. to boil slowly with little moisture. Stile, stll, n. the pin of a dial. Same as Style.
—V.L to be boiled slowly and gently.—«. meat Stiletto, sti-let'o, n. a little style or dagger with
stewed. [Lit. 'to put into a stove,' O. Fr. around pointed blade : a pointed instrument for
estuver, Fr. ituvet stove—Low L. stuba. See making eyelet holes:—//. Stllett'08.—v.t. to
8t0Ve.] stab with a stiletto:—pr'p. stilett'oing ; pa.t* and
Steward, stu'ard, «. one who manages the Pa.p. stilett'oed. [It., dim. of stilo, a dagger—
domestic concerns of a family or institution : one L. stilus. See Style.]
who superintends another's affairs, csp. an Still, stil. adj. silent: motionless: calm.—v.t. to
estate or farm : the manager of the provision quiet: to silence: to appease: to restrain.—
department, &c. at sea : a manager at races, adv. always : nevertheless : after that. —n. Still
games, &c. [M. E. stiward—A.S. sti-weard~ ness. [A.S. stille, fixed, firm ; Dut. stille, Ger.
stiga, E. 8ty, and Ward.] still: from the root of Stall.]
Stewardess, stfi'ard-es, n. a female steward : a Still, stil, v.t. to cause to fall by drops: to distil.
female who waits on ladies on shipboard. —n. an apparatus for distilling liquids. [L.
Stewardship, stu'ard-ship, n. office of a steward : slillo, to cause to drop—stilla, a drop, or simply
management. a contr. for Distil, like Sport from Disport.]
Stick, stik, v.t. to stab : to thrust in : to fasten by Still-born, stil'-bawrn, adj. dead when born.
piercing: to fix in: to set with something Still-life, stil'-lif, n. the class of pictures repre
pointed: to cause to adhere—v.t. to hold to: senting inanimate objects.
to remain : to stop : to be hindered ! to hesitate, Still-room, stil'-rCom, n. an apartment where
to be embarrassed or puzzled : to adhere closely liquors, preserves, and the like, are kept : a
in affection :—-fta.t. and pa.p. stuck. [A.S. housekeeper's pantry.
sticiatt ; cog. witli DuC steken, Ger. stecken ; Stilly, stil'i, adj., still: quiet: calm.
from the same root as Gr. stizd. See Sting. ] I Stilly, stil'li, adv. silently : gently.
Stick, stik, n. a small shoot or branch cut off a 1 Stilt, stilt, m. a support of wood with a rest for
tree : a staff or walking-stick : anything in the I the foot, used in walking.—v.t. to raise on stills:
form of a stick. [A.S. styece, cog. with Ice. to elevate by unnatural means. [Low Ger. and
stykki, Ger. stuck ; from the root ofStick, v.t.] Dut. stelte, a stilt; Sw. stylta, a support.]
Stickle, stik'l, v./. to interpose between com Stimulant, stim'G-lant, adj., stimulating : in-
batants : to contend obstinately. [See Stickler. ] i creasing or exciting vital action.—«. anything
Stickleback, stikl-bak, «. a small river-fish, so I i hat stimulates or excites: a stimulating medicine.
called from the spines on its back. [Prov. E. {See Stimulus.]
stickle—A.S. sticel (dim. of Stick), a spine, cog. Stimulate, stim'fl-lat, v.t. to prick with anything
with Ger. stachel, and Back. ] j sharp : to incite : to instigate.—«. Stimula'tion.
Stickler, stikler, n. a second or umpire in a duel : ' Stimulative, stim'ii-lat-iv, adj. tending to stimn-
an obstinate contender, esp. for something I late.—n. that which stimulates or excites.
trifling. [Orig. one of the seconds in a duel, ! Stimulus, stim'u-Ius, n. a goad : anything that
who were placed with sticks or staves to inter rouse* the mind, or that excites to action : a
pose occasionally} I stimulant:—//. Stimuli. (L. stimulus (for
Sticky, stik'i, adj. that sticks or adheres: ad stig-mulus)—Gr. stizd, to prick. See Stigma.]
hesive: glutinous.— ri. Stick iness. Sting, sting, v.t. to stick anything sharp into, to
Stiff, stif, adj. not easily bent : rigid : not liquid : pain acutely:—pa.t. and pa.p. stung.—n. the
rather hard than soft : not easily overcome : sharp-pointed weapon of some animals : the
obstinate : not natural and easy : constrained : thrust of a sting into the flesh : anything that
formal—adv. Stiffly.—*. 8tiff'nega. [A.S. ] causes acute pain : the point in the last verse of
fate, far ; mc, her ; mine ; mote : mute ; moTm ; Men. 4111
 Stingy Stoneware
an epigram. [A.S. sting-an ; cog. with Ice. ' lieved at one time to be the stock of the tame
stitiga, Gr. stizd, to prick (whence Stigma}.] dove : or the dove that lives on trees or in the
Stingy, stin'ji, adj. niggardly : avaricious.—adv. woods.
Stin'glly.—//. Stinginess. [Ety. unknown.] Stock-exchange, stok'-eks-chanj', «. the place
Stink, siingk, v.i. to smell: to give out a strong, where stocks are exchanged, or bought and sold.
offensive smell: —fia.t. stank; pa.p. stunk.—n. Stockfish, stok'fish, ». a general term for cod,
a disagreeable smell. [A.S. stincan; Ger. ling, tusk, and other fishes used in a dried state.
stiuken, to smell.] Stockholder, stok'hold-er, n. one who fields stock
Stinkpot, stingk'pot, u. an earthen jar or pot in the public funds, or in a company.
charged with a stinking, combustible mixture, Stocking, stok'ing, n. a close covering for the foot
and used in boarding an enemy's vessel. and leg. [Prooably a cover for the stocks or
Stint, stint, v.t. to shorten : to limit : to restrain. I stumps.]
—n. limit : restraint : proportion allotted. [A.S. I Stock jobbing, stok'-job'ing. «., jobbing or specu
astyntan, from Stunt.] lating in stocks.—u. Stock -jobb'er.
Stipend, stl'pcnd, n. a salary paid for services : ' Stock-still, stok'-stil, adj., still as a stock or post.
settled pay. [L. stipendium—stips (akin to L. Stole, stO'ik, «. a disciple of the ancient philoso
stifo, to crowd or press together, and therefore pher Zeno who taught under a porch at Athens :
orig. 'small coin in heaps'], a donation, and one indifferent to pleasure or pain. [L. Stoicus
pefuio, to weigh out.] —Gr. Stdfkos—stoa, a porch.]
Stipendiary, stl-pend'i-ar-i, adj. receiving stipend. Stole, stO'ik, Stoical, stO'ik-al, adj. pertaining to
—«. one who performs services for a salary. the Stoics, or to their opinions : indifferent to
Stipulate, stipu-lat, v.i. to contract: to settle {>leasure or pain.—adv. Stoically. —«. StO'-
terms.—«. Stlp'ulator. [L. stipulor, -atus, calness.
prob. from O. L. stipulus, firm, conn, withstipo, Stoicism, sLiVi-M/m, «. the doctrines of the
to press firm.] [a contract, i Stoics: indifference to pleasure or pain.
Stipulation, stip-it-la'shun, n. act of stipulating : Stoke, stOk, v.i. to stick, stir, or tend a fire.—m.
Stir, ster, v.t. to move : to rouse : to instigate.— I Stok'er. [From Stlok.]
v.i. to move one's self: to be active: to draw Stole, stol, pa.t. of Steal.
notice :—pr.p. stirring; Pad. and Pa.p. stirred. , Stole, stol, «. a long robe or garment reaching to
— «. tumult : bustle.—«. Stlrr'er. [A.S. styrian; the feet : a long, narrow scarf with fringed ends
Dut. storen, Ger. stdren, to drive ; conn, with i worn by a priest [A.S. stol—L. stota—Gr.
Steer, v.] stole, a robe, a garment—stelld, to array.]
Stirrup, stnAip, n. a ring or hoop suspended by a Stolen, stol'en, pa.p. of Steal.
rope or strap from the saddle, for a horseman's j Stolid, stolid, adj. dull : heavy : stupid : foolish.
foot while mounting or riding. [A.S. stigerap [L. stolidus ; from a root star, seen also in Gr.
—stigan, to mount, and rap, a rope.] stereos, firm.]
Stitch, stich, «. a pass of a needle and thread : an Stolidity, sto-lid'i-ti, «. state of being stolid:
acute pain.—v.t. to sew so as to show a regular I dullness of intellect. [L. stoltditas—stolidus.]
line of stitches : to sew or unite.—v.i. to practise \ Stomach, stum'ak, «. the strong muscular bag
stitching. [A.S. slice, a prick, stitch; Ger. I into which the food passes when swallowed, and
sticken, to embroider: conn, with Stlok,] where it is principally digested : the cavity in
Stitchwort, stich'wurt, n. a genus of slender ] any animal for the digestion of its food : appe
plants, including the chickweed, so called be- 1 tite.—v.t. to resent, {orig.) to bear on the
cause once believed to cure ' stitch' in the side. | stomach : to brook or put up with. 1L. stomackus
Stithy, stith'i, h. an anvil: a smith's shop. [Ice. —Gr. stomackos, orig. the throat, gullet; then,
stedhi, Sw. staii, an anvil.] the orifice of the stomach ; and later, the stom
Stiver, sti ver, «. a Dutch coin, worth one penny j ach itself—stoma, a mouth.]
sterling. [Dut. stuiver.} Stomacher, stum'a-cher, n. an ornament or sup
Stoat, stOt, «. a kind of weasel, called the ermine port for the stomach or breast, worn by women.
when in its winter dress. [Ety. unknown.] Stomachic, sto-mak'ik, Stomachlcal, sto-mak'ik-
StOCCad.0, stok-ad'o, n. a thrust in fencing. [It. al, adj. pertaining to the stomach : strengthen
stoccata, a thrust—stocco, a rapier, stake—Ger. I ing or promoting the action of the stomach.—
stock, a stick. See Stick, Stock.] Stomachic, n. a medicine for the stomach.
Stock, stok, n. something stuck or thrust in : Stone, stun, n. a hard mass of earthy or mineral
the stem of a tree or plant : a post : a stupid matter : a precious stona or gem : a tombstone :
person : the part to which others are attached : a concretion formed in the bladder : a hard
the original progenitor; family : a fund : capital : shell containing the seed of some fruits : a
shares ofa public debt : store : cattle :—fl. Stocks, standard weight of 14 lbs. avoirdupois: torpor
an instrument in which the legs of criminals are and insensibility.— v.t. to pelt with stones : to
confined : the frame for a ship while building : the free from stones : to wall with stones. —Stone'
public funds.—v.t. to store: to supply: to fill, i blind, adj. as blind as a stone, perfectly blind.
[A.S. state, a stick; cog. with Dut. sloe, Ger. [A.S- stan, cog. with Ger. stein, Gr. stia.]
stock. For the root see Stick.] Stonechat, stGn<;hat, Stonechatter, ston-chat'er,
Stock, stok, «. a favourite garden-flower. [Orig. n. a little bird, allied to the robin, so called
called stock-gillyflower, to distinguish it from from its chatteringand perching on large stones.
the stemless clove-pink, called the gillyflower, Stonecutter, stOn'kut-er, «. one whose occupa
which sec.] tion is to cut or hew stone.
Stockade, stok-ad', «. a breastwork formed of Stone-fruit, stOn'-frOot, «. a fruit with its seeds
stakes fixed in the ground.—v.t. to surround or 1 inclosed in a stone or hard kernel.
fortify with a stockade. [Fr. estocadc—estoc— Stones-oast, stoW-kast, Stones-throw, stGnr'-
Ger. stock, a stick. | thrO, n. the distance which a stone may be cast or
Stockbroker, stok'brok-er, n. a broker who deals I thrown by the hand.
in stock or shares. Stoneware, stfln'war, n. a coarse kind of potter's
Stockdove, stok'duv, «. a species of pigeon, be- ware baked as hard as a stone and glazed.
fate, far; mfi, her ; mine; mOte ; mute ; mo"on ; Men,
 Stony Strainer
Stony, ston'i, adj. made of or resembling stone : in a violent passion.—vd. to attack by open
abounding with stones : hard : pitiless : obdu force: to assault. [A.S. ; Ice. stormr ; Irom
rate : [B.i rocky. [stod.] root of Stir.]
Stood, stood, pad. and fa.p. of Stand. [A.S. Stormy, storm*!, adj. having many storms : agi
Stool, stSol, «. a seat without a back : the seat tated with furious winds : boisterous : violent :
used in evacuating the bowels : the act of eva passionate.—n. Storm'ineSS.
cuating the bowels. [AS. stol, Ger. stuhl ; Story, stG ri, «. a history or narrative of incidents
akin to Ger. stellen, to set, to place ; also to (so in B.)\ a little tale: a fictitious narrative.
Still, adj., Stall. Stand.] 10. Fr. estoire. It is simply a short form of
Stoop, sttSop, p.J. to bend the body: to lean for Story, History.]
ward : to submit : to descend from rank or reached also Storeyf stS'ri, «. a division of a house
dignity : to condescend : to swoop down on the the samebyfloor one flight of stairs : a set of rooms on
wing, as a bird of prey.—vd. to cause to incline Store, and orig.or sig. level. [Ety. dub. : perh. from
downward.—n. the act of stooping : inclination Stout, stowt, adj. strong 'storehouse.']
forward : descent : condescension : a swoop. resolute: proud: [&.) stubborn.—!/, : robust : corpulent :
[A.S. stupian; O. Dut. stoepen, Ice. stupa ; for porter.—a</v. StOUt'ly—n. StOUt'ness a name
akin to Steep and Stop.] :
Stop, stop, v.t. to stuff or close up : to obstruct : bold, (B.) stubbornness. [Allied to O. Fr. estout,
Dut. stout,
to render impassable : to hinder : to intercept : perh. from the root of Stilt-] and Ger. stols, bold, stout :
to restrain : to apply musical stops to : to regu Stove, stflv, «. an apparatus with a fire for warm
late the sounds of a stringed instrument by ing a room, cooking, &c.—vd. to heat or keep
shortening the strings with the fingers.—vd. to warm. [Orig. ' a hothouse,' allied to Low Ger.
cease going forwards : to cease from any motion stove, O. Ger. stupa (Ger. stube, room) ; cf. also
or action ; to leave off : to be at an end :—-pr.p. It. stufa, Fr. ituve—Low L. stuba ; but whether
stopp'ing; pad. and pa.p. stopped.—n. act of the Low L. word is from the O. Ger., or vice
stopping: state of being stopped : hinderance : versa, is doubtful. Cf. Stew.]
obstacle : interruption : {music) one of the vent- StOW, st5, t. to place : to arrange : to fill by
holes in a wind instrument, or the place on the packing things in. [Partly
wire of a stringed instrument, by the stopping to bring to a stand, partly from M. E. stouwen,
from M. E. stoiuen,
or pressing of which certain notes are produced : to place—stow, a place—A.S. siov ; cf. Dut.
a mark used in punctuation. [Lit. 'to stuff stuwen, to stow, to push, Ger. stauen.\
with tow,' M. E. stoppen—Q. Fr. estouper (Ice. Stowage, stG'aj, n. act of slowing or placing in
stoppa, Ger. stop/ent to stuff) ; all from L. stupa, order : state of being laid up : room for articles
the coarse part of flax, tow.J to be laid away.
Stopcock, stop'kok, n. a short pipe in a cask, Straddle, stradl, vd. to stride or part the legs
&c. opened and stopped by a cock or key.
Stoppage, stop'aj, n. act of stopping: state of wide — vd.
: to stand or walk with the legs far apart.
to stand or sit astride of.—«. act of strid
being stopped : an obstruction. ing. [Freq. formed from A.S, strati, pa.U of
Stopper, stop'cr, n. one who stops : that which stridan, E. Stride.]
closes a vent or hole, as the cork or glass mouth Straggle, strag'l, v.L to wander from the course :
piece for a bottle : [naut.) a short rope for mak to ramble : to stretch beyond proper limits : to
ing something fast.—vd. to close or secure with be dispersed. [^Freq. formed partly from stray,
a stopper.
Stopple, stopl, «. that which stops or clones the partly from A.b. strak, pa.t. of strican, to go,
to proceed, E. Strike.]
mouth of a vessel: a cork or plug.—vd. to Straggler, strag'lcr, «. one who straggles or goes
close with a stopple. from the course : a wandering fellow : a vaga
Storage, stoVaj, «. the placing in a store : the bond.
safe keeping of goods in a store : the price paid Straight, strat, adj. direct : being in a right line :
or charged for keeping goods in a store.
Storax, stG'raks, n. a fragrant gum-resin produced not crooked : nearest : upright.—adv. immedi
ately: in the shortest time.—ativ. Straight ly.
on several species of trees growing round the —«. Straight'ness. [Lit. ' stretched, A. S.
Mediterranean Sea. [L. and Gr. styrax.]
Store, stor, n. a hoard or quantity gathered : strekt, pa.p. of streccan, E. Stretch, influenced
also by Strait-]
abundance : a storehouse : any place where Straighten, strat'n, vd. to make straight.
goods are sold :—pi. supplies of provisions, Straightforward, strat-for'ward, adj. going for
ammunition, &c. for an army or a ship.—v.t. to
gather in quantities : to supply : to lay up in ward in a straight course : honest : open :
downright.—adv. Straightforwardly.
store : to hoard : to place in a warehouse. [O. Straightway, strat'wa, adv. directly : immedi
Fr. estoire. provisions—L. instaurt, to provide.]
Storehouse, stOr'hows, «. a house for sioringgoods ately Way.]
: without loss of time. [See Straight and
of any kind : a repository : a treasury.
Storied. stfl'rid, adj. told or celebrated in a story : Strain, stran, vd. to stretch tight : to draw with
having a history : interesting from the stones force : to exert to the utmost : to injure by over
tasking : to make tight : to constrain, make
belonging to it.
Stork, stork, w. a wading bird nearly allied to the uneasy or unnatural : to filter. —vd. to make
violent efforts : to pass through a filter. —n. the
heron. [AS. store; Ger. storch.] act of straining : a violent effort : an injury in-
Stork s-bill, storks'-bil, n. a kind of geranium, flicted by straining
with the fruit like the bill of a stork. [See [O. Fr. straindre—L.: astringo, note, sound, or song.
to stretch tight.
Pelargonium.] See String and Strong.]
Storm, storm, n. a stir or violent commotion of Strain, stran, «. race : stock : generation : de
the air producing wind, rain, &c. : a tempest : scent. [M. E. strend—A.S. strynd, stock—
violent agitation of society : commotion : stryruin, to beget.]
tumult: calamity: {mil.) an assault.—v.t. to Strainer, stran'er, n. one who or that which
raise a tempest : to blow with violence : to be
fate, far : mi, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mOOn ; Men. 403
 Strait Stretch
strata* : an instrument for filtration : a sieve, fying: state of being stratified : process of
cohtoder, Sec. being arranged in layers.
Strait, itrftt, adj. difficult : distressful : [ots strict, Stratiform, sirat'i-forra, adj. , formed like strata.
rigorous : narrow, so in B.).—«. a narrow pass in Stratify, strat'i-fT, v.t. \oform or lay in strata
a mountain, or in the ocean between two por or layers :—pr.p. strat'ifying ; pa.t. and pa.p.
tions of land : difficulty : distress. [O. Fr. strat'lfTed. [Fr. stratifier—L. stratum, and
estreit, tstroit (I**r. itrott)—L. strictus, pa.p. j'acio, to make.]
of stringo, 10 draw tight. Doublet Strict.) Stratum, stra'tum, n. a bed of earth or rock
Straiten, strat'n, v.t. to make strait or narrow : formed by natural causes, and consisting usually
to confine : to draw tight ; to distress : to put of a senes of layers : any bed or layer :—pi.
into difficulties. Strata, stra'ta. [L.—sterno, stratum, to spread
Straltlaced, strat'last, adj. rigid or narrow in out.]
opinion. [Lit. * laced strait or tight with stays.'] Stratus, stri'tus, n. a form of cloud occurring in
Straitly, striit'li, adv. narrowly; (if.) strictly. | a horizontal layer. [L. See Stratum.]
Straltness, strat'nes, «- state of being strait or Straw, straw, n. the stalk on which corn grows,
narrow : strictness : (/?.) distress or difficulty. and from which it is thrashed : a quantity of
Strand, strand, n. the margin or beach of the them when thrashed : anything worthless. [A.S-
sea or of a lake.—v.t. to run aground. —V.i. to streaiv, Ger. stroh, from the root of Strew. ]
drift or be driven ashore. [A.S. ; Ger. stratui. Strawberry, strawTier-i, n. a plant and its beny
Ice. strdnd, border, shore.] or fruit, which is highly esteemed—prob. so
Strand, strand, «. one of the strings or parts called from its striving or spreading along the
that compose a rope.—v.t. to break a strand. ground. [A.S. streaw-berie.\
[Allied to O- Ger. strew (Ger. siriihn), String, Strawed (B.) for strewed, pat. andpa.p. ofStrew.
rope, with excrescent -d] Strawy, straw^, adj. made of or like straw.
Strange, stranj, adj. foreign : belonging to Stray, stri, v.i. to wander : to go from the in-
another country : not formerly known, heard, closure, company, or proper limits : to err : to
or seen : not domestic : new : causing surprise rove: to deviate from duty or rectitude. —ft. a
or curiosity : marvellous: unusual: odd.—a*iv. domestic animal that has strayed or is lost.
Strangely.—n. Strange ness. [O. Fr. estrange [O. Fr. estraier, perh. from estrai—L. strata,
(Fr. itrange)—L. extraneus—extra, beyond.J E. Street ; perh. influenced by Strew.]
Stranger, stranj'er, n. a foreigner : one from Streak, strfik, «. a line or long mark different in
home : one unknown or unacquainted : a guest colour from the ground : (;«/'«.) the appearance
or visitor : one not admitted to communion or presented by the surface of a mineral when
fellowship. [O. Fr. estrangier. See Strange.] scratched.—v.t. to form streaks in : to mark
Strangle, strang'gl, v.t. to draw tight the throat with streaks. [A.S. stric, strica, a stroke, line :
so as to prevent breathing and destroy life : to cog. with Ger. strich; from root of Strike.]
choke : to hinder from birth or appearance : to Streaky, streVi, adj. marked with streaks:
suppress.—w. Strang'lor. [O. Fr. estrangier striped.
(Fr. ilrangler)—L. strangulo, -alum—Gr. Stream, strSm, n. a current of water, air, or
siranggd, to draw tight. Cf. Strangury.] light, &c. : anything flowing out from a source :
Strangulated, strangjgu-liii-ed, adj. having the anything forcible, flowing, and continuous :
circulation stopped by compression. drift ; tendency.—v.i. to flow in a stream : to
Strangulation, strang-gu-la'shun, «. act ofstrang~ pour out abundantly : to be overflown with : to
ling: Imed.) compression of the throat and issue in rays: to stretch in a long line. [A.S.
partial suffocation in hysterics. stream; Ger. strom. Ice. straurrr-r.]
StrangTiry, strang'gQ-ri, n. painful retention of, Streamer, strem'er, n. an ensign or flag stream
or difficulty in discharging urine. [L. stran ing or flowing in the wind : a luminous beam
guria—Or. strangx, a drop, from stranggd, to shooting upward from the horizon.
squeeze, conn, with L. stringo (see Strain; ; Streamlet, strem'let, «. a little stream.
and ouron, urine.] Streamy, strem'i, adj. abounding with streams :
Strap, strap, «. a narrow strip of cloth or leather : flowing in a stream.
a razor-strop: {arch.) an iron plate secured by Street, stret, n. a road in a town lined with
screw-bolts, for connecting two or more timbers. I houses, broader than a lane. [A.S. strait {Out.
—v.t. to beat or bind wilTi a strap: to strop :— i straat, Ger. strasse. It. strada)—L. strata
Pr.p. stropping; /rt./and pa.p strapped.— adj. (via), a paved (way), from stcmo, E. Strew.]
Strapp ing, tall, haml>ome. [Orig. strop, front Strength, strength, n. quality of being strong ;
A.S. stropp, cog. with Dut. strop; allied to L. power of any kind, active or passive : force :
stmppus ; cf. Gr. sfrrphd, to twist.] vigour : solidity or toughness : power to resist
Strata, stnVta, //. of Stratum. attack : excellence : intensity : brightness : vali
Stratagem, strat'a-jem, n. a piece ofgeneralship : dity : vigour of style or expression : security :
an artifice, esp. in war : a plan for deceiving an j amount of force : potency of liquors: a fortifica
enemy or gaining an advantage. [I*—Gr. j Strengthen, tion. [A.S.—Strang,
strengthen,E.v.t.Strong.]
to make strong or
stratigema—strategos, a general—stratos, an
army, and agft, to lead.] stronger : to confirm : to encourage : to increase
Strategic, stra-tej'ik, Strategical, stra-tej'i-kal, in power or security. —v.i. to become stronger.
adj. pertaining to or done uy strategy.—adv. Strenuous, stren'fl-us, adj. active : vigorous :
Strategically. urgent: zealous: bold. —adv. Stren'uously —
Strategist, stral'e-jist, «. one skilled in strategy. n. Stren'uousnoss. [L. strenuus, akin to Gr.
Strategy, strat'e-ji, «., generalship, or the art of strenes, strong, hard.]
conducting a campaign and manoeuvring an Stress, sires, «. force : pressure : urgency : strain :
army. violence, as of the weather: (meek.) force ex
Strath, strath, n. (in Scotland ) an extensive erted in any direction or manner between two
valley through which a river runs. [Gael.] bodies. [Short for Distress. J
Stratification, strat-i-fi-kfi'shun, «. act of strati- Stretch, strech, v. t. to extend : to draw out : to
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mCon ; then.
 Stretcher
expand : to reach out : to exaggerate, strain, or
carry further than is right.—v.i. to be drawn
out : to be extended : to extend without break
ing.—n. act of stretching : effort : struggle :
reach : extension : state of being stretched :
utmost extent of meaning : course. [A.S.
streccan—strac, strong, violent, cog. with Gcr.
strack, straight, right out.]
Stretcher, strech'er, n. anything used for stretch
ing: a frame for carrying the sick or dead: a
footboard for a rower.
Strew, stro"0, v.t. to spread by scattering : to
scatter loosely :—/«./. strewed or strewn. [A.S.
streowian ; allied to Ger. streturn, L. sterno
(perf. stravi), Gr. storennymi, Sans, stri.]
Striated, strl'at-ed, adj. marked with stria or
small channels running parallel to each other.
—n. Stria'tlon. [L. stnatus, pa.p. of stria, to
furrow—stria, a furrow.]
Stricken, strik'n (A) pa.p. of Strike.—Stricken
in years, advanced in years.
Strict, strikt, adj. exact : extremely nice : observ
ing exact rules : severe : restricted : thoroughly
accurate, —adv. Strictly.—n. Strlct'ness.
[Orig. * drawn tight,' L. strictus, pa.p. of
stringo, to draw tight. Cf. Strain and Strangle. J
Stricture, strik'tur, n. {med. ) a morbid contrac
tion of any passage of the body : an unfavour
able criticism : censure : critical remark.
Stride, strid, v.t. to walk with long steps.—v.t.
to pass over at a step x—Pa.t. strode (obs. strid) ;
Pa.p. stridd'en.—n. a long step. TA.S. -stridan
(in be-stridan, bestride), prob. conn, with A.S.
stridA, strife, Ger. streit, from the idea of
'stretching,' 'straining.']
Strident, strident, adj., creaking, grating, harsh.
[L. stride/is, -entis, pr.p. of strideo, to creak.]
Strife, strif, «. contention for superiority : struggle
for victory : contest : discord. [M. E. strif—
O. Fr. e-strif. See Strive.]
Strike, strlk, v.t. to give a blow to: to hit with
force : to dash : to stamp : to coin : to thrust
in : to cause to sound : to let down, as a sail :
to ground upon, as a ship : to punish : to affect
strongly : to affect suddenly with alarm or sur
prise : to -make a compact or agreement : (£.)
to stroke.—v.t. to give a quick blow : to hit : to
dash : to sound by being struck : to touch : to run
aground : to pass with a quick effect : to dart :
to lower the flag in token of respect or surrender :
to give up work in order to secure higher wages
or the redress of some grievance .—pa.t. struck ;
pa.p. struck {obs. strick'en).—n. act of striking
for higher wages: {geol.) vertical or oblique
direction of strata, being at right angles to the
dip.—n. Strik'er.—To strike on", to erase
from an account : to print. —To Strike OUt, to
efface : to bring into light : to form by sudden
effort.—To Strike hands [B.) to become surety
for any one. [Prob. orig. sig. 'to draw,' A.S.
strican; Ger. strcieken, to move, to strike.]
Striking, strik'ing, adj. affecting : surprising :
forcible : impressive : exact.—adv. Strikingly.
String, string, «. a small cord or a slip of anything
for tying : a ribbon : nerve, tendon : the chord
of a musical instrument : a cord on which
things are filed : a series of things.—v.t. to
supply with strings : to put in tune : to put on a
string : to make tense or firm : to take the
strings off —pa.t. and Pa.p. strung. [A.S.
streng; cog. with Dut. streng, Ice. streng-r,
Ger. Strang: conn, with L. stringo, to draw
tight, Gr. stranggS. Cf. Strangle.]
Stringed, stringd, adj. having strings.
fate, far ; ml, her ; mine ;
Structure
Stringency, strin'jen-si, «. state or quality of
being stringent : severe pressure.
Stringent, strin'jent, adj., binding strongly :
urgent, —adv. Strin'gently. [L. stringens,
-entis, pr.p. of stringo. See Strict.]
Stringy, stringl, adj. consisting of strings or
small threads : fibrous : capable of being drawn
into strings.—n. String'iness.
Strip, strip, v.t. to pull off in strips or stripes : to
tear off: to deprive of a covering : to skin : to
make bare : to expose : to deprive : to make
destitute: to plunder.—v.t. to undress'.—Pr.p.
stripping ; pa.t. and pa.p. stripped. —n. same as
Stripe, a long narrow piece of anything. [A.S.
stryPan, allied to Ger. streifen.]
Stripe, strTp, n. a blow, esp. one made with a
lash, rod, &c. : a wale or discoloured mark
made by a lash or rod : a line, or long narrow
division of a different colour from the ground.—
v.t. to make stripes upon : to form with lines of
different colours. [Allied to Low Ger. stripe,
Ger. streif; belonging to the stem of Strip.]
Stripling, stripping, «. a youth : one yet grow
ing. [Dim. of Strip, as being a strip from the
main stem.]
Strive, strlv, v.u to make efforts : to endeavour
earnestly : to labour hard : to struggle : to con
tend : to aim : fad- strove; pa.p. striken.—w.
Striv'er. [O. Fr. e-strive-r, from the root of
Ger. streben, Dut. streven. Cf. Strife.]
Stroke, strok, n. a blow : a sudden attack : cala
mity : the sound of a clock : a dash in writing :
the sweep of an oar in rowing : the movement
of the piston of a steam-engine : the touch of a
pen or pencil : a masterly effort. [From A.S.
strac, pa.t. of strican, E. Strike ; cf. Gcr.
streick, a stroke.]
Stroke, strOk, v.t. to rub gently in one direction :
to rub gently in kindness. — «. Strok'er. [A.S.
stracian, from the root of Stroke, n. ; cf. Ger.
strcieken, streicketn.)
Strokesman, strOks'man, «. the aftermost rower,
whose stroke leads the rest.
Stroll, strOl, v.t. to ramble idly or leisurely : to
wander on foot.—n. a leisurely walk : a wander
ing on foot.—n. Stroll'er. [Ely. unknown.]
Strong, strong, adj. firm : having physical power:
hale, healthy : able to endure : solid : well forti
fied : having wealth or resources : moving with
rapidity : impetuous : earnest : having great
vigour, as the mind : forcible : energetic : affect
ing the senses, as smell and taste, forcibly :
having a quality in a great degree : intoxicating :
bright : intense : well established.—adz'. Strong'-
ly. [A.S. strang, strong; Ice. strang-r, Gcr.
streng, tight, strong ; from root of String.]
Stronghold, stronghold, «. a place strong to hold
out against attack : a fastness or fortified place :
a fortress.
Strop, strop, n. a strip of leather, or of wood
covered with leather, &c. for sharpening razors.
—v.t. to sharpen on a strop :—pr.p, stropping ;
Pa.t. and Pa.p. stropped. [Older form of Strap.]
Strophe, strOf e, «. in the ancient drama, the song
sung by the chorus while dancing towards one
side of the orchestra, to which its reverse the
antistrophe answers.—adj. StrophlC [Lit. 'a
turning,' Gr. strophe—strepkd, to turn, twist.]
Strove, strOv, pa.t. of Strive. [strown.
Strow, strO. Same as Strew :—Pa.p. strOwed or
Struck, struk, pa.t. and pa.p. of Strike.
Structure, strukt'flr, «. manner of building; con
struction : a building, esp. one of large size :
arrangement of parts or of particles in a sub
mOte ; mute ; mOTn ; Men. 495
 Straggle Stupid
stance : manner of organisation. —adj. Struct'- ■ closely to a subject : to try hard : to muse : to
Ural. [L. structura—struo, structurn, to build.] . apply the mind to books '.—pa.t* and Pa.p.
Struggle, strug'l, v.L to make great efforts with stud ied.—«. a setting of the mind upon a sub
contortions of the body : to make great exer- I ject : application to books, &c. : absorbed atten
tions : to contend : to labour in pain : to be in j tion : contrivance : any object of attentive con
agony or distress.—«. a violent effort with con- sideration : any particular branch of learning :
tonions of the body : great labour : agony. a place devoted to study. [O. Fr. estudier, h r.
[Ely. dub.] (tudier—L. studeo, to be eager or zealous ;
Strum, strum, v.t. to play on (as a musical instru perh. akin to Gr. sfimidl, haste.]
ment) in a coarse, noisy manner \—pr,p. strumm Stuff, stuf, ». materials of which anything is
ing ; Pa. /. andPa.p. strummed. [ From the sound-] made : textile fabrics, cloth, esp. when woollen :
Strumpet, strum'pet, w. a prostitute. —adj. like a worthless matter : [B.'j household furniture, &c
strumpet: inconstant: false. [Prob. from L. —v.t. to fill by crowding : to fill very full : to
stuprata, pa. p. of stupro, to debauch.] press in : to crowd : to cause to bulge out by
Strung, strung, pa.t. and pa.p. of String. filling : to fill with seasoning, as a fowl : to fill
Strut, strut, v i. to walk in a pompous manner : the skin of a dead animal, so as to reproduce its
to walk with affected dignity :—pr.p. strutt ing ; living form.—v.t. to feed gluttonously. [O. Fr.
pa.t. and pa»p. strutt'ed.—n. a proud step or estoffe, Fr. itoffe—\*. stuppa, the coarse part of
walk : affectation of dignity in walking. [Allied flax, tow, oakum.]
to Ger. strotzen, to be swollen or puffed up, Stultification, stul-ti-fi-kashun, n. act of stultify-
Low Ger. strutt, sticking out.] ing or making foolish.
Strychnia, strik'ni-a, Strychnine, strik'nin, n. a Stultify, stul'ti-fI, v. t. to make afool of : to cause
poisonous alkaloid obtained from the seeds of to appear foolish : to destroy the force of one's
nux vomica. (L. strychnus—Gr. strychnos, a argument by self-contradiction:—pa.t. and pa.p.
kind of nightshade.] stul'tified. [L. stultus, foolish,facto, to make.]
Stub, stub, «. the stump left after a tree is cut Stumble, stum'bl, v.i. to strike the feet against
down.—v.t. to take the stubs or roots of from something : to trip in walking : (fol. by upon) to
the ground :—Pr.p. stubb'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. light on by chance : to slide into crime or error.
stubbed. [A.S. styb, cog. with Ice. stubbr ; —v.t. to cause to trip or stop : to puzzle. —n. a
akin to L. stipes, Gr. stypos, a stem, a stake.] trip in walking or running : a blunder : a failure.
Stubbed, stubd, adj. short and thick like a stub [Akin to vulgar E. stump, to walk with heavy
or stump : blunt : obtuse.—//. Stubb'edness. steps, and to O. Dut. stomelen, also to E.
Stubble, stub'l, «. the stubs or stumps of corn left Stamp.]
when the stalk is cut. [Dim. of Stub.] Stumbling-block, stum'bling-blok, Stumbling-
Stubborn, stub'nm, adj. immovably fixed in stone. -stOn, n. a block or stone over which one
opinion: obstinate: persevering: steady: stiff: would be likely to stumble: a cause of error.
inflexible : hardy : not easily melted or worked. Stump, stump, n. the part of a tree left in the
—adv. Stubb'ornly.—«. Stubb ornness. [Lit. ground after the trunk is cut down : the part of
'fixed like a. stub.'] [thick, and strong. a body remaining after a part is cut off or de
Stubby, stub'i, adj. abounding with stubs: short, stroyed : one of the three sticks forming a wicket
StUCCO, slul^o, «. a plaster of lime and fine sand, in cricket.—v.t. to reduce to a stump . to cut off
&c. used for decorations, &c. : work done in a part of: to knock down the wickets in cricket
stucco.—v.t. to face or overlay with stucco : to when the batsman is out of his ground. [Allied
form in stucco. [It. stucco; from O. Ger, to Low Ger. stump, Dut. stomp.]
stucchi, a crust, a shell.] Stump-orator, stump-or'a-tor, «. one who har
Stuck, stuk, pa.t. and pa.p. of Stick. angues the multitude from a temporary plat
Stud, stud, n. a collection of breeding horses and form, as the stump of a tree : a speaker who
mares: the place where they are kept. [A.S. travels about the country, and whose appeals are
stod, stodhors, a stallion ; cog. with Ger. stute, mainly to the passions of his audience.
a mare ; prob. conn, with Stand. See Stallion, Stun, stun, v.t. to stupefy or astonish with a loud
Steed] noise, or with a blow : to surprise completely :
Stud, stud, n. a nail with a large head : an orna to amaze:—pr.p. stunn'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p.
mental double-headed button.—v.t. to adorn stunned. [A.S. stunian, to strike against, to
with studs or knobs : to set thickly, as with , stun (cog. with Ger. staunen). but prob. modi
studs '.—pr.p. studd'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. studd'- fied by confusion with O. Fr. estonner, Fr.
ed. [A.S. stttdu, a post, nail, ' something fixed,' itanner. See Astoni&a.]
from root of Stand.J Stung, stung, pad. and pa.p. of Sting.
Student, stu'dent, n. one who studies, a scholar : Stunk, stungk,/rt-A of Stink.
one devoted to learning : a man devoted to Stunt, stunt, v.t. to hinder from growth. [A.S.
books. [stallion. stutit, blunt, stupid: Ice. stuttr, short, stunted.]
Studhorse, stud'hors, n. a breeding-horse : a Stupefaction, stfl-pi-fak'shun, n. the act of mak-
Studied, studld, adj. qualified by or versed in ing-stuptd or senseless : insensibility : stupidity.
study: learned : planned with study or deliber Stupefactive, stQ-pi-fak'tiv, adj. causing stupe
ation : premeditated. faction or insensibility.
Studio, stu'di-o, «. the study or workshop of an Stupefy, stu'pi-fi, v.t. to make stupid or sense
ariist :-//. StU'diOB. [It.] less : to deaden the perception : to deprive of
Studious, stu'di-us, adj. given to study : thought sensibility :—pa.t. and pa.p. stu'pefied. [L.
ful : diligent: careful {with of); studied: de stupeo. to be struck senseless,facto, to make.]
liberately planned.—adv. Studiously.—«. Stu'- Stupendous, stQ-pen'dus, adj., to be wondered at
diougneis. for its magnitude : wonderful, amazing, astonish
Study, stud'i, v.t. to bestow pains upon: to apply ing.—adv. Stupendously.—«. Stupendoua-
the mind to : to examine closely, in order to ness. [L. stupendus.)
learn thoroughly : to form and arrange by Stupid, slfl'pid, adj. struck senseless: insensible :
thought : to con over.—v.t. to apply the mind deficient or dull in understanding : formed or
fate far ; me, her : mine ; mate ; mute ; moon ; tken.
 Stupor
done without reason or judgment: foolish: un
skilful.—adv. Stu'pidly.—ns. Stupld'ity, Stu'-
pidness. [Fr.—L. sht/idusA
Stupor, stG'por, n. the state of being struck sense
less: suspension of sense either complete or par
tial : insensibility, intellectual or moral : exces
sive amazement or astonishment.
Sturdy, stur'di. adj. [cam/. Sturdier, su/erl.
Sturdiest), stubborn or obstinate : resolute :
firm : forcible : strong : robust : stout.—adv.
Stur'dily.—«. Stur'dlness. [Lit 'stunned,' O.
Fr. estourdi, pa. p. of estourdir (Fr. itourdir),
It. stordire, to stun ; prob. from L. tor/idus,
stupefied.]
Sturgeon, stuKjun, n. a large cartilaginous sea-
fish yielding caviare and isinglass, and used for
food. [Fr. esturgeon, from O. Ger. sturio, Ger.
stJr.]
Stutter, stut'er, v.i. to hesitate in speaking: to
stammer. —n. the act of stuttering : a hesitation
in speaking. [M. E. stutten—Ice. stauta ; cog.
with Ger. stottem, Low Ger. stolen; an imita
tive word.]
Stutterer, stut'er-er, n. one who stutters.
Stuttering, stut'er-ing, adj. hesitating in speak
ing ; stammering.—adv. Stutt'erlngly.
Sty, stT, n. a small inflamed tumour on the eyelid.
[Lit anything risen, A.S. stigend, from stigan,
Goth, steigan, Sans, stigh, to step up]
Bty, stT, w. an inctosure for swine : any place ex
tremely filthy. [A.S. stige ;Ger. steige), from
same root as Sty above, and lit. sig. the place
where beasts go up, and lie.]
Stygian, stij'i-an, adj. {myth.) relating to Styx,
the river of Hades, over which departed souls
were ferried : hellish. [L.—Gr. styled, to hate.]
Stylar, stTl'ar, adj. pertaining to the /in of a
dial. [See Style.]
Style, stll, «, anything long and pointed, esp. a
pointed tool for engraving or writing: {jig.)
manner of writing, mode of expressing thought
in language : the distinctive manner peculiar
to an author : characteristic or peculiar mode
of expression and execution (in the fine
arts) : title : mode of address : practice, esp. in
a law-court : manner : form : fashion : mode of
reckoning time: the pin of a dial: hot. the
middle portion of the pistil, between the ovary
and the stigma.—v.t. to entitle in addressing or
speaking of: to name or designate. [Fr. — L.
stilus, for stiglus, from root found in Gr. stizJ,
to puncture. Sec Stigma.]
Stylish, stll'ish, adj. displaying style : fashion
able : showy : pretending to style.—adv. Styl'-
Ishly.—«. Styrlshness.
Styptic, stip'tik, adj., contracting or drawing to
gether: astringent: that stops bleeding.—«. an
astringent medicine. [Fr.—L. xty/ttcus—Gr.
sty/ttkos—styphd, to contract]
Suasion, swii'zhun, «. the act of /ersuading or
advising: advice. [Fr.—L. suasio—suadeo, to
advise.]
Suasive, swa'siv, adj. tending to persuade : per-
suasive.—adv. Sua'sively.—«. Sua'Blveness.
Suave, swSv, adj. pleasant : agreeable.—adv.
Suavely.—«. Suavity (swav'it-i). [Fr. — L,
suavis, sweet See Sweet.]
Subacid, sub-as'id, adj. somewhat acid or sour.
[L. sub, under, and Acid ]
Subaltern, sub'al-tern, adj. inferior: subordinate.
—n. a subordinate : an officer in the army under
the rank of captain. [Lit. 'under another,' L.
sub, under, and altemus, one after the other—
alter, the other.]
1F fAte, far ; me, her : mine ;
Sublimate
Subalternate, sub-al-tern'at, adj. succeeding by
turns : subordinate.—n. Subalterna'tlon.
Subaqueous, sub-i'kwe-us, adj. lying under
water. [L. sub, under, and Aqueous.)
Subdivide, sub-di-vld', v.t. to divide into smaller
divisions : to divide again. —v.i. to be subdivided :
to separate. [L. sub, under, and Divide.]
Subdivision, sub-di-vizh'un, «. the act of subdivide
ing: the part made by subdividing.
Subdual, sub-du'al, n. the act of subduing.
Subdue, sub-dii', v.t. to conquer: to bring under
dominion : to render submissive : to tame : to
soften.—adj. Subdu'able.—n. Subdu'er. [O.
Fr. subduzer—L. sub, under, and ducere, to
lead.] sub-edri-tur, n. an under or assistant
Subeditor,
editor. [L. sub, under, and Editor.]
Subfamily, sub'fam-i-li, «. a subordinatefamily .*
a division of a family. [L. sub, under, and
Family.]
Subgenus, sub-je'nus, n. a subordinate genus : a
division of a genus. [L. sub, under, and GenUS.]
Subjacent, sub-ja'sent, adj., lyingunderox below :
being iu a lower situation. [L. subjacens—subt
under, andjaceo, to He.]
Subject, sub'jekt, adj. under the power of another :
liable, exposed : subordinate : subservient—n.
one under the power of another : one under
allegiance to a sovereign : that on which any
operation is performed : that which is treated
or handled: [anat.) a dead body for dissection :
[art) that which it is the object of the artist to
express: that of which anything is said : topic:
matter, materials, [Fr. sujet—L. subjectus —
sub, under, andjacio, to throw.]
Subject, sub-jekt', 7i.t. to throiv or bring under:
to bring under the power of: to make subordi
nate or subservient : to subdue : to enslave : to
expose or make liable to : to cause to undergo.
Subjection, sub-jek'shun, n. the act of subjecting
or subduing : the state of being subject to
another.
Subjective, sub-jektlv, adj. relating to the sub
ject ; derived from one s own consciousness :
denoting those states of thought or feeling of
which the mind is the conscious subject, opposed
to objective.—adv. Subjectively.—n. Subject'-
iveness.
Subjectivity, sub-jek-tiv'i-ti, n. state of being sub
jective; that which is treated subjectively.
Subjoin, sub-join', v.t. to join under: to add at
the end or afterwards : to affix or annex. [L.
sub, under, and Join.]
Subjugate, sub'joo-g5t, v.t. to bring under the
yoke: to bring under power or dominion: to
conquer.—ns. Sub'Jugator, Subjnga'tion. [Fr.
subjnguer—L. sub, under, andjugum, a yoke.]
Subjunctive, sub-jungk'tiv, adj. subjoined :
added to something : denoting that mood of a
verb which expresses condition, hypothesis, or
contingency .—«, the subjunctive mood. [L.
sub, under, and jungo, to join. See Join.]
Subklngdom, sub-king'dum, «. a subordinate
kingdom : a division of a kingdom : a sub
division. [L. sub, under, and Kingdom.]
Sublease, sub-leY, «. an under-lease or lease by a
tenant to another. [L. sub, under, and Lease.]
Sublet, sub-let', v.t. to let or lease, as a tenant,
to another. [L. sub, under, and Let.]
Sublieutenant, sub-lef-ten'am, «. the lowest com
missioned officer in the army and navy : in the
army, it has taken the place of Ensign.
Sublimate, sub'lim-St, v.t. to //// u/ on high: to
elevate : to refine and exalt : to purify by raising
mOte : mute ; moun ; Men. 497
 Sublimation Substitution
by heat into vapour which again becomes K>fid. name : to promise to give by writing one's sig
—«. the product of sublimation. IL. subiimo, nature.—v.i. to promise a certain sura by setting
sublimatum.] one's name to a paper : to enter one's name
Sublimation, sub-Iim-A'thun, «. the act of sub for anything.—n. Subscrib'er. [L. subscribe—
limating or purifying by raising into vapour by sub, under, and scribo, scriptum, to write.]
heat and condensing by cold : elevation : exalta Subscription, sub-skrip'shun, «. act of subscrib
tion. ing: a name subscribed : a paper with signa
Sublime, sub-lim', adj. high: lofty: majestic: tures : consent by signature : sum subscribed.
awakening feelings of awe or veneration. Subsection, sub-sek'shun, «. an under section or
that which is sublime : the lofty or grand in division: a subdivision. [L. sub, under. Section.]
thought or style : the emotion produced by Subsequent, sub'se-kwent, adj., following or
sublime objects.—v.t. to exalt: to dignify, to coming after.—ath*. Sub'sequently. [L. sub
ennoble : to improve : to purify, to bring to a sequent, -entis, pr.p. of subsequvr—sub, under,
state of vapour by heat and condense again by after, scquor, to follow.]
cold.—v.i. to be sublimed or sublimated. [L. Subserve, sub-serv', v.t. to serve subordinately or
sublimit, of which ety. dub. ; pcrh. sub-limen, instrumental ly : to help forward. [L. subservio
up to the lintel.] —sub, under, servio, to serve.]
Sublimely, sub-llm'li, adv. in a sublime manner : Subservience, sub-seiVi-ens, Subserviency, sub-
loftily : with elevated conceptions. serv'i-en-si, «. state of being subservient : any
Sublimity, sub-lim'i-ti, «. loftiness : elevation : thing that promotes some purpose.
grandeur : loftiness of thought or style : noble Subservient, sub-serVi-ent, adj., subserving :
ness of nature or character : excellence. i serving to promote : subject : submissive. —adv.
Sublunar, sub-loon'ar, Sublunary, sub'loun-ar-i, Subserviently.
adj., under the moon : earthly : belonging to Subside, sub-sld', v.i. to settle down: to settle at
this world. [L. sub, under, and Lunar.) the bottom : to fall into a state of quiet : to sink.
Submarine, sub-ma-ren', adj., under or in the [L. subside—sub, down, and side, to sit.]
sea. [L. sub, under, and Marine.] Subsidence, sub-sid'ens, Subsidency, sub-sid'cn-
Submerge, sub-merj', Submerse, sub-mers', v.t. si, n. act or process of subsiding^ settling, or
to plunge under water : to overflow with water : sinking.
to drown.—v.i. to plunge under water.—us. Subsidiary, sub-sid'i-ar-i, adj. furnishing a sub
Submergence, Submer sion. [L. submerge, sidy, help, or additional supplies: aiding.—n.
-mersum—sub, under, merge, to plunge.] one who or that which aids or supplies : an
Submersed, sub-mcrst', adj. being or growing assistant. [sidy : to purchase the aid of.
under water : submerged. Subsidise, sub'si-dlz, v.t. to furnish with a sub-
SubmlBS, sub-mis', adj. (ebs.) cast down, prostrate. Subsldy, sub'si-di, n. assistance : aid in money : a
—adv. Submiss'ly (obs.), humbly, now Sub sum of money paid by one state to another for
missively. assistance in war. [L. subsidium, orig. troops
Submission, sub-mish'un, n. act of submitting or stationed behind in reserve, aid—sub, under,
yielding : acknowledgment of inferiority or of a and sido, to sit]
fault: humble behaviour : resignation. Subsist, sub-sisr/, v.L to have existence : to have
Submissive, sub-mis'iv, adj. willing or ready to the means of living. [L. subsisto, to stand still
submit : yielding : humble : obedient.—adv. —sub, under, sisto, to stand, be fixed.]
Submlss'ively.—«. Submlss'iveness. Subsistence, sub-sist'ens, n. state of being sub-
Submit, sub-mir/, v.t. to refer to th« judgment of sistent : real being: means of supporting life :
another: to surrender to another. — ?'./, to yield livelihood. [real being : inherent.
one's self to another: to surrender: to yield SubBistent, sub-sist'ent, adj., subsisting: having
one's opinion : to be subject \—pr.p. submitting ; Subsoil, sub'soil, u. the under soil: the bed or
pa.t. and pa.p. submitt'ed. [L. submitto—sub, stratum of earth which lies immediately beneath
under, mitto, missum, to send.] the surface soil. [L. sub, under, and Soil.)
Subordinate, sub-orMi-nAt, adj., lower in order, Substance, sub'stans, n. that in which qualities
rank, nature, power, &c. : descending in a or attributes exist : thai which constitutes any
regular series.—adv. Subor'dinately. [L. sub, thing what it is : the essential part : body :
under—orde, ordinis, order.] matter : property. [L. substantia—substo, to
Subordinate, sub-or'di-nat, «. one in a Imver stand under—sub, under, and sto, to stand.]
order ox rank: an inferior.—v.t. to place in a Substantial, sub-stan'shal, adj. belonging to or
lower order : to consider of less value : to make having substance : actually existing : real : solid :
subject. material : having property or estate.—a<iv. Sub
Subordination, sub-or-di-na'shun, n. act of sub stantially. Substantiality. [Fr. sub-
ordinating or placing in a lower order : state of stantiel—L.. substantialis,]
being subordinate : inferiority of rank or position. Substantiate, sub-stan'shalz, n.pl. essential parts.
Suborn, sub-orn', v.t. to procure privately or in Substantiate, sub-stan'&hi-at, v.t. to make sub
directly: to cause to commit a perjury.—«. stantial: to prove or confirm.
Suborn'er. [L, subomo—sub, under, orno, to Substantive, sub'stan-tiv, adj. expressing exist
adorn, to supply.] ence: real: of real, independent importance.—
Subornation, sub-or-na'shun, «. act of suborning adv. Sub'stantlvely.
or causing a person to take a false oath : crime Substantive, sub'stan-tiv, n. (gram.) the part of
of procuring any one to do a bad action. speech denoting something that exists: a noun.
Subpoena, sub-pe'na, n. a writ commanding the Substitute, sub'sti-tQt, v.t. to put in place of
atiendance of a person in court under a penalty. another.—n. one who or that which is put in
—zr.t. to serve with a writ of subpeena. [L. sub, place of another. [L. substittto, substitutum—
under, and parna, punishment.] sub, under, and statue, to set, place.]
Subscribe, sub-skrib', v.t. to write underneath: Substitution, sub-sti-tu'shun, n. act of substitut
to give consent to something written, or to attest ing or putting in place of another.—adj. Sub
by writing one's name underneath : to sign one's stitutional. [L. substituting
fate, fir ; m€, her ; mine ; mote ; mute : mn7ln : /*en.
 Substratum
Substratum, sub-stratum, «. an under stratum
or layer: the substance in which qualities exist.
(L. sub, under, and Stratum.]
Substructure, sub-*trukt Or, «. an understructure
or building: foundation. [L. sub, and Struct
ure.]
Subtend, sub-lend', v.t. to extend under or be
opposite to. [L. sub, under, and Tend.}
Subterfuge, sub ter-fQj, «. that to which one re
sorts for escape or concealment : an artifice to
escape censure or an argument: evasion. [Fr.
—L. subler/ugio, to escape secretly—subter,
under, secreLly, and fugio, to rice.]
Subterranean, sub-ter-r;We-an, Subterraneous,
sub-ter-run'e-us, adj. , under the earth or ground.
[L. sub. under, and terra, the earth.]
Subtil, SubtlUy, See under Subtle.
Subtile, sub'td, adj. delicately constructed : fine :
thin or rare : piercing : shrewd.—adv. Sub'-
tllely —n. Sub'tlleness. [Lit. 'woven fine,' L.
subtilis—sub, under, fine, and tela, a web.]
Subtilise, sub'til-Tz, v.t. to make subtile, thin, or
rare : to spin into niceties. —v.i. to make nice
distinctions: to refine in argument. [Fr. sub-
tiliser.)
Subttlty, sub'til-ti, n. state or quality of being
subtile : fineness : extreme acuteness : cunning.
Subtle, sut'l {B., Sub'tll), adj., subtile in a fig.
sense : insinuating : sly : artful : cunningly
devised.—adv. Subtly (B., Sub'tlUyj.—n.
Subtleness. [Contr. of Subtile.J
Subtlety, sut'l-ti, «. quality of being subtle: art
fulness: shrewdness: extreme acuteness.
Subtract, sub-trakt', v.t. to take away a part
from the rest: to take one number or quantity
from another to find their difference. [L. sub,
under, and traho, tractum, to draw away.]
Subtraction, sub-trak'shun, n. the act or opera
tion of subtracting: the taking of a less number
or quantity from a greater. [L. subtractio.]
Subtractive, sub-trak'tiv, adj., subtracting :
tending to subtract or lessen.
Subtrahend, sub'ira-hcnd, n. the sum or number
to be subtracted from another. [L. subtra-
hendus.]
Suburb, sub'urb, Suburbs, sub'urbz, «. the dis
trict which is near, but beyond the walls of a
city: the confines. [L. snburbium—sub, under,
□ear, and urbs, a city.]
Suburban, sub-urb'an, lulj. situated or living in
the suburbs. [L. suburbanus.]
Subvention, sub-ven'shun, n. act of coming to
relief, support : a government aid or subsidy.
[L. sub, under, and venio, ventutn, to come.]
Subversion, sub-vcr'shun, n. act of subverting or
overthrowing from the foundation : entire over
throw: ruin. [L. subz>ersio,]
Subversive, sub-ver'siv, adj. tending to subvert,
overthrow, or destroy.
Subvert, sub-vert', v.t. to turn as from beneath
or upside down : to overthrow from the founda
tion : to ruin utterly: to corrupt. —«. Sub
vert'er. [L. sub, under, and verto, versum,
to turn.]
Succedaneum, suk-se-da'ne-um, n. one who or
that which comes in the place of another: a
substitute. [L. succedaneus—succed(?.]
Succeed, suk-se"d\ v.t. to come or follow up or in
order: to follow: to take the place of.—v.i. to
follow in order: to take the place of: to obtain
one's wish or accomplish what is attempted : to
end with advantage. [L. succedo—sub, up, from
under, and cedo, to go.]
Success, suk-ses', n. act of succeeding or state of
fate, far ; mfi, her ; mine ;
Suffer
having succeeded : the prosperous termination
of anything attempted. [I., successus—succedo.]
Successful, suk-ses fool, adj. resulting in success :
having the desired effect or termination : pros
perous.—adv. Successfully.
Succession, suk-sesh'un, «. act of succeeding or
following after: series of persons or things
following each other in time or place : series of
descendants : race : {agri. ) rotation, as of crops :
right to take possession. [L. successio.]
Successlonal, suk-sesh'un-al, adj. existing in a
regular succession or order.
Successive, suk-ses'iv, adj. following in succession
or in order.—adv. Successively.
Successor, suk-ses'or, n. one who succeeds or
comes after : one who takes the place of
another. [L.]
Succinct, suk-singkt', adj. short: concise.—ad?'.
Succinctly.—n. Succinctness. [Lit. 'girded
up,' L. succinctus—suh, up, and ringo, to gird.J
Succory, suk'or-i, «. a form of Chicory.
Succour, suk'ur, v.t. to assist: to relieve.—«.
aid : relief.—n. SuCC'OUrer. [L. succurro, to
run up to—sub, up, and curro, to run.]
Succulent, suk'il-lent, adj. full of juice or moist
ure. — n. Suco'ulence.—adv. Succ'ulently.
[L. succulenius—succus, juice, the thing sucked
up—sugo, to suck.]
Succumb, suk-kumb', v.i. to lie down under: to
sink under : to yield. [L. sub, under, cumbo,
to lie down.]
Such, such, adj. of the like kind : of that quality
or character mentioned : denoting a particular
person or thing, as in such and such : [B.) Such
like = Such. [Lit. 'so like,' A.S. swelc, swile,
from swa, so, and lie, like, cog. with Goth, sva-
leiks. See So and like.]
Suck, suk, v.t. to draw in with the mouth : to
draw milk from with the mouth : to imbibe : to
drain.—v.i. to draw with the mouth : to draw
the breast : to draw in.—n. act of sucking :
milk drawn from the breast. —n. Sucker.
[A.S. sucan, sugan ; Ger. saugen ; allied to L.
sugo, suctum, Sans, ckush, to suck ; from the
sound.]
Suckle, sukl, v.t. to give suck to : to nurse at the
breast. [Dim. ofSuck.]
Suckling, suk'ling, «. a young child or animal
being suckled or nursed at the breast.
Suction, suk'shun, «. act or power of sucking:
act of drawing, as fluids, by exhausting the air.
Sudatory, sii'da-tor-i, adj., sweating,—«. a swent-
ing-bath. [L. sudatorius—sudo, sudatum, akin
to Sans, svid, to sweat, and to Sweat.]
Sudden, sud'en, adj. unexpected : hasty : abrupt.
—adv. Sudd'enly.—«. Sudd'enness. [A.S.
soden—Fr. soudain—h. subitaneus, sudden—
subitus, coming stealthily—sub, up, and eo.
Hum, akin to Sans. to go.]
Sudorific, su-dor-iflk, adj., causing sweat.-—n. a
medicine producing sweat. [L. sudor, sweat,
andfacio, to make.]
SudS, sudz, ».//., seething or boiling water mixed
with soap. [From pa.p. of seethan, to seethe,
cog. with Ger. sod—sieden. See Seethe.]
Sue, sQ, v.t. to prosecute at law.—v.i. to make
legal claim : to make application : to entreat : to
demand. [M. E. suen—O. Fr. suir (Fr. suivre)
—L. sequor, secutus, akin to Sans, sack, to
follow.]
Suet, su'et, n. the hard fat of an animal, par
ticularly that about the kidneys. —a^/j. Su'ety.
[O. Fr. sen [Fr. suif)—L. sebum, fat.]
Suffer, suf'er, v.t. to undergo: to endure : to be
mOte : mute ; moon ; then. 4^0
 Sufferable Summon
affected by: to permit.—v.t. to feel pain or I Sulk, sulk, v i. to be sullen.—Sulks, n. a fit of
punishment : to sustain loss: to be injured. — sullenness.
u. Suff'erer. [L. suffero—sub, under, andfero, SuUcy, sulk'i, adj. silently sullen.—k. Sulk'lness.
to bear.) [allowable. [A.S. solcen, slow: or perh- for sidty—O. Fr.
Sufferable, suf'er-a-bl, adj. that maybe suffered: soltif sullen, solitary. Compare Sullen, i
Sufferance, suf'cr-ans, «. state of suffering: Sullen, sul'en, adj. gloomily angry and silent :
endurance : permission : toleration. malignant : dark : dull.—adv. SuH'enly.—h.
Suffering, suf cr-ing, n. distress, loss, or injury. Sullenness. [Lit. 'solitary, dull/ O. Fr.
Suffice, suf-fis', v.t. to be enough : to be equal to solain—L. solus, alone. See Sole, adj.]
the end in view.—v.t. to satisfy. [L. sufficio, Sully, sul'i, v.t. to soil : to spot : to tarnish. —v.t.
to take the place of, to meet the need of—sub, to be soiled :—pa.t. and pa.p. sullied.—«. spot:
under, andfacio, to make.] tarnish. [Fr. souiller. See Soil, v.]
Sufficiency, suf-fish'en-si, w. state of being suffi Sulphate, sul'fat, «. a salt formed by sulphuric
cient', competence: ability: capacity: conceit. acid with a base. [acid.
Sufficient, suf-fishent, adj., sufficing: enough : Sulphite, sul'fIt, «. a salt formed by sulphurous
equal to any end or purpose : competent.—adv. Sulphur, sul'fur, «. a yellow mineral substance,
Sufficiently. very brittle, fusible, and inflammable : brimstone.
Suffix, suf'iks, n. a particle added to the root of a [L. ; said to be conn, with Sans, fulvari.]
word.—Suffix', v.t. to add a letter or syllabic to Sulphurate, sul'fur-at, v.t. to combine with or
a word to mark different notions and relations. subject to the action of sulphur.
[I., sub, under, after, andjigo, to fix.] Sulphureous, sul-fG're-us, adj. consisting of, con
Suffocate, suf o-kat, v.t. to choke by stopping the taining, or having the qualities of sulphur.
breath : to stifle. [L. sujfoco—sue, under, and Sulphuret, sul'fu-ret, ». a combination of sulphur
fauces, the throaL] with an alkali, earth, or metal.
Suffocation, suf-fo-ka'shun, u. act of suffocating : Sulphuretted, sul'fu-ret-ed, adj. having sulphur
state of being suffocated. in combination.
Suffragan, suf'ra-gan, adj. assisting.—n. an Sulphuric, sul-ffi'rik, adj. pertaining to or ob
assistant bishop. [Lit. 'voting for.'] tained from sulphur: denoting a certain well-
Suffrage, suf'raj, «. a vote: united voice, as of a known strong acid, formerly called oil of vitriol.
nation, or a congregation in prayer. [L. suffra- Sulphurous, sul'fur-us, adj. pertaining to, resem
gium—suffragor, to vote for.] bling, or containing sulphur: denoting the pun
SliffUSe, suf-fuz', v.t. to Pour underneath: to gent acid given out when sulphur is burned in
overspread or cover, as with a fluid. {L. sub, air.
underneath, and /undo, jusum, to pour. J Sultan, sul'tan, n. the supreme head of the Otto
Suffusion, suf-fu'zhunj «. act or operation of suf man empire.—«. Sul'tanshlp. [Ar. sultan,
fusing: state of being suffused : that which is power, prince—salita, to be strong ; allied to
suffused. Heb. shalat, to rule.]
Sugar, shoog'ar, n. a sweet substance obtained Sultana, sul-ta'na or sul-ta'na, n. the wife or
chiefly from a kind of cane.—v.t. to sprinkle, queen of a sultan : a small kind of raisin.
or mix with sugar: to compliment. [Fr. sucre Sultry, sul'tri, adj., sweltering : very hot and op
—Low h.sucara—Arab, sokkar—Pers. sckakar, pressive : close. —n. Sul'triness. [Another form
Sans, carkara, sugar, orig. grains of sand, is sweltry, from root of Swelter.]
applied to sugar because occurring in grains.] Sum, sum, «. the amount of two or more things
Sugar cane, snoog'ar-kSn, «. the cane or plant taken together : the whole of anything : a quan
from which sugar is chiefly obtained. tity of money : a problem in arithmetic : chief
Sugary, shoog'ar-i, adj. sweetened with, tasting points : substance or result of reasoning : sum
of or like sugar: fond of sweets. mary : height: completion.—v.t. to collect into
Suggest, sug-jest', v.t. to introduce indirectly to one amount or whole : to count : to bring into
the thoughts: to hint. [L. sub, under, from a few words :—Pr.p. summing ; pa.t. and pa.p.
under, and gero, gestum, to carry.] summed. [L. summa—summus, supremus, high
Suggestion, sug-jest'yun, n. act of suggesting: est, supcrl. of superus, on high—super, above.]
hint : proposal. Summarise, sum'ar-Iz, v.t. to present in a sum
Suggestive, sug-jest'iv, adj. containing a sugges mary or briefly.
tion or hint.—adv. Suggestively. Summary, sum'ar-i, adj., summed up or con
Suicidal, sQ-i-sl'dal, adj. pertaining to or partak densed : short : brief : compendious : done by a
ing of the crime of suicide. — adv. Suicidally. short method.—n. an abstract, abridgment, or
Suicide, sQ'i-sTd, «. one who falls or dies by his compendium.—adv. Summ'arily.
own hand : self-murder. [Coined from L, sui, Summation, sum-a'shun, n. act of summing or
of himself, and ca*do, to kill.] forming a total amount : an aggregate.
Suit, sflt, n. act of suing: an action at law: a Summer, sum'er, n. the second and warmest season
petition : a series : a set : a number of things of the year—June, July, August. —v.t. (B.) to
of the same kind or made to be used together, as pass the summer. [A.S. sutuor, with cog. words
clothes or armour: courtship.—v.t. to fit: to in most Tcut. tongues. The root is perh. found
become: to please. —v.t. to agree : to correspond. in Ir. santh, sun.]
Suitable, suta-bl, adj. that suits: fitting: acree- Summer-house, sum'er-hows, w. a house in a gar
able to: adequate.—adv. Sult'ably.—us. Suit den used in summer: a house for summer resi
ability, Suitableness dence.
Suite, sw€t, n. a train offollenoers or attendants : Summerset. Same as Somersault.
a regular set, particularly of rooms. [Fr., from Summit, sum'it, n. the highest point or degree :
Sue] the top. [L. summit'is—summus, supremus.]
Suitor, sflr/or, «. one who sues in love or law : a Summon, sum'un, v.t. to call with authority: to
petitioner : a wooer. command to appear, esp. in court : to rouse to
Sulcito. sulTcat, Sulcated, sulTcat-ed, adj..fur' exertion.—n. Summ'oner. [L. summoneo—sub,
rowed : grooved. [L. sulcus, a furrow.] secretly, and tnomo, to warn.]
5W fate, far; mC, her; mine; miite : milie ; moon ; Men.
 Summons
Summons, sum'unz, w. a summoning or an autho
ritative call : a call to appear, esp. in court.
Sumpter, sump'tcr, n. a horse for carrying packs
or burdens. [With inserted P from Fr. sommier
—L. sagmarius—L. and Gr. sagma, a pack-
saddle—Or. sat/3, to pack.]
Sumptuary, sumpt'G-ar-i, adj. pertaining to or
regulating expense, as in Sumptuary Laws,
which sought to curtail the expensive habits of
the citizens. [L. sumptuarius —sumo, sump-
tum, to take, contr. of sub, up, emo, to buy.]
Sumptuous, sumpt'G-us, adj. costly : magnificent.
—adv. Sumptuously. -/'.-. Sumpt uousnoss.
Sun, sun, n. the body which is the source of light
and heat to our planetary system : a body which
forms the centre of a system of orbs : that
which resembles the sun in brightness or value.
—v.t. to expose to the sun's rays '—pr.p. sunn'-
irig ; Pa.t. and pa.p. sunned. I VS. suntit ; Ice.
sunna, Goth, sunno ; an old word, of unknown
ety.]
Sunbeam, sun'be'm, n. a beam or ray of the sun.
Sunburned, sun'burnd, Sunburnt, sun'bumt, adj.,
burned or discoloured by the sun.
Sunday, sun'dii, «. the first day of the week,
so called because anc dedicated to the sun or its
worship.
Sunder, sun'der, v.t. to separate : to divide : (B.)
In Sunder, asunder. [A.S- sundrian, to sepa
rate ; sunder, separate ; Ice. sundr, asunder.]
Sundry, sun'dri, adj., separate : more than one or
two : several : divers.—n.pt. Sun dries.
Sunflsh, sun'fish, u. a jish whose body resembles
the forepart of a larger fish cut short off, sup
posed to be so called from its nearly circular
form.
Sunflower, sun'flow-cr, n. a plant so called from
itsflower, which is a large disk with yellow rays.
Sung, sung, pad. and pa.p. of Sing.
Sunk, stingk, Sunken, sungk'n, /././. of Sink.
Sunless, sun'les, adj. without the sun : deprived
of the sun or its rays : shaded : dark.
Sunny, sun'i, adj. pertaining to, coming from, or
like the tun : exposed to, warmed, or coloured
by the sun's rays. —n. Sunn moss.
Sunrise, sun'rls, Sunrising, sunVTz-ing, n. the
rising or first appearance of the sun above the
horizon : the time of this rising : the east.
Sunset, sun'set, Sunsetting, sun'set-ing, n. the
setting or going down of the sun : the west.
Sunshine, sun'shln, tt. the shining light of the sun:
the place on which he shines: warmth.
Sunshine, sun'shln, Sunshiny, iiin'ihTn-i, adj.
bright with sunshine : pleasant : bright like the
sun.
Sunstroke, sun'strok, «. {lit.} a stroke of the sun
or its heat : a nervous disease, from exposure to
the sun.
Sunward, sun'ward, adv., toivard the sun.
Sup, sup, v.t. to take into the mouth, as a liquid.
—p.j. to eat the evening meal : [B.) to sip:—
Pr.p. supp'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. supped.—n. a
small mouthful, as of a liquid. [A. 3. supan ;
Ice. supa, Ger. sanfen, to drink,]
Superabound. su-pcr-ab-ownd', v.i. to aboundex
ceedingly: to be more than enough. [L. super,
above, and Abound.]
Superabundant, su-per-ab-und'ant, adj., abund
ant to excess : more than enough : copious.—
adv. Superabund'antly. «. Superabund'-
ance.
Superadd, sfi-per-ad', v.t. to add oversold aboi'e.
—*. Superaodi'tlon. [L. super, above, and
fate, far . mC, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mooo ; Men.
Superior
Superannuate, su-pcr-an'u-St, v.t. to impair or
disqualify by living beyond the years of service
or by old age : to pension on account of old age
or infirmity. [L. super, above, and annus, a
year.]
Superannuation, su-per-an-Q-a'shun, «. state of
being superannuated.
Superb, su-perb'f adj. proud : magnificent : stately :
elegant.—adv. Superbly. [L. superbus, haughty,
proud—super, above.]
Supercargo, sii-per-kaVgo, «. an officer or person
in a merchant-ship placed over the cargo and
superintending all the commercial transactions
of the voyage. [L. sujxr, over, and Cargo.]
Superciliary, su-per-sil'i-ar-i, adj., above the eye
brow. [From L. super, above, and ciliutn, the
eyelid.]
Supercilious, su-per-sil'i-us, adj. lofty with pride :
disdainful : dictatorial : overbearing.—adv. Su-
percil'iously.—«. Supercil iousness. [L. super-
ciliosus—supcrcilium, an eyebrow—super, above,
and cilium, eyelid, akin to Gr. kyla, the parts
under the eyes.]
Supereminent, siri-per-cm'i-nent, adj., eminent in
a superior degree: excellent beyond others.—
adv. Supereminently.—«. Supereni inence.
[L. super, above, and Eminent.]
Supererogation, su-per-er-o-gu'shun, «. doing
more than duty requires or is necessary' for
salvation. — adj. Supererogatory. [Lit. 'pay
ing over and above, L. super, above, and erogo,
-aturn, to pay out—ex, out of, and rogo, to ask.]
Superexcellerit. su-per-ek'sel-lent, adj., excellent
above others, or in an uncommon degree.—«.
Superex'cellenoe. [L. super, above, Excellent.]
Superficial, sfl-per-fish'al, adj. pertaining to or
being on the surface: shallow : slight : contain
ing only what is apparent and simple : not
learned.—adv. Superfi cially.—//j Superfl'cial-
ness, Superficial ity. [From Superficies.]
Superficies, su-per-fish'ez, n. the upper /ace or
surface : the outer face or part of a thing. [L.
—super, above, andfades, face.]
Superfine, su'per-fln, adj.,fine aboxte others : finer
than ordinary. [L. super, above, and Fine.]
Superfluity, sfl-per-flOO'i-ti, n. a superfluous quan
tity or more than enough : state of being super
fluous : superabundance.
Superfluous, sG-per'floo-us, adj. more than enough :
unnecessary or useless.—adv. Super fluously.
[L. superfluus—super, above, andfluo, to flow.]
Superhuman, sO-per-hG'man, atij,, above what is
human: divine. [L. super, above, and Human.]
Superimpose, sG-per-im-poz', v.t. to impose ox lay
abotte. [L. super, above, and Impose.]
Superincumbent, sG-per-in-kum'bcnt, adj., lying
above. [L. super, above, and Incumbent.]
Superinduce, sG-per-in-dus', v.t. to bring in over
and above something else. [L. super, above,
I and induco—in, in, and duco, to bring.]
Superintend, su-per-in-tend', v.t. to have the over
sight or charge of: to control. [Lit. 'to be i«-
tenl overanything,' L. super, above, and intend*
■—in, on, and tendo, to stretch.]
Superintendence, sG-per-in-tend'ens, n* over
sight : direction : management, -
Superintendent, sG-per-in-tend'ent, adj., superin
tending.—n. one who superintends: overseer.
Superior, sG-p€'ri-or, adj., upper: higher in place,
rank, or excellence: surpassing others: beyond
the influence of.—n. one superior to othec? : the
chief of a monastery, &c. and of certain
churches and colleges. [L.r comp. of superm,
high—super, above.]
501
 Superiority
8up6rt0rttyr su-pc-ri-or'i-ti, «. quality or state of
being superior: pre-eminence: advantage.
Superlative, sO-perla-iiv, adj., carried above
others or to the highest degree: superior to all
others: most eminent: (gram.) expressing the
Highest degree of a quality.—«. [gram.) the
superlative or highest degree of adjectives and
adverbs.—adv. Superlatively. [L. super-
laiivus—superlatus, pa.p. of superfero—super,
above. Zero, to carry.]
Supernal, su-pernal, adj. that is above or in a
higher place or region : relating to things above :
celestial. [L. supcrnus super, above.)
Supernatural, su-per-nat'Q-ral, adj., above or
beyond the powers of nature; not according
to the usual course of nature : miraculous :
spiritual.—ativ. Supornat'u rally. [L. super,
above, and Natural.]
Supernaturalism, su-per-nat'u-ral-izm, n. the
belief in the influence of the supernatural in the
world.
Supernumerary, su-per-num'cr-ar-i, adj., over
and above the number stated, or which is usual
or necessary.—«. a person or thing beyond the
usual, necessary, or stated number. [L. super-
numerart'us—super, over, and Humerus* a
number.]
Superpose, sii-per-poY, v.t. to place over or upon.
[L. super, over, and Fr. poser (see POSO, «.).]
Superposition, sO-per-po-zish'un, «. act of super
posing* state of being superposed : that which
is above anything.
Superscribe, sii-per-skrlb', v.t. towrite or engrave
over, on the outside or top : to write the name
on the outside or cover of. [L. super, over,
above, and scribo, scripturn, to write.]
Superscription, sil-per-skrip'shun, n. act of super
scribing: that which is written or engraved
above or on the outside.
Supersede, su-per-secT, v.t. to sit or be above or
superior to : to make useless by superior power:
to come in the room of : to displace. [L. suffer,
above, and sedeo, sessum, to sit.J
Superstition, su-per-stish'un, «. excessive rever
ence or fear: excessive exactness in religious
opinions or practice : false worship or religion :
an ignorant and irrational belief in supernatural
agency: belief in what is absurd, without evi
dence. [L. superstitio, excessive religious be-
lief—super, over, above, and sto, to stand ; it
orig. meant a ' standing still oz>eror by a thing,'
in fear, wonder, dread.J
Superstitious, sii-pcr-stish'us, adj. pertaining to
or proceeding from superstition : showing or
given to superstition : over-exact. — adv. 8uper-
strtiously.
Superstructure, sQ-pcr-srrukt'ur, «. a structure
above or on something else : anything erected on
a foundation. [L. super, above, and Structure. J
Supervene, su-per-ven\ v.i. to come above or
upon : to occur, or take place. [L. super,
above, and venio, ventum, to come.]
Supervention, sil-per-ven'shun, n. act of super
vening or taking place.
SupervisaJ, sii-per-viz'al, Supervision, su-per-
vizh'un, «. act of supervising : inspection :
control.
Supervise, sfl-per-vTz'. v.t. to oversee: to super
intend. [L. super, over, and video, visum, to
see.] [an overseer: an inspector.
Supervisor, su-per-vlz'or, n. one who supervises:
Supine, su-pln', adj., lying on the back: leaning
backw.ird: negligent : indolent. —«. sii'pln
[Latin gram.) name given to the verbal form in
5u:> fate, tar, m£, her; mine;
Supposititious
urn and u (so called perh. because though fur
nished with case-endings, it rests or falls back
on the verb),—adv Supinely.—«. Supine'noss.
[L. supinus—sub, under, below ; cf. Gr. kyptios,
from ftypo. ]
Supper, super, n. a meal taken at the close of
the day. [Lit. 'taking of soup' Fr. sowpcr—
| soupe : from Ger. suppe. See Soup and Sup.]
Supperless, sup'er-les, adj. without supper.
Supplant, sup-plant', v.t. to displace by strata-
gem: to take the place of: to undermine.—n.
uppiant'er. [L. supplanto, to trip up one's
heels—sub, under, planta, the sole of the foot.]
Supple, sup'!, atli. pliant : lithe : yielding to the
humour of others : fawning. —v.t. to make
supple: to make soft or compliant —v.u to
become supple.—«. Supp leness (Fr. sonp/e—
L. supplex, bendingthe knees—sub, under, and
plico, to fold. ScePllant.]
Supplement, suple-ment, «. that which supplies
or 611s up: any addition by which defects are
supplied.—v.t. to supply or fill up : to add to.
[L. supplemeutum—snppleo, to fill up.]
Supplemental, sup-ple-ment'al. Supplementary,
sup-ple-ment'ar-i, adj. added to supply what is
wanting : additional.
Suppliant, sup li-ant, adj., supplicating : asking
earnestly : entreating.—n. a humble petitioner.
— adv. SuppHantly. [Fr. suppliant, pr.p. of
supplier—L. supplico.\
Supplicant, sup'li-kant, adj., supplicating: ask
ing submissively.—«. one who supplicates or
entreats earnestly. [L. supplicans, pr.p. of
supplico.*\
Supplicate, sup'li-kat, v.t. to entreat earnestly :
to address in prayer. [L- supplico, -alum—
supplex, kneeling down—sub, under, and pluro,
to fold.]
Supplication, sup-ti-ka'shim, n. act of supplicat
ing: earnest prayer or entreaty. [L. supplicatio.\
Supplicatory, sup li-ka-tor-i, adj. containing sup
plication or entreaty : humble.
Supply, sup-pll', v.t. to Jill up, esp. a deficiency :
to add what is wanted : to furnish : to fill a
vacant place: to serve instead of:—fia.t. and
pa.p. supplied'. [Fr.—L. suppleo—sub, up, and
pteo, to till.]
Supply, sup-pll', n. act of supplying: that which
is supplied or which supplies a want : amount of
food or money provided (used generally in //. ).
Support, sup-purl', v.t. to bear up: to endure or
sustain : to keep up as a part or character : to
make good : to defend : to represent : to supply
with means of living : to uphold by countenance,
patronise : to follow on same side as a speaker.
—«. act of supporting or upholding : that which
supports, sustains, or maintains : maintenance.
[L. sub, up, and Porto, to bear.]
Supportable, sup-pOrt'a-bl, adj. capable of being
supported : endurable : capable of being main
tained.—adv. Supportably.
Supporter, sup-port er, u. one who or that which
supports: an adherent: a defender: [for-.) a
figure on each side of the escutcheon.
Supposable, sup-pOz'a-bl, adj. that may be sup
posed.
Suppose, sup-poV| v.t. to lay down, assume, or
state as true: to imagine.—n. Suppos'er.
[Lit. 'to place under,' FY. supposer -L. sub,
under, and Fr. p->ser, to place [see Pose, «,).]
Supposition, sup jKi-rish'un, n. act of supposing ;
I that which is supposed : assumption. \br. - L.J
Supposititious, Bup-poz-i-Ush'us, adj. put by trick
in the place of another : spurious : imaginary.
mole; mute; inOOn; ;«cu.
 Suppress
[L. suptosititius—suppono, to put in the place
of another—sub, under, and pono, to place.]
Suppress, sup-pres', v.t. to press or put down : to
crush : to keep in : to retain or conceal : to stop.
—«. Suppress or [L. suppression, pa. p. of
supprimo—subt down, under, and premo (see
Press.]
Suppression, sup-presh'un, n. act of suppressing:
stoppage : concealment.
Suppressive, sup-pres'iv, adj. tending to suppress:
subduing.
Suppurate, sup'u-rat, v.i. to gather pus or matter.
[L. sub, under, and pus, Pur-is 'see Pus . :
Suppuration, sup-u-ra'shun, n. act or process of
suppurating or producing pus : matter.
Suppurative, sup'G-nit-iv, adj. tending to suppu
rate : promoting suppuration.—«. a medicine
that promotes suppuration.
Supramundane,
■world. (L. supra,sii-pra-mun'dan, adj., above the
above, and Mundane.]
Supremacy, sii-prem'a-si, n. state of being
supreme : highest authority or power. [Coined
from Supreme, on the model oi Primacy.]
Supreme, su-prcm', adj., highest : greatest : mo>t
excellent, —adv. Supremely, ft- ntprrmus,
superb of superus, high—super, above.)
Surcease, sur-ses', v.i. to cease. —v.t. to cause to
cease.—«■ cessation. [Fr. sursis, pa.p. of
sur-seoir, to leave ofl"—L. supersedere, to
sit over, to refrain from. Cf. Assize, Assess.
Doublet Supersede.!
Surcharge, sur-charj', v.t. to overcharge or over
load. —n. an excessive load. [Fr. sur—L. super,
over, and Charge.]
Surd, surd, adj. \alg.) involving surds : produced
by the action of the speech organs on the breath
(not the voice), as the 'hard' sounds k, t, P,f. &c.
— w. {atg. ) a quantity inexpressible by rational
numbers, or which has no root. [Lit. *deaf,' L.
surdus ; allied to Sans, svar, heavy.]
Sure, shoor, adj., secure: fit to be depended on :
certain: strong: confident beyond doubt. —
advs. Sure, Surely. [Fr. stir— L. securus.
Doublet Secure.]
Suretlshlp, shoOrti-ship, n. state of being surety:
obligation of one person to answer for another.
Surety, shODr'ti, n. state of being sure: certainty :
he or that which makes sure : security against
loss : one who becomes bound for another.
[Doublet Security.]
Surf, surf, *. the foam made by the dashing of
waves.—adj. Surfy. [Ety. very dub. ; perh.
from Surge ; under influence of L. sorbeo, to
suck in.]
Surface, sulfas, n. the exterior part of anything.
[Fr. [lit,) the 'upper face,' from sur—L. super,
and fact—L, facies. See Face. Doublet
Superficies. ]
Surfeit, sur'fit, v.t. to fill to satiety and disgust.
—n. excess in eating and drinking : sickness or
satiety caused by overfulness. [Fr. sur/ait,
overdone—L. super, amifactum.] [tony.
Surfeiting, surlit-ing, n. eating overmuch : glut-
Surge, surj, n. the rising or swelling of a large
wave.—v.i. to rise high : to swell. [Through
O. Fr. forms from L. surgo, to rise. See
Source]
Surgeon, suKjun, n. one who treats injuries or
diseases by operating upon them with the hand.
[From serurgien, an O. Fr. form of Fr. chi-
rurgien (whence E. Chlrurgeon), which see.]
Surgeoncy, sur jun-si, n. the office or employment
of a surgeon in the army or navy.
Surgery, sur'jer-i, n. act and art of treating
f&te, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Survey
diseases by manual operations : a place for
surgical operations.
Surgical, surjik-aL adj. pertaining to surgeons,
or to surgery: done by surgery.—adv. Sur'-
glcally.
Surgy, surj'i, adj. full of surges or waves : billowy.
Surloin, the preferable form of Sirloin.
Surly, sur'li, adj. morose : uncivil : tempestuous.
—adv. Surlily.—n. Surliness. [From A.S.
sur, sour, and lie, lice, like; Wedgwood
thinks it a modification of sir-ly, for sirlihe,
arrogant.]
Surmise, sur-mlz', «. suspicion : conjecture.—v.i.
to imagine : to suspect. [O. Fr. surmise,
accusation—surmettre, to accuse—L. super,
upon, mitto, to send, to put.]
Surmount, sur-mownt', v.t. to mount above : to
surpass.—adj. Surmount able, that may be
surmounted. [Fr.—sur(h. super), and monter
(see Mount}.]
Surname, sur'niim, «. a name over ami above the
Christian name: the family name.—v.t. to call
by a surname. [Formed from Fr. sur— L.
super, over and above, and E. Name, on the
analogy of Fr. sur-uom.]
Surpass, sur-pas', v.t. to pass beyond : to exceed :
to excel. [Fr. surpasser, from sut— L. super,
beyond, and passer (see Pass .]
Surpassable, sur-pas'a-bl, adj. that may be sur
passed or excelled.
Surplice, sur'plis, n. a while outer garment worn
by the clergy. [Fr. j«r//«-Low L. super-
pellicium, an over-garment. See Pelisse.)
Surplus, sur'plus, m. the overplus: excess above
what is required. [Fr., from sur—L. super,
over, and plus, more.]
Surplusage, sur'plus-aj, ft., overplus.
Surprise, sur-prlz', «. act of taking unawares : the
emotion caused by anything sudden : amaze
ment.—v.t. to come upon suddenly or unawares :
to strike with wonder or astonishment : to con
fuse. [Fr.—surpris, pa. p. of sur-prendre—Y..
super, and prehendo, to take, catch. See Get.]
Surprising, sur-prlzlng, adj. exciting surprise :
wonderful : unexpected.—adv. Surprisingly.
Surrender, sur-ren'der, vt. to render or deliver
over: to resign.—v.i. to yield up one's self to
another.— h. act of yielding, or giving up to
another. [O. Fr. surrendre, from sur, over—L.
super, and rendre (see Render).]
Surreptitious, sur-rep-tish'us, adj. done by stealth
or fraud.—adv. Surrepti'tlOUSly. [Lit. 'seized
in an underhand manner,' L., from surripio,
surreptum—sub, under, and rapio, to seize.]
Surrogate, sur'ro-gat, «. a substitute : the deputy
of an ecclesiastical judge. [Lit. 'one asked to
act in the place of another,' L. snrrogo, surro-
gatum—sub, in the place of, and rogo, to ask.]
Surround, sur-rownd', v.t. to go round about: to
encompass. [Fr. sur—L. super, about, and
Round.]
Surtout, sur-tOO', *. a close-bodied frock-coat.
[Fr. — Low L. super-totus, a garment worn cn>er
all others. ]
Surveillance, sur-vel'yans, n. a being vigilant or
watchful : inspection. [Fr.—surveiller—sur,
over — L. super, and veilUr, to watch— L.
vigilare. See Vigil.]
Survey, sur-va', vd. to see or look over: to in
spect: to superintend : to examine : to measure
and estimate, as land. [O. Fr. surveoir—L.
super, over, and videre, to see.]
Survey, surVa, «., oversight: view : examination :
the measuring of land, or of a country.
mote ; mute ; moon : thai.
 Surveyor Sway
Surveyor, sur-vu'or, n.
of land.—«. SurveyJorship.an overseer : a measurer Swab, swob, «. a mop for cleaning or drying floors
or decks.—v.t. to clean or dry with a swab :—
Survival, sur-vlv'al, n. a surviving- or living after. pr.p. swabb'ing ; pad. and Pa.p. swabbed.
Survive, sur-vlv', v.t. to live beyond: to outlive.— [Prob. orig. from the splashing movement of
v.i. to remain alive. [Fr.—L. super, beyond, water, and so conn, with Sweep.]
and vivere, to live.] Swabber, swob'er, «. one who uses a swab: an
Survivor, sur-viv'or, n. one who survives or lives officer who sees that the ship is kept clean.
after another.—?t, SUTViv'orship. Swaddle, swod1, v.t. to swathe or bind tight with
Susceptibility, sus-sep-ti-biri-ti, n. quality of clothes, as an infant. [A.S. swetfurl, a swadd
being susceptible : capability : sensibility. ling-band ; an extension of Swathe, to bind.]
Susceptible, sus-sep'ti-bl, adj. capable of receiv Swaddling-band, swod'ling-band, Swaddling-
ing anything : impressible : disposed to admit. Cloth, swodiing-kloth, n. a band, or cloth, for
—adv. Suscep tibly. [Fr.—L. suscipio, sus- merly used for swaddling an infant :—pi. [B.)
ceptutn, to take up, to undergo—$iti>, from be Swaddling-clothes.
neath, up, and capio, to take.] Swagger, swag'er, v.i. to sway or swing' the body
Susceptive, sus-sep'tiv, adj. capable of receiving in bluster : to brag noisily : to bully. —w. boast-
or admitting : readily admitting. fulness : insolence of manner.—n. Swagg/erer.
Suspect, sus-pekt', v.t. to mistrust : to imagine to [From the root of Sway, Swing.]
be guilty: to doubt: to conjecture. [L. sus- , Swain, swan, n. a young man : a peasant : a
picio, suspectum, to look at secretly—sub, from country lover. [A.S. swan, a servant ; Ice.
Deneath, up, and sflecio, to look at.] sveinn, young man, servant, Dan. svend, ser
Suspend, sus-pend', v. t. to hang one thing beneath | vant ; perh. conn, with root of Son.]
another : to make to depend on : to make to Swallow, swol'O, «. a migratory bird with long
stop for a time: to delay: to debar.—«. Sus wings, which seizes its insect food on the wing.
pender. [L. snspendo—sub, beneath, P*udo, \ [AS. swa/ewe ; cog. with Ger, schwa/be.]
Pensum, to hang.) Swallow, swol'O, v.t. to receive through the gullet
Suspense, sus-pens', «. state of being suspended: into the stomach : to ingulf: to absorb : to oc
act of withholding the judgment: uncertainty: cupy : to exhaust [A.S. swelgati, to swallow;
indecision : stop betwixt two opposites. cog. with Ger. schwetgen ; conn, with SwllL]
Suspension, sus-pen'shun, n. act of suspending: Swam, swam, pad. of Swim.
interruption ; delay : temporary privation of Swamp, swomp, «. wet, spongy land : low ground
office or privilege : a conditional withholding. filled with water.—v.t. to sink in, or as in a
Suspensory, sus-pens'or-i, adj. that suspends : swamp : to overset, or cause to fill with water,
doubtful.—n. that which suspends : a bandage. as a boat. [Closely conn, with Low Ger. and
Suspicion, sus-pish'un, «. act of suspecting : the Scand. svatnp, which, with A.S. swamm and
imagining of something without evidence or on Ger. schwamm, signify * sponge ' and 1 mush
slender evidence : mistrust. room ; ' all from the root of Swim.]
Suspicious, sus-pish'us, adj. full of suspicion : Swampy, swomp'i, adj. consisting of swamp : wet
showing suspicion : inclined to suspect : liable to and spongy.
suspicion: doubtful.—adv. Suspi'ciously.—«. Swan, swon, n. a web-footed bird like the duck
Suspiciousness. and goose. [A.S. ; cog. with Ger. schwan, Dut.
Sustain, sus-tfln', v.t. to hoLl up : to bear : to zwaan; from L. sono, to sound, Sans, svan.)
maintain : to relieve : to prove : to sanction : Sward, swawrd, «. the grassy surface of land :
to prolong.—«. Sustaln'er. [L. sustineo—sub, green turf. —vd. to cover with sward. [Orig.
from beneath, up, and tetteo, to hold.] the 'skin of bacon,' A.S. stueard: cog. with
Sustainable, sus-tan'a-bl, adj. that may be sus Ger. sckwarte, thick, hard hide, Ice. sv&rdrt
tained, [maintenance : provisions. the skin (esp. of the head), the sward or surface
Sustenance, sus'ten-ans, «. that which sustains: of the earth.] [covered with sward.
Sustentation, sus-ten-ta'shun, n. that which sus Swarded, swawrd'ed, Swardy, swawrd'i, adj.
tains: support: maintenance. Sware. swar [B.) pn,t. of Swear.
Sutler, sut'ler, «. a person who follows an army Swarm, swawrm, n. a body of humming or buzz
and sells liquor or provisions : a camp-hawker. ing insects : a cluster of insects, esp. of bees :
[0. Dut. soeteler, a small trader—soetelen, to do a great number : throng.—v.i. to gather as bees :
mean work ; Ger. sudler, a dabbler—sudeln, to to appear in a crowd : to throng : to abound :
do dirty work.] to breed multitudes. [A.S. swearm ; Ger.
Sutling, sut'ling, adj. pertaining to sutlers : en schwarm ; from the same root as Ger. schwirren.
gaged in the occupation of a sutler. Sans, svr, to sound.]
Suttee, sut-te", «. formerly in India, the sacrifice of Swarthy, swawrth'i, adj. of a blackish com-
a widow on the funeral pile of her husband : the i Slexion : dark-skinned: tawny.—adv. Swarth'-
widow so sacrificed. [Sans, cuddhi, voluntary y.-«. Swarth'iness. [A S. siturart ; cog.
sacrifice.] with Ice. svart-r, Ger. schwars, black ; conn,
Sutural, sflt'ur-al, adj. relating to a suture. also with L. sordidus, dirty.]
Suture. sQt'ur, n. [med.) the saving together of a Swath, swawth, «. a line of grass or corn cut by
wound: the seam uniting the bones of the skull: the scythe : the sweep of a scythe. [A.S.
(bat.) the seam at the union of two margins in a swa'the : Dut. awade, also a scythe, which may
plant. [L, sutura—suo, to sew.] have been the original meaning.]
Sutured, sut'urd, adj. having or united by sutures. ! Swathe, swa7A, v.t. to bind with a band or band
Suzerain, sGO'zc-rSn, n. a feudal lord : supreme or age.—h. a bandage. [A.S. be-swfthian. Cf.
paramount ruler. [Lit. 'one who is above,' Fr. I Swaddle. ]
sus—Late L. sustttn, for snrsum = sub-vcrsum, Sway, swS, v.t. to siuing or wield with the hand :
above ; the termination in imitation of Fr. to incline to one side : to influence by power or
sotcverain, E. Sovereign.] moral force : to govern. —v.i. to incline to one
Suzerainty, s6T/ze-nin-tt, n. the dominion of a ■ side : to govern : to have weight or influence- —
suzerain : paramount authority. «. the sweep of a weapon : that which moves
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOCiu ; Men.
 Swear Swingle-tree
with power : preponderance : power in govern Swell, swel, v.i. to grow larger: to expand: to
ing : influence or authority inclining to one rise into waves : to heave : to be inflated : to
side. [Prob. Scand-, as Ice. sveigja, Dan. svaie, bulge out : to grow louder : to be bombastic, to
to sway, sveie, to bend ; akin to Swing and strut : to become elated, arrogant, or angry : to
Wag.] gjow upon the view : to grow louder, as a note.
Swear, swar, v.i. to affirm, calling God to witness : —v.t. to increase the size of : to aggravate : to
to give evidence on oath : to utter the name of increase the sound of: to raise to arrogance :—
God or of sacred things profanely.—v.t. to utter, pa.p. swelled or swollen (swflln).—«. act of
calling God to witness : to administer an oath swelling : increase in size or sound : a gradual
to : to declare on oath :—pa t. swOre ; pa.p. rise of ground : a wave : the waves or tides of
sworn.—«. Swearer. [A.S. swerian ; cog. the sea, esp. after a storm : a strutting foppish
with Dut. zweren, Ger. schworen. Cf. Answer.] fellow, a dandy. [A.S. swellatt', cog. with Ger.
Sweat, swet, «. the moisture from the skin : schivelUn, Ice. svella.]
labour: drudgery.—v.i. to give out sweat or Swelling, swel'ing, adj. (B.) inflated, proud,
moisture: to toil.—v.t. to give out, as sweat: haughty.—«. protuberance : a tumour : a rising,
to cause to sweat. [A.S. swat ; cog. with Low as of passion : [B.\ inflation by pride.
Ger. sweet, Ger. sckweisz; further conn, with L. Swelter, swelt'er, v.i. to be faint, or oppressed
sudor, Gr. hidrds, Sans, svedas.} with heat. [A.S. siueltan, to die; Ice. svelta,
Sweaty, swet'i, adj. wet with sweat : consisting to hunger.]
of sweat : laborious.—tt. Sweat iness. Swept, swept, pa./, and pa.p. of Sweep.
Swede, swed, «. a native of Sweden. Swerve, swerv, v.i. to turn, depart from any line,
Swedish, swed'ish, adj. pertaining to Sweden. duty, or custom : to incline. [A.S. hweorfan ;
Sweep, swfp, v.t. to wipe or rub over with a Dut. swerveu; conn, with Warp.]
brush or broom : to carry along or off by a long Swift, swift, adj. moving quickly : fleet : rapid :
brushing stroke or force : to destroy or carry off speedy: ready.—«. a swiftly flying bird of the
at a stroke : to strike with a long stroke : to swallow tribe. [A.S.—swifan, to move quickly,
carry with pomp : to drag over : to pass rapidly Ice. svi/a, to glide. See Swivel.]
over.—v.i. to pass swiftly and forcibly: to pass Swiftly, swift'li, adv. with swiftness : rapidly.
with pomp : to move with a long reach :—pa.t. Swiftness, swift'nes, n. quality of being swift :
and pa.p. swept.—«. act of sweeping : extent of quickness : fleetness : rapidity : speed.
a stroke, or of anything turning or in motion : Swill, swil, v.t. or v.i. to drink greedily or largely.
direction of a curve : a chimney-sweeper.—«. j —n. a large draught of liquor : the liquid mix
Sweep'er. [A.S. nuapan; cog. with Low Ger. ture given to swine.—n. Swill'er. [A.S. nviiittn,
sw*pen, Ger. sckwei/en. Cf. E. Swab, Swoop, conn, with Swallow.]
and Swift. ] Swim, swim, v.i. tm float, as opp. to sink : to move
Sweepings, swcp'ingz, n.pl. things collected by on or in water : to be borne along by a current :
sweeping : rubbish. to glide along with a waving motion : to be
Sweepstakes, swe"p'stakz, n. all the money or dizzy : to be drenched : to overflow : to abound.
other things staked or won at a horserace, or —v.t. to pass by swimming: to make to swim
in gaming. [So called because the winner or float:—pr.p. swimm'ing : pa.t. swam; Pa.p.
sweeps up all the stakes or deposits.] swam orswum.—n. act of swimming : any motion
Sweet, swet, adj. pleasing to the taste or senses : like swimming: air-bladder of a fish. [A.S.
tasting like sugar : fragrant : melodious: beauti- sivimman, cog. with Ger. schwimmen.\
ful : fresh, as opp. to salt or to sour : not stale, j Swimmer, swim'er, n. one who swims ; a web-
sour, or putrid: mild: obliging.—ft. a sweet , footed aquatic bird.
substance: a term of endearment:—//, sweet Swimming, swim'ing, ft. the act of floating or
meats.— adv. Sweetly.—». Sweetness. [A.S. moving on or in the water : dizziness.
rivet, cog. with Ger. sQsz, Gr. Aedys, L. suavis, Swimmingly, swim'ing-li, adv. in a gliding man
sweet. Sans, svad, to taste.] ner, as it sivimmiug : smoothly: successfully.
Sweetbread, swCt'bred, n. the pancreas of an j Swindle, swin'dl, v.t. to cheat under the pretence
animal used for food, so called from its sweet- of fair dealing.—«. the act of swindling or
t/ess and resemblance to bread. defrauding. [Lit, 'to make dizzy,' Dut. ztven-
Sweet-brier, swet'-bri'er, ». a thorny shrub of the de/en, from the root of A.S. swindan, to become
rose kind resembling the brier, having a sweet weak, Ger. scktvinden, to disappear ; conn,
smell. with Swoon.]
Sweeten, swft'n, v.t. to make rzueet: to make Swindler, swin'dler, n. one who defrauds by
pleasing, mild, or kind : to increase the agree imposition : a cheat or rogue.
able qualities of : to make pure and healthy.— Swine, swTn, rt., sing, and //. a well-known
n. Sweetener. [that which sweetens. quadruped with bristly skin and long snout, fed
Sweetening, swet'n-ing, n. act of sweetening : for its flesh: a pig : pigs collectively. [A.S.
Sweetheart, sweYhart, n. a lover or mistress. swtft, cog. with Ger. schwein, O. Ger. sutn, L.
[Simply from Sweet and Heart ; an expression sits, Gr. ays. ]
found in Chaucer.] Swing, swing, v.i. to sway or wave to and fro, as
Sweetish, sweVish. adj. somewhat sweet to the a body hanging in air : to vibrate : to practise
taste. — //. Sweet'ishnoss. swinging : to turn round at anchor : to be
Sweetmeat, sweVmCt, «. confections made wholly hanged.—v.t. to move to and fro: to cause to
or chiefly of sugar. [Sweet and Heat ] wave or vibrate : to whirl, to brandish :—pa.t.
Sweet pea, swSt -p€, n. a pea cultivated for its and Pa.p. swung.—n. the act of swinging:
tweet fragrance and beauty. motion to and fro : a waving motion : anything
Sweet-potato, swet'-po-ta'to, «. a plant common in suspended for swinging in : the sweep or com
tropic.il countries having tubers like the potato, pass of a swinging body : power of anything
which are sweet and highly esteemed as food. swinging: free course. [A.S. swittgan, Ger.
Sweet-william, swgt-wiTyam, ». a species of schwtn^en. to swing ; allied to Wag. Sway.]
pink of many colours and varieties. Swingle-tree, swing'gl-trff, Single-tree, sing'gl-
liiic, far ; me, her ; mine ; mflte : mute ; mOTju : Men. 60S
 Swintah Sympathy
tre", n. the cross-piece of a carriage, plough, &c, 1 Sycophantic, sik-o-fant'ik, Sycophantlcal, -ik-al.
to which the traces of a harnessed horse are Sycophant'lsh, -ish, adj. like a sycophant'.
fixed. [From Swing.] obsequiously flattering : parasitic.
Swinish, swln'ish, adj. like or befitting swine : Syllabic, sil-lab'ik, SyUablcal, ik-aL adj. con
gross : brutal.—-adv. Swinishly.—n. Swin'- sisting of a syllable or syllables.—adv. Syllab-
lshness. ically. [bles.—n. SyUatrioa'tion.
Swirl, swerl, v.i. to sweep along with a whirling Syllabicate, sil-lab'i-kat, v.t. to form into sylla-
motion.—n. whirling motion, as of wind or Syllabify, sil-lab'i-fT, v.t. to form into syllables:
water. [Imitative like Whirl.] —pa.t. and pa p. syllab'ified.—«. Syllabifica
Swiss, swis, adj. of or belonging to Switzerland. tion. [Syllable, and L. facto, to make.)
—m. a native of Switzerland : the language of Syllabi©, si!'a-bl, n. several letters taken together
Switzerland. so as to form one sound : a word or part of a
Switch, swich, n. a small flexible twig : a movable word uttered by a single effort of the voice : a
rail for transferring a carriage from one line of small part of a sentence. [L. syllaba—Gr.
rails to another.—v.t. to strike with a switch : syllabi—syn, with, together, and lab, root of
to transfer a carriage from one line of rails to lamband, to take.]
another by a switch. [Low Ger. snvukse, Syllabub. Same as Slllabnb.
sivutsch*.] Syllabus, sil'a-bus, n. an abstract or compendium :
Swivel, swivl, «. something fixed in another a table of contents. [L.]
body so as to turn round in it : a ring or link Syllogise, sil'o-jlz, v.i. to reason by syllogisms.
that turns round on a pin or neck : a small Syllogism, sil'o-jizm, w. logical form of every
cannon turning on a swivel. [A.S. swi/iin, to argument, consisting of three propositions, of
move quickly, to turn round. Sec Swift.] which the first two arc called the premises, and
Swollen, swoln, pa.p. of Swell. the last, which follows from them, the conclu
Swoon, swOOn, v.i. to faint: to fall into a fainting sion. [Gr. syllogismos—syllogizotuai—syn. to
fit.—«. the act of swooning : a fainting-fit. [A.3. gether, iogizotnai, to reckon—logos, speech,
and 0. Ger. sioindan, to become weak, to fail.] reckoning.)
Swoop, swOTp, v./. to sweep down upon: to take Syllogistic, sil-o-jis'tik, SyllOgiStical, sil-o-jis'-
with a sweep: to catch while on the wing : lo tik-al, adj. pertaining to a syllogism : in the
catch up. —v.i. to descend with a sweep. —n. the form of a syllogism,—adv. Syliogis'tically.
act of swooping : a seizing as a bird on its prey. Sylph, silf, n. an imaginary being inhabiting the
[A form of Sweep.] air : a fairy. [Fr. sylphe, of Celtic origin : but
Swop, swop, v.t. to exchange, to barter:—pr.p. cf. Gr. sitphe, a kind of beetle.]
swopp'ing ; /././. and pa.p. swopped.—«. an ex Sylphid, silfid, «. a little sylph. [Dim, of Sylph.]
change. Sylvan. A wrong form of Silvan.
Sword, sord, n. an offensive weapon with a long Symbol, srm'bo], n. a sign by which one knows a
blade, sharp upon one or both edges, for cutting thing : an emblem : that which represents some
or thrusting: destruction by the sword or by thing else : a figure or letter representing some
war : war : the emblem of vengeance or justice, thing ; [theol. i a creed, compendium of doctrine,
or of authority and power. [A.S. suteord, cog. or a typical religious rite, as the Eucharist. [Gr.
with Ice. sverd, Ger. schwert.] symbolon, from symballd, to put together, to
Sword-bayonet, sord'-ba'on-et, «. a bayonet compare, infer, conclude—syn, together, and
shaped somewhat like a sword, and used as one. ballo, to throw.]
Swordcane, sOrd'kfm, Swordstlck, sOrd'stik, h. Symbolic, sim-bol'ik. Symbolical, sim-bol'ik-al,,
a cane or stick containing a sword. adj. pertaining to or of the nature of a symlwl :
Swordfish, sord'fish, n. a large sea:yfjA having representing by sit;ns : emblematic : figurative :
the upper jaw elongated so as to resemble a typical.—adv. Symbolically.
sword. Symbolise, sim'bol-Tz, v.i. to be symbolical: to
Swordsman, sOrdz'man, ». a man skilled in the resemble in qualities.—v.t. to represent by sym
use of the snvord.—n. Swords'manship. bols.
Swore, Sworn. See Swear. Symbollser, sim'bol-Tz-er, Symbolist, sim'boi-ist,
Sybarite, sib'a-rlt, n. an inhabitant of Sybaris, a n. one who uses symbols.
Greek town in ancient ltaly{ noted for the Symbolism, sim'bol-izm, n. representation by sym
effeminacy and luxury of its inhabitants : one bols or signs : a system of symbols : use of sym
devoted to luxury.—adjs. Sybaritic, Syba- bols : {llteol.} the science of symbols or creeds.
rit'icaL [black mulberry tree. Symmetrical, sim-mct'rik-al, adj. having sym
Sycamine. sik'a-mln, n. (B.) supposed to be the metry or due proportion in its parts : harmoni
Sycamore, sik'a-mor, n. the fig-mulberry, grow ous.—adv. Symmetrically, with symmetry.
ing in Egypt and other Eastern countries : in Symmetrise, sim'e-triz, v.t. to make symmetrical.
Britain, applied to a large maple, and in Symmetry, sim'e-tri, n. the state of one part being
America, to the plane-tree. [Gr. sykomoros— of the same measure with* or proportionate to
sykon, a fig, and moron, the black mulberry.] another : due proportion : harmony or adapta
Sycophancy, sik'o-fan-si, Sycophantism, sik'o- tion of parts to each other. [ L. and Gr. symme-
fant-izm, «. the behaviour of a sycophant: mean triasyn . together, and metron, a measure.]
tale-bearing : obsequious flattery : servility. Sympathetic, sim-pa-ther/ik, Sympathetica!,
Sycophant, sik'o-fant, n. a common informer : a sim-pa-thet'ik-al, adj. showing or inclined to
servile flatterer. [Gr. sykoph-antes, usually said sympathy, feeling with another: able to sym
to mean one who informed against persons pathise : compassionate : produced by sympathy.
exporting figs from Attica, or plundering the —adv. Sympathetically.
sacred fig-trees ; but more prob., one who brings Sympathise, sim'pa-thTz, v.i. to have sywp-tfhy:
fins to light by shaking the tree, hence one who to tcel with or for another : to be compassionate.
makes rich men yield up their truit by informa- i Sympathy, sim'pa-thi, n., J'eeliug with another :
tions and other vile arts —sykon, a fig, and I like feeling : an agreement uf inclination, feel
phaitid, to bring to light, to show.] ing, or sensation : compassion : pity : tender
6ju fftte, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; rnOOn ; then.
 Symphonioua Tabard
ness. [Gr. sympatheia—syn, with, and root of Synodic, sin-od'ik, Synod'ical, -al, any. pertaining
Pathos, Patient ] tonsynod: done inasynod. —adv. Synod'ically.
Symphonioua, sim-fb'ni-us, adj., agreeing ox har Synonym. Synonyme, sin'o-nim, n. a name or
monising in soumi; accordant: harmonious. word having the same meaning "with another :
Symphonlst, sim'fo-nist, n. a composer of sym one of two or more words which have the same
phonies. meaning. [Gr. syndnymon—syn, with, onoma,
Symphony, sim'fo-ni, n. an agreeing together in a name.]
sound ; unison, consonance, or harmony of Synonymous, sin-on'i-mus, adj. pertaining to
sound : a musical composition for a full band of synonyms: expressing the same thing : having
instruments : an instrumental introduction or the same meaning.—adv. Synon ymously.
termination to a vocal composition. [Gr. sym- Synonymy, sin-on'i-ini, «. the quality of being
phdnia—syn, together, phdni,
Symposium, sim-pO'zt-um, a sound.]together■; synonymous: a rhetorical figure by which syn
«. a drinking onymous words are used. {Gr. syn5nymia.\
a banquet with philosophic conversation : a Synopsis, sin-op'sis, n. a view of the whole to
merry feast. | L.—Gr. symposion—syn, together, ject :—■//.a collective
gether: Synop'ScS.or [Gr.
general view of anywith,
synopsis—syn, sub
posts, a drinking—find, to drink.]
Symptom, simp'tum, «. that which attends and together, opsis, a view—root op, to see.]
indicates the existence of something else, not as Synoptic, sin-op'tik, Synop tical, -al, adj. afford
a cause but as a constant effect: (wed.) that ing a general view of the whole.—adv. Synop'-
which indicates disease. [Gr. symptdma—syn, tically.
with, piptd, to fall.] Syntactic, sin-tak'tik, Syntactical, -al, adj. per
Symptomatic, simp-tom-at'ik, Symptomat'ical, taining to syntax: according to the rules of
-al, adj. pertaining to symptoms : indicating the syntax.—adv. Syntac tically.
existence of something else : {med.) proceeding Syntax, sin'taks, n. {gram.) the correct arrange
from some prior disorder.—adv. Symptomat ic- ment of words in sentences. [Gr. syntaxis—
aUy. syn, together, tassd, taxd, to put in order.]
Synrerosis, sin-cr'e-sis, «. the taking ox pronounc Synthesis, sin'the-sis, «. a putting together, a
ing of two vowels together, or making one of making a whole out of parts : the combination
them silent. [Gr. synairesis—syn, together, of separate elements of thought into a whole, or
haired, to take. See DieereslS.J reasoning from principles previously established
Synagogue, sin'a-gog, «. an assembly of Jews for to a conclusion, as opp. to analysis: {gram.)
worship : a Jewish place of worship. [rr.—Gr. the uniting of ideas into a sentence : (tried.) the
synagfig?—syn, together, agif, to lead.] reunion of parts that have been divided : (chem.)
Synchronal, singTtro-nal, Synchronous, sing'kro- the uniting of elements to form a compound: —
nus, adj. happening or being at the same time : //. Syn theses (-sez). [Gr. synthesis-syn, with,
simultaneous : lasting for the same time. [Gr. together, thesis, a placing—tithemi, to place.]
syn, together, chronos, time.] Synthetic, sin-thet'ik, Synthetical, -al, adj. per
Synchronism, singlero-nizm, «., concurrence of taining to synthesis: consisting in synthesis or
events in time : the tabular arrangement of I composition.—atlv. Synthetically.
contemporary events, &c. in history. [Gr. syn- I Syphilis, sifi-lis, M. an infectious venereal
chronismos—synckronizo, to agree in time.] disease.—adj. Syphilitic. [Ety. unknown.]
Syncopate, singlco-pat, v.t. to cut away so as to Syphon, Syren. Same as Siphon, 8iren.
bring other parts together; to contract, as a Syringe, sir'inj, «. a tube with a piston, by which
word, by taking away letters from the middle : liquids are sucked up and ejected : a tube used
[music) to unite by a slur the last note of a bar by surgeons for injecting, &c. — v.t. to inject or
to the first note of the next. [Low L. syncopo, clean with a syringe. [Gr. syringx, a reed, a
-atum—L. syncope—Gx. syn, together, koptd, to pipe]
cut off".] [ing. Syrup. Same as Sirup.
Syncopation, sing-ko-pit'shun, «. act of syncopat- System, sis'tem, n. anything formed of parts
Syncope, singlco-pe, «. the omission of letters placed together: an assemblage of bodies as a
from the middle of a word, as ne'er for never ; connected whole : an orderly arrangement of
(med.) a fainting-fit, an attack in which the objects according to some common law or end :
breathing and circulation become faint : (music) regular method or order: a full and connected
syncopation. [L.—Gr. syngkope] view of some department of knowledge : the
Syndic, sin'dik, n. one who helps in a court of universe. [Gr. systewa—syn, together, histtmi,
justice: an advocate: a government official : a to place.]
magistrate : one chosen to transact business for Systematic, sis-te-mat'ik, Systemat'lcal, -al, adj.
others. [L. syndicus—Gr. sytuiikos—syn, with, pertaining to or consisting of system : formed
dike, justice.] or done according to system: methodical. —adv.
Syndicate, sin'dik-at, «. a body of syndics : a Systematically.
council : the office of a syndic : a body of men Systematise, sis'tcm-a-tlz. v.t. to reduce to a
chosen to watch the interests of a company, or system.—n. SyS'tematiser.
to manage a bankrupt's property. Systole, sis'to-le, «. a bringing together or con
Synecdoche, sin-ek'do-ke, n. a figure of speech traction of the heart for expelling the blood l
by which a part is made to comprehend the [gram.) the shortening of a long syllable. [Gr.
whole, or the whole is put for a part. [Gr. systoli—syn, together, stello, to set, place.]
synekdoche—syn, together, ekdechomai, to
receive.] [by or implying synecdoche.
Synecdochical, sin-ek-dok'ik-al, adj. expressed
Synod, sin'od, «. a meeting: an ecclesiastical
council : among Presbyterians, a church court Tabard, tab'ard, n. a military garment of the i^th-
consisting of several presbyteries. [A. S. sinod— and 16th centuries, now worn by heralds. [O.
L. synodus—Gr. synotios—syn, together, hodos, a Fr. : Low L. tabardum ; pcrh. omn. with L.
way] tapes, tapestry, coverlet. See Tapestry.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Tabblnet Tailor
Tabbinet, tabl-net, n. a more delicate kind of Taciturn, tasl-turn, adj. habitually tacit or
tabby resembling damask, used for window- silent : not fond of talking : reserved in speech.
curtains. —adv. Taciturnly. [L. tacitumus—tacitus.\
Tabby, tab'i, «. a coarser kind of waved or Taciturnity, tas-i-turn'i-ti, ». habitual silence:
watered silk : an artificial stone, a mixture of reserve in speaking. [L. lacitumitas.]
shells, gravel, stones, and water.—adj. brindled : Taok, tak, n. a short, sharp nail, with a broad
diversified in colour. —v.t. to water or cause to head : the course of a ship in reference to the
look wavy:—/rt./. and pa.p. tabb'ied. [Fr. position of her sails : a lease.—v.t. to attach or
tabis—At. atabi, a kind of rich, waved silk.) fasten, esp. in a slight manner, as by tacks.—v.i.
Taber, v.t. {£.). Same as Tabour. to change the course or tack of a ship by shift
Tabernacle, tab'er-na-kl, n. (B.) the movable ing the position of the sails, [Lit. that which
building carried by the Jews through the desert, attaches, from a root widely spread in the Teut.
and used as a temple : a place of worship or (as Ger. zacke), Celt, (as Gael, tac), and
sacred place : in R. Cath. Church, the place in Romance tongues ; conn, with Attach, Attack,
which the consecrated elements of the Eucharist and Take. Cf. Tag ]
are kept.— v.i. to dwell: to abide for a time. Tackle, tak'l, «. the ropes, rigging, &c. of a ship:
[L. tabema-cu~lum% double dim. of tabema, a tools, weapons : ropes, &c. for raising heavy
nut, shed of boards ; conn, with Table. See weights: a pulley.—v.t. to harness: {prov.) to
Tavern.] seize or take hold of. [Dut. and Low Ger.
Tabid, tab'id, adj., wasted by disease.—«. Tab'- taket; conn, with Tack and Take.]
idness. (L. tabidus—tabeo, to waste away.] Tackling, takling, «. furniture or apparatus be
Tablature, tab'la-tur, «. something tabular: a longing to the masts, yards, &c. of a ship :
painting on a wall or ceiling : a picture in harness for drawing a carriage : tackle or instru
general : {attat.) a division of the skull into two ments. [From Tackle.]
tables. [Fr., from L. tabula, aboard, plank] Tacksman, taks'man, n. a tenant or lessee.
Table, ti'bl, n. a smooth, flat slab or board, with Tact, takt, «. adroitness in managing the feelings
legs, used as an article of furniture : supply of of persons dealt with : nice perception in seeing1
food, entertainment : the company at a table : and doing exactly what is best in the circum
the board for backgammon or draughts : a sur stances. [Lit. 'touch,' 'feeling,* L. tactus—
face on which something is written or engraved : tango, tactum, to touch. Cf. Take.]
that which is cut or written on a flat surface : Tactic, tak tile, Tactical, tak'tik-al, adj. pertain
an inscription : a condensed statement : syllabus ing to tactic*.—adv. Tactically.
or index: (B.) a writing tablet.—v.t. to make Tactician, tak-tish'an, ». one skilled in tactics.
into a table or catalogue : to lay on the table, Tactics, tak'tiks, n.sing. the science or art of
i.e. to postpone consideration of. [Fr. table—L. manoeuvring military and naval forces in the
tabula, a board, plank.] presence of the enemy : way or method of pro
Table-d'ndte, ta'bl-dflt, n. a meal for several per ceeding. [Gr. taktikc {technf, art, understood},
sons at the same hour and at fixed prices, [Fr., art of arranging men in a field of battle—tassb,
' table of the host,' from the landlord presiding tajed, to arrange.]
.it the head of his own table.] Tactile, tak'til, adj. that may be touched or felt.
Tableland, ta'bl-land, «. an extensive flat of ele [L. tango, to touch. See Tact.]
vated land, like a table: a plateau. Taction, tak'shun, «. act of touching: touch.
Tablet, tab'let, «. a smalt table or flat surface : Tactual, tak'tu-al, adj. relating to or derived from
something flat on which to write, paint, &c. : a the sense of touch.
confection in a flat square form. [Dim. of Tadpole, tad'pol, «. a young toad or frog in its
Table.] [meals. first state, having a tail. [M. E. tadde, E.
Table-talk, tu'bl-tawk, «., talk at table or at Toad, and Poll, head.]
Table-turning, ta'bl-turn'ing, n. movements of Tafferel, taf'er-cl, Tafifrail, taf'ral, n. the upper
tables or other objects, attributed by spiritualists part of a ship's stern timbers, which is flat like
to the agency of spirits. a table. [Dut. ta/ereel, a panel—tafel, a table.)
Taboo, Tabu, ta-bOG', «. an institution among the Taffeta, taf'e-ta, Taffety, taf'e-ti, w. (orig.) silk
Polynesians by which certain things are con stuff plainly woven : a thin, glossy silk stuff,
secrated : prohibition or interdict.—v.t. to for having a wavy lustre. [It. taffeta—Pers. tAf-
bid approach to: to forbid the use of:—pf.p. tah, woven.]
tabCa ing ; pad. and pa.p. tabooed'. [Polynesian Tag, tag, «. a tack ox Point of metal at the end of
tabu or /«/«.] a string : any small thing tacked or attached to
Tabor, Tabour, ta'bor, n. a small drum, played another: anything mean. —v.t. to fit a tag or
with one stick.—v.i. to play on a tabor: to point to : to tack, fasten, or hang to :~pr.p.
beat lightly and often. [O. Fr. (Fr. tambour)— tagg'inc ; pad. and pa.p. tagged.—«. and adj.
Pers. tambur, a kind of cithern. Cf. Tam Tag'rag. the rabble, or denoting it [A weaker
bourine.] furm of Tack ]
Tabouret, tab'o-ret, Tabret, tab'ret, «. a smalt Tall, tal, n. the end of the backbone of an animal,
tabour or drum. [Dim. of Tabour.] generally hanging loose, and hairy: anything
Tabular, tab'G-Iar, adj. of the form of or pertain resembling a tail in appearance, position, &c. :
ing to a table: having a flat surface : arranged the back, lower, or Hinder part of anything :
in a table or schedule : having the form of lamina; anything long and hanging, as a catkin, train
or plates. of a comet, &c. [A.S. target ; Ger. sagel;
Tabulate, tab'Q-lat, v.t. to reduce to tables or Goth, tagl, hair.]
synopses : to shape with a flat surface. Tail, tal, «. (law) the term applied to an estate
Tache, tash, n. [B.) a fastening or catch. [Same which is cut ofTor limited to certain heirs. [Fr.
as Tack.] tattle, cutting. See Entail and Retail.]
Tacit, tas'ii, adj. implied, but not expressed by Tailor, tal'ur, ft. one whose business is to cut out
words.—adv. Tac'itly. [L. lacitus, pa.p. of and make men's clothes,—fern. Tail'oress. —v.L
taceo, to be silent, to pass over in silence.] to work as a tailor. —«. Tall'orlttg, the business
fate, far ; me, her ; mine; mOte : mute; mo"on ; Men.
 Tailpiece
or work of a tailor. [Fr. tailleur—taillert to
cut. Cf. above word.]
Tailpiece, taTp6s, n. a piece at the tail or end,
esp. of a series, as of engravings.
Taint, tint, v.t. to tinge, moisten, or impregnate
with anything noxious: to infect : to stain.—v.i.
to be affected with something corrupting.—n. a
stain or tincture : infection or corruption : a
spot : a moral blemish, [O. Fr. taint, Fr. teint,
pa.p. of teindre, to dye—L. tingo, tineturn, to
wet or moisten. See Tinge ]
Take, tiik, v.t. to lay hold of: to get into one's
possession : to catch : to capture : to captivate :
to receive : to choose : to use : to allow ; to
understand : to agree to : to become affected
with.—v.t. to catch : to have the intended effect :
to gain reception, to please : to move or direct
the course of : to have recourse to : —pa.t. took ;
pa.p. tak'en.—n. Tak'er. [A.S. tacan ; perh.
first from Ice. taka; conn, with L. ta{n]g-o,
te-tig-i, to touch, and with E. Tack.]
Taking, taking, adj. captivating: alluring, —adv.
Takingly.
TalO, talk, n. a mineral occurring in thin flakes,
of a white o/ green colour, and a soapy feel.
[Fr. talc (Ger. talk)—Ar. 'tataa.]
Talcky, talk'i, TalCOUS, talk'us, adj. containing,
consisting of, or like talc.
Tale, tal, «. a narrative or story : a fable : what is
told or counted off : number: reckoning. [A.S.
tal, a reckoning, a tale ; Ger. said, a number.]
Tale bearer, tal-baVer, n. one who maliciously
bears or tells tales or gives information.
Tale-hearing, tai'-bar'ing, adj. gwen to bear or
tell tales, or officiously to give information.—«.
act of telling secrets.
Talent, tal'ent, n. {£.) a weight or sum of money
= 94 lbs. avoir, and .£340 to ,£396 : {now fig.)
faculty : natural or special gift : special aptitude :
eminent ability. [L. talentum—Gr. talanton,
a weight, a talent, from tlad, talad, to bear,
weigh ; akin to L. tollo, Ger. dulden, Scot.
thole.] [mental gifts.
Talented, tal'ent-ed, adj. possessing talents or
Talisman, tails-man, n. a species of charm en
graved on metal or stone, to which wonderful
effects are ascribed : [jig-} something that pro
duces extraordinary effects :—pi. Talismans.
[Fr.—Ar. telsam—Late Gr. lelesma, consecra
tion, incantation—Gr. teled, to consecrate.]
Tallsmanic, tal-is-man'ik, adj. pertaining to or
having the properties of a talisman : magical.
Talk, tawk, v.i. to speak familiarly : to prattle :
to reason. —n. familiar conversation : that which
is utte/ed in familiar intercourse : subject of dis
course : rumour. —«. Talker. [Prob. freq. of
Ice. tain, to talk, which is cog. with £. Tell.]
Talkative, tawk'a-tiv, adj. given to much talk
ing: prating.—adv. TaUt/atiVOly.—«. Talk'-
ativeness.
TalL tawl, adj. high, esp. in stature : lofty : long :
sturdy : bold : courageous.—n. Tall'ness. [Ety.
very dub. : perh. conn, with W. tal, lalau, to
make or grow large. ]
Tallow, tal'5, n. the fat of animals melted : any
coarse, hard fat.—v.t. to grease with tallow,
[A.S. telg, ta>lg; Ger. tatg, Ice. tolg.\
Tally, tall, ». a stick cut or notched to match
another stick, used to mark numbers or keep
accounts by: anything made to suit another.—
v.t. to score with corresponding notches: to
make to fit.—v.i. to correspond : to suit:—pa.t.
and pa.p. tallied. [Fr. taille (It. taglia)—h.
talea, a cutting. See Tall {law).]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Tangle
Tally-hOf tall-hOf int. the huntsman's cry be
tokening that a fox has gone away.
Tallyshop, tal'i-shop, n. a shop where goods are
sold to be paid by instalments, the seller having
one account-book which tailies with the buyer's.
Talmud! tal'mud, «. the body of Hebrew laws,
comprising the written law and the traditions
and comments of the Jewish doctors.—atijs.
Talmud'lc, Talmud'ical. [Heb. talmud, oral
teaching, instruction—lamad, to learn.]
Talon, tat'on, «. the claw of a bird of prey. [Fr.
talon, through Low L., from L. talus, the heel.]
Tamable, tam'a-bl, adj. that may be tamed*—
n. Tam'ableness.
Tamarind, tam'a-rmd, «. an E. Indian tree, with
a sweet, pulpy fruit, in pods. [Tamarindus,
Latinised from Ar. tamr hindi, 'Hindu date.'J
Tamarisk, tam'ar-isk, n. a genus of shrubs with
small white or pink flowers. [L. tamariscus.]
Tambour, tam'boor, ». a small, shallow drum : a
small, drum-like, circular frame, for embroider
ing : a rich kind of gold and silver embroidery.
— vd. to embroider on a tambour. [Fr. tam
bour, from root of TabOUT.]
Tambourine, tam-bOO-ren', ». a shallow drum
with one skin and bells, and played on with the
hand. [Fr. tambonrin, dim. o\ tambour.]
Tame, tam, adj. having lost native wildness and
shyness: domesticated: gentle: spiritless: with
out vigour: dull.—v.t. to reduce to a domestic
state : to make gentle : to reclaim : to civilise.—
adv. Tamely.—». Tame'ness. [A.S. tam,
cog. with Ger. zakm ; further conn, with L.
domot Gr. damao. Sans, dam.]
Tamer, tam'er, «. one who tames.
Tamper, tam'per, v.i. to try the temperof: to try
little experiments without necessity : to meddle :
to practise secretly and unfairly. [A by-form of
Temper.]
Tan, tan, n. bark bruised and broken for tanning :
a yellowish-brown colour.—v.t. to convert skins
and hides into leather by steeping in vegetable
solutions containing tannin : to make brown or
tawny.—v.i. to become tanned '.—pr.p. tanning ;
pa.t. and Pa.p. tanned. [Fr. ; prob. from Ger.
tantte, fir ; acc. to others, from Bret, tarn, oak.
Cf. Tawny ]
Tandem, tan'dem, adv. applied to the position of
horses harnessed singly one before the other
instead of abreast.—n. a team of horses (usually
two) so harnessed. [Originated in university
slang, in a play on the L. adv. tandem, at
length.]
Tang, tang, n. a strong or offensive taste, esp. of
something extraneous : relish : taste. [ 1* rom
root of Taste.]
Tang, tang, n. the tapering part of a knife or tool
which goes into the haft. [A by-form of Tong
in Tongs.] [a contact or touching.
Tangency, tan jen-si, n. state of being tangent :
Tangent, tan'jent, n. a line which touches a curve,
and which when produced does not cut it. [L.
tangens, -entis, pr.p. of tango, to touch.]
Tangential, tan-jen'shal, adj. of or pertaining to
a tangent; in the direction of a tangent.
Tangibility, tan-ji-bil'i-ti, «. quality of being
tangible or perceptible to the touch.
Tangible, tanji-bl, adj. perceptible by the touch:
capable of being possessed or realised.—adv.
Tan'glbly. [L. tangibilis—tango.]
Tangle, tang'gl, «. a knot of things united con
fusedly : an edible seaweed.—v.t. to unite to
gether confusedly : to interweave : to insnare.
[Goth, tagl, hair, Ger. tang, seaweed.]
mate ; mute ; mOon ; then.
 Tank Tartarus
Tank, tangk, n. a large basin or cistern : a resor- a dark colour, obtained from pine-trees : a sailor,
voir of water. [O. Fr. estanc (Fr. Hang)—L. so called Irum his tarred clothes. —v.t. to smear
stagnant, a pool of standing water. See Stag- with tar ',—pr.p. tarr'ing ; pad. and pa.p. tarred.
nate.j [A.S. tern, cog. with Low Ger. tir.]
Tankard, tangk'ard, n. a large vessel for holding j Tarantula, tar-an'tu-la, n. a kind of poisonous
liquors : a drinking-vessel with a lid. [Tank, spider found in S. Italy. [it. tarantula—L.
with suffix -ard. J Tarcntum, a towu in S. Italy where the spider
Tanner, tan'er, n. one who tans. abounds.]
Tannery, tan'cr-i, n. a place for tanning. Taraxacum, tar-aks'a-kum, «. the root of the
Tannic, tan'ik, adj. of or from tan. dandelion, used in medicine. [A botanical Latin
Tannin, tan in, «. an astringent vegetable sub word, coined from Gr. taraxis, trouble, and
stance found largely in oak-bark or gall-nuts, of akeomai, to cure. ]
great use in tanning. [Fr. tiinnin.] Tardy, tar'di, adj., slow, late, sluggish : out of
Tansy, tan'zi, n. a bitter, aromatic plant, with season.—adv. far'dily.—«. Tardiness. [Fr.
small yellow flowers, common on old pasture, tardi/—tard—L. tardus, slow.]
also a pudding or cake flavoured with it. [Lit. Tare, tar, «. a plant, like the vetch, sometimes
'the immortal plant,' Fr. tanaisie, through late cultivated for fodder. [O. E. tarejitck, the
L., from Gr. atkanasia, immortality.] wild vetch.]
Tantalise, tan'ta-lTz, v.t. to tease or torment, by Tare, tar, «. the weight of the vessel or package
presenting something to excite desire, but keep in which goods arc contained : an allowance
ing it out of reach. [From Tantalus, a Gr. made for it. [Fr.—It. tara—Ar. tarak, thrown
mythical personage, who was made to stand up away.]
to his chin in water, with branches of fruit hung Target, target, n. a small buckler or shield : a
over his head, the water receding when he mark to fire at. [O. Fr. targette (Fr. targe)—
wished to drink, and the fruit when he desired O. Ger. zarga, cog. with A.S. targe.]
to eat.] Targeteer, tar-get-cr', n. one armed with a target.
Tantamount, tan'ta-mownt, adj., amounting to Tariff, tar'if, «. a list of the duties, &c. fixed by
so much or to the same : equivalent : equal in law on merchandise : a list of charges, fees, or
value or meaning. [Fr. tant—L. tantum, so prices. [Fr.—Arab, ta'rif, information, Irom
much, so great, and Amount.] arafa, to explain, inform.] [Ice. tidrnJ]
Tap, tap, «. a gentle blow or touch, esp. with Tam, tarn, «. a small lake among the mountains.
something small.—v.t. to strike with something Tarnish, tar nish, v.t. to soil by exposure to the
small : to touch gently.—v.i. to give a gentle air, &c : to diminish the lustre or purity of.—
knock \—pr.p. tapp'ing; pad. and Pa.p. tapped. v.i* to become dull: to lose lustre, [Lit. 'to
[From Fr. tape—U. Ger. (Ger. tappe, a pat with cover,' 'to darken,' Fr. tertiir, pr.p. temissant ;
the hand).] terne, dull, wan—0. Ger. tarni, covered, A.S.
Tap, tap, n. a hole or short pipe through which demian, to cover, darken.]
liquor is drawn : a place where liquor is drawn. Tarpaulin, tar-paw'lin, Tarpauling, tar-pawling,
—v.U to pierce, so as to let out fluid : to open a «. a tarred pall or cover of coarse canvas.
cask and draw off liquor : to broach a vessel :— [From Tar, and prov. E. Pauling, a covering
pr.p. tapp'ing; pad. and pa.p. tapped. [A.S. for a cart, M. E. pall, a sort ot cloth, connected
tiippa*; cog. with Dut., Ger. zap/en; conn, with with PaU.1 [like tar.
Tip and Top. J Tarry, tar'i, adj. consisting of, covered with, or
Tape, t*p, «. a narrow fillet or band of woven- Tarry, tar'i, v.i. to be tardy or slow : to loiter or
wur.k\ used for strings, &c. [A.S. tiippe, a fillet ; stay behind : to delay :—pad. and pa.p. tarried.
coon, with Tapestry.] [M. E. tarien—O. Fr. targier, larger (Fr.
Taper, ta'per, n. a small wax-candle or light. tarder)—L. tardus, slow, modified by confusion
! \ . :». tapnr, toper.] with A.S. tirian, to irritate, vex. See Tardy.]
Taper, taper, adj. narrowed towards the point, Tart, urt, adj. sharp or sour to the taste : {jig.)
like a taper: long and slender.—v.i. to become sharp: severe, —ativ. Tartly.—n. Tartness.
gradually smaller towards one end.—v.t. to [Lit. 'tearing,' A.S. teart—tearan, to tear.]
make to taper. [thinner. Tart, tart, n. a small pic, containing fruit or jelly.
Tapering, ta'per-ing, adj. growing gradually [Fr. tarte, tourte—L. tortus, twisted, pa.p. of
Tapestry, tap'es-tri, n. a kind of wovenliangings torqueo, to twist.]
or fabric of wool and silk, with wrought figures. Tartan, tar'tan, «. a woollen stuff, checked with
—vd. to adorn with tapestry. [Fr. tapisserie— various colours, worn in the Scottish High
tapis, a carpet—L. tapete, a carpet, tapestry— lands. [Fr. tiretaine, linsey-woolsey ; Sp. tiri-
Gr. tapes, -itis—Pers. tabsek.] tana, tiritaira, a sort of thin silk.]
Tapeworm, tap'wurm, «. a tape-\\k.c -womt, often Tartar, tar'tar, n. a salt which forms on the sides
of great length, found in the intestines. of casks containing wine (when pure, called
Tapioca, tap-i-3 ka, n. the glutinous and granular cream of tartar, : a concretion which some
substance obtained from the roots of the Cas times forms on the teeth. [Fr. tartre - Lo* L.
sava plant of Brazil. [The Brazilian name.] tartamm—Ax. dourd.]
Tapir, tapir, «. a thick-skinned, short-necked Tartar, tar'tar, «. a native of Tartary in Asia :
animal, having a short flexible proboscis, found an irritable person, or one too strong for his
in Sumatra and S. America. [The Brazilian assailant.
name.] [served from the tap or cask. Tartareoufl, tar-ta're-us, Tartarous, taVtar-us,
Taproom, tap'room, n. a room where beer is adj. consisting of or resembling tartar.
Taproot, taproot, n. a root of a plant or tree Tartaric, tar-tar'ik, adj. pertaining to or ob
striking directly downward without dividing, tained from tartar.
and tapering towards the end, as that of the Tartarus, tar'ta-rus, n. [ancient myth.) the lower
carrot. [liquor : a publican. world generally, but esp. the place of punish
Tapster, tap'ster, n. one who taps or draws off ment for the wicked. [L. —Gr. tartaros, prob.
Tar, tar, n. a viscous, liquid, resinous substance of from the sound, to express something terrible ]
filu fate, far; me", her; mine; mote; mute; moon; Men.
 Tartlsh Tearful
Tartlsh, tart'ish, adj. somewhat tart. the same thing in different itwrds. [Gr.
Task, task, n. a set amount of work, esp. of study, logia—tauto, the same, logos, word.)
given by another: work: drudgery.—v.t. to Tavern, tavern, n. a licensed house for the sale
impose a task on : to burden with severe work. of liquors with accommodation for travellers : an
— «. Task'er.—To take to task, to reprove. inn. [Fr. taverne—L. tabema, orig. 'a hut of
[Lit. 'a tax," O. Fr. tasoue— Low L. tasca, boards,' from root of tabula, a board.]
taxa—L. taxo, to rate, tax. See Tax.] Taw. taw, n. a marble chosen to be played with.
Taskmaster, task'mas-ter, «. a masler -who im [Lit. a thing which one employs one's-self about ;
poses a disk: one whose office is to assign tasks. from Taw, v.t.)
Tassel, tas'el, «. a hanging ornament consisting of Taw, taw, v.t. to prepare and dress, as skins into
a bunch of silk or other material. [O. Fr. tassel, white leather. [A.S. tawian, to work hard, to
an ornament of a square shape, attached to the prepare ; O. Ger. sauen, to do.]
dress—L. taxillus, dim. of talus, a die.] Tawdry, taw dri, adj. showy without taste :
Tasselled, tas'eld, adj. adorned with tassels. gaudily dressed.—adv. Taw'drily.—n. Taw'-
Tastable, tast'a-bl, adj. that may be tasted. uriness. [Said to be corr. from St Audreys
Taste, tast, v.t. to try or perceive by the touch of St Ethelreda, at whose fair laces and gay toys
the tongue or palate : to try by eating a little : were sold.)
to eat a little of: to partake of : to experience.— Tawny, taw'ni, adj. of the colour of things tanned,
V.u to try or perceive by the mouth : to have a a yellowish brown.—n. TawUlnOSS. [Dut.
flavour of,—//. Tast'er. [O. Fr. taster, Fr. tanig ; Fr. tanne", pa. p. of tanner, to tan. See
tdter, as if from taxitare—L. taxa, to touch Tan]
repeatedly, to estimate—root of tango, to touch.] Tax. tales, n. a rate imposed on property or per
Taste, tast, n. the act or sense of tasting: the sons for the benefit of the state : anything im
sensation caused by a substance on the tongue : posed : a burdensome duty.—v.t. to lay a tax on :
the sense by which we perceive the flavour of a to burden : to accuse. [Fr. taxe, a tax—L.
thing: the quality or flavour ofanything: a small taxo, to handle, value, charge— root of tango, to
portion : intellectual relish or discernment : the touch. See Task.] [to be taxed.
faculty by which the mind perceives the beauti Taxable, taks'a-bl, adj. capable of being or liable
ful : nice perception : choice, predilection. Taxation, taks-a'shun, n. act of taxing. [J-
Tasteful t&st'fool, adj., full of taste: having a taxatio.]
high relish: showing good taste.—adv. Taste'- Taxidermy, taks'i-der-mi, *. the art ofpreparing
fully.—«. Taste fulness. and stuffing the skins of animals.—n. Taxi
Tasteless, tast'les, adj.t without taste: insipid. dermist. |Fr.—Gr. taxis, arrangement, and
—adv. Tastelessly.—//. Tastelessness. derma, a skin.)
Tasty, tist'i. adj. having a good taste: possessing Tea, te", ». the dried leaves of a shrub in China
nice perception of excellence : in conformity and Japan : an infusion of the leaves in boiling
with good taste.—adv. Tast ily. water: any vegetable infusion. [From South
Tatter, later, n. a torn piece : a loose hanging Chinese the, the common form being tscha.]
rag. [Ice. tetr. tetur, a torn garment.] Teach, tech, v.t. to show: to impart knowledge
Tattle, tat'l, «. trifling talk or chat.—v.i. to talk to : to guide the studies of: to exhibit so as to
idly or triflingly : to tell tales or secrets.—n. impress upon the mind : to impart the knowledge
Tattler. [M. E. later, like Low Ger. tateln, of: to accustom: to counsel.—v.t. to practise
an imitative word.] giving instruction \—pa.t. and P&-P' taught
Tattoo, tat-tCO', «. a beat of drum and a bugle- (tawt). [A.S. tacan, to show, teach ; Ger.
call to warn soldiers to repair to their quarters, zeigen, to show ; allied to L. doceo, to teach,
orig. to shut the taps or drinking-houses against Gr. deiknumi, to show.]
the soldiers. [Dut. taptoe—tap, a tap, and Teachable, tech'a-bl, adj. capable ofbeing taught :
toe, which is the prep., E. to, Ger. mu, in the apt or willing to learn.—n. Teach'ableness.
sense of shut.] Teacher, tfich^er, n. one who teaches or instructs.
Tattoo, tat-t&U', v.t. to mark permanently (as the Teak, tek, n. a tree in the E. Indies and Africa,
skin) with figures, by pricking in colouring also its wood, remarkable for its hardness and
matter. —«. marks or figures made by pricking durability. [Malabar theka, tekha.]
colouring matter into the skin. [Prob. a redu Teal, tel. «. a web-footed waterfowl allied to the
plication of the Polynesian word ta, to strike.] duck, but smaller. [Dut. teling, talin^.)
Taught, tawt, pa.t. and pa.p. of Teach. Team, tim, «. a number of animals moving to
Taunt, tawnt, v.t. to reproach or upbraid with gether or in order : two or more oxen or other
severe or insulting words : to censure sar animals harnessed to the same vehicle. [A.S.
castically.—n. Taunt'er.—-adv. Tauntingly. team, offspring, anything following in a row,
[Fr. tancer, to scold ; O. Sw. tanta, to reproach, from root of Teem.]
tant, mockery.) Teamster, tfim'ster, n. one who drives a team.
Taunt, tawnt, n. upbraiding, sarcastic, or insulting Tear, ter, n. a drop of the fluid from the eyes :
words : a bitter reproach. anything like a tear. [A.S. tear, tarher; Goth.
Taurus, taw'rus, «. the Bull, one of the signs of tagr; cog. with L. lacrima (fort), h.dacrima),
the zodiac. -adj. Tau'rme. [L. taurus, Gr. Gr. dakru.\
tauros, a bull.] Tear, tar, v.t. to draw asunder or separate with
Taut, Taught, tawt, adj. tightly drawn. [A form violence : to make a violent rent in : to lacerate.
of Tight.) —v.t. to move or act with violence : to rage :—
Tautologies taw.to-Ioj'ik, Tautological, taw-to- Pa.t. tore, (B.) tfire : Pa.p. iGm.—n. something
loj'ik-al, adj. containing tautology. —adv. Tau- torn, a rent.—n. Tear/er. [A.S. teran; cog.
tolog'ioally. with Ger. sehren, also with Gr. derd, to flay,
Tautologise, taw-tol'o-jTz, v.i, to use tautology: Sans, dri, to split.]
to repeat the same thing in different words.—n. Tearful, teVfool, adj. abounding with or shedding
Tautol'ogist. tears: weeping, —tuiv. Tear fully.—«. Tear
Tautology, taw-tol'o-ji, «. needless repetition of fulness.
f.itc, far : inc. her : mine ; mate ; mute ; moon ; Mea. 511
 Tearless
Tearless, te"r1es, adj., without tears: unfeeling.
Tease, tez, v.t. to comb or card, as wool: to
scratch, as cloth : to raise a nap : to vex with
importunity, jests, &c. : to torment, irritate.
[A.S. twsan, to pluck, tease ; Dut. teezen, to
pick : Ger. zeisen, to pluck, pull.]
Teasel, tez'l, «. a plant, with large burs or heads
covered with stiff, hooked awns, which are used
in teasing or raising a nap on cloth,—v.t. to
raise a nap on with the teasel :—fir.p. teas'eling ;
pa.t. and pa.p. teas'eled.—«. Teas oler. [A.S.
ties/.]
Teat, tet, «. the nipple of the female breast
through which the young suck the milk. [A.S.
tit; cog. with Ger. zitze, W. teth, Gr. Htihi,
the nipple, a nurse—thad, to suckle; Sans, dhe,
to suck.]
Teazle. teYl. Same as Teasel.
Technic, tek'nik, Technical, tek'nik-al, adj. per
taining to art, esp. the useful arts : belonging to
a particular art or profession.—adv. Technic
ally-- [Gr. technU'os—techne, art, akin to tekd,
to produce, bring forth.]
Technicality, tek-ni-kal'i-ti, n. state or quality of
being technical: that which is technical.
Technics, tek'niks, n.pl, the doctrine of arts in
general : the branches that relate to the arts.
Technological, tek-no-loj'ik-al, adj. relating to
technology.
Technology, tek-nol'0-ji, «. a discourse or treatise
on the arts: an explanation of terms employed
in the arts.—n. Technol ogist, one skilled in
technology. [Gr. techne, and logos, a discourse.]
Ted, ted, v.t. to spread or turn, as new-mown
grass, for drying :—pr.p. tedd'ing : pad. and
tedd'ed. [W. teau, to stretch out, teddu%
to spread.]
Tedious, te'di-us, adj., wearisome: tiresome from
length or slowness : irksome : slow.—ativ.
Te'dlously.—«. Te'diousness. [L. twdiosus.)
Tedium, te'di-um, «., wearisomeness : irksome-
ness. [L. t&dium—twdet, it wearies.]
Teem, te"m, v.:\ to bring forth or produce : to bear
or be fruitful : to be pregnant : to be full or prolific.
[A.S. tyman, to produce.]
Teens, tfinz, n.pl. the years of one's age from
thLrAr«i to niner>r«.
Teeth. See Tooth.
Teething, teVA'ing, n. the first growth of teeth, or
the process by which they make their way
through the gums.
Teetotaler, te-tO'tal-er, n. one pledged to entire
abstinence from intoxicating drinks, —a/ij. Tee-
to'tal.—«. Teeto'talism. I Prob. from a stam
mering pronunciation of the word Total by a
lecturer advocating the temperance cause.]
Tegument, teg'u-ment, «. an Integument. [L.
tegumentum—tego, to cover.] [mentary.
Tegumentary, teg-ii-ment'ar-i, adj. See Integu-
Teinds, tendz, n.pl. the Scotch form of Tithes.
Telegram, tel'e-gram, ft. a message sent by tele
graph. [Gr. tele, at a distance, and gramma,
that which is written—graphd, to write.]
Telegraph, tel'c-graf, «. an apparatus for giving
signals from a distance, esp. by means of elec
tricity or magnetism.—v.t. to convey or an
nounce by telegraph. [Lit. 'the distant writer,"
Fr. tiltgraphe—Qx. tile, at a distance, and
graphs, to write.]
Telegraphic, tel-e-graf'ik, adj. pertaining to or
communicated by a telegraph. [telegraph.
Telegraphist, tc-legVa-fist, n. one who works a
Telegraphy, tel-eg'ra-fi, «. the science or art of
constructing or using telegraphs.
51-2 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Templar
Teleology, tel-e-ol'o-ji, *. the doctrine of the final
causes of things.—adj. Teleologlcal. [From
Gr. telos, issue, and logos, a discourse.]
Telephone, tel'e-fOn, «. an instrument for repro
ducing sound at a distance by means of electri
city.—^'. Telephonic. [Gr. tele, far, and
phdni, a sound. ]
Telescope, tel'e-skflp, «. an optical instrument for
viewing objects at a distance. [Fr.—Gr. tele,
at a distance, and shaped, to see.]
Telescopic, tel-e-skop'ik, adj. pertaining to, per
formed by, or like a telescope : seen only by a
telescope. —adv. Telescop'ically.
TelL tel, v.t. to number or give an account of : to
utter : to narrate : to disclose : to inform : to
discern : to explain.—v.i. to give an account :
to produce or take effect \—Pa.t. and pa.p. told.
[A.S. tellan; Ice. telia, Dan. tale, Ger. sdhlen,
to number. The fundamental idea is prob- to
1 arrange in order.']
Teller, tel'er, *. one who tells or counts : a clerk
whose duty it is to receive and pay money.
Tell-tale, tel'-tal, n. one who tells tales : one who
officiously tells the private concerns of others.
Telluric, teMu'rik, adj. pertaining to or proceed
ing from the earth: of or from tellurium. [L.
tellus, telluris, the earth ]
Tellurium, tel-liYri-um, n. an element by some
classed as a metal, brittle and crystalline, chiefly
found in a gold ore associated with selenium.
Temerity, te-mer'i-ti, «., rashness: unreasonable
contempt for danger. [Fr. timiriti tcme-
ritas—temere, by chance, rashly.]
Temper, tem'per, v.t. to mix in due proportion :
to modify by mixture : to moderate : to soften :
to bring to a proper degree of hardness, as a
metal.—». due mixture or balance of different
or contrary qualities : state of a metal as to
hardness, &c. : constitution of the body : state
of mind, esp. with regard to feelings : passion :
calmness or moderation. [A.S. tetnprian—L.
tempero, to combine properly—temPus, perh.
from root tern, to cut, and so sig. a bit cut off,
portion of time.]
Temperament, tem'per-a-ment, n. state with
respect to the predominance of any quality :
internal constitution or state : disposition. [L.
temperamentum—tempero.]
Temperance, tem'per-aas, n. moderation, esp, in
the appetites and passions. [L. temperantia.\
Temperate, tem'per-at, adj. moderate in degree
of any quality, esp. in the appetites and passions :
calm : cool : abstemious.—adv. Tem'perately.
—«. Tem'perateness.
Temperature, tem'per-a-tur, «. constitution : pro
portion : degree of any quality, esp. of heat or
cold : state of a body with respect to sensible
heat. [L. temfxratura—tempero.}
Tempest, tem'pest, «. wind rushing with great
velocity, usually with rain or snow : a violent
storm : any violent commotion. [Lit. * a portion
of time/ ' a season/ then weather, bad weather,
O. Fr. tempeste—L. tempestas^ a season, tem
pest—temPus, time.]
Tempestuous, tem-pesr/Q-us, adj. resembling or
pertaining to a tempest: very stormy : turbulent.
—adv. Tempest'uously.—«. Tempest nous-
ness.
Templar, tem'plar, n. one of a religious and mili
tary order, founded in the 12th century for the
protection of the Holy Sepulchre and pilgrims
going thither : a student or lawyer living in
the Temple, London. [Orig. called ' Poor Sol
diers of the Temple of Solomon,' from their
mOte ; mQte ; mOOn ; then.
 Temple
having acquired the church and convent of the
Temple.]
Temple, tem'pl, n. [lit. ) 1 a small space cut off' or
' marked out,' esp. for religious purposes : an
edifice erected to a deity or for religious pur
poses : a place of worship : in London, two inns
of court, once occupied by the Knights Tem
plars. [L. ttmplum, prob. for tcmulum, a
space marked out, dim. of tempus, a piece cut
off. Sec Temper.]
Temple, tem'pl, «. the flat portion of either side
of the head above the cheekbone. [O. Fr.
temple— L. tempus, a portion of time, the fit
time, pi. tempora, properly the right place, the
fatal spot, the place where a blow is fatal.]
Temporal, tem'por-a], adj. pertaining to the tem
ples. [L. temporalis.}
Temporal, tem'por-al, adj. pertaining to time, esp.
to this life or world, opposed to eternal: worldly,
secular, or civil, opposed to sacred or ecclesias
tical.—adv. Temporally. [Fr.—L. temptts,
time.]
Temporality, tem-por-al'i-ti, «. what pertains to
temporal welfare :—pi. secular possessions,
revenues of an ecclesiastic proceeding from
lands tithes, and the like.
Temporary, tem'por-ar-i, adj. for a time only :
transient.—adv. Tem'poranly.—«. Tem porarl-
ness.
Temporise, tem'por-Tz, v.i. to comply with the
time or occasion ; to yield to circumstances.
Tempt, temt, v.t. to put to trial: to test: to try
to persuade, esp. to evil : to entice. [Lit. to
stretch or try the strength of, O. Fr. tempter, Fr.
tenter- L. tento, an inten. of tenth, to stretch.)
Temptation, tem-ta'shun, «. act of tempting:
state of being tempted : that which tempts : en
ticement to evil: trial.
Tempter, temt'er, n. one who tempts, esp. the
devil,—fern. Tompt'ress.
Tempting, temt'ing, adj. adapted to tempt or
entice.—adv. Temptingly.
Ten, ten, atij. twice five.—«. a figure denoting ten
units, as 10 or x. [A.S. fen, tyn ; Ger. zehn, W.
deg, L. decern, Gr. deka, Russ. desjat'. Sans,
dacan.]
Tenable, ten'a-bl, adj. capable of being retained,
kept, or defended.™n, Ten'ableness. [Fr. te
nable, from tcnir—L. teneo, to hold.]
Tenacious, te-ni'shus, adj., retaining or holding
fast: apt to stick : stubborn.—adv. Tena -
ciously.—n. Tena'clousness. [L. tenax—
teneo. \
Tenacity, tc-nas'i-ti, n. quality of being tenacious:
the quality of bodies which makes them stick to
others. [L. ienacitas—tcnax.]
Tenancy, ten'an-si, «. a temporary holding of land
or property.
Tenant, tcn'ant, n. one who holds or possesses
land or property under another : one who has,
on certain conditions, temporary possession of
any place. —v.t. to hold as a tenant. [Fr. tenant
—L. tenens, pr.p. of teneo, to hold.]
Tenantable, tcn'ant-a-bl, adj. fit to be tenanted:
in a state of repair suitable for a tenant.
TenantleSS, ten ant-Ies, adj. without a tenant.
Tenantry, ten'ant-ri, n. the body of tenants on an
estate.
Tench, tensh, n. a fresh-water fish, of the carp
family, very tenacious of life. [O. Fr. tenche,
Fr. tanche—L. tinea.}
Tend, tend, v.t. to accompany as assistant or
protector: to take care of. [Contracted from
Attend.]
SG fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Tent
Tend, tend, v.i. to stretch, aim at, or move in a
certain direction : to be directed to any end or
purpose : to contribute. [Fr. tendre—L. tendo,
Gr. teind, to stretch, aim.]
Tendency, tend'en-si, n. direction, object, or
result to which anything tends: inclination:
drift. [Fr. tendance—L. tendens, pr.p. oftendo.]
Tender, tend'er, n. a small vessel that attends a
larger with stores, &c : a carriage attached to
locomotives, to supply fuel and water.
Tender, tend'er, v.t. to stretch out or offer for
acceptance. —n. an offer or proposal, esp. of some
service : the thing offered.
Tender, ten'der, adj. soft, delicate : easily im
pressed or injured: not hardy: fragile: weak
and feeble : easily moved to pity, love, &c. :
careful not to injure (followed by of) : unwilling
to cause pain : apt to cause pain : expressive of
the softer passions: compassionate. —adv. Ten'-
derly.—n. Ten derness. [ Fr. tendre- L. tetter;
conn, with L. tendo, Gr. teind, to stretch, and
therefore lit. sig. 'that may be stretched.']
Tender-hearted, ten'dcr-hkrt'ed, adj. having
great tenderness of heart : full of feeling.
Tendon, ten'don, n. a hard, strong cord or bundle
of fibres by which a muscle is attached to a
bone. [Fr. tendon—L. tendo, to stretch ; Gr.
tenon—teind, to stretch.]
Tendril, ten'drit, «. a slender, spiral shoot of a
plant by which it attaches itself for support —
adj. clasping or climbing. [From Fr. tendre
—L. tetter, tender.]
Tenebrous, ten'e-brus, adj., dark; gloomy. [L.
tenebrosus—tenebra; darkness.]
Tenement, ten'e-ment, «. anything held or that
may be held by a tenant ; a dwelling or habita
tion, or part of it, used by one family.—adj.
Tenemental.
Tenet, ten'et, n. any opinion, principle, or doc
trine which a person holds or maintains as true.
[L. tenet, he holds—teneo, to hold.]
Tenfold, ten'fOld, adj., ten timesfolded: ten times
more. [Ten and Fold ]
Tennis, ten'is, ». a ^ame in which a ball is kept
continually in motion by being driven to and
fro with rackets. [Prob. from O. Fr. tenets
(Fr. tenet), 'catch !' imper. of ten-irt to hold—
L. teu-ere.]
Tenon, ten'un, «. a projection at the end of a piece
of wood inserted into the socket or mortise of
another, to hold the two together.—v.t. to fit
with tenons- [Fr. tenon—ten-ir, to hold— L.
tenure. ]
Tenor, ten'ur, «. continuity of state : general run
or currency : purport : the higher of the two
kinds of voices usually belonging to adult males :
the part next above the bass in a vocal quartette :
one who sings tenor. [L. tenor, a holding on—
teneo, to hold.]
Tense, tens, «. the form of a verb to indicate the
time of the action. [Lit ' time," O. Fr. tens
(Fr. temps)—L. temptts, time.]
Tense, tens, adj., strained to stiffness: rigid. —
adv. Tensely.—n. Tense'ness. [L. tensus,
pa. p. of tendo, to stretch. See Tend, v.i.)
Tensile, ten'sil, Tensible, ten'si-bl, adj. capable of
being stretched.
Tension, ten'shun, n. act of stretching : state of
being stretched or strained: strain : effort. [L.]
Tensity, ten'si-ti, «., tenseness: state of being
tense.
Tensor, ten'sor, n. a muscle that stretches. [L.
the 'extender' or ' stretcher.'}
Tent, tent, m. a portable lodge or shelter, gen. of
mOte ; mute ; moon ; Men. 613
 Tentacle Tertiary
canvas stretched on poles : a plug or roll of lint Terminational, ter-min-a'shun-al, adj. pertaining
used to dilate a wuund or opening in the flesh, to or forming a termination.
■—v.t. to probe : to keep open with a tent. Terminatlve, ter'min-iit-iv, adj. tending to ter
[Fr. tettte—Low L. tenia— L tendo, to stretch. minate or determine : absolute.
See Tend. v.i. and Tense, ad/.] Terminology, ter-inin-ul'o-ji, «. doctrine of terms:
Tentacle, teu'ta-kl, «. a threadlike organ ofcertain the terms used in any art, science, &c. [L. ter
insects forJetting or motion.—adj. Tentac'ular. minus, and Gr. logos, discourse. See Term.J
[Fr. tentaculc—L. Unto, to (ce\—tendo, to Terminus, tcr'min-us, «. the end or extreme
stretch. Cf. Tent.] point: one of the extreme points of a railway:—
Tentation, ten-ta'shun, n. old form ofTemptation. //.Termini. [L. 'a boundary.' Doublet Term,]
Tentative, ten'ta-tiv, adj., trying: experimental. Tern, tern, «, a long-winged aquatic fowl allied to
[Fr.—Late L. -L. Unto, to handle, try. See the gull. [Allied to Dan. leme, sea-swallow,
Tentacle.] Tee. ihertui.]
Tented, tent'ed, adj. covered with tents. Ternary, ter'nar-i, adj. proceeding by or con
Tenter, tent'er, «. a machine for extetuiing or sisting of threes.—n. the number three. [L.
stretching cloth on by hooks.—v.t. to stretch temarius—temi, three each—tres, three.]
on hooks.—To be on tenterhooks, to be on the Ternate, ter'nat, adj., threefold, or arranged in
stretch : to be in suspense or anxiety. [See Tent. ] threes. [See Ternary.]
Tenth, tenth, adj. the last of ten: next in order Terrace, terras, «. a raised level bank of earth :
after the ninth.—». one of ten equal parts. any raised flat place : the flat roof of a house.—
Tenthly, tenth'li, adv. in the tenth place. v.t. to form into a terrace. [Fr. terrasse—It.
Tenuity, ten-u'i-ti, «., thinness : smallness of terrazzo—L. terra, the e irth.]
diameter : slenderness : rarity. [L. tenuitas— Terra-COtta, ter'a-kot'a, ». a composition of clay
tenuis, thin, slender—root of Gr. leind, L. and sand used for statues, hardened like bricks
ten-do, to stretch. Cf. Thin.] by fire. [Lit. ' baked clay,* It.—L. tcrray earth,
Tenure, ten'ur, n. a holding or manner of holding and coda, pa.p. of coquo, E. Cook.]
by a tenant, esp. lands or tenements. [Fr. Terraqueous, ter-i'kwe-us, atij. consisting of
tenure—Low L. tenura—Y.% teneo, to hold.] land and ivater. [Coined from L. terra, earth,
Tepefaction, tep-e-fak'shun, ». act of making aqua, water.]
tepid or lukewarm. Terreen, tcr-£n', «. Less common form of Tureen.
Tepefy, tep'e-fI, v.t. to Tnake tepid or moderately Terrene, ter-fin', adj. pertaining to the earth :
warm :—pa.t. and Pa.p. tepefied. [L. tepefacio earthy: earthly. [L. terrenus—terra, the earth.]
—tepeo, to be warm, andfacio, to make.] Terrestrial, ter-es'tri-al, adj. pertaining to or
Tepid, tep'id, adj. moderately warm : lukewarm. existing on the earth : earthly : representing the
—ns. Tepidity, Tep'idness. [L. tepidus— earth. [L. terrestris— terra, the earth.]
tefieo, to be warm, Sans, tap.] Terrible, ter'i-bl, adj. fitted to excite terror ox
Teraphim, ter'a-fim, n.pl. \B.) idols, images, or awe : awful : dreadful.—adv. Terribly. [L.
household gods, consulted as oracles. [Heb.] terribilis—terreo, to frighten.]
Terce, ters, n. Same as Tierce. Terrlbleness, tert-bl-ncs, u. state of being terrible:
Terebinth, tcrVbinth, «. the turpentine-tree.— terror, dread.
adj. Terebinth'ine. [L.—Gr.] Terrier, ter'i-er, «. a dog that pursues animals to
Teredo, te-re'do, «. the ship-worm, a worm very their earth or burrow : a hole or burrow where
destructive in boring into wood. [L.—Gr. foxes, rabbits, &c. secure themselves. [Fr.
tereddu, from teird, to wear away.] terrier—terre, the earth—L. terra.]
Tergiversation, tcr-ji-ver-sii'shun, «. a shuffling Terrific, ter-rif'ik, adj. creating or causing /error:
or shifting : subterfuge : fickleness of conduct. fitted to terrify : dreadful. [L. tcrri/icus.]
[Lit. *a turning of the back,' L., from tergum, Terrify, ter'i-fT, v. t. to cause terror in : to frighten
the back, and versor, to turn.] greatly: to alarm:—pa.t. and pa.p. terrified.
Term, term, n. any limited period : the time for [L. terreo, and facio, to make.]
which anything lasts : the time during which Territorial^ ter-i-to'ri-al, adj. pertaining to terri
the courts of law are open : certain days on tory : limited to a district. —adv. Ternto'lially.
which rent is paid : that by which a thought is Territory, ter'i-tor-i, «. the extent of land around
expressed, a word or expression : a condition or or belonging to a city or state : domain : in the
arrangement (gen. in //.) ; [alg.) a member of a United States, a portion of the country not yet
compound quantity.—v.i. to apply a term to : j admitted as a State into the Union, and still
to name or call. [Fr. termc—L. terminus, a under a provisional government. [L, territo-
boundary, Gr. tertna; further conn, with L. rium—terra, the earth, land.]
trans, h. Through. Doublet Terminus.] Terror, ter'ur, «. extreme fear : an object of fear
Termagant, ter'ma-gant, ». a boisterous, bold or dread. [L. terror— terreo, to frighten.]
woman.—adj. boisterous : brawling : tumultuous. ( Terrorism, ter'ur-izm, ». a stat« of terror : a slate
[Termagant or Tcrvagant, a supposed Moham which impresses terror : an organised system of
medan false god, represented in the old plays 1 intimidation.
and moralities as of a most violent character.] Terse, ters, adj. compact or concise, with smooth
Terminable, ter'min-a-bl, adj. that may be ness or elegance: neat. —tuiv. Terse'ly. —n.
limited: that may terminate or cease. Terse'ness. [L. tersus, lit. ' rubbed ' or ' wiped
Terminal, ter'min-al, adj. pertaining to or grow clean '—iergco, tersum, to rub clean, akin to
ing at the end or extremity. [L. tcrminalis.] stringo, to draw tight.]
Terminate, ter'min-at, v.t. to set a limit to: to Tertian, ter'shi-an, adj. occurring every third
set the boundary : to put an end to : to finish.— day.—n. an ague or fever with paroxysms every
v.i. to be limited : to end cither in space or time : third day. [L. tertianus—tertius, third—tres,
to close. [L. terminus.] three.]
Termination, ter-min-a'shun, n. act ofterminating Tertiary, ter'shi-ar-i, adj. of the third degree,
or ending: limit: end: result: the ending of order, or formation ; pertaining to the series of
words as varied by their signification. sedimentary rocks or strata lying above the
614 fate, far ; me1, her : mine ; mote ; mate ; mOoa ; then.
 Tesselate That
chalk and other secondary strata, and abounding | inclosed by four bases or triangles. [Gr. tetra,
in organic remains. [L. terliarius— tertius.] four, and hedra, a seat, a base.]
TesS6late, tes'el-ut, v.t. to form into squares or ; Tetrarch, tet'rark, «. (under the Romans) the
lay with checkered work. [Y..~tcssella, dim. of rider of the fourth part of a province : a subor
tessera, a square piece—Gr. tessara, four.] dinate prince us. Tet'rarchate, Tet'rarchy.
Tesselatlon, tes-el-a'shun, n. tesselated or mosaic [Gr.—tetra, four, and arches, a ruler.]
work : the operation of making it. Tetrarchate, te-trark'at, n. office or jurisdiction
Test, test, ». a pot in which metals are tried and of a tetrarch : the fourth part of a province.
refined : any critical trial : means of trial : {chem.) Tetrasyllable, tet-ra-sil-Iab ik, adj. consisting of
anything used to distinguish substances or detect /our syllables.
their presence, a reagent : standard : proof: Tetrasyllable, tet'ra-sil-a-bl, n. a word of four
distinction.—v.t. to put to proof : to examine syllables. [Gr. tetra, four, and Syllable.]
critically. [O. Fr. test—L. testa, a piece of Tetter, tet'er, n. a popular name for several erup
baked clay, an earthen pot.] tive diseases of the skin. [A.S. teter.]
Testable, tesr/a-bl, adj. capable of being given by Teutonic, tfl-ton'ik, adj. belonging to the race so
will. [L. testabilis.] called, including Germans, Scandinavians. Eng
Testaceous, tes-ta'shus, adj. consisting of or lish, &c. : also their language. [L.— Teut-o,
having a hard shell. [L. testaceus—testa, biked -onis (O. Ger. Diot-o), lit. ' one of the people '—
clay, a shell. See TeBt.] O. Ger. diot, the people (A.S. theod), whence
Testament, tes'ta-mcnt, «. that which testifies, or also Ger. Veut-sch, German, E. Dut-ck. See
in which an attestation is made : the solemn Dutch.]
declaration in writing of one's will : a will ; one Text, tekst, n. the original words of an author :
of the two great divisions of the Bible. (L, that on which a comment is written : a passage
—testor, to be a witness—testis, a witness.] of Scripture. [Lit. ' something woven,' L.
Testamentary, tes-ta-mcnt'ar-i, adj. pertaining to textus—texo, textus, to weave.]
a testament or will: bequeathed or done by Text-book, ickst'-book, n. a book containing the
will. [L. testatus, pa. p. of testor.] leading principles of a science. [Orig. a book
Testate, tes'tat, adj. having made and left a will. with wide spaces for comments on the text.)
Testator, tcs-ta tor, «. one who leaves a will.— Text-hand, tekst/-hand, ». a large hand in writ
fem. Testa'trlx. [L.] ing ; so called because it was the practice to
Tester, tes'ter, «. a flat canopy, esp. over the write the text of a book in large hand.
toutof* bed. [O. Fr. teste [Fr. tite), the head Textile, teksi'il, adj., woven : capable of being
—L. testa, an earthen pot, hence a hard shell, woven. [L. textilis—texo, textum, to weave.]
the skull.] Textual, tekst'G-al, adj. pertaining to or contained
Tester, tes'ter, «. a sixpence. [O. Fr. teston— in the text: serving for a text.—adv. Text'ually.
teste (Fr. tite), the head, from the sovereign's Textualist, teksi/fl-al-ist, n. one ready in citing
head on the coin.] Scripture texts : one who adheres to the text.
Testicle, tes'ti-kl, «. a gland which secretes the Texture, tekst/Gr, w. anything woven, a web :
seminal fluid in mates : one of the stones. [L. manner of weaving or connecting : disposition
testiculus, dim. of testis, a testicle.] of the parts of a body. [L. textura—texo.]
Testlculate, tes-tik'u-lat, Testiculated, tes-tik'fl- Thaler, taler, «. a dollar, in Germany a silver
lat-ed, adj. shaped like a testicle. coin worth about 3s. [Ger. Sec Dollar.]
Testify, ies'ii-fl, v.t. to bear witness : to make a Than, than, conj. a word placed after the com
solemn declaration : to protest or declare a parative of an adjective or adverb between the
charge (with against).—v.t. to bear witness to : things compared. [A.S. thonne; cog. with Ger.
to affirm or declare solemnly or on oath :—-/a.t. dann, denn; from stem of The. See Then.]
andpa.p. testified.—n. Testifier. [L. testificor Thane, than, «. a dignitary under the Anglo-
—testis, a witness, andfacia, to make.] Saxons and Danes, who prob. held the same
Testimonial, tcs-ti-mu'm-al, adj. containing tes rank as a baron does now.—«. Thane'dom.
timony.—«, a writing or certificate bearing [A.S. thegn, a servant, nobleman; cog. with
testimony to one's character or abilities: a sum Ice. thegn, a man, warrior, O. Ger. degen, a
of money raised by subscription and presented soldier, servant, Gr. teknon, child ; from the root
in any form to a person as a token of respect. of A.S. t'hihan, Ger. {ge-)deihen, to thrive.]
Testimony, tes'ti-mo-ni, «. evidence : declaration Thank, thangk, v.t. to express gratitude for a
to prove some fact : proof: \B.) the two tables of favour. — n. (usually in //.) expression of grati
the law : the whole divine revelation. [L, testi tude for favour received. [A.S. thane, will,
monium—testor, to witness.] thanks ; cog. with Ger. dank; from the root of
Testy, tes'ti, adj., heady: easily irritated : fretful : Think, the root idea being ' a movement of mind
peevish.—adv. Tes tily.—«. Tes'tiness. [From or feeling.']
O. Fr. teste (Fr. tite), the head. See Tester.] Thankful, thangk'fool. adj.. full of thanks;
Tetanus, tet'a-nus, «. spasm of the voluntary Grateful.—adv. Thank'fully.—n, Thank'ful-
muscles: lockjaw. —adj. Tetan'ic. {!* — Gr.— ness.
ietanos, stretched—teind, to stretch.] Thankless, thangkles, adj. unthankful : not ex
Tether, teM'er, ». a rope or chain for tying a pressing thanks for favours : not gaining thanks.
beast, while feeding, within certain limits. — v.t. Thank-offering, thangk'-of'cr-ing, «. an offering
to confine with a tether : to restrain within made to express thanks for mercies received.
certain limits. [M. E. tedir, found in Low Ger. Thanksgiver, thangks'giv-er* n. one who gives
Oder, Ice. tiodhr; conn, with Tie.] thanks, or acknowledges a favour.
Tetragon, tct'ra-gon, «. a figure offour angles, Thanksgiving, thangks'giv-ing, «. act of giving
—adj. Tetrag'onal. [Gr. tetragdnon—tetra, thanks: a public acknowledgment of divine
four, gdnia, an angle.] goodness and mercy : a day^set apart for this.
Tetranedral, tet-ra-he'dral, adj. having four Thankworthy, than'gk'wur-Mi, adj., worthy of
sides: bounded by four triangles. or deserving thanks.
Tetrahedron, tet-ra~he'dron, n. a solid figure That, Mat, pron. demons, and rel.—as a demws.
fate, far : me, her ; mine ; mOtc ; mute : mCOn ; then. bib
 Thatch There
{pi. ThOB©! it points out a person or thing: the that reason. [M. E. thenne-s—thenne (see
former or more distant thing : not this but the Then:, with the gen. ending -J. Cf. Hence and
other : as a rel., who or which,—conj. used to Whence.]
introduce a clause : because : for : in order that. Thenceforth, Mens'forth, adv. from that time
IA-S. tluet, neut. of the article se or the; cog. forth or forward. [Thenoe and Forth.]
with Ger. das, dasz ; further conn, with Gr. Thenceforward, Mens-for'ward, adv. from that
to, Sans. tat. See The ] time forward or onward.
Thatch, thach, v.t. to cover, as a roof, with straw, Theocracy, the-ok'ra-si, «. a government in which
reeds, &c—n. straw, &c. used to cover the the chiefs of the state are considered as the
roofs of buildings and stacks.—«. Thatch'er. immediate ministers of God or of the gods, or
[A.S. theccan, to cover; cog. with Ger. decken, belong to a sacerdotal race : the state thus
L. tego. Gr. stegd, to cover. See Deck and governed.—adjs. Theocrat'ic, Theocrat'icaL
Tile.] [Gr. tlteokratut—theos, God, and krateo, to rule.]
Thatching, thach'ing, «. the act or art of covering Theodicy, th6-od'i-si, n. a justification of God's
with thatch : the materials used for thatching. i dealings with man. [Gr. theos, God, and dike,
Thaumaturgy, thaw'ma-tur-ji, «. the art of work justice.]
ingwonders or miracles. —adjs. Thaumatur'glc, ■ Theodolite, the-od'o-lTt, n. an instrument used in
-&L [Gr. —thauma, a wonder, and ergon, work.] land-surveying for measuring angles. [Ety. un
Thaw, thaw, v.i. to melt or grow liquid, as ice : known.]
to become so warm as to melt ice.—v.t. to cause Theogonist, the-og'o-nist, «. a writer on theogony.
to melt. —«. the melting of ice or snow by heat : Theogony, the-og'o-ni, «. the part of heathen my
the change of weather which causes it. [A.S. thology which taught the birth and genealogy
thaivan ; cog. with Ger. tJiauen, to thaw, to fall of the gods. [Gr. tkeogonia - theos, God, and
in dew.] gone, genos, race—gend, to beget. See Genesis
The, Me or (when emphatic) Me, demons, pron. and Genus ]
usually called the definite article, used to denote Theologian, the-o-lo'ji-an, «. one well versed in
a particular person or thing : also to denote a ! theology: a professor of divinity : a divine.
species. [A.S. se, the, nom. masc. sing. See Theologlc, the-o-loj'ik, Theological, thc-oloj'ik-al,
That.] adj. pertaining to theology or divinity. —adv.
The, the, adv. used before comparatives, as, ' the Theolog ically. [Gr. theologikos.}
more the better.' [A.S. tht, by that, by that Theologlse, the-ol'o-jTz, v.t. to render theological.
much, the instrumental case of The, demons. —v.i. to make a system of theology.
4>ron.\ TheologlSt, the-ol o-jist, n. a student in the science
Theatre, the'a-ter, «. a place where public repre of theology: a theologian.
sentations, chiefly dramatic or musical, are Theology, the-ol'o-ji, «. the science which treats
seen : any place rising by steps like the seats of of God, and of man's duty to him. [Gr. theo-
a theatre : a building adapted for scholastic logia—theos, God, and logos, a treatise.]
exercises, anatomical demonstrations, &c. : scene Theorem, the'o-rem, n. a proposition to be proved.
of action. [Gr. tJieatron—theaomai, to see.] [Gr. theorema, lit. 'a thing viewed'—tAedred, to
Theatric, the-at'rik, Theatrical, the-at'rik-a1, adj. view. See Theory ]
relating or suitable to a theatre, or to actors: Theoretic, the-o-ret'ik, Theoretical, the-o-ret'-
pompous. [ances. ik-al, adj. pertaining to theory: not practical:
Theatricals, the-at'rik-alz, tt.pl. dramatic perform- speculative.—adv. Theoret icaily.
Thee, Me, pron. objective of Thou. [A.S. the, Theorise, the'o-rlz, v.i. to form a theory : to form
dative and accus. of thn (see Thou .] opinions solely by theories: to speculate. — «.
Theft, theft, «. act of thieving. [A.S. t/teofth, The'oriser. [theory and speculation.
thy/th.) [-the", tea.] Theorist, the'o-rist, n. a tlieoriser: one given to
Thelie, the'in, «, the active principle of tea. [Fr. Theory, the'o-ri, n. an explanation, or system of
Their, Mar, pass. adj. pron. of or belonging to anything : an exposition of the abstract princi
them. [A.S. lhara, gen. pi. of the definite ples of a science or art : speculation as opposed
article (replaced the older hira).) to practice. [L.—Gr- thedria. See Theorem ]
Theirs, Marz, pass, of They. [Their, with the i Theosophy, the-os'o-fi. «., divine wisdom, or
sing. poss. suffix -j.] knowledge obtained by direct intercourse with
Theism, the'izm, «. belief in the existence of God and superior spirits : immediate divine
God with or without a belief in a special revela illumination or inspiration. [Gr. theosophia —
tion. [Coined from Gr. theos, God.] theos, God, and sophos, wisdom.]
Theist, the'ist, n. one who believes in God. Therapeutic, ther-a-pu'tik, adj. pertaining to the
Theistlc, thc-ist'ik, ThelStlcal, the-ist'ik-al, adj. healing art : curative. [Gr. therapeud, to take
pertaining to theism, or to a tHeist : according \ care of, to heal, to nurse.]
to the doctrines of theists. Therapeutics, ther-a-pii'tiks, n.sing. that part of
Them, Mem, pron. objective of They. [A.S. ; medicine concerned with the treatment and cure
thdm, dative pi. of the definite article (this | of diseases.
replaced the older him or heom).\ There, Mar, adv. in that place 'opposed to Here :
Theme, them, n. a subject set or proposed for it is used to begin sentences when the subject
discussion, or on which a person speaks or comes after the verb.—Thereabout' or -abouts .
writes. [Fr. thime—L. thetna—Gr. tithemi, to adv. about or near that place : near th.it num
place, set. Sec Thesis.] ber, quantity, or degree. —Thereafter, adv.
Thomselves, Mem-selvz', pron., pi. of Himself, after or according to that. —Thereat', adv. at
Herself, and Itself. [See Them and Self.] that place or occurrence: on that account. —
Then, Men, adv. at that time : afterward : imme Thereby', adv. by that means : in consequence
diately : at another time : in that case : there of that.—Therefore (Mer'fur). adv. for that or
fore. [A. S. thanne, thentie, thenne, accus. sing, this reason : consequently.—Therefrom', adv.
from the stem of The. Doublet Than.] from that or this.—Therein', adv. in that or this
Thence, Mens, adv. from that time or place : for place, time, or thing.—Thereof (Mar-of';f adv.
510 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon : then.
 Thermal Thong
of that or this. —Thereon', adv. on that or this. Thimble, thim'bl, ». a metal cover for the finger,
Thereto', Thereunto', adv. to that or this.— used in sewing. [Lit. 'a thumb-piece ;' an ex
Thereupon', adv. upon or in consequence of tension of Thumb.]
that or this: immediately.—Therewith', adv. Thimble rig, thim'bl-rig, n. a sleight-of-hand trick
with that or this. [A.S. t/ia-ror tfue-r ; conn, in which the performer conceals, or pretends to
with the stem of The. The -re is prob. short conceal, a pea or small ball under one of three
for der [cf. Sans, ta-tra, there).) 1 thimble-like cups.—v.i. to cheat by such means.
Thermal, ther'nial, adj. pertaining to heat: warm. I —«. Thim'ble-rig'ger. [From colloquial use
[Or. thermos, hot—therrmi, heat—there, to heat.] | of Rig, in the sense of a trick, a wanton trick.]
Thormo dynamics, thcVmo-di-nam'iks, n. the Thin, thin, adj. having little thickness: slim:
branch of physics which treats of heat as a lean : freely mobile : small : fine : not close or
mechanical agent. [Gr. thermos—therme, heat, crowded : not full or well grown.—adv. not
and dynamikos—dynamis, force.] thickly or closely : in a scattered state. —v.t. to
Thermo-electricity, ther'mo-e-lek-tris'i-ti, n. elec make thin : to make less close or crowded : to
tricity developed by the unequal heating of make rare or less thick or dense V*r>A thinn'-
bodies. ing; pa.t. and Pa.p. thinned.—adzt. Thin'ly.—n.
Thermometer, ther-mom'e-ter, n. an instrument Thin ness. [Lit. 'extended ' or ' stretched out,'
for measuring the variations of sensible heat or A.S. thyn; cog. with Ice thunn-r, Ger. d&nn;
temperature- [Gr. thermi, heat, and metron, a L. tenuis, Celt, tanas, Sans, tanus, from the
measure.] root tan, stretch. See Tend and Thunder.]
Thermometrlc, ther-mo-met'rik, Thermometri- Thine, thin, pron. (possessive form of Thou), be
cal, ther-mo-met'rik-al, adj. pertaining to or made : longing to thee: thy. [A.S. thin; Ger. dein.)
with a thermometer.—adv. Tbermomet'rically. Thing, thing, n. an inanimate object : an event :
Thermo pile, ther'mo-pll, w. a thermo-electnc a part. [A.S. ; Ice. thing, Ger. ding; the root
battery used as a thermometer. (Gr. thermi, idea being 'a lawsuit^' hence 'a cause,1 'an
heat, and Pile, a roundish mass.] affair : ' ci. the connection of Ger. sache and E.
Thesaurus, the-saw'riis, «. a treasury or repo Sake ; and of Fr. chose and L. causa.]
sitory, esp. of knowledge : a lexicon or cyclo Think, thingk, v.i. to exercise the mind : to re
pedia. [L.—Gr. thesauros—tithimi, to place.] volve ideas in the mind : to judge: to form or
These, thSz, demon, pron., pi. of This. [A.S. hold as an opinion : to consider : to purpose or
thas, olfl pi. of t/tes, this. Doublet Those.] design.—v.t. to imagine : to judge : to believe
Thesis, thesis, n. a position or that which is set or consider :—pa.t. and pa.p. thought.—//.
down or advanced for argument : a subject for Thtnk'er. [A.S. thencan, thyncan; cog. with
a scholastic exercise : an essay on a theme :—//. Ger. denken, from root of Thank.]
Theses (thfi'sez). [L.—Gr. ti-thi-mi, to set. Thlnnish, thin'ish, adj. somewhat thin.
See Theme.] Third, third, adj. the last of three.—n. one of
Theurgy, the'ur-ji, n. that kind of magic which three equal parts- [A.S. thridda. See Three.]
affects to work by supernatural agency, as dis- 1 Thirdly, therd'li, adv. in the third place.
languished from natural magic and necromancy. Thirst, thirst, n. the uneasiness caused by want
—adjs. Theur'gio, TheWgical. [Lit. 'the of drink : vehement desire for drink : eager
work of a god,' Gr. theourgia—theos, god, and desire for anything.—v.i. to feel thirst : to
ergd, to work.] desire vehemently. [A.S. thurst, thyrsi; cog.
Thew, thu, «. (used chiefly in pi.), muscle or with Ger. durst, from a Teut. root sig. 'dry;'
strength: sinews. [Perhaps a form of Thigh.] conn, also with Gr. ters-omai, L. torr-eo, to
They, tAi, pers.pron.t pi. of He, She, or It. dry. Sans. Irish, to thirst.]
[From A.S. tha, nom. pi. of the definite article, Thirsty, therst'i, adj. suffering from thirst: dry:
which replaced the older hi, heo. See The.] parched : vehemently desiring.—adv. Thirst ily.
Thick, thik, adj. dense : imperfectly mobile : com —«. Thirst'iness. [A.S. thurstig.}
pact : not transparent or clear : misty : dull : Thirteen, ther'tcn, adj. and «., three and ten.
crowded : closely set : abundant : frequent, in Thirteenth, ther'tcnth, adj. and «. the last of
Jiuick succession : having great depth orcircum- thirteen. [A. S. threoteotha—threo, three, and
erence.—adv. closely: frequently: fast: to a teotha, tenth.]
great depth.—adv. Thickly.—n. Thickness. Thirtieth, ther'ti-eth, adj. the last of thirty.—n.
[A.S. thicce ; cog. with Ger. dick; from root of a thirtieth part. [A.S. thriligotha.]
A.S. thihan, to thrive. See Than©.] Thirty, the/ti, adj. and n. three times ten. [A.S.
Thicken, thik'n, v.t. to make thick or close: to thntig— threo, three, and tig, ten.]
strengthen. —v.i. to become thick or obscure: This, tkxs, demons, pron. or adj. denoting a per
to crowd or press. [A.S- thiccian.] son or thing near, just mentioned, or about to be
Thicket, thik et, «. a collection of trees or shrubs mentioned: (I>.) the last past:—//. These.
thickly or closely set : close wood or copse. [A.S. this, the neut. of the adj. pron. thes im.),
Thick-headed, thik'-hed'ed, adj. having a thick theos (f. ), this («.) ; Ice. thessi, Ger. dieser.]
head or skull : stupid. Thistle, this'l, n. a genus of prickly plants. [A.S.
Thickish, thik'ish, adj. somewhat thick. thistel; Ger. distel.]
Thief, thSf, n. one who steals or takes unlawfully Thistly, thisli, adj. overgrown with thistles.
what is not his own. [A.S. theof; cog. with Thither, MiM'er, adv. to that place : to that end
Ice. thiof-r, and Ger. dieS.] [A.S. theofian.] or result. TA.S. thider; from the stem of The.]
Thieve, thev, v.t. to practise theft: to steal. Thitherward, MiM'er-ward, adv. toward that
Thievery, theVer-i, n. the practice of thieving. place. [A.S. thider-iveard ]
Thievish, theVish, adj., given to, or like theft or Thole, Thowl, thol, ThoweL tha'el, ». a pin in
stealing : acting by stealth : secret : sly.—adv. the side of a boat to keep the oar in place.
Thiev ishly.—n. Thiev'ishness. [A.S. thol; Ger. dulle, Ice. thotl-r.)
Thigh, thl, «. the thick fleshy part of the leg from Thong, thong, n. a piece or strap of leather to
the knee to the trunk. [A.S. tkeoh; Ice. thio, fasten anything. [A.S. thivang, tlvwong, from
O. Ger. dieck, seen in Ger. dickbein, thigh. J the same root as Ger. zivang, constraining
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mule ; mGon ; then. 517
 Thoracic Thrill
power— zwtngen, to constrain; cf. the connec Thowel, Thowl. See Thole.
tion of band, bind, and bond.] Thraldom, Thralldom, thrawl'dum, «. the condi
Thoracic, tho-ras ik, adj. pertaining lo the thorax tion of a thrall or slave : slavery : bondage.
or breast. Thrall, thrawl, «. a slave, serf: slavery : servi
Thorax, tho'raks, n. the part of the body between tude. [A.S. thrall ; Ice. thrtrll, a slave ; prob.
the neck and belly : the chest. [Lit. 'a breast a dim. from A.S. thrcagan, to chide, to vex;
plate,' L.- Gr.] acc to Trench, from Thrill, from the practice of
Thom, thorn, «. a sharp, woody spine on the stem boring the ear of a slave in token of servitude.]
of a plant : a spine : a plant having spines or Thrash, thrash, v.t. to beat out grain from the
thorns: anything prickly or troublesome. [A.S. ; straw : to beat soundly.—/* Thrash er. [A.S.
Ice. thom, Ger. darn ; Slav, tarn.] thcrscan ; cog. with Ger. drcscJten.]
Thornback, thom'bak, «. a species of ray or skate Thrashing, thrash'ing, «. the act of beating out
which has thorns or spines in its back. grain from thestraw : asound beatingordrubbing.
Thorny, thorn'i, adj. full of thorns: prickly: Thrashing-floor, thrash'ing-flor, n. a floor on
troublesome : harassing. [A.S. thorniht.) which grain is thrashed.
Thorough, thur'u, adj. passing through or to the Thread, thred, n. a very thin line of any substance
end: complete: entire.—'obs.) prep, through. — twisted and drawn out : a filament of any fibrous
adv. Thoroughly. —». Thoroughness. fA.S substance : a fine line of yarn : anything resem
thurh, from a root tar, 'to go beyond,' seen in bling a thread : the prominent spiral part of a
L. tra-ns. The longer form of Through.] screw : something continued in long course :
Thorough-bass, thur'O-bas, n. {musu ) a bass part the uniform tenor of a discourse.—v.t. to pass a
all through a piece, with figures placed over the thread through the eye of (as a needle* : to pass
notes to indicate the harmony to be played to each. or pierce through, as a narrow way. [Lit.
Thoroughbred, thur'O-brcd, aiij., thoroughly or 'something twisted,' A.S. fhra*d (cog. with Ice.
completely bred : bred from a dam and sire of thrad-r, Ger. draht], from tkratvan, to wind
the best blood, as a horse, and having the quali (E. Throw, to twist), Ger. dreheri.]
ties supposed to depend thereon. Threadbare, thred'bar, adj. worn to the bare or
Thoroughfare, thur'o-ffir, «. afare or passage for naked thread: having the nap worn off: hack
going through : a public way or street : right of neyed : used till its novelty or interest is gone.
passing through. [See Fare.} Thready, thrcd'i, adj. like thread: slender: con
Thorough-going, thur'O-gft'm&adj, goingthrough taining or consisting of thread.
or to the end : going all lengths : complete. Threat, thret, «. declaration of an intention to
Thorough-paced, thuro-past, adj., thoroughly ox inflict punishment or other evil upon another:
perfectly paced or trained : complete. - menace. [See Threaten.]
Thorp, thorp, w. a homestead: a hamlet. [A.S. Threaten, thret'n, v.t. to declare the intention of
thorfte; Goth, thaurp, Ger. dor/; allied to L. inflicting punishment or other evil upon another :
tnrba, a crowd.) to terrify by menaces: to present the appear
Those, th&z, pron., pi. of That. [From A S. ance of coming evil, or of something unpleasant.
thas, the old pL of thes, this. See This. [A.S. thrtatian, to threaten: cog. with Ger.
Doublet These.J ver-drieszen, Goth, ihriutan^ to vex.]
Thou, Mow, pron. of the second person sing., the Threatening, thret'n-ing, adj. indicating a threat
person addressed (now gen. used only in solemn or menace : indicating something approaching
address). [A.S. thu; cog. with Goth, thu, Gr. or impending. —adv. Threateningly.
/», L. tn. Sans, tva-m.) Three, thre", adj. and n. two and one. [A.S.
Though, thO, conj. admitting: allowing: even if: and Ice. thri, Celt, fri, Goth. threist Ger. dreit
notwithstanding- [Lit. 'on that' (condition*1, L. trcs, Gr. treis, Sans, tri.]
A.S. theah ; cog. with Goth, thau-h, Ice. thd, Threefold, thre'fold, adj., folded thrice: thrice
Ger. dock ; from the stem of The ] repeated : consisting of three. [folds.
Thought, thawt, pa. t. and pa.p. of Think. [A. S. Threeply, thre'plT, adj. having three plies or
t/tcahte, tticaht.) Threescore, thri'skOr, adj., three times a score,
Thought, thawt, n. the act of thinking: reason sixty.
ing : deliberation : that which one thinks : idea : Threnody, thren'o-di, «. an ode or song oflamen
fancy : consideration : opinion : meditation : tation. [Gr. threnddia, from thrrnos, a lament
design : care. [A S. gr-thoht ; Ice. thott-r, O. (—threomai, to cry aloud1, and Ode, a song.]
Ger. ge-dacht. See Think.] i Thresh, thresh. Same as Thrash.
Thoughtful, thawt'fool, adj., full of thought: Threshold, threshold. «. a piece of wood or stone
employed in meditation : attentive : considerate : under the door of a bouse : door : entrance : the
promoting serious thought : favourable to medi place or point of entering. [Lit. ' the piece of
tation.—adv. Thoughtfully.—n. Thought'ful- 7vood beaten by the feet,' M. E. thrrshivoid—
ness. A. S. thersctvald— thcrscan, to thresh, wald,
Thoughtless, thawt'les, adj., without thought or wood.]
care: careless: inattentive : stupid : dull.—adv. Threw, throTJ, pa.t. of Throw.
Thoughtlessly. — «. Thoughtlessness. Thrice, thrTs, adv., three times. [M. E. tkrics—
Thousand, thow^and, adj. denoting ten hundred: Three, with a genitive termination.]
proverbially, denoting any great number.—n. the ! Thrift, thrift, n. state of thriving: frugality : pros
number ten hundred : any large number. [A.S. perity: increase of wealth: gain: a plant so
thusend; Ger. tausend, Goth, thusundi; found called, of several species. [See Thrive.]
also in Slav, and Lithuanian, and prob. thence Thriftless, Ihrift'les adj., not thrifty: extrava
derived.] gant : not thriving.—adv. Thriftlessly.
Thousandfold, thow'zand-fold, adj., folded a Thriftlessness.
thousand times : multiplied by a thousand. Thrifty, thrift'i, adj. 'comp. Thrift'ier, superl.
Thousandth, thow'zandth, adj. the last of a thou Thriftiest] showing thrift or economy : thriving
sand or of any great number.—«. one of a thou by frugality.—adv. Thriftily. —«. Thriftlness.
sand or of any treat number. Thrill, thril, v.t. to pierce: to affect strongly.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mine ; moon ; then.
 Thrilling
—v.t. to pierce, as something sharp : to cause
a tingling, shivering feeling to run through the
body : to feel a sharp, shivering sensation.—«. a
thrilling sensation. [A.S. thyrlian, to bore a
hole ; Ger. drillen, to drill a hole. Sec Drill,
to pierce.]
Thrilling, thril'ing, adj. causing to thrill.
Thrive, thrlv, v.u to prosper: to increase in
goods : to be successful : to grow : to flourish :—
Pa.t. throve and thrived; pa.p. thriv'en. [Ice.
thrifa, to care, thrif, care, good success,]
Thrivingly, thriv'ing-li, adv. in a thriving or
prosperous manner.
Throat, thrOt, tu the forepart of the neck, in which
are the gullet and windpipe : an entrance : a
narrow part of anything. [/VS. throte ; Ger.
drvsset, the throat, gullet.]
Throb, throb, v.i, to beat or palpitate, as the heart
or pulse, with more than usual force :—pr.p.
throbb'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. throbbed.—n. a beat
or strong pulsation. [Sw. drabba, to knock ;
akin to L. trepitio, to tremble.]
Throe, thro, n., suffering, pain : agony : the pains
of childbirth. [A.S. threa, suffering— threowan,
to suffer.]
Throne, thron, n. a chair of state richly orna
mented and covered with a canopy : scat of a
bishop in his church: sovereign power and dig
nity. —v.t. to place on a royal scat : to exalt :—
pr.p. thrOnlng; pa.t. and pa.p. throned. [L.
thronus—Gr. thrones, a seat—thrad, to seL]
Throng, throng, «. a large number of people
Pressed or crowded together: a crowd : a great
multitude. —v.t. to press or crowd : to annoy
with numbers.—v.i. to crowd together : to come
in multitudes. [A.S. thrang—thringan, to
press.]
Throstle, thros'I, n. the song-thrush or mavis.
[A.S. throstle; cog. with Ger. drossel, L. tur-
dus, a thrush.]
Throttle, throt'l, *. the throat or windpipe.—v.t.
to choke by pressure on the windpipe. [Dim.
of Throat.]
Through, thrfJo, prep, from end to end, or from
side to side of: between the sides of: over the
whole extent of : among : from beginning to end :
by means of: in consequence of.—adv. from one
end or side to the other : from beginning to end :
to the end or purpose. [A.S. thurh; cog. with
Ger. durch, W. trw. Sans, taras—root tar, to
cross fL. trans, across).] [Thoroughly.
Throughly, thrOo'1i, adv. {obs.) same as
Throughout,
. Vf -, :>■ : in every part of : from one end toto the
ihrou-owt\ /rep., through the
other.—adv. in every part: everywhere.
Throve, thr&v, pa.t. of Thrive.
Throw, thro, v.t. to hurl: to fling: to wind or
twist together, as yarn : to form on a wheel, as
pottery: to venture at dice: to put off: to put
on or spread carelessly : to cast down in wrest
ling.—v.i. to cast or hurl: to cast dice \—Pa.t.
threw (throTJ) ; Pa.p. thrown.—n. the act of
throwing : a cast, esp. of dice : the distance to
which anything may be thrown : a violent effort.
—n. Thrower. [A.S. thrawan, to turn, to
twist : cog. with Ger. drehen, to twist, L. terere,
torquere.\
Thrum, thrum, n. the end of a weaver's thread :
coarse yarn.—v.t. to furnish with thrums: to
fringe : to insert short pieces of rope-yarn in a
mat or piece of canvas : to play rudely or mono
tonously on an instrument with the fingers :—
pr.p. thrumm'ing :pa.t. andpa.p. thrummed. [Ice.
thrtim; Ger. trumt/t, a piece, end, fragment.)
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Thy
Thnimmy, thruml, aaj. made of or like thrums.
Thrush, thrush, n. a little bird remarkable for
its power of song. [See Throstle.]
Thrush, thrush, n, an inflammatory and suppur
ating affection in the feet of horses : a disease of
the mouth and throat occurring chiefly in varly
infancy.
Thrust, thrust, v.t. to push or drive with force. —
v.u to make a push, esp. with a pointed weapon :
to squeeze in : to intrude '.—pa.t. andPa.p. thrust.
— n. a stab : an assault. [Ice. thrysta, to press.]
Thug, thug, «. one of a class of professional rob
bers and assassins, in India, numerous up till
1830.—ns. Thuggee'and ThUgg'lflm, theprnctice
and superstition of the Thugs. [Sans. thagt
cheat, knave.]
Thumb, thum, «. the short, thick finger of the
hand : the corresponding member in other ani
mals.—v.t. to handle awkwardly : to play or
soil with the thumb or fingers.—v.i. to finger.—
By rule Of thumb, in a rough and ready prac
tical manner, found by experience to be con
venient. [With intrusive b from A.S. thuma ;
cog. with Ice. thumalt; conn, with L. tumeo,
Sans, tautni, to grow large.]
Thumbkln, thumTtin, Thumbscrew, thum'skroo,
n. an old instrument of torture for compressing
the thumb by means of a screw.
Thummim, thum'im, n.pi., perfections. [Heb.,
pi. of torn, perfection. Sec Urim.[
Thump, thump, «. a heavy blow.—v.t. to beat
with something heavy.—v.i. to strike or fall with
a dull, heavy blow.—n. Thump'er. [From the
sound, like Bump.]
Thunder, thun'dcr, n. the deep rumbling sound
after a flash of lightning: any loud noise: an
alarming denunciation.—v.i. to make thunder:
to sound as thunder.—v.t. to give out with noise
and terror : to publish a denunciation.—n. Thun'-
derer. —atiis. Thun'dery, Thunderous. [With
intrusive a from A.S. thunor; cog. with Ger.
donner, Ice. dnnr, L. tonitru (—tono). The
root is tan, found in L. tendo, Gr. teind, Ger.
dehnen, to stretch, from the stretching or strain
ing of the god in hurling the thunderbolt.]
Thunderbolt, thun'der-bOlt. n. a bolt or shaft of
lightning preceding a peal of thumier: anything
sudden and irresistible : a daring or irresistible
hero : ecclesiastical denunciation.
Thunderstruck, thun'der-struk, adj., struck by
lightning: astonished: struck dumb.
Thurible, thuVi-bl, «. a censer of metal for burn
ingfrankincense. [L. thuribulnm—thus, t/tnris,
frankincense ; akin to Gr. thiws, a sacrifice.]
Thurifer, thOVi-fer, n. the server who carries the
thurible. [L. thus, thuris, and Zero, to bear.]
Thursday, thurz'da, «. the fifth day of the week,
so called because orig. sacred to Thor, the old
Saxon god of thunder. [A.S. thunres dtrg—
thuner, thunder, and dtrg, day; Ice. thors-
dag-r, Thor's day, Ger. doutterstag.]
Thus, thus, atlv. in this or that manner : to this
degree or extent. [A. S., prob. an instrumental
case of This.]
Thwack, thwak, v.t. to strike with something
blunt and h«avy, to thrash.—«. a heavy blow.
[Imitative.]
Thwart, thwawrt, adj., cross: being crosswise.—
v.i. to cross: to oppose: to defeat. — n. the
bench for rowers placed athivart the boat. —
adv. Thwart'ly. [Ice. tkvert; cog. with A.S.
thiveorh, Ger. qwr. See Queer.]
Thy, Mi, pass, adj , thinet of or pertaining to
thee. [Short for Thine.]
mate ; ; moon ; then. £>1U
 Thyme Tilt-hammer
Thyme, tTm, «. an aromatic herb. [L. ikymum i for chairs, &c. : a child's pinafore.—v.t. to make
—Gr. thyd, to fill with sweet smells, to burn in I neat: to put in good order \—pa. t. and pa.p.
sacrifice] [grant. ti'died. [M. E. tidi {lit.) 'timely,' in good
Thymy, tlm'i, adj. abounding with thyme : fra- condition, beautiful, from A.S. lidy time, E.
Thyself, Mi-self, pron. , thou or thee, in person— Tide; cf. Ger. zeit-ig, 'timely,' mature.]
used for emphasis. [Thy and Self.] Tie, tT, v.t. to bind: to fasten with a cord : to
Tiara, tl-a'ra, n. the lofty ornamental head-dress unite : to constrain : (music) to unite notes with
of the ancient Persians : a head-dress : the mitre a tie '.—fir.p. ty'ing ; fia.t. and Pa.p. tied (tTd). —
of the Jewish high-priest : the pope's triple crown. n. a knot: a bona: an equality in numbers, as
—adj. Tia'raed, wearing a tiara. [Fr. tiarey of votes, or of ' points ' in a game : [music] a
through L., from Gr. tiara.] curved line drawn over two or more notes on
Tibia, tib'i-a, n. the large shinbonc. [L., the shin- the same degree of the stave, signifying that
bone, hence, a flute (orijj. made of bonel] the second note is not to be sounded separately,
Tibial, tib'i-al, adj. pertaining to the tibia: per but is to sustain the first. [A.S. tian, to tic,
taining to a pipe or flute. perh. from the root of A. S. teon, to draw, Ger.
Tic, tik, rt. a convulsive motion of certain muscles, xiehen.)
esp. of the face. (Fr., from the likeness of the Tier, ter, «. a row or rank, especially when
motion to a ticking sound.] several rows are placed one above another.
Tic-douloureux, tik-doo loo-rOo', *. painful, con TA.S. tier.]
vulsive motion of a nerve, usually in the face. Tierce, tc"rs, n. a cask containing one-third of a
[Fr. tic (see Tic), and douloureux, painful.] pipe, that is 42 gallons : a sequence of three
Tick, tik, «. the popular name for several species c irds of the same colour : a third, in music : a
of large mites which infest dogs, sheep, &c. thrust, in fencing. [Fr.—L. tertia [pars), a
[M. E. tike, cog. with Dut. teek, Ger. zeekc.) third (part)—ter, three times—ires, three.]
Tiok, tik, «. the case or cover in which feathers Tiffin, tif'in, n. the East Indian name for lunch.
&c. are put for bedding.—Tlcken, tik'en, Tick [From Prov. E. tiff, a draught of beer ]
ing, tik'ing, n. the cloth of which a tick is made. Tiger, tl'gcr, n a fierce animal of the cat kind,
[Allied to Dut. tijk, and Ger. zieche ; all from nearly as large as a Xxon.—fem. Ti gress. [Fr.
L. theca—Gr. theke, a case, that in which any tigre—L. ttgris—Gr.]
thing is \flxt~ti-thi-mi, to put.] Tigerish, tl'ger-ish, adj. like a rr^rrin disposition.
Tick, tik, v.i. to make a small, quick noise : to Tight, tit, adj. close : compact : not leaky : fit
beat, as a watch. [Imitative ; as are Dot ting closely: not loose.—adv. Tightly. —n.
tikk-en and Ger. tick-en.] Tight'ness. [From A. S. thihan, to thrive ; cog.
Tick, tik, v.i. to run upon score: to get or give with Ger. dicht. See Tie and Thick.]
credit.—«. credit: trust. [Prob. a contr. of Tighten, tlt'n, v.t. to make tight or tighter: to
Ticket. ]_ straiten.
Ticket, tik'et, n. a marked card : a token of any Tilbury, tiH>er-i, rt. a kind of gig. [Said to be so
right or debt, as for admission, &c.—v.t. to mark named from its first maker.]
by a ticket.—Tlcket-Of-leave, a license to be at Tile, til, rt. a piece of baked clay used for covering
large, granted to a convict for good conduct. roofs, floors, &c. : a tube of baked clay used in
[Short for Fr. ttiqueite, a label, lit. ' something drains. —v. t. to cover with tiles.—n. TTl'er.
stuck on,' from Ger. stechen, E. Stick.] [A.S. tirol—h. tegula—tego, to cover.]
Tickle, tiki, v.t. to touch lightly and cause to Tilery, tll'er-i, n. a place where tiles are made.
laugh : to please by slight gratification.—v.i. to Tiling, tTl'ing, n. a roof of files : tiles in general.
feel titillation or tickling.—«. Tldr/ler. [Dim. Till, til, n. a money box or drawer in a desk or
of Tick, v., in the sense ' to touch lightly.'] counter. [From A.S. tilian, to tell, count.]
Ticklish, tik'lish, adj. easily tickled : easily Till, til, Prep, to the time oi.—adv. to the time
affected : nice : critical.—adv. Ticklishly.—«. when: to the degree that. [A.S. til—Stand. ;
Tickllshness. from the same root as A.S. til, suitable, tilian,
Tldal: tid al, adj. pertaining to tides: flowing and to gain, to get, and Ger. ziel, end, limit.]
ebbing periodically. T11L til, v.t. to cultivate.—«. TiU'er. [A.S. tilian,
Tide, tid, n.} time : season : the regular flux and to till—til, an end, a limit ; cog. with Ger.
reflux or rising and falling of the sea : course : a zielen, to aim, to arrange.]
tide, time, or season : commotion : turning- Tillage, til'aj, «. act or practice of tilling: hus
point.—v.t. to drive with the stream.—v.i. to bandry : a place tilled.
pour a tide or flood : to work in or out of a river Tiller, til'er, «. the handle or lever for turning a
or harbour with the tide. [A.S., cog. with Ger. rudder. [Prov. E. tiller, the handle of a spade ;
zeit, time. Cf. Tidings.J perh. from Dut. tillcn, to lift,]
Tidegauge, tid'gaj, ». an instrument for register Tilt, tilt, «. the canvas covering of a cart or
ing the state of the tide continuously. wagon: an awning in a boat.—v.t. to cover
Tideless, tld'Ies, adj. having no tides. with an awning. [A.S. teld—teldan, to cover;
Tidemill, tld'tnil, w. a mill moved by tidc-wzlcr cog. with Ger. sell.]
a mill for clearing lands of tide-water. Tilt, tilt, v.i. to ride against another and thrust
Tide- table, tld'-ta'bl, «. a table giving the time of with a lance : to thrust or fight with a lance or
high tide at any place. rapier : to fall into a sloping posture.—v.t. to
Tide-waiter, tid'-wat'er, «. an officer who waits point or thrust with, as a lance : to slant : to raise
the arrival of vessels, to secure the payment of one end of: to forge with a tilt-hammer.—*, a
the duties. [the tide sets. thrust : in the middle ages, an exercise in which
Tideway, trd'wa, n. the way or channel in which combatants rode against each other with lances:
Tidings, tld'ingz, tt.pl. news : intelligence. [Lit. inclination forward.—n. Tilt'er. [A.S. teaIt,
' things that betide,' from Ice. ttdh-indi—tidh, tottering ; Ice. tSlta, to trot ; Ger. zclter.]
time ; cf. Ger. zeit-ung, news, from seit. See Tilth, tilth, n. cultivation: cultivated land. [From
Tide and Betide.] Till, v.t.]
Tidy, tT'di, adj. neat : in good order.—n. a cover Tilt-hammer, tilt'-ham'er, n. a heavy hammer
620 fate, far ; me", her ; mTne ; mote ; mate ; mCon ; then.
 Timber Tiresome
used in ironworks, which is tilted or lifted by tind. a prickle ; cog. with Ice. tind-r, a tooth,
means of projections on the axis of a wheel. a prickle ; and prob. conn, with Tooth.]
Timber, tim ber, «. wood for building purposes : Tinfoil, tin'foil,ir.,r7« in thin leaves. [From Tin,
the trunk of a tree : material for any structure : and Foil, a leaf.]
one of the larger pieces of the framework of a Tinge, tinj, v.t. to tint or colour: to mix with
house, ship, &C—V.L to furnish with timber or something : to give in some degree the qualities
beams. [A.S. timber, building, wood ; Ger. of a substance.—«. a small amount of colour or
zirnmer, an apartment, building ; from root taste infused into another substance. [L. tittgo,
dam, seen in L. domus, Gr. domes, a house, and tineturn ; conn, with Gr. lenggd, to wet, to
demit, to build, and Sans, dama.) stain, Sans, tuc-.]
Timbre, tim'ber, «. tone or character of a musical Tingle, ting'gl, v.i. to feel a thrilling sensation,
sound. [Fr.—L. tympanum, a drum.] as in hearing a shrill sound : to feel a sharp,
Timbrel, tim brel, «. a musical instrument some thrilling pain. [Like tinkle, an imitative word.]
what like a tambourine. [Through It. timbu- Tinker, tingk'er, n. a mender of brazen or tin
rello, from root ol Tabor kettles, pans, &c. [Tink, to make a sharp, shrill
Time, ilm, n. a point at which or period during sound ; Scot, tinkler—tinkle ; also given = a
which things happen : a season or proper time : worker in tin.]
an opportunity : absolute duration : an interval : Tinkle, tingk'l, v.i. to make small sharp sounds:
past time : the duration of one's life : allotted to clink : to jingle : to hear small sharp sounds.
period : repetition of anything or mention with —v.t. to cause to make quick, sharp sounds. —«.
reference to repetition : musical measure : hour a sharp clinking sound. [Dim. of tink, a sharp,
of travail : the slate of things at any period, quick sound ; an imitative word.]
usually in pi.: the history of the world, as Tinsel, tin'scl, ». something sparkling or shining:
opposed to eternity : addition of a thing to itself. a stuff for ornamental dresses consisting of cloth
—At times, at distinct intervals : occasionally. overlaid with a thin coating of gold or silver :
In time, Time enough, in good season: suf anything showy, of but little value : anything
ficiently early.—The time being, the present having a falsa lustre.—adj. like tinsel : gaudy :
time. — i'./. to do at the proper season : to regu superficial.—v.t. to adorn with or as with tinsel:
late as to time : {music) to measure.—v.i. to to make glittering or gaudy :—pr.p. tin'selling ;
keep or beat time, f A.S. tima; cf. Ice. timi; pa.t. and Pa.p. tin'selled. [Fr. itincelU—L.
Celt, tint: and TMe.] scintilla, a spark.]
Time-honoured, tlm'-on'urd, adj., honoured for a Tint, tint, n. a slight tinge distinct from the prin
long time-' venerable on account of antiquity. cipal colour.—v.t. to give a slight colouring to.
Timo koopor. tim'-kep'cr, n. a clock, watch, or [Irom root of Tinge.]
other instrument for keeping or marking time : Tintinnabulation, tin-tin-ab-u-la'shun. n. the
one who keeps the time of workmen. tinkling sound of bells. {L. tintinnabulum, a
Timely, ITm'li, adj. in good time: sufficiently bell—tintinnare, dim. of tinitio, to jingle, to
early.—adv. early, soon. — «. Timeliness. ring ; an imitative word.]
Timoous, tTm'us, atlj, in good time: seasonable. Tiny, ttm, atlj. {comp. TVnier, superl. Ti'niest)
Timeously, tlm'us-li, adv. in good time. thin; very small. [Prob. from the word Thin
Timepiece, tim'pes, n. a piece of machinery for in its Scand. forms, as Dan. tyud.]
keeping time, esp. a clock for a mantel-piece. Tip, tip, n. the top or point of anything small : the
Timo-serrer, tlm'-seiVer, n. one who serves or end.—v.t. to form a point to : to cover the tip or
meanly suits his opinions to the times. end of'.—pr.p. tipp'ing ; pa.t. and pa p. tipped.
Time-table, tlm'-ta bl, «. a table or list showing [Dut. tip; Ger. zipf-el, end, point : a dim. ofTop.]
the times of certain things, as trains, steamers, Tippet, tip'et, n. the /;/ or cape of a coat.
&c. [time. Tipple, tip'l, v.i. to drink in small quantities :
Timeworn, tim'worn, adj. . worn or decayed by to drink strong liquors often or habitually.—
Timid, tim'id, adj.. fearful: wanting courage: v.t. to drink, as strong liquors, to excess. —«.
faint-hearted.—adv. Timidly.—n. Tim lrtness. Tippler. [An extension of to tilt up a
[L. ti/nidus —timeo, to fear.] vessel in drinking.]
Timidity, ti-mid'i-ti, h. quality or state of being Tipstaff, tip'staf, «. a staff tipped with metal, or
timid: want of courage or boldness. an officer who carries it : a constable.
Timorous, tim'or-us, adj. full offear: timid : in Tipsy, tip'si, adj. intoxicated.—adv. Tip'sily.—
dicating fear.—adv. Timorously.—«. Tlm'or- «. Tip'siness. [From stem of Tipple.]
ousness. Tiptoe, tip'tO, *. the tip or end of the toe.
Tin, tin, «. a silvery-white, non-elastic, easily Tirade, ti-rad', «. a strain of censure or reproof.
fusible, and malleable metal. —V.t. to cover or [Fr.—tirer, to draw, from the O. Ger. zeran, E,
overlay with tin or tinfoil :—pr.p. tinn'ing ; pad. Tear. ]
and pa.p. tinned. [A.S. ; cog. with Ice. tin, Tire, tlr, w., attire, apparel: furniture: {B.} a
Ger. zinn.) head-dress.—v.t. (B.) to dress, as the head.
Tinctorial, tingk-toVi-al, adj. giving a tinge or [A.S. tt'r, glory, adornment : cog. with Ger.
containing colour : colouring. sier, ornament, honour, and Lat. {decus} decor-
Tincture, tingk'tur, «. a tinge or shade of colour : j is. See Attire.]
a slight taste added to anything : (rned.) a solu Tire, tir, «. the hoop of iron that ties or binds the
tion of any substance in or by means of spirit of | fellies of wheels. [From Tie ]
wine.—z:t. to tinge : to imbue : to mix with any- Tire, tlr, v.t. to harass, to vex : to exhaust the
thing foreign. [L. tinctura, from root of Tinge.] strength of: to weary.—v.i. to become weary:
Tinder, tin'der, «. anything used for kindling fire j to be fatigued : to have the patience exhausted.
from a spark. [A.S. tender; Ice. tundr, Ger. [A.S. tirian, to vex, from root of Tear.]
zunder. The root is found in A.S. tendan, Tired, ttrd, adj. wearied: fatigued.—«. Tlred'-
Ger. ziinden, to kindle.] ness.
Tine, tin, n. the spike of a fork or harrow, &c.— Tiresome, tlr'sum, adj. that tires: fatiguing : te
Tined, adj. furnished with spikes, [M. E. dious.—adv. Tire'somely.—«. Tire someness.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mOUn ; then. 521
 Tissue Tolerable
Tissue, tish'Q, «. cloth Intenvoven with gold or Toast, tOst, v.t. to dry and scorch at the fire. — «.
silver, or with figured colours: (ana/.) the sub bread toasted: a slice of such dipped in liquor.
stance of which organs are composed : a con [O. Fr. fatter—1*. tostns, roasted, pa.p. ottorreo.\
nected series.— v.t. to form, as tissue: to inter Toast, tflst, v.t. to name when a health is drunk :
weave : to variegate. [Fr. tissit, 1 woven.' pa. p. to drink to the health of. —v.t. to drink toasts.—
of an obs. Fr verb, from L. te.rere, to weave.] «. the person or thing named whose health is to
Titan, titan, Titanic, iT-tan'ik, adj. relating to be drunk. [From the least formerly put in liquor.]
the Titans, giants of mythology : enormous in Toaster, tOst'er, n. one who or that which toasts.
sin or strength. [anything small, and Bit.] Toastmaster, tost'mas-ter, n. the master and
Titbit, tit'bit, «. a choice little bit. (Obs. E. titt announcer of toasts at public dinners.
Tithe, tltkf rt. a tenth part : the r\i of the produce Tobacco, to-bak'O, n. a narcotic plant, a native of
of land and stock allotted to the clergy.—v.t. to America, whose dried leaves are used for smok
tax to a Jp. [A.S. teotka ; cog. with Ger. ing, chewing, and in straff* [Through Sp.
zehnte—zehn. Doublet Tenth ] tabaco, from the Indian name for the pipe.]
Tither, tiM'er, n. one who collects tithes. Tobacconist, to-bak'o-nist, n. one who sells or
Tithing, t!/A'ing. n. an old Saxon district contain manufactures tobacco. [Orig. 'a tobacco-
ing ten householders, each responsible for the smoker.'] [smoking tobacco.
behaviour of the rest. [See Tithe. ) TobaCCO-pipe, to-bak'o-pTp, «. a pipe used for
Titillate, tit'il-lat, v.t, to tickle. [L. titillo, Toboggan, to-bog'gan, tt. a kind of sled turned up
ti/illatum.} at both ends, much used in Canada for sliding
Titlllation, tii-il-l;Vshun, n. act of titillating: down snow-covered slopes.—v. to slide down
state of being titillated : a pleasant feeling. over snow on such. [A native word.)
Titlark, tit'lark, *. a singing bird with a greenish To-brake, tCo-brak, v.t. (/?.) broke in pieces.
back and head, found in marshes and moors : [Prefix To-, asunder, and Break.]
a small bird icf. Titling). [Lit. 'a little lark/ Tocsin, tok'sin, «. an alarm-bell, or the ringing of
obs. E. tit, Ice. ti/a, anything small, and Lark.] it. [Lit. ' that which is struck to give a sigtuil
Title, ti'tl, «. an inscription set over or at the be or alarm,' Fr. —O. Fr. toqtter 'Fr. toucher, E.
ginning of a thing by which it is known : a name Touoh). and O. Fr. sein—L. signum, E. Sign ]
of distinction : that which gives a just right to To-day, too-d;V, «., this or the present day. [To,
possession : the writing that proves a right : a corr. of the or this, and Day.]
{/?.) a sisin.—v.t. to name. (O. Fr.—L. titulus.] Toddle, tod'l, v.i. to walk with short feeble steps,
Titled, tl'tld, adj. having a title. as a child.—adj. Toddling. [Prob. a by-form
Title-deed, ti'tl-ded, «. a deed or document that of Totter.]
proves a title or just right to exclusive possession. Toddy, tod'i, n. the fermented juice of various
Title-page, tT'tl-paj, n. the Page of a book con palms of the East Indies: a mixture of whisky,
taining its title and usually the author's name. sugar, and hot water. [Hindustani.]
Titling, tit'ling, n. the hedge-sparrow. [Dim. Toe, to, «. one of the five small members at the
from obs. E. tit, anything small.] point of the foot : the corresponding member of
Titmouse, tit'mows, «. a genus of little birds, a beast's foot : the front of an animal's hoof. —
which feed on insects^ &c. '.—pi. Titmice, tit'- adj. Toed, tod, having toes. [A-S. ta ; Ice. /«,
mTs. [Tit, anything small (cf. Titling), and Ger. tehe, allied to die, to point, in L. digitus,
A.S. mase, cog. with Ger. meise, a small bird.] Gr. daktylos, a finger, a toe.]
Titter, tir/er, v.i. to laugh with the tongue striking Toffee, Toffy, tofi, «. a hard-baked sweetmeat,
the teeth: to laugh restrainedly : to giggle. — made of sugar and butter. [Ety. unknown.]
n. a restrained laugh. [Imitative; cf. Ger. Toga, tO'ga, n. the mantle of a Roman citizen.
zittem, to tremble.] [of///.] [L.—tego, to cover.]
Tittle, tit'l, n. a small particle : an iota. [Dim. Togated, tO'gat-ed, Toged, tOgd, adj. dressed in
Tittle-tattle, tit'l-tat'l, «. idle, empty talk. [Cf. a toga or gown. [L. togains—Toga. ]
Tittle (above) and Titter.] Together, too-geM'er, tulv. ( gathered to one place :
Titular, tit fi-lar, adj. existing in name or title in the same place, time, or company : in or into
only: nominal: having the title without the union : in concert. [A.S. togtedere—to, to, and
duties of an office.—adv. Tit'ularly. gaderian, E. Gather.]
Titulary, tit'Q-lar-i, adj. consisting in or pertain Toil, toil, n. a net or snare. [Lit. * a web,' Fr.
ing to a title.—«. one having the title of an office toile, cloth —L. tela, from texo. to weave.]
whether he performs its duties or not. Toll, toil, v.i. to labour : to work with fatigue.—
To, too, prep, in the direction of: in order to: n. labour, esp. of a fatiguing kind.—«. Toil or.
as far as : in accordance with : sign of the infini [Another form of Till, v.t.]
tive mood: (/?.) sometimes = for.—To and fro, Toilet, Toilette, toil et, n. a dressing-table : mode
backwards and forwards. [A.S. ; Ger. zu, Goth. or operation of dressing. [Fr. toilette, dim. of
dn; Celt, and Slav, do.) toile, cloth, thus sig. lit. 'little-cloth,' then,
Toad, tod, it. an amphibious reptile, like the frog, table-cover, dressing-table. Cf. Toll, «.]
wrongly l>elievcd to emit poison. [A.S. tade.] Toilsome, toil'sum, adj. full of fatigue: weari
Toadeater, tod'St-cr, n. a fawning sycophant : some.—adv. Toil somely. Toll'someness.
{frig.) a mountebank's assistant, whose duty was Tokay, tfi-k;V, «. a white wine with an aromatic
to swallow or pretend to swallow any kind of taste, produced at Tokay in Hungary.
gnrbage. [Said to be a version of Fr. avalcr Token, to'kn, «. a mark: something representing
des conleuvres, to swallow adders, to put up another thing or event: a sign : a memorial of
with all sorts of indignities without resentment.] friendship: a coin issued by a private person or
-Toadstool, tdd'stoOl, n. a poisonous kind of mush civic authority redeemable in current money.
room. [A.S. tacen; Ger. zeichen, a mark: from the
Toady, tod'i, «. a mean hanger-on and flatterer.— mot ofGr. deiknymi, L. diet, to say, A.S. tthan.]
v.t. to fawn as a sycophant:—pa.t. and Pa.p. Told. u'Ad.pa.f. and pa.p. of Tell.
toadied. [Short for Toadeater.] Tolerable, tol'er-a-bl, adj. that may be tolerated
Toadyism. tOd'i-iim, «. the practice of a toady. or endured : moderately good or agreeable : ru>t
522 fate, far ; me", her ; mine ; inOte ; mute ■ m50n : then.
 Tolerance Top
contemptible.—adv. Tol'erably.—*. Tol'erable- zange, from a root seen in A.S. ge-tingan, to
ness. [of offensive persons or opinions. press, push.]
Tolerance, tol'cr-ans, n. the toleratingox enduring Tongue, tuug, n. the fleshy organ in the mouth,
Tolerant, tol'er-ant, adj., tolerating: enduring: used in tasting, swallowing, and speech : power
indulgent: favouring toleration. of speech: manner of speaking: speech: dis
Tolerate, tol'er-at, v.t. to bear: to endure: to course : a language : anything like a tongue in
allow by not hindering. [L. tolero, -aturn, from shape : the catch of a buckle : the pointer of a
tol, root of tollo, to lift up, to bear. Cf. Talent.] balance: a point of land. [A.S. tunge ; Ice.
Toleration, lol-er-u'shun, M. act of tolerating: tunga, Ger. zuttge, the tongue ; L. lingua (old
allowance of what is not approved : liberty given form ding/ta , Sans, jihvd.]
to a minority to hold and express their own Tongued, tungd, adj. having a tongue.
political or religious opinions, and to be admitted Tongueless, tunnies, adj. having no tongue :
to the same civil privileges a* the m»jority. mute.
Toll, tfll, n. a tax for theliberty of passing over a Tongue-tied, tung'-tid, adj. having an impedi
bridge or road, selling goods in a market, &c. : ment, as if the tongue were tied: unable to speak
a portion of grain taken by a miller for grinding. freely.
[A.S., which (with Dut. to/, and Ger. zoil) is Tonic, ton'ik, adj. relating to tones or sounds :
from L. telonium—Kjx* teldnion, a tollbooth, (med.) giving tone and vigour to the system :
from te/os, a tax.] giving or increasing strength.—n. a medicine
Toll, tOl, v.i. to sound, as a large bell. —v.t. to which gives tone and vigour to the system.
cause to sound, as a bell : to strike, or signal by Tonic solfa, ton'ik sGl-fa', n. a modern system of
striking. —n. the sound of a bell when tolling. musical notation, in which the notes are indicated
[Imitative.} by letters, and time and accent by dashes and
Tollbar, tol'bar, n. a movable bar across a road, colons.
&c. to stop passengers liable to toll. To-night, too-nTt', «., this night: the night after
Tollbridge, tol'brij, «. a bridge where toll is the present day.
taken. Tonnage, tun'aj, «. the weight in tons of goods in
Tollgate, loTgftt, n. a. gate where toll is taken. a ship : the cubical content of a ship : a duty on
Tollhouse, tol'hows, n. the house of a toll- ships, estimated per ton.
gatherer. Tonsil, ton'sil, n. one of two glands at the root of
Tomahawk, tom'a-hawk, n. a light war-hatchet of the tongue, so named from its shape.—Tonsllitls,
the N. American Indians, either wielded or ton-sil-I'tis, n. inflammation of the tonsils. [L.
thrown.—v.t. to cut or kill with a tomahawk. tonsilla, a stake, a tonsil, dim. of tonsn, an oar.]
[The Indian name slightly modified.] Tonslle, ton'sil, adj. that may be clipped. [L.
Tomato, to-ma'to, «. a plant, native to S. America, tousilis— tortdeo, tonsutn, to clip, to shear.]
but much cultivated in the south of Europe for Tonsure, ton'shOTr, «. act of clipping the hair, or
its fleshy fruit, called also the * love-apple.' [Sp., of shaving the head : the corona worn by priests
from the native American.] as a mark of their order. [L. tonsura, a shear
Tomb, tOum, «. a pit or vault in the earth, in ing—tondeo.]
which a dead body is placed : a tombstone. Tontine, ton-tin', n. a kind of life-annuity increas
[Fr. tombe, through Late L. tumba, from Gr. ing as the subscribers die : a loan raised with
tymbos.\ the benefit of survivorship. [From Tonti, a
Tomboy, tom'boi, n. a wild romping girL [From Neapolitan, its inventor.]
Tom, for Thomas, and Boy.) Too, toTJ, adv. over : more than enough : likewise.
Tombstone, tGOm'stOn, *. a stone erected over a [A form of To, sig. lit. "added to.']
tomb to preserve the memory of the dead. Took, took, pa.t. and obs. pa.p. of Take.
Tomcat, tomTcat, n. a male cat, esp. when full Tool, tODl, «. an instrument used by workmen :
grown. [Tom, a common male name, and Oat.] one who acts as the mere instrument of another.
Tome, torn, n. part of a book : a volume of a large [A.S. tol, perh. from the root of Tow.]
work : a book. [Lit. 'a piece cut off,' Fr.—L. Tooth, tOOth, n. one of the small bones in the
—Gr, tomos, from root of temnd, to cut.] jaws, used in biting and chewing : the taste or
Tomfool, tom'fool, n. a great fool: a trifling palate: anything toothlike : a prong : one of the
fellow.—Tom'foolery, «. foolish trifling or jest projections on a saw or wheel :—//. Teeth.
ing: buffoonery. [Cf. Tomtit.] —v.t. to furnish with teeth : to cut into teeth.
To morrow, too-mor'O, n. the morrow after this. [A.S. toth 'for tontk) ; cog. with Goth, tunthus,
[To, a corr. of the or this, and Morrow. ] L. dens, dent-is, Gr. o-dous, o-dont-os, Sans.
Tomtit, tom'tit, «. the ///mouse. [Tom. a common danta, dant, prob. the part, of ad, K. Eat.]
name like Jack, and Tit, as in Titmouse. Cf. Toothache, tooth'ak, «. an ache or pain in a tooth.
Tomcat and Tomfool ) Toothed, U55tht, adj. having teeth: \bot.) having
Ton, tun, «. {lit.) a barrel, hence a barrel-full: 1 toothlike projections on the edge, as a leaf.
20 cwt. or 2240 lbs. avoir. [A.S. tunne, a vat Toothpick, tfToth'pik, n. an instrument for picking
tub ; Ger. tonne, O. Ger. tunna, cask.] out anything in the teeth.
Tone, ton, «. the character of a sound : quality of Toothsome, tOOth'sum, adj. pleasant to the taste.
the voice : harmony of the colours of a painting, Top, top, «. the highest part of anything : the
also its characteristic expression as distinguished upper end or surface : the upper part of a plant :
by its colour : character or style : state of mind : the crown of the head : the highest place or rank :
mood: a healthy state of the body.—Vd, to the chief or highest person : (naut.) a small plat
utter with an affected tone : to intone. [L. form at the head of the lower mast.— v.t. to
tonus—Gr. tonos, a sound—teind, to stretch. cover on the top : to tip : to rise above : to sur
See Thunder.] pass : to rise to the top of : to take off the top
Toned, tOnd, adj. having a tone (in compounds). of:—pr.p. topp'ing; pa.t. and Pa.p. topped.
Tongs, tongz. n.pl. a domestic instrument, con [A.S. ; Ger. zopn
sisting of two jointed pieces or shafts of metal, Top, top, «. a child's toy, shaped like a pear, and
used for lifting. [A.S. tange ; Ice. taung, Ger. set or kept whirling round by means 01 a string
fate, far; me, her; mine; mOte ; mute ; mCOn ; then.
 Topaz Totter
or a whip, fProb. same as above word, and sig. I state of being torpid : numbness : dullness :
orig. * a. pointed piece of wood.'] stupidity.
Topaz, tfJ'paz, ft, a precious stone having brilliant Torpor, torpor, n. numbness : inactivity : dullness :
colours, generally yellowish. [Gr. topazos.] stupidity. [L.—torpeo.]
Top-dressing, top'-dres'ing, «. a dressing of Torque, tork, n. a necklace of metal rings inter
manure laid on the top or surface of land. laced. [L. torques—torqueo, to twist. CC
Tope, tdp, ». one of the monumental shrines of Torsion,]
the Buddhists. [Corr. from Sans, stupa, a heap.] Torrefaotlon, tor-e-fak'shun, n. act of torrefying:
Toper, to'per, m. a drunkard. [From tope, an obs. state of being torrefied.
v. * to drink hard,' from the phrase to top off", Torrefy, torVfl, v.t. lo scorch : to parch :—pa.t.
sig. ' to drink off at one draught.'] and pa.p. torrefied. [L. torreo, to dry, to
Topgallant, top'gal-ant, adj. applied to the mast burn, Socio, to make. Cf. Torrid.]
and sail next above the topmast and topsail and Torrent, tor'ent, n. a rushing stream : a strong or
below the royal mast. turbulent current. [L. torrens, -entis, boiling,
Top-heavy, top-heVL adj. having the top or upper pr.p. of torreo, to dry, to burn. See Torrid.]
part too heavy for the lower. Torrid, tor'id, adj., burning or parching : violently
Topic, top'ik, «. a subject of discourse or argu hot: dried with heat—«. TorrldnesR. [L.
ment : a matter. [Gr. ta topika, the general torridus—torreo, to burn, parch. See Thirst ]
principles of argument—topos, a place.J Torsion, tor'shun, «. act of twisting or turning a
Topical, top'ik-al, adj. pertaining to a place : body : the force with which a thread or wire
local : relating to a topic or subject. tends to return when twisted. [L. torsio—tor-
Topically, top'i-kal-li, adv. with reference to a queo, tortum, to twist.]
particular place or topic. Torsion-balance, tor'shun-bal'ans, n. an instru
Topmast, top'mast, «. the second mast, or that ment for measuring very minute forces by a
immediately above the lower mast. delicate horizontal bar or needle, suspended by
Topmost, topmost, adj. next the top: highest. a very fine thread or wire.
Topographer, to-pog'raf-er, «. one who describes Torso, tor'sO, n. the trunk of a statue without head
a place, &c. : one skilled in topography. or limbs:—//. Tor'SOS. [Il—L. thyrsus, a
Topographic, top-o-grafik, Topographical, top- stalk, stein of a plant—Gr. thyrsos.] [L.]
o-graf'ik-al, adj. pertaining to topography. Tortile, tor'til, adj., twisted: wreathed: coiled.
Topography, to-pog'raf-i, n. the description of a Tortoise, tor'lis, «. a reptile from which the head,
place: a detailed account of the superficial neck, tail, and limbs protrude, so called either
features of a tract of country : the art of de from its crooked feet or winding motion. [O.
scribing places. [Gr. topos, a place, graphs, to Fr. tortis, from L. tortus, twisted. Cf. Turtle.]
describe.] TortOlsoshell, tor'tis-shel, n. the shell oi a species
Topple, top'l, v.i. to fall forward: to tumble of turtle—turtles being formerly confounded
down. [Extension of Top, sig. orig. 1 to fall top with tortoises.—adj. of the colour of the fore
foremost.'] going, [ing. fL-1
Topsail, tnp'sal, «. a sail across the topmast. Tortuose, tor'iu-os, rt#., twisted: wreathed : wind-
Topsyturvy, top'si-tur-vi, adv. bottom upwards. TortUOSity^or-tu-os'i-ti,*/. state of being tortuous.
[Acc. to Wedgwood, for topsV to'er way, corr. Tortuous, tor'tfl-us, adj., twisted, winding : {Jig.)
of ' topside the other way.'] deceitful,—oft*. Tortuously.—«. Tor'tuous-
Torch, torch, «. a light formed of twisted tow Torture, ness. [From L. torqueo, tortum, to twist.]
dipped in pitch or other inflammable material : pain to tor'tur, n. a putting to the rack or severe
a large candle or flambeau. [Fr. torch*—L. extremeextort pain :
a confession, or as a punishment :
anguish of body or mind.—v.t. to
tortum, pa.p. of torqueo, to twist.] put to torture or to the rack : to put to extreme
Tore, tor,/*./, of Tear. pain : to annoy: to vex.—«. Torturer. [Late
Torment, torment, «. torture : anguish : that
which causes pain. [Lit ' twisting pain,' L. L. tortura, lit 'a twisting," hence torment—
torqueo, to twist.) torqueo. Cf. Torsion.]
Torment, tor-ment', v.t. to torture: to put to Tory, to'ri, n. applied to a Conservative in English
extreme pain, physical or mental : to distress : politics. [Ir. toiridhe, lit. 'pursuer;' firstapplied
to afflict. [ing manner. to the Irish bog-trotters and robbers, next, about
Tormentingly, tor-ment'ing-li, adv. in a torment- 1680, to the hottest asserters of the royal pre
Tormentor, tor-ment'or, n. one who or that which rogative.]
torments ; [S.) a torturer, an executioner. Toryism, tfl'ri-izm, «. the principles of the Tories.
Torn, tOm,//i./. ofTear: (B.) stolen. Toss, tos, v. t. to throw up suddenly or violently :
Tornado, tor-na'do, n. a violent hurricane, fre to cause to rise and fall : to make restless : to
quent in tropical countries. [Lit. ' a turning or agitate, —v.i. to be tossed: to be in violent
whirling,' Sp.—tomar—Low L. tornarc. See commotion : to tumble about : to fling.—n. act
Turn.] of throwing upward : a throwing up of the
Torpedo, tor-pe'do, n. a species of eel having the head.—«. ToSS'er.—TOSS Up, to throw a coin
power of giving an electric shock when touched into the air and wager on which side it will fall.
so as to produce torpor ot numbness, the cramp- [Celt., as W. tosiaw, to jerk, tos, a quick jerk.]
fish : a submarine apparatus for destroying Tost, tost, a form of Tossed, pa.p. of TOSS.
shipping by explosion. [L.—torpeo, to be stiff.] Total, tO'tal, adj., whole: complete : undivided—
Torpescent, tor-pes'cnt, adj., becoming torpid or j n. the whole: the entire amount.—adv. To'tally.
numb.—«. Torpes'cence. [L., pr.p. of torpesco, [Fr.—Low L. totalis—L. totits, whole.]
to become stiff—torpeo, to be stiff.] Totality, to-tal'i-ti, «. the whole sum, quantity,
Torpid, tor'pid, atij., stiff, numb: having lost the or amount
power of motion and feeling: sluggish.—adv. Totem, lo'tem, *. among the North American
Torpidly—n. Tor'pidness. [L. torpidus— Indians, an animal or vegetable regarded as the
torpeo. ] protector of a tribe.
Torpidity, tor-pid'i-ti, Torpitude, tor'pi-tud, n. Totter, tot'er, v.i. to shake as if about to fall : to
524 fiii;, far ; me", her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mCDn ; then.
 Toucan Traotable
be unsteady: to stagger: to shake.—n. Tott'- Towelling, tow'el-ing, n. cloth for towels.
erer. [Prob. imitative.] Tower, tow'er, n. a lofty building, standing alone
Toucan, too'kan, ». a genus of S. American or forming part of another: a fortress. —v.i. to
birds, with a very large hilL [Fr.—Brazilian.] rise into the air: to be lofty. [A.S. tury tor
Touch, tuch, v.t. to come in contact with : to (Ger. thurm, Fr. lour), from L. turris, a tower. J
Ecrceive by feeling : to reach : 10 relate to : to Towered, tow'erd, adj. having towers,
andle or treat gently or slightly : to move or i Towering, tow'er-tng, adj. very high: elevated.
soften : to influence.—v.i. to be in contact with : Towery, lower-i, adj. having towers: lofty.
to speak of anything slightly.—«. act of touch Towline, tO'lin, n. a line used in towing.
ing : a movement on a musical instrument : sense Town, town, n. a place larger than a village, not
of feeling : an affection or emotion : a little : a city : the inhabitants of a town. [A.S. tun, an
(music) resistance of the keys of an instrument inclosure, town ; Ice. tun, Ger. xaun, a hedge.]
to the fingers. [Fr. toucher (It. toccare], from Townclerk, townHdark, «. a clerk who keeps the
Gcr. zucken, to move, to draw.] records of a town.
Touchhole, tuch'hol, n. the small hole of a Towncrler, townTcrT-er, n. one who cries or
cannon through which the fire is communicated makes public proclamations in a town.
to the charge. Townhall, town'hawl, n. a public hall for the
Touching, tuch'ing, adj. affecting : moving : official business of a town.
pathetic—prep, concerning : with regard to.— Townhouse, town'hows, «. a house or building
adv. Touch'ingly. for transacting the public business of a town ; u
Touch-needle, tuch'-n£'dl, n. a small "box or needle house in town as opposed to one in the country.
of gold for testing articles of the same metal by Townsfolk, town/fok, n. the folk or people of a
comparing the streaks they make on a touch- town.
stone with those made by the needle. I Township, township, «. the territory or district of
Touchstone, tuch'stfln, n. a kind of compact a town: the corporation of a town : a district.
basalt or stone for testing gold or silver by the Townsman, townz'man, «. an inhabitant or fel
streak of the touch-necd\c : any test. low-inhabitant of a town. [Town and Man. |
Touchwood, tuch'wood, n. decayed wood requir Towntalk, town'tawk, u. the general talk of a
ing only to be touched by fire to burn. town: the subject of common conversation.
Tough, tuf, adj. not easily broken: firm: stiff: Toxicology, toks-i-kol'o-ji, n. the science of poi
sticky: tenacious: able to endure hardship.— sons.—Toxicol ogist, u. one versed in toxicology.
adv. Tough'ly.—«. Tough'ness. [A.S. toh; —adj. ToxiOOlOg'ical. [Gr. toxikon, arrow-
cog. with Ger. sdhe.\ [tough. poison—toxikos, for the bow—toxon, a bow,
Toughen, tuf'n, v.t. or v.i. to make or become logos, discourse.]
Toughlsh, tuf'ish, adj. rather tough. Toy, toy, «. a child's plaything : a trifle : a thing
TOUT, tGOr, «. a turn or circle : a going round : a only for amusement or look : a matter of no
joumey in a circuit : a prolonged journey : a I importance : sport.—v.i. to trifle : to dally amor
ramble. [Fr.—L. and Gr. tomos, a tarn. Cf. ously. [Dut. tooij ornaments.]
Turn.] Toyish, toy'ish, adj. given to toying or trifling :
Tourist, tOOr'ist, n. one who makes a tour. playful : wanton.—adv. Toyishly.—». Toy'ish-
Tourmaline, tuOr'ma-lin, n. a beautiful mineral ness.
used for jewellery. [From Tourmali, in Ceylon, Trace, tras, ». a mark left : footprint :—pi. the
whence a variety of the stone was first brought.] straps by which a vehicle is drawn.—v.t. to fol
Tournament, tOor'na-ment, Tourney, tooVm, «. low by tracks or footsteps : to follow with exact
a mock-fight in which combatants, generally on ness : to sketch.—n. Trao'er. [Fr.— L. tractus,
horseback, fought to show their skill in arms, so pa. p. of traho, to draw.]
called probably from the rapid turning of their Traceable, trfis'a-bl, adj. that may be traced.— n.
horses. [O. Fr. toumfement ; and Fr. toumoi Trace aBleness.—adv. Traceabry.
—toumoycr—L. tamo, to turn.] Tracery, triis'er-i, n. ornamentation traced in
Tourniquet, tOoVni-ket, n. a bandage which is flowing outline : certain ornamental stonework.
tightened by turning a screw to check a flow of Trachea, tra-k€'a, m. the windpipe or tube which
blood, used chiefly in amputations. [Fr. — conveys air to the lungs, so called from its rough
toumer—Y.. tomo, to turn.] ness, it being formed of rings of gristle :—~pl.
Tout, towt, v.i. to look out for custom in an obtru Trache'se.—adj. Trache'al. [L. trachhi—Gr.
sive way.—«. Tout'er. [A.S. totian, to look out.] trachys, tracheia, rough.]
Tow, to, v.t. to tug or pull a vessel through the Tracheotomy, trak-c-ot'o-mi, n. the operation of
water with a rope.—n. orig. a rope for towing making an opening in the trachea. [Trachea,
with : the coarse part of flax or hemp. [A.S. and the root of Gr. temno, to cut (see Tome .]
teohan, teon. Cf. Tug.] Tracing, trOs'ing, n. act of one who traces : act of
Towage, tO'aj, «. act of toiuing: money for towing. copying by marking on thin paper the lines of a
Toward, to'ard. Towards, to'ardz, prep, in the pattern placed beneath : the copy so produced.
direction of: with a tendency to.—adv. nearly : Track, trak, v.t. to follow by marks or footsteps :
in a state of preparation. [A.S. toweard—to, to tow.—n. a mark left : footprint : a beaten
to, and ward, sig. direction. Cf. Forward, path: course.—Track'less, adj. without a path :
Forwards. ] untrodden.—Track'road, «. a towing-path.
Toward, tci'ward, Towardly, to'ward-li, adj. ready [Fr. traquer, to beat a wood, to hunt, orig. to
to do or learn : apt.—ns. To'wardness, To'ward- draw a net round a wood to catch the game in
ltness. it, from Dut. trekken, to draw.)
Towboat, tS'bdt, n. a boat that is touted, or one Tract, trakt, n. something drawn out or extended :
used for towing other vessels. continued duration : a region : a short treatise.
Towel, tow'el, n. a cloth for wiping the skin after [L., from the pa.p. of traho, to draw.]
it is ivasked, and for other purposes. [Fr. Tractabllity, trakt-a-bil'it-i, *. quality or state of
touaille—O. Ger. twehele (Ger. quehle)—O. Gcr. being tractable: docility.
dttahan. Goth, thwahan, to wash. Cf. Doily.] Tractable, trakt'a-bl, adj. easily drawn, man*
fate, far ; m£, her ; mine ; raOte ; mute ; mOUn : then.
 Traotarian Transcend
a^ed, or taught : docile.—«. Tract'ableneM.— on a railway. — «. Trato'OT, one who prepares
adv. Tract'ably. [L. tracto, freq. of traho.\ men for athletic feats, horses for a race, or the
Traotarian. trakt-arVan, «. one of the writers of like. [Fr. trainer, through Low L. forms from
the Oxford Tracts with which Puscyisin origi L. traho, to draw.]
nated.— «. Tractar'lanism. Trainband, trfm'band, «. a band of men trained
Tractile, trakt'il, adj. that may be drawn out. to lje.tr arms, though not reyiitar soldiers.
Traction, trak'shun, n. act of drawing or state of Train-bearer, tr'm'-bar'er, «. one who bears or
be'ng drawn. holds up a train, as of a mbe or gown.
Tractive, trakt'iv, adj. that draws or pulls. Train-oil. trin'-oil, «. whale oil extracted from the
Tractor, trakt'or, «. that which draws. blubber by boiling. [Train- here is the Ger.
Trade, trad, «. buying and selling ; commerce : and Scand. tran, train-oil.]
occupation : men engaged in the same occupa Trait, tr5 or triit, n. a drawing: a touch : a
tion.—v.i. to buy and sell : to act merely for feature. [Fr.—L. tractus, from the pa.p. of
money. —vd. to traffic with.—«. Trad'er. [Ety. tra/io, to draw.]
dub. ; prob. from Fr. traite, transport of goods 1 Traitor, tratur, n. one who, being trusted, be
—L. tracto, freq. of traJto, to draw.] trays: one guilty of treason : a deceiver.—-Jem.
Trademark, tnid'mark, n. any name or dis 1 Trait'ress. [Fr. traltrc—h. traditor—tra/io,
tinctive device warranting goods for sale as the 1 to give up.]
production of any individual or firm. Traitorous, tra'tur-us, adf. like a traitor: per
Tradesman, tradz man, n. a common name for a fidious: treasonable.—adv. Traitorously. ]
sh-jpkeeper : a mechanic '.—fan. Trades woman. Trajectory, tra-jekt'or-i, *. the curve described
Trades union, tradz'-un'yun, n. a union among by a body (as a planet or a projectile) under the
those of the same trade to maintain their rights. action of given forces. [From L. trajicio,
TradeWinds, trad'windz, «. wiiuis in and near -jeeturn— trans, across, jacio, to throw.]
the torrid zone, so called from their great service Trammel, tram'el, n. a net used in fowling and
to trade. fishing : shackles for making a horse amble :
Tradition, tra-dish'un, «. the handing down of anything that confines.—v.t. to shackle : to con
opinions or practices to posterity unwritten. [L. fine : — P*"-P> tramm'clling ; pad. and Pa.p.
trans, over, and do, to give.) tramm'elled. [Fr. tramail, a net—Low L.
Traditional, tra-dish'un-al. Traditionary, tra- tremaculum (tit.) 'of three meshes,' from L.
dish'un-ar-i, adj. delivered by tradition.—advs. ires, three, and macula, a mesh. See Mail,
Traditionally, Tradi'tionarily. defensive armour.]
Traditlonlst, tra-dish'un-i*t, «. one who adheres Tramontane, tra-mon'tan, adj. lying beyond the
to tradition. mountains (orig. the Alps), from Rome : foreign :
Traduce, tra-dfls', v.t. to calumniate: to defame. uncivilised. [L. trans, beyond, mons, mantis,
—«. Tradu'cer. [L. iraduco, to lead along, to a mountain.]
make a public show o(—trans, across, duco, to Tramp, tramp, v.t. to tread.—n. a foot-journey :
lead.] a vagrant. [An extension of Trap, Trip , cf.
Traffic, traf'ik, «. commerce : large trade : the Gcr. trampen.]
business done on a railway, &c.—v.i. to trade : Trample, trampl, v.t. to tread under foot: to
to trade meanly. —v.t. to exchange:—pr.p. treat with pride, to insult.—v.i. to tread in con
traflT icking ; pa.t. and Pa.p. trafficked.—n. tempt : to tread forcibly and rapidly.—«.
Trafficker. [Fr. trafic—It traffico, prob. Tramp'ler. [Extension of Tramp.]
from L. trans, across, andfacere, to make. ] Tramroad, tram'rod, Tramway, tram'wS, n. a
Tragedian, tra-je'di-an, n. an actor of tragedy. road or way for carriages or wagons to run
Tragedy, tr.ij'e-di, n. a species of drama in which along easily. [Prob. simply a way or track
the action and language are elevated, and the made of beams, from Prov. E. tram, a beam,
catastrophe sad : any mournful and dreadful which is prob. from Ice. tramn, a beam.]
event. [Lit. 'goat-song,' so called either from Trance, trans, n. a state in which the soul appears
the old dramas being exhibited when a goat was to be absent from the body, or to be rapt in
sacrificed, or from a goat being the prize, or be visions : catalepsy. [Fr. transe—transir, to be
cause the actors were dressed in goatskins, L. chilled—L. trans-ire, to go across, in Late L, to
tragordia, from Gr. tragddia—tragos, a he- pass away, to die.]
goat, aoidos, ddos, a singer—aeidd, ad.5, to sing.] Tranquil, trang'kwil, adj., quiet: peaceful.—adv.
Tragic, traj'ik, Tragical, traj'ik-al, adj. pertain Tranquilly. [L. tranquillus.}
ing to tragedy, sorrowful: calamitous.—adv. Tranquillise. trangliwil-lz, v.t. to make tranquil.
Tragically. —u. Tragicalness. [L,—Gr.] Tranquillity, trang-kwil'it-i, Tranqullness,
Tragi comedy, traj'i-kom'e-di, n. a dramatic piece trang'kwil-nes, n. state of being tranquil :
in which grave and comic scenes are blended. quietness.
—adjs. Tragicomic, Trag'i-com'ical.—adv. Transact, trans-akt', v.t. to carry through or
Tragi-comically. manage : to perform. —v.i. to manage anything.
Trail, trill, v.t. to draw along the ground : to hunt —«. Transactor. [L. transactum, pa.p. of
by tracking. —v.i. to be drawn out in length : to transigo—trans, through, and ago, to carry on.
run or climb as a plant.—«. anything drawn out See Act.]
in length : track followed by the hunter. [O. Fr. Transaction, trans-ak'shun, n. act of transacting:
trailler, to hunt by tracking—L. traho, to draw ] management of any affair: an affair.
Train, tran, v.t. to draw along: to allure: to Transalpine, trans-alp'in, adj., beyond the Alps
educate: to discipline: to tame for use, as ani- I (in regard to Rome). [L. transn/pinus—trans,
mals : to cause to grow properly : to prepare I beyond, and Alpinus, of the Alps.]
men for athletic feats or horses for the race.—n. Transatlantic, trans-at-lan'tik, aiij.t beyond the
that which is drawn alongj after something else : Atlantic Ocean.
the part of a dress which trails behind the j Transcend, Iran-send', v.t. to rise above : to sur
wearer : a retinue : a series : process : a line of j mount : to surpass: to exceed. [L. trans, be
gunpowder to fire a charge : a line of carriages yond, scando, to climb.J
fate, far ; mi, her . mine : mote : mute ; moon : /fen.
 Transcendent Transparency
Transcendent, tran-scnd'ent, adj., transcending: I Transient, tran'shent, adj. passing : of short
superior or supreme in excellence : surpassing | duration : not lasting : momentary. —adv. Tran'-
others : beyond humanknowledge, -adv. Tran- siently.-M. Tran'sientness. [L. transient—
scend'ently.—«. Transcend ence. j trans, across, and eo. Hunt, to go.]
Transcendental, tran-send-ent'ai, adj., transcend : Transit, irans'it, «. a passing over: conveyance :
ing; supereiniuciu, surpassing others: con [astr. ) the passage of a heavenly body over the
cerned with what is independent of experience : meridian of a place : the passage of a planet over
vague,—adv. Transcendent'ally. ! the sun's disc.
Transcendentalism, tran-send-ent'al-izm, n. the Transition, tran-sizh'un, n. passage from one
investigation of what is a priori in human know place or state to another : change : {music) a
ledge, or independent of experience: that which change of key.—Transi tional, adj. containing
is vague and illusive in philosophy.—n. Trans- or denoting transition.
cendent'alist. Transitive, trans'i-tiv, adj. passing over : having
Transcribe, tran-skrlb', v.t. to -write ever from the power of passing : [giant.) denoting a verb
one book into another : to copy. — ». Tran which has an object.—-adv. Transitively.—«.
scriber, [h. transcribo, -scripturn—trans, Trans'itiveness. [L. transitivus.]
over, scribo, to write.] [scribed: a copy. Transitory, trans'i-tor-i, adj., going or passing
Transcript, tran'skript, «. that which is tran- away: lasting for a short time : speedily van
Transcrlptlon, tran-skrip'shun, «. the act of ishing.—adv. Transitorily.—«. Trans'itori-
copying: a transcript : a copy. new.
Transept, tran'sept, n. one of the wings or cross- Translate, trans-l.'u', v.t. to remove to another
aisles of a church, at right angles to the nave. place : to render into another language : to
[L. trans, across, and septum, an inclosure— explain. —n. Translat or. [L. trans, over,fero,
sepes, a hedge] latum, to carry.]
Transfer, trans fer', v.t. to carry or bring over; Translation, trans-la'shun, w. the act of trans
to convey to another place : to remove : to trans lating: removal to another place : the rendering
port '.—pr.p. transferring ; pa.t. and fa.p. trans into another language : a version.
ferred'.—«. Transferr'er. [L. trans, across, Translucent, trans-lCO'sent, adj. , shiningthrough :
fero, to carry.] allowing light to pass, but not transparent : clear.
Transfer, trans'fer, n. the act of trans/erring: —adv. Translu'oently. ns. Translu'cence,
the conveyance of anything from one person or Translu'cency. [L. translucens—trans, across,
place to another : that which is transferred. and luceo, to shine—lux, lucis, light.]
Transferable, trans-fer'a-bl, Transferrible, trans- Transmarine, trans-ma-ren', adj., across or be
fer'i-bl, adj. that may be trans/erred or con yond the sea. [L. trans, across, and Marine.]
veyed from one place or person to another.—ns. Transmigrate, trans'mi-grat, v.i. to migrate or
Transferability, Transferribll'lty. remove across, esp. to another country : to pass
Transferee, trans-fer-e', «. the person to whom a into another body or state.—«. Trans'migrator.
thing is trans/erred. [L. trans, across, and Migrate.]
Transference, trans'fer-ens, «. the act of trans Transmigration, trans-mi-grii'shun, n. the act of
ferring or conveying from one person or place removing to another country : the passing into
to another : passage from one place to another. another state : the passage of the soul after death
Transfiguration, trans-fig-ur-ashun, n. a change \ into another body.
of form Tho Transfiguration, the super- Transmigratory, trans-mrgra-tor-i, adj., passing
natural change in the appearance of Christ, to anotherplace, body, or state.
described in Matt. xvii. : a feast of the R. C. Transmissible, trans-mis'i-bl, adj. that may be
Church, on 6th August, in commemoration of it. transmitted or passed from one to another :
Transfigure, trans-fig'ur, v.t. to change the figure capable of being transmitted through any body
or form of: to change the appearance of. [L. or substance.—n. Transmissibll'ity.
trans, across, denoting change, and Figure.] Transmission, trans-mish'un, Transmittal, trans-
Transfix, trans-fiks7, v.t. to pierce through. [L. mit'al, h. act of transmitting: the sending from
trans, through, and Fix.) one place or person to another : passage through.
Transform, trans-form', v.t. to change the shape Transmit, trans-mit', v.t. to send across to an
of: to change into another substance : to change other person or place : to suffer to pass through :
the disposition. —vd. to be changed in form or —fr.p. transmitting ; pa.t. and pa.p. trans-
substance. [L. trans, across, and Form] mitt'ed.—n. Transmltt'er. [L. trans, across,
Transformation, trans-for-ma'shun, «. change of and mitto, missum, to send.]
form or substance. Transmutable, trans-mQt'a-bl, adj. that may be
Transfuse, trans-fuz', v.t. to pour out into another transmuted or changed into a different form,
vessel : to cause to pass from one to nnother : nature, or substance.—adv. Transmut'ably. —
to cause to be imbibed.—». Transfu'sion. [L. ns. Transmut'ableness, Transmutabll'lty.
trans, over, and/undo, fusum, to pour.] Transmutation, trans-mut-a'shun, n. a changing
Transgress, trans-gres', v.t. to pass beyond a into a different form, nature, or substance.
limit: to break, as a law.— v.L to offend by Transmute, trans-mut', v.t. to change to another
violating a law : to sin. [L. trans, across, form or substance. [L. trans, over, muto, to
gradior, gressus, to step ] change.]
Transgression, trans-gresh'un, n. the act of trans Transom, tran'stim, n. a thwart beam or lintel,
gressing: violation of a law or command : of esp. the horizontal mullion or crossljar of a
fence : fault : crime : sin. window : in ships, the beam across the stern-
Transgressor, trans-gres'or, «. one who trans post to strengthen the afterpart. [L. trans,
gresses : one who violates a law or command : a- across, and sumo, to take.]
sinner. Transom-window, tran'sum-win'dc, «. a window
Tranship or Trans-ship, trans-ship', v.t. to trans divided into two parts by a transom.
fer to another ship. —n. Trans-ship mont. [L. Transparency, trans-parcn-si, n. the quality of
trans, across, and Ship.] being transparent : clearness : that which is
fate, far ; me", her ; mine ; mote . mute : mOon ; then. 627
 Transparent Treachery
transparent : a picture on semi-transparent ma I Trapeze, tra-peV, Trapexiam, tra-p€'zi-um, n. a
terial seen by means of light shining through. I plane figure having four unequal sides, no two of
Transparent, trans-paYent, adj. that may be dis ■ which are parallel : one of the wrist bones: a
tinctly seen through: clear.—adv. Transpar swing used in gymnastics. [Or. trapezum, dim.
ently.—«. Transpar'entness. [L. trans, of traficza, a table : contr. either from tripeza,
through, and pareo, to appear.] three-legged, or from tetra-peza, four-legged- J
Transpierce, trans-pen/, v.t. to pierce through: Trapezlform, tra-pez'i-form, adj. having theform
to permeate. [h. trans, through, and Pierce.) ofa trapeze. [Or. trapeza, and Form.]
Transpiration, tran-spi-ra'shun, «. act or process Trapezoid, trap'e-zoid, n. a plane four-sided figure
of transpiring: exhalation through the skin. ! like a trapezium, having two of its opposite sides
Transpire, tran-splr', v.t. to breathe or pass parallel. [Gr. trapeza, and eides, form.]
through the pores of the skin.—v.i. to exhale; Trapezoidal, trap-e-zoid al, adj. having the form
to become public : (erroneously for) to occur. ofa trapezoid.
[L. trans, through, and spiro, to breathe.] I Trappings, trap'ingz, n.pi. gay clothes .* ornaments,
Transplant, trans-plant', v.t. to remove and plant esp. those put on horses. [See Trap, to drape
in another place : to remove.—«. Transplanta I or adorn.]
tion. [L. trans, across, and Plant.] Trash, trash, v.t. to crop : to strip ofT leaves.—n,
Transport, trans-pQrt', v.t. to carry across or refuse : matter unfit for food. [Prob. a form of
frum one place to another : to banish : to carry Thrash. |
away by violence of passion or pleasure. [L. Trashy, trash'i, a*ij. like trash: worthless.
trans, across, and Porto, to carry.] Trass, txas, n. a volcanic earth used as a hydraulic
Transport, trans'port, «., carriage from one place I cement- [A form of Terrace, prob. through the
to another : a vessel for conveyance : the con Dutch.]
veyance of troops and their necessaries by land Travail, trav'aj, n. excessive labour : toil : labour
or sea : ecstasy. {carried across. in childbirth.—v.i. to labour: to suffer the pains
Transportable, trans-port'a-bl, adj. that may be ofchildbirth. [Fr. — Prov. traz'ar, Yr.en-traz>cr%
Transportation, trans-pOr-ta'shun, n. removal : to fetter, to embarrass—L. trades, a beam, which
banishment. was pierced with holes to confine the feet, esp.
Transposal, trans-pOYal, n. act of transposing: of horses. See Turmoil. J
a change of place or order. Trave, trav, n. a beam : a wooden frame to con
Transpose, trans-paV, v.t. to put each in the place fine unruly horses while being shod. [It. trave;
of the other : to change, as the order of words, Sp. trabe—L. trabst trabis, Gr. trapex, a beam.]
or the key in music (Fr.—L. trans, across, Travel, travel, v.i. to walk: to journey : to pass:
and Fr. poser (see Pose, «.].] to move.—v.t. to pass : to journey over :—pr.p.
Transposition, trans-po-zish un, «. act of trans travelling ; pa.t. and Pa.p. travelled.—n. act of
posing or ofputting one thing in place ofanother : passing from place to place : journey : labour :—
state of being transposed : a change of the order an account of a journey. [A form of Travail. ]
of words : {music} a change of key into a higher Traveller, trav'cl-cr, n. one who travels: a way
or lower scale. farer : one who travels for a mercantile house : a
Trans-ship. &c. See Tranship, &c. ring that slides along a rope or spar.
Transubstantiate, tran-sub-stan'shi-at, v.t to Traversable, trav'ers-a-bl, adj. that may be trav
change to another substance. [L. trans, across, ersed or denied.
substantia, a substance.] Traverse, trav'ers, adj., turned or lying across:
Transubstantlatlon, tran-sub-stan-shi-a'shun, n. denoting a method of cross-sailing.—n. anything
a change into another substance: the Roman laid or built across : something that crosses or
Catholic doctrine that the bread and wine in the obstructs : a turn : [law) a plea containing a
Eucharist are changed into Christ's body and dental of some fact alleged by an opponent : a
blood. work for protection from the fire of an enemy. —
Transverse, trans-vers', adj., turned or lying v.t. to cross : to pass over : to survey : [law) to
across. [L. trans, across, verto, versum, to turn.] deny what an opponent has alleged. —v.i.
Transversely, trans-vers'li, adv. in a transverse [fencing] to oppose a movement : to direct a gun
or cross direction. to the right or left of its position.—n. Trav'erser.
Trap, Lrap, «. an instrument for snaring animals : [L. trans, across, and verto, versum, to turn.]
an ambush : a stratagem : a contrivance for Traverse-table, trav'ers-ta'bl, *. a table or plat
hindering the passage of foul air from a waste- form for shifting carriages to other rails.
pipe, &c—v.t. to catch in a trap '•—Pr-P- trapp'- Travesty, trav'es-ti, adj. having on the vesture or
ing ; pa./, and Pa.fi. trapped.—n. Trapp'er. dress o{another ; disguised so as to be ridiculous.
[A.S. trdpfe; cog. with O. Ger. trapo, a snare —n. a kind of burlesque in which the original
(whence Fr. trappe, by which the E. word has characters are preserved, the situations parodied.
"been modified).] —v.t. to turn into burlesque. [Fr. travestir, to
Trap, trap, ». a term loosely applied to many disguise—L. trans, over, vestio, to clothe.]
rocks of volcanic origin, so called because lying Trawl, trawl, v.i. to fish by trailing or dragging
often in steps or terraces. — adj. Trapp'ean. a bag-net called a trawl along the bottom of the
[Sw. trapp—trappa, stairs.] sea. [A form of Trail.]
Trap, trap, v.t. to d>aj/>c or adorn with gay clothes: Trawler, trawl'er, n. one who or that which
to ornament pr.fi. trapp'ing ; pa.t. and P<t.p. trawls: a small fishing-vessel used in trawling.
trapped. [Fr. drop— Low L. drappus, cloth. Tray, tra, «. a shallow trough-like vessel : a salver.
Cf. Drab, Drape.] [A form of Trough.]
Trapan, tra-pan , v.t. to trap: to insnare :—fir.fi. Treacherous, trech'er-us, adj. full of treachery:
trapann'ing ; pa.t. and trapanned'.—n. a faithless.—adv. Treach erously.—n. Treach-
snare : a stratagem.—n. Trapann'er. [From erousness.
Trap, instrument for snaring.] Treachery, trech'er-i, n. faithlessness. [O. Fr.
Trap-door, trap'-dor, n. a door in a floor shutting trechene (Fr. tricherie)—trecher [Fr. /richer)—
like the catch of a trap. Dut. /rekken, to draw. Trick is a doublet.]
Olid fat*, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mOte : mute ; moon ; then.
 Treacle
Treacle, trf-'H. «. the sirup which is drained from
sugar in the making. [Orig. ' an antidote
against the bite of poisonous animals,' O. Fr.
triacle—L. theriacum—Gr. theriaka (phar-
maka), antidotes against the bites of wild beasts
—therion, a wild beast.]
Tread, tred, v.i. to set the foot : to walk or go :
to copulate, as fowls.—v.t. to walk on : to press
with the foot : to trample in contempt : to sub
due:—pa.t. trod; pa.p. trod or trodd'en. —«.
pressure with the foot: a step. —«. Tread er.
[A.S. tredan ; cog, with Ice. troda, Ger. treten.}
Treadle, Treddle, tred'l, n. the part ofany machine
which the foot treads on and moves.
Tread-mill, tred'-mil, n. a mill worked by tread
ing or stepping from one to another of the steps
of a cylindrical wheel, used chiefly as an instru
ment of prison discipline.
Treason, trfi'zn, n. a betraying of the government
or an attempt to overthrow it : treachery : dis
loyalty. [O. Fr. trai'son, Fr. trahison—trahir
—L. troda, to give up, betray.]
Treasonable, trezn-a-bl, adj. pertainingto, con
sisting of, or involving treason.—adv. Trea'SOn-
ably.
Treasure, trezh'ur, «. wealth stored up : riches :
a great quantity collected : great abundance :
anything much valued.—v.t. to hoard up : to
collect for future use: to value greatly. [Fr.
tre'sor—b. thesaurus—Gr. thesauros. See The
saurus.]
Treasurer, trezh'ur-er, n. one who has the care of
a treasure or treasury : one who has charge of
collected funds.—«. freas urorstaip.
Treasure trove, trezh'ur-trov, n., treasure or
moneyfound in the earth, of which the owner is
unknown. [Treasure, and trovi, pa.p. of O.
Fr. trover, to find. See Trover.]
Treasury, trczh'iir-i, «. a place where treasure is
deposited : the department of a government
which has charge of the finances.
Treat, trCt, v.t. to handle in a particular manner:
to discourse on : to entertain, as with food or
drink, &c. : to manage in the application of
remedies: to use. — v.i. to handle a subject in
writing or speaking : to negotiate : to give an
entertainment.—n. an entertainment [A.S-
treahtigean, Fr. traiter—L. tractare, to handle,
manage—traho, tractum, to draw.]
Treatise, trSt'iz, n. a written composition in which
a subject is treated or handled : a formal essay.
Treatment, tret'ment, n. the act or manner of
treating: management : behaviour to anyone:
way of applying remedies.
Treaty, trfit'i, «. the act of treating to form an
agreement : a formal agreement between states.
Treble, trebl, adj., triple: threefold: {music)
denoting the treble, that plays or sings the treble.
—n. the highest of the four principal parts in the
musical scale.—v.t. to make three times as much.
—v.i. to become threefold :—pa.p. trebled {-Id).
—adv. Trebly. [O. Fr. form of Triple.]
Treddle. Sec Treadle.
Tree, tr£, n. a plant having a single trunk, woody,
branched, and of a large size : anything like a
tree : wood, as in the compounds axle-tree,
sadiile-tree, &c. : {B.) a cross. [A.S. treow;
Goth, trim, Ice. tri, Gr. drus, Sans, dru.]
Treenail, trenftl, n. a long wooden pin or nail to
fasten the planks of a ship to the timbers.
Trefoil, trfi'foil, n. a tkrtt-Uavtdplant as the white
and red clover: (arch.) an ornament like trefoil.
[L. tri/olium—ires, three, andfolium, a leaf.]
Trellis, trel'is, n. a structure of cross-barred or
2H fete, far ; m£, her ; mine ;
Tressel
lattice work, for supporting plants, (fee. fFr.
treillis—Low L. traltcium ( translicium), crossed
threads—L. trans, across, and licium, a thread.]
Trellised, trcl'ist, adj. having a trellis, or formed
as a trellis.
Tremble, trem'bl, v.i. to shake, as from fear, cold,
or weakness : to shiver : to shake, as sound.—n.
Trembler.—adv. Tremblingly. [Fr. trembler
— L. iremulus, trembling—tremo, to shake,
akin to Gr. tred, Sans, trat. to tremble.]
Tremendous, tre-men'dus, adj. such as astonishes
or terrifies by its force or greatness : dreadful.—>
adv. Tremen'dOUSly. [Lit. ' that is to be trem
bled at,' I*, tremendus.] [quivering. [L.]
Tremor, trem'or, n. a trembling, shaking, or
Tremulous, trem'Q-lus, adj., trembling: affected
with fear: shaking: quivering.—adv. Trem'u-
lously. «. Trem'ulousness.
Trench, trensh, v.t. to cut or dig a ditch : to dig
deeply with the spade or plough.—v.i. to en
croach. —n. a long narrow cut in the earth:
(fort.) an excavation to interrupt the approach
of an enemy : the excavated approaches made by
besiegers. [O. Fr. trencher, Fr. trancher, acc.
to 1 -Litre from L. truncare, to maim, to cut off
—truncus, maimed.]
Trenchant, trensh'ant, adj., cutting: sharp : severe.
Trencher, trensh'er, n. a wooden plate formerly
used for cutting meat on at meals : the table :
food : pleasures of the table. [Fr. tranchoir.]
Trench-plough, trensh'-plow, «. a plough for
trenching or turning up the land more deeply
than usual.—v.t. to plough with a trench-plough.
Trend, trend, v.i. to tend, to run, to go in a par
ticular direction.—n. tendency. [Pern, a corr.
of Tend]
Trental, trent'al, «. a R. C. office for the dead,
of thirty masses for thirty days after the per
son's death. [Low L. trentale—It. trenta, L.
triginta, thirty.]
Trepan, tre-pan', v.t. to insnare '.—Pr.p. trepann'-
ing ; pa.t. and Pa.p. trepanned'. [Same as
Trapan, of which it is an erroneous spelling.]
Tropan, tre-pan', n. (surg.) a small cylindrical
saw used in perforating the skull. —v.t. to re
move a circular piece of the skull with a trepan,
in order to relieve the brain from pressure or
irritation. (Lit. 'a borer,' Fr.—It. trapano,
through Low L.—Gr. trypanon—trypao, to
bore.]
Trephine, tre-fTn', n. the modern trepan, having
a little sharp borer called the centre pin.—v.t. to
perforate with the trephine. [Dim. of Trepan ]
Trepidation, trep-i-da'shun, n. a state of confused
hurry or alarm : an involuntary trembling, [L.
trePido, -atum, to hurry with alarm- tre/idus,
restless, alarmed, from the root of Gr. trepo, to
turn (in flight).]
Trespass, tres'pas, v.i. to p\us over a limit or
boundary : to enter unlawfully upon another's
land : to inconvenience by importunity : to in
trude : to injure or annoy another : to sin.—n.
act of trespassing : any injury to another's
person or property : a sin.—n. Tres'passer.
[O. Fr. trespasser (Fr. tripasser)—Y,. trans,
across, and passer (see Pass).]
Trespass offering, tres'pas-of'er-ing, «. an offering
in expiation of a trespass or sin.
Tress, Ires, n. a lock or curl of hair : a ringlet
(esp. in //.). [Fr. tresse, through ltstreccia,
from Gr. tricha, threefold—tris, three times.]
Tressed, trest, adj., having tresses: formed into
tresses or ringlets : curled.
Tressel, Trestle, trcs'l, «. a movable support
mate ; mate ; moTJn ; Men. 529
 Tret
fastened to a top-piece : the frame of a table.
10. Fr. trestel tFr. trJteau) : ety. dub. ; perh.
through a Low L. dim. from L. transtrum, a
beam, a bench.]
Tret, tret, «. an allowance to purchasers of 4 lbs.
on every 104 lbs. for waste. [Norm. trett,
deduction, Fr. trait—Q. Fr. traire— L. trahere,
to draw.]
Triad, triad, «. the union of three. [L. trios,
triadis—Gr. trios, triados—ireis, E. Three.)
Trial, tri'al, ». a trying: the act of trying:
examination by a test : the state of being tried :
suffering : temptation : judicial examination :
attempt.
Triangle, trl'ang-gl, n. [math..) a plane figure
with three angles and three sides : [musict an
instrument of steel m the form of a triangle.
[Fr.—L. triangutum -tres, three, and angulus,
an angle. See Anglo, j
Trlangled, trl'ang-gld, adj. having three angles.
Triangular, trT-ang'gu-lar, adj. having three
angles—adv. Triangularly.
Triangulate, trT-anggO-lat, v.t. to survey by
means of a series of triangles.
Trlangulation, trl-ang-gu-la'shun, n. act of tri
angulating: the series of triangles so used.
Trias, tri'as, «. (gtvl.j the oldest group of the
Secondary strata, formerly associated with the
Permian rocks under the name of the New Red
Sandstone.—adj. Triass ic [So called by the
German geologists, becaus* the group is separ
able into three distinct formations, from Gr.
trios, union of three. Cf. Triad.]
Tribe, trib, n. a race or family from the same
ancestor ; a body of people under one leader : a
number of things having certain common
qualities.—adj. Trlb'al. [L. tribus, *a third
part,' orig. applied to one of the three cantons or
divisions forming the ancient Roman people,
from tri-, root ofIres, E. Thioo. and root bhu,
E. Be.]
Tribrach, trl'brak, n. {poetry) a foot of three
short syllables. [L.—Gr. tri-, root of treis, E.
Three, and brachys, short.]
Tribulation, tnb-ft-la'shun, m. severe affliction :
distress. [L. tributiitio —tribute, to press or
afflict -tribulum, a sledge for rubbing out corn
—tero, to rub, grind.]
Tribunal, tri-birnal, tt. the bench on which a
judge and his associates sit to administer justice :
court ofjustice. [L.J
Tribune, trib'Qn, n. a magistrate elected by the
Roman plebeians to defend their rights : the
raised platform from which speeches were
delivered.—w. Trib unuship. \ L. tribunus,
orig. 'the representative of a tribe'—tribus, a
tribe. Sec Tribe.]
Tributary, trib'Q-tar-i, adj. paying tribute: sub
ject: yielding supplies of anything : paid in
tribute.—n. one who pays tribute : a stream
which contributes water to another. — adz>.
Tributarily.
Tribute, trib'Qt, n. a fixed amountpaid at certain
intervals by one nation to another for peace or
protection : a personal contribution : acknow
ledgment, or homage paid. [L. tributum—
tribuo, to assign, give, pay—tribus, a tribe. See
Tribe.]
Trice, trls, n. a very short time : an instant.
[Perh. from thrice, while one can count three;
or from Sp. tn's, noise of breaking glass (cf.
Scot. ' in a crack').']
Tricennlal, tr!-sen'yal, adj. pertaining to thirty
ysars ; occurring every thirty years. [L. tri-
530 fate, fur ; me, her ; mine ;
Trigonometrical
cennium, thirty years—triginta, thirty, and
annus, a year.]
Tricentenary, tri-sen'ten-ar-i, n. a space of three
hundred years. [L. trecenti, three hundred—
tres, three, and centum, a hundred.)
Trichina, tri-kT'na, h. a parasitic worm, which in
its mature state infests the intestinal canal, and
in its larval state the muscular tissue of man and
certain animals, esp. the hog :—//. Trlchi'ns.
[Gr. trichtnos, small like a hair—thrix, trtchos,
hair.]
Trichiniasls, tri-kin-T'a-sis, «. the disease caused
by the presence of trichinae in the body.
Trick, trik, v.t. to dress to decorate, [Celt, tree,
ornament, treciatv, to adorn.]
TllOlt, trik, n. any fraud or stratagem to deceive :
a clever contrivance to puzzle, amuse, or annoy:
a particular habit or manner : a parcel of cards
falling to a winner at one turn.—v.t. to deceive,
to cheat.—ns. Trick'er, Trick'ster. (O. Fr.
tricer, treeher, to beguile, from DuL trekken,
to draw. See Treachery.]
Trickery, trik'er-i, n. act or practice of playing
tricks : artifice : stratagem : imposition.
Trickish, \nW\sh, adj. addicted to tricks: artful
in making bargains.
Trickle, tnk'l, v.i. to now gently or in a small
stream. [Scot, trinkle ; Ger. tr&pfeln—tro/fen,
to fall in drops,]
Tricolor, Tricolour, trtTtul-ur, n. the national flag
of France, of three colours, red, white, and blue,
in vertical stripes. [Fr. tricolors —L. tres, three,
and color, colour.]
Tricoloured, tri'kul-urd, adj. having three colours.
Tricycle, trl'sik-l, n. a velocipede with three
wheels. [Gr. tri-, root of treis, E. Three, and
kyklos, E. Cycle. Cf. Bicycle.]
Trident, trl'deni, «. the three-pronged spear 01
sceptre of Neptune, god of the ocean : any three-
toothed instrument. [Fr.—L. tres, three, and
dens, dentis, E. Tooth.]
Trident, trl'dent, Tridented, trfdent-ed, adj.
having three teeth or prongs.
Triennial, tri-en'yal, adj. contmmnstMree years:
happening every third year.—adv. Trienn'lally.
[L. triennis—tres, three, and annus, a year.]
Trifle, tn'fl, v.i. to act or talk lightly : to indulge
in light or silly amusements : to waste or spend
idly or unprofitably.—n. anything of little value :
a light kind of dish.—n. Tri'fler. (O. Fr. trujle,
perh. conn, with O. DuL trey/elen, to play ; or
perh. only another form of Truffle.]
Trifling, tri'tling, adj. like a trifle: of small value
or importance : trivial.—adv. Tri'flingly.
Trifoliate, trl-fO'li-at, adj., three-leaved. [L.
tres, three, andfolium, leaf.]
Triform, trl'form, adj. having a tripleform. [L.
tri/ormis—tres, three, andforma, form.]
Trig,
Trigger,trig,trigger,
adj. full«. : atrim, neat.which
catch [Ety. dub.]
when pulled
looses the hammer of a gun in firing : a catch to
j hold a wheel when driving on steep ground.
[Either from DuL trekker—trekken, to pull tcf.
Trick, n.) ; or from Ger. drucker.]
Triglyph, trl'glif, «. a three-grooved tablet at
equal distances along the frieze in Doric archi
tecture. [L. trigly/hus—Cr. triglyphos—treis,
three, and glyPhi}, to hollow out, 10 carve-]
Triglyphlc, tn-glifik, Trlglyphlcal, tri-glifik-al,
adj. consisting of or pertaining to triglyphs :
containing three sets of characters or sculptures.
Trigonometrical, trig-o-no-met'rik-al, adj. per
taining to trigonometry: done by the rules of
j trigonometry. —adv. Trigonomet'rically,
mote ; mute ; woo-n ; Men.
 Trigonometry
Trigonometry, trig-o-nom'e-tri, n. the branch of
mathematics which treats of the relations be
tween ihe sides and angles of triangles. [Lit.
'the measurement of triangles'—Gr. trigdnon, a
triangle, and metron, a measure.]
Trihedral, tri-hedral, adj. having three equal
sides.
Trihedron, tn-he'dron, n. a figure having three
equal bases or sides. [Gr. treis, three, and
hedra, a seat, base.]
Trilateral, trT-lat'er-al, adj. having three sides.—
adv. Trllat'erally. [L. tres, three, lalus, side ]
Trilingual, trl-ling gwal, adj. consisting of three
tongues or languages. [L. tres, three, and
lingua, tongue.]
Trilateral, Lrl-lit'er-al, adj. consisting of three
letters. [L. tres, three, and litem, a letter.]
Trill, tril, v.t. and v.t, to shake : to utter with a
tremulous vibration : to trickle or flow in a small
stream.—n. a quaver or tremulous vibration.
[Fr. triller—It. /rillare, to shake : imitative.l
Trillion, tril'yun, «. a Million raised to the
third power, or multiplied twice by itself
(1,000,000,000,000,000,000). [Fr, —L. tres, three,
and Low L. millio, a million. See Million.]
Trilobite, trilob-Tt, «. one of an order of fossil
Crustacea. [Gr. tri, thrice, and lobos, a lobe. ]
Trilogy, tril'o-ji, n. a series of three dramas, each
complete in sense, yet mutually related as parts
of one great historical piece. [Gr. trilogia—tri,
tris, thrice, and logos, speech, discourse.]
Trim, trim, adj. in good order : nice.—v.t. to make
trim : to put in due order : to dress : to decorate :
to clip : to reduce to proper form : to arrange
for sailing.—v.L to balance or fluctuate between
parties ',—Pr.p. trimm'ing ; pad. and P#.f-
trimmed.—n. dress : ornaments : state of a ship
as to sailing qualities, - adv. Trimly. — n.
Trim'ness. [A. S. trum, firm, trymian, to
strengthen, set in order.]
Trimeter, trim'e-ter, n. a division of a verse con
sisting of three measures.—adjs. Trim eter,
Tri met 'ileal. [Gr. trimetros—treis, three, and
metron, measure.]
Trimmer, trim'er, n. one who trims: one who
fluctuates between parties, a timeserver.
Trimming, trim'ing, «. that which trims; orna
mental parts, esp. 01 a garment, dish, &c.
Trimonthly, tri'munth-Ii, adj. every three months.
Trinitarian, trin-i-taYi-an, adj. pertaining to the
Trinity, or to the doctrine of the Trinity. —«.
one who holds the doctrine of the Trinity.—
Tnnitar'ianism. «. the tenets of Trinitarians.
Trinity, trin'i-ti, n. the union of three in one God
head : the persons of the Godhead. [L. trinitas,
three—trim, three each—tres, three.]
Trinity-Sunday, trin'i-ti-sun'da, «. the Sunday
next after Whitsunday, the Festival of the Holy
Trinity.
Trinket, tringk'et, n. a small ornament for the
person: anything of little value. [Ety. dub. ;
perh. nasalised from tricket, a dim. of Trick.]
Trinomial, trl-no'mi-al, adj, {math.) consisting of
three names or terms connected by the sign plus
or minus. —«. a trinomial quantity. [L. tres,
three, and notnen, name.]
Trio, trT'o, «. three united : [music] a composition
for three performers. [Tt.—L. tres, three.]
Trip, trip, v.i. to move with short, light steps : to
stumble and fall : to err : to fail.—vd. to cause
to stumble by striking one's feet from under him :
to overthrow by taking away support : to catch :
—;pr-P- tripp'ing ; pa.t. and Pa.fi. tripped.—«.
a light, short step : a catch by which an antag-
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Trlton
onist is thrown : a false step : a mistake : a short
voyage or journey. [Allied to LowGcr. tripptn,
and Ger. trippeln ; cf. also W. tripiatv.}
Tripartite, trip'ar-tlt, adj., divided into three
tnirts: having three corresponding parts: relat
ing to three parties.—Tripartl'tion, «. a division
into three. [L. ter, thrice, and partitus, pa.p.
ofPartio, to divide—Pars, a part.]
Tripe, trip, n. entrails : the large stomach of
ruminating animals prepared for food. [Fr.,
ety. dub. ; prob. from Celt, tripa.]
Tripedal, trip'e-dal, adj. having three feet. [L.
tres, three, and pes, pedis, E. Foot.]
Tripetalous, trl-pet'al-us, adj. {dot.) having three
petals or flowcr-/«p«. [Gr. tress, three, and
petalon, a leaf. See Petal.]
Triphthong, trif'thong or trip'thong, «. a com
bination of three vowels to form one sound.—
adj. Triphthon'gaL [Fr. triphthongue—Gr.
treis, three, and phthongos, sound.]
Triple, trip'i, adj. consisting of three united :
three times repeated.—v.t. to treble.—adv.
Trip ly. [Fr.—L. tropins [lit.) ' thncc-full '—
tri-, root of tres, E. Three, and -plus, akin to
plenus, E. Fill. Cf. Double.]
Triplet, triplet, «., three of a kind or three
united: three lines rhyming together: {music)
a group of three notes occupying the time of
two, indicated by a slur and the figure 3.
Triplicate, trip'h-kat, adj., threefold : made
thrice as much.—«. a third copy or thing cor
responding to two others of the same kind. [L.
ter, thrice, and plico, to fold. Cf. Duple,
Duplicate]
Triplication, trip-li-ka'shun, n. act of making
three/bid or adding three together.
Tripod, tri'pod, n. anything on three feet or legs,
as a stool, &c. [Gr. tripons, tripodos—tri,
treis, three, ports, E. Foot.]
Tripos, trl'pos, «. a university examination for
honours at Cambridge : a tripos paper. [From
a tripod being frequently given as a prize at the
Grecian games. See Tripod.]
Tripping, trip'ing, «. the act of tripping: a light
kind of dance.
Trippingly, trip'ing-li, adv. in a tripping man-
mer : with a light, quick step.
Triptote, trip'i51, «. a noun used in three cases
only. [Fr.—Gr. triptdton—tri, treis, three,
thrice, ptdtos, falling—piptd, to fall.]
Triptych, trip'tik, n. a set of tablets consisting of
three leaves, each painted with a distinct sub
ject, but joined together by hinges, and capable
of being folded so as to present a new face.
[Gr. tri, thrice, ptyx, ptychos, a fold, a leaf—
ptyssd, to fold.]
Trireme, tri'rem, n. a galley or vessel with three
banks or rows o( oars. [tr.—L. triremis—tri,
tres, three, remus, an oar.]
Trisect, trT-sekt', vd. to cut or divide into three
equal parts. [L. tri, thrice, seco, secturn, to cut.]
Trlsectlon, trl-sek'shun, n. the division of any
thing, as an angle, into three equal parts.
Trisyllabic, tris-sil-lab'ik, Trlsyllab'ical, -al, adj.
pertaining to a trisyllable: consisting of three
syllables.—adv. Trisyllab'ically.
Trisyllable, tris-sira-bl, n. a word of three sylla
bles. [Gr. tri-, three, and Syllable.]
Trite, trTt, adj., worn out by use: used till its
novelty and interest are lost : hackneyed.—adv.
Tritely.—«. Trite'nesa. [It. trito—h. tritus,
nibbed, pa.p. of tero, to rub. See Try.]
Triton, trrton, n. {myth.) a marine demi-god, one
of the trumpeters of Neptune, his trumpet being
mote ; mute ; moon ; th$n. 631
 Trlturable Trounce
a wreathed univalve shell : a genus of molluscs [It. : augmentative of tromba, a trumpet. See
with a wreathed univalve shell. [Gr. Trit&n.} Trump, a trumpet.]
Triturable, trit'fl-ra-bi, adj. that may be reduced Troop, troop, n. a croivd or collection of peopl? :
to a fine powder by grinding. a company : soldiers taken collectively, an army,
Triturate, trit'u-rSt, v.t. to rub or grind to a fine usually in //. : a small body of cavalry corre
powder.—*. Tritura'tlon. [Late L. trituro, sponding to a company of infantry.—v.t. to col
•aturn—L. tero, to rub.] lect in numbers : to march in a company, or in
Triumph, tri'umf, «. in ancient Rome, a solemn haste. [Fr. troupe, prob. through Low L. forms,
procession in honour of a victorious gener.tl : from L. turba, a crowd.]
joy for success : victory.—v.t. to celebrate a vie- I Trooper, trSop'er, *. a private cavalry soldier.
tory with pomp: to rejoice for victory-: to obtain Trope, trop, *. (rhet. ) a word or expression
victory : to be prosperous : (with aver) to insult changed from its proper sense for life or em
a person upon an advantage gained.—n. Tri'- phasis, a figure of speech. [Fr.—L. tropus -
umpher. [L. triumphus ; akin to Gr. thri- Gr. tropos—trepfl, to turn.]
ambos, a hymn to Bacchus.] Trophied, trO fid, adj. adorned with trophies.
Triumphal, trl-umf al,rt^'. pertaining to triumph: Trophy, trO'fi, «, a memorial of a victory, con
used in celebrating victory. sisting of a pile of arms erected on the field of
Triumphant, trl-umf'ant, adj. celebrating or re battle : anything taken from an enemy and pre
joicing for a triumph : expressing joy for suc served as a memorial of victory : something
cess : victorious. —adv. Triumph'antly. [L. that is evidence of victory. [Fr. trophie—L.
triumpkans, -antis, pr.p. of triuinpho, to cele trop&um — Gr. tropaion—trope, a turning —
brate a triumph—triumphus.] trepii, to turn, to turn to flight.]
Triumvir, trl-um'vir, «. one of three men in the Tropic, trop'ik, «. one of the two circles on the
same office or government :—//. TrluBl'virl, ! celestial sphere, 33" 28' on each side of the equa
Trium'vlrs. [L.—trium-, from tres, three, and tor, where the sun turns, as it were, after reach
vir, a man.J * ing its greatest declination north or south : one
Triumvirate, trT-um'vi-rSt, ». an association of of two circles on the terrestrial globe correspond
three men in office or government, or for any ing to these pt. the regions lying between the
political ends. [L.] tropics. [Through L- tropicus, from Gr. tropi-
Triune, trT'un, adj. being three in one. [Coined kos, relating to a turning - tropos, a turning ,sec
from L. />/-, root of tres, three, and unus, one.] Trope}.]
Trivet, triv'et, «. a stool or other thing supported Tropic, trop'ik, Tropical, troplk-al, adj. pertain
on threefeet r a movable iron frame in a kitchen ing to the tropics: being within or near the
fire-grate for supporting kettles, &c. [For tropics. —adv. Trop'ically.
trevet—Fr. tripled, a tripod—L. tripes, tripedis Tropical, tropik-al, adj. [rhet.) pertaining to a
—tres, three, pes, a foot. Cf. Tripod.] trope: changed from its proper or original sense :
Trivial, triv'i-al, adj. that may be found any figurative.—adv. Tropically.
where, common : of little importance : trifling. Tropologlcal, trfl-po-loj'ik-al, adj. expressed or
—adv. Trivially.—*. TriVialness. [L. trivi- varied by tropes or figures.
alis {lit.) 'to be found at the cross-roads or Tropology, tr6-pol'o-ji, «. a tropical or figurative
public streets'—trivium, a place where three mode ofspeech. [Gr. tropos, and logos, discourse.]
ways meet—tres, three, via, a way.] Trot, trot, v.t. to go, lifting the feet quicker and
Trochaic, tro-ka'ik, Trocha'ioal, -af, adj. consist higher than in walking : to walk or move fast :
ing of trochees.—Trocha ic. «. a trochaic verse to run.—v.t. to ride at a trot \—pr f. trott ing ;
or measure. pa.t. and pa.p. troit'ed.—«. the pace of a horse
Trochee, tro'ke", n. a metrical foot of two syllables, or other quadruped when trotting.—n. Trott'er.
so called from its tripping or joyous character : [Fr. trotter, through various forms from a L.
in L. verse, consisting of a long and a short, as form tolntare, for ire tolutim, to go on a trot,
nUmen: in E. verse, of an accented and un {lit.) ' by a lifting,' from root tol, to lift.]
accented syllable, as tripod. [Fr. trochie~Gx. Troth, troth, «., truth, confidence : faith : fidelity.
trochaios [pons, foot, understood}, running, trip [A.S. treowth—treow, faith, trust See Truth ]
ping—trochos, a running—trechd, to run.] Troubadour, trf5o'ba-dd"or, «. one of a class of
Trod, Trodd'en, pa.t. and pa.*, of Tread. poet* from the nth to the 13th century, chiefly
Troglodyte, trog'lo-dlt, «. the Greek name for in France. [Fr., from Prov. trobadar—trobar
certain ancient tribes on the Nile, now a general (Fr. trouver), to find—L. turbare, to throw into
term for all savage cave-dwellers. [Fr. —Gr. I disorder (in searching for a thing}, hence, to
troglodytes—trdgtt, a cave, and dy9t to enter.] find. See Trover.)
Trojan, tro'jan, adj. pertaining to ancient Troy. — Trouble, trub'l, v.t. to put into a confused state :
n. an inhabitant of ancient '1 roy : an old soldier. to agitate: to disturb: to annoy: to busy or
Troll, trOl, v.t. to move circularly : to sing the engage overmuch. —w. disturbance: affliction:
parts of in succession, as of a catch or round.— uneasiness: that which disturbs or afflicts. —«.
v.t. to roll: to move or run about : to sing a Troubler. [Fr. troubler, O. Fr. tourbier — Low
catch.—n. a song, the parts of which are sung L. turbulo—L, turbare, to disturb—turba, a
in succession: a round.—*. Troll'er. [Pern, crowd, tumult.]
from Fr. trdler, to lead about—Celt, root seen Troublesome, trubl-sum, adj. causing or giving
in W. trolis, to twist, to roll.] trouble or inconvenience: vexatious: importu
Troll, trol, v.t. to fish, esp. for pike, with a rod of nate, -adv. Troubleaomely. —«. Trouble-
which the line runs on a reel near the handle. someness.
[A form of Trawl.] Troublous, trublus, adj. full of trouble or disorder :
Trollop, trol'up, tt. a loitering, slatternly woman : agitated : tumultuous.
a woman negligently dressed: a draggle-tail. Trough, trof, «. a long, hollow vessel for water or
[From TrolL in the sense of running about.] other liquid : a long tray : a long narrow channel.
Trombone, trom'bon. «. a deep-toned brass mu [A.S. trog; Ger. frog.)
sical wind instrument of the trumpet kind. 1 Trounce, trowns, v.t. to punish or beat severely.
532 fate, far; me, her: mine: mote ; mute; mOOn : Men.
 Trousers Ttusb
[O. Fr. tronfonuer, to cut—L. truncus, maimed. True, trCo, adj. agreeing with fact : worthy of
See Trench.] belief or confidence : certain : trusty : genuine :
Trousers, trow'zerz, «.//. long breeches : a gar exact : straight : right : rightful.—«. True'neSS.
ment worn by males on the lower limbs and [A.S. treowe ; cog. with Ice. trur, Ger. treu;
trussed or fastened up at the waist. [O. Fr. from the root of TT0W. See Trust.]
trousses, breeches worn by pages—Fr. trousse Truffle, truf'l, «. a round underground fungus
(see Truss;.] used in cookery.—Truffled, adj. cooked with
Trousseau, trGo-so', «. the lighter articles of a truffles. [O. Fr. truffle (Fr. truffle), a corr. of
bride's outfit. [Fr., lit. 'a Tittle bundle,' from L. tuber (see Tuber).]
trousse, a bundle (see Truss . ] Truism, trOo'izm, n. a plain or self-evident truth.
Trout, trowt, «. a common name for fresh-water Trull, trul, tt. a drab : a vagrant woman of loose
fish of the salmon family : the Salmo Fario, or habits. [Allied to Ger. trulle ; conn, with
Common Trout, much sought after by anglers. Scand. troll, demon, goblin, monster.]
[Fr. truite, A.S. trukt—£ tructa, tructus— Truly, troTJ'li, adv. according to truth: in fact or
Gr. trdktes, a sea-fish with sharp teeth—IrJgd, reality: exactly : justly : faithfully: sincerely:
to gnaw.] honestly.
Trover, troVer, n. (law) the gaining possession of Trump, trump, n. a trumpet. [Prob. through Fr.
goods. [O. Fr. trover, to find (Fr. trouver)— trompe, from It. tromba, which, acc. to Diez, is
L. tnrbare, to throw into disorder (in searching the L. tuba, with inserted r and to.)
for a thing), hence, to find—turba, confusion. Trump, trump, «. a card of the leading suit that
Cf. Treasure-Trove and Troubadour.] triumphs or wins : one of the suit of cards
Trow, trO, v.i. to hold as true: {B., to trust : to which takes any other.—v.i. to play a trump
believe: to think. [A.S. treonv-ian ; Ice. trua, card.—v.t. to play a trump card upon.—To
Ger. trait-en. See True, Trust.] trump up, to (devise, forge. [From Triumph.]
Trowel, trow'el, n. a tool used in spreading mortar, Trumpery, trump'er-i, n. falsehood : boastful or
and in gardening. [Fr. truelle—L. trulla, dim. " empty talk : things of no value : trifles.—adj.
of trua, a ladle.] worthless. [ Fr. tromperie—tromper* to de
Trowsons. Same as Trousers. ceive, lit. 'to blow a trumpet (in order to
Troy, Troy-weight, troi'-wiit, «. the system of attract the public),' a custom of quacks, &c. See
weights used in England for gold, silver, and Trump, a trumpet.]
precious stones. [A corr. of Fr. (livre, pound) Trumpet, trump'et, «. a wind instrument of music
d"octroi, ofauthority—octroi, from L. auctoritas, with a ringing and clear tone, used chiefly in
authority, and sig. orig. ' anything authorised,' war and in military music: {fig.) one who
then ' a tax.'] praises.—v. t. to publish by trumpet : to proclaim :
Truant, troo'ant, «. an idler: a boy who, idly or to sound the praises of. [Fr. trompette, dim. of
without excuse, absents himself from school.— trompe. See Trump, a trumpet.]
adj. wandering from duty: loitering : idle.—ns. Trumpeter, trump'et-er, «. one who sounds on
Truancy, Tru'antshlp. [Fr. truartd—Low L. the trumpet the regimental calls and signals:
trutanus—Celt, root tru, wretched.] one who proclaims, praises, or denounces : a
Truce, troTis, «. a temporary peace or suspension kind of pigeon, also a S. American wading-bird.
of hostilities between two armies or between Trumpet-fish, trump'et-fish, «. a sea-fish so named
states: cessation. [Lit. 'a true agreement,' from its trumpet-Mkc or tubular muzzle.
M. E. treoTvs, trtrzves, an extension of True. Trumpet-tongued, trump'et-tungd, adj. having a
Sec also Truth.] voice or tongue loud as a trumpet.
Truck, truk, v.t. to exchange or barter.—v.i. to Truncate, trungk'at, v.t. to cut off: to lop: to
traffic by exchange. —«. exchange of goods : maim.—tt. Truncation. [L. trunco, -aturn—
barter. [Fr. troquer—Sp. trocar, perh. a corr. tntneus. See Trunk.]
of L. trans, across or over, and vicis, change.] Trunoheon, trun'shun, tt. a short staff: a cudgel :
Truck, truk, n. a wheel : a railway wagon for a baton or staff of authority.—v.t. to beat with
heavy articles : a platform running on wheels : a truncheon : to cudgel. [Fr. tronfott—Irene
a small wooden cap at the top of a mast or flag (see Trunk!.]
staff. [Perh. a corr. of Gr. trochos, a wheel— Trundle, trun'dl, tt. anything round : a wheel : a
trechd, to run ] truck.—v.t. to roll, as on wheels. —v.i. to roll :
Truckage, truk'aj, «. the practice of exchanging bowl along. [A.S. trendel, a circle, wheel,
or bartering goods. [See Truok, v.] Ger. tranaeltt, to dawdle.]
Truckage, truk'aj, «. charge for carrying articles Trundle bed, trun'dl-bed, «. a bed moving on
on a truck. [See Truok, «.] trundles or low wheels : a truckle-bed.
Truckle, Iraki, v.i. to yield meanly to the demands Trunk, trungk, «. the stem of a tree : the body of
of another.—ns. Truckler, Truckling. [Ex an animal apart from the limbs : the main body
tension of Truck, v. J [of Truck, « ] of anything: anything long and hollow: the
Truckle, truld, «. a small wheel or caster. [Dim. probnscis of an elephant : the shaft of a column :
Truckle-bed, iruk'I-bed. «. a low bed on wheels a chest for clothes. Trunked, trungkt, <uij.
that may be pushed under another. [See having a trunk. [Fr. tronc—L. truncus, the
Truck, n.\ stem or bole of a tree. 1
Truck-system, truk'-sis'tem, n. the practice of Trunk-hose, trungk'-hoz, «. large hose or breeches
paying workmen in goods instead of money. formerly worn over the lower part of the body
[See TTUOk, v.] and the upper part of the legs.
Truculent, truk'u-lent, adj. very fierce : barba Trunk-Une, trungkMTn, n. the main line of a
rous : cruel : inspiring terror, —adv. Truc'U- railway, canal, &c.
lently.—«. Truc'ulonco. [L. tntcuUntus— Trunnion, trun'yun, «. on« of the knobs on each
trux, wild, fierce.] side of a gun, on which it rests on the car
Trudge, truj, v.i. to travel on foot : to travel with riage. [Fr. trogtwn, a itflllr ftvm'r a stump—
labour or effort: to march heavily on. [Allied L. truncus.]
to Tread and Trot, and influenceJ by Drudge. ] Truss, trus, h. a bundle : timbers fastened to-
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute : moon ; then. bS3
 Trust
gethcr for supporting a roof: in ships, the rope
or iron for keeping the lower yard to the mast :
(med.) a bandage used in ruptures.—v.t. to bind
up: to pack close: to furnish with a truss.
[Fr. trousse—trousser, O. Fr. trosser, orig.
torsert to bind together—L. tortus, pa.p. of
torqueot to twist.)
Trust, trust, n. confidence in the truth of anything :
a resting on the integrity, friendship, &c. of
another: faith: hope : credit (esp. sale on credit
or on promise to pay) : he or that which is the
ground of confidence : that which is given or
received in confidence : charge : [law) an estate
managed for another.—adj. held in trust—v.t.
to place trust in : to believe : to give credit to :
to sell upon credit: to commit to the care of.—
v-i. to be confident or confiding.—«. Trust'er.
[Closely conn, with Ice. traust, trust, Goth.
transit, security, Ger. trost, consolation ; from
root of Trow and True.]
Trustee, tnis-tfi', «. one to whom anything is
intrusted: one to whom the management of a
property is committed in trust for the benefit of
others.—«. Trustee ship.
Trustful, trust'fooi, adj. full of trust: trusting :
worthy of trust : faithful.
Trustworthy, trustVur-Mi, adj., worthy of trust
or confidence : trusty.—«. Trustworthiness.
Trusty, trust'i, adj. [comp. Trust'ler, superl.
Trustiest), that may be trusted: deserving
confidence : honest : strong : firm.—«. Trust'i-
UOM.—adv. TrUSt'llT.
Truth, troOth, ft. that which is true or according to
the facts of the case: agreement with reality:
true state of things, or facts : practice of speak
ing or disposition to speak the truth: fidelity:
a true statement : an established principle : in
the fine arts, a faithful adherence to nature.—
Of a truth [B.\ truly. [A.S. trcowth, tryivth,
a derivative of True. Doublet Troth.]
Truthful, trooth'fool, adj., full of truth: accord-
ing to or adhering to truth: reliable.—adv.
Truth'fully.—«. Truth'fulness.
Try, trl, v.t. to test : to sift : to prove by experi
ment : to purify : to examine judicially : to
examine carefully: to experience : to attempt :
to use as means : to put to severe trial, cause
suffering to. —v.u to endeavour: to make an
effort '.—pa.t. and pa.p. tried (trld).—n. Tri'er.
[Fr. trier, to pick out, to cull (the grain from
the straw), from an assumed L. tritare—tero,
tritr/m, to rub. See Trite.]
Trying, trl'ing, adj. making trial or proof of:
adapted to try : searching : severe.
Trysail, tri'sal, «. a reduced sail used by small
craft, instead of their mainsail, in a storm : a
small fore-and-aft sail set with a boom and gaff.
Tryst, trist, «. an appointment to meet : appointed
place of meeting. [Conn, with Trust.]
Tsar, tsar, «. better form of Czar.
Tsetse, tset'sfi, «. a dipterous insect of South
Africa, whose bite is fatal to the ox, horse, and
dog.
Tub, tub, n. a two-handed open wooden vessel : a
vessel made of staves and hoops : a small cask :
anything like a tub : the quantity a tub holds.
[Low Ger. tul>bet Dut. tobbe.]
Tube, tfib, «. a pipe: a long, hollow cylinder for
the conveyance of fluids, &c : a canal.—v.t. to
furnish with a tube. [Fr.—L. tubus.]
Tuber, tQ'ber, «. a knob in roots : a rounded,
fleshy underground stem, as in the potato. [L.,
' a swelling,' from root of L. tumeo, to swell.
Cf. Tumid ]
fate, far ; m£, her ; mine ;
Tumbler
Tubercle, tQ'ber-kl, m. a small tuber or swelling :
a pimple : a small knob on leaves : a small mass
of diseased matter frequently found in the lungs.
—Tu'bercled, aiij. having tubercles, [L. tuber-
culum. dim. of Tuber.]
Tubercular, tfl-ber'ku-lar, Tuberculous, tu-ber'-
ku-lus, adj. pertaining to tubercles: pimpled:
affected with or caused by tubercles.
Tuberous, iu'ber-us, Tuberose, tu'ber-os, adj.
having or consisting of tubers: knobbed.—«.
Tuberos'ity.
Tubing, tub ing, «. a length of tube: tubes col
lectively : materials for tubes.
Tubular, tub'fl-lar, adj. having the form of a tube
or pipe: consisting of a tube or pipe.
Tubulated, tQb'u-lat-ed, Tubulous, tob'Q-lus, adj.
having the form of a tube or pipe : having a
small tube: containing or composed of small
tubes. [dim. of tubus.]
Tubule, tub'Ql, ft. a smalltube or pipe. [L. tubulus,
Tuck, tuk, v.t. to draw or press in or together : to
fold under : to gather up : to inclose by pressing
clothes closely around.—ft. a horizontal fold in
a garment. [Low Ger. tucken, Ger. sucker:. to
draw in, to shrug ; conn, with Tow and Tug
Tucker, tuk'er, «. a piece of cloth tucked or drawn
over the bosom, worn by women and children.
Tuesday, tuzMa, «. the third day of the week.
[A.S. Trtves da'g [lit.) 'the day of Tlw' {ihc
god of warr = Ger. die[n)s-tag ; cf. L, dies
Martis. V'tw (Ice. Tyr, O. Ger. Zio) is conn,
with Gr. Zeus^Dios, and L. deus, divus.]
Tufa, tQ'fa, Tuff, tuf, ft. a rock formed from the
ash or powder from a volcano : also applied to
any light, porous rock. [lu tufo, Fr. tuf—L.
tofus.]
Tuft, tuft, ft. a number of small things in a knot :
a cluster : a dense head of flowers. —v. t. to
separate into tufts: to adorn with tufts. — adjs.
Tuft'ed, Tuft'y. [Fr. toujfe, from the TcuU,
as Low Ger. iapp, Ger. sop/. See Top.]
Tuft-hunter, tuft'-hunt'er, «. one over-eager to
form acquaintance with persons of rank or con
sequence : a mean hanger-on of the great.
[From the tuft or tassel in the cap worn by
noblemen at the English universities.]
TUB. tug» t0 with effort : to drag along.—
v.t. to pull with great effort :—pr.p. tugg'mg;
Pa.t. and Pa.p. tugged. —n, a strong pull; a
steam-vessel for towing ships. [A. S. tern,
teohan, pi. of pa.t. tugon; closely conn, with
Tuck and Tow. v.]
Tuition, tu-ish'un, n. care over a young person :
teaching. [Lit. *a looking to," 'taking care of,'
L. tuitio—tueor, tut'tus, to see, to look to,]
Tulip, tu'lip, ft. a bulbous garden-plant with
beautiful flowers. [Fr. tulipe -Port, tuiipa,
from Pers. and Turk, tulbend, dulbend (whence
E. Turban;, from the fancied resemblance of
the flower to a turban folded round the head.]
Tulle, tool, «. a delicate kind of silk net or lace.
[Fr. : so named from the town of Tulle, in the
south-west of France.]
Tumble, tum'bl, v.t. to fall : to come down sud
denly and violently : to roll : to twist the body,
as a mountebank.—v t. to throw headlong : to
turn over: to throw about while examining.—«.
act of tumbling : a fall : a rolling over. [From
a Teut. root seen in Dan. tumle—Ice. tumla
(A.S. tnmbian); and from which also are the
Fr. tomber and It. tombolare.]
Tumbler, tum'bler, «. one who tumbles : a large
drinking-glass, so called because formerly, having
a pointed base, it could not be set down without
mote ; mute ; mOon ; then.
 Tumbrel Turkish-bath
tumbling: a domestic pigeon, so called from its Tun ; on the model of Fr. tonnelle, an arbour,
tumbling on the wing. [lit.) 'a /wf-shaped vault,' dim. of tonne, a tun.
Tumbrel, tum'brel, Tumbril, tumbril, w. a cart See also Ton]
with two wheels for conveying the tools of Tunny, tun'i, n. a very large fish of the mackerel
pioneers, artillery stores, &c. [O. Fr. tomberel family, fished chiefly on the Mediterranean
(Fr. tombereau)~\?r. tomber, to fall, because the coasts. [Lit. 'the darting fish,' L. thunmts,
body of the cart could be tumbled without un Gr. thynnos—thynd, to dart or rush along.]
yoking. Cf. Tumble.] Tup, tup, «. a ram. [Conn, with Low Ger.
Tumefaction, Ui-me-fak'shun, «. act of tumefy tofifien, Ger. tufi/en, to touch.)
ing: tumour: swelling. Turanian, tQr-an'yan, adj. a name sometimes
Tumefy, tu'me-fl; v.t. to cause to swell.—v.i. to used to include all the languages of Europe and
swell: to rise in a tumour: -fiat, and fia.fi. Asia not Aryan or Semitic, with the exception of
tQ'mefled. [L. tumefacio— tumeo, to swell, and Chinese and its cognate dialects. [From Turan,
facia, to make. ] a name given {in contrast to Iran or Persia) to
Tumid, tu'mid, adj., swollen or enlarged : inflated : the region lying north of that country.]
falsely sublime : bombastic.—adv. Tu'mldly. — Turban, tur'ban, «. a head-covering worn by
«. Tu'miduess. fL. turnidus— tumeo, to swell.] eastern nations, consisting of a cap with a sash
Tumour, Tumor, tu'mor, «. a diseased swelling wound round it : a circular head-dress worn by
of any part of the body. [L.—tumeo, to swell.] ladies: the whole whorls of a shclL [Earlier
TumulaTj tii'mu-lar, adj. formed in a heap : con forms turbani, tulifiant (Fr. turban), through
sisting in a heap. [Formed from L. tumulus, a Port, turbante, from Pers. dulbend, a piece of
heap. From Tumulus. J muslin wound round the head. Cf. Tulip.]
Tumulous, tQ'mu-lus, adj. full of wounds or Turbaned, tur'band, ad/, wearing a turban.
hillocks. [From Tumulufl.] Turbary, turb'ar-i, «. the right of digging peat : a
Tumult, tQ'mult, n. uproar of a multitude : violent place where peat is dug. [From titrba, the Low
agitation with confused sounds. [L. tumultus, L. form of Turf.]
from root of tumeo, to swell.] Turbid, tur'bid, adj. disordered : having the sedi
Tumultuary, tu-mult'u-ar-i, Tumultuous, ta- ment disturbed : muddy : thick.—adv. Tur/-
mult'u-us, adj. full of tumult : disorderly : agi bidly.—n. Tur'bldness. [L. turbidus—turba,
tated : noisy.—adv. Tumult'uously.—». TU- confusion, tumult.]
mult'uousness. Turbot, tuVbot, n. a large, flat, round fish, es
Tumulus, lu'mu-lus, n. a mound of earth over a teemed a delicacy. [Fr., a dim. formed from
grave : a barrow:—//. Tu'muli. [L., 'a heap' L. turbo, a spinning-top, from the likeness of
—tumeo, to swell.] the fish to a top ; cf. the Gr. rhombos% sig. a top,
Tun, tun, ft. {orig. ) a large cask : then a measure also a turbot.]
of capacity for liquids = a pipes, 4 hogsheads, Turbulent, tur'bu-lent, adj., tumultuous, dis
or 252 gallons. [A.S. tunue, with similar forms turbed: in violeut commotion: disposed to dis
iu all the Teut., Romance, and Celt, tongues, order: restless: producing commotion.—ns.
the common source prob. being the L. tina. a Tur'bulence, Tur'bulency.—adv. Turbulent-
wine-vessel. Doublet Ton.] ly. [L. turbulentus—turba, tumult, a crowd ]
Tune, tun, «. {mus.) a melodious succession of Tureen, tu-rfin', «, a large dish for holding soup
notes or chords in a particular key: the relation at table. [Lit. 'an earthenware dish,' Fr.
of notes and intervals to each other causing terrine—L. terra, earth.]
melody: state of giving the proper sound : har Turf, turf, n. the surface of land matted with the
mony : a melody or air.—v.t. to cause to produce roots of grass, &c : a cake of turf cut ofT: sod :
Ihe proper sounds. —adj. Tun'able. [A variation peat: race-ground: horseracing :—fit. Turfs. —
of Tone, prob. partly due to the influence of v.t. to cover with turf or sod. [A.S. turf; Ice.
A.S. dyne, E. Din.] torfj perh. conn with Sans, dnrvd, millet-grass.]
Tuneful, tGn'fool, adj. full of tune or harmony : Turfy, turfi, adj. abounding with, made of, or
melodious : musical.—adv. Tune'fully. covered with turf: having the nature or appear
Tuneless, tun'les, adj. without tune or melody. ance of turf. - n. Turf'Iness.
Tuner, tun'er, «. one who tunes or adjusts the Turgent, tur'jent, adj., swelling: rising into a
sounds of musical instruments. tumour: inflated: bombastic.—adv. Turgently.
Tungsten, tungsten, n. a very heavy metal. [L. turg-ens, -entis, pr.p. of turgeo. to swell.]
[Sw. tungsten—lung, heavy ; sten, stone.] Turgesoent, tur-jes'ent, adj., swelling: growing
Tunic, tu'mk, n. a loose frock worn by females and big.—ns. Turgesc'ence, Turgesc'ency. [L.
boys : in R. Cath. Church, a long undergar turgesco—turgeo, to swell.]
ment worn by the officiating clergy: {anal.) Turgid, tur'jid, adj., swollen: extended beyond
a membrane that covers some organ: {hot. ) a the natural size : pompous : bombastic—adv.
covering, as of a seed : [mil. ) the coat at present Tur gidly.—ns. TuTgldness, Turgid'lty. [L.
worn by English soldiers on full-dress occasions. turgidus—turgeo, to swell.]
[Fr. tuuique - L. tunica, an under-garment worn Turk, turk, n. a native of Turkey.—adj. Turkish.
in ancient Rome by both sexes.] Turkey, turk'i, ». a large gallinaceous bird, a
Tunicate, to'nik-at, Tunlcated, ta'nik-at-ed, adj. native of America, so called because erroneously
{hot.) covered with a tunic or with layers. [I,.] supposed to have come from Turkey.
Tunlcle, tu'ni-kl, «. a little tunic: a kind of long Turkey-red, turkl-red, n. a fine durable red dye,
robe. [L. tunicula, dim. of tunica, a tunic] obtained from madder, but now mostly prepared
Tuning-fork, tfln'ing-fork, «. a steel two-pronged chemically, first produced in Turkey.
instrument, designed when set in vibration to Turkey-Stone, turk'i-stOn. «. a kind of oilstone
give a musical sound of a certain pitch. brought from Turkey, and used for hones.
Tunnel, tun'el, «. a passage cut through a hill or TurkiS. lurk'is, u. an older spelling of Turquoise.
under a river, &c.—v.t. to make a passage Turkish-bath, turk'ish-bath, n. a kind of hot-air
through: to hollow nut:—Pr.fi. tunn'elling; I bath in which the patient, after being sweated, is
fia.t. and fia.fi. tunn'ellcd. [An extension of ' rubbed down, and conducted through a series of
fate, far; m£, her; mine; mOte ; mute ; mOOn ; Men. 6^5
 Turmeric Tweezers
cooling chambers until he regains his normal rising above it. [O. Fr, touret (Fr. taurelle)%
temperature. dim. of Fr. toury a tower. See Tower.]
Turmeric, tur'mer-ik, «, the root of an E. Indian Turreted, uu/et-ed, adj. furnished with turrets:
plant, used as a yellow dye, in curry-powder, funned like a tower.
and as a chemical test for the presence of Turret-ship, tur'et-ship, n, an ironclad skip of
alkalies. [Ety. unknown.] _ war, whose guns are placed in one or more
Turmoil, turmoil, «. harassing labour: disturb revolving turrets placed on deck.
ance. [Perh. from the L. tretno, to shake, Turtle, tur'tl, Turtle-dove, tur/tl-duv, n. a species
modified by the influence of Turn and Moll.] of pigeon of a very tender and affectionate dis
Turmoil, tur-moil', v.t. to harass with commotion : position. [A.S. turtle; Ger. turtel, Fr. tonr-
to weary.—v.i. to be disquieted or in commotion. tereau, tourterelle ; all from the L. name turtur,
Turn, turn, v.i. to whirl round: to hinge : to de an imitation of the bird's note ; cf. Heb. tar.)
pend : to issue : to take a different direction or Turtle, tur'tl, n. the ska.-tortoise, a family of rep
tendency : to become by a change : to be turned tiles having their back covered by a horny
in a lathe : to sour : to become giddy : to be case, the flesh of some of the species being con
nauseated : to change from ebb to flow or from sidered a great delicacy. [A corr. of Tortoise,
flow to ebb : to become inclined in the other under influence of Turtle . above).]
direction.—v.t. to cause to revolve : to reverse : Tuscan, tuslcan, adj. of or belonging to Tuscany
to change the position or the direction of: to in Italy : denoting one of the five orders of
make to nauseate, to make giddy ; direct the architecture, the oldest and simplest. [L.]
mind to : infatuate or make mad : to cause to Tush, tush, int. pshaw ! be silent ! an exclamation
return with profit : to transfer : to convert : to of scorn or impatience. [Cf. Ger. tustken, ver-
form in a lathe: to shape. —«, act of turning : tuscken, to hush up.]
new direction, or tendency : a walk to and fro : Tusk, tusk, ». a long, pointed tooth on either side
change : a winding : a bend : form : manner : of the mouth of certain rapacious animals.—
opportunity, convenience : act of kindness or adjs. Tusk'ed, Tusk'y. [A.S. tusc, tux.}
malice.—«. Turn'or.—By turns, one after an Tussle, tus'el, «. a struggle. [A.S. tasan, to
other, alternately. [A.S. tyman ; Ger. lumen ; pluck, hence related to Tease, and perh.
Fr. toumer; all from L. tornare, to turn in a Tassel, a tcascd-out knot of wool.)
lathe—lornus, a turner's wheel—Gr. tornos.] Tussock, tus'ok, «. a tuft of grass or twigs. [From
Turncoat, tura'kot, n. one who turns his coat, that obs. tur, a lock of hair, which is of Celt, origin.]
is, abandons his principles or party. Tut, tut, int. an exclamation ofchecking or rebuke.
Turnery, turn'er-i, «. art of turning ox of shaping [Cf. Ir. and Gael. tut.\
by a lathe : things made by a turner. Tutelage, tu'tel-Sj, «., guardianship: state of
Turning, turn'ing, «. a winding : deviation from being under a guardian. [Formed from the L.
the proper course : turnery :—pi. chips. tutela—tutor, to guard—tueor, to see, to look
Turning-point, turn'ing-point, «. the point on to. Cf. Tuition and Tutor.]
which a question turns, and which decides the Tutelar, to'te-lar, Tutelary, tu'te-lar-i, adj. pro
case : a grave and critical period. tecting: having the charge af a person or place.
Turnip, tur'nip, n. a plant having a solid bulbous [ L. tutclaris—tutela. See Tutelage. ]
root used as food. [From A.S. nape— L. nafus, Tutor, tfl'tor, u. one who looks to or takes care of:
with the prefix *tur-% a corr. of terra, * of the one who has charge of the education of another:
earth.'J one who hears the lessons of and examines
Turnkey, turnTte". n. one who turns the keys in a students: a teacher.—-Jem. Tu'toress. —v.t. to
prison : a warder. instruct : to treat with authority or sternness.
Turnpike, turn'plk, n. a gate set across a road to — «. Tu'torshlp. [L. 'a guardian '—tueor,
stop those liable to toll : a turnpike-road. [Orig. tuitus, to look to. Cf. Tuition and Tutelage.]
a frame consisting of two crossbars armed with Tutorage, tu'tor-aj, «. the office or authority of a
pikes, and turning on a post.] tutor: education, as by a tutor.
Turnpike-road, turn'pik-rOd, m. a road on which Tutorial, tu-to'ri-al, adj. belonging to or exer
turnpikes or toll-gates are established. cised by a tutor.
Turnsole, turn'sol, n. a plant so called because its Twaddle, twod'l, v.i. to talk in a silly manner.—
flowers turn towards the sun. [Fr-—toumer n. silly talk.—«. Twaddler. [Earlier form
[see Turn) and sol, for soleil—L. sol, the sun.] twattle, an imitative word : cf. Tattle, Twitter.]
Turnspit, turn'spit, n. one who turns a spit: a Twain, twan, «., tiuo. [A.S. twegen, two. Ice.
person engaged in some menial occupation : tveir. See TWO and Between.]
(formerly) a dog employed to turn a spit. Twang, twang, «. a sharp, quick sound, as of a
Turnstile, turn'strl, «. a revolving frame in a foot tight string when pulled and let go : a nasal tone
path which prevents the passage of cattle. of voice.—v.i. to sound as a tight string pulled
Turn table, turn'-ta'bl, w. Same as Traverse- and let go : to sound with a quick, sharp noise.
table. —v.t. to make to sound with a twang. [Imi
Turpentine, tur'pen-tln, «. the resinous juice of tative.]
the terebinth and other trees. [Fr. tireocnthinc 'Twas, twoz, contr. of it was.
—L. Urebinthina \resina), (the resin) of the Tweak, tw£k, v.t. to twitch, to pull : to pull with
terebinth.] sudden jerks.—«. a sharp pinch or twitch.
Turpitude, lur'pi-tQd. ti. baseness : extreme de [A.S. tvaiccian ; Ger. zwicken. By-form Twitch.]
pravity or wickedness : vileness of principles and Tweed, tw£d, n. a kind of woollen twilled cloth
actions. (L. turpitude —inrpis, foul, base; of various patterns, much used for men's suits.
conn, with Sans, root tarp, to be ashamed.] [From a mistaken reading of 'tweets'' upon an
Turquoise, turTioiz, «. a bluish-green mineral invoice, not, as supposed, from the Tweed valley,
from Persia, valued as a Rem. [Fr. (lit. ' Turk where the manufacture commenced.]
ish '), so called because first brought from Tweezers, twCz'crz, n.sing. nippers : small pin
Turkey. Doublet Turkish ] cers for pulling out hairs, &c [Obs. tiveese, a
Turret, tur'et, n. a small tower on a building and surgeon's case of instruments—Fr. ituis, pi. of
fite, far; mfi, her; mine ; mate ; mute ; mGon ; Men.
 Twelfth
/tut, a case, a box ; prob. influenced also by
Tweak.]
Twelfth, twelfth, adj. the last of twelve.—«. one
of twelve equal parts. [A.S. twelfta—twetf.\
Twelfth-day, twelfth'-da, Twelfth'-tide, -tid, «.
the twelfth day after Christmas, the Epiphany.
Twelve, twelv, adj. ten and two.—n. the number
next after eleven : the figures representing
twelve. [A.S. twelf (Ger. sivdlf, and Goth.
tiva-ltf), that is, 'two and tea' (for twa- see
Two, and for -lifsee Eleven).]
Twelvemonth, twelv'munth, «., twelve months X
a year.
Twentieth, twen'ti-eth, adj. the last of twenty.—
n. one of twenty equal parts. [A.S. twentigtha.]
Twenty, twen'ti, adj.% twice ten: nineteen and
one: an indefinite number.—n. the number next
after nineteen : the figures representing twenty.
[A.S. twentig, for iwantig, from twa, two, tig
(Goth, tigus), ten ; L. (d)viginti, Sans, vin-
shati.\
Twice, twis, adv., two times: once and again:
doubly. [O. E. twxes. A.S. twiwa—twa, two.]
Twig, twig, n. a small shoot or branch of a tree.
[A.S. twig; cog. with Ger. sweig; from the
root of TWO.]
Tw*SSy. tw'g'ir adj. abounding in twigs or shoots.
Twilight, twi'llt, «. the faint light after sunset
and before sunrise : an uncertain view.—adj. of
twilight : faintly illuminated : obscure. [Lit.
"tween light,' A.S. twi-, from /wa, E. Two,
and Light]
Twill, twil, or Tweel, twel, n. an appearance of
diagonal lines in cloth, caused by making the
weft pass over one and under two or more
threads of the warp : a fabric with a twill. —v.t.
to weave with a twill. [Developed from the
root of TWO (A.S. two) ; cf. Ger. zwiiiick,
ticking—zwei, two.]
Twin, twin, m. one of two bom at a birth : one
very like another.—adj. being one of two born
at a birth : very like another.—vi. to be born .it
the same birth : to bring forth two at once : to
be paired or suited \—Pr.p. twinn'ing ;
twinned. —The Twins, the constellation Gemini.
[A.S. twinn, double—TWO ; Ice. tvennr.]
Twine, twin, n. a cord composed of two or more
threads twisted together : a twist.—v.t. to wind,
as two threads together : to twist together : to
wind about. —v.t. to unite closely: to bend : to
make turns: to ascend spirally round a support.
[A. S. twin, double-thread (cog. with Dut. twijn)
—twa, E. TWO.]
Twinge, twinj, v.t. to twitch or pinch : to affect
with a sharp, sudden pain.—v.i. to have or suffer
a sudden, sharp pain, like a twitch.—n. a twitch :
a pinch : a sudden, sharp pain. [M. E. ttvengen,
cog. with Ger. swingen, to constrain. Cf.
Thong.]
Twinkle. twingTil, v.i. to shine with a trembling,
sparkling light : to sparkle : to open and shut
the eyes rapidly: to quiver.—«. Twinklor.
[A.S. fovinclian, a nasalised form of twiccian,
with the freq. termination -U. See Twitch. ]
Twinkle, twinged, Twinkling, twing'khng, n. a
quick motion of the eye : the time occupied by
a wink : an instant.
Twirl, twerl, 7/./. to turn round rapidly, esp. with
the fingers. —v.i. to turn round rapidly : to be
whirled round.—n. a whirl : a rapid circular
motion. [A.S. thwiril; cog. with Ger. quirt,
querl, a stirring-spoon—O. Ger. tuirl ; from the
root of Queer and Thwart.]
Twlxt, twist, v.t. to twine: to unite or form by
fate, far ; me\ her ; mine ;
Typhus
winding together : to form from several threads :
to encircle with something : to wreathe : to wind
spirally : to turn from the true form or meaning :
to insinuate.—v.i. to be united by winding.—n.
that which is twisted : a cord : a single thread :
manner of twisting : a contortion : a small roll
of tobacco.—n. Twlst'er. [A.S. twist, cloth of
double thread—twa, E. Two ; contrast Dut.
twist, Ger. zwist, discord—zwei, TWO.]
Twit, twit, v.t. to remind of some fault, &c t—
fir p. twitt'ing ; pad. and pa.p. twitt'ed.—n.
TWitt'er. [A.S. at-wttan, to reproach—at,
against, witan (Scot, wyte, Ger. ver-weisett), to
blame ; closely conn, with root of Wit.]
Twitch, twich, v.t. to pull with a sudden jerk : to
pluck: to snatch.— n. a sudden, quick pull:
a spasmodic contraction of the muscles.—n.
Twitch'er. [A.S. tiviccian, to pluck ; cog.
with Ger. zwicken, and prob. influenced by
Touch. By-form Tweak]
Twitter, twit'er, «. a tremulous broken sound : a
slight trembling of the nerves.—vd. to make a
succession of small tremulous noises : to feel a
slight trembling of the nerves. [Allied to Ger.
zwitschem^ Sw. qvittra, prob. imitative ; cf.
Titter.]
Twittering, twit'er-ing, n. act of Hvittering: the
sound of twittering : nervous excitement.
Twittingly, twit'ing-li, adv. in a twitting manner.
TWO, too, adj. one and one.—«. the sum of one
and one : a figure representing two. [A.S. twa:
cog. with Ger. zwei, Goth. tz>ai ; also with Gr.
dy$, L. dud. Sails, dva, Celt, da, do.]
Two-edged, tOTJ'-ejd, adj. having two edges.
Twofold, too'fold, adj., folded twice: multiplied
by two: double.—adv. doubly. [of Japan.
Tycoon, tT-koon', n. formerly the political sovereign
Tympanal, tim'pan-al, Tympanic, tim-pan'ik,
adj. like a drum : pertaining to the tympanum.
Tympanitis, tim-pan-ftis, «. inflammation of the
membrane of the car.
Tympanum, tim'pan-um, n. (anat.) the membrane
which separates the external from the internal
ear, often called the drum of the ear: (arch.)
the triangular space between sloping and hori
zontal cornices, or in the comers or sides of an
arch : the panel of a door. [L.—Gr. tyntpanon,
typanon, a kettledrum—typtd, to strike.]
Type, tip, n. a mark or figure struck or stamped
upon something : an emblem or figure of some*
thing to come : a raised letter, &c. in metal or
wood used in printing : the whole types used in
printing : a model in nature made the subject of
a copy: {nat. hist.) that which combines best
the characteristics of a group : [med.) the order
in which the symptoms of a disease exhibit
themselves. —adj. Typ'aL IFr.—L. typus, Gr.
typos—typtd, to strike.] [casts printers' type.
Typefounder, tTp'fownd-er, «. one who founds or
Type-metal, tTp'-met'al, «., metal used for making
tyfies, a compound of lead and antimony*
Typhoid, ti'foid, adj. pertaining to a form of
enteric fever, which is very similar in some of its
symptoms to typhus. [Gr. typhddes—ty/host
and eidos, likeness. See Typhus. ]
Typhoon, tl-ftSOn'j n. a violent hurricane which
occurs in the Chinese seas. [Chin. tei-fun% 'hot
wind.']
Typhous, tT'fus, adj. relating to typhus.
Typhus, tT'fus, n. a very fatal kind of continued
fever, often occurring as an epidemic. [Through?
I^ate L. from Gr. typhos, smoke, hence stupor
arising from fever—typhd, to smoke, from the
root of L.fumus >ee Fumei, and E. Damp.)
mote ; mute ; m(JOn ; thea.
 Typic Unanimous
Words in UN notfound below are to be explained byPrefixing not, or want of, to the simple word.
Typic, tip'ik. Typical, tip'ik-al, adj. pertaining Ulna, ul'na, «. the larger of the two bones of the
to or constituting a type: emblematic: figura forearm.—adj. Ul'nar. [L. ulna, cog. with E.
tive: [fiat, hist.) combining the characteristics Ell, which see.]
of a group. —adv. Typically. [Late L.—Gr. Ulterior, ul-te'ri-or, adj. on the further side : be
typikos— typos, a type.] yond : further: remoter. [L. ulterior, comp.
Typify, tip'i-iT, v.t. to make a. type of: to repre of utter, that is beyond or on the other side.]
sent by an image or resemblance : to prefigure : Ultimate, ul'ti-m5t,a(/7.)yMrM*,.rj'; last : incapable
—pa.t. and pa.p. typified. [L. typus, type, of further division. —adv. Ultimately. [ L.
facia, to make.] ultimus, the last, superl. of utter.\
Typographer, ti-pog'raf-cr, n. a printer. Ultimatum, ul-ti-ma turn, «. the last or final pro
Typographic, tip-o-graf'ik, Typographical, -al, position or terms for a treaty :—pi. Ultima ta.
adj. pertaining to typography or printing.— [Low L., from L. ultimus, last.]
adv. Typographically. Ultimo, ul'ti-mo, adj., in the last (month). [LO
Typography, tT-pog'raf-i, «. the art of printing : Ultramarine, ul-tra-ma-rc'n', adj. situated beyond
,or'g>) "tc art of representingby types or symbols. the sea.—n. the most beautiful and durable sky-
[Gr. tyPos, type, graphs, to write.] blue colour, so called either from its intense
Typology, tl-pol'o-ji, «. the doctrine of Scripture blue, or from the lapis lazuli, from which it is
types or figures. [Gr. typos, a type, and logos, made, being brought from Asia, beyond the sea.
a discourse.] [L. ultra, beyond, and Marine.]
Tyrannic, ti-ran'ik, Tyrannical, -al. Tyrannous, Ultramontane, ul-tra-mon'tiin, adj. being beyond
ttr'an-us, atlj. pertaining to or suiting a tyrant: the mountains (i. e. the Alps) : orig. used in
unjustly severe: imperious: despotic. —advs. Italy of the French, Germans, &c. ; afterwards
Tyrannically, Tyr'annously. [L.—Gr.] applied by the northern nations to the Italians,
Tyrannise, tir'an-Tz, v.i. to act as a tyrant: to hence its present meaning —viz., holding or
rule with oppressive severity. denoting extreme views as to the Pope's rights
Tyranny, tiran-i, n. the government or authority and supremacy. [L. ultra, beyond, montanus,
of a tyrant : absolute monarchy cruelly adminis belonging to a mountain—mons, jnontis, a
tered : oppression: cruelty. [L.—Gr. tyrannis.] mountain.]
Tyrant, ti'rant, «. one who uses his power oppres Ultramontanism, ul-tra-mon'tan-izm, «. ultra
sively : {orig.) an absolute monarch. [O. Fr. montane or extreme views as to the Pope's
idrant (Fr. tyran)—L. tyrannus—Gr. tyrannos, rights. [holds to ultramontanism.
Doric for koiranos—kyros, kyriost a lord, Ultramontanlst, u!-tra-mon'tan-ist, «. one who
master.] Ultramundane, ul-tra-mun'dan. adj. being beyond
Tyrlan, tir'i-an, adj. being of a deep purple the world, or beyond the limits of our system.
colour, like the dye formerly prepared at Tyre. [L. ultra, beyond, and Mundane.]
Tyro, t! ro, «. one learning any art : one not well Umbel, um'bef, n, a form of flower in which a
acquainted with a subject i—pl. Ty'ros. [L. number of stalks, each bearing a flower, radiate
tiro, a young recruit. ] from one centre. [L. umbella, dim. of umbra,
a shade. Doublet Umbrella ]
Umbelliferous, um-bel-lifer-us, adj., bearing or
u producing umbels. [L. umbella, and fc-ro, to
bear.]
Ubiquitous, fl-bik'wi-tus, adj. being everyivltere. Umber, um'ber, «. a brown pigment.—Um bered,
Ubiquity, u-bik'wi-ti, «. existence everyzvhere at adj. tinged with umber. [So called because
tha same lime : omnipresence. [Fr. ubiquiti, orig. obtained from Umbria, in Italy.]
formed from L. ublque, everywhere.) Umbillc, um-bil'ik, Umbilical, um-bil'ik-al, adj.
Udal, G'dal, applied to land held solely by pertaining to the navel. [L. umbilicus, the
uninterrupted succession, under no feudal supe navel, akin to Gr. omphalos, the navel, the
rior—ns. U'dal, a freehold estate, U'daller. ■ centre.]
holder of such. [Ice. odkal, a homestead. See Umbrage, umTiraj, «. suspicion of injury : offence.
Allodial] [O. Fr. umbraige (Fr. ombrage)—h. umbra, a
Udder, ud'er, n. the milk-vessel of a female (esp. shadow. ]
of a lower animal). [A.S- thler; cog. with Ger. Umbrageous, um-braj'us, adj., shady or forming
eater; also conn, with L. uber, Gr. outhar, a shade.—adv. Umbra'geously.—x. Umbra-
Sans, ddhar.] geousness. [Fr. ombrageux—L. umbraticus
Ugly, ug'li, adj. offensive to the eye : deformed : —utftbru.]
hateful: ill-natured. —«. Ugliness. [Ice. ugg- Umbrella, um-brel'a, «. a familiar covered sliding
ligr, frightful, nggr, fear, akin to Goth, ogan, frame carried in the hand, as a screen from rain
and A.S. oge, fear.] or sunshine. [Lit. 'a little shade,' It. ombrxlla,
Uhlan, fl'lan, «. one of a kind of light cavalry, L. umbella—umbra. Doublet Umbel.]
famous esp. in the Prussian army. [Polish Umpire, um'ptr, n. a third person called in to
ulan, orig. a light Tartar horseman—Turk. decide a dispute : an arbitrator. [M. E. unpier,
ogftlan, a young man.] nompere—impair, and non-pair, unlike, hence
Ukase, ii-kus', «. a Russian imperial decree having a third party, who gives his casting vote—L.
the force of law. [Russian, from a Slav, root impar, uneven.]
sis;. * to point out.'] Unaccountable, un-ak-kownfa-bl, adj. not
Ulcer, ul ser, «. a dangerous sore, discharging accountable or to be accounted for : not respon
matter. [Fr. ulcere—L. ulcus, ulceris, Gr. sible.—Unaccount'ably, adv. inexplicably.
Itelkos, a wound.] Unadvised, un-ad-vizd', atlj. not advised : not
Ulcerate, ul'ser-at, v.i. to be formed into an ulcer. prudent or discreet : rash,—adv. Unadvis'edly.
—v.t. to affect with an ulcer or ulcers. Unanimity, u-na-nim'i-ti, n. state of being unani
Ulceration, ui-seT-ft'shun, u. process of forming mous. [L. unanimitas.}
into an ulcer: an ulcer. fL. ulceration Unanimous, O-nan'i-mus, atlj. of one mind': agree
Ulcerous, ul'ser-us, adj. of the nature of an ulcer. ing in opinion or will : done with the agreement
633 mOte ; mute ; mo"on ; then.
 Unassuming Underhand
Words in UN notfound below are to be explained by prefixing not, or want of, to the simple word.
of all—adv. Unanimously. [L. mmus, one, Unconscionable, un-kon'shun-a-bl,
formable to conscience ■ unreasonableadj. not con
: inordinate.
and animus, mind.}
Unassuming, un-as-sum'ing, adj. not assuming : Unconstitutional, un-kon-sti-ta'shun-nl, adj. not
not forward or arrogant : modest constitutional: contrary to the constitution.—
Unavailing, un-a-va.1 ing, adj. not availing, or of adv. Unconstitutionally.
no avail or effect : useless. Uncouple, un-kup'l, v.t. to loose from being
Unaware, un-a-waV, Unawares, un-a-w5rz\ adv. coupled : to disjoin : to set loose.
without being or making aware : suddenly : Uncouth, un-k5oth', adj. awkward or ungraceful,
unexpectedly. esp. in manners or language.—adv. Uncouth ly.
Unbar, un-bar, v.t. to remove a bar or hinderance : —«. Unoouth/ness. [Lit. and orig. 'unknown,'
to unfasten: to open. A.S. uncudh—mm-, not, and cudh. for gecudh,
Unbelief, un-be-leY', n. want of belief: disbelief, known—cunnan, to know. Cf. the history of
esp. in divine revelation. Barbarian, also of Outlandish.]
Unbeliever, un-bc-leVer, «. one who does not Uncover, un-kuv'er, v.t. to remove the cover: to
believe, esp. in divine revelation : an incredulous lay open.—v.i. to take off the hat.
person. [divine revelation. Unction, ung'shun, «. an anointing: that which
Unbelieving, un-bc-leVing, aiij. not believing, esp. is used for anointing : ointment : that quality in
Unbend, un-bend', v.t. to free from being in a language which raises emotion or devotion:
bent state : to make straight : to free from strain warmth of address : divine or sanctifying grace.
or exertion : to set at case. —Extreme Unction (in the R. C. Church),
Unbending, un-bend'ing, adj. not bending : un the sacrament of anointing persons with conse
yielding: resolute, —adv. Unbendingly. crated oil in their last hours. (L. unctio—ungo,
Unbias, un-bras, v. t. to free from bias or prejudice. utictum, to anoint. Cf. Anoint.]
Unbiased, un-bfast, adj. free from bias or preju UnctUOSlty, ungt-G-os'i-ti, «. state or quality of
dice : impartial. being unctuous : oiliness : greasiness.
Unbind, un-bTnd', v.t. to remove a band from : to Unctuous, ung'tu-us, adj. oily : greasy. [Formed
loose : to set free. from L. unctus, greased (see Unction).]
Unblushing, un-blush'ing, adj. not blushing : Uncurl, un-kurl', v.t. to loose from curls or ring
without shame : impudent. [open. lets.—v.t, to relax from a curled state.
Unbolt, un-bt5lt', v.t. to remove a bolt from : to Undated, un'dat-cd, adj.t waved or wavy : rising
Unbosom, un-booz'um, v.t. to disclose what is in and falling in waves. [L. undatus, pa.p. of
the bosom or mind : to tell freely. undo, to rise in waves—unda, a wave.]
Unbound, un-bownd', adj. not bound : loose : Undaunted, un-dant'ed, adj. not daunted : bold :
wanting a cover. intrepid.
Unbounded, un-bownd'ed, adj. not bounded or Undeceive, un-de-seV, v.t. to free from deception
limited : boundless: having no check or control. or mistake.
Unbrace, un-bras', v.t* to undo the braces or Under, un'der, prep, in a lower position than : be*
bands of : to loose or relax. neath : below : less than : in subjection, subor
Unbridled, un-bri'dld, adj. unrestrained : licen dination, oppression, liability, &c. : during the
tious. [Lit. ' loosed from the bridle.'] time of: undergoing.—adv. in a lower degree
Unbuckle, un-bukl, v.t. to loose from buckles: or condition: in subjection: below: less.—adj.
to unfasten. lower in position, rank, or degree : subject :
Unburden, un-bur'dn, Unburthen, un-burVAn, subordinate. — Under way, moving : having
v.t. to take a burden off: to free the mind from commenced a voyage. [A.S. under; cog. with
any weight or anxiety. Goth, undar, Ice. undir, Ger. unter; and with
Unbutton, un-but'on, v.t. to loose the buttons of. L. inter, Sans, antar, among, within. It is
Uncage, un-kSj', v.t. to set free from a cage. made up of In, and the comparative suffix
Uncase, un-kas', v.t. to take out of a case: to seen also in After, Further ]
free from a covering. [slavery. Underbred, un'der-bred, adj. of inferior breeding
Unchain, un-chan', v.t. to free from chains or or manners. [Under and Breed ]
Unchurch, un-church', v.t. to deprive of the rights Underclay, un'der-klii, ». the bed of clay almost
of a church. always found under coal-seams, considered as the
Uncial, un'shal, adj. applied to large round char soil in which grew the plants that formed the coal.
acters used in ancient MSS. [Lit. 'an inch Undercurrent, un'der-kur-ent, n\ a current
long,' L., from uttcia, a twelfth part, an inch. under the surface of the water.
See Inch.] Underdone, un-der-dun', adj. done less than is
Unciform, un'si-form, adj., hook-shaped.—Un'- requisite : insufficiently cooked.
Clnate, adj. , hookedat the end. [ L. uncus, a hook Underdraln, un'der-dran, u. a drain under the
—root angle, bent. See Anchor and Angle.] surface of the ground.
Uncircumcislon, un-scr-kum-sizh'un, n. want of Undergird, un-der-gird', v.t. to gird or bind under
circumcision : B.\ those who are not circumcised. or below : to gird round the bottom.
Unclasp, un-klasp'. v.t. to loose the clasp of. Undergo, un-der-go', v.t. to go under or be sub
Uncle, ungTcl, «. the brother of one's father or jected to: to endure or suffer : to pass through:
mother. [O. Fr. (Fr. oncle —L. aimnculus, to sustain without sinking.
extension of avus, a grandfather ; cf. Lith. Undergraduate, un-der-grad'u-St, «. a student
avynas, uncle.] who has not taken his first degree.
Unclean, un-klen', adj. not clean : foul : (£.) Underground, un'dcr-grownd, adj. and adv.
ceremonially impure : sinful : lewd. under the surface of the ground.
Uncloak, un-klck', v.t. to take the cloak off. Undergrowth, un'der-groth, «. shrubs or low
Unclose, un-kluz', v.t. to make not close, to open. woody plants growing under or among trees :
Unclosed, un-kU~»zd', adj. open. coppice wood.
Unclothe, un-kloM', v.t. to take the clothes off : Underhand, un'der-hand, adj. and adv. secretly :
to make naked. [to unwind. by secret means: by fraud. (Lit. 'done with
Uncoil, un-koil', v.t. to open out from being coiled : the hand underneath.']
fate, far ; me, her ; mine : mote ; mute ; mOOn ; Men.
 Underlay Uniform
Words in UN notfound below are to be explained by prefixing not, or want of, to the simple word.
Underlay, un-der-la', v. I. to lay under or support name for a certain amount to the conditions of
by something laid under. the policy.
Underlie, un-der-lf , v.t. to lie under or beneath. Undo, un-d50', v. t. to reverse what has been done :
Underline, un-der-lln', v.t. to draw a line under to bring to naught : to loose : to open : to un
or below, as a word. ravel : to impoverish : to ruin, as in reputation.
Underling, un'der-ling, «. an under or inferior Undoing, un-dou'ing, n. the reversal of what has
person or agent : a sorry mean fellow. [Under, been done : ruin.
and the dim. affix -ling.} Undress, un-dres', v.t. to take off the dress or
Undermine, un-d6r-mln , v.t. to form mines under, clothes: to strip.—Undress, un'dres, n. a loose
order to destroy : to destroy secretly the dress : the plain dress worn by soldiers when off
foundation or support of anything. duty.
Jndermost, un'der-mCst, adj. lowe< Undulate, un'dQ-lat, vd. to wave, or to move like
condition. waves : to cause to vibrate.—v.i. to wave : to
Underneath, un-dcr-n :th', adv. beneath : below: vibrate. [Low L. undulo, -aturn—L. unda, a
in a lower place, —prep, under: beneath. wave.] [waving motion or vibration.
[Under, and A.S. neotkan, beneath. See Undulation, un-du-la'shun, m. an undulating: a
Nether] UndulatOiy, un'du-la-tor-i, adj. moving like
Underplot, un'der-plot, n. a plot under or subor ■waves: relating to the theory of light which
dinate to the main plot in a play or tale : a considers its transmission as wave-motion in a
scheme. [or beneath : to support. medium filling space.
Underprop, un-der-prop7, v.t. to prop from under Unduly, un-duHi, adv. not according to duty or
Underrate, un-der-rat, v.t. to rate under the propriety : improperly.
value. —Un derrate, tu a price less than the Unearth, un-erth', v.t. to take out of, drive, or
worth. draw from the earth or a burrow, as a fox or
Undersell, un-der-sel', v.t. to sell under or cheaper badger : to uncover.
than another : to defeat fair trade, by selling for Uneasiness, un-eVi-nes, n. state of being uneasy
too small a price. or not at ease : want of ease : disquiet.
Underset, tin-der-set/, v.t. to set under: to prop. Uneasy, un-ez'i, adj. not at ease : restless : feel
—Undersett'er, «. (B.) prop, support. ing pain : constrained.
Undershot, un'der-shot, adj. moved by water Unerenness, un-eVn-nes, n. quality of being not
passing under the wheel. even : want of an even surface : want of smooth
Undersign, un-der-sln', v.t. to sign or write one's ness or uniformity. [ing : to unfix.
name under or at the foot of. Unfasten, un-fas'n, v.t. to loose, as from a fasten-
Understand, un-der-stand', v.t. to comprehend : Unfetter, un-fet'4r, v.t. to take the fetters from :
to have just ideas of: to know thoroughly : to be to set at liberty.
informed of: to learn : to suppose to mean : to Unfit, un-fiV, adj. unsuitable. —v.t. to disqualify.
mean without expressing : to imply.—v.t. to Unfix, un-fiks', v.t. to make not fixed : to loose
have the use of the intellectual faculties : to be the fixing of : to unsettle.
informed: to learn. [A.S. understandan [lit.) Unflagging, un-flaglng, adj. not flagging 01
' to stand under or in the midst of a thing.' drooping : maintaining strength or spirit.
Under has here its primary sense of among, be Unfold, un-fold', v.t. to open the folds of : to re
tween, as in L. inter; its force is the same as lease from a fold : to spread out : to tell.
dis in distinguish, discern. Cf. L. intelligo Unfurl, un-furl', v.t. to loose from being furled:
{— inter-lego), to choose between.] to unfold : to spread.
Understand ed {Fr. Bk.) used for Understood. Ungainly, un-gSn'li, adj. awkward : clumsy : un
Understanding, un-der-stand'ing, n. the act of couth. —«. Ungainliness. [M. E. un-gein~
comprehending : the faculty or the act of the liche—l<x. gegn (A.S. g*gn, Scot, gane), which
mind by which it understands or thinks : the sig. orig. ' direct towards or ' ready ' (as a road),
power to understand : knowledge : exact com came to mean 'serviceable,* and then 4 kind,'
prehension : agreement of minds: harmony.— 'good.' Cf. Again and Gainsay.]
adj. [B.\ knowing, skilful. Ungird, un-gerd , v.t. to free from a girdle or
Understate, un-der-stat', v.t. to state or represent band : to unbind.
under or below the truth. Unguent, ung'gwent, ». ointment. [L. unguen-
Undertake, un-dcr-tak', v.t. to take under one's tum—unguo, ungo. to anoint. Cf. Unction.]
management : to take upon one's self : to at Unhallowed, un-hal'Od, adj., unholy: profane:
tempt. —v.t. to take upon one's self: to be bound. very wicked. [let go.
Undertaker, un-dcr-taker, n. one who under Unhand, un-hand', vd. to take the hands off: to
takes: one who manages funerals. Unharness, un-har'nes, v.t. to take the harness
Undertaking, un-der-tak'ing, that which is off: to disarm. [render unstable.
utuiertaken ■' any business or project engaged in. Unhinge, un-hinj', v.t. to take from the hinges : to
Undertone, un'dcr-t<5n, n. an under or low tone. Unhook, un-hook'. v.t. to loose from a hook.
Undervaluation, un-der-val-u-;Vhhun, u. an under Unhorse, un-hors', v.t. to cause to come off, or to
valuing : rale beluw the worth. throw from a horse. [a house or shelter.
Undervalue, un-der-val'u, v.t. to value under the Unhouse, un-howr*, v.t. to deprive of or drive from
worth: to esteem lightly. —n. a value or price Unicom, u'ni-kurn, n. a fabulous animal with i*»u*
under the real worth : low rate orprice. /torn: [B.j prob. the bison. [L. unus, E. One,
Underwent, un-der-went', pad. of Undergo. and comu, fc. Horn. ]
Underwood, un'der-wood, n. low wood or trees Uniform, u'ni-form, adj. having one or the same
growing under large ones : coppice. form: having always the same manner or char
Underwrite, un-der-rit', v.t. to write under some acter: consistent with itself: agreeing with an
thing else : to subscribe : to subscribe one's other.—n. a dress or livery of the same kind for
name to for insurance.—v.i. to practise insuring. persons who belong to the same body, as of a
Underwriter, un'der-rlt-er, «. one who insures, as soldier.—adv. U*niformly. [L. unus, one, and
shipping, so called because he underwrites his Form.]
wo fate, far ; we, her ; mine ; mote ; mate ; mGon ; Men.
 Uniformity Unscathed
Words in UN notfound below are to be explained by prefixing not, or want of, to the simple word.
Uniformity, fl-ni-form'i-ti, n. state of being uni things: all created things viewed as one whole :
form : agreement with a pattern or rule : same the world. [L. universum {lit.) 'turned into
ness : likeness between the parts of a whole. one,' 'combined into one whole'—units, one,
Unify, Q'ni-fT, v.t. to make into one.—«. Unifica'- verto, versum, to turn.]
tlon. [L. unus, one, andfacto, to make.] University, Q-ni-ver'si-ti, n. a corporation of
Uniliteral, fl-ni-lit'cr-al, adj. consisting of one let teachers or assemblage of colleges for teaching
ter only. [L. anus, one, and litera, a letter.] the higher branches of learning, and having
Union, iln'yun, «. a uniting: that which is united power to confer degree*. [Ong. 'any com
or made one : a body formed by the combination munity or association,' L. nniversitas, a cor
of parts: concord: harmony in colour: agree poration—universus. ]
ment between parts : a combination as among Univocal, Q-niv'o-kal, adj. having one voice or
workmen for class protection : several parishes meaning only : having unison of sounds. [L.
united for joint support and management of univocus- units, one, vox, vocis, a voice.]
their poor, also the workhouse for such: [pi.) Unkempt, un'kemt, adj., uncombed: unpolished.
textile fabrics made up of more than one kind of [Prefix ««-, and A.S. cemban, to comb—camb,
fibre.—The Union, the legislative " E. Comb ]
of England and Scotland in 1707, or of Ireland Unkennel, un-ken'el, v.t. to drive from a kennel
with both in 1801. — Union-jack, the national flag or hole : to rouse from secrecy or retreat.
adopted by Great Britain and Ireland, consisting Unknlt, un-nit', v.t. to separate or loose what is
of a union of the crosses of St George, St knit or knotted : to open.
Andrew, and E.St One.
•onis—unus, Patrick.
] [Fr. union—L. unio, Unknot, un-not', v.t. to free from knots : to untie.
Unlace, un-las', v.t. to loose from being laced : to
Unique, u-nek', adj., single or alone in any quality : loose the dress of.
without a like or equal. (Fr.—L. unicus—unus.] Unlade, un-lad', v.t. to unload: to take out the
Unison, u'ni-son, n., oneness or agreement of cargo of. [been learned.
sound: concord : harmony. [L. unus, one, and Unlearn, un-lern', v.t. to forget or lose what has
sonus, a sound. See Sound.) Unless, un-les', conj. at or for less : if not : sup
Unisonance, fl-nis'o-nans, n. state of being ttnt'so- posing that not [Lit. 'on less;' cf. the Fr. <L
nant : accordance of sounds. mains.} [from a gun.
Unisonant, O-nis'o-nant, Unisonous, d-nis'o-nus, Unlimber, un-lim'ber, v.t. to remove the limbers
adj. being in unison. [L. units, one, and Unload, un-lOd', v.t. to take the load from: to
sonans, pr.p. of sono, to sound.] discharge : to disburden. [to open.
Unit, u'nit, «., one: a single thing or person : the Unlock, un-lok', v.t. to unfasten what is locked :
least whole number : anything taken as one : Unloose, un-l5os', v.t. to make loose: to set free.
any known determinate quantity by constant [A.S. onlesan; intensive of Loose.]
application of which any other quantity is Unmake, un-m&k', v.t. to destroy the make or
measured. [L. unitum, pa.p. of unio, to unite form and qualities of.—Unmade', adj. nut
—unus, E. One. ] made.
Unitarian, Q-ni-t&'ri-an, n. one who asserts the Unman, un-man', v.t. to deprive of the powers of
unity of the Godhead as opposed to the Trinity, a man, as courage, Sec. : to deprive of men.
and ascribes divinity to God the Father only. Unmask, un mask', v.t. to take a mask or any
—adj. pertaining to Unitarians or their doctrine. disguise off: to expose. — v.i. to put off a mask.
[From L. unitas, unity—unus, one.] Unmeaning, un-mCn'ing, adj. having no meaning :
Unltarlanlsm, u-ni-ta'n-an-izm, n. the doctrines without intelligence. — «. Unmean ingness
or principles of a Unitarian. Unmoor, un-mfSoV, v.t. to loose from being moored
Unite, fl-nTt', v.t. to make one: to join two or or anchored. [ing from.
more into one : to join : to make to agree or ad Unmuffle, un-mufl, v.t. to take a muffle or cover-
here, —v.t. to become one: to grow or act to Unmuzzle, un-muzM, v.t. to take a muzzle oflfc
gether.—Unlt'edly, adv. in union : together. Unnerve, un-nerv', v.t. to deprive of nerve,
Unity, fl'ni-ti, n., oneness : state of being one or at strength, or vigour : to weaken.
one : agreement : the arrangement of all the parts Unpack, un-pak', v.t. to take out of a pack : to
to one purpose or effect: harmony: [math.) open. [or equal.
any quantity taken as one.—The Unities (of Unparalleled, un-par'al-leld, adj. without parallel
place, time, and action), the three canons of the Unpeople, un-pe'pf, v.t. to deprive of people.
classical drama ; that the scenes should be at Unpin, u11-pin , v.t. to loose what is pinned.
the same place, that all the events should be such Unpretending, un-pre-tendlng, adj. not pretend
as might happen within a single day, and that ing or making pretence : modest.
nothing should be admitted not directly relevant Unravel, un-ravl, v.t. to take out of a ravelled
to the development of the plot. [Fr. unite*—L. state : to unfold or explain: to separate.—v.t. to
unitas—units.] be disentangled. _ [or body.
Univalve, Q'ni-valv, adj. having one valve or shell Unrest, un-rest', n. want of rest : disquiet of mind
only.—n. a shell of one valve only: a mollusc Unrig, un-rig', v.t. to strip of rigging.
whose shell is composed of a single piece. Unrooe, un-rfib', v.t. to take a robe off: to undress.
Universal, O-ni-ver'sal, adj. comprehending, UnrolL un-rOl', v.t. to roll down : to open out.
affecting, or extending to the whole : comprising Unroof, un-rOOf, v.t. to strip the roof off.
all the particulars.—adv. Universally. [L. Unroot, un-rOOt', v.t. to tear up by the roots.
universalis—universus. See Universe.] Unruly, un-roTVIi, adj. regardless of restraint or
Universalism, ii-ni-ver'sal-izm, n. the doctrine or law.—«. UnruHness. [From A.S. row, peace ;
belief of universal salvation, or the ultimate Scand. ro, Ger. ruhe ; modified by Rule.]
salvation of all mankind. —Univer'salist. n. a Unsaddle, un-sad'l, v.t. to take the saddle off: to
believer in universalism. throw from the saddle. fto retract.
Universality, ii-ni-ver-sal'i-ti, n. state or quality Unsay, un-sa', v.t. to recall what has been said :
of being universal. [L.] Unscathed, un-skatht', adj. not harmed or in
Universe, Q'ni-vers, n. the whole system of created jured. [From un, not, and Scathe, harm.]
fate, far ; me", her : mTne ; mOte ; mute ; mOon : then. 641
 Unscrew Urgency
Words in UN notfound Mow art to be explained byprefixing not, or want of, to the simple
Unscrew, un-skrCO', v.t. to loose from screws : to —up, and gebredan, Ice. bregda, to
unfasten. [what is sealed. reproach.]
Unseal, un-sel', v.t. to remove the seal of: to open Upbraiding, up-brad'ing, «. a charging with some
Unsearchable, un-serch'a-bl, adj. not capable of thing wrong : act of reproaching.
being found out by searching : mysterious.—n. Upheave, up-heV, v.t. to heave or lift up. —Up
Unsearch'ableness.—adv. Unsearchably. heaval, n. the raising of surface formations by
Unseat, un-set', v.t. to throw from or deprive of a ) the action of internal forces.
seat. Uphill, up hil, adj. ascending : difficult.
Unsettle, un-setl, v.t. to move from being settled : Uphold, up-hold', v.t. to hold up : to sustain : to
to make uncertain.—v.t. to become unfixed. countenance : to defend : to continue without
Unsex, un-seks', v.t. to deprive of sex : to make failing.—n. Uphold'er.
unmanly or unwomanly. Upholsterer, up-hoTstcr-er, ». one who supplies
Unshackle, un-shakl, v.t. to loose from shackles : furniture, beds &c. [Formerly upholdster, and
to set free. upholster, a corr. of Upholder.]
Unship, un-ship', v.t. to take out of a ship or other Upholstery, up-hoTster-i, n. furniture, &c sup
vessel : to remove from the place where it is plied by upholsterers.
fixed or fitted. [to the eye : ugly. Upland, up'land, upper or high land, as.
Unsightly, un-sTr/li, adj. not sightly or pleasing opposed to meadows, river-sides, &c —adj. high
Unstop, un-stop', v.t. to free from a stopper: to in situation : pertaining to uplands.
free from hinderance. Uplift, up-lift', v.t. to lift up or raise aloft.
Unstring, un-string/, v.t. to take the strings off: Upmost. See Upper.
to relax or loosen. Upon, up-on', prep, same as On. [Up and On.]
Unthread, un-thred', v.t. to draw out a thread Upper, up'er, adj. {contp. of Up.i, further up:
from : to loose the threads. higher in position, dignity, &c. : superior.—
Unthrifty, un-thrift'i. adj. not thrifty: without super. Upp ermost, Up most [For affix -most,
thriftiness.-rt^f. Unthriftll —n. Unthriftl- see Aftermost, Foremost.) (tagc.
nesS. (bind : to loosen. Upperhand, up'er-hand, n. superiority : advan-
Untie, un-tT', v.t. to loose from being tied ; to un- Uppermost. See Upper.
Until, un-til , prep, till : to : as far as (used mostly Upright, up'rit, adj. right or straight up : in an
With respect to Urn*),-—adv. till : up to the time erect position : adhering to rectitude : honest :
that. [A.S. on, in, and Till, prep.] [tired. just.-rt</w. Up'rightly.-*. Uprightness.
Untiring, un-ftr'ing, adj. not tiring or becoming Uproar, up'rur, «. noise and tumult : bustle and
Unto, un'toop jfor/., to. [A.S. on. in, and To.] clamour. [DuL oproer, from op, up, and
Untoward, un-to'ard, Untowardly, un-to'ard-li, roeren (Ger. rUhren, A.S. kreran), to stir ;
adj. not easily guided : froward : awkward: in corr, from a supposed connection with Roar ]
convenient.—adv. Unto'wardly.—«. Unto'- Uproarious, uj>-rGr'i-us, adj. making or accom
wardness. panied by great uproar.—-adv. Uproariously.
Untruth, un-tro"oth\ «. falsehood : a lie. Uproot, up-rOut', v.t. to tear up by the roots.
Untune, un-tun', v.t. to put out of tune: to dis Upset, up-set', v.t. to turn upside down : to over
order or confuse. throw. - Upset, «. an overturn.—adj. relating
Untwine, un-twTn', v.t. to untwist: to open. to what is set up for sale, in phrase Up'set
Untwist, un-twisr/, v.t. to open what is twisted. price, the sum at which anything is started
Unwarp, un-wawrp'^ v.t. to change from being ai a public sale. [Lit. ' to set up.']
warped. [fatigable.—adv. Unwea riedly. Upshot, up'shot, u. final issue : end. [Lit. ' what
Unwearied, un-we'nd, adj. not tiring : inde- is shot up or turns out.']
Unweave, un-weV, v.t. to undo what is woven. Upside, up'sld, «. the upper side.—Upside-down.
Unwept, tin-wept' adj. not mourned. adv. with the upper part undermost : in complete
Unwieldy, un-weTdi, adj. not easily moved or confusion.
handled. [Sec Wield.] Upstart, up'start, *. one who has suddenly started
Unwind, un-wTnd', v.t. to wind down or off. up or risen from low life to wealth, &c.—adj.
Unwittingly, un-wit'ing-Ii, adv. without know suddenly raised.
ledge: ignorantly. [See Wit.] Upward, up'ward, ndj. directed »/ or to a higher
Unworthy, un-wurM'i, adj. not worthy ; worth place.—Up'ward, Up'warda, advs. toward a
less : unbecoming. higher direction. (Up, andtvarrf, sig. direction.]
Unwrap, un-rap', r/.r. to open what is wrapped or Urban, ur'ban, adj. of or belonging to a city.
folded. [disjoin. [L. urbanus—urbs, a city.]
Unyoke, un-yoV, v.t. to loose from a yoke : to Urbane, ur-ban', adj. pertaining to or influenced
Up, up, adv. toward a higher place : aloft : on by a city : civilised : refined : courteous.
high : from a lower to a higher position, as out Urbanity, ur-ban'i-ti, «. the quality of being irr-
of bed, above the horizon, &c. : in a higher bane : refinement: politeness. [L. urbanitas.)
position : in a condition of elevation, advance, Urchin, ur'chin, «. a hedgehog: m child, used
excitement, &c. : as far as : completely.—prep. jocosely. [M. E. urchon, O. Fr. ericon, Fr.
from a lower to a higher place on or along.— herisson; from L. ericius, a hedgehog.]
Used substantively, as in the ups and dmvns of Ureter, u-re'ter, ». the duct which conveys the
life. [A.S. up, uppe; Ger. auf; L. sub, Gr. urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [Gr.—
hypo; allied to Over, Above.] ouron, urine.]
Upas, u'pas, n. the juice of the upas-tree of the Urethra, ii-re'thra, n. the canal leading from the
Philippine Islands : a vegetable poison. [Malay, bladder to the external orifice. [Gr.— ouron,
'poison.'] [to sustain. urine.]
Upbear, up-!>aV, v.t. to bear up : to raise aloft : Urge, urj, v.t. to press in any way : to drive : to
Upbind, np-bTnd', v.t. to bind up.
Upbraid, up-br5d', v.t. to charge with something press earnestly : to prcvoke. [L. mrgeo, to
wrong or disgraceful : to reproach : to reprove Urgency,to drive.]
press,
ur'jen-si, n. quality of being urgent:
severely. [A.S. upgebredau, to cry out against earnest asking : pressing r—
642 fate, far ; me, her ; mine : mote ; mute ; moon ; then.
 Urgent Vagabond
Urgent, ur'jent, adj., urging-: pressing with im pertaining to utility, or to utilitarianism.—-n,
portunity: calling for immediate attention : ear one who holds utilitarianism.
nest.—adv. Ur'gently. [L. urgens% pr.p. of Utilitarianism, G-til-i-ta'ri-an-izm, n. the doctrine
urgeo.) which holds that the standard of morality is
Urim, u'rim, and Thummim, thum'im, ns.pl. a utility or the happiness of mankind.
part of the high-priest's breastplate among the Utility, Q-til'i-ti, «., usefulness. [Fr.—L.—utilis,
ancient Jews, the nature of which is not dis useful—utor, to use.]
tinctly understood. [Lit. ' lights and perfec Utmost, utmost, adj., outmost: furthest out:
tions, Heb. urim, prob. pi. of ur, drt light, and most distant : last : in the greatest degree : high
thummim, pi. of torn, perfection.] est.—n. the greatest that can be : the greatest*
Urinal, u'rin-al, n. a vessel for urine: a conveni erfort. [A.S. utemesi—utema, supcrl. of ut,
ence for discharging urine. [L. urinal—urina.] out, and superl. suffix, -st. For mistaken form
Urinary, u'rin-ar-i, adj. pertaining to or like -most, see Aftermost, Foremost.]
urine. Utopian, u-to'pi-an, adj. imaginary : fanciful :
Urine, u'rin, n. the fluid which is separated by the chimerical. [From Utopia, lit. 'nowhere'—Gr.
kidneys from the blood, and conveyed to the ou, not, and topos, place, an imaginary island
bladder. [Fr.—L. urina; cog. with Gr. ouron, represented by Sir T. Mure as enjoying perfec
Gcr. Aam, Sans, van', water.] tion in politics, laws, &c]
Urn, urn, ». a kind of vase used for various pur Utter, ut'er, adj. furthest out : extreme : total :
poses : a vessel in which the ashes of the dead perfect.—adv. Utt'erly, [A.S. utor, outer, ex
were anciently deposited. [L. uma, a water- treme—*/, out.]
pot, an urn, prop, a ' vessel of burnt clay/ from Utter, ut'er, v.t. to circulate: to publish abroad:
uro. to burn. ] to speak.—n. Utt'erer. [Lit. ' to send out or
Ursine, ur'sin, adj. of or resembling a bear. [L. forth," from Utter, adj.] [expressed.
—ursus, a bear. J Utterable, ut'er-a-bl, adj. that may be uttered or
Us, us, pron. the objective case of We. [A.S.] Utterance, ut'er-ans, n. act of uttering: manner
Usable, uz'a-bt, adj. that may be used. of speaking: pronunciation: expression.
Usage, uz'aj, «. act or mode of using: treatment : Uttermost, ut/er-most, adj. furthest out: utmost.
practice: custom. [Fr.—Low L.—L. usus.) —w. the greatest degree. [Same as Utmost, the
Use, iiz, v.t. to put to some purpose : to avail one's r being intrusive, and / being doubled on the
self of : to habituate : to treat or behave toward. analogy of Utter ]
—v.i. to be accustomed. [Fr. user—L. utor, Uvula, u'vfi-la, n. the fleshy conical body sus
usus, to use.] pended from the palate over the back part of the
U86, us, *. act of using or putting to a purpose : tongue.—adj. U'TUlar. [Coined from L. uva,
convenience : employment : need : advantage : a bunch of grapes.]
practice: custom. [L. usus—utor.\ UxoriOUS, ugz-fi ri-us, adj. excessively or submis
Useful, Qs'fool, adj. full of use or advantage : able sively fond of a wife.—adv. Uxo'rlOUSly.—n.
to do good : serviceable.—adv. Use'fully,—n. Uxo riousness. [L. uxorius—uxor, a wife.]
Use fulness.
Useless, us'les, adj. having no use : answering no
good purpose or the end proposed.—adv. Use7- v
lessly.—n. Uselessness.
Usher, ush'er, n. one whose business it is to intro Vacancy, vSTcan-si, n. emptiness: leisure: that
duce strangers or to walk before a person of which is vacant or unoccupied : emptiness of
rank : an under-teachcr or assistant.—v.t. to in thought : empty space : void or gap between
troduce : to forerun.—n. Ush'ershlp. [0. Fr. bodies : a situation unoccupied.
ussier, Fr. huissier—L. ostiarius, a doorkeeper Vacant, va'kant, empty : exhausted of *ir :
—ostium, a door.] free : not occupied by an incumbent or possessor :
Usual, Q'zhQ-al, adj. in use: occurring in ordinary not occupied with study, &c. : thoughtless.—
use : common.-Wf. U'sually. [L. usualis.] adv. Va'cantly. [Fr.—L. vacans, -antis, pr.p.
Usufruct, u'zu-frukt. n. the use and Profit, but not of vaco, to be empty.]
the property, of a thing : liferent. [L.] Vacate, va-kut', v.t. to leave empty : to quit pos
Usurer, u'zhTO-rer, «. {orig. and in A) a money session of. [L. vaco, -atum, to be empty.]
lender for interest : one who practises usury. Vacation, va-ka'shun, «. a vacating ox making
Usurp, u-zurp', v.t. to take possession of by force void, or invalid : freedom from duty, &c :
without right,—n. Usurper. [Fr.—L. usurpo, recess: break in the sittings of law-courts:
perh. contr. from usu-rapio, to seize to one's school and college holidays. [L.]
own use—usus, use, and rapio, to seize.] Vaccinate, vak'sin-at, v.t. to inoculate with the
Usurpation, u-zur-pa'shun, n. act of usurping: coTtmox as a preventive against smallpox.—
unlawful seizure and possession. [L. usurpatio n n. Vaccina'tion. [Formed from L. vaccinus,
UBUry, u'zhOo-ri, w. the taking of more than legal of a cow. See Vaccine,j
interest on a loan: (orig.) interest generally. Vaccine, vak'sin, adj. pertaining to or derived
—adj. UbutIous. [Lit. 'a using,' L. usura— from cows. [L. vaccinus—vacca, a cow, akin
utor, usus, to use.] to Sans, vaska, covr—vasA, to bellow.]
Utensil, u-icn'sil, «. an instrument or vessel used Vacillate, vas'il-at, v.i. to sway to and fro: to
in common life. [Fr. ustensile—L. utensilis, fit waver: to be unsteady.—n. Vacilla'tion [L.
for use—utor, to use.] vacillo, -alum.]
Uterine, u'ter-in, adj. pertaining to the ivomb : Vacuity, va-kO'it-i, *., emptiness: space unoccu
born of the same mother by a different father. pied, or not visibly occupied : void. [L. vacuitas
[Fr. utirin—L. uterinus—uterus, the womb.] —vacuus, empty—vaco, to be empty.]
Utilise, G'iil-Tz, v.t. to make useful: to put to Vacuum, vak'u-um, n. a vacant or empty space :
profitable use.—n. Utilisa'tion. [Fr. utiliser— a space empty or devoid of all matter :—//.
L. utor.] Vac'ua. [L., neut. of vacuus, empty.]
Utilitarian, Q-til-i-ta'ri-an, adj. consisting in or Vagabond, vag'a-bond, adj., wandering: having
fate, far ; me, her ; mine- ; raOte ; mQto : mOon ; then. 543
 Vagary Vanguard
no settled home : driven to and fro : unsettled. pr p. of valeo, to be strong. See Valetudin
—h. one who wanders without any settled arian.]
habitation: a wandering, idle fellow.—«. Vag Valid, valid, adj., strong: having sufficient
abondage. [Fr. —L. —vagor, vagari, lo wander strength or force : founded in truth : sound :
—vagus, wandering- See Vague.] conclusive : (law) executed with the proper
Vagary, va-gftrl, n. a wandering a( the thoughts : formalities: legal: rightful.—ad:: Validly. —
a wild freak : a whim. n. Validity. (L. mluins—valeo, to be strong ]
Vagrancy, vu'gran-si, n. the state of being a Valise, va-lcs', «. a travelling-bag, generally of
vagrant i life and habits of a vagrant. leather, opening at the side : a portmanteau.
©Vagrant, va'grant, adj., wandering without any [Fr. — It. valigia, through Low L. forms from
settled dwelling : unsettled.—«. one who has no L. vidulus, a travelling-bag.]
settled home: an idle or disorderly person : a Valley, vail, «. a vale or low land between hills
beggar. [L. vag-ans, -antis, pr.p. of vagor, to or mountains: a low, extended plain, usually
wander : with r intruded.] watered by a river:—//. Vall'eys. [Fr. valine,
Vague, vag, adj. unsettled : indefinite: uncertain. an extension of val (see Vale).]
—adv. Vaguely. -«. Vague'ness. [Fr.—L. Valorous, val'ur-us, adj. possessing or showing
vagus, wandering.] valour 1 intrepid: courageous, —adv. Val'OT-
Vail, vftL Same as Veil. ously.
Vail, vftl, v.t. to let fall.—p.j. to yield. [Contr. Valour, val'ur, n. the quality of being valiant :
of M. E. avaiUn—Q, Fr. avaler, to descend— that which enables one to encounter danger fear
Fr. A val—L. ad valient, down a valley.] lessly : intrepidity : courage : bravery. [O. Fr.
VallS, val/, n.pl. money given to servants. [A —Low L. valor—L. valeo, to be strong.]
contr. of Avail, to profit.] Valuable, val'fl-a-bl, adj. having value or worth :
Vain, viln, adj. unsatisfying: fruitless: unreal: costly : deserving esteem. —«. Val uableness.
conceited : showy : vacant, worthless, so in B. Valuation, val-u-a'shun, n. the act of valuing:
—adv. Vainly.—In Tain, ineffectually: to no value set upon a thing : estimated worth.
purpose or end : with levity or profanity. [Fr. Valuator, val'Q-at-ur, n. one who sets a value
vain—L. vanus, empty. Cf. Vaunt.] upon : an appraiser.
Vainglorious, viui-glO'ri-us, adj. given to vain Value, val'u, worth: that which renders any
glory : proceeding from vanity.—adv. Vain- thing useful or estimable : the degree of this
glo'riously. quality : efficacy : importance : excellence : price :
Vainglory, van-glr/ri, vain or empty glory in precise meaning.—v.t. to estimate the worth of:
one s own performances : pride above desert. to rate at a price : to esteem : to prize. [O. Fr.,
Valance, val'ans, «. hanging drapery for a bed, &c. prop, the fern, of Fr. rWj*, pa,p. of valoir, to
—v.t. to decorate with such. [Prob. through be worth— L. valeo.]
Norm. Fr. valaunt, from Fr. avalant, slipping Valueless, val'Q-les, adj. of no value or worth.
down 'see Avalanche); or from Valencia (Fr. Valve, valv, n. one of the leaves of afolding-door1
Valence) in Spain.] a cover to an aperture which opens in one direc
Vale, val, n. a tract of low ground, esp. between tion and not in the other : one of the pieces or
hills: a valley. [Fr. val—L. vallis. a vale.] divisions which form a shell. —adj. ValVular.
Valediction, val-e-dik'shun. «. a farewell. [L. [Fr. —L. xfalvor, a folding-door.]
valedko, -dictum—vale, farewell, dico, to say.] Valved, valvd, adj. having or composed of valves.
Valedictory, val-e-dik'tor-i, adj., sayingfarewell'. Vamp, vamp, «. the upper leather of a boot or
farewell : taking leave. shoe.—v.t. to repair with a new vamp : to patch
Valency, val'en-si, n. [chem.) the combining power old with new : give a new face to {with up).
of an element, or the proportion in which it forms [Corr. of Fr. avant-pied, the fore-part of the
a combination with another. [From L. valeo.) foot—avant, before (see Van, the front;, and
Valentine, val'cn-Un, n. a lover or sweethcar- pied, I., pes, pedis, E. Foot.]
chosen on St Valentine's day, 14th Feb. : a Vampire, vam'plr, n. in the superstition of
love-letter sent on that day. [Perhaps from the Eastern Europe, a ghost which sucks the blood
notion that on this day birds began to pair.] of its sleeping victim: one who lives upon
Valerian, val-c'ri-an, n. the plant all-heal, the others : a blood-sucker : a large species of blood
root of which is used in medicine. [Coined sucking bat in S. America. [Fr.—Servian
from L. valere, to be strong.] wampir.]
Valet, val'et, n. a servant : a man-servant, esp. Van, van, «. the front : the front of an army or a
one who attends on a gentleman's person. [Fr. fleet. [Fr. avant—L, ab, from, by, and ante,
—(). Fr. varlet. See varlet. Vassal. J before.] [Sec Fan.]
Valetudinarian, val-e-tud-in-arl-an, Valetud Van, van, n. afan for grain, &c. [Fr.—L. vannus.
inary, val-e-tu'din-ar-i, adj. belonging to ill Van, van, «. a large covered wagon for goods &c.
health: sickly: weak.— n. a person of ill or [Short for Oaravan,]
weak health. [L. valetudinarius —valetudo, Vandal, van'dal, n. one of a fierce race in N.
state of health, bad health—valeo, to be strong. ] Germany who sacked Rome in 455 : any one
Valetudinarianism, val-e-tud-in-arl an-izm, «. hostile to arts or literature : a barbarian, - van'
the condition of a valetudinarian ; weak health. dal. Vandal ic. adj. barbarous: rude.—Van -
Valhalla, val-hal'la, n. (in Scandinavian myth.) dallsm, n. hostility to arts or literature.
the palace of immortality for the souls of heroes Vane, van, n. a flag or banner : a thin slip of
slain in battle. [Ice. valhdll, 'the hall of the wood or metal at the top of a spire, &c. to show
slain'—7'alr, the slain, conn, with A.S. wa?l, which way the wind blows : a weather-cock : the
slaughter, and Ice. hdll, E. Hall] thin web of a feather. [Older formfane—A.S.
Valiant, val'yant, adj.. strong: brave: intrepid fana; Goth, fana, cloth, Ger. fahne ; akin to
in danger: heroic.—Do valiantly [S.) to be
have gallantly.—adv. Valiantly [Apocrypha] L. pannus,van'gard, and Gr. penos, a cloth.]
by force.—n. Val Iantness | B. ) courage, Vanguard, n. the guard in th< van of
bravery. [Fr. vaillant—L. valens, vaJentis, main body : thepart
an army : the of an army preceding the
first line.
541 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote : mute : mGon ; Men.
 VanlUa Vaunt
Vailllla, van-U'a, «. the dried aromatic sheath- edition of some work in which the notes of
like pod or fruit of a tropical orchid, a favourite various commentators are inserted. [From the
confection. [Latinised from Fr. vaitiiie—Sp. full Latin *editio cum notis variorum ']
vainilla—vaina—L. vagina., a sheath.] Various, va'ri-us, adj., varied, different: several:
Vanish, van'ish, v.i. to pass away from a place, unlike each other : changeable ". uncertain :
leaving it vacant or empty : to disappear : to be variegated.—ativ. Va'rioUSly. [L. varius.]
annihilated or lost. [L. z'anesco, to pass away Varlet, var'let, «. a footman: a low fellow: a
—vamts, empty. See Vain.] scoundrel. [Orig. 'a vassal or squire, attendant
Vanity, van'it-i, n. the quality of being vain ; on a lord,' Fr. varlet, formerly vas/et, from a dim.
worthlessness : empty pride : conceit : idle show : of Low L. vassalis (see Vassal). Doublet Valet.)*
uncertainty : v.iin pursuit : empty pleasure : Varnish, var'nish, v.t. to cover with a liquid to
fruitless desire. —Vanity fair, the world. [Fr. give a glossy surface to : 10 give a fair appear
—L. vanitas—vauus.] ance to. —n. a sticky liquid which dries and
Vanquish, vangk'wish, v.i. to conquer: to defeat forms a hard, lustrous coating: palliation. [Fr.
in any contest: to confute.—«. Vanquisher. vernisserf through Low L. from L. vitmm, glass.]
[Fr. vaincre p:i.t. vainquis)—L. vincere, to Vary, va'n, v.t. to make different: to alter: to
conquer. See Victor.] change to something else : to make of different
Vantage, van'tlj, n. Same as Advantage. kinds.—v.i. to alter or be altered : to be or be
Vapid, vap'id, adj. having the spirit evaporated : come different : to change in succession : to
spiritless : insipid.—adv. Vap'idly. —ns. Vap'ld- deviate (with from) : to disagree :—pa.t. and
ness. Vapidity. [L. vapidus. See Vapour.] pa.p. va'ried. [Fr. varier—L. variarc—varius.]
Vaporise, vap'or-Tz or va'por-Tz, v.t. to convert Vascular, vasTcii-lar, atij. of or relating to the
into vapour*- v.i. to pass off in vapour.—«. vessels of animal and vegetable bodies.—n. Vas
Vaporisa'tlon. cularity. [Fr. vasculaire—L. vasculum, dim.
Vaporous, v;Vpur-us, adj. full of or like vapour: of vas, a vessel.]
vain : unreal : affected with the vapours. Vase, vaz or vaz, n. a vessel anciently used for
Vapour, va'pur, «. the gas, generally invisible, into domestic purposes, and in offering sacrifices : an
which most liquids and solids are convertible by ornamental vessel generally of an antique pat
heat : {physics) the condition of a body when it tern : a sculptured, vase-like ornament. [Fr.—
becomes gas by heat : water in the atmosphere : L. vasum or vas.]
anything vain or transitory :—pi. a disease of Vassal, vas'al, «. one who holds land from and
nervous weakness in which a variety of strange renders homage to a superior. [Fr.— Low L.
images float before the mind. —v.i. to pass off in vassalis—W. gzvas, a youth, servant.]
vapour: to evaporate: to boast: to brag. [L. Vassalage, vasal-aj, «. state of being a vassal:
vapor, allied to Gr. hapnos, smoke, and L. dependence : subjection.
vappa, flat or vapid wine.] Vast, vast, adj. of great extent : very great in
Vapourer, va'pur-er, ». one who vapours, a boaster. amount.—n. Vast'ness. [Fr. vaste—L. vastus,
Vapoury, va'pur-i, adj. full of vapour: affected waste, vast ; perh. akin to vacuus, empty.]
with the vapours: peevish. Vastly, vast'li, adv. to a vast extent or degree.
Variable, va'ri-a-bl, adj. that may be varied: Vat, vat, n. a large vessel or tank, csp. one for
changeable: liable to change: unsteady.— w. holding liquors. [Older form fat AS. Jitt—
{math.) a quantity subject to continual in Dut. vat (Ice. fat, Ger. /ass), from the root of
crease or decrease : a quantity which may have Gcr. fassen, to hold, to contain : nowise conn,
an infinite number of values in the same expres with L. vas.]
sion.—adv. Va'riably.—ns. Va'riableness, Vatican, vat'i-kan, «. an assemblage of buildings
Variability. [Fr.—L. variabilis. See Vary.] in Rome, including one of the pope's palaces :
Variance, v:Vri-ans, ». state of being varied: an used to mean the papal authority. [Fr. (It,
alteration : a change of condition : difference Vaticano)—from L. Mons Vaticanus, a hill in
that arises from or produces dispute. —At Rome.]
variance, in disagreement. [L. varius, Vaticinate, vat-is'i-nat, v.t. to prophesy. [L.
speckled, mottled, varied.] vaticin-or, -atus, to prophesy—7'ates, a seer.]
Variant, v.Vri-ant, n. a variety. Vaticination, vat-is-i-na'shun, «. prophecy: pre
Variation, vfi-ri-a'shun, n. a varying : a change : diction.
change from one to another : successive change : Vaudeville, vOd'vel, «. a lively or satirical song :
the extent to which a thing varies: {gram.) a short dramatic piece interspersed with such.
change of termination: [mus.) a manner of [From vau (vai) de Vire, in Normandy, where
singing or playing the same air with various they were first composed about 1400 a.ij.J
changes in time, rhythm, or key. [Fr- — L. Vault, vawlt, n. an arched roof: a chamber with
variatio. See Vary.] an arched roof, esp. one underground : a cellar :
Varicose. varl-kOz, Varlcous, var'i-kus, adj. per anything vault-like : the bound of a horse : a
manently dilated or enlarged, as a vein. [L. jump.—v.t.io shape as a vault : to arch : to roof
varicosus, full of dilated veins— varix, a dilated with an arch : to form vaults in. —v.i. to curvet
vein—varus, bent, crooked.] or leap, as a horse : to leap : to exhibit feats of
Variegate, va'ri-e-gat, v t. to mark with different leaping or tumbling. [Lit. 'a turn,' O. Fr.
colours.—«. Varlega'tion. [L. variegatus— volte (Fr. votite), from L. volutum, pa.p. of
varius, various, ago, to make.] volz'O, to roll, to turn. Doublet Volute 1
Variety, va-ri'e-ti, «. the quality of being vari Vaulted, vawlt'ed, adj. arched : concave over
ous: difference : a collection of different things : head : covered with an arch or vault.
one of a number of things nearly allied to each Vaulter, vawlr/er, n. one who vaults or leaps.
other : one or more individuals of a species, Vaunt, vawnt or vant, v.i. to make a vain dis
which, owing to accidental causes, differ from the play : to boast.—v.t. to make a vain display
normal form in minor points. [L. varietas— of: to boast of.—u. vain display: boast. —«.
varius, various.] Vaunt'er. [Fr. vantet— Low L. vanitare—
Variorum, va-ri-o'rum, adj. a term applied to an L. vanitas, vanity—vastus, vain. See Vain.]
fate, far : me\ her : mine ; mate : mute ; mOOn : Men. 545
 Venetian
Teal* vel, n. the flesh ol a calf. [O. Fr. v4el Voliferous, vel-ifer-us, adj. carrying sails. [T-
(Prov. vedet)— 1^ vitellus, dim. of vitulus, Gr. Vellum, ve/i/er—velum, a sail, andferot to hear.]
italos, a calf. Cf. Vellum.) vel'um, «. a finer kind of parchment
Vector, vek'tor, n. [math,) any directed quantity, prepared from the skin of calves, kids, or
as a straight line in space, involving both its Iambs. [Fr. vtlin—Low L. [charta, paper,
direction and magnitude. understood) vitulina, of a calf—L. z'itulus. See
Veda, vC'da, tu name given to the four oldest Veal.]
sacred books of the Hindus :—/»/. Vodas, ve'daz. Velocipede, vc-los'i-ped or -pSd, n. a light carriage
[Sans, vet/a, knowledge—vid, to know, E. Wit.] for one person, orig. moved by striking the toes
•Vedette, ve-det', «. a mounted sentry at the out on the road, now with a treadle. [Lit. ' swift-
posts of an army to watch an enemy. [Fr.—It. foot,' Fr.—L. velox, velocis, swift, and pes,
vedetta, for veletta — veglia, L. vigilux, a pedis, E. Foot.)
watch. Cf. Vigil.J Velocity, ve-los'i-ti, «., sioi/tness: speed: rate of
Veer, ver, v.i. to change direction, as the wind.— change of position of a point per unit of time.
v.t. to turn: to direct to a different course. [L. velocitas—velox, swift.]
[Lit. ' to describe a circle,* Fr. virrr, prob. from Velvet, vel'vct, n. a cloth made from silk, with a
L. vt'ria; armlets, bracelets.] close shaggy pile : a similar cloth made of cotton.
Vegetable, vcj'e-ta-bl, «. an organised body with —adj. made of velvet : soft like velvet.—$u
out sensation and voluntary motion, nourished Velveteen'. [From Low L. velluetum, Fr. vein,
by roots fixed in the ground : a plant for the shaggy—Low L. villutus—L. villus, shaggy
table— adj. belonging to plants: consisting of hair. Cf. Wool.]
or having the nature of plants: derived from Velveting, vel'vet-ing, «. the soft pile of velvet:
vegetables.—Vegetable marrow, the fruit of a velvet goods. [soft.
species of gourd, so called from its marroiu-Ukc Velvety, vel'vet-i, adj. made of or like velvet :
appearance. [L. vegetabilis, prop. 1 animating' Venal, vg'nal, as/j. that may be sold or got for a
—vegeto (see Vegetate).] price : held for sale : mercenary.—adv. Ve'nally.
VogetaL vej'e-tal, adj. of the nature of a vegeta [Fr.—L. venalis—vetius, sale.]
ble ; pertaining to the vital functions of plants Venality, ve-nal'i-ti, n. quality of being venal:
and animals, as growth, reproduction, &c. [Fr. prostitution of talents or services for a reward.
—L. vegetus, prop, 'animated.1 See Vegetate.J Venation, ve-na'shun, n. the way in which the
Vegetarian, vej-e-ta'ri-an, n one who holds that Vend, leaves of plants are arranged. [L. vena, a leaf. 1
vegetables are the only proper food for man.— for money: vena, v.t. to give for sale, to sell: to give
adj. pertaining to vegetarianism.—Vegeta rian- Vender, Vend'or. to make an object of trade. —ns.
Ism, «. the theory and practice of a vegetarian. venus, sale (see Venal[Fr., and vendre—h. vendere—
Vegetate, vej'e-tiit, v.i. to grow by roots and Vendible, vcnd'i-bl, adj. that do, to give.]
leaves : to sprout : to lead an idle, unthinking may be disposed of as an object may be sold: that
life. [From L. vegeto, -atum, to quicken—vegeo, of trade.—adv*
to be lively, akin to vigeo, to be vigorous ^cf. Vend'ibly.—m. Vend'ibleness.
Vigour).} vej-e-t5'shun, «. process of growing Veneer,
Vegetation,
ve-neV, v.t. to overlay or face with
another wood.—n. a thin leaf of a valuable wood
as a plant : vegetable growth : plants in general. for overlaying an inferior. [A corr. of Fr.
foumir, to furnish. See Furnish.]
Vegetative, vej'e-tiit-iv, adj. growing, as plants : Veneering,
producing growth in plants. ve-nfeVing, «. the act or art of over
Vehemence, ve'e-mens, «. the quality of being laying more
an inferior wood with thin leaves of a
valuable kind : the thin leaf thus laid on.
vehement : violence : great ardour or fervour.
Vehement, ve'e-ment, adj. passionate : furious : Venerable, vcn'er-a-bl, adj. that may be r'enrr-
very eager or urgent.—<zdr. Ve'hemently. [Fr. honour : renderedof sacred
ated; worthy veneration, reverence, or
by religious or other
— L. vehemens, usually derived from ve, out of, associations : aged. — adv. Ven'erably. — «.
and mens, mind ; but acc. to Vamcek, from L.
veho, to carry, bear away.] Ven'erableness.
Vehicle, ve'i-kl, «. any kind of carriage or con Venerate, ven'er-at, v.i. to honour or reverence
veyance : that which is used to convey : \med.) with religious awe : to reverence : to regard with
a substance in which a medicine is taken. [L. the greatest respect. [L. vtneror, -a/us—venus,
vehiadum—veho, to carry, from root of E. Veneration, love ; alliedven-er-a'shun.
to Sans, van, to*. love.]
Wagon.] [serving as a vehicle. ating', the state the act of vener
Vehicular, ve-hik'u-lar, adj. pertaining to or degree of being venerated : the highest
Veil, v&L w. a curtain : anything that hides an with reverence of respect and reverence : respect mingled
object : a piece of muslin or thin cloth worn by Venereal, ve-neVi-al, and awe : awe.
ladies to shade or hide the face : a cover : a dis adj. pertaining to or arising
guise.—v.t. to cover with a veil: to cover: to sexual from sexual intercourse : exciting desire for
conceal.—To take the veil, to become a nun [L. venereus— intercourse : curing venereal diseases.
(the veil svmbolising the union with Christ). love ; conn, with Venus, Veneris, the goddess of
[O. Fr. vetlc (Fr. voile')— L, velum, a curtain, a Venery, ven'er-i, n. L.sexual veueror. See Venerate.]
intercourse.
sail, from the root of WooL]
Vein, van, n. (anal.) one of the vessels or tubes Venery, ven'er-i, «. the act or exerci-c ofhunting:
which convey the blood back to the heart : the sports of the chase. [Fr. v/nerie, from O.
(bet.) one of the small branching^ ribs in a leaf : Fr. vener—L.v3-ne-sek'shun,
verurr, to hunt. Cf Venison.]
[geol. and mining) a seam of a different mineral Venesection, n. the section or cut
ting open of a vein for letting blood: blood
through a rock : a fissure or cavity : a streak in letting. [L, vena, a vein, and Section.]
wood or stone : a train of thought : a course :
tendency or turn of mind: humour.— V.t. to Venetian, ve-ne'shan, adj. of or belonging to
Venice.—n. a native or inhabitant of Venice.—
form vein?: or the appearance of veins in. CFr. Venetian
veine—L. vena, pern, from ruot of veho, to thin slips -blind, a blind for windows .formed of
of wood, so hung as to admit of heinc;
carry.]
r. i.; fate, far ; me*, her ; mine : mote j mute ; mBOn ; then.
 Vengeance Verisimilitude
set either edgewise or overlapping. [Ancient Vera'clously. [L. verax, veracis — vems,
name, Vetietia.] true. Sec Very.]
Vengeance, vcnj'ans, //. the infliction of punish Veracity, ve-ras^t-i, ft. the quality of being vera
ment upon another, in return for an injury or cious: habitual truthfulness: truth.
offence: retribution. [Fr. vender— I., viudico, Veranda, Verandah, ve-ran'da, u. a kind of
to avenge. See Revenge and Vindicate.]
Vengeful, venj'fool, adj. vindictive : retributive : sloping beyond theor main
covered balcony open portico, with a roof
building, supported by
revengeful. adv. Venge'fully. light pillars. [Port —Sans, varanda—vri, to
Venial, ve'ni-al, adj. pardonable : excusable : cover.]
allowed.—adv. Ve'nially. -us. Ve'nlalness,
Venial'ity. [L. veuialis, pardoiuible (in Late Verb, verb, «. [gram.) the part of speech which*
L.)—venta, favour, pardon : akin to Venerate.] affirms state
what a thing does or is done to, or in what
it exists. [Lit. ' the word,' Fr. verhe—L.
Venison, ven'i-zn or ven'zn, u. the flesh of animals verbum; from root of Gr. er$, to say, to speak.]
taken in hunting, esp. the deer. [Fr. venaison
—L. veitativ, a hunting, same—veitor, to hunt.] Verbal, words:
vcrb'al, adj. relating to or consisting in
spoken (as opposed to written) : exact in
Venom, ven'um, n. any drink, juice, or liquid words : attending to words only : word for
iirjurious or fatal to life: poison: spite: malice, word : derived directly from a verb. —n. a part
[rr. venin £It. veneno)—L. venenum.]
Venomous, ven'um-us, adj. poisonous : spiteful : Verb'ally.- «. Verb alist. from
of speech, a noun derived a verb. —adv.
[L. verbalist
mischievous. —axiv. Ven'omoUSly. Verbalise, verb'-al-iz, v.t. to turn into a verb.
Venous, ve"nus, adj. pertaining to or contained in Verbalism, vertfal-izm, «. something expressed in
veins, veined. [L. venosns—vena, a vein.] words or orally.
Vent, vent, n. a small opening to let air, &c Verbena, ver-bg na, n. a genus of plants cultivated
escape : the flue of a chimney : discharge :
escape : passage to notice : publication : the for theirleaves, fragrance or beauty : vervain. [L, ver-
anus of birds and fishes: {mil.) the opening at bente, myrtle, &c]
twigs, and branches of laurel,
the breech of a firearm through which fire is Verbiage, verb'i-aj, «. abundance ofwords: word
conveyed to the charge, the touch-hole.—v.t. to iness : verbosity. [See Verb. J
give a vent or opening to : to let out, as at a Verbose,
vent : to allow to escape : to publish : to pour than are ver-bos', adj. containing more words
necessary : wordy : diffuse.—adv. Ver
forth. [Fr.—L. vtntus, E. Wind.) bosely.—ns. Verbose ness, Verbosity.
Ventilate, ven'ti-lst, v.t. to fan with wind: to Verdant, verMant, adj., green: fresh (as grass or
open to the free passage of air: to cause fresh foliage) : flourishing : inexperienced
air to pass through : to expose to examination adv. Ver'dantly. — «. Ver'dancy. : ignorant.— [Fr. ver.
and discussion: to make public. [L. ventilo, doyant—L. viritlaus, -antis, pr.p. of z'iruio, to
-atum—ventulus, dim. of ventus, E. Wind.)
Ventilation, ven-ti-la'shun, «. act or art of venti Verdict, ver'dikt, «. the finding of a jurygreen.]
grow green—viridis, green—vireo, to be
lating: stale of being ventilated : free exposure trial: decision: opinion pronounced. [Lit. 'aa on
to air : supply of air : act of examining and true saying,' Low L. —L. vere, truly, and
making public : public exposure. [L. ventilatio.\ dictum, a saying.]
Ventilator, ven'ti-lat-ur, n. that which ventilates: Verdigris, ver'di-gris, «. the rust of copper, brass,
a contrivance for introducing fresh air. or bronze : a bluish-green paint got artificially
Ventral, ven'tral, adj. belonging to the belly. from copper-plates. [A corr. of O. Fr. verderis
[L. ventralis—venter, the belly.]
Ventricle, ven'tri-kl, n. a small cavity within an (which was viride
—Low L.
the
aris, * the green of brass 1
name the alchemists gave it).
animal body, as in the heart or brain, —adj. The -g- has slipped in through the influence of
ir/ISif10
ventriloquise,"r"- ven-tnl'o-kwiz,
IL- vcntriculus,v.i.
dim.toof practise
venter.] Grease. Sec Verdant and Ore.]
Verdure,
ventriloquism.—Ventril'oquiBt, «. one who growth. [See Verdant.] vcrd'flr, «., greenness: freshness 01
practises ventriloquism. Verge, verj, «. a slender green branch, a twig : a
Ventriloquism, ven-tril'o-kwizm, Ventriloquy rod, staff, or mace, or anything like them, used
ven-tril c-kwi, n. the act or art of speaking so as an emblem of authority : extent of jurisdic
that the voice seems to come from a distance or tion (esp. of the lord-steward of the royal house
from some other person.—adj. Ventriloq'ulal hold), [L. virga, from the root of virgo, a
[L. ventrtloqnut, speaking from the belly— virgin. Sec Verge, v.]
venter, the belly, and loqnor, to speak.)
Venture, vent'Qr, ». that which may come- ward :verj, Verge, V.i. to bend or incline : to tend down
to slope : to tend : to border upon.—n.
chance : luck : hazard : that which is put to edge : brink,
hazard (esp. goods sent by sea at the sender's Verger, vcrj'er, «.[L.onevergo, to bend.]
who carries a verge or em
risk) : an undertaking whose issue is uncertain blem of authority : the beadle of a cathedral
or dangerous. — !;./, to send on a venture • to ex church : a pew-opener or attendant in church.
pose to hazard: to risk.—«..«. to make a venture- Verifiable, vcrl-fl-a-bl, adj. that may be verified,
to run a nsk : to dare.—At a venture (/? ; at proved, or confirmed.
random.—adjs. Vent urous, Vent uresome.— Verification,
fe^SSSSSSfe,--- Vont'uroume"- proving to be true: the stale of being verified.orver-i-fi-ka'shun, «. a verifying
Venue ven'n, «. in law, the place where an action Verify, verl-fT, v.t. to make out or show to be
true: to establish the truth of by evidence : to
is laid, lit. the place to which the jury are sum confirm :—/a.t. and fa.p, verified.— n. Veri
moned to come. [Fr.—L. ven-ire, to come.l fier. [L. vents, true, andJturut, to make.]
Venus, v«'nus, « (Latin myth.) the goddess of Verily, verl-li, adv.t truly: certainly: really.
love : beauty and love deified : the most brillian Verisimilar, ver-i-siml-lar, adj. , truth-like :
Fprim J!
{from the rootS> of?S0nd m order
Venerate ] from the sun. and likely : probable. [L. verisimilis—vcrus, true,
Veracious, ve-ra'shui, adj.. truthful. tmt.-adv. Verisimilitude, similis, like. See Similar.]
ver-i-slm-il'i-tud, similitude
fate, far; me, her; mine; mflte ; mate ;
547
 Veritable Vest
or likeness to truth: likelihood. [L. verus, [L. versus, a line in writing—verto, versum, to
true, and Similitude.] turn.]
Veritable, ver'i-ta-bl, adj., true: according to Versed, verst, adj. thoroughly acquainted, skilled
fact: real: actual.—adv. Veritably. ^followed hy in): {math.) reversed. [Fr. verse"
Verity, verl-ti, w. the quality of being true or —L. versatus, pa.p. oiversor, to turn round.]
real : truth (so in B.) : a true assertion or tenet. Versicle, vers'i-kl, «. a little verse. [See Verse.]
[L. Veritas—vents, true. Cf. Very.] Versification, vcrs-i-fi-kii'shun, n. the act, art, or
Verjuice, vcr'jOos, «. the expressed juice ofgreen practice of composing metrical verses. [L.]
or unripe fruit. [Fr. verjus—vert, green (see Versify, vers'i-fT, v.L to make verses.—v.t. to re
• Verdant), and Fr., L./W, juice.] late in verse: to turn into verse :~pa.t. and
Vermicelli, ver-mi-chel'i, «. the stiff paste or Pa.p. versified.—«. Versifier. [L. versifico—
dough of fine wheat flour made into small worm- versus, a verse,facio, to make.]
like or thread-like rolls. [It., pi. of vermicello Version, ver'shun, «. the act of translating or
—L. vermiculus, dim. of vermis, E. Worm. turning from one language into another : that
Cf. Vermilion and Vermin. ] which is translated from one language into
Vermioular, ver-mik'u-lar, Vermiculate, ver- another : account : statement.
mik'u-lat, adj. pertaining to or like a worm Verst, verst, w. a Russian mile, 3500 ft. in length,
(esp. in its motion). [From L. vermiculus, dim. or almust two-thirds of an English mile. [Russ.J
of vermis, E. Worm.] Vertebra, vert'e-bra, «. one of the small bones of
Vermiculate, vcr-mik'u-lat, v.t. to form inlaid- the spine :—//. Vertebrae (vert'e-bre;, the bones
work which resembles the motion or track of and joints forming the backbone. —adj. Vert'-
worms.—n. Vermlcula'tion. [L. vermiculor, ebral. [L., 'a joint'—verto, to turn.]
-atits—vermis.] Vertebrate, vert'e-brat, Vertebrated. verce-
Vermiform, vcr'mi-form, adj. having the form of brat-ed, adj. furnished with joints : having a
a worm. [L. vermis, a worm, and Form.] backbone. —Vert'ebrate, n. an animal having
Vermifuge, ver'mi-fuj, n. {med.) a substance that an internal skeleton with a backbone. [L. ver-
expels intestinal worms from animal bodies. tebratus—vertebra*]
[Fr., from L. vermis, E. Worm, and fugo, to Vertex, verr/eks, «. the top or summit : the point
cause to flee, to expel.] of a cone, pyramid, or angle : {astr.) the zenith ;
Vermilion, ver-mil'yun, n. a scarlet colouring —pL Vertices. [L., 'a whirl ' or ' eddy,* then
substance obtained from a little worm or insect ' top ' or ' summit ' — verto, to turn. Cf.
(the cochineal) : a bright red colouring substance Vortex.]
obtained from sulphur and mercury : any beauti Vertical, vdrtlk-al, adj. pertaining to the vertex:
ful red colour. —v.t. to dye vermilion : to colour placed in the zenith : perpendicular to the plane
a delicate red. [Fr. vermilion—vermeil—L. of the horizon. —h. a vertical line.—adv. Vert'-
vermicidus, a little worm, hence (in the Vul ically.—«. Vertlcalness.
gate) the 'scarlet' worm, dim. of vermis, E. Vertigo, ver-tl'go or vert'i-go, n. a sensation of
Worm. Cf. Vermicelli.] giddiness: dizziness. [L. —verto, to turn.]
Vermin, vcr'min, n. sing, and //. a vjorm: a Vervain, vdKvan, n. a plant of the genus verbena
name for all noxious or mischievous animals or [Fr. verveine—L. verbtna.]
insects (esp. such as are small) : noxious persons Verve, verv, n. the enthusiasm which animates a
(in contempt). [Fr. vermine—L. vermis, E. r:t or artist : animation: energy. [Fr. -Late
Worm.] verva {lit.) 'a sculptured rams head,' hence
Vermivoroufl, ver-miv/or-us, adj., devouring 'any artistic fancy '—L. vervex, a wether. Cf.
worms. [L. vermis, E. Worm, and voro, to Caprice and L. capra, a goat.]
devour.] Very, ve/i, attj., true: real (so in B.) : actual.—
Vernacular, ver-nak'a-lar, adj. native : belonging adv. in a great degree. [Older form veray—O.
to the country of one's birth.—adv. Vemac'U- Fr. verai (Fr. vrai), from L. verax, veracis,
larly. [L. vemaculus—vema, a slave born in speaking truly—verus, true, which is cog. with
his master's house.] A.S. varr, Ger. 7vahr,]
Vernal, ver'nal, adj. belonging to the string: Vesication, ves-i-ka'shun, n. the act or process of
appearing in spring: belonging to youth. [L. raising blisters on the skin. [Formed from L.
vemalis—ver, spring, cog. with Gr. ear, er (for vesica, a bladder, a blister. }
/&).) ver-na'shun, «. the particular manner Vesicle,
Vernation,
ves'i-kl, n. a small bladder or blister : a
small cavitv in an animal body : (bot,) a blad
ofarrangement of leaves in the bud. [SeeVernal. ] der-like cell. [L. vesicnla, dim. of vesica, a
Vernier, vcr'ni-er, n. a contrivance for measuring bladder, a blister.]
very small intervals, consisting of a short scale Vesicular, ye-sik'a-lar. Vesiculous, ve-sik'u-lus.
made to slide along a graduated instrument. adj. pertaining to or full of vesicles : full of
[So called from Vernier, of Brussels, its inventor.] interstices : having little glands on the surface.
Versatile, ver'sa-til, adj. liable to be turned in Vesper, ves'per, «. the evening star, Venus : the
opinion : changeable : unsteady : turning easily evening:—//, in R. Cath. Church, the even
from one thing to another. [L. versatilis— ing service : in Eng. Church, the sixth canonical
verso, freq. of verto, to turn.] hour, evensong.—adj. pertaining to the evening
Versatility, vcr-sa-til'it-i, «. the quality of being or to vespers. [L. ; Gr. hesperos. See Hesper ]
versatile : changeableness : the faculty of turn Vessel, ves'el, n. a vase or utensil for holding
ing easily to new tasks or subjects. something : a hollow structure made to float on
Verse, vers, «. a line of poetry : metrical ar water, used for conveyance, &c. : a tube in
rangement and language: poetry: a stanza: which fluids, as blood, &c. are contained : .1
a short division of any composition, esp. of person considered as an agent of God. [O. Fr.
the chapters of the Bible, orig. confined to (Fr. vaisseau)—L. vascettum. dim. of vas, a
the metrical books, applied first to whole Bible vase. Cf. Vase.]
in 1538 : {mus.J a portion of an anthem to Vest, vest, n. that which is put on as dress : a
be performed by a single voice to each part. garment : a waistcoat.—v.t. to clothe : to invest :
548 fate, far ; mfi, her ; mine i mote ; mute ; moon ; then.
 Vesta Victim
(law) to give fixed right of possession.—v.i. to way', in R. C. Church, the communion given
descend or to take effect, as a right. [L. vestis; to the dying. [L.—via, a way.]
conn, with Or. estkes, clothing, henn-ynti, hes-o, Vibrate, vl'britt, v.L to shake, to tremble: to
to put on, Goth, ga-vasjan, to clothe, Sans, move backwards and forwards : to swing : to
root vas-.] pass from one state to another.—v.t. to cause to
Vesta, vest'a, «. among the Romans, the chaste shake : to move to and fro : to measure by mov
goddess that presided over the family, in whose ing to and fro : to affect with vibratory motion.
temple the sacred fire was continually kept [L. vibro, -atum ; cf. Sans, vip, to tremble.]
burning : a match or waxlight :—//. Vest'as. Vibration, vT-br&'shun, ». a vibrating: state of
[Root vas, to bum, as in Sans, vasaras, day, being vibrated.
and Gr. Nestia.] Vibratory, vfbra-tor-i, adj., vibrating: consisting
Vestal, vest al, atij. pertaining tu or consecrated in vibrations: causing vibrations.
to the service of Vesta: chaste : pure. Vioar, vik'ar, «. one who acts in place ofanother:
Vestibule, ves'ti-bui, ». an open court or porch the incumbent of an impropriated benefice.—tt.
before a house : a hall next the entrance to a Vic arship —Vicar apostolic, in R. C. Church,
house: [anat., a small bony cavity forming part a missionary bishop or priest having powers
of the ear. [L. vestibulum, from the root vas, from the pope. —Vicar-general, in the Eng.
to dwell. J Church, an officer having powers from the
Vestige, ves'ttj, n. a track or footprint: traces or chancellor of a diocese. (L. vicarius, supply
remains of something. [L. vestigium—vestige, ing the place of another—vicis, change, alterna
to track—ve, denoting separation, and stick tion-] [a vicar.
(Sans, stigk, to ascend), root of Gr. steichd, Ger. Vicarage, vik'ar-aj, n. the benefice or residence of
steigen, to go. ] Vicarial, vl-ka'ri-al, adj. pertaining to a vicar.
Vestment, vest'ment, n, something put on, a gar Vicariate, vi-ka'ri-at, adj. having vicarious or
ment : a long outer robe :—//. articles of dress delegated power.—n. delegated power.
worn by officiating ministers. [L. z'estimentnm Vicarious, vl-kii'ri-us, adj. filling the place of
—vestio, to clothe—vestis, a garment.] another: performed or suffered in place of or for
Vt'stry, ves'tri, ». a room adjoining a church in the sake of another.—adv. Vica'riously. [See
which the vestments are kept and parochial Vicar.]
meetings held : an assembly of the managers of Vice, vis, n. an iron or wooden screw-press, fixed to
parochial affairs. [L. vestiarium—vesttarius, the edge of a workboard, for holding anything
belonging to clothes—vestis, a garment ] tightly while being filed, &c. [Fr. vis (It. vite,
Vesture, vest'ur, n., clothing: drcs< : a robe: a screw;—L. vitis, tendril of a vine, anything of a
garment. [Low L. vcstitura—L. vestio.] like spiral form.]
Vosuvian, ves-OOv'i-an, n. a kind of match not Vice, vis, n. a blemish or fault : immoral conduct :
easily extinguishable, for lighting cigars and the depravity of manners : a bad trick or habit in a
like in the open air. [ From the volcano Vesuvius.] horse. [Fr.—L. vitium, a blemish or defect.]
Vetch, vech, n. a genus of plants, mostly climbing, Vice-admiral, vTs-ad'mir-al, «. one acting in the
some of which are cultivated for fodder, csp. the place of or second in command to an admiral:
tare. [0. Fr. veche (Fr. vesce)—L. vicia.] a civil officer who exercises Admiralty jurisdic
Veteran, vet'er-an, adj., old, experienced : long tion. [L. vice, in the place of—vicis, change,
exercised, csp. in military life.—n. one long ex and Admiral.) [vice-admiral.
ercised in any service, esp. in war. [L. vete- Vice-admiralty, vls-ad'mir-al-ti, «. the office of a
ranus—VttlU, veteris, old.] Vice-chancellor, vls-chan'sel-or, «. one acting for
Veterinarian, vct-er-in-ar'i-an, n. one skilled in a chancellor: a lower judge of Chancery. [L.
the diseases of domestic animals. vice, and Chancellor.]
Veterinary, vet'er-in-ar-i, adj. pertaining to the Vicegerency, vls-je'ren-si, «. the office or deputed
art of treating the diseases of domestic animals : power of a vicegerent.
professing or practising this art. [L. veterina- Vicegerent, vls-je'rent,a<#., acting \n place of an
rius—veterinus, a contr. of veheterin$ts—veho.] | other, having delegated authority.—n. one acting
Veto, ve'to, n. any authoritative prohibition: the in place of a superior. [L. vice, in the place of,
power of rejecting or forbidding :—pi. Vetoes, and gertns, -entis, pr.p. ofgero, to act.]
ve'tOz.—v.t. to reject by a veto: to withhold Viceregal, vls-re'gal, adj. pertaining to a viceroy
assent to. [L. veto, I forbid.] or viceroyalty.
Vex, veks, v.t. to harass (so in />'. : to torment: to Viceroy, vis'roy, n. one representing the royal
irritate by small provocations. [L vejro, to authority in a dependency, as in India. [Fr.
shake or jolt in carrying, to annoy—veho, to vice-roi—L. vice, in the place of, and rex, king.]
carry. ] Viceroyalty, vls-roy'al-ti, Vlceroyship, vls'roy-
Vexation, veks-5'shun, «. a vexing: state of being ship, «. the office or jurisdiction of a viceroy.
vexed: trouble: a teasing annoyance: uneasi Vicinage, vis'in-aj, n., neighbourhood: the places
ness. [L. vexatio—vexo.) near. [0. Fr. veisinage—vcisin— L. vicinus,
Vexatious, vcks-ii'shus, adj. causing vexation or neighbouring—vicus, a row of houses, Gr. oikos,
annoyance : teasing : distressing : harassing : full a dwelling.]
of trouble.—adv. Vexa'tiously.-«. Vexa'tious- Vicinity, vi-sin'i-ti, n., neighbourhood: nearness:
ness. that which is near. [L. licinitas—vicinus.}
Viaduct, vfa-dukt, n, a road or railway carried Vicious, vish'us, adj. having a vice or defect :
by a structure over a valley, river, &c. [L. viat corrupt in principles or conduct : depraved : im
a way, duco, ductum, to lead, bring.] pure, as language or air: given to bad tricks, as
Vial, vi'at, n. Same as Phial. a horse.—adv. Vi'ciously.—«. Vi'ciousness.
Viand, vi'and, «. food, usually in //. : articles for [See Vice, a blemish.]
food. [Fr. viand*—Low L. vivanHa (for vi- Vicissitude, vi-sis'i-tiid, «., change from one thing
venda), 'food necessary for life'—L. vivo, to to another: change : revolution. [L. vicissitudo
live-] —vicis, change, turn.]
Viaticum, vT-at'ik-um, n. {orig.) provisions for the Victim, vik'tim, n. a living being offered as a sac
&U, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte : mute ; moon : Men.
 Victimise
rifice : some thing or person destroyed in the
pursuit of an object : a person suffering injury.
[L. victima, prob. from root of vigeo, with a
superlative ending.] [cheat.
Victimise, vik'iini-Iz, v.t. lo make a victim of: to
Viotor, vik'tor, n. one who conquers on any par
ticular occasion: one who defeats in battle: a
winner.—/em. Vic'tross. [L.—vinco, victum,
to conquer.]
Victorious, vik-to'ri-us, adj. relating to victory:
superior in contest: having overcome an enemy:
producing or indicating victory.—adv. Vloto'-
riously.
Viotory, vik'Lor-i, n. a conquering: success in any
contest: a battle gained. [L. victoria—victor.}
Victual, vitl, v.t. to supply with victuals or food :
to store with provisions \—fir.fi. Victualling
(vit'l-ing); fia.t. and fia.fi. Victualled (vit'ld).—
h. Victualler (vitl-er).
Victuals, vil li (in B. Victual, virl), n. that which
is necessary for living: food for human beings:
meat. [Low L. victualia —L. victuatis, relating
to living—vivo, victum. to live.]
Vidette. Same as Vedette.
Vidimus, vid'i-mus, n. an inspection, as ofaccounts,
&c. [L. 'we have seen'—video\ to see.]
Vie, vT, v.i. to strive for superiority '.—fir.fi. vying;
fia.t. and fia.fi. vied. [Prob. corr. of Envy.]
View, vu, «. a seeing: sight : reach of the sight :
whole extent seen : that which is seen : direction
in which a thing is seen : the picture of a scene :
a sketch : mental survey : mode of looking at or
receiving: opinion: intention.—*'./, to see: to
look at attentively : to examine intellectually.—
«. View'er. [Fr. vue—vtt, pa.p. of voir—L.
vtdere, to see. See Vision.]
Viewless, vu'les, adj. not to be viewed : invisible.
Vigil, vij'il, «., watching: keeping awake for reli-
ious exercises : the eve before a feast or fast
ayi orig. kept by watching through the night.
[L. vigilia—vigil, awake, watchful—vigeo, to
be lively.] [ness : circumspection.
Vigilance, vijll-ans, nvixkefulness : watchful-
Vigilant, vij'il-ant, adj. watchful: on the look
out for danger: circumspect.—adv. Vigilantly.
[Lit. 'keeping awake,' L. vigilans, -antis, pr.p.
ofvigiio, to keep awake—vigil.}
Vignette, vi-net', n. any small ornamental en
graving not inclosed by a definite border: {orig.)
an ornamental flourish of vine leaves and tendrils
on manuscripts and books. [Fr.—vigne—h.
vinea, a vine. See Vine. )
Vigorous, vig'ur-us. adj. strong either in mind or
body.—adv. Vigorously.—«. Vig'orousness.
Vigour, vig'ur, «. active strength : physical force :
vital strength in animals or plants : strength of
mind : energy. [L. vigor—vigeo, to be strong.]
Viking, vl'king, «. one of the Scandinavian pirates
who in the gth and 10th centuries ravaged the
coasts of Western Europe. [Ice. vikingr (lit.)
' a creeker '—vie, a creek or bay. ]
Vilayet, vil'a-yet, «. the name given to the great
provinces into which the Ottoman empire is
divided. [See Eyalot. ]
Vile, vll, adj. worthless; mean: morally impure:
wicked : {orig.) 'cheap,' so in B. —adv. Vilely.
— ». Vilo'ness. [Fr.—L. vilis.]
Vilification, vil-i-fi-ka'shun, «. act of vilifying.
Vilify, vil'i-fi, v.t. to make vile: to attempt to
degrade by slander: to defame:—fia.t. and
fia.fi. vilified.—«. Villfl'er. [L. vilis,facio, to
make.]
Villa, vil'a, «. a country residence or scat : a
suburban mansion. [L. villa [for vicula), a
(ate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
violate
country-house, a farm, dim. of vicus, a street, a
village, Gr. oikos, E. -wick (as in Berwick).}
Village, vil'aj, u. any small assemblage of houses,
less than a town : .orig.) a number of houses in
habited by persons near the residence of a pro
prietor or farmer. [It. villaggio—L. villa.}
Villager, vil'aj-er, n. an inhabitant of a village.
Villain, vil'in or vil'in, *. a wicked wretch : a man
extremely degraded: a deliberate scoundrel.
[Orig. ' a serf attached to a villa or farm,' O.
Fr. villain—Low L. villanus—L. villa.]
Villainous, vil'an-us, adj. like or suited to a
villain: depraved: proceeding from extreme
depravity : sorry.—adv. Vill'ainously.
Villainy, vil'an-i, «. the act of a villain: extreme
depravity : an atrocious crime.
Villein, another spelling of Villain (only in its
original meaning).
Vinaigrette, vin-a-gret', n. a small box of silver
or gold for holding aromatic vinegar, used as a
smelling-bottle. [Fr.—vinaigre. See Vinegar. ]
Vincibillty, vin-si-bill-ti, «. the state or quality of
being vincible.
Vincible, vin'si-bl, adj. that may be conquered.
[L. vittcibilis—z'inco, to conquer.]
Vinculum, vinglcO-lum, n. a band: ol bond:
(rrtatA.) a horizontal line placed over several
quantities to show that they are to be treated as
one. [L.—vincio, to bind.]
Vindicable, vin'di-ka-bl, adj. that may be vindi
cated or defended.
Vindicate, vin'di-kat, v.t. to lay claim to : to de
fend ; to maintain by force.—n. Vin dlcator.
[Lit. ' to assert authority,' L. vindico, -atum —
vis, vim, power, influence, dico, to say, assert.]
Vindication, vin-di-ka'shun, «. act of vindicating:
defence: justification: support.
Vindicative, vin'di-kat-iv, adj., vindicating i
tending to vindicate.
Vindicatory, vin'di-ka-tor-i, adj. tending to vin
dicate: inflicting punishment.
Vindictive, vin-dik liv, adj. revengeful. —adv.
Vindictively.—n. Vindlc'tiveness.
Vine, vin, «. the plant from which wine is made :
the woody climbing plant that produces grapes:
[hort.) a climbing or trailing plant, or its stem.
[O. Fr.—L. vinea, a vine—vinum, Gr. oinos,
wine. See Wine.]
Vine dresser, vln'-dres'er, ». one who dresses or
trims, and cultivates vines.
Vinegar, vin'e-gar, *. an acid liquor got from
fermented and vinous liquors. [Lit. 'sour wine,'
Fr. vinaigre—vin (—L. vinum, wine), and aigrt
—\j.acer, sour.)
Vinery, vln'er-i, *. a hothouse for rearing vines.
Vineyard, vin'yard, „. a yard or inclosure for
rearing grafie-vines : a plantation of grape-vines.
Vinous, vl'nus, adj. pertaining to or having the
qualities of wine. [L. vinosus—vinum.}
Vintage, vint'Sj, «. the gathering of grafies : the
yearly produce of grapes: the time of grape-
gathering. [Fr. vendange—L. vindemia —
vinum, wine, grapes, and demo, to remove—de,
out of or away, and emo, to take.]
Vintner, vint'ner, «. a wine-seller- [O. Fr.
vinetier—L. vinitor, a vine-dresser.]
Viol, vl'ol, n. an old musical instrument like the
violin, having from three to six strings. [Fr.
viole— It. viola—Low L. vidula, from L.
vitulari, to skip like a calf, to make merry—
vitula, a calf. Fiddle is from the same root.]
Violable, vT'o-la-bl, adj. that may be violated, in
jured, or broken.
Violate, vl'o-lat, v.t. to injure : to abuse : to
mOte ; mate ; mOOn ; Men.
 Violation
ravish : to profane : to break forcibly : to trans
gress.—h. vi'olator. [L. viola, -atum—vis,
Gr. is, strength, force.]
Violation, vl-o-lu'shun, n. the act of violating
or injuring : infringement : non-observance :
profanation : rape.
Violence, vro-lens, n. the state or quality of being
violent: force, physical or moral : unjust force :
outrage: profanation: injury: rape.
Violent, vl'o-lent, adj. acting with physical force
or strength : moved by strong feeling : passion
ate : vehement : outrageous : produced by force :
unnatural.—adv. Violently. [Fr.—L. vio-
lentus—vis, force. Cf. Violate ]
Violet, vT'o-let, n. a plant of many species, with a
flower generally of some shade of blue: the
colour of the violet, a bluish or light purple.
—adj. of the colour of the violet, bluish or light
purple. [Fr. violette, dim. of O. Fr. viole—L.
viola, Gr. ion.]
Violin, vI*o-lin, «. a musical instrument of four
strings played with a bow : a fiddle. (Fr. violott
—It. vtolone—viola see Viol .]
Violist, vi'ol-ist, Violinist, vfo-lin-ist, n. a player
on the viol, or on the violin.
Violoncellist, ve-o-lon-serist or -chel'ist, w. a
player on the violoncello.
Violoncello, ve-o-lon-sel'o or -chel'o, «. a large
stringed musical instrument, between the violin
and the double-bass, held between the knees in
playing:—//. Violoncellos. [It., dim- of vto
lone, a bass violin sec Violin).]
Viper, vl'per, «. a poisonous reptile of the order of
snakes, once believed to be the only serpent that
broughtJorth living young : any base, malicious
person. [L. vifiera (contr. of vivipera)—vivus,
living, and Pario, to bring forth.]
Viperous, vi'per-us, adj. having the qualities of a
viper: venomous: malignant. [L. vipereus.]
Virago, vi-rS'go, n. a man-like woman : a bold,
impudent woman: a termagant. [L.—virgo
(sec Virgin;.]
Virgin, veVjin, m.^ a maiden: a woman who has
had no sexual intercourse with man: [B.) a
person of either sex who has not known sexual
intercourse : (astr. ) Virgo, one ofthe signs of the
zodiac.—adj. becoming a maiden : maidenly :
pure: chaste: undefiled : fresh. [O. Fr. —L.
virgo, virginis, from a root varg, seen in Sans.
urg, strength, Gr. orgad, to swell.]
Virginal, ver'jin-al, n. an old keyed musical in
strument, prob. so called from being used to
accompany hymns to the Virgin.
Virginity, ver-jin'i-ti, «. the state of a virgin.
Virgo, vcKgo, «. the Virgin, in the zodiac.
Viridity, vi-rid'i-ti, «., verdure: greenness. [L.
viriditas—viridis, green—vireo, to be green.
See Verdant]
Virile, virll or -Tl, adj. of or belonging to a man or
to the male sex : masculine : manly. [L. virilis
—vir, a man. See Virtue.]
Virility, vir-H'i-ti, «. the state or quality of being
a man: the power of a full-grown male : the
power of procreation : manhood, [h. virilitas.]
Virtu, ver'toD or -tu, n. a love of the fine arts :
taste for curiosities : objects of art or antiquity.
[It. Doublet Virtue.]
Virtual, ver'iti-al, adj having virtue or efficacy :
having the efficacy without the material part : in
effect though not in fact.—adv. Virtually.
Virtue, ver'tfl, n. excellence : worth : moral excel
lence : the practice of duty : a moral excellence :
female chastity: purity: strength (so in />'.):
force: power: efficacy. [O. Fr.—L. virtus.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Visual
(lit.) 'what is excellent in man,' manliness,
bravery, moral excellence—vir, a man, conn,
with Gr. hirdS) Sans, vira, a hero. See
World,]
Virtuoso, ver-too-o'zo or -tu-fl'so, «. one skilled in
the fine arts, in antiquities, curiosities, and the
like :-//. Virtuo'sL [See Virtu,]
VirtUOUS, ver'tQ-us, adj. having virtue or moral
goodness : blameless : righteous : practising
duty : being according to the moral law : chaste
(of a woman).—adv. Vir'tuously.
Virulent, vir'u-lent, adj, full of poison : very
active in injury: bitter in enmity: malignant.
—adv. Virulently. —«. Virulence. [From
Virus.]
Virus, vTr'us, n. a slimy liquid : contagious or
poisonous matter (as of ulcers, &c.) : the poison
which causes infection: any foul, hurtful matter.
[L., cog. with Gr. ios, Sans, visham, poison.]
Visage, viz'sj, «. the face or look.—adj. Vis'aged.
[Fr., through an assumed form visaticum, from
L. visits, seen—video, to see.]
Viscera, vis'er-a, n.pi. the inner parts of the ani
mal body : the entrails. [L. viscus, pi. viscera.]
Visceral, vis'er-al, adj. pertaining to the viscera.
Viscid, vis'id, adj. having the qualities of bird
lime: sticky: tenacious.—n. Viscid'lty. [L.
viscidus—viscus, Gr. ixos, the mistletoe, bird
lime made from mistletoe berries.]
Viscount, vfkownt, «. an officer who formerly
supplied the place of the count or earl : a title of
nobility next dcIow an earl. —/em. Vis countess.
[O. Fr. viscomte (Fr. vicomte)—Low L. vice-
comes, from L. vice, in place of, and coitus, a
companion. See Count.]
VISCOUS, visTcus, adj. having the qualities of bird
lime: sticky: tenacious.— .Viscosity. [L.
viscosus. See Viscid,]
Visibility, vu-i-bil'i-ti, n. state or quality of being
visible, or perceivable by the eye.
Visible, viz'i-bl, adj. that may be seen: obvious.
—adv. Vis'ibly.—«. Vis'ibleness. [See Vision.]
Vision, vizh'un, n. the act or sense of seeing:
sight : anything seen : anything imagined to oe
seen : a divine revelation : an apparition : any
thing imaginary. [Fr. — L. vist'o, visionis—
video, visum, to see—root vid, as in Gr. cidot
Sans, vid, to see. Cf. Wit.]
Visionary, vizh'un-ar-i, adj. affected by visions:
existing in imagination only : not real.—n. one
who forms impracticable schemes.
Visit, viz'it, v.t. to go to see or inspect : to attend :
to call on : (B.) to reward or punish. — v.i. to be
in the habit of seeing or meeting each other: to
keep up acquaintance.—n. act of visiting or
going to see. [Fr. visiter—h. visito, freq. of
visa, to go to see, visit—vuteo, to see.]
Visitant, viz'i-tant, n. one who insits: one who is
a guest in the house of another.
Visitation, viz-i-ta'shun, n. act of visiting: exami
nation by authority: retribution.
Visitor, viz'it-ur, «. one who visits: one who
inspects or examines.
Visltorlal, viz-it-O'ri-al, adj. belonging to a judicial
visitor, or one who inspects or examines.
Visor, viz'ur, n. a part of a helmet covering the
face, movable, and perforated to see through :
a mask. [Fr. visierr — L. video.]
Visored. viz'urd, adj. wearing a visor: masked.
Vista, vis'ta, n. a view or prospect through or as
through an avenue : the trees, &c. that form the
avenue. [It. vista, sight, view—L. video, to sec]
Visual, vizh'O-al, adj. belonging to vision or sight :
used in sight: used for seeing.--adv. Vis'ually.
mOte ; mute ; mOon ; then. 661
 Vital Volt
Vital, vt'tal, adj. belonging or contributing to life: Vocal, vSTtal, adj. having a voice: uttered or
containing or necessary to life : important as changed by the voice, —adv. Vo/O&lly. [L.
life: essential.—adv. Vl'tallV. [L. vitalis— z'ocalis—vox, vocis, a voice, akin to voco, to call.
vita, life ; conn, with Gr. mw, life, and E. Sans, vach, to speak.] [itg*
Quick (which see).] Vocalisation, v0-kal-i-z5shun, «. act of vocalis-
Vitalise, vi'tal-iz, v.t. to make vital or alive: to Vocalise, vOlcal-Tz, v.t. to make vocal: to form
give life to or furnish with the vital principle. into voice.
Vitality, vi-tal'i-ti, «. quality of being vital: Vocalist, vfllcal-ist, n. a vocal musician, a singer.
principle or power of life. [L. vitalitas.] Vocation, vo-ka'shun, n. call or act of calling:
Vitals, vl'talz, n.pl. parts essential to life* calling : occupation. [L. vocatio—voco. See
Vitiate, vish'i-iit, v.t. to render faulty or defective ; Vocal. ]
to make less pure: to deprave: to taint.—n. Vocative, vok'a-tiv, adj. used in calling. —n. the
Vitiation. [L. vitio, -atttm—z'itium (see case of a word when the person or thing is ad
Vice, a blemish).] dressed. [L. vocatiz>us~—voco. SceVooaL]
Vitreous, vit'ri-us, adj., glassy: pertaining to, Vociferate, vo-sif'cr-iit, v.i. to cry with a loud
consisting of, or like glass. [L. vitrum, glass.] voice.—v.t. to utter with a loud voice. [L.
Vltrescent, vi-lres'ent, adj. that may be formed — z>ox, vocis, voice, and fero, to carry.]
into glass: tending to become glass.—«. Vi- Vociferation, vo-sif-cr-ii'shun, «. act of vociferat
trese'ence. [Coined from L. vitrum, class.] ing : a violent or loud outcry. [L. vociferatio.\
Vitrifaction, vit-ri-fnk'shun, «. act, process, or Vociferous, vo-sif'er-us, adj. making a loud out
operation of vitrifying, or converting into glass. cry : noisy.—adv. Vocif'erously.
Verifiable, vit'ri-fI-a-bl, adj. that may be vitri Vogue, vOg, «. mode or fashion at any particular
fied or turned into glass. time : practice : popular reception. [Lit. ' way,
Vitrify, vit'ri-fT, v.t to make into glass.—v.i. to course,' Fr. vogue, course of a ship—vaguer, to
I>ecome glass:—//*./, and vit'rified. [L. row, from Ger. zvogen, to move, expressing the
vitntm, glass, and ficio, to make.] movement of a vessel on the water.]
Vitriol, vit ri-ol, «. the popular name of sulphuric Voice, vois, «., sound from the mouth : sound given
acid : a soluble sulphate of a metal, green vitriol out by anything: utterance or mode of utter
= sulphate of iron, blue vitriol = sulphate of ance : language : expression : expressed opinion :
copper, white vitriol = sulphate of zinc. [Fr.— vote: [gram.) mode of inflecting verbs, as being
It. vitriuolo—L. vitrum, glass; prob. so called active or passive.—v.t. to fit for sounding: to
from its glassy appearance.) regulate the tone of. [O. Fr. (Fr. voix)— L. voxf
Vitriolic, vit-ri-ol'ik, adj. pertaining to or having vocis. ]
the qualities of vitriol. Voiceless, voisles, adj. having no voice or vote.
Vituperate, vi-tQ'per-at, v.t. to findfault with : to Void, void, adj. unoccupied: empty (so in B.)'.
censure. [L. vitufiero, -atum—vitium, a fault, having no binding force : wanting : unsubstan
and paro, to set out.] tial.- n. an empty space.—v.t. to make vacant:
Vituperation, vi-tu-pcr-a'shun, «. act of vituper to quit: to send out: to render of no effect.
ating: blame : censure : abuse. [L. vituperatio.] [O. Fr. void—L. viduus, bereft—root vid, to
Vituperative, vi-tu'per-a-tiv, adj. containing vitu separate: allied to E. Widow.]
peration or censure.—ativ. Vitu'peratlvely. Voidable, void'a-bl, adj. that may be voided or
Vivacious, vi-va'shus, adj., lively or long-lived: evacuated.
active: sportive.—adv. Vivaciously. —«. Viva'- Voldance, void'ans, n. act of voiding or empty
Clousness. [L. vivax, vivacis—vtvo, to live.] ing: state of being void : ejection.
Vivacity, vl-vas'i-ti, n. quality of being vivacious: Volant, vO'lant, adj., flying: nimble. [L. volant,
life : animation : liveliness or sprightliness of -antis, pr.p. oivolo, to fly.]
temper or behaviour. [L. z'ivacitas.] Volatile, vol'a-til, adj. apt to waste away or fly
Vivid, vivid, adj., lively or life-like: having the off by evaporation : flighty : apt to change.
appearance of life: forming brilliant images in [Fr.—L. wlatitts, flying—voto, to fly.J
the mind: striking.—adv. Viv'idly.—«. Viv'id- Volatileness, vora-til-nes, Volatility, vol-a-tin-ti,
ness. [L. vividus—vivo, to live.] n. quality of being volatile: disposition to evapo
Vivify, viVi-fi, v.t. to make idvid or aliz'e: to rate : sprightliness : fickleness.
indue with life :—pa.t. and /a./, vivified. [L. Volatilisation, vol-a-til-i-z&'shun, «. act or process
vivtts, sMvc,facia, to make.] of making volatile or evaporating.
Viviparous, vl-vip'a-rus, adj., producing young Volatilise, vol'a-til-Tz, v.t. to make volatile: to
alive. [L.f from vivtts, alive, and pario, to pro cause to evaporate.
duce.] Volcanic, vol-kan'ik, adj. pertaining to, produced,
Vivisection, viv-i-sck'shun, «. the practice of or affected by a volcano.
operating by cutting or otherwise on living ani Volcano, vol-ka'no, «. a mountain from which
mals, for the purposes of research or demonstra smoke, flame, lava, &c. are thrown. [It. zxtlcano
tion. [L. vivtts, alive, sectio—seco, to cut.] —L. Volcanus or Vulcanus, the god of fire.]
Vixen, vik'sen, n. a she-fox : an ill-tempered woman. Volition, vo-lish'un, n. act of zvilling or choosing :
[Fern, of vox, the southern E. form offox.] the exercise of the will : the power of deter
Vizard, vizard, n. Same as Visor. mining. (Low L. volilio—'L. vohy to will, be
Vizier, viz'ycr, «. an oriental minister or councillor willing.)
of state. [Lit 'a burden-bearer,' Ar. zuezir, Volley, vol7!, «. aflight of shot : the discharge of
tvazir, a porter—tvazara, to bear a burden.] many small-arms at once : an outburst of many
Vocable, vfi'ka-bl, n. that which is sounded with at once:—pi. Voll'eys. —v. t. to discharge in a
the voice: a word: a name. [L. vocabulurn— volley. [Fr. voUe, a flight—voter— L. volo, to
voco, to call.] fly.]
Vocabulary, vo-kab'u-lar-i, n. a list of vocables or Volt, vOlt, n. a turn or bound : a sudden movement
words explained in alphabetical order: a dic or leap to avoid a thrust : a gait of two treads
tionary: any list of words. [Low L. vocabu- made by a horse going sideways round a centre.
larium.] [Fr. volte—U. volta—L. volvo, volutum, to turn.]
552 fate, far; mC, her; mine; mOtc ; mute; moon ; then.
 Voltaic Wad
Voltaic, vol-tS'ik, adj. pertaining to or originated majority.—v.i. to express the choice by a vote.
by Volta, an Italian : pertaining to Voltaism. —v.t. to choose by a vote.—n. Vot'er. [L,
Voltaism. vol'ta-izm, «. Same as Galvanism. votum, a wish—voveo, votum, to vow.]
Volubility, vol-u-bil'i-ti, n. state or quality of Votive, vOt'iv, adj. given by vow : vowed.—adv.
being voluble : fluency of speech. Vot'ively. [L. votivus—z>otum, a vow.]
Voluble, vol'u-bl, adj. easy to roll or move : flow Vouch, vowch, v.t. to call upon to witness: to
ing smoothly : fluent in speech.—adv. Vol'Uhly. maintain by repeated affirmations: to warrant :
[L. volubilis—volvo, volutum, to roll.] to attest.—v.i. to bear witness : to give testi
Volume, vol'Om, n. a book : space occupied : mony. [O. Fr. voucher, vocher, to call to de
dimensions: fullness of voice. [Lit 'a. roll' or fend—L. voco, to call.]
scroll (so in B.), Fr.—L. volumen, a roll—volvo, Vouchor, vowch'er, «, one who vouches or gives
volutum, to roll.] witness: a paper which vouches or confirms the
Volumed, vol'umd, adj. having the form of a truth of anything, as accounts.
volume or roll : of volume or bulk. Vouchsafe, vowch-saf, v.t. to vouch or warrant
Voluminous, vo-lu'mi-nus, adj. consisting of many safe : to sanction or allow without danger : to
volumes or books, or of many coils : having condescend to grant.—v.i. to condescend.
written much, as an author.—adv. Volu'ml- Vow, vow, n. a solemn promise to God : a solemn
nouflly.—«. Volu'mlnousness. or formal promise of fidelity or affection.—v.t.
Voluntary, vol'un-tar-i, adj.* 'willing: acting by to give by solemn promise : to devote.—v.i. to
choice : free : proceeding from the will : subject make vows. [O. Fr. vou (Fr. vom)—L. votum
to the will : done by design or without compul —voveo, to vow.]
sion.—«. one who does anything of his own free Vowel, vow'el, n. a simple vocal sound : the letter
will : a piece of music played at will.—adz'. VcT- representing such a sound.—adj. vocal: pertain
untarily.—n. Vol'untartness. [L. voluntarius ing to a vowel. [Fr. voyelle— L. vocalis—vox,
—voluntas, choice—volo, to will.] z'ocis, the voice.]
Voluntaryism, vol'un-tar-i-ism, «. the system of Voyage, voy'aj, n. passage by water.—v.i. to
maintaining the church by voluntary offerings! make a voyage, or to pass by water.—«. Voy'-
instead of by the aid of the state. ager. [Fr.—L. viaticum, travelling-money—
Volunteer, vol-un-teV, n. one who enters any ser (lr. voie], L. via, a way.]
vice, esp. military, voluntarily or of his own free Vulcanise, vul'kan-Iz, v.t. to combine with sulphur
choice—adj. entering into service voluntarily.— by heat, as caoutchouc. [From L. Vulcanus%
v.t. to offer voluntarily. —v.jU to enter into any Vulcan, the god of fire.J
service of one's own free-will or without being Vulcanite, vulTcan-Tt, «. caoutchouc vulcanised,
asked. or combined with sulphur.
Voluptuary, vo-Iupt'O-ar-i, n. a voluptuous person Vulgar, vul'gar, adj. pertaining to or used by the
or one excessively given to bodily enjoyments common people, native : public : common : mean
or luxury : a sensualist. [L. voluptuarius— or low : rude.—n. the common people.—adv.
voluntas, pleasure.] Vul'garly.—Vulgar Fractions, fractions writ
Voluptuous, vo-lupt'Q-us, adj. full of pleasure : ten in the vulgar or ordinary way. [L. vulgaris
given to excess of pleasure, esp. sensual— —vulgus, the people ; conn, with Sans, varga,
adv. Voluptuously—«. Voluptuousness. [L. a group. ]
voluptuosus — voluptas, pleasure, conn, with Vulgarise, vul'gar-7z, v.t. to make vulgarox rude.
voh*pe, agreeably, also with Gr. elp-omai, to Vulgarism, vuFgar-izm, «. a vulgar phrase.
hope, and perh. L. volo, to wish.] Vulgarity, vul-gar'i-ti, n. quality of being vulgar:
Volute, vo-lOt', «. a kind of rolled or spiral scroll mean condition of life : rudeness of manners.
used in Greek capitals. [Fr.—L. volvo, volu Vulgate, vul'gut, n. an ancient Latin version of
tum, to roll.] the Scriptures, so called from its common use in
Voluted, vo-lut'ed, adj. having a volute. the R. Cath. Church. [L. vulgatus, common—
Vomer, vo'mer, n. the thin flat bone separating vulgo, to make common—vulgus (see Vulgar).]
the nostrils. [L.J Vulnerable, vul'ner-a-bl, adj. capable of being
Vomit, vom'it, v.i. to throw up the contents of the wounded: liable to injury,—ns. vulnerabil ity,
stomach by the mouth.—v.t. to throw out with Vul'nerableness. [L. vulnerabilis—vnlnero,
violence.—«. matter ejected from the stomach : to wound—vulnus, vulneris, a wound, akin to
something that excites vomiting. [L. vomer, vello (cf. Vulture).]
-itum, to throw up, Gr. emed. See Emetic] Vulnerary, vul'ner-ar-i, adj. pertaining \owounds :
Vomitory, vom'i-tor-i, adj. causing to vomit.—«. useful in healing wounds.—«. anything useful in
a vomit or emetic: a door of a large building by curing wounds. [L. vulturarius—vulnus.]
which the crowd is let out. [L. vomitorius.] Vulpine, vul'pin, adj. relating to or like the fox:
Voracious, vc-r&'shus, adj. eager to devour: cunning. [L.—vulpes, a fox, Gr. aldpex.]
greedy : very hungry.—adv. Vora'ClOUSly. [L. Vulture, vult'ur, tt. a large rapacious bird of prey.
vorax, voracis—voro, to devour.] [L. vultur; perh. from vello, to pluck, to tear.]
Voracity, vo-ras'i-ti, n. quality of being voracious. Vulturine, vuh'ur-in, Vulturish, vult'ur-ish, adj.
Vortex, vor'teks, «. a whirling motion of a fluid like the vulture : rapacious.
forming a cavity in the centre : a whirlpool : a
whirlwind :—pL Vor'tices. [L. vortex, vertex
—vorto, ver/o, to turn. Doublet Vertex.] W
Vortical, vor'tik-al, adj., whirling.
Votary, vo'tar-i, adj. bound or consecrated by a Wacke, wak'e, «. German miners' term for a soft,
vow.—«. one devoted as by a vow to some ser grayish kind of trap-rock.
vice, worship, or way of life.—-Jem. Vo'taress. Wad, wod, n. a mass of loose matter thrust close
[Low L. votarius—L. voveo, votum, to vow.] together, as hay, tow, &c: a little mass of paper,
Vote, vut, n. expression of a wish or opinion, as to tow, or the like to keep the charge in a gun.—
a matter in which one has interest : that by which v.t. to form into a mass : to stuff a wad into :—
a choice is expressed, as a ballot : decision by a Pr.p. wadd'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. wadd'ed. [A.S.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mODo \ t/tea.
 Wadding Wallet
tuted;Yr. ottate; allied to Ger. watte, garment, WalU,' wan, ». a wagon. [A.S. wagtn, wan;
E. Weed.] Ger. wagen ; from the root vah, to carry, L.
Wadding, wod'ing, «. a wad, or the materials for veko. Doublet Wagon. ]
wads : a soft stuff, also sheets of carded cotton Wainscot, wan'skot, n. the panelled boards on
for stuffing garments, &c. [See Wad.] the walls of apartments.—v.t. to line with, or as
Waddle, wod I, v.i. to take short steps and move if with, boards or panels. [Lit. ' wall-timber or
from side to side in walking —«. Wadd'ler. boards,' A.S. wag, wak, a wall, and scot or
[Perh. an extension of Wade ; cf. Ger. wcaeln, sckot, which also appears in the obs. shide, a
to wag.] lath—M. E. scheden, to divide (Ger. sckeiden).]
Wade, wiid, v.i. to walk through any substance Waist, wast, n. the smallest part of the human
that yields to the feet, as water : to pass with trunk, between the ribs and the hips : the middle
difficulty or labour.—n. Wad'er. [A.S. wadan, part of a ship. [From Wax, to grow ; cf. Ger.
Ger. waUn.] wuchs—wachsen. ]
Wady, wod'i, n. the dry bed of a torrent : a Waistband, wastTjand, n. the band or part of a
river-valley. [Ar. wadl, a ravine (preserved in garment which encircles the waist.
the Sp. guad-, the first syllable of many Spanish Waistcoat, wast'kot, «. a short coat worn im
river-names}.] mediately under the coat, and fitting the waist
Wafer, wa'fer, n. a thin cake, usually round, esp. tightly.
of bread, used in the Eucharist in the R, Cath. Wait, wat, v.i. to stay in expectation : to remain :
Church : a thin leaf of coloured paste for sealing to attend [withci}: to follow: to lie in ambush.—
letters, &c —v.t. to close with a wafer. [O. Fr. v.t. to stay for : to await.—n. ambush, now used
wan/re (Fr. gau/re), from Ger. tvaffcl—wabe, only in such phrases as * to lie in wait,' * to lay
honeycomb.] wait.' [O. Fr. waiter (Fr, guetter). to watch,
Waft, waft or waft, v.t. to bear through a fluid attend—O. Ger. wahtan. See Wake.]
medium, as air or water.—v.i. to float.—n. a Waiter, water, n. one who waits: an attending
floating body: a signal made by moving some servant : a salver or tray.—-fern. Waitress.
thing, as a flag, in the air.—«. Waft'er. [Sw. Waits, wats, tt.pl. itinerant musicians who wel
vefta, to fan, waft ; prob. allied to Wave.] come in Christmas. [From Walt.]
Wag, wag, v.t. and v.t. to move from side to side : Waive, wav, v.t. to relinquish for the present : to
to shake to and fro \—pr.p. wagg'ing : pa.t. and give up claim to : not to insist on a right or
pap. wagged. [A.S. wagian, wegan; conn, claim. [O. Fr. weiver. Cf. Waif.]
with Weigh, and Wagon.) Wake, wak, v.i. to cease from sleep : to watch (so
Wag, wag, n. a droll, mischievous fellow : a man in Bm) '. to be roused up, active, or vigilant.—v.t.
full of sport and humour : a wit. [Prob. from to rouse : to revive : to put in action :—pa.t. and
wagging the head in derision.] Pa.p. waked or woke. [A.S. wacan ; Ger.
Wage, w5j, v.t. to pledge: to engage in as if wachen, to watch ; allied to Walt, Watch, also
by pledge .' to carry on, esp. of war : to venture. to waxt to grow, and to L. vigeo, to be lively, to
—«. a gage or stake : that for which one labours : thrive.]
wages. [O. Fr. ivager (Fr. gager), to pledge. Wake, wak, n. act of waking: feast of the
A doublet of Gage.] dedication of a church, formerly kept by
Wager, waj'er, n. that which is wagedox pledged : watching all night : sitting up of persons with,
something staked on the issue of anything : that a corpse.
on which bets arc laid : {laiv) an offer to make Wake, wSk, tt. the streak of smooth water left in
oath. —v.t. to hazard on the issue of anything.— the track of a ship : hence fig. , * in the wake of."
v.i. to lay a wager.—n. Wag/erer. [O. Fr. in the train of : immediately after. [From Fr.
waigiere ( Fr. gagenre)—Wage.] ouaiche, through the Sp., from L. aguagium, a
Wages, waj'cz, tt.pl. (used as sing.), wage : that watercourse—aqua, water, and ago, to lead.]
which is paid for services. [PI. of Wage.] Wakeful, wak'fool, adj. being awake : indisposed
Waggery, wag'er-i, n. the tricks or manner of a to sleep : vigilant.—adv. Wake fully. —n.
wag: mischievous merriment : pleasantry. Wakefulness.
Waggish, wag'ish, adj. like a wag ; mischievous Waken, wSk'n, v.t. and v.i. to wake or awake.
or roguish in sport : done in waggery or sport. — Wale, wal, n. a raised streak left by a stripe : a
adv. Wagg'ishly.—«. Waggishness. ridge on the surface of cloth : a plank all along
Waggle, wag'J, v.i. and v.t. to wag ox move from the outer timbers on a ship's side.—v.t. to mark
side to side. [Freq. of Wag, v.] with wales. [A.S. walu, the mark of a stripe or
Wagon, Waggon, wag'un, n. a four-wheeled blow; Sw. wal. See Goal.]
vehicle for carrying heavy goods. [A.S. wirgen. Walk, wawk, v.i. to move along leisurely on foot
See the by-form Wain. The ending -on is pro with alternate steps : to pace : to travel on foot :
bably due to Romance influence.] [B.) to conduct one's self: to act or behave : to
Wagoner, Waggoner, wag'un-cr, «. one who con live : to be guided by.—v.t. to pass through or
ducts a wagon. upon : to cause to walk. [A.S. ivealcan, to roll,
Wagonette, wag-un-et', «. a kind of open carriage. turn ; cog. with Ger. walken, to full cloth.]
Wagtail, wag'tal, n. a small bird, so named from Walk, wawk, n. act or manner of walking : gait :
its constantly wagging its tail. that in or through which one walks: distance
Waif, waf, «. anything found astray without an walked over : place for walking : path : high
owner: a worthless wanderer. (Norman Fr. pasture-ground : conduct : course of life.
wei/ (O. Fr. gaif), Low L. wayvium% conn, Wall, wawl, n. an erection of brick, stone, &c For
with Waive.] a fence or security : the side of a building : (jig.)
Wall, wal, v.i. to lament or sorrow audibly. —v.t. defence, means of security :— fortifications.—
to bemoan: to grieve over. —«. a cry of woe : v.t. to inclose with or as with a wall : to defend
loud weeping. [An imitative word, from the with walls. [A.S. weall, wall; Ger. Wtil/t
A.S. inten. wA, w&-lA (E. Woej, Goth, vai; cf. both from L. vallum, a rampart.]
Ir. waill.]
Wailing, wal'ing, wail. —adv. WaiTlngly. Wallet, wol'ct, n. a bag for carrying necessaries
on a journey : a knapsack : a pocket-book.
£64 fate, far; mfi, her; mine; mOte; matt; moon ; Men.
 Wall-eye
[Prob. a corr. of Fr. mallette, dim. of matte, a
bag (see Mall, a bag), under influence of ValiBe. J
Wall-eye, wawl'-I, «. an eye in which the white
part is very large: the popular name for the
disease of the eye called glaucoma.—Wall'-
eyed, adj. very light gray in the eyes, esp. of
horses. (Older form wnally-eyed—A.S. hivelan^
to waste away.]
Wall-flower, wawl'-flow'er, ft. a plant with fragrant
yellowJJo?uers, found on old walls. [wall.
Wall-fruit, wawl'-froot, «., fruit growing on a
Wallow, wol 0, v.i. to roll about, as in mire : to
live in filth or gross vice. [A.S. walwian,
Goth, valvjatt, L. volvo. Cf. Well, a spring,
and Welter.]
Waluut, wawl'nut, n. a tree of America and Asia,
the wood of which is much used for furniture
and gun-stocks : its nut or fruit. [Lit. the
'foreign nut,' A.S. wealh, foreign, E. Welsh,
and hnntu, a nut; Ger. wallnuss.)
Walrus, wol'rus, «. an aquatic animal, allied to
the seal, having long canine teeth, also called
the Morse or the Sea-horse. [Lit. the 'whale-
horse,' Ger. wallross—root of Whale, and ross,
a horse.]
Waltz, wawlts, n. a German national dance per
formed by two persons with a rapid whirling
motion : the music for it.—v.i. to dance a waltz.
[Lit. the 'revolving dance,' Ger. walzer—wal-
zen, to roll, conn, with WallOW and Welter.]
Wampum, wom'pum, n. the North American
Indian name for shells or beads used as money.
Wail, won, adj. faint: wanting colourjpalc and
sickly: languid.—adv. Wanly.—?/. Wan'ness.
[A.S. wann, pale : perh. conn, with Win, which
orig. meant to suffer, struggle.]
Wand, wond, «. a long slender rod : a rod of
authority, or of conjurers. [Ice. v&ndr, a shoot
of a tree, Dan. vaand.]
Wander, won'der, v.i. to ramble with no definite
object : to go astray {lit. orJig. ) : to leave home :
to depart from the subject : to be delirious.—«.
Wan derer. [A.S. ivandrian; Ger. wandem,
allied to Wend, and to Wind, to turn round.]
Wane, wan, vd. to decrease, esp. of the moon, a^
opp. to wax: to decline, to fail.—«. decline:
decrease. [A.S. wanton ; from root wan, seen
in Wanton.]
Want, wont, m. state of being without anything :
absence of what is needful or desired : poverty:
scarcity : need.—v.i. to be destitute of: to need :
to feel need of: to fall short : to wish for.—v.i.
to be deficient: to fall short. [Ice. vanla, to be
wanting; from root of Wane.]
Wanting, wont'ing, adj. absent: deficient.
Wanton, won'tun, adj. moving or playing loosely :
roving in sport: frisky: wandering from recti
tude : licentious : running to excess : unre
strained : irregular. —adv. Wantonly.—n.
Wantonness. [M. E. wantowen, from wan,
sig. want, and A.S. togen, educated, pa.p. of
iron, to draw, lead ; cf. Ger. nngezogen, rude.]
Wanton, won'tun, n. a wanton or lewd person,
esp. a female: a trifler.—v.i. to ramble without
restraint: to frolic: to play lasciviously.
Wapentake, wap'n-tak, n. a name in Yorkshire
for a district similar to the hundreds of southern
counties, so called from the inhabitants being
formerly taught the use of arms. TA-S. w&pen-
retiec (lit. ) ' weapon-taking." Sec Weapon and
Take. Cf. Wapinschaw.]
Waplnschaw. wap'in-shaw, n. an exhibition of
arms, formerly held periodically in Scotland.
[Lit. 'weapon-show.']
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Warp
Wapiti, wap'i-ti, «. the North American elk.
War, wawr, n. a state of opposition ur contest: a
contest between states carried on by arms : open
hostility: the profession of arms.—v.i. to make
war: to contend: to fight :—pr.p. warring: pa.t.
and Pa.p. warred. [A.S. werre, influenced by
O. Fr. werre {Er. guerre), which is from O. Ger.
werra, quarrel.]
Warble, wawr'bl, v.i. to sing in a quavering way,
or with variations : to chirp as birds do.—v.t. to
sing in a vibratory manner: to utter musically:
to carol.—n. a quavering modulation of the
voice: a song. [O. Fr. werbter, to warble,
make turns with the voice—Ger. wirbeln, to
make a turn ; akin to Whirl.]
Warbler, wawr'blcr, n. one that warbles: a song
ster : a singing-bird.
Ward, wawrd, v.t. to guard or take care of: to
keep in safety : to fend off.—v.i. to act on the
defensive.—n. act of warding, watch : one whose
business is to ward or defend : state of being
guarded: means of guarding: one who is under
a guardian: a division of a city, hospital, &c :
that which guards a lock or hinders any but the
right key from opening it: (If.] guard, prison.
[A.S. weardian; Ger. warten, to watch, to
watch in order to protect. See Guard.]
Warden, wawrd'en, «. one who wards or guards:
a keeper, esp. a public officer.—*!. Ward on-
Ship. [O. E. wardein (Fr. gardien).]
Warder, wawrd'er, n. one who wards or keeps.
Wardrobe, wawrd'rOb, n. a room or portable closet
for robes or clothes : wearing-apparel-
Wardroom, wawrd'rCOin, n. a room used as a
messroom by the officers of a war-ship.
Wardship, wawrd'ship, n. the office ot a ward or
guardian : state of being under a guardian.
Ware, war, n. {used generally in pi.), merchandise :
commodities: goods. [A.S. waru; Ger. waaret
Ice. vara.]
Ware, war, adj. in B. = aware. [See Wary.]
Ware, war, in B..pa.t. of Wear.
Warehouse, wiir'hows, «. a house or store for
wares or goods.—v.t. to deposit in a warehouse.
Warfare, wawrTilr, «. a carrying on war ; military
life: war: contest or struggle. [War and
Fare. ]
Warily, Wariness. See under Wary.
Warlike, wawrllk, a*ij., like, fit, or disposed for
war: belonging to war: soldierly.
Warlock, wawrlok, n. a male witch, a wizard.
[A.S. warrloga, a breaker of an agreement—
warr, a compact, and leogan, to lie, modified by
Ice. vardk-lokk-r, a magical song.]
Warm, wawrm, adj. having moderate heat, hot :
subject to beat : zealous : easily excited : violent :
enthusiastic—v.t. to make warm: to interest:
to excite. —v.i. to become warm or ardent. —
adv. Warmly.—ns. Warm'ness, Warm'er.
[A.S. wearm; Ger. warm: allied to O. L.
formust Gr. thermos, hot, Sans. gharmat heat.]
Warmth, wawrmth, «. state of being warm.
Warn, wawrn, v.t. to make wary or aware .* to
put on ward or guard : to give notice of danger :
to caution against: to admonish. [A.S. war-
nian ; ice. varna, to warn, forbid, Ger. warnen ;
allied to Ward, Beware, Wary.]
Warning, wawrn'ing, «. caution against danger,
&c. : admonition: previous notice.
Warp, wawrp. v t. to turn: to twist out of shape:
to turn from the right or proper course : to per
vert : to tow or move with a line attachea to
buoys, &c— v.i. to be twisted out of a straight
direction: to bend: to swerve: to move with a
mOte ; mute ; mOOn ; then.
 Warp Watermark
bending motion. [A.S. weorpOM, werpan ; Goth. be consumed. I A.S. wes/e, empty; cog. with
wairpan, Ger. werfen, to cast.] Ger. wiist, desert, L. vastus, empty.]
Warp, wawrp, «. the threads stretched out length Waste, wast, n. act of wasting: useless expendi
wise in a loom to be crossed by the woof: a rope ture : loss : destruction: that which is wasted
used in towing. [A.S. wearp; Ger. wer/t.] or waste : uncultivated country : desert : refuse.
Warrant, worant, v.t. to guarantee or make Wasteful, wiist'fool, adj. full of waste: destruc
secure: to give assurance against harm to: to tive : lavish.—adv. Waste'fuUy.—n. Waste
authorise : to maintain : to assure. [O. Fr. fulness.
warantir (Fr. gamutir)—O. Ger. otfrm, to Wasteness, wast nes, n. (B.) devastation.
give bail for : Ger. gewdhren, to vouch, warrant ; Waster, wiist'er, n. one who or that which
conn, with Ward, Wary.] wastes: [£.) a spendthrift : a destroyer.
Warrant, wor'ant, «. to.it which warrants or Wasting, wast'ing, n. [B.) devastation.
authorises: a commission giving authority: a Watch, woch, «. act of looking out : close observa
writ for arresting a person : security. tion : guard : one who watches or those who
Warrantable, wor'ant-a-bl, adj. authorised by watch : a sentry : the place where a guard is
warrartt or right: justifiable.—adv. Warrant- kept : time of watching, esp. in a ship : a divi
ably.—n. Warrantableness. sion of the night : a pocket timepiece. [A.S.
Warranter, wor'ant-er. Warrantor, wor*ant-or, wacce ; conn, with Wake.]
n. one who warrants. Watch, woch, v.i. to look with attention : to keep
Warranty, wo^ani-i, «. a legal warrant or deed guard: to look out.—v.t. to keep in view: to
of security : a guarantee : authority. give heed to : to have in keeping : to guard.
Warren, woren, «. a piece of ground for warding Watcher, woch'er, «. one who watches.
or protecting animals, especially rabbits. [O. Watchful, woch'fool, adj. careful to tvatch or
Fr. warenue (Kr. garemu) — Fr. garer, from observe : attentive : circumspect : cautious,—
Tcut. root of Ward, Warrant.] [soldier. ativ. Watch fully. Watch fulness.
Warrior, wor^i-or, «. one engaged in war: a Watchman, woch'man, «. a man who watches or
Wart, wawrt, n. a small, hard excrescence on the guards, esp. the streets of a city at night.
skin: a protuberance on trees. [A.S- wearte; Watchword, woch'wurd, «. the pass-»*W to be
Ger. warze ; prob. allied to L. verruca.] given to a watch or sentry.
Warty, wawrt'i, adj. like a wart: overgrown Water, waw'tcr, n. the fluid which forms the
with warts. ocean, lakes, and rivers : any collection of it, as
Wary, war?, adj. warding or guarding against the ocean, a lake, river, &c : urine: lustre of a
deception, &c. : cautious.—adv. War ily. —n. diamond.—v.t. to wet, overflow, or supply with
Wariness. [M. E. war—A.S. war, cautious, water : to wet and press so as to give a wavy
conn, with Ward, Warn.] appearance to.—v.i. to shed water: to take in
Was, woz, used as pa.t. of Be. [A.S. was, ware water. [A.S. water; Dut. water, Ger. wasscr;
—wesan, to remain, be ; Goth, visan, pa.t. vas, Gr. hyddr, L. udus, wet, nnda, a wave. Sans.
to remain ; Ice. vera, pa.t. var, vas. Sans, vas, uda, water; conn, with Wet.]
to dwell, live.] Water-carriage, waw'ter-kar'ij, n., carriage or
Wash, wosh, v.t. to cleanse with water: to over conveyance by water.
flow : to waste away by the action of water : Waterciock, waw'ter-klok, n. a clock which is
to cover with a thin coat of metal or paint.— made to go by the fall of water.
v.t. to cleanse with water.—n. a washing: the Water-closet, waw'ter-kloz'et, «. a closet used as
shallow part of a river or arm of the sea : a a privy, in which the discharges are carried off
marsh or fen: alluvial matter: waste liquor, by nutter.
refuse of food, &c. : that with which anything is Water-colour, waw'ter-kul'ur, ». a coltmr or pig
washed : a lotion : a thin coat of paint, metal, ment diluted with T<w/*rand gum, instead of oil.
&c. [A.S. wascan ; Ice. vaska, Ger. waschen.] Watercourse, waw'ter-kOrs, n. a coarse or
Washer, wosh'er, «. one who washes: a flat ring channel for water.
of iron or leather between the nave of a wheel Waterfall, waw'ter-fawl, «. a fall or perpendicu
and the linch-pin, under the head of a screw, &c. lar descent of a body of water: a cataract or
Washy, wosh'i, adj. watery : damp : soft : weak : cascade.
not solid. Watergauge or Watergage, waw'ter-gaj, «. an
Wasp, wosp, «. a stinging insect, like the bee, instrument forgaugingor measuring the quantity
allied to the hornet. [A.S. wiips (Ger. wes/e); of water.
prob. from L. vespa.) Watering-place, waw'ter-ing-plas, «. a place
Waspish, wosplsh, adj. like a wasp: having a where water may be obtained : a place to which
slender waist like a wasp : quick to resent an people resort to drink mineral water, or bathe,
aflfront.-Wt/. Wasplshly.—n. Wasp'ishness. &c.
Wassail, wos'il, «. a festive occasion : a drunken Waterlsh, waw'tcr-ish, adj. resembling water:
bout : a liquor consisting of ale with roasted somewhat watery : thin.
apples, sugar, nutmeg, and toast, once much Water-level, waw'ter-lev'el, «. the level formed
used on festive occasions. —v.t. to hold a wassail by the surface of still water: a levelling instru
or merry drinking-meeting. [A.S. wes Adlt ment in which water is used.
'may you be in health,' the salutation used in Water-Illy, wav/ter-lij'i, n. a «vi/<rr-plant like a
pledging another, which the Normans trans lily, with large floating leaves.
ferred to mean 'a carousal.' See Was and Waterllne, waw'ter-lTn, n. the line on a ship to
Hale, healthy.] [drinks wassail : a reveller. which the water rises.
Wassaller, wos'il-er, «. one who wassails or Water-logged, waw'ter-logd, adj. rendered log
Waste, wast, adj., empty, desert : desolate : like, or unmanageable, from being filled with
stripped : lying unused : unproductive.—v.t. to water.
lay waste or make desolate : to destroy : to wear Waterman, waw'ter-man, ». a man who plies a
out gradually : to squander : to diminish : to boat on water for hire : a boatman : a ferryman.
impair.—v.i. to be diminished : to dwindle : to Watermark, waw'ter-mark, n. a mark showing
fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mote ; mate ; mOOa ; Men.
 Watermlll Wear
the height to which water has risen : a tide- Waxy, waks'i, adj. resembling wax : soft : ad
mark : a mark wrought into paper. hesive.
Watermlll, waw'ter-inil, h. a mill driven by Way, wa, tt. passage : road : length of space : dis
water. [Watershed tance: direction: manner of life : advance in
Water-parting, waw'ter-piirt'ing, n. Same as life : general manner of acting : means : manner :
Water-power, waw'tcr-pow'er, «. the toivcr of will.—By the way, as we go on.—Ways and
7vater, employed to move machinery, &c. means, resources of revenue. [A.S. weg; Ger.
Waterproof, waw'ter-prOof, adj., proof against Wfg, L. via, Szna-vaha ; akin to veho, to carry ;
water1 not permitting water to enter.—n. any Gr. ochos, a carriage. Cf. Weigh.]
thing with such qualities.—Waterproofing, «. Waybill, wa'bil, «. list of passengers and goods
the act of making any substance impervious to carried by a coach.
water. Wayfarer, wa'far-er, n. one whofares or goes on
Watershed, waw'ter-shed, n. the line which his way: a traveller or passenger.
separates two river-basins *. a district from which Wayfaring, wa'fa>-ing, adj. travelling or passing.
' several rivers rise. [See Shed, to part.] Waylay, wa-la'or wa'la, v.t* to lie in the way for:
Waterspout, waw'ter-spowt, «. a moving spout to watch or lie in ambush for.
or column of water, often seen at sea, and some Waymark, wa'mark, ». (/>.) a guidepost.
times on land. Wayward, wa'ward, adj. froward : wilful.—n.
Water-table, waw'ter-tS'bl, «. a moulding or other Way'wardness. IProb. originally sig. 'taking
projection in the wall of a building to throw off one's own way ' (cf. the adj. Froward].]
the water. Wayworn, wi worn, adj. worn out by travel.
Watertight, waw'ter-tlt, adj. so tight as not to We, we, pron., pi. of I : I and others. [A.S. ;
admit water, nor let it escape. cog. with Goth, veis, Ger. wir.]
Waterwheel, waw/ter-hwel, «. a wheel moved Weak, wCk, adj. soft : wanting strength : not able
by water: an engine for raising water. to sustain a great weight : wanting health :
Waterwork, waw'ter-wurk, «. any work or engine easily overcome : feeble of mind : wanting moral
by which water is furnished, as to a town, &c. force : frail : unsteady : slight or incomplete :
Watery, waw'ter-i, adj. pertaining to or like having little of the chief ingredient : impressible :
water i thin or transparent : tasteless : contain inconclusive—adv. Weakly.— «. Weakness.
ing or abounding with water.—n. Wa'teriness. [A.S. wac, pliant—wican, to yield; cog. with
Wattle, wot'l, n. a twig or flexible rod . a hurdle : Dut. week, Ice, veik-r, Ger. weich.]
the fleshy excrescence under the throat of a cock Weaken, wek'n, v.t. to make weak: to reduce in
or a turkey. —v.t. to bind with wattles or twigs : strength or spirit—v.i. to grow weak or weaker.
to form by plaiting twigs. [ A.S. watul.\ [A.S. wacian; Ger. weichen. See Weak. J
Waul, wawl, vi to cry as a cat. [Imitative.] Weakling, wekling, n. a weak or feeble creature.
Wave, wav, n. a ridge on the surface of water Weakly, wek'li, adj., weak in body or mind.
swaying or moving backwards and forwards : I Weal, wel, n. state of being well: a sound or
a state of vibration propagated through a system prosperous state: welfare. [A.S. wela, wealth,
of particles: inequality of surface: a line or I bliss; Ger. ivohl. See Well, adj.}
streak like a wave.—v.i. to move like a wave : Weal, wel, n. A form of Wale.
to play loosely : to be moved, as a signal : to Weald, weld, n. a wood or forest : a wooded
fluctuate.—v.t. to move backwards and forwards : region : an open country. [A.S. weald, Ger.
to brandish : to waft or beckon : to raise into wald, wood, from the root of Wild.]
inequalities of surface. [M. E. waive—A.S. Wealden, weld'n, adj. (geot.) pertaining to the
wa'g; cog, with Ger. wage, Ice. vogr; allied to upper oolitic series of rocks. [So called because
Vogue, Waver.] [curbed. first studied in the wealds in S. of England.]
Waveless, wuVles, adj.,free from waves', undis- Wealth, welth, «. large possessions of any kind :
Wavelet, waVlet, *. a little wave. [Dim. of riches. [ Lit. ' state of being well or prosperous ; '
Wave.] [waved towards the four points. an extension of Weal, state of being well.]
Wave-offering, wav'-of'er-ing, n. {£,) an offering Wealthiest, wclth'i-est, adj. superl. of Wealthy :
Waver, wiiv er, v.i. to move to and fro : to shake : (Pr. Bk., Ps. lxxviii. 31) fattest.
to be unsteady or undetermined : to be in danger Wealthy, welth'i, adj. rich : (B.) prosperous.—
of falling.—«. Wav'erer. [An extension of adv. Wealth ily.—;/. Wealth'iness.
Wave. ] Wean, wen, v.t. to accustom to do without the
Wavy, waVi, adj. full of or rising in waves: play- breast : to reconcile to the want of anything : to
ing to and fro : undulating. estrange the affections from any object or habit.
Wax, waks, n. a fat-like yellow substance pro [A.S. wenian; Ice. venja, Ger. gewdknen, to
duced by bees, and used by them in making accustom, ent-wbhnen, to disuse, to wean.]
their cells : any substance like it, as that in the | Weapon, wep'un, n. any instrument of offence or
car : the substance used to seal letter* : that : defence.—ndj. Weap oned. [A.S. wa>pen; Goth.
used by shoemakers to rub their thread.—v.t. to vepna, arms, Ger. waffen and wappen.]
smear or rub with wax.—adj. Wax'en. [A.S. Wear, war, v.t. to carry on the body : to have the
weax, wax; Ice. vax, Dut. was, Ger. wachs. ] appearance of: to consume by use, time, or ex
Wax, waks, v.i. to grow or increase^ esp. of the posure : to waste by rubbing : to do by degrees.
moon, as opp. to wane: to pass into another —v.i. to be wasted by use or time : to be spent
state. [A.S. weaxan; Ice. vaxa, Ger. wach- tediously: to consume slowly: to last under
iv'.', Goth, wahsjan ; L. augeo. to increase, Gr. use:—;pad. wore; pa.p. worn.—n. Wear'er.
auxand, Sans, vaksh, Zend uMhs.\ [Lit. 'to cover,' A.S. werian : Ice. verja, to
Waxcloth, waks'kloth, cloth covered with a cover, Goth, vasjan. See Vest.]
coating of wax, used for table-covers, &c. : a Wear, wir, n. act of wearing : lessening or injury
popular name for all oil floorcloths. by use or friction.—Wear and Tear, loss by
Waxen, waks'n (TJ.)pa.p. of Wax, grown. wear or use. (Prob. a corr. of Veer.]
Waxwork, waks'wurk, «., work made of wax, Wear, war, v.t. to put a ship on another tack.
esp. figures or models formed of wax. Wear, w£r, n. Another spelling of Weir.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOOn ; then. 657
 Wearable Welfare
Wearable, waVa-hl, adj. fit to be worn. A.S. hwcene, Ger. wenig; cf. Scot, a wheen, a
Wearisome, we'ri-sum, adj. making weary : small number.]
tedious.—adv. Wea'rlflomely.—«. Wea'ri- Weed, wed, «. any useless plant of small growth :
Bomeness. anything useless or troublesome. — v. t, to free
Weary, we'ri, adj. worn out : having the strength from weeds : to remove anything hurtful or offen
or patience exhausted : tired : causing weariness. 1 sive.—«. Weed'er. [A.S. weed, an herb.)
—v.t. to wear out or make weary : to reduce the Weed, wed, n. a garment: esp, in //. a widow's
strength or patience of: to harass.—adv-WQB,'- mourning apparel [A.S. wwd, clothing ; O.
rily.—». Wea'rineBB. [A.S. werigA Ger. wAt, cloth, corrupted to Ger. -wand (as in
Weasel, we'zl, n. a small animal with a slender lein-wand); from a Teut. root seen in Goth.
body and short legs, living on birds, mice, &c. -vuian, 'to bind-'] [weeds-
[A.S. wesle ; Gcr. wiesrl.] Weedy, wetl'i, adj. consisting of weeds: full of
Weather, we^A'er, n. state of the air as to heat or Week, w€k, n. the space of seven days, esp. from
cold, dryness or wetness, &c.—v.t. to affect by Sunday to Sunday. [A.S. wice ; Ice. vika,
exposing to the air : to sail to the windward of : Dut. week, Ger. woehe ; conn, also with L.
to gain or pass, as a promontory or cape ; to hold vicis, change.] [Sunday.
out stoutly against difficulties. [A.S. weder; Weekday, wek'da, n. any day of the week except
Ice. vedhr, Ger. wetter.} Weekly, wok'li, adj. coming, happening, or done
Weather-beaten, weM'er-bcVn, adj. distressed or once a week.—adv. once a week. —n. a publica
seasoned by the weather. tion appearing once a week.
Weatherbound, we/A'er-bownd, adj., bound or Ween, wen, v.i. to think or fancy. [A.S. wenan.
delayed by bad weather. —wen (Ger. wahn), expectation, hope.]
Weathercock, weM'er-kok, n. a vane (often in Weep, wep, v.i. to express grief by shedding
the form of a cock) to show the direction of the tears: to wail or lament-—v.t* to lament: to
wind: anything turning easily and often. pour forth :— and pa.p. wept. [A.S.
Weathergage, weM'er-gaj, «. a gage of or that wepan; allied to Goth, vopjau, E Whoop. |
which shows the weather: the position of a ship Weeper, wip'cr, «. one who weeps : a white border
to the windward of another. round the sleeve of a mourning dress.
Weatherslde, we/A'cr-sId, n. the windward side. Weeping, wep'ing, adj. drooping the branches (as
Weave, wev, v.t. to twine threads together : to it were through grief).
unite threads in a loom to form cloth ; to work Weevil, wev'il, n. a small kind of beetle very de
into a fabric : to unite by intermixture.—v.i. to structive to grain. [A.S. wifel; Ger. wiebel,
practise weaving wOve, (rarely) weaved ; Lith. wabaias; from the root of Weave.]
pa.p. woVen.—«. WeaVer. [A.S. we/an; Ice. Weft, weft, n. the threads woven into and cross
ve/a, Ger. webeu,] ing the warp. [A.S. we/t% for wejedt a weak
Weaving, wcVing, «. act or art of forming cloth. pa.p. of ve/dn, E. Weave.]
Web, web, «. that which is woven ; the fine tex Weigh, wa, v.t. to compare by the balance : to find
ture spun by the spider as a snare for flics : a the heaviness of: to be equal to in heaviness :
film over the eye : the skin between the toes of to bear up, to raise, esp. a ship's anchor : to
waterfowls. [A.S. webb ; Ice. vefrt Ger. ge- ponder in the mind : to consider worthy of notice.
webe ; from root of Weave.] —v.i. to have weight : to be considered of im
Webbed, webd, adj. having the toes united by a portance: to press heavily. [A.S. wegan, to
web or skin. carry, to weigh ; Ger. wiegen, to weigh ; L.
Webbing, weblng, *. a narrow woven fabric of veho, to carry. Cf. Way, Wain.]
hemp, used for chairs, &c Weight, w.'it, h. the heaviness of a thing when
Web-footed, web'-foot'ed, adj. having webbed weighed, or the amount which anything weighs :
feet. the force with which a body is attracted to the
Wed, wed, v.t. to marry ; to join in marriage : to earth, measured by the mass into the accelera
unite closely.—v.i. to marry -—pr.p. wedd'ing ; tion : a mass of metal adjusted to a standard and
Pad. and Pa.p. wedd'ed or wed. [A.S. weddau, used for finding weight: anything heavy: a
to engage, to marry (Gcr. wetten, to wager)— ponderous mass : pressure : importance : power :
wedd, a pledge, cog. with Goth. 7>adi, Ger. impressiveness. [A.S. ge-wikt ; Ger. ge-wicht;
wette. a bet. Sec Gage, and Wage, Wager.] from root of Weigh. J
Wedded, wed'ed, adj. married : belonging to mar Weighty, wat't, adj. heavy: important : forcible.
riage. _ [mony. —adv. Weightily. - «. Weight iness.
Wedding, wed'ing, n. marriage : marriage cere- WelT, Wear, wer, «. a dam across a river : a
Wedge, wej, «. a piece of wood or metal, thick at fence of stakes for catching fish. [A.S. wer, an
one end and sloping to a thin edge at the other, inclosurc—werian, to protect ; cf. Ger. wehr, a
used in splitting: a mass of metal. —v.t. to dam—wehren, to ward.]
cleave with a wedge: to force or drive with a Weird, wcrd, «. a spell or charm.—adj. skilled in
wedge : to press closely : to fasten with a wedge. witchcraft: unearthly. [A.S. wyrdt fate—root
[A. S. wecg; Ice. veggr Ger. week, a wedge; of weorthan, Ger. werden, to happen. See
prob. from the root oi Way, Weigh.] Worth.]
Wedgwood-ware, wej'wood-war, n. a kind of Welcome, welTcum, adj. received with gladness :
semi-vitrifled pottery much este*u,.<d. [In admitted willingly: causing gladness: free to
vented by Josiab Wedgwood (1730-9%)-] enjoy.—n. kindly reception.—v.t. to receive
Wedlock, wcd'lok, n. marriage* matrimony. with kindness : to entertain hospitably. [From
[Lit. 'state of being wedded,' A.S. wedlac— Come and Will influenced also by Well.]
Wed, and -lac, 'a gift,' 'sport'. Sec Lark, a Weld, weld, n. a plant used to colour yellow.
game, and Knowledge.] [Scot, wald, Ger. wan.]
Wednesday, wenz'dii, n. fourth day of the week. Weld, weld, v.t. to join together as iron or steel
[A.S. Wdtienes dag, 1 the day of Wdden or Odin,' by hammering, when softened by heat. [Conn,
the chief Teutonic deity.] with A.S. weallen, to boil ; Ger. wallen^\
Wee, wG, adj. small. [Cf. Prov. E. weeny, small. Welfare, wcl'far, w. state offaring or doing well:
C58 fate, far ; mi, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mGon : then.
 Welkin Wheedle
freedom from any calamity, &c- : enjoyment of Wesleyanism, wes'le-an-izm, n. the system of
health, &c. : prosperity. doctrine and church polity of the Wesleyan
Welkin, wclTun, «. the sky or region of clouds. Methodists : Arminian Methodism. [Named
[A.S. "woken, welcn, cloud, air, sky ; Ger. wolke, from John Wesley .]
cloud ; conn, with Well, a spring, the root idea West, west, «. the quarter where the sun sets : one
being the 'rolling* (of clouds) in ihc air.] of the four chief points of the compass: the
Well, wel, «. a rise of water from the earth : a countries to the west of Europe.—adj. situated
spring ; a pit in the earth whence a supply of towards the west. _ [A.S. : Ger. west.]
water is obtained : an inclosure in a ship's hold Westerly, west'er-li, adj. lying towards the west:
round the pumps : the open space in the middle from the west.—adv. towards the west
of a staircase.—v.i. to issue forth, as water from Western, west'ern, adj. situated in the west ;
the earth: to spring.—Well-spring [B.), *. a moving towards the west.
fountain. [A.S. tw«; Ger. wetle, a wave. The Westward, west'ward, adj. and adv., towards the
root is found in AS, wealwian, Goth, valvjan, west.—Wesfwardly, adv. towards the west
L. volvere, to roll.] Wet, wet, adj. containing water : having water
Well, wel, adj. good in condition : fortunate : in on the surface : rainy.—«. water or wetness :
health.—adv. in a proper manner : rightly : moisture.—v.t. to make wet: to soak with
thoroughly : favourably : conveniently.—Well- water: to ,sprinkle :—pr.p. wett'ing : pa.t. and
faVoured [B\ good-looking, so as to draw pa.p. wet, (rarely) wctt'ed.—Wet-dock, *. a
favour.—Well-off, Well-tO-QO, easy in circum dock or basin for floating vessels at all states of
stances, rich.—Well-read, widely acquainted the tide,—Wet-nurse, ». a nurse who suckles a
with books. [A.S. wel% cog. with Goth, vaiia, child for its mother. [A.S- wa»t; Ice, vatr;
Ger. wohl.] from root of Water.]
Welladay, wel'a-da, Wellaway, wel'a-wa, int. Wether, weM'er, n. a castrated ram. [A.S.
alas. [Corr. from M. E. weylaway—A.S. wa wedher ; Ger. widder.]
la wa, ' woe, lo ! woe.'] Wetness, wcrnes, «. state of being wet: mois
Well-being, wel'-be'ing, n. state of being well. ture : a watery or moist state of the atmosphere.
Well-born, wel'-bawrn, adj., born of a good or Wettlsh, wct'ish, adj. somewhat wet.
respectable family: not of mean birth. Wey, wa, «. a measure or weight different with
Well-bred, wel'-bred, adj., bred or trained well: different articles = 183 lbs. wool, 40 bushels salt
educated to polished manners. or com, 48 bushels oats, &c. [From Weigh.]
Welllngtonia, wel-ing-tQn'i-a, ». the largest of Whack, hwak. Same as Thwack.
existing trees, a native of California. [Named Whale, hwal, n. the common name of an order of
after the Duke of Wellington.] mammalia: the largest of sea-animals. [A.S.
Well-nigh, wel'-nl, adv. nearly as well: almost hwal (Ice. hvalr, Ger. walljisch) ; perh. from
Welsh, welsh, adj. pertaining to Wales or its in root of A.S. hwelan, to rush, to roar.]
habitants.—n.fi. the inhabitants of Wales:— Whalebone, hwal'btm, n. an elastic substance like
sing, their language. {A.S. 7i>iilsc (Ger. welsch) bow, from the upper jaw of the whale.
—ivealh, a Welshman ; hence a foreigner ; acc. Whaler, hwaTcr, n. a ship or a person employed
to Weigand, from L. Galliots — Gallus, a in the whale-fishing.
Gaul.] Whaling, hwul'ing, adj. connected with whale-
Welsh-rabbit, welsh-raVit, n. cheese melted on catching.— «. the business of catching whales.
toasted bread. [Corr. of Welsh rare bit,} Wharf, hworf, «. a bank of timber or stone on the
Welt, welt, m. a kind of hem or edging round a shore of a harbour or river for lading and unlad
shoe.—v.t. to furnish with a welt. [W. gwald, ing vessels:—//. Wharfs, Wharves.—v.t. to
a hem—gival, a wall, gwaliaw, to inclose.] secure by a wharf. [A.S. hwearf—hweorfan,
Welter, wel'ter, v.i. to roll or wallow about, esp. to turn; conn, with Ger. werben (lit.) to turn,
in dirt. [M. E. waiter, to roll, Sw. vallra; and so to seek after, acquire. J [wharf.
conn, with Waltz and Wallow.] Wharfage, 'hworf'iij, it. the dues paid for using a
Wen, wen, ». a wart : a fleshy, pulpy tumour. Wharfinger, hworf'in-j6r, n. one who has the care
[A.S. wenn, a swelling, a wart ; Dut. wen.} of or owns a wharf.
Wench, wensh, n. a low, coarse woman : a strum What, hwot, interrog. pron. neuter of Who: how
pet. —v.i. to frequent the company of wenches great : something.—rel. pron.— that which.—
or strumpets. [A.S. wencle, a maid, prob. a What time {B.) = at what time, when. [A.S.
Celt, word; conn, with W. gweini, to serve.] hwtet) neuter of hwa, who; Ger. was; allied to
Wend, wend, v.t. to go: to wind or turn. [A.S. L. quid. See Who.]
tvendan (Ger. wenden), to turn ; the causative of Whatever, hwot-cv'cr, pron., everything which;
Wind, to turn round.] [used as Pad. of Go. being this or that : all that : one thing or another.
Went, went, properly pa.t. of Wend, but now Whatnot, hwor/not, «. a piece of furniture with
Wept, wept, pa.t. and pa.p. of Weep. shelves for books, &c- so called because used to
Were, wcr, v.i. the pi. of Was, used as pa.t. of hold anything. [ever.
Be. [A.S. ware; Ger. war. Ice. vera, to be. Whatsoever, hwot-so-cv'er,/rt?«. Same as What-
See Was.] Wheal, hwel, «. a Wale, which see.
Wergild, wergild, n. (among the Old English and Wheat, hwet( u. a well-known grassy plant, also
Germans) a fine paid in compensation for a its seed, which furnishes a white Hour for bread.
murder or severe injury. [A.S., from wer, man [A.S. hzueete; Ger. weizen; allied to White,
(see Werwolf), and gild, payment— to and named from its colour.]
pay (E. Yield).] Wheaten, hwet'en, adj. made of wheat.
Werwolf, werVsolf, n. a person supposed to be Wheat-fly, hwcV-flT, «. the name of several jlies
able to change himself into a wolfat pleasure. or insects injurious to wheat.
[Lit. 'man-wolf,' A.S.iw, man [Goth, vair, L. Wheedle, hwed'l, v.t. to entice by soft words : to
vir), and Wolf.] flatter.—ns. Wheedler, Wheedling. [A.S.
Wesleyan, wesle-an, adj. pertaining to Wesley- wadlian, to beg—wiidl, poverty ; Ger, wedeln,
anism.—n. one who adopts Wcsleyanism. to wag the tall, as a dog.J
fate, far ; mc her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Wheel
Wheel, hwfil, ». a circular frame turning on an
axle : an old instrument of torture.—v. t. to cause
to whirl: to convey on wheels.—v. i. to turn
round or on an axis: to roll forward. [A.S.
Wheeler, Ice.
hweol; hjol.]«. one who wheels■: the horse
hwil'cr,
nearest the wheels of a carriage.
Wheelwright, hweTrlt, n. a wright who makes
wheels and wheel-carriages.
Wheeze, hwez, v.i. to breathe with a hissing
sound: to breathe audibly or with difficulty.—
w. Wheezing. [A.S. hweosan; Ice. hvasa, to
wheeze, to hiss ; from the sound.]
Whelk, hwelk, n. a mollusc having a spiral shell.
[A.S. weoloc, a whelk; perh. from the root of
Walk and Welkin, and sig. orig. the ' wreathed
creature.']
Whelm, hwelm, v.t. tor«wcompleteIy : to plunge
deep : to overburden. [A.S. /or-wehnan, to
overwhelm ; Ice. hvelfa, to overturn ; allied to
Scot, whummle, to turn upside down.]
Whelp, hwelp, «. the young of the dog kind and
of lions, &c. : a puppy : a cub : a young man (in
contempt).—v.i. to bring forth young. [A.S.
hwelp ; Ice. hvelpr, Ger. welf.\
When, hwen, adv. at what time? at which time :
at or after the time that : while.—Whenas (-'ax)
\B.) when. [A.S. hwanne, accus. sing, from
the stem of Who ; Ger. wann, wenn. Cf. Then. ]
Whence, hwens, adv. from what place : from
which things: wherefore. [M.E. whenne-s—
A.S. hwanon (Ger. wannen); from the stem of
Who. Cf. Thence.]
Whencesoever, hwens-so-ev'cr, ativ. from what
place, cause, or source soever.
Whenever, hwen-ev'er, adv. at every time when.
Whensoever, hwen-so-ev'er, adv. at what time
soever: whenever.
Where, hwar, adv. at which place, at what place ?
to what place, to which place.—Whereabout',
about where : near what?—Whereas', as or on
account of which : since: when in fact : near.—
Whereat', at which; at what ?—Whereby', by
which.—WhereTore, for which reason : for what
reason ? why ?—Wherein', in which : in what ?
—Whereof (-of), of which : of what ?—Where
on', on which: on what ?—Wheresoever, in
what place soever. —Whereto', to which : to
what ?—Whereunto' (£.) whereto: for what
purpose ?—Whereupon', upon or in consequence
of which. —Wherev'er. at whatever place.—
Wherewith', with which : with what?—where
withal', same as Wherewith. [A.S. hwa-r or
h?vte-r; from stem of Who. Cf. There.]
Wherry, hwer'i, w. a shallow, light boat, sharp at
both ends for speed. [Prob. a corr. of Ferry,
influenced by Whir.]
Whet, hwet, v.t. to sharpen by rubbing : to make
keen : to excite :—pr.p. whett ing ; pa. t. andpa.p.
whett/ed.—n. act of sharpening : something that
sharpens the appetite.—n. Whett'er. [A.S.
Irwettan, from A.S. hwa>t, sharp ; Ger. wetzen,]
Whether, hwe/A'er, interrog. pron. sig. which of
two.—conj. which of two alternatives. [A.S.
hwa>-ther, from the stem of Who, with the old
compar. suffix •ther; cog. with Goth, hva-thar,
Ovr.we-der; also with L. u-teru-st Gr. ko-tero-s%
Sans, ka-tara. Cf. Other and Alter.]
Whetstone, hwet'stOn, n. a stone used for whet
ting or sharpening edged instruments. [A.S.
hwart-stan.]
Whey, hw3, 7i. the watery part of milk, separated
from the curd, esp. in making cheese.—adjs.
Whey'ey, Whey'ish, of whey: like whey.
560 fate, far ; mC, her ; mine ;
Whip
[A.S. hwag; Scot, whig, Low Ger. ivey ; prob.
conn, with root of Water.]
Whloh, hwich, a relative pron. used of all but
persons : that or those which.—an interroga*
tive pron.: (B.) =: who.—The which {B.)
which. [M. E. kwuch, whilk—A.S. hwyle, from
hwl (E. Why), and lie, like ; Goth. hva-Uiks,
Ger. welch, welcher; also conn, with L> qualis.
Cf. Such and Each.]
Whichever, hwich-ev'cr, Whichsoever, hwich-
so-ev'er, pron. every one which : whether one or
other.
Whiff, hwif, n. a sudden puff of air from the
mouth: a slight blast.—v.t. to throw out in
whiffs: to puff. [W. chwiffi; imitative.]
Whiffle, hwifl, v.i. to turn as if by whiffs or gusts
of wind: to be fickle: to prevaricate.—n.
Whlffler. [Freq. of Whiff.]
Whig, hwig, n. the name (now almost superseded
by ' Liberal ') of one of the great English
political parties.—adj. Whig'gish — adz*.
whig'gishly. —us. Whlg/glsm, Whig/gory,
Whig principles. [Orig. a nickname of the
peasantry in the south-west of Scotland ; perh.
from Scot, whig, sour milk (see Whey), their
drink ; perh. from a word whiggam, which
western drovers used in driving. The name was
afterwards applied to the Covenanters, who be
longed mostly to the south-west of Scotland ;
finally given (in 1679) 10 tne popular party which
strove to exclude the Duke of York from the
succession, because he was a R. Catholic]
While, hwll, n. a space of time. —adv. during the
time that : at the same time that, as long as. —
v.t. to cause to pass without irksomeness (with
away).—Whiles, genitive form of while: [B.)
while. [A.S. hwil; Goth, hveila, Ger. weile.]
Whilom, hwll'om, adv. formerly, once, of old
(obs.). [A.S. hwilum, kwilon [lit.) 'at times/
dative pi. of hwil, a time. See While.]
Whilst, hwilst, adv. same as While. [Whiles,
genitive form of While, with excrescent -/. Cf.
Midst. J
Whim, hwim, n. a caprice: a fancy. [Perhaps
originally Scand., and conn, with Ice. kvima, to
have the eyes wandering.]
Whimper, hwim'per, v.i. to cry with a low, tvkin-
ing voice. [Scot, whimmer, Ger. wimmem;
perhaps from the root of Whine.}
Whlmsey, hwim'zi, n. a whim : a freak. [Exten
sion of Whim]
Whimsical, hwim'zik-al, adj. full of whims: hav
ing odd fancies: fantastical. —adv. Whimsic
ally.—rts. Whim slcalness. Whimsical ity.
Whin, hwin, n. gorse, furze. [W. chwyn,
weeds.]
Whine, hwTn, v.i. to utter a plaintive, shrill cry :
to complain in an unmanly way.—«. a plaintive
cry : an affected nasal tone of complaint.—*.
Whln'er.—adv. Whin'ingly. [A.S. hwinan;
cf. Ger. weinen, to weep.]
Whinny, hwin'i, adj. abounding in whins.
Whinny, hwin'i, v.i. to neigh or cry like a horse :
—pa.t. and Pa.p. whinn ied. [Imitative ; cf. L-
hinnio.\
Whinstone, hwin'stSn, n. general name for any
hard, dark, unstratified rock. [Ety, of Whin
dub.]
Whip, hwip, n. that which whips : a lash with a
handle for punishing or driving : a driver : one
who enforces the discipline of a political party,—
v.t. to strike with a lash: to drive or punish with
lashes : to lash with sarcasm : to sew lightly : to
snatch (with up or away).—v.i. to move nimbly:
mote ; mute ; moon ; then.
 Whipcord
a quick turn. J
Whipcord, hwipTeord, *., cord for making whips.
Whiphand, hwip'hand, n. [lit.) the hand that
holds the whip : advantage over.
Wnipper, hwip'er, n. one who whips: an officer
who inflicts the penalty of whipping.
Whipper-in, hwip'er-in, n. one who keeps the
hounds from wandering, and whips them in to
the line of chase ; one who enforces the discipline
of a party. [ment with the whip or lash.
Whipping, hwip'ing, «. act of whipping: punish*
Whipping post, hwip'ing-pOst, «. a post to which
offenders are tied to be whipped.
Whir, hwer, k. a sound from rapid whirling.—v.i.
to whirl round with a noise '-—pr.p. whirring ;
Pa.t. and pa.p. whirred. [Imitative; cf. Ger.
schwirren.]
Whirl, hwerl, n. a turning with rapidity : any
thing that turns with velocity.—v.i. to revolve
rapidlv.—v.t. to turn round rapidly* [Ice.
hvirfill, Ger. wirbel; from the root of A.S.
fvweorfan, to turn. Cf. Wharf. )
Whirligig, hwerl'i-gig, n. a child's toy which is
spun or whirled rapidly round.
Whirlpool, hwerl'poTJl, n. a pool or place where
the water whirls round rapidly : an eddy.
Whirlwind, hwerl'wind, n. a violent aerial current,
with a whirling, rotatory, or spiral motion.
Whisk, hwisk, v.i. to move with a quick motion :
to sweep or stir rapidly. —v.i. to move nimbly
and rapidly*—*. a rapid sweeping motion : a
small bunch of anything used for a brush : a
small instrument for beating or whisking, esp.
eggs. [Scand. visha, Ger. wiscken; from the
root of Wash.]
Whisker, hwisk'er, «. he who or that which
whisks: the hair on the sides of a man's face
(esp. in//.): the bristle on the face of a cat, &c
—adj. whisk'ered.
Whisky, Whiskey, hwiskl, n. a spirit distilled
from grain and other materials. [Celt, uisge,
water ; which also appears in Esk, a river name.]
Whisper, hwis'per, v.i. to speak with a low
sound : to speak very softly : to plot secretly.—
v.t. to utter in a low voice or under the breath.
—n. a low, hissing voice or sound : cautious or
timorous speaking. [A.S. hwisprian ; Ger.
wispern. Ice. hviskra : allied to Whistle ; prob.
orig. from an interj. like pst, hst.)
Whisperer, hwis'per-er, ». one who whispers :
t&) a secret informer.
Whist, hwist, n. a well-known game at cards.
[Orig. whisk; ety. dub. Usually, but without
good reason, said to be so called from the silence
it requires.]
Whistle, hwis'!, v. i. to make a shrill sound by forc
ing the breath through the lips contracted : to
make a like sound with an instrument : to sound
shrill.—v.t. to form or utter by whistling : to call
by a whistle.—n. the sound made in whistling:
a small wind instrument. [A.S. kwistlan; Sw.
hwissla; cf. Whisper ]
Whit, hwit, n. the smallest particle imaginable : a
bit. [By-form of Wight, a creature.]
White, hwTt, adj. of the colour of snow : pale :
colourless : pure : unblemished : (B.) purified
from sin.—n. the colour ofsnow : anything white,
as a white man, the mark at which an arrow is
shot, the albuminous part of an egg.—v.t. to
make white.—*. Whlte'neas. [A.S. hwit; Ice.
hvit-r, Ger. weiss; also conn, with Sans, cvit,
to be white, to shine. See Wheat.]
2I fate, far ; me", her; mine ;
Whom
Whitebait, hwTr'bSt, n. a very small, delicious
white fish of the herring kind, [-halt = * food. ']
Whitefriar, hwlt'frl-ar. n. one of the Carmelite
order oKfriars, so called from their white dress.
White-heat, hwlt'-het, n. the degree of heat at
which bodies become white.
Whltelead, hwlt'lcd, n. a carbonate of lead used
in painting white.
White-livered, hwTtMiv'erd, adj. having a pale
look, so called because thought to be caused by
a white liver: cowardly: malicious.
Whiten, hwit'ep, v.t. to make ivhite: to bleach.
—v. i. to become hwit'-swelling,
White-swelling, or turn white.—n.
n. aWhit'ener.
disease of
the joints, esp. the knee.
Whitewash, hwTt'wosh, n. a wash, or mixture of
whiting or lime and water, used to whiten ceil
ings, &c.—v.t. to cover with whitewash : to give
a fair appearance to.
White-wine, hwTt'-wTn, n. any wine of a clear,
transparent colour, bordering on white.
Whither, hwiM'er, adv. to what place r to which
place ; to what. IA.S. hwa-der, hwitier, from
the stem
Ice.oftha-thra,
Who, withSans,
the ta-tra.
locative suffix ~dcr or
■ther, Cf. Thither,
There.] [ever place.
Whithersoever, hwiM-er-so-ev'er, adv. to what-
Whltlng, hwlt'ing, n. a small sea-fish allied to the
cod, so called from its white colour : ground
chalk free from stony matter.
Whitish, hwlt'ish, adj. somewhat white.—n.
Whitlshness.
Whitlow, hwit'lo, n. a painful inflammation, tend
ing to suppurate, in the fingers, mostly under
the nails. ( Prob. compounded of White, and
M. £. low, flame.]
Whitsun, hwir/sun, adj. pertaining to or observed
at Whitsuntide.
Whitsunday, hwit'sun-da, Whitsuntide, hwit'-
sun-tld, n. the seventh Sunday after Easter,
commemorating the day of Pentecost, when the
converts in the primitive church wore white
robes.
Whittle, hwit/1, v.t. to pare or cut with a knife :
to cut to an edge.—n. a small pocket-knife.
[M. E. th-witel (which, being confused with
Whet, dropped the th-)—A.S. thwitan, to cut.]
Whiz, hwiz, v.i. to make a hissing sound, like an
arrow or ball flying through the air :—Pr.p.
whizz'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. whiz2ed-—n. a hiss
ing sound.— a*iv. Whizz ingly. [Imitative ; cf.
Wheeze, Whist, and Hiss.J
Who, hOD, pron. both reI. and interrog., always
for persons : what person ? which person. [A.S.
hwa; cog. with Goth, hva-s, Ice. hver, Ger.
wer ; also with Sans, has, Gr. pos, L. cm**.]
Whoever, hOO-ev'er, pron. every one who : what
ever person.
Whole, hoi, adj. sound, as in health (so in B.)*.
unimpaired : containing the total amount, num
ber, Ac. : all: not defective: complete.—n. the
entire thing : a system or combination of parts.
Whole'ness.—oz/f. Wholly. [M.E. kool—
A.S. hal, healthy; Ice. heill, Ger. heil ; also cog.
with Gr. kalos, beautiful. By-form Hale, adj.]
Wholesale, hol'sal, sale of goods by the whole
piece or large quantity.—adj. buying and selling
in large quantities.
Wholesome, hdTsum, adj. healthy: sound :
salutary.—adv. Whole'somely.— «. Whole'-
someness-
Whom, ho"Om, pron. objective case of Who.
[A.S. hwam, which was orig. dative of wha,
Who, and replaced the older accus. hwone.]
mOte ; mOte ; mOon ; then. G61
 Whomsoever
Whomsoever, ho*um-so-ev'er,/nw. objective case
of Whosoever.
Whoop, hwGOp or hOOp, n. a loud eager cry.—v.i.
to give a clear, sharp cry: to shout in scorn,
eagerness, &c.'—v.t. to insult with shouts.
[A S. wAfi—wcpan (pax wedp), E- Weep, Goth.
vopjan, to cry out. ]
Whooping- or Hooping-cough, hoop'ing-kof, ». a
convulsive cough of children, like a whoop.
Whore, hOr, n. a woman who practises unlawful
sexual intercourse : a prostitute : a harlot.—
Whoredom, hor'dum, n. unlawful sexual inter
course. —Whoremonger, hortnung-ger, «. a
lecher : a pander. See Monger, —adj. Whor'lsh.
—adv. Whorlshly.—». Whortshness. [A.S.
hore ; Gcr. kure.\
Whorl, hworl, «. a number of leaves in a whirl or
circle round the stem. [By-form of Whirl.]
Whortleberry, hwor'tl-ber-i, n. a widely-spread
heath plant with a blue edible berry, called also
the BUberry. [Changed (probably through
influence of Wort, a plant) from hnrtU-berry—
A.S. heorot-berige [lit.) 'hart-berry.']
Whose, hOo^pron. the possessive case of Who or
Which.—Whosesoever [B.) of whomsoever.
[M. E. hivas—A. S. hvues.)
Whoso, hoTJ'so, Whosoever, hoo-so-ev'er, indeji-
nite relativepron. every one who : whoever.
Why, hwT, adv. for what cause or reason? on
which account : wherefore. [A.S. hwt, hunj,
instrumental case of hwa, £. Who. Cf. HOW.]
Wick, wile, n. the threads of cotton or other sub
stance
weoca• ;inGer.
a candle
wiehe, ora roll
lampofwhich
lint.] burn. [A.S.
Wicked, wik'ed, adj. evil in principle or practice :
deviating from morality : sinful : ungodly :
naughty. —n. (B. ) a wicked person. —adv.
Wick'edly.—«. Wick'edness. [Perh. from
A.S. wican, to become weak, decay ; see Weak.
But Grimm connects it with A.S. wicca, E.
Witch, so that the primary meaning would be
'bewitched,' 'accursed,' hence 'perverse.']
Wicker, wik'er, n. a small pliant twig or osier.—
adj. made of twigs or osiers. [Ety. dub.]
Wicket, wik'et, «. a small gate : one of three up
right rods bowled at in cricket. [O. Fr. wiket
(Fr. guichet), a dim. of O. Scand. vih, an inlet.]
Wide, wld, adj. extended far : having a consider
able distance between : broad : distant.—adv.
Widely.—«. Wlde'ness. [A.S. wid; Ice.
widhr, Gcr. weit.) [wider.
Widen, wld'n, v. t. or v.i. to make or grow wide or
Widgeon, wid'jun, «. a waterfowl allied to the
duck, but smaller. [Fr. vingeon, gingeon.]
Widow, wid'O, n. a woman without or bereft of
her husband- by death.—v.t. to bereave ofa hus
band : to strip of anything valued* [A.S.
wuiwue; Ger. wittwe; borrowed from L. vidua,
bereft of a husband, Sans, vidhava—vi (= L.
ve-), without, and dhava, a husband.]
Widower, wid'fl-er, «. a man whose wife is dead.
Widowhood, wid'G-hood, «. state of being a
widow, or (rarely) of being a widower.
Width, width, «. wideness.
Wield, weld, v.t. to use with full command : to
manage: to use.—«. Wield'er. [A.S. ge-
weldan—wealdan; Goth, valdan, Ger. wal/en.]
Wieldy, wSld'i, adj. capable of being wielded :
manageable.
Wife, wTf, «. a woman : a married woman.—adj.
Wifely. [A.S. wif; Ice. vi/, Ger. weib.]
Wifeless, wlf'les, adj. without a wife.
Wig, wig, «. an artificial covering of hair for the
head. [Short for Periwig.]
&te, far ; m£ her ; mine, ;
Wind
Wigged, wigd, adj. wearing a wig.
Wight, wit, n. a creature or a person—used
chiefly in sport or irony. [A.S. wiht, a creature ;
Ger. wtcht. Grimm refers it to a root seen in
O. Ger- wihan (Ger. iveihen\ to consecrate,
orig. to do, to make. See Whit.]
Wight, wit, ft. a hero. [A.S. wig, war.]
Wigwam, wig'warn, n. an Indian hut, [E. corr.
of North American word sig. * in his house.']
Wild, wild, adj. being in a state of nature : not
tamed or cultivated : uncivilised : desert : un
sheltered : violent : licentious.—ft. an unculti
vated region : a forest or desert.—adv. Wildly.
—». Wlld'ness. [A.S. wilde; Ger. wild; conn,
with Ger. waid, forest, E. Weald. ] [wilder. ]
Wilder, wilder, v.t. to bewilder. [Short for Be-
Wilderness, wil'dcr-ncs, «. a wild or waste place :
an uncultivated region. [A.S. wildeortuss.]
Wildfire, wlld'flr, ft. a composition of inflam
mable materials : a kind of lightning flitting at
intervals.
Wilding, wTld'ing, «. that which grows wild or
without cultivation : a wild crab-apple.
Wile, wll, n. a trick: a sly artifice. [A.S. vfil;
Ice. vel, va>l, a trick. Doublet Guile.]
Wilful, wil'fool, adj. governed only by one's wriil:
done or suffered by design: obstinate. —adz:
Wll'fully.—n. WU'fulness.
Will, wil, ft. power of choosing or determining :
choice or determination : pleasure : command :
arbitrary disposal : feeling towards, as in good
or ill will : disposition of one's effects at death :
the written document containing such. — v.i. to
exercise the will : to decree : (B.) to be willing.
—v.t. to determine : to be resolved to do : to
command : to dispose of by will. [A.S. tuillal
Goth, vilja, Ger. wilU; L. volff, to will, Gr.
boule, will, purpose.]
Willing, wil'ing, adj. having the will inclined to
a thing : desirous : disposed : chosen.—adv.
Willingly.—fi. Willingness.
Willow, wiTO, «. a tree of several species, with
slender, pliant branches. [A.S. wilig; Low Ger.
wilge, 7tu'chel.]
Will-worship, wil'-wur'ship, «. (B.) warship of
what one wills or wishes : superstitious observ
ance.
Wilt, wilt, 2d pers. sing, ofWill
Wily, wTll, adj. full of wiles or tricks : using
craft or stratagem : artful : sly.—adv. Wil'ily.—
Willness, n. cunning
Wimble, wimlil, v.t. to whirl, to turn : to bore
with a wimble.—tt. an instrument for boring
holes, turned by a handle. [A corr. {with freq.
suffix) of Wind, to turn. See Gimlet.]
Wimple, wim'pl, n. a hood or veil folded round
the neck and face still a part of a nun's dress) :
a flag. [O. Fr. guimple—O. Ger. wimPal, a
light robe (Ger. wimfiel, a streamer). See Gimp ]
WiB, win, v.t. to get by labour: to gain in con
test : to allure to kindness, to gain : to obtain
the favour of.—v.i. to gain the victory: to gain
favour:—Pr.p. winn'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. won
(wun). [A.S. winnatt, to suffer, to struggle; Ice.
virtKa, to accomplish, tier, ge-winnen, to win.]
Wince, wins, v.i* to shrink or start back : to be
affected acutely, as by a sarcasm : to be restive,
as a horse uneasy at its rider. [Perh. through
O. Fr. from Ger. wanktn, to shake.]
Win cey. Same as Linsey-woolsey.
Winch, winsh, «. the crank of a wheel or axle.—
v.i. to wince. [A.S. wince,]
Wind, wind. n. air in motion : breath : flatulence:
anything insignificant.—v.t. (wind) to sound by
mote ; mute : niOun ; then.
 Wind
bloving : (wind) to expose to the wind : to drive
hard, so as to put out of breath : to allow to
recover wind :—pr.f. wind ing and wind'ing ;
pa.fi. wound and wind'ed. [A.S. ; Ice. viruir,
Ger. windy L. renins ; from root of Gr. ad, to
blow, Sans. va.]
Wind, wind, v.i. to iurn round, to twist : to coil:
to encircle : to change.—v.i. to turn completely
or often : to turn round something : to twist : to
move spirally : to meander \—pr.p. wind'ing :
pa.t. and wound.—To Wind. UP, to bring
into sin ill compass : to bring to a final settle
ment, as the affairs of a company. [A.S.
windan ; Ger. winden, Ice. vimiat Goth.
vimlan. Cf. Wend.]
Windage, wind'aj, «. the difference between the
size of the bore of a gun and that of the ball or
shell. [From Wind, the space being filled with
air. | [dcrcd from sailing by the wind.
Wlndbound, wind'bownd, atfj., bound or hin-
Wlndfall, wind'fawl, n. fruit blown off a tree by
the wind: any unexpected money or other
advantage.
Windgauge.wind'gfij.w. an instrument (orgauging
or measuring the velocity of the wind.
Winding, wind'ing, «. a turning: a bend.—adj.
twisting, or bending.—adv. Wlnd'ingly.
Windlass, wind'las, «. a machine for raising heavy
weights, consisting ofa revolving cylinder. [Dut.
windas—winden, E. Wind, and as, an axle-
tree ; so Ice. wind-ass, a wiW-ing beam.]
Windmill, wind'mil, w. a mill driven by the wind.
Window, wind's. n. an opening in the wall of a
building for air and light : the frame in the
opening. [Lit. 'wind-eye,' M. E. windoge—Ice.
vindauga—viudr, wind, and auga, eyej
Windpipe, wind'plp, n. the pipe or passage for the
wind or breath, to and from the lungs.
Windward, wind'ward, adv. , toward where the
wind blows from. —adj. toward the wind.—«.
the point from which the wind blows.
Windy, wind'i, adj. consisting of wind : next the
wind : tempestuous : empty.—n. Wind moss.
Wine, win, «. the fermented juice of the grape : a
liquor made from other fruits : {jig.) intoxication.
[A.S. win; Goth, vein, Ger. wein ; all from
L. vinum, which is cog. with Gr. oinos, Heb.
Wvayin, Ar. wain,] [o£wine: a drunkard,
lne-bibber, win'-bib'er, n. a bibber or drinker
Wing, wing. «. the organ of a bird, or other ani
mal or insect, by which it flies : flight : any side-
piece : side of an army, ship, building, &c. :
\j*£-) protection.—v.t. to furnish or transport
with wings : to supply with side-pieces : to wound
in the wing.—On the Wing, on flight : depart
ing- [Sw. ivinge, Ice. vangr; cf. E. Swing.]
Winged, wined, adj. furnished with wings :
swift : wounded in the wing.
Wink, wingk, v.i. to move the eyelids quickly : to
give a hint by winking : to seem not to see, con
nive at (so in />.) : to be dim, to flicker.—n. act
of winking: a hint given by winking. [A.S.
wincian ; Ger. winken.]
Winner, win'er, n. one who wins in a contest
Winning, win'ing, adj. gaining or adapted to gain
favour: attracting.—«. what is gained in con
test, labour, &c—adv. Winn'lngly.
Winnow, win'O, v.t. to separate the chaff from the
grain by wind; to fan : to examine. — v.i. to
separate chaff from grain.—«. Wlnn'ower.
[A.S. windvnan, to expose to the wind—Wind. J
Winsome, win'sum, adj. cheerful : pleasant :
attractive. [A.S. wyn-sum, pleasant—wyn,
joy, Ger. wonne.]
fate, far ; m€, her ; mine ;
Witenagemote
Winter, win'ter, n. the cold season of the year :
the after-autumn.—v.i. to pass the winter.—■
v.t. to feed during winter. [A.S. ; Ger. winter;
of uncertain origin; not connected with Wind.)
Winter-quarters, wuvier-kwawr'terz, n.fil. the
quarters of an army during winter: a winter
residence.
Wlntery, win'ter-i. Wintry, wm'tri, adj. resem
bling or suitable to winter: stormy.
Wipe, wlp, v.t. to clean by rubbing : to rub off :
clear away.—n. act of cleaning by nibbing : a
sarcasm.—«. Wlp'er. [A.S. wtpian ; see Wisp.]
Wire, wlr, «. a thread of metal.—v.t. to bind or
supply with wire: to telegraph. [A.S. wir;
Ice. virr ; perh. conn, with L. viriar, bracelets.]
Wiredraw, wTr'draw, v.t. to draw into wire: to
draw or spin out to a great length : to strain or
stretch the meaning of anything.
Wire-puller, wlr'-pool-er, «. one who exercises an
influence felt but not seen, as if the actors were
his puppets and he pulled the wires that move
them : an intriguer. [strong.
Wiry, wir'i, adj. made of or like wire : flexible and
Wis, wis, v. (in the form I wis), used as = know.
[I wis is from A.S. ge-wist certainly (Ger. ge-
wiss), from root of Wit.]
Wisdom, wizMum, «. quality of being wise: judg
ment : right use of knowledge : IB.) piety. [A.S ]
Wise, wTz, adj. having wit or knowledge : able to
make use of knowledge well : judging rightly :
discreet : learned : skilful : dictated by wisdom :
containing wisdom.—adv. Wlse'ly. [A.S. wis ;
Ger. weise ; from root of Wit. }
Wise, wlz, «. way, manner. [A.S. wise; Ger.
weise; akin to Wise, adj. and Wit. Doublet
Guise. ]
Wiseacre, wlz'a-ker, n. one who pretends to great
wisdom: a simpleton. [From Ger. weissager,
a prophet—O. Ger. wizsago (A. S. witiga).]
Wish, wish, v.i, to have a desire: to long (so in
B.) : to be inclined. —v.t. to desire or long for : to
ask: to invoke.—«. desire, longing: thing de
sired : expression of desire. —«. Wlsh'er. [A.S.
wyscan; Ger. wiinschen, Sw. onska.]
Wishful, wish'fool, adj. having a wish or desire:
eager.—adv. Wlsh'fUlly.—«. Wish'fulness.
Wisp, wisp, rt. a small bundle of straw or hay.
[Probably connected with Whisk.]
Wist, wist (B.) knew. [A.S. wiste, pa.t. o( witan,
to know. See Wit ]
Wistful, wist'fool, adj. full of thought : thought
ful : earnest : eager.—adv. Wist'fully.—«.
Wist'fulness. [From root of Wit.]
Wit, wit, v.i. (B.) to know.—To wit (gerundial
inf. used as adv.) = namely, that is to say.
[A.S. witan, to know ; Goth, vitan. Ger.
wissen: conn, also with L. video (see Vision),
Gr. eidon. Sans, vid (see Veda).]
Wit, wit, «. understanding ;so in B.) : a mental
faculty (chiefly in //.) : the power of combining
ideas with a ludicrous effect : the result of this
power: one who has wit. [A.S. witt—witan.]
Witch, wich, «. a woman regarded as having
supernatural or magical power and knowledge.—
v.t. to bewitch. [A.S. wicce ; wicca, wizard;
acc. to Grimm, from Goth, veihan {GvT.weihen),
to consecrate, orig. to do, to perform (rites). Cf.
h.facio, operari, and Gr. erdd.]
Witchcraft, wich'kraft, n. the craft or practice of
witches: sorcery: supernatural power.
Witchery, wich'er-i, n., witchcraft : fascination.
Witenagemote, wir>n-ag-e-mflt/, «. the supreme
council of the Anglo-Saxons. [A.S.—wita, a
wise man, gemot, a meeting.]
mote ; mute ; mOon ; f/ten- 563
 With
With, n. Same as Withe.
With, wi/A, prep, denoting nearness or connec
tion : by : in competition or contrast : on the
side
•tuidh,of:witlter,
immediately after:sig.among.
prob. orig. ' placed [A.S.
over
against;' Ice. vidh, Ger. wider. It prob. ab
sorbed the A.S. mid, with (Ger. mit, Gr. meta).\
Withal, wiM-awl', adv., with all or the rest : like
wise : moreover: [It.) prep. = with.
Withdraw, wiM-draw*, v.t. to draw back or
away : to take back : to recall.—v.i. to retire :
to go away.—us. Withdrawal, Withdraw'-
ment. [Prefix with, against, back, and Draw.]
Withe, With, with, n. a flexible twig, esp. of
willow: a band of twisted twigs. [A.S. ividhig;
Ice. vidkir, Ger. iveide, willow ; further conn,
with Gr. itys, L. vt'tis. Sans, vl, to tie, to plait]
Wither, wiM'cr, v.i. to fade or become dry in the
weather: to lose freshness : to shrink : waste.—
v.t. to cause to dry up : to cause to decay,
waste. [A. S. ivedrian ; from root of Weather. ]
Withers, wiM'6rz, n.pl. the ridge between the
shoulder-bones of a horse. [From wither.
against (see ety. of With, prep.).]
Withhold, wiM-hold', v.t. to hold back: to keep
back. [Prefix with, against, back, and Hold.]
Within, wi/A-in', prep, in the inner part : inside :
in the reach of: not going outside of. —adv. in
the inner part : inwardly. [Prefix with, and In.]
Without, wiM-owt', prep, outside or out of: be
yond : not with: in absence of: not having: ex
cept.—adv. on the outside : out of doors. [Prefix
withy and Out.]
Withstand, wiM-stand', v.t. to stand against : to
oppose or resist [Prefix with, against, and
Stand]
Witless, wit'les, adj., wanting wit or understand
ing: thoughtless."—adv. Witleasly. —n. Wit'-
lessness. (tender to wit.
Witling, witling, n. one who has little wit: a prc-
Wltness, wit'nes, «., knowledge brought in proof :
testimony of a fact : that which furnishes proof:
one who sees or has personal knowledge of a
thing : one who attests.—v.t. to have direct
knowledge of : to see : to give testimony to.—
v.i. to give evidence. [A.S. ge-witness—Wit.]
Witted, wit'ed, adj. having wit or understanding.
Witticism, wit'i-sizm, n. a witty remark : a sen
tence or phrase affectedly witty : a low kind of
wit. [Witty, and Gr. affix -cism.]
Wittingly, wit'ing-li, adv. knowingly : by design.
[From witting, pr.p. of Wit, to know.]
Witty, wit'i, adj. possessed of wit: amusing:
droll : sarcastic : [B.) ingenious.—adv. Wittily.
—«. Witt'iness.
Wive, wlv, v.t. to take for a wife.—v.t. to marry.
[A.S. wtjtatt-wtf E. Wife.]
Wizard, wiz'ard, n. one who practises witchcraft
or magic—-fern. Witch. [Lit. 'a wise man/ O.
Fr. guise-art—guise = Ice. vizk-r (for vit-sk-r),
from root of Wit.]
Woad, wod, n. a plant used as a blue dyestuff.
[A.S. wa*i : Ger. ivaid; L. vitruw.]
Woe, Wo, wC, «. grief: misery: a heavy calamity:
a curse : an exclamation of grief. [A.S. interj.)
wa; Ger. wek; I*, va»% Gr. ouai. Cf. Wall.]
Wo© begone, wG'-be-gon', adj. beset with woe.
[See under Begone ]
Woe worth. See Worth.
Woful, wo'fool, adj. sorrowful: bringing calamity :
wretched.—adv. Wo'fully.—rt. Wo'fulness.
Wold, wold. «. By-form of Weald.
Wolf, woolf, n. a wild animal of prey allied to the
dog : anything very ravenous.—//. Wolves
604 fate, far ; mf, her : mine :
Woodland
[A.S. wulf; Ger. wolf; prob. also allied to L.
vulpes, a fox.]
Wolf-dog, woolf'-dog, «. a dog of large breed kept
to guard sheep, esp. against wolves.
Wolfish, woolf'ish, adj. like a wolfeither in form
or quality ". rapacious.—adv. WolfIshly.
Wolverine, wool'ver-en, n. a name given to the
glutton, from its rapacity. [Extension of Wolf.]
Woman, woom'an, rt. the female of man : a crown
female : a female attendant : — //. Women
(wim'en). [A.S. wimman, wifmann, a com
pound oiwif Wife, and Man ; cf. A.S. mtrdsn-
mann, a virgin, Ger. weibs-mensch, a female.]
Womanhood, woom'an-hood, n. the state, charac
ter, or qualities of a woman.
Womanish, woom'an-ish, adj. having the qualities
of a woman : feminine, —adv. Wom anishly.
—n. Wom'anishness.
Womankind, woom'an-kTnd, n., women taken to-
gether : the female sex.
Womanlike, woom'an-llk, adj., like a woman.
Womanly, woom'an-li, adj. like or becoming a
woman: feminine.—adv. in the manner of a
woman.—«. Wom'anllness.
Womb, wOom, n. the organ in which the young of
mammals are developed, and kept till birth : the
place where anything is produced : any deep
cavity. [A.S. wamb; Ger. wamme, paunch.]
Wombat, wom'bat, n. an Australian marsupial
mammal of the opossum family.
Won, wun, pa.t. and pa.p. of Win.
Wonder, wun'der, «. the state of mind produced
by something new, unexpected, or extraordinary :
a strange thing: a prodigy.—v.t. to feel won
der: to be amazed (with at). [A.S. wundor;
Ger. wunder, Ice. undr.)
Wonderful, wun'der-fool, adj., full of wonder:
exciting wonder : strange : (7?.) wonderfully.
—adv. Won'derfully.—«. Won'derfulness.
Wondrous, wun'drus, adj. such as may excite
wonder: strange.— adv. Won'dXOUSly.
Wont, wunt, adj. used or accustomed —«. habit.
—p.i* to be accustomed. [Orig. pa.p. of M. E.
wone, to dwell—A.S. wuniau (Ger. wohuen).]
Won't, wont, will not. [Contr. of M. E. wol not.]
Wonted, wunt'ed, adj. accustomed : usual. [See
Wont.]
WoO, w03, v.t. to ask in order to marriage: to
court.—v.t. to court or make love.—«. Woo'er.
[A.S. wogian, to woo, prob. orig. ' to bend ; ' cf.
A.S. vog, voh, bent, Goth, un-vahs, blameless,
[lit.) * not-bent.']
Wood, wood, «. the solid part of trees : trees cut
or sawed : timber: a collection of growing trees
—v.t. to supply wood. [A.S. wudu ; cog. with
Ice. vidh-r, wood, Ger. wit, firewood.]
Woodbine, wood'bln, Woodbind, wood'bTnd, n.
the honeysuckle, so called because it twists and
binds the trees together. [A. S. wudu-biud. Cf.
Hopbind.]
Woodcoal, woodlcOl, »., coal like wood in tex
ture : charcoal : lignite or brown coal.
Woodcock, woodTcok, n. a bird, allied to the snipe,
which frequents woods.
WoodCUt, wood'kut, ft. an engraving cut on
wood: an impression from it. —n. Wood/cutter.
Wooded, wood'ed, Oitj. supplied with wood :
covered with wood.
Wooden, wood'n, adj. made of wood : hard :
clumsy.
Wood ongraving, wood'-en-grav'ing, n. the act or
art of engraving on wood: an engraving on or
taken from wood. [wood.
Woodland, woodland, #., land covered with
mote : mute ; mdon ; Men.
 Woodlark
Woodlark, woodlark, n. a species of lark, found
in or near wootls, singing chiefly on the wing.
Woodman, wood'man, «. a man who cuts down
trees : a forest officer : a huntsman.
Woodnymph, wood'nimf, n. a nymph or goddess
of the woods.
Woodpecker, wood'pek-er, «. a bird that pecks
holes in the wood or bark of trees for insects.
Wood-pigeon, wood'-pij'un, «. the wild pigeon
which lives in woods, the ringdove.
Woodruff, wood'ruf, «. a plant, found in woods
and shady places, with its leaves in whorls like
ruffs.
Woodward, wood'wawrd, «. an officer to guard
the woods.
Woody, wood'i, adj. abounding with woods: per
taining to woods : consisting of wood.
Woof, wGOf, n. Same as Weft [From pa.t. of
Weave. Cf. Weft.J
Wool, wool, «. the soft, curly hair of sheep and
other animals: short thick hair. [A.S. wull ;
cog. with Goth, vulla, Ger. wolle,\
Wool-gathering, wool'-ga/A'er-ing, «. indulgence
of idle fancies.—adj. dreamy : listless.
Wool-grower, wool -grt'er, //. one who raises
sheep for the production of wooL
Woollen, wool'en, adj. made of or pertaining to
wool.
Woolly, wool'i, adj. consisting of or like wool:
clothed with wool.—«. Wool 1X1688.
Woolsack, wool'sak, ». the seat of the lord chan
cellor in the House of Lords, being a large
square sack of wool covered with scarlet.
Word, wurd, «. an oral or written sign expressing
an idea or notion : talk, discourse : signal or sign :
message: promise : declaration :—(//. J verbal
contention.—The Word, the Scripture : [theol.)
the second person in the Trinity.—v.t. to ex
press in words. [A.S. word ; cog. with Goth.
vaurdt Ice. ord, Ger. wort ; also conn, with L.
z'erbum, a word, Gr. etrd, to speak.]
Wordbook, wurdTjook, «. a book with a collec
tion of words: a vocabulary.
Wording, wurd'ing, ». act, manner, or style of cx-
I>ressing in words.
Wordy, wurd'i, adj., full ofivords: using or con
taining many words. —adv. Word'lly.—«.
Wordiness.
Wore, w6r,pa.t. of Wear.
Work, wurk, «. effort directed to an end : the re
sult of work : that on which one works : any
thing made or done : deed : effect : a literary
composition : a book : management :—pi. {fort.)
walls, trenches, &c.—v.i. to make efforts to
attain anything : to perform : to be in action :
to be occupied in business or labour : to produce
effects : to strain or labour : to ferment.—v.t. to
make by labour : to bring into any state by
action : to effect : to influence : to manage : to
solve : to cause to ferment : to embroider :—
At./, and Pa.p. worked or wrought (rawt).—n.
Work'er. [A.S. weorc; lec.verk, Ger. werk ;
further conn, with Gr. ergon. Cf. Organ.]
Workable, wurk'a-bl, adj. that may be worked.
Workhouse, wurkliows, «. a house where any
work or manufacture is carried on : a house of
shelter for the poor, who arc made to work.
Workman, wurk'man, «. a man who 7verks or
labours, esp. manually : a skilful artificer.
Workmanlike, wurk'man-lik, adj., like a work
man ; becoming a skilful workman : well per
formed.
Workmanship, wurk'man-ship, n. the skill of a
workman ; manner of making : work done.
CSte, far ; me, htr ; mine ;
Wort
Workshop, wurk'shop, n. a shop where work is
done.
World, wurld, n. the earth and its inhabitants: the
system of things : present state of existence : any
planet or heavenly body : public life or society :
business : the public : a secular life : course of
life : a very large extent of country, as the ' new
world : ' very much or a great deal, as a ' world
of good : 1 time, as in the phrase 1 world without
end' = eternally : possibility, as in 'nothing in
the world:' [B.) the ungodly. [A.S. wor-uld,
weor-uld (lit. ) ' a generation of men,' from Tver,
a man, and -uld, sig. an age ; Ice. \>erdld, O.
Ger. weralt (Ger. welt). Cf. Wer-WOlf, Wer
gild ; also Eld and Old.]
Worldling, wurld ling, «. one who is devoted to
worldly or temporal possessions.
Worldly, wurld'li, adj. pertaining to the world,
esp. as distinguished trom the world to come :
devoted to this life and its enjoyments : bent on
gain. - «. World'liness.
Worldly-minded, wurld'li-mlnd'ed, adj. having
the mind set on the present world.
Worm, win in, «. any small creeping animal : any
thing that gnaws or torments : remorse : a de
based being : anything spiral : the thread of a
screw : a spiral pipe used in distilling.—v.i. to
work slowly or secretly.—v.t. to effect by slow
and secret means. [A.S. weorm, wyrm,
dragon, snake, creeping animal; cog. with Goth.
vaurms, a serpent, Ice. ormr, Ger. wurm ; also
with L. vermis. Cf. Vermicelli and Crimson. ]
Wormwood, wurm'wood, n. the bitter plant ab
sinthium. [A.S. werm'od (Ger. werm-uth,;
from the root of Warm ;with affix -od), because
orig. taken to warm the body ; afterwards cor
rupted to worm-wood, through its use as a
vermifuge suggesting a false ety.]
Wormy, wurm'i, adj. like a worm: grovelling:
containing a worm : abounding with worms.
Worn, worn, pa.p. of Wear.
Worry, wur*!, v.t. to tear with the teeth : to
harass: to tease:—pa.t. and Pa.p. worried.—«.
trouble, perplexity, vexation. [Conn, with lJut.
worgen, to strangle; Ger. wiirgen, to choke.]
Worse, wurs, adj. {used as comf>. of Bad}, bad or
evil in a greater degree : more sick. —adv. bad
in a higher degree. [A.S. wyr-sa, old comp.
from a root weor, bad, seen also in O. Ger.
wirser, Goth, vairs.]
Worship, wur'ship, ft. religious service : adoration
paid to God ; a title of honour : submissive
respect.—v.t. to respect highly: to treat with
civil reverence : to pay divine honours to :
to adore or idolise.—v.i. to perform acts of
adoration : to perform religious service '.—Pr.p.
worshipping ; pa.t. and Pa.p. wor'shipped.—«.
Wor'Shlpper. [Lit. * state of having worth or
worthiness,' A.S. weordhsa'pe—Worth, and affix
■ship, A.S. -scipe.]
Worshipful, wur ship-fool, adj., worthy of wen-
ship or honour, used as a term of respect.
Worst, wurst, adj. bad or evil in the highest de
gree.—n. the highest degree of badness: the
most evil state-—v.t. to get the advantage over
in a contest: to defeat. [A.S. wyrrest, wyrrt,
superl. of root weor, bad. See Worse.)
Worsted, woost'ed or woorst'ed, n. twisted thread
or yarn spun out of long, combed wool. [From
Worsted, a village near Norwich in England.]
Wort, wurt, «. a plant of the cabbage kind. [A.S.
wyrt ; Ger. wurz, wurzel, a root.]
Wort, wurt, «. new beer unfermented or in the act
of fermentation : the sw*et infusion of malt.
mate ; mute ; tnCOn ; Men. M6
 Worth Wrong
(A.
orig.S. same
wtrt, aswert ; w&rze.
above word.]sweet herbs ; probably
_ • Wren, ren, n. a well-known small bird. [A.S.
wrenna ; cf. the Gael, dreadhan, lr. drean.]
Worth, wurih, «. value: that quality which Wrench, rensh, v.t. to wring or pull with a
renders a thing valuable : price : moral excel twist: to force by violence: to sprain. —n, a
lence : importance.—adj. equal in value to : violent twist : a sprain : an instrument for turn
deserving of.—(B.) v.i. be. [Lit. 'being, sub ing bolts, &c. [A.S. wrencan; Ger. renken ;
stance,' A.S. weorth- wearthan, to be, con from Wring ]
nected with Wore. See next word.] Wrest, rest, v.t. to twist from by force : to twist
Worth, wurth, in the phrase Woe Worth, sig. from truth or from its natural meaning. —«.
woe be to. [A.S. weorth, imper. of weortkan, violent pulling and twisting : distortion.—
to be, Ger. werden. See above word.] Wrest'er. [A.S. wrastan ; Dan. vriste ;
Worthily, wurVAi-li, adv. in a worthy manner : Waerh. from the root of Writhe.]
(/V. Bk.) justly: truly. restle, res'l, v.i. to contend by grappling and
Worthless, wurih'les, adj. of no worth or value : trying to throw the other down : to struggle. —-
having no value, virtue, excellence, &c. : useless. n. a bout at wrestling: a struggle between two
—adv. Worthlessly.—//. Worthlessness. to throw each other down.—n. Wrestler. [A.S.
Worthy, wur'Mi, adj. having worth: valuable: wrwstltan ; from wrastan. E. Wrest.)
deserving: suited to: B.) deserving (either of Wretch, rech, n. a most miserable person : one
good or bad). —«. a man of eminent worth ',—pl. sunk in vice: a worthless person. [Lit. * an
Wor'thiea.-M. Worthiness, outcast,' A.S. wrecca—wrecan, E. Wreak. ]
Wot, wot, Wotteth, wot'eth, v.t. (B.) pres.t. of Wretched, rech'ed, adj. very miserable : worth
obs. wit. to know. [A.S. wdt (orig. a pcrf., sig less, —adv. Wretchedly.—«. Wretch edness.
nifying ' have ' or ' has seen ' = Gr. oida), used [From Wretch.]
as pres. hid. of witan, to know. See Wit.] Wriggle, rigl, v.i. to twist to and fro. —v.t. to
Would, wood, pad. of W11L [A.S. wide, pft.1 move by wriggling.—n. Wriggler. [Extension
of willan.] of obs. wrig, conn, with A.S. wrigian. See
Wound, wownd, pa.t. and pa.p. of Wind, to turn. Wry.]
Wound, wo"Ond, «. a cut or bruise : hurt: injury. Wright, rttj n. a maker (chiefly used in com
—v.t. to make a wound: to injure. [A.S. pounds, as ship-wright, &c ). [A.S. wyrhia—
wund; Ger. wunde. Ice. und ; conn, with worhte, pa.p. of weorcan, E. Work.]
Wind, to twist. J Wring, ring, v.t. to twist : to force by twisting :
Wove, Woven, pa.t. and pa.p. of Weave. to force or compress : to pain : to extort : to bend
Wrack, rak, «. seaweed cast up on the shore, out of its position- —v.i. to writhe : to twist :—
used for making kelp. [Kr. varech, anything paj. and pa.p. wrung, {B.) wringed. [A.S.
cast up by the sea ; prob. from root of Wreak.J wringan ; Ger. rt'ngen, to wriggle, twist ; allied
Wrack, rak. By-form of Wreck. to Wriggle. Cf. Wrench.]
Wraith, rath, «. a spectre. [Ix>wland Scotch, Wrinkle, nng'kl, n. a small ridge on a surface
Warobably originally Celtic] from twisting or shrinking : unevenness.—v.t.
rangle, rang'gl, v.i. to make a disturbance : to to contract into wrinkles or furrows : to make
dispite : to dispute noisily or peevishly —ft. a rough. —v.i. toshrink into ridges. [A.S. wrtncU
noisy dispute. [A freq. from the/Vi./.ofWring.] —wrincan, wringan, to wring : Dut. wronckeL,
Wrangler, rang'gler, «. one who wrangles or dis a twisting ; dim. of Wring.)
putes angrily : in the university of Cambridge, Wrinkly, ringk'li, adj. full of wrinkles: liable to
one of those who pass the best examination for be wrinkled.
the degree of 11. A.—«. Wrang'lershlp. Wrist, rist, h. the joint by which the hand is
Wrap, rap, v.t. to roll or fold together : to infold : united to the arm. [A.S. wrist : Ger. rist.]
to cover by winding something round (often with Wristband, rist'band, n. the band or part of a
up) :—pr.p. wrapp ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. wrapped. sleeve which covers the wrist.
. —n. a wrapper, as a shawl, &c. [M. E. Writ, rit, n. a writing : [law) a written document
wrappen. See Lap, v.t. to wrap, and Envelope.] by which one is summoned or required to do
Wrapper, rap'er, n. one who or that which wraps: something. —Holy Writ, the Scriptures.
a loose outer garment of a woman. Write, rTt, v.t. to form letters with a pen or
Wrath, rath, n. violent anger: {/>.) holy indigna pencil : to express in writing : to compose: to
tion. [A.S. wra>dbt wrath [lit.) 'a twist in the engrave : to record : to communicate by letter. —
temper.' See Wroth.] v.i. to perform the act of writing : to be em-
Wrathful, rath'fool, adj. , full of wrath ! very f>loyed as a clerk : to compose books : to send
angry : springing from or expressing wrath.— etters '.—pr.p writing ; pa.t. wrote ; /&-P-
adv. Wrath'fully.—«. Wrath'fulness. writt'en. TA.S. writan; Ice. rita ; the original
Wreak, rek, v.t. to inflict. [A.S. wrecan, orig. to meaning being 'to scratch' (cf. the cog. Ger.
drive out. and so to banish, punish, avenge ; Ice. reisseny to tearj.]
rekat to drive, pursue, Ger. rhchen ; conn, with Writer, rTt'er, «. one who writes: a scribe or
L. urgeo, Gr. nrgo. Sec Wreck and Wretch.] clerk : an ordinary legal practitioner in Scotch
Wreath, reth, «. a chaplet : a garland. [Lit. country towns : an author.—Writer to the
'that which is writhed or twisted,' A.S. wrwdh Signet, an attorney or solicitor in Scotland.
—wrtdhan, E. Writhe.] Wlitershlp, rTt'er-ship, n. the office of a ivritrr.
Wreathe, re/A, v.t. to twine about or encircle. — Writhe, rlth, v.t. to turn to and fro: to twist
v.i. to be interwoven. [See Wreath.] violently : to wrest.—v.i. to twist. [A.&
Wreck, rek, n. destruction : destruction of a ship : wridhan, to twist ; Ice. ridha ; L. vrrtert.
ruins of a destroyed ship: remains of anything Sans. vrat. See Wreath, Wrath, and Wroth.)
ruined.—v.t. to destroy or disable: to ruin.— Writing, rlt'ing, «. act of forming letters with a
v.i. to suffer wreck or ruin. [Lit. ' thing cast out pen : tii.it wnich is written : a document : a
and broken,' found in Low Ger. wrak. Dm. wrak; book : an inscription '.— pi. legal deeds : official
Ice. rehi, a thing drifted ashore. See Wreak.] Wrong, papers.rong, adj. not according to rule or right ■
Wrecker, rek'er, «. one who plunders wrecks.
i>O0 fate, far . m£, her ; mTne ; mote ; mate : moon ; then.
 Wrongful
not fit or suitable : incorrect : not right or true.
—«. whatever is not right or just : any injury
done to another. —adv. not rightly.—v.t. to do
wrong to: to deprive of some right: to injure.
—<uiv. Wrongly. [Lit. 4 twisted,' from Wring ;
cf. Fr. tort, from L. tortus, twisted.]
Wrongful, rong'fool, adj. wrong: unjust: injuri
ous.—adv. Wrong'fuUy.—«. Wrong'fulness-
Wrong-headed, rong'-hed'ed, adj., wrong in
head or mind : wrong in principle.—n. Wrong-
head'edness.
Wrote, rot,/«./. of Write.
Wroth, rawth, adj. wrathful. [A.S. ivradh,
orig. sig. ' twisted Ice. reidh-r, O. Ger. reid;
from Writhe. Cf. Wrath and Wreath.]
Wrought, rawt, pa.t. and pa.p. of Work. [A.S.
ivorktt, ge-iuorhl.]
Wrung, rung, pad. and pa.p. of Wring.
Wry, r7, adj., ivritlud, twisted, or turned to one
side : not in the right direction.—n. Wry'ness,
[A.S. wrigian; cf. Wriggle and Writhe.]
Wryneck, n'nek, «. a twisted or distorted neck:
a small bird allied to the woodpecker, which
twists round its head strangely when surprised.
Wyvern, wT'vrn, w. an imaginary animal resem
bling a flying serpent. [Fr. vivre—L. viperd,
a viper. See Viper]
X Yearn, yern, v.i. to feel earnest desire : to feel
Xanthine, zan'thin, «. the yellow colouring matter
in curtain plants, as madder. [Gr. xanthos,
yellow.]
Xanthochroi, zan-thok'roy, n.pl. one of the five
groups of men, according to Huxley and other
ethnologists, comprising the fair whites. [Or.]
Xebec, ze'bek, n. a small three-masted vessel much
used by the former corsairs of Algiers. [Sp. —
Turkish sumbaJii. ]
Xylography, ;!i-log'r.it-i, «. the art of engraving
on wood. — *. Xylog'rapher. — adj. Xylo-
graph'iC. [Gr. xylon, wood, aaidgrapho, I write. J
Y A.S. galan, to sing (see Nightingale}.]
Yacht, yot, n. a light swift-sailing vessel, elegantly
fitted up for pleasure-trips or racing. [ Dut.
jagt {formerly jacht), fromjagen, to chase.]
Yachter, yot'er, n. one engaged in sailing a yacht.
Yachting, yot'ing, «. sailing in a yacht.
Yak, yak, n. a large kind of ox, domesticated in
Central Asia.
Yam, yam. ». a large root like the potato growing
in tropical countries. [West Indian ihattte.]
Yankee, yangTce, n. a citizen of the New England
States in America : an inhabitant of the United
States. [Perh. a corr. of English, or of Fr.
Anglais, by the N. American Indians.]
Yard, yard, w. an E. measure of 3 feet or 36
inches : a long beam on a mast for spreading
square sails. [A.S. geard, gyrd, a rod, measure ;
Dut. sard, Ger. gerte ; further conn, with Goth.
gazds, a stick, and L. hasta, a pole, a spear.]
Yard, yard, «. an inclosed place, csp. near a build
ing. [A.S. geard, hedge, inclosure ; Goth.
gards, Ger. garten ; conn, with L. hortus, Gr.
chortos. See Court, Cohort, and Garden.]
Yard-arm. y;ird'-arm, «. either half or arm of a
ship's yard (right or left) from the centre to the
end.
Yare, yiir, adj. ready, dexterous, quick. [A.S.
■wrw Doublet dear. ]
Yarn, yarn, w. spun thread : one of the threads of
a rope : a sailor's story ispun out to some length).
[A.S. gearu : Ice. and Ger. garn.)
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Yet
Yarrow, yar'o,*. the plant milfoil. [A.S. geamre ;
Ger. garbe.\
Yataghan, yat'a-gan, «. a long Turkish dagger,
usually curved.
Yawl, yawl, n. a small ship's boat, with four or
six oars. [Uat.jol. Cf. JoUyboat.]
Yawn, yawn, v.i. to open the jaws involuntarily
from drowsiness: to gape. — «. the opening of
the mouth from drowsiness. [A. S. gattian,
ganan ; Scot, gan-t, Ger. guhnen ; conn, with
Gr. cfuiind, L. hiv, to gape. Cf. HlatUS,J
Yawning, yawn'ing, adj. gaping : opening :
wide : drowsy.— n. act of opening wide or gaping.
Ydept or Ycleped, i-klept', pa.p. called \obs.)
[A.S. clypian, to call.J
Ye, yh,pron. the nom. pi. of the 2d person. [A.S.
ge ; Dut. gij; Gr. hymeis, L. vos. Sans, yu-sme
{— tu-s/na, 'thou' and 'he'JJ
Yea, ya, adv., yes: verily. [A.S.gca; Ice., Ger.,
and Goth, ja. See Yes.] [eaman.]
Yean, yen, v.t. to bring forth young. [A.S.
Year, ycr, n. the time the earth takes to go round
the sun : 365$ days or 12 months '.—pi. age or old
age. [A.S.gear; Ger.jahr; Ice. &r; perh. conn,
with S\sLV.jarp, spring, Gr. h&ra, season.]
Yearling, yelling, «. an animal a year old.
Yearly, yeVli, adj. happening every year: lasting
a year.—adv. once a year : from year to year.
uneasiness, as from longing or pity. [A.S.
geomian—georn, desirous (Ger. gem),)
Yearning, yem'ing, «., earnest desire, tenderness,
or pity, —adj. longing. —adv. Yearn'ingly.
Yeast, yest, «. the froth of malt liquors in fer
mentation : a preparation which raises dough for
bread. [A.S. gist; Ger. gascht. gischt ; from a
Teut. root * to seethe,' conn, with Gr. zeo, Sans.
yas.\
Yeasty, yest'i, adj. like yeast : frothy: foamy.
Yelk. Same as Yolk.
Yell, yel, v.i. to hoivl or cry out with a sharp
noise: to scream from pain or terror.—«. a sharp
outcry. [A.S. gel/an; Ger. gellen ; conn, with
Yellow, yel'O, adj. of a bright gold colour.—n. a
bright golden colour.— «. Yellowness. [A S.
geotu; Ger. geld; cog. with h. hetvus, light
bay, gilvus, pale yellow.]
Yellow-fever, yel'o-fe'vcr, «. a malignant fever
of warm climates, often making the skin yellow.
Yellowhammer, yel'o-ham-cr, «. a song-bird, so
named from its yellow colour: the yellow bunt
ing. [YelTowlshness.
Yellowish, yel'O-ish, adj. somewhat yelloio —«.
Yelp, yelp, v.i. to utter a sharp bark. [A.S.
gealp; a loud sound : Ice. gialpa, to make a
noise, Ger. gelfern; prob. influenced by Yell.]
Yeoman, yo'man, «. a man of common rank next
below a gentleman : a man of small estate : an
officer of the royal household. [Found in O. Kris,
gat/tan, villager—ga, a village (Goth.gawi, Ger.
gau), and Man ; cf. also Bavarian giiu-matt, a
peasant.] [yeomen or freeholders.
Yeomanry. y6'man-ri, «. the collective body of
Yos, yes, adv. ay : a word of affirmation or con
sent. [A.S. gese—gea, yea, and se (Tor ste, si),
let it be.]
Yester, yes'ter, adj. relating to yesterday: last.
[A.S. gistrati, yesterday; Ger. gesterti ; conn.
with L. hesternus, Gr. chthes, Sans, hyas.]
Ye8terday. yes'ter-da, n. the day last past.
Yesternight, ycs'ter-nrt, «. the night last past.
Yet, yet, adv. in addition: besides: at the same
time: up to the present time: hitherto: even :
mote ; mute ; mOOn , then.
 Yew Zymotio
however.—<onj. nevertheless: however. [A»S. Zeal, z£l, boiling ox passionate ardour for any
git, gita, from a root seen also in L. ja-trt.} thing : enthusiasm. [L. selus—Gr. silos, zio%
Yew, Q, «. an evergreen tree, allied to the pine. to boil. Cf. Yeast]
[A.S. sow, hv; Ger. eibe, Ir. iubhar*] Zealot, zel'ot, n. one full of zeal: an enthusiast : a
Yield, yfild, v.t. to resign : to grant : to give out :fanatic. [Gr. zildtis—silos {see Zeal).]
to produce : to allow —v.i. to submit : to complyZealous, zel'us, adj. full of seal: warmly engaged
with : to give place.— «. amount yielded: pro or ardent in anything, —adv. Zeal'ously.
duct. [A.S> gtldan, to pay ; Goth, gildan, Ger. Zebra, ze'bra, n. an animal of the horse kind,
gelten, Ice. gjetldeu See Guild,] beautifully striped. [Of African origin.]
Yielding;, yfild ing, adj. inclined to give way or Zebu, ze'boo, u. a kind of ox with long ears and a
comply : compliant. —adv. Yield ingly. hump on the shoulder*, called also the Indian
Yoke, yOk, ».th it which>i»/«r together: the frame ox. [E. Indian name.]
of wood joining oxen for drawing; any similar Zemindar, rem-in-dar*, n. Indian name for the
frame, as one for carrying pails: a mark of ser landlords who pay the government revenue, as
vitude: slavery: \fi.\ a pair or couple.—v.t. to distinguished from the ryots or actual cultivators
put a yoke on : to join together : to enslave. of the soil. [From an Ar. word, stg. 'land.']
I A. S. w ; Ger. jock ; L. jngunr, Gr. zygon. Zenana or Zanana, ze-na'na, «. that part of a
From the root of L jungo, Sans, yudj, to jom.J Hindu house set apart for females. [Pers. ' be
Yoke fellow, yok'-fel'o, Yoke-mate, yok'-mat, *. longing to women.']
an associate : a mate or fellow. Zend, zend, «. the primitive
sians.—Zend-avesta, language».ofthethesacred
zend'-a-vesrta, Per
Yolk, yok. Yelk, yelk, n. the yellow part of an
egg. fA.S. geoka— from root of A-S. geolo, E. books of the ancient Persians, written in Zend.
YellOW.] Zenith, zen'ith, n. the point of the heavensdirectly
Yon, yon, Yonder, yon'der, adv. at a dUtan^e overhead: greatest height. [Fr., through It.
within view.—adj. being at a distance within zenit, from Ar. semi, short for semt-ur-rds, lit.
view. [AS. geon-d, thither, yonder ; cog. with | 1 way of the head.']
Ger. j*n-*r, that ; the root being the pronominal Zephyr, zef'ir, n. the west wind : a soft, gentle
stem ya.] breeze. [Gr. sefihyos—cophos, darkness, the
Yore, yor, ». in old time. [From A.S. geAra, dark quarter, the west.]
formerly, allied to gear, E, Year: or com* Zero, zt'ro, n. cipher: nothing: the point from
pounded ofgee, formerly, and ar, E. Ere.] which a thermometer is graduated. [Fr. —It.—
Yon, Q,protu 2d pers. pron. pi., but also used as Ar. si/r. Doublet Cipher. ]
sing. [Orig. only an objective case ; A.S. eow ; Zest, zest, n. something that gives a relish : relUh.
O. Ger. iu, Ger. euck. See Ye.] [Fr. seste, skin of an orange or lemon tised to
Young, yung, adj. not long born : in early life : in give a flavour; perh. from L. sckistus—Gr.
the first part of growth : inexperienced.—n. the schistoSj cleft, divided—schizd, to cleave.]
offspring of animals. [A.S. geong; Ger. jung; Zigzag, zig'zag, adj. having short, sharp turns.—
also conn, with L. juvenis. Sans. yuvan.] v.t. to form with short turns. [An imitative
Youngish, yung'gish, adj. somewhat young. word : Fr. zig-zag, Ger. zickzack. ]
Youngling, yungMing, n. a young person or animal. Zinc, zingk, h. a bluish-white meial, somewhat
[A.S. geong-ling; Ger. jiing-ling.] like tits. [Ger. sink, prob allied to sinn, tin.]
Youngster, yung'stcr, n. a young person : a lad. Zincography, zing-kogra-fi, «. art of printing
(Orig. fem. ; see -ster in list of Affixes.] from plates of zinc. [Zinc, and Gr. graphs, to
Younker. yung'ker, ». Same as Youngster. write.]
[From Dut. jonker (from jonk-heer, 'young Zirconium, zir-ko'ni-um, n. one of the rarer metals.
master' or 'lord'), Ger. junker.] Zodiac, zo'di-ak, n. an imaginary belt in the
Your, Or, ^ron. poss. of YOU; belonging to you. heavens, containing the twelve constellations,
[A.S. cower. See YOU.] [noun. called signs of the zodiac—adj. Zodiacal.
Yours, Orz, pron. poss. of You, not followed by a [Lit. 'the circle of animals,' Gr. ziktLikos, of
Yourself, Gr-self, pron., your own self or person. animals {kyklos, a circle}—zodion, dim. of soon,
Youth, yooth, «. state of being young: early life: an animal, zao, to live.]
a young person : young persons taken together. Zone, zon, n. a girdle: one of the five great Mis
[A.S. geogudh, from the stem of Young; Ger. into which the surface of the earth is divided.
jugena, Goth, junda.] [L, zona—Gr. zone, a girdle—zdnnymi, to gird;
Youthful, yOuth'faol, adj. pertaining to youth or akin to Join, Yoke.]
eirly life: young: suitable to youth: fresh: Zoned, zOad, adj. wearing a zone or girdle : hav
buoyant, vigorous. —adv. Youtn'fully.—«. ing zones or concentric bands.
Youth/fulness. Zoologist, zo-ol'o-jist, n. one versed in zoology.
Yucca, yuk a, «. a large garden plant of the lily Zoology, zo-ol'o-ji, «. that part of natural history
family, familiarly called Adam's needle, native which treats of animals.—a*ij. Zoolog lcaL
to sub tropical America. [W. Indian name.] adv. Zoologically. [Gr. soon, an animal, and
Yule, yGol, n. the old name of Christmas, which li'gos, a discourse.]
was grafted on a heathen festival probably con Zoophyte, zo'o-fit, n. a term now applied to true
nected with the worship of the sun. [A.S. gedl, polyps, as corals, Stc. II.it. 'animal-plant,' Gr.
Ice. j6l; acc to Grimm, prob. from the root of zdofhyton—zoon, an animal, phyton, a plant.]
Wheel (Ice. hjol), from the sun's wheeling Zoroastrlanism, zor-o-as'tri-an-izm, n. the national
round at midwinter.] faith of ancient Persia, so named from its founder
Zoroaster.
Zouave, zwav, «. one of a body of infantry in the
Z French army. [Name of an Algerian tribe]
Zymotic, zl-mot'ik, adj. denoting all diseases, as
Zany, zii'ni, *. a merry-andrew : a buffoon. [Fr. cholera, typhus, &c. in which a poison w<tIcs
zani—It. zani, a corr. of Giovanni, John. Cf. j through the body like a ferment. [Gr., from
the use of the names John and Jack.] zymdd, to ferment—syme, leaven.]
&6S fate, far; me, her; mine ; mote; mute; moon ; Men.
 SUPPLEMENTARY GLOSSARY of OBSOLETE and RARE
WORDS and MEANINGS in Milton's Poetical Works.
Abortive
AbortiVO, a-bortlv, adj. rendering abortive.
Absolve, ab-zolv7, vd. to finish, accomplish.
Acqulst, ak-kwist', «. acquisition. fmant.
Adamantean, ad-a-man-ti'an, adj. hard as ada-
Ades. A'dCz, n. Hades.
Admonishment, ad-mon'ish-ment, *. admonition.
Adorn, a-dorn', pa.p. adorned.
Adust, adust', Adusted, a-dust'ed, adj., burned
up: dried up. [L. adustus, pa.p. of aduro, to
burn up—ad, inten. , and uro, to burn.)
Advice, ad-vis', n. deliberation.
Advise, ad-vTz7, vd. to consider : to take advice.
Advised, ad-vlzd', adv. advisedly.
Affect, af-fekt', vd. to be inclined to : to prefer.
Afflicted, af-flikt'ed, pa.p. beaten down.
Ake, .ik, n. ache,
Alchymy, .d'ki-mi, n. a mixed metal formerly used
for various utensils, hence a trumpet
Aloof, a-kfof', prep, away or at a distance from.
Altera, al-tern', adj. alternate.—adv. alternately.
Amarant, a'mar-ant, n. amaranth.
Ammiral, am'mi-ral, «. admiral : also, a ship.
Amphisbaena, am-fis-b«5'na, n. a serpent that can
go both ways—forwards or backwards. [L.—Or.
ampkis, amphi, on both sides, baind, to go.]
Anarch, an'ark, «. anarchist.
Appaid, ap-pad', Pa.p. of Appay, v.t. to appease
or satisfy.
Appellant, ap-pel'ant, n. a challenger.
Arbltrement, ar-bit're-ment, «. 'arbitrament.
Axboret, aVbor-et, «. a small tree or shrub. [O.
Fr.—L. arbor, a tree.)
Axboroua, arTwr-us, adj. like an arbour.
Arch chymic, arch-kim'ik, adj. of supreme chemi
cal powers. [Arch, chief, and Chemic. ]
Ardor, Ardour, ar'dor, «. a bright or effulgent
spirit [counsel. [See Read.]
Aread, Aroed. Arreed, a-red', vd. to read: to
Armoury, arm'or-i, n. armour.
Assassinated, as-as'sin-at-ed, pa.p. taken by
treachery : maltreated.
Astonish, as-ton'ish, v.t. to stun.
Atheist, .i 't ht - ist , adj. , godless.
Atheous, 5'the-us, adj., without God, ungodly.
Attent, at-tent', adj. attentive.
Attest, at test', n. attestation.
Attrlte, at-trlt', adj. worn by rubbing. [L. attri-
tus, pa.p. of attero, to rub.J
Auxiliar, awg-zil'yar, adj. auxiliary.
Azurn, a zhurn, adj., azure, of a blue colour. [See
Azure.]
Balk, bawk, vd. to stop short at, omit.
Base, bas, n. a skirt which hung down from the
waist to the knees of a knight when on horse
back. {From Base, adj.]
Battailous, batfl-us, adj. arrayed for battle, or
appearing to be so. [See Battle.]
Battle. t>an, n. the body of an army.
Behemoth, be'he-moth, n. the elephant
Bespake, be-spuk', pa.p. of Bespeak.
Bespeak, be-spcV, v.t to speak, or speak to.
[Prefix be, and Speak ]
DM|k»t» be ■pwpt/, adj., sprinkled over. [M. E.
fate, far ; me, her ; mine f
Conform
bespreint, besprengyd, pa.p. of besprenge, A.S.
besprengan, to besprinkle.]
Bestead, Bested, be-sted', v. t. to place or dispose :
to assist, to serve. [Prefix be. Stead, place.]
Biding, biding, n., abiding: stay.
Blanc, blank, adj., white. [A form of Blank.]
Blank, blank, vd. to make pale, and so confound.
Bloom, blo~Om, vd. to produce in full bloom or
beauty.
Boisterous, bois'tcr-us, adj. strong.
Budge, buj, «. lamb-skin fur, formerly used as
an edging for scholastic gowns.—adj. lined with
budge : scholastic. [Doublet of Bag. See also
Budget and Bulge.]
Burdenous, buKdn-us, adj. burdensome.
Captive, kap'tiv, vd. to take captive; to capture.
Career, ka-reV, h. onset
Cataphract, kat'a-frakt, n. a cavalry soldier, horse
and man being both in complete armour. [Gr.
kataphraktos, covered—kata, quite, phrassd,
to inclose.]
Causey, kawz'e, «. causeway.
Cedarn, sfi'darn, adj. of cedar.
Cerastes, se-ras'tfa, n. a genus ofpoisonous African
serpents, having a homy scale over each eye.
[L.—Gr. kerastes, horned—herns, horn.]
Chalybean, ka-Iib'c-an, adj. forged by the Chalybes
of Pontus, noted for their preparation of steel :
well-tempered. [See Chalybeate.]
Chamberlin, cham'ber-lin, tt. a servant in an inn,
in olden times, who united in himself the offices
of chambermaid, waiter, and boots. [A form of
Chamberlain.]
Champaln, sham-pin', adj. champaign.
Chariot, char'i-ot, v.t. to convey in a chariot.
Cieling. soring, ». Same as Ceiling, used here
by Milton with allusion to its derivation.
Civil-suited, siv^il-sut'ed, adj., suited or attired
like a civilian or citizen, as opposed to the gay
dresses of courtiers, &c. [noise.
Clamour, klain'ur, v.t. to salute with clamour oi
Close, klos, adj. crafty.
Commercing, kom-merslng, Pr.p. of Commerce,
vd. to hold intercourse with.
Compact, kom-pakt', adj. composed or made of.
Compare, kom-par', n. comparison. [ment.
Composure, kom-po'zhiir, «. composition : agree-
Concent, kon-sent/, *. a singing together: con
cert : harmony. [L. concentus—con, together,
and cano, cantum, to sing.] [cerns one.
Concernment, kon-sern'ment, n. that which con-
Concoctlve, kon-koki'iv, adj. having the power of
digesting or ripening.
Condense, kon-dens', adj., dense: compact : close
in texture. [See Condense. ]
Conduct, kon'dukt, n. the leading of an army.
Confine, kon-fln', v.t. to have the same boundary
with : to border on.
Conflagrant, kon-fla'grant, adj. , burningtogether.
[L. con, together, and Flagrant.]
Conform, kon-form', adj. made like in form :
assuming the same shape : similar. [Late L.
con/ormis—L. con, andforma, form.]
mote ; mflte ; mOTJn ; Men. 500
 Oonglobe
Conglobe, kon-glub', v.t. or v.i. to collect togeth. r
into a globe or round mass. [L. conglobo—con,
together, and globus, a globe- See Globe j
Congratulant, kon-grat'u-lant, adj., congratulat
ing. [L. congratulans, -antis, pr.p. of congra-
tutor. \
Conscience), kon'shens, n. consciousness.
Consolatory, kon-sol'a-tor-i, n. that which con
soles : a speech or writing intended for consola
tion.
Consort, kon'sort, «., concert : harmony of sounds.
Consult, kon-sn!t/, n. a consultation : a council.
Contrarious, kon-tra'ri-us, adj. showing contra
riety : repugnant : opposite.
Converse, kort-vers', v.t. to be alternated or mixed.
Convict, kon'vikt, pa.p. convicted.
Convince, kon-vins', v.t. to convict.
Countervlew, kown'ler-vu, n. an opposite view :
contrast : opposition. [Fr. contrevne.\
Crisped, krisped, Pa.p. rippled by the wind.
Cry, krl, n. a pack ;of hounds). [Prob. from Cry,
a loud sound.]
Cypres-lawn, Clpres lawn, sl'prcs-lawn, n. crape.
[Prob. from root of Crape.]
Dank, The, dangk, «. the waters. [From Dank,
adj.]
Debel, de-bel', v.i. to carry on war agauut : t.;
conquer, subdue. [L. debello, to carry on war
—de. and beltum, war.]
Defend, de-fend', v.t. to forbid.
Deficlence, de-fish'ens, «. deficiency.
Deform, de-form', adj. deformed.
Deject, de-jekt, adj. dejected, cast down.
Democratle, -ty, de-nmk'nt-ti, «. democracy.
Demonlan, de-mC'ui-an, adj. like a demon.
Deport, de-port", n. deportment.
Descry, de-skn\ v.t. to describe. [tion.
Devoted, de-vot'ed, adj. doomed to evil or destruc-
Dlght, dTt, v.t. to arrange, array, prepare, adorn :
—pa.t, and pa.p. dight, dight'ed. [A.S. dihtan
—L. dicto, to order, to dictate, frcq. of dico, to
say.] [mensions.
Dimenslonless, di-men'shun-les, &dj; witkou' di-
Dlpsas, dip'sas. «. a serpent who32 bile caused
intolerable thirst. [Gr. —dipsa, thirst.]
DUally, dis-al-ll', v.t. to pari, as an aHi:.tee : to
sejKirate. [L. dis, asunder, and Ally ] [otts.
Discontinuous, dis-kon-tin'u-us, adj., not continu-
Discourse, dis-kflrs', n. the power of the mind to
reason by running, as it were, from one fact or
reason to another.
DlsespouSO, dis-es-powz', v.t. to release from es
pousal or plighted faith. [L. dis, asunder, and
Espouse.]
Disglorify, dis-glO'ri-fT, v.t. to deprive of glory.
With dis as a negative prefix, Milton also forms
disailied and disespoused.
Dlsordinate, dis-orMin-at, adj., not ordinate or
inorder: irregular. [L. dis, neg., and Ordinate.]
Dispense, dis-pens', n. dispensation.
Dlsplode, dis-plCid', v.t. to spread out : to dis
charge. [L. —dis, asunder, plaudo, lu beat.]
Dispose. dis-pf>z', «. disposal. Ipute.]
Disputant, dis'pfl-tant, a*ij. disputing. [Sec Dls-
Dlsrelish, dis-rel'ish, v.t. to take away the relish
or taste for anything.
Dissent, dis sent', v.t. to cause difference.
Distract, dis-trakt', adj. distracted.
Distrust, dis-trest', adj. distressed.
Disturb, dis-turb', n. disturbance.
Dividual, di-vid'Q-al, adj., divided or shared in
common with others.
Divinely, di-vm'li, adv. from heaven. [potion.
Drench, drensh, v.t. to dose, as with a sleeping
570 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ;
Grand
Easy, cz'i, adj. having ease.
Eclipse, e-klips', v.i. lo suffer an eclipse
Elevate, el c-vat. adj. elevated.
Ellops, Elops, el'ops, «. a serpent that does not
hiss. [Gr., mute]
Emblaze, em-bl.lz', v.t. to emblazon.
Embost,
Embost, em-bost',
em-bost', pa.p*
/■..'/'■ embossed.
hid or sheltered in a busk
or wood. [O. Fr. embosquer—em (= L. in), and
O. Fr. /v,. oxbosque, from root I" Bush, a shrub,j
Emprise, em-prlz , n. an enterprise, an under
taking. [See Prison.]
Enerve, e-nerv', v.t. to enervate. [war.
Enginery, en'jin-ri, «. engines or instruments of
Ensanguined, en-san'gwind, atfj. covered with
blood. [Prefix en, in, and L. sanguis, sanguinis,
blood.] [venture upon.
Enterprise, cn'ter-prlz, v. t. to undertake : to
Envermeil, cn-ver'mil, v.t. to give a red colour to.
—adj. having a red colour. [ Fr. en, in, vermeil,
vermilion, red ; from root of Vermilion.]
Err, cr, v.t. to mistake.
Ethereous, e-the're-us, adj. ethereal.
Evinced, e-vinst'. pa.p. subdued.
Eyn, en, n. old plural of Eye. [comb, fopL
Fantastic, fan-tas'tik, n. a fantastic person, cox-
Farfet, far'fet, adj. far-fetched.
Feature, fet'Qr, n. a form, thing formed or made.
Feed, fed, «. a meal ; act of feeding.
Ferry, fer'i, v.t. to pass over in a boat.
Fitly, tit'H, adv. in a fitting- manner, —superl.
Fitliest, most fitly.
Flaw, flaw, h. a blast of wino. [L. fiatns—fio.)
Fledge, flcj, adj. feathered : furnished with wings.
Flowery-kirtleO% flov/cr-i-kcr'tld, adj. having
forties /lowered or adorned with figures ol
flowers.
Flown, Hon, adj. overflown.
Forbiddanoe, for-bid'ans, «. act of forbidding :
condition of being forbidden : prohibition.
Forgftry, fdrj'er-i, n. act of forging or working
into shape.
Forgetful, for-get'fool, adj. causing forgetfulness.
Foughten, fawt'n, pa.p. of Fight.
Founder, fown'dtr, v.i. to fail, to miscarry.—
Night-foundered, having lost the way by night.
Frame, fram, v.i. to agree.
Fraud, frawd, «. error, mistake, crime.
Fraught, frawt, k. freight. [ance.
Frequence, fre'kwens, «. a crowd, throng, attend-
Frequent, freTcwent, adj. full, crowded.
Frequent, fre-kwent', v.t. to filL
Frier, frT'er, n. a friar
Frore, frOr, a*ij.,froEen, frosty. [Short forfr&rm,
gefroren, pa.p. of A.S. freosan, lo freeze. See
Freeze.]
Fuel, fu'el, v.t. to fill or supply with fuel :—pr.p.
fu'elling : pa.p. fO'elled.
Fulmine, fuVmin, v.i. tofulminate, to thunder.
Funeral fQ'ncr-al, «. death.
FUflil, RfzQ, adj. capable of being melted. [I*
fusilis—fundo. See Fusu, to melt.]
Gad, gad, v.i. to rove about : of a vine—to creep
in aTl directions.
Gan, gan, a contraction of Began.
Gaudy, gawd'i, adj. holiday, festal.
Gem, jern, v.t. to form into round knots.
Glib, glib, v.t. to make glib :—pr.p. glibb'ing ;
pa.p. glibbed.
Gonfalon, gou'fa-lon, Gonfanon, gon'fe-non, n.
an ensign or standard. (O. Fr. gonfanon —0.
Ger. gund, war, and fano, cloth. Rag, seen in
Ger.fabue, and K. Vane.]
Grand, The, grand, «, thc great ones, the grandees.
mOtc ; mute ; mo7)n ; Men.
 Qrayfly
Gray-fly, Grey-fly, gra'-flT, n. the trtimpet-fly or
gadfly. [for the legs.
Greves, grevz, n.pl. a form of Greaves, armour
Gride, grid, v.i. to cut with a grating sound : to
pierce harshly. [M. E. girden, to strike as
with a rod—gerde, softened io yerde, E. Yard.
The word is still used metaphorically in the
phrase ' to gird at.' to gibe or sneer at.]
Grisamber, gris-am'ber, «. ambergris.
Groundsell, grownd'sel, Groundsill, grownd'sil,
n. the till or timber of a building which lies
next to the ground.
Grunsel, grun'sel, n. a form of Groundsel.
Gryphon, grif'un, «. a form of Griffin.
Gurge, gerj, n. a whirlpool. [L. gurges. See
Gorge.]
Gymnic, jim'nik, adj. pertaining to or performing
athletic exercises. [Gr. gymuikos—gymnos.
See Gymnastic] [Inhabit.]
Habitant, hab'i-tant, n. an inhabitant. [See
Harmony, he'mon-i, n. a plant, probably so named
from Ifamonia or Thessaly, the land of magic.
Handed,* hand'ed, adj. with hands joined : hand
in hand.
Harald, har'ald. Same as Herald.
Harass, har'as, «. devastation.
Harrowed, harVkl, subdued.
Haut, hawt, adj. haughty.
Highth, h ull, «. a form of Height.
Higbthen, hlth n, v.t. a form of Heighten.
Hist, hist, v.i. to come stealing along crying kUtl
Hosting, hust'ing, n, an encounter of two hosts:
a battle.
Hutch, huch, v.t. to put In a hutch or box.
Hydras, hi'drus, n. a hydra or water-snake. [L.
-Gr.]
Idolism, I'dul-ism, «. the worship of idols.
Idolist, T'dul-ist, «. an idolater.
Illaudable, iMawd'a-bl, adj., not laudable or
praiseworthy. [L. in, not, and Laudable.}
Imblaze, im-blaz', v.t. a form of Emblazon.
Imblazonry, im-bla'zn-ri,*. Same asEmblazonry.
Imbost, im-bost'. Same as Embost.
Imbrute, im-broot', v.t. to reduce to the state of a
brute. [L. in, into, and Brute.)
Immanacle, im-man'a-kl, v.t. to put in manacles;
to fetter or confine. [L. :'//, into, and Manacle. ]
Immedicable, im-med'i-ka-bl, adj., not medicable
or able to be healed. [ L. in, not, and Medicable. ]
ImmiX, im-miks', v.t. to mix. [L. in, and Mix.J
Imparadlse, im-par'a-dls, v.t. to put in a paradise
or state of extreme felicity.
Importune, im-por-tfin', adj. importunate.
Impregn, im-pren', v.t. to impregnate.
Imprese, im-preV, «. a device or emblem on a
shield. [It. imprcsa—L. imprimo, impressum,
to impress.]
Incomposed, in-kom-p5zd', adj., not composed:
disordered. [L. in, not, and Composed.]
Indamage, in-dam'aj. Same as Endamage.
Individual, in-di-vid'u-al, adj., not to be divided.
Infamed, in-famd', adj., notfamed : uncelebrated.
[L. in, not, and Famed.]
Inform, in-form', v.t. to direct : to animate.
Ingrateful, in-grat'fool, adj., tiot grateful: not
pleasing. [L. in, not, and Grateful]
Inhabitation, in-hab-i-UL'shun, n. the whole popu
lation of the world.
Innumerous, in-nii'mer-us, adj. innumerable.
Inoffensive, in-of-fen'siv, adj. without obstruction.
Insphered, in-sferd', adj. placed in a sphere.
Instinct, in-stingkt', adj. animated, indued with
life : opposed to Extinct.
Instinct, in stingkt', adv. instinctively.
fate, far ; mc, her ; mine ;
Opaoous
Instruct, in-strukr*. pa.p. instructed.
Interrupt, in-ter-rupt', adj. interrupted: broken.
[See Interrupt.]
Intervelned, in-ter-v5nd', adj. intersected, as with
veins. [L. inter, between, through, and Vein.]
Intoxicate, in-toks'i-kat, pa.p. intoxicated.
Jaculatlon, jak-Q-la'shun, n. the act of darting
or throwing out. [L. jaculor, -atus, to throw,
as a dart—jaculum, a dart—jacio, to throw.]
Kerchiefed, ker'cheft, adj. covered as with a ker
chief.
Klst, kist, a form of Kissed.
Kzar, zar, n. a form of Czar.
Landsklp, land'skip, «. landscape.
Lax. laks, adv. at large, with abundance of room.
Llbbard, Hb'ard, «. a form of Leopard.
Limbeck, lim'bek, n. a corr. of Alembic.
Lubbar, lub'ar, a*ij. Same as Lubber.
Mad, mad, v.t. to make mad :—pr.p. madding ;
pa.p. madd'ed.
Magnetic, mag-net'ik, n. the magnet.
Marasmus, ma-raz'mus, n. a wasting of flesh
without apparent disease. [Gr. marastuos—
marainomai, to waste away, pass, of maraino,
to put out or quench.]
Margent, mar'jent, n. a furm of Margin.
Marish, mar'i.-.n, n. a form of Marsh.
Marie, marl, n. a form of Marl.
Matron, m&'trun, adj. matronly.
Meath, meih, n. a form of Mead, the liquor.
Meditate, med'i-tat, v.t. to practise.
MeteorOUS, m6-te'or-us, adj. like a meteor.
Mlckle, mik'l, adj. a form of Much.
Middle, for Middling.
Minim, min'im, «. anything very small.
Miscreated, mis-kr€-at'ed, adj. wrongly created:
deformed. [A.S. mis, ill, wrongly, and Create.]
Misdeem, mis-dem', v.t. Xodeem or think wrongly.
[A.S. mis, ill, wrongly, and Deem.]
Misllke, mis lTk', v.t. to dislike: to hate [A.S.
mis, wrongly, and Like.]
Misthought, mis-thawt', w. a iwvng notion.
[Pa.p. of misthink, to think wrongly— mis,
wrongly, and Think.)
Mistook, mis-took', mistaken, pa.p. of Mistake.
Moly, mO'li, «. a fabulous herb said by Homer to
have been given by Mercury to Ulysses, as a
counter-charm against the spells of Circe. [Gr.]
Murren, mur'ren, «. murrain.
Murrhine, Myrrhine, mur'rin or mur'rTn, adj.
reLiting to or made of murr/ia, a kind of
stone, of which costly vessels were made by the
ancients. [L. murrhinus—murrha.]
Nathless, nathles, adv., not the less, neverthe
less. [A.S. natheless—na, not, the and less.]
Need, ned, v.i. to be required.
Night-foundered. Sec Founder, v.i. to fail.
Nocent, no'sent, adj., hurting ; mischievous. [L.
nocens, -entis, pr.p. of noceo, to hurt.)
Notion, no'shun, «. sense, understanding, intellec
tual power.
Null mil, v.t. a form of Annul.
Numbered, nun/herd, adj. numerous.
Numerous, nu'mer-us, adj. measured ; melodious.
Oary, ©Vi, adj. having the form or use of an oar.
Obdured, ob-dQrd', adj. hardened. [Sec Obdur
ate.]
Oblige, O-blTj', v.t. to render liable to punishment.
Obscure, ob-skiV, n. obscurity. [quies.
I Obsequy, ob'se-kwe, n. used m sing. See Obse-
| QfflclOUS, of-fish'us, adj. ministering.
I Omnlflo, om-nif'ik. adj., all-creating. [Formed
from L. omuls, all, andfacio, to do or make.]
' OpacotlS, oVpak'us, adj. opaque.
mote ; mate ; moon ; then. 671
 Oraoulous
OraOulOUB, S-rak'u-lus, adj. oracular.
Orb, orb, «. the world.
Ore, ork, «. a kind of whale. [L. orca,]
Orient, o'ri-ent, adj. splendid.
Overwatch, o-vcr-woch', v.i. to watch or keep
awake over>nuch.
Pale, pal, «. paleness.
Paragon, par'a-gon, v.t. to compare, to parallel.
Paranymph, par'a-nimf, n. one who conducted
the bride to the bridegroom on the wedding-
day. [Gr. para, beside, nymphe, a bride.]
Pari, Parle, pari, n. parley.
Passion, pasn'un, «. compassion.
Paven, pav'n, a form of Paved.
Pennon, pen'un, n, a pinion, a wing.
Phrenzy, fren'zi, n. a form of Frenzy.
Plain, plan, v.t. to complain, to lament. [Sec
Plaint]
Plenipotent, ple-nip'o-tcnt, adj. possessing full
power. [Formed from L. plenus, full, and
potens, -entis, powerful. See Potent.]
Plume, plODm, v.i. to place as a plume.
Pollute, pol'ut, pa.p. polluted.
Pontifical, pon-tif'ik-al, adj. pertaining to the
building of bridges. [See Pontiff. ]
Pontiflce, pon'ti-fis, «., bridge-work; a bridge.
Pourlieu, «. a form of Purlieu.
Pravlty, prav'i-ti, «., depravity, moral perver
sion. [L. pravitas—pravus, crooked.]
Presentment, pre-zent'mcnt, «. representation,
appearance. [Prevent. ]
Prevenient, pre-ven'i-ent, adj. forestalling. [See
Prick, prik, v.i. to spur onward ; to ride forth on
horseback. [mark.
Prlntless, print'les, adj. leaving no print or
Procinct, pro-singkt', n. complete preparation for
battle* [L. procinctus —Pro, before (one), and
cingo, cineturn, to gird up the clothes.]
Profluent, prof loTS-ent, adj. , flowing forward.
[L. pro, forward, and Fluent.]
Propenso, pro-pens', adj. inclined : prone. [L.
propensus, pa.p. of propendeo—prv, forward,
Pendeo, pensum, to hang.]
Prowest, prow'est, adj. most valiant. [Superl. of
obs. adj. prow. See Prowess.]
Punctual, pungk'tfi-al, oiij. being merely a point.
Purchase, pur'chas, n. what is stolen.
Pure, pur, «. purity.
Purfled, pur'fld, pa.p. of purfle, to work with
gold thread: to embroider : to fringe. [O. Fr.
ponrfiler—Fr. pour, for, jil—h. jilutn, thread.]
Purpose, pur'pos, «. discourse : conversation.
Suit, kwit, pa.6% quitted.
ealty, re'al-ti, «. royalty.
Rebec, Rebeok, rc'bek, n. a kind of fiddle. TO. Fr.
rebec—It. ribecca, also ribebba—Pers. rubab.]
Recline, rc-klin', adj. reclining.
Recorder, re-kord'er, n. a kind of flute. [From
Record]
Recure, rfi-kuV, v.t. to cure again : to heal.
Religions, re-Iij'uns, n.pi. religious rites.
Remark, re-mark', V.t. to make remarkable : to
point out.
Repeat, re-pet', n. repetition.
Respiration, res-pi-ra'shun, «. act of breathing
again or resuming life : resurrection.
Retire, re-tTr*, n. retirement.
Revolve, re-voW, v.t. to roll and unroll.
Rheums, roomz, n. rheumatism.
Robustious, ro-bust'i-us, adj. violent : strong.
Ruin, roo'in, v.i. to fall down with ruin and preci
pitation.—v.t. to tumble down.
Ruinous, rGo'in-us, adj. crashing, like the fall of a
house.
672 fate, far ; me, her : mine ;
State
Ruth, rSoth, «. pity : grief for the distress of
another. [See Rue, v.]
Sadly, sadli, adv. seriously, soberly, truly.
Sail-Droad. sal'-brawd, adj. , broad or spreading
like a sail.
Scape, skap, «. a freak or prank.^ [See Escape ]
Sciential, sl-en'shal, adj. producing science. [See
Science.]
Scrannel, skranl. adj. producing a weak, screech
ing noise. [Imitative ; cf- Scot. scrawtiet a thin,
wrinkled beldame.]
Scull, skul, n. a form of Shoal, a multitude.
Sdaln, Sdeign. Sdeln. sdSn, v.t. to disdain. [Contr.
of Disdain, It. sdegnare.)
Sensible, sens'i-bl, n. sense : sensation.
Sent, sent, n. a form of Scent.
Sentery, sen'ter-i, n. a form of Sentry.
Septentrion, sep-ten'tri-on, Septentrional, sep-
ten'tri-on-al, adj. belonging to the north. [L.
septentrio (esp. used in pl.j, the north, the seven
stars near the north pole, called Charles's
Wain, from septem, seven, and trioues, plough-
oxen ; ace. to Max Mfiller, trio represents an
original strio, a star—Sans. stri. Sec Star.]
Sepulchre, se-pulTcer, v.t. to put in a sepulchre,
to bury.
Serenate. ser-e-n&r/. «. a form of Serenade.
Servtly, seiVil-i, adv. a form of Servilely.
Servitude, seiVi-tQd, Servlture, servl-tur, u. ser
vants.
Sewer, su'er, «. an officer who set on and removed
the dishes at a feast. [M. E. sewen, through
O. Fr., from L. seauor, to follow.]
Seztile, seks'til, ». (astrology) the aspect or posi
tion of two planets when distant from each other
sixty degrees. [L. scxtus, sixth—sex, six.]
Shade, shfid, n. shadow, companion.
Snaked, shakt, pa.p. of Shake.
, shen'i, aaj., shining, bright
shind, pa.t. of Shine.
Shroud, shrowd, «. recess, hiding-place.
Side, sld, v.t. to be at the side ofone, to accompany.
Sideral, sid'er-al, adj. relating to the stars: bale
ful, from a supposed unfavourable influence of
the stars. [From root of Sidereal.]
Slope, slop, adj., sloped. [copiously.
Sluice, slOos, v.t. to convey by sluices; to wet
Smlt, smit, pad. and pa.p. of Smite.
Smote, smot, pa.p. of Smite.
Solution, sol-u'shun, n. termination, decision.
Sophi, so'fi, «. a title of the king of Persia. [Pers.
sufi, wise, pious.]
Sord, sord, «. a form of Sward.
Sovran, sov'ran, n. a form of Sovereign.
Specular, spek'u-lar, adj. affording a view.
Speculation, spek'o-la'shun, ». a matching on a
high place.
Spell, spel, v.i. to read or learn to read. [See
Spell.]
Spet, spct, a form of Spit, v. i.
Sphere-metal, sfer-met'al, «., metal like that of
which the celestial spheres were anciently sup
posed to be made.
Sphery, sfer'i, adj. belonging to the spheres, or
the revolving, transparent, spherical shells, in
which the sun, moon, and stars were, in ancient
times, supposed to be set.
SpiritOUS, spir'it-us, adj. like spirit : refined : pure.
Spring, spring, *. that which springs from a
source ; a race of men : a shoot : a grove of
shrubs.
Square, skwar, v.t. to adjust^ accommodate.
State, stat, n. canopy : covering :—pi. governors,
chiefs.
mOte ; mute ; moon ; Men.
 Stay Ypolntlng
Stay, sta, V t. to wait for. Unfounded, un-fownd'ed, adj. without bottom,
Strait, strut, adj close, intimate. bottomless. [A.S. un, not, and Found, to lay
Strength, strength, «. a stronghold. the bottom of.]
Strook, stroolc, pad. and pa.p. of Strike. Unhappy, un-hapl, adj. unlucky.
Strucken, struk'n, pad, and pa.p. of Strike. Unkindly, un-klnd'li, adv. contrary to kind or
Stub, stub, n. a stalk. nature.
Suage, Swage, swaj, v.t. or v. i. a form ofAssuage. Unnumbered, un-num'berd, adj., not to be num
Subscribe, sub-skrlb , v.i. to consent : to assent. bered, innumerable.
Success, suk-ses', n. issue of anything whether Unoriginal, un-or-ij'in-al, adj., not original:
happy or unhappy. without origin, birth, or source.
Summed, sumd, pa./, said of a hawk when his Unprovented, un-pre-vent'ed, adj., not preceded
feathers are full grown. by anything.
Suspect, sus-pekt', Pa.p. suspected.—w. suspicion. Unprincipled, un-prin'si-pld, adj. ignorant of the
Suspense, sus-pens, adj., suspended, in suspense. principta or beginnings of virtue.
[L. siispensus, pa. p. of suspernio. See Suspend.] Unreproved, un-re-prOovd', adj., not liable to re
Sustain, sus-tan , n. that which sustains, a support. proof: blameless.
Swage, swaj, v.t. a form of Assuage. Unsphere, un-sfeV, v.t- to bring out ofone's proper
Swart, swawrt, adj. a form of Swarthy. sphere.
Swlndge, Swinge, swinj, v.t. to swing, lash or Unsuspect, un-sus-pekt', adj. not liable to be sus
wave to and fro, to beat. [A form of Swing.] pected.
Swlnked, swinkd, adj, wearied with labour. Unvalued, un-val'ud, adj. invaluable.
[A.S. nvincan, to labour.] Unweetlng, un-wcVing, adj., not weeting or
Synod, sin'od, n. (astrvn.) conjunction. knowing: ignorant. [A.S. un, not, and witan,
Syrtls, ser'tis, ». a quicksand. [L.—Gr. syreS, to to know. See Wit.]
draw along.] Unweetlngly, un-wcllng-li, adv. ignorantly.
Tempered, tem'perd, Pa.p. modulated. Urge, urj, v.t. to torment.
Tempest, tem-pest', v.t. to agitate, as by a tempest. Use, Qz, v.i. to frequent, inhabit.
Tendance, tend'ans, «., attendance. Vacuous, vak'Q-us. atij., empty. [L. vacuus—
Terrene, ter-£n', n. the earth. vaco. See Vacate.]
Terrour, ter'or, n. a form of Terror. Van, van, «. a wing. [See Van = Fan.]
Thrones, thronz, n.pi. angelic beings. Vant brace or -brass, vant'-bras, n. armour for
Thunderous, thun'der-us, adj. producing thunder; the arms. [Fr. avant, before, bras, the arm.]
sounding like thunder. Verdurous, verd'ur-us,rt4j>. covered with verdure.
Thwart, thwawrt, adv., thwartly,—Thwart'ing, Vermeil-tinctured, ver'mil-tingk'turd, adj., ver
twisting, zigzag. milion-tinted: tinged of a bright-red colour.
Tiar, tfar, n. a form of Tiara. Vernant, ver'nant, adj. flourishing as in spring:
Timelessly, tlrales-li, adv., untimely, before due vernal. [See VernaL]
time or season. Vigilance, vij'i-lans, ». guard, watch.
Tine, tin, v.t. to kindle. [A.S. tendan, whence Villatic, vil-at'ik, adj. belonging to a farm. [L.
Tinder.] villaticus—villa, a farm.]
Tire, tlr, «. a row or rank. [A form of Tier.] Virtue-proof, ver'tQ-prGof, adj., proof against
Torneament, tor-ne'a-ment, w. a form of Tourna temptation by means of virtue.
ment. Virtuous, ver'tu-us, adj. of magic virtue.
Torrent, tor'ent, adj. boiling, rushing. Volubil, vol'a-bil, adj. a form of Voluble.
Torture, tor'tur, n. an instrument of torture. Voyageable, voy'aj-a-bl, adj. capable of being
To ruffled, tGo-ruf'ld, adj. ruffled. [A.S. prefix sailed over : navigable.
to- (here used intensively ; sec To- in Pkepixbs), Wander, won'der, v.t. to travel over, without a
and Ruffled. ] certain course : to cause to wander.
Trading, trad'ing, adj. frequented by traders : Warp, wawrp, v.i. to turn and wave, like a flock
where the trade-winds blow. of birds or insects.
Train, tran, n. allurement : snare. Wasteful, wast'fool, adj. lying waste, desolate.
Transpicuous, tran-spik'Q-us, ad/, that can be Weanling, w£n1ing, adj. newly weaned.
seen through, transparent. [L. transpicio— Whereso, hwar'sO, adv. in whatever place.
trans, through, specie, to look.] Whilere, hwil-ar, adv. a little while before:
Trine, trin, Tiinal, tn'nal, adj. threefold.—Trine, recently.
n. a triad : {.astrology) the aspect of the planets Whist, hwist, hushed, pa.p. of old verb Whist,
when distant from each other a third of the Hist.
zodiac, or 120°. [Fr.—L. trinus—ires, three.] Wide, wTd, adv. to its furthest extent
Triumph, trl'umf, «. a show, spectacle. Wilderness, u, a form of Wlioness.
Tumult, tu'mult, v.i. to cause or make a tumult Wing, wing, v.t. to fly over.
or uproar. Wise, wlz, n. wisdom.
Turkols, tur-koiz', n. a form of Turquoise. Won, wun, V.i* to dwell. [A.S. wunian. See
Turin, term, n. a troop of soldiers. [It—L. Wont.]
turma.] Wonderous, wun'der-us, adj. a form ofWondrous.
Turney, teVni, *. a form of Tourney. Worse, wurs, v.t. to worst.
Unapparent, un-ap-piir'ent, adj., not apparent ." Wove, wov, Woven. woYn,/*/. of Weave.
dark : invisible. Wreck, rck, v.t. a form of Wreak.
Unblenched, un-blensht', adj. not startled or con- Writ, r\t, pa.p. of Write.
founded, unblinded. [See Blench.] Ychained, i-chand', pa.p. chained. [V from A.S.
Understood, un-der-stood\ adj. secret, concealed. ge-, a participial prefix.]
Undlscordlng, un-dis-kord'ing, adj., not discord Yeanling, yen ling, n. a lamb : a kid.
ing or making discord. Ypolntlng, i-point'ing, adj. pointing. [Y from
Unessential, un-es-sen'shal, adj., not essential or A.S. ge-, a prefix of the past part., wrongly used
: not necessary. here by Milton with the pres. part.]
fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mtSOn ; Men. 673
 PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

PRE F I XES.
A- (A.S.) represents : Com-, Con- (L.), together, with, as connect, co
(r.) A.S. on, on, as abed (from M. E. on bo?dde), here, collect, correct ; often intensive, as cow-
among, about, a-fishing. motion. [Com- is the old form of L. cum, with ;
(2.) A.S. and-, over against, close to, as along cog. with Gr. syn, Sans. sam. The root, origin
(from A.S. and-Iang, i.e., over against in ally signifying 'one,' is seen in L. sim-ui, to
length). [Cog. with Goth, anda, Gcr. ent-, gether, Gr. Aam-a, together, E. simple (which
ant-, L. Ante-, Gr. Antf- (which see).] see in Diet.).]
(3.) A.S. a-, out, out from, as in arise (from A.S. Contra-, Contro-, Counter- (L.), against, as con
arisan, to rise out of or up), or sig. ' very,' as tradict, controvert, counteract. [L. contra
in aghast. [Cog. with Ger. er-, Goth, its-, wr-.J (whence Fr. contre), from Con-, and -tra, from
(4.} A.S. of, of, from, as in adown (from A.S. of root tar, to cross, seen also in Trans-.]
dune, ' from the height '). «new, akin ; or from De- [L.t or Fr.—L.), down, from, away, occurs in
of, intensive, as athirst. words derived either directly from L., asaVduce:
(5.; A.S. ge-, y-, as aware (from M. E. yiuar>— or through the Fr. from L., in which case De-
A.S. geiva*r), a-f-ford. [Scand.] represents cither fi.) O. Fr. des- from L, dii-,
(6.) for at, old sign of inf., as ado. [From the asunder, not, as in oVfeat (O. Fr. oW-fait), or
A- (L. and Gr.) represents: (1.) L. Ab- ; (2.) L. (2.) Fr.—L. de-, as oVscribe [///. ' write down'],
Ad- ; (3.) L. Ex-, as in abash, amend ; {4.) Gr. A- decompose.
(for All-). See these prefixes. Dia- (Gr.), two, through, as dialogue [' a conversa
A-, Ab-, Aba- (L.), away from, as avert, absolve, tion between two'], diameter. [Gr. dia [from
avauxxt, aortract, (.L.. a, ab, ahs (oldest form a/1 : dyo, two), sig. dividing into two, through.]
cog. with Gr. Apo-, Sans, a/a, Ger. ab, E. Off.J DlS- (Gr.), two, twice, as oYisyliable, oVcotyledon-
Ad- lL.)t to, at, as ooTierc, adapt. The d be ous. [From dvis, from root of TWO.]
comes assimilated to the following consonant, Dls- (L.), in two, asunder, as dispart, differ, di
as in accede, affix, aggregate, a?lot, annex, sperse ; negative, as oYj-rclish ; privative, as dis
a/prove, arrive, axsign, attract. [L. ad; cog. lodge, [Dis for dvis, \rom L. duo, Gr. dyo.
with Sans. adAi, Goth, and E. at, Celt, ar-.] Sans, dvi, Goth, and E. tzvo. See Two in Diet.]
Ambl-, Amb- (L.), round about, both, as ambi Dys- (Gr.), ill, difficult, as rfyrentery, ofyrpepsy.
tion, amputate, ambidexter. [L. ; cog. with [Cog. with Sans, dus, Goth, tut, G«r. cer~,
Gr. Amphl-, Sans. abki, around, O. Ger. umpi A.S. To-, E. Two.]
(Ger. mm).) B-. See Ex-.
Amphl- (Gr.), round about, both, asaw/n/theatre, Be- or Ex- (Gr.), out of, from, as ecstasy, exodus.
a/«/a/bious. [Cog. with L. Ambl-, Amb-. ] [Gr. ex, cog. with L. ex, and Russian is', out J
An- (A.S.), against, in return, as answer. [A.S. Em-, En- (Fr.—L.!, in, into, as enlist: to make,
and-, Ger. ant-, Goth, and-.] as enlarge ; before b and f>, En- changes to Em-,
All-, A- (C*r.), not, without, as anarchy, atom, as enrbark. [Fr. en—L. in. See In- (L.), in,
awbrosia. [Gr. ; cog. with Sans, an-, a-, L. into.]
in-, E. Ull-, In-, not.] En- (Gr.), in, on, as energy, endemic, emphasis,
Ana-, An- (Gr.), up, back, as analyse, anatomy, [See In in Diet.]
aneurism. [Cog. with Goth, ana, E. On.] Enter- (Fr. ), between, among, as entertain. [Fr.
Ante- (L.l, before, as antecedent, anticipate, an entre— U Inter .]
cestor (for L. ante-eessor). [L. ante, old form Epl- (Gr.), on, as e/i'taph ; during, as e/hemeral.
anti; conn, with Antl-.] [Gr. epi; Sans, apt, L. Ob-.]
Antl- (Gr. I, opposite to, against, as antipathy, Es- (Fr. or Sp.— L.J, out, as escape, crplanade.
antipodes, antagonist. [Gr. ; conn, with L. [0. Fr. or Sp. ex—L. Ex-.]
Ante-, Sans, anti, facing, Ger. ant- in Ant- Eso- (Gr.), in, into, as exoteric. [From Gr. eis,
wart, E. an- (for and-) in Answer (sec Diet.). into, whose form was prob. orig. ens, a strength
Cf. A- (A.S.) (2.), above.] ened form of En- (Gr.). j
Apo- (Gr.), off, from, away, as apostle, a/hcHon. 1 Eu- (Gr.), well, as ewphony, eulogy. [Gr. en, eus,
[Cog. with L. Ab-.] [at.] I good, for es-us, real, from root of Is sec Diet.).]
At- (E-), near, as atone ; against, as /wit [A.S. Ex- or E- (L.), from, out of, as expel, eject, efflux.
Auto- (Gr.), self, as aw^graph, awtopsy. [Conn, with Gr. Eo- or Ex-.]
Be- (A.S.)_, by, before, beside, as behalf ; intensive, Exo- (Gr.), outside, as exotic. [From Ex- (Gr.).]
as oespnnklc : privative, as ochcad. [A form of Extra- (L.), on the outside, beyond, as extr.t-
By. See Diet] [dvis, ablative of duo, two.] mural, extraordinary. [Contr. of extern {parte
Bl8- (L.), twice, as biscuit. o/enniaL [Corr. of being understood), ablative feminine of extents,
Cata-, Catb , Cat- (Gr.), down, downwards, ac beyond, a compar. form, from Ex- (L. ).]
cording to, as cataract, catnolic, catechism. For- (A.S.), through, thorough, away, so as to
[Gr. kata] be non-existent, or to be destroyed, as for
Circum-, ClTCU- (L.), round about, as circum- swear, forhid. [A.S. for- ; Ger. rer-, Goth.
scribe, circuit. [Properly accusative of circus, fra-, L. per-, Sans, para ; conn, with Par and
a circle. See Circle in Diet.] From ]
013- (L.), on this side, as c/ralpine. [From the For- (Fr.—L.), as in foreclose, forfeit. [Fr.—L.
demons, stem ki-t which appears in Gr. e-kei, foris, lit. 'out of doors,' used in the sense of
there, and the -c of L. kic. sic.] 'outside,' 'beyond,' 'amiss.']
 Prefixes.
Fore- (A.S.)f before, as foretell. [A.S. fore ; O. Pol-, Por- (L.), as /o/lute, ^rtend. [From O-
Ger.fora (Ger. tw), Goth._/fc«ra, L. Pro-.] L. port-, towards.]
Gain- (A.S.), against, as gainsay. [A.S. gegn, Post- (L.), backwards, behind, afier, as/uj/pone.
gran. Sec Against in Diet.] Pour-, Pur- (Fr. — L. i, as pourtray, purvey. [Fr.
Hemi- (Gr.), half, as hemisphere. [Gr. ; cog. -L. Pro-.]
with L. Semi-, Sans, sami-, O. Ger. sdmi-.] Pre- (L.), before, as predict, prefer. [L. pro?,
Hyper- (Gr. ), over, above, beyond, as hyperborean, akin to L. j*m>.]
Ay/f/xritical. [Cog. with Super- and Over-.] Preter- (L.), beyond, as preterit, preternatural,
Hypo-, Hyp- (Gr.), under, as hypotenuse. [Cog. Pretermit, [L. pnrter—pra, with comparative
with L. Sub-, Goth. nf, Sans. upa.] suffix -ter. See Alter in Diet.]
I-, Y-, as in /-wis .yclept, handiwork. [A.S. gr-, Pro- (Gr.), before, as prologue, programme. [Gr.
sign of the past participle passive.] pro ; cog. with L. Pro-, Sans, pra, E. For (prep. ;
In- (L.), not, as ///firm. Before the n changes to see DicL).]
m, as ////pudent ; before /, w, and r, it is assimi Pro- (L.), before, forth, forward, as /reject; in
lated to those consonants, as //legal, ////mature, stead of, from the idea of being before, as pro
//regular. [L. ; cog. with Gr. All-, E. Uu-.J noun. [Cog. with Pro- (Gr.), which see.]
In- (L.J, in, into, as ///fuse, //lumine, ////pel, irri Pros- (Gr.), towards, asproselyte, prosody. [Orig
gate. [See 111 in Diet.] inal form proti, an extension of Pro- (Gr.) ; cog.
In- (A.S.), in, on, as ///come, iwward: to make, as with Sans, prati, Slav, proti.]
////I litter, lit. to put into a slate of bitterness. Pur-. See under Pour-.
[See In in Diet.] Re-, Red- (L.), change of place or condition, as in
nter (L.J, in the midst of, between, as interval, remove, reunion (an assemblage of things or
Inter-
intellect. [A compar. form, cog. with £. Under, persons formerly apart) ; hence, change of motion
and Sans, antar, within.} from one direction to the opposite = ' back,'
Intra- (L.), in the inside of, within, as intramural. ' again/ as tract, trsound, redeem.
[Contr. of intern, ablative feminine of interns, Retro- (L.), back, backwards, as retrospect,
inward—Inter-.] retrograde. [From Re-, and the compar. suffix
Intro- (L.), into, within, as introduce. [Contr. of -ter.]
intero. ablative masculine of interns—Inter-.] Se- (L.), without, as secure; aside, as jfduce.
Juzta- (L.), near, as /«jr/aposition. [Super [Old form of Sine-.]
lative form, from root of \*.ju\n)gol to join. See Semi- (L.), half, as semicircle. [L. ; cog. with
Join in Diet.] Gr. himi.]
Heta-, Met- (Gr.), lit. 'in the middle,' hence Sine- (L.), without, as f/«*cure. [Si, demons.
with ; after, as method (lit. way after) ; often insinimental sig. ' by that,* and ne, not.]
implies change, as metamorphose, metonymy. Sub- (L-), under, from under, after, as subject,
[Gr. tneta; cog. with A.S. mid, Goth, tnith, suspect, jwceed, suffuse, suggest, summon,
Ger. mil ; Sans, mithu, Zend mat.] support, surprise, suspend, .rejourn. [L. sub
Mis- (A.S. and Scand-), wrong, ill, as ////rbehave, (which in O. Fr. became so-).]
misdeed, mislead. [A.S. and Scahd. mis-, Ger. Subter- (L.), under, as subterfuge. [From Sub-,
miss-. Cf. MiSS, vt. in Diet.] and compar. suffix -ter, meaning motion. See
Mis- (Fr. —L.), as in mischief. [Fr. mis-, for O. Trans-.]
Kr. mes-, from L. minus, less.] Super- (L.), over, above, beyond, as superstruc
Mono-, Mon- (Gr.), single, as monograph. [Gr. ture, supernatural. [L. : cog. with Sans, ufiari,
monos, alone.] Gr. hyper, Goth, u/ar, E. Over.]
N- (A.S.), no, not, as wever. [A.S. ne ; cog. with Supra- (L. ), over, above, as supramundane.
O. Ger. and Goth. «/, L. ne, Sans, na.] [Contr, of ablative fetn. of superus, above, from
Ne- (Gr.), not, as wspenthe ; (L.) not, as wifarious, Super-. Cf. Superior in Diet.]
//niter. [Allied to E, No (see Diet.).] Sur- (Fr.),over, as iwmounL [Fr., from L. super.]
Nec- (L>), not, as rn^lect, negative. [Contr. of Syn- (Gr.), together, with, as syntax, system,
neqne, from ne, not, que, and.] syllable, symbol. [Cog. with Com-.]
Non- (L.), not, as nonsense, nonage. [From ne To- (E.), in to-day, together, toward, hcre-/tf-fore,
unum, not one. Cf. E. Not in Diet.] is the prep. To (sec Diet.).
Ob- (L.), in the way of, against, as obstruct, omit, To- (A.S.), asunder, as in to-kraVe. [A.S. to-,
occur, offer, oppose, Alternation. [Cog. with cog. with Gr. Dys- (which see) ; cf. Dis- (L.).J
Gr. epi. Sans, apt.] Trans- X.), beyond, across, as transport, traverse.
Off- (A.S.), off, from, away, as w?shoot, qflset. [A [From root tar, to cross ; the same root occurs
form of Of. Cf. A-, Ab-, andsee Of in Diet.] in Inter-, Intro-, Preter-, Retro-, Subter-.]
On- (A.S.), on, as onset, owlooker. [Sec On in U- (Gr.), no, not, as /"topia. [Gr, ou, not.}
Diet.] Ultra- (L.), beyond, as ultramarine. [From niter
Out- (A.S.), out, beyond, as outlaw, <w/bid. [A.S. (stem of ulterior), ut- being from root of L. ille.]
See Out in Diet.] Un- (A.S.), not, as »«happy, ////truth ; back, as
Over- (A S.), over, above, as overarch, overseer. untie. [Cog. with Gr. An-, and L. In- (nega
[See Over in Diet.] tive}.)
Pan- (Gr.), all, as panacea, pantheism. Under- (A.S.), under, below, as underprop, under
Para-, Par- (Gr.), beside, as parable ; beyond, sell. [See Under in Diet.]
wrong, as paralyse. [Gr.fara; akin to Sans. Up- (A.S.), up, as uphill. [See Up in Diet.]
Para, away, L. per-, and W.Jbr- inforgive.] Vis-, Vice- (Fr. —L.), in place of, as recount,
Pene- (L.), almost, as peninsula. viceroy. [Fr. vis-, from L. vice, instead of.]
Per- (L.), through, as permit, pellucid, potlute ; Wan- (A.S.), wanting, as wanton. [Cf. Wane
thoroughly, as perfect. In perjure, pensh. it is and Want in Diet.]
equivalent to E. for- in forswear (see For-, With- (A.S.), against, back, as withstand, with-
A.S.). [Akin to Gr. Para-, beside, Sans, para, draw; with, near, as within (this meaning is
away, \Z.for-, Ger. ver-. ] very rare as prefix). [A.S. with—wither. See
Peri- (Gr.), round, as perimeter, periphrasis. [Gr. With in Diet.]
peri; Sans, peri, also allied to Gr. para.] T-. See under I--
575
 SUFF IXES.
-able, adj. suffix, capable of, as portai5te, laugh- in abstract nouns and adjs, , asdeaM, High/, swif/,
abie. [I., -a-b-ili-s. ] [with euphonic -s-} du-s-t, bla-s-S. [Orig. -th, as
-ac, adj. suffix, pertaining to, as elegiac ; also used in uncou/n, and from the root ofThe, That ; seen
as noun suffix, as maniac. [L. -acta, Gr. -aXw.J also in the L. suffix -tu-s, as in no-tu-s, Sans.
•aceoilS, having the qualities of, as herbaceous. jna-ta-s, and in the Gr. suffix -to-s.]
[L. -aceus.) -dom, dominion, power, as kingoWr; state, as
-aclous, full of, as Audacious, [L. -ax, -acts.) freedom ; act, as martyrdom. [A.S. dQm,
-add, noun suffix, as escapoaV [Fr.—It]; and as judgment, dominion, Ger. -thum.]
crusade, tornado [Sp. -ode, original form -ado.]. -dor, as tn corridor, matadore, stevedore, battle-
-age, ending of abstract nouns, as homag-e : door. [Sp. -dor, L. -tor.
marks place where, as vicarage. [Fr. -age, from -ed, see -d.
L. -aticum.) -ee, one who or that which is (passive), as
-aln, -an, -en, -on, noun suffixes, as villain, trusts, jubihv [Fr. -ie—L. -atus, of part
pagau, warden, surgeon. [L. -anus.] pass.] : Phari'-pf, Sadducrr [I- -a*u-s).
•af, adj. and noun suffix, as mortal, carding/. [L. -eer, -lor, one who, has frequentative meaning,
•alts.) [humans. [L. -anus.] as charioteer. [Fr. -er, -ier— L. artus.]
-an, -aln, -ane, adj. suffix, as human, certain, -el, dim., as damsel. [Sec under -X.)
-ana, things belonging to, such as sayings, -en, dim., as chicken, maiden. [AS. -en.]
anecdotes, &c, as Johnsoniana. [L. neuter pL -en, fern, suffix, now found only in vixen.
of adjs. in -anus. See -an.] [A.S. -en, -n; Ger. -in, Gr. -ine, L. -ina.)
-ance, -ancy. See -nee. -en, made of, as wooden, leathern ; orig. sig.
And, -end, noun suffix, as viand, legend. [L. belonging to, as heathen. [A.S., Goth. -en. -an,
-andus, •endus, gerundial suffix.] Ger. -en, -ein, Sans, -urn; a genitive suffix, as
-aneous, belonging to, as extraneous. [L. -anew.] in mine.]
-ant, -ent, adj. suffix, as repentant, patient; -en, pa. part, as woven, home, sworn. [A.S. -«,
also sometimes denoting the agent, as scrgeon/, •en,-ne,pi.-en;suffix,
conn,aswith
oxen,-ant,
kmc-ent.]
(for ky-*w). [A.S.
student, innocent. [L. -arts, -ant-is, or -ens,
-ent-is, suffix of pr.p.] -an (for -ans).]
-ar, belonging to, as angular. [L. -ar-is, Sans. ■«n, to make, as whiten. [Orig. reflexive or
-ara.] [agent), passive.]
-ar, -ard, -art. See under -er (marking the -en, -In, -ene, belonging to, as alien, vermin,
-ar, -er, -or, noun suffixes, marking place where, terrene. [L. -enus, -ena, -euunt.]
as cellar, larder, manor [L. -arinm\ \ denoting -ence, -ency. See -noe, -ncy.
the agent, as vicar, treasurer, chancellor [L. -ent, belonging to, as differen/. [L. -ens, -entis.
■arius]. See -ant.]
-ard, intensive, as drunkaro*, coward. [Fr.—Ger. -eous, in rightetwr, con*, of -Wise (which see) ; in
Mart, E. Hard.] courteous, from O. Fr. -eis (from L. -ensis).
-ary, noun suffix, marking place where, as semin -eous, same as -0U8, as ligneous. [L. -ens.]
ary [L. -arium] ; the agent, as secretary, anti -er, freq. and intens., as glimmer, flutter.
quary [L. -ariusy. with -an added, forming an -er, infinitive suffix, as cow, encounter. [Fr.
adj. suffix, as umtari-au, agrari-an. -re, -ir, from L. pr. infinitive -are, -ere, -ire.]
-asm. See under -ism. -er marks the agent, as writer,- sometimes
•aas, -aoe, as cuirass, cutlaxr, menace, pinnace. changed to -ar, as liar; with or -y- prefixed,
[L. -aceus, -actus, It. -accio, Fr. -as.] as cloth-i-er, law-,y-er; with excrescent -/ or -d,
-aster, dim. and freq. (often implying con as bragg-ar-/. [A.S. -ere; Ger. -er.]
tempt), as poetaster. [Fr. -astre (It. -astro)— -er, more, used in compar. of adjs., as greater,
L. -as-tert from Aryan as-tar,] more. [Aryan com par. suffix -ra.]
-ate, verbal suffix, as navigate, permeate ; -er, noun suffix, as matter, gutter. [Fr. -iere—L.
adj., as desolate, delicate; noun, as legate, -eria.)
advocate. [Norm. Fr. -at, L. -atus, suffix of -erel, dim. suffix, as mackere/. [See under -L]
pa.p.] -erie, place where, as menagerte. [Fr., from L.
-ble. Sec -able. -arium. Sec -ery.J
-ble, -pie, fold, as dou£te, treble, quadru/te. [L. -erly, direction to or from, as southerly. [From
-plus, lit. 'full.'] -era and -ly.j
•CO. See under -8, adverbial suffix, -ern, adj. suffix, sig. direction, as southern [A.S.
-celll, -cello, dim., as vermicelli, violoncello, [It, -er-n] ; adj. suffix, sig. belonging to, as modem
from L. -cu-lus. See under -L] [L. -emus] ; noun suffix, as cistern [L. -erna].
•Oh, dim., as bloteA. [See -oofc] -ery, noun suffix, as brewery, witchery, cutlery.
•cle, -cule, dim., as in particte, animalcule, from L. [Noun suffix -y added to nouns in -er (marking
cu-lus, which also gives (through It.) -celll, agent). See -ary, -erie, -ory. ]
-cello. [Sec under -L] -OS or 8, pi. suffix, as foxef, hate. [A.S. -as. -*
-Cy, being, or state of being, as clemency. [Fr. is a general pi. suffix, as L. and Gr. -es.)
-cie—Yt. -tia.] -escent, growing, becoming, as convalexren/.
-d,-t,or-ed,pa.t. suffix, asloveo*. The? in Wis the [L. -esco, -isco, -asco, Gr. -askd, suffix, implying
connecting vowel, omitted when the verb ends in becoming, beginning.]
e. [AS. -de, ' did,' from di-de, pa.t of Do.] -ese, belonging to, as Japanese. [It -ese, L. -ensis.]
-d, pa.p. suffix, as loved ; in nouns (with esque, partaking of the quality of, as picturesque.
passive meaning), as deed, seed; in adjs., as [Fr. -esque (It -esco)—L. -iscus, a by-form of
fcathereo', wicked, cola',- in the form -th (or -tj, -icus (see -lo), and conn, with -ish, adj. suffix.]
576
 Suffixes.
-ess, fern, suffix of nouns, as lion*xj. [Fr. -esse, -ion, being, state of being, as creation. [L. -io,
L. -issa, Gr. -issa (made up of -it or -id and -yd).] -ionis.]
-688, -ice, -ise, as prowess, justice, merchandir*. -ior, more, term, of comp. degree, as superior.
[Fr.—L. -itia.] [L. -ior. See -er, more.]
-Mt, as in harv«/t earnest. -Ique, belonging to, as antu/ue. [Fr.—L. -iquus ;
-est, suffix of ad sing, in verbs, as brings/. [A. S. conn, with -lc, L. -icus. See -ao.]
-ost, -est; L. -es, -isti; Gr. -si, -sthon. -8 or -186, -ize, to make, as equals. [Gr. -isd, L. -ire,
-St =superl.
2d per.suffix,
pron.,formed
Gr. sy from
fx*), L.the/«,compar.
E. Thou.by] Fr. -iser.]
•OStr -Ian, adj. suffix, ethnic, as Irish; signifying some
adding -t, as sinallw/. [A.S. -est (in adjs.), -ost what, as brownish ; sometimes implying depre
(in adverbs} ; L. -issimus, Gr. -islos, -stos, -tatos, ciation, as outlandifA. [A.S. -tic]
Sans, -ishta.] -lsh, to make, as establish. [From Fr. pr.p.
-et, -ete, noun suffix, marking the agent, as pro- suffix -iss-ant ; chiefly used in words from the
phet, poet, atlil*/*. [L. -eta, Gr. -itis.] Fr. The Fr. -iss- is from L. -esc-, inceptive.)
-et. -OttO, -Ot, dim., as cygn*/, bilk/, etiquette, -isk, dim., as asterisk. [Gr. -iskos ; conn, with
balk?/. (Norm. Fr. -et, -ot, Fr. -*//*.] -ish, little. See -ock.]
-6UT. See under -Or. -ism, -asm, forming abstract nouns sig. condition,
-ever, at any time, as who*f*r, every one who. system, as egow»i, deism. Calvinism, laconism,
[See Ever in Diet.) pleonasm. [L. -ismus, -asmus—Gr. -isrnos,
-fare, way, as in welfare, chaffer. [See Fare in -asmos.]
Diet.] -1st, denoting the person who holds a doctrine or
-fast, as in steadfast, shamefaced. [A.S. fast, practises an art, as Calvin&r/, chemist, novelist.
firm, fast.) [L. -ista—Gr. -istes.]
-fold, as fourfold, manifold. [A.S. feald.] -It©, born in, belonging to, as Israelite, Jesuit. [L.
-fUl, full of, as delightful [See Full, adj. in Diet.] -ita—Gr. -His.]
-fy, to make, as purify. [Ft. -fier—L. fic-are, for -lve. See under -Iff.
fac-ere, to make.]
•head, -hood, state, nature, as Godhead, man -ix,with fern, suffix, as testatrtr. [L. -Lc, -icis. Conn.
-688, fern, suffix.]
hood. [From A.S. hud, Ger. -heit, state ; -ize, to make, same as -Ise.
changed into Hood ; to be distinguished from -k, freq. or intens., as hark, talk.
Head of the body.] -kin, dim., as Iamb£i«; son of, as "Wilkin. [A
-i, pi. suffix of nouns in -us, as literati [L. -i; double dim. suffix from -k(see -ock), and in (see
conn, with Gr. -ai, -oi] ; also pi. suffix of nouns -en, dim.).]
borrowed from It., as banditti [It.—L.]. -kind, kind, race, as mankind. [See -kin above,
-Ible, adj. suffix, as possioie, flexible. [From L. and Kin in Diet.)
-ibilis, another form of-aditis. See -able.) -1, forming diminutives, appears in connection with
•10, adj. suffix, of or belonging to, as gigantic, various vowels, and from various sources, as in
public ; also largely used as noun suffix, as logic, -el, -ule, -er-el, -le, -l et, -l ing, -c-le, -c-ule, as
fabric. [L. -icus, -tea, -icnm, Gr. -ikos; cf. dams*/, globule, mongre/, bund/*, ham/e/, duck-
Sans, -ika.] ling, fonicU, molecule.
-loal, belonging to, as cubical, [ic and al. ] -le, noun suffix, as brid/e, bead/*, ridd/e, shovel,
-ice, noun suffix, as chalw"* [Fr. —L. -ex, -ids']; nai/. [A.S. -el, Ger. -el—Aryan -ar^-ol)] ; also
novice [Fr.— L. -ictus]. See another -Ice under adj. suffix, as idle, fickle, brittle, micki* [A.S.
-ess, -Ice, iso. •el, -ol—Aryan -ra],
-lea, lit. things that belong to a science, as mathe- -le, freq. and intens., as spark/*, settle, knee/,
matiet. [In imitation of Gr. -ika, neuter pi. of -lenoe, -lency, forming abstract nouns. [L.
adjs. in -ikos. See -lc] -l-entia, from -tens. See -lent.)
-Id, noun suffix, as Nereid ; also used in coining •lent, full of, as violent, virulent. [L. -l-entus.]
chemical words, as chloride, oxide, bromide -less, free from, wanting, as guiltless, godless.
[L. -id-, Gr. -id-, Fr. -ide] : also adj. suffix, as [A. S. -leas, Ger. -los ; from root of L00S6 and
tepid, acid [L. -idus], Lose.]
-le, -y, dim., as lassie. [From -ick, a weakened -let, dim., as stream/*/. [From -1 and -et, dim.]
form of -OOk.) -like, like, as god/i<fc*. [See Like in Diet]
-ler, one who, as cavalier. [Fr. -ier; usually -ling, dim., as darting; sometimes implying
■Iff,appears in formfit-eor.
adj. suffix, for,j disposed to, as plaint^ depreciation,
-ing.]
as hireling. [Made up of -1 and
(orig. adj. — 'complaining 'j, fugitive, active, •ling, -long, adv. suffix, as dark//«£-, sidelong.
pensive. [Fr.—L. -ivus.] [A.S. -lunga, -linga.]
-ile, able, as ductile. [L. -His, contr. of -ibilts ; -lock. [See Wedlock and Knowledge in Diet.]
to be distinguished from -ile (below). See -able.] -lock, -lick, a plant. [See Hemlock, Garlic]
-lie, belonging to, as Genti/e. [L. -His.] -Jy, adj. and adv. suffix, as manly, only. [The
lm, pi. suffix, as cherubim. [Heb. lm.] adj. suffix is from A.S. lie, £. Like ; adv. is
ina, fern, suffix, as czarina. [See -en, fern.] from lic-e, dat. of tic]
-lne, fern, suffix, as hero/we. [See -en, fern.] -m, noun suffix, as bloom, steam, seam, fathom.
-Ino, -in, noun suffix, as ravine, medicine, cousin ; [A.S. -ma, -ot] ; as realm, crime, alum, regime
much used in chemical compounds, as iodine, [Fr.—L. -men].
glycerine, bromme; also adj. suffix, as divine. -men, that which, state, as regimen, acumen. [Only
[L. -inns, -ina.] in words borrowed from Latin. L. -men; Sans.
-Ing, dim., as farth/vf. [The -ng is nasalised from -man. See -ment. -mony.]
Aryan dim. -ka ^see -ock ] -ment, as nourishment, establishment detriment.
-ing, suffix of pr.p., as loving. [Corr. of A.S. [L. -men-lu-m, Fr. -ment. See -men.]
-inde, which, as also -ande and -ende, it replaced. -mony, as testimony, parsimony. [L. -mon-iu-m,
See -nd, also -ant, -ent. ) -mon-ia. See -men.]
-lng, suffix of verbal nouns, as learning. [A.S. -most, suffix ofsuperl. deg., as endmost. See Most
-ung, Ger. -ting.] in Diet. [In most cases this suffix is not the
2K 577
 Suffixes.
word wat/, the m being part of the root, or an -some, full of, as gladsome, buxom, \uaome.
old superl. suffix, and -est the superlative suffix, [A S. -sum, Ger. -snm ; a by-form of Same. J
as in inmost = \n-tn-ost. See -est, superl. suffix. ] -SOU, son, as johnrott. [See Bon in Diet.]
-n, as maiw, wagon. [Orig. -na, the sufhx of -St. See -OSt, suffix of 2d sing.
passive past participles.] -Ster marks the agent, as maltster, often with
-nee, -ncy, forming abstract nouns, as dista«tc, depreciation, as g&mester, punster. [A. S. -estre,
decewry. [Fr. -nee—L. -nt-ia.] a fern, suffix, which now keeps this sense only
-nd, as f\end {lit. 'hating'), frieW (lit. Moving'). in spinxrVr.]
[A.S. pres.p. suffix.] -Stress, fern, suffix, as songstress. [From -Ster,
abstract idea, as tender*«j. [A.S. -nis, orig. fern, suffix, with the addition of L. -OSS ]
-nes, cog. with Ger. -Hiss.] -By, state, as pleuriry. [Same as -SlS.J
-ook, dim., as hillock. [A.S. -uca—Aryan -ha. -t. See-d.
See -le and -lug, dim.] -t, -te, adj. and noun suffix, as conven/, fac/,
-om, old dative suffix, now used as objective, as chaser, tnbu/(-. [L. -tus, pa.p. suffix ; cog. with
whom ; in adverbs of time, as seldom. [A.S. -d. pa.p. suffix.]
-urn.] -teen, ten to be added, as fourteen. [A. S. -tyne.
-On, -eon, -Ion, noun suffix, as capo«, mason, Cf- -ty, ten to be multiplied.]
trunchro«, onion, clartcn. [Fr.—L. -ontnt, -tor, noun suffix, as character. [Gr. 'tor, L.
-ionem. ] -tor. Sans, -tri; perh. conn, with -ster. ]
-OOn, noun suffix, often augmentative, as balloow, -tor, -ther, as in after, hither. [A.S. -dor, -tAor,
saloon, [Fr. -en, It. -on*.1 old comparative suffix. See Whether in Diet.]
-or, -OUT, -or, denoting the agent, sometimes -th, order, as sixth. [Becomes also -4 ; conn.
directly from L. see -tor), but mostly through with L. -tus, -tius, as in L. quartus, fourth,]
Fr. -our. and spelled originally -our, as emperor -th, suffix of 3d sing, of verbs, now for the most
(old spelling emperoar, Fr. omfiereur—L. iff- part softened to if. [A.S. from root -ta, which
peratorem) ; in others, -our, appears in L. -/, Gr. -it, si, -tai, -to, and in
(Fr.E.prtcheur—L.
-^rhas supplanted
•our, as preacher fireodica- That and The (see Diet.).]
torem), while -or is at times affixed to E. roots, -th, -t. See under -d (pa.p. suffix),
as sailor. In certain abstract nouns from L. -or, -ther, denoting the agent, as (athor, mother.
Fr. -our is still represented by -our, as labowr, [From Aryan -tar, the agent Cf. -tor.]
honour, and in a few cases directly retained, as -ther. See -ter, -ther.
grandnrr. -tor, the agent, as conductor. [From Aryan -tar,
-ory, belonging to, as prefatory [L. -orius] ; place the agent. Sec -ther, and cf. -or, -OUT, -er.]
where, as purgatory [L. -orium]. -tor-y, -sor-y, place, as dormitory,
-086, full of, as verbo«. [L. -osus. See -COS.] -tude, forms abatract nouns, as grati/nKrV. [L. -.'We. )
-Ot, dim., as ballo/". [See -et, dim-] -ty, being or state of being, as dignity; quality,
-OUT. See -or. as hones/y. [Fr. L. -tas, -tat-is.]
-OUS, adj. suffix, as religious, curiowJ [L. -osus); -ty, ten to be multiplied, as sixty. [A.S. -tig;
dubious, anxious [L. -us], cog. with Ger, -xig. Cf. -teen.]
ow, noun suffix, as shadow [from A.S. -u] ; swal -ule, little, dim., as globw/r [L. -u/us]. See under
low/ [from A.S. -ewe]; marrow [from A.S. -h\; -L
also adj. suffix, as narrow [from A.S. -u]. -lim, neuter tenn. , as mediww. [L. -urn, Gr. -on.]
-pie. See -ble, fold. -ancle, little, dim., as peduncle. [L. -un-cu-lus,
-r, noun suffix, marking the instrument, as stair, A.S. -incle ; conn, with -on and •Otlle, diminu
timber; adj. suffix, as bitter, tives.]
-re, place, as her*. [A.S. -r, -ra, orig. a -nro, act of, as capture ; state of being, as verd*re.
locative suffix.] [L. -wra.]
-red, manner, state, as hatred, kindttro'. [A.S. -urnal, belonging to, as diurnal. [L. -um-us and
-radon; cog. with Ger. -rath. See Bead in -al ; conn, with -ern (in modrrw).]
Diet.] -Ward, -wards, adj. and adv. suffix slg. direction,
-lie, dominion, power, region, as bishopry-. [A.S as homeward, homeward!*. [A.S. -weard, gen.
rice, power. Sec Rich in Diet.] -iveetrdes, cog. with Ger. -ivarts ; conn, with
-right, as upright, downright, [A.S. rikt. See A.S. Tveorthan, to be (see Worth in Diet.), and
Right in Diet. ] L. versus—verto, to turn. Cf. Forward, For
-8, adverbial suffix, as needr, alwayj, one*, hence, wards in Diet.]
thence, whil-j-t, betwi-jr-t. [A.S. -es, gen. -way, -ways, adv. suffix, sig. manner, direction,
suffix.] as alwoy, always, straightway. _ [Cf. -Wise, ]
-*B is the present genitive suffix. [Short for A.S. -Wise, way, manner, as Hkeww*, right^owj. [A.S.
Aryan -s or sya, orig. a demons, pron. The -wis, Ger. -rviss. See Wise, way, in Diet.]
(') is prob. due to a false notion that this -s was -y,[Norm. adj. suffix, as from
Fr. -if spongy [from fc(.
L. -ivu* L. -iosus]
-lve)] : ; asas jolly
silly,
a relic of his. ]
-S, -SB, verbal suffix, to make, as cla-j-p, cleans, dirty, any [AS. -ig; cog. with Ger. -ig, Goih.
rinf^. -ha, -gn, L. -cu-s, Gr. -ho-s).
-ship, -scape, as friendship, stewardship, land- -y. noun suffix, as story, Italy TFr. -to, L. -ta] ; as
scape. [A.S. -scipe, shape, form—scapan, E. joy, remedy [from L. -turn] : as ally, deputy
Shape ; cog. with lier. -scha/t.] [from L. -atus] ; as progeny [from L. -ies] ; as
-lis, action or state, as thexit. [Gr. -sis.] bod_y [from A.S. -*jrj.
 TABLE OF DIVISIONS OF THE
ARYAN LANGUAGES.
THE English language—the offspring of the Anglo-Saxon—is one of the Low
German dialects which form part of the Teutonic branch of the Indo-European or
Aryan Languages.
The Aryan languages may be divided into six principal branches :
I. II. III. IV. V. VI.
Indian. Peksic. Celtic. Gr^co-Latin. Teutonic. Slavonic.
The Teutonic branch is divided into three classes, the Low German, High German,
and Scandinavian :
Mceso-Gothic, preserved in Ulphilas's
translation of the Gospels.
Anglo-Saxon.
1. Low German.. English.
Old Saxon.
Frisian.
Dutch.
^ 0. Flemish.
Teutonic. 1. Old High German.
II. High German. 2. Middle High German.
3. New High German.
1. Icelandic
(.HI. Scandinavian.. 2. Norwegian.
3. Swedish.
4. Danish.
The Celtic branch is divided into :
L Gadhelic or Erse. II. Cymric.
1. Irish. 1. Welsh.
2. Scottish Gaelic, 2. Cornish (now extinct).
a Manx. 3. Breton.

GRIMM'S LAW OF THE INTERCHANGE OF CONSONANT SOUNDS.

The evidence that the group of languages known as the Aryan languages form a family—
that is, are all sister-dialects of one common mother-tongue—consists in their grammatical
forms being the same, and in their having a great many words in common. In judging
whether an individual word in one of these tongues is really the same with a word in
another of the tongues, we are no longer guided by mere similarity of sound ; on the
contrary, identity of sound is generally a presumption that a proposed etymology is
wrong. Words are constantly undergoing change, and each language follows its own
fashion in making those changes. Corresponding words, therefore, in the several
languages must, as a rule, in the long course of ages have come to differ greatly ; and
these differences follow certain laws which it is possible to ascertain. Unless, then, a pro
posed identification accord with those laws, it is inadmissible. We are not at liberty to
suppose any arbitrary omission of a letter, or substitution of one letter for another, as
was the fashion in the old guessing school of etymology.
Of the laws of interchange of sounds in the Indo-European family, the most important
is that known as Grimm's Law, so called after the famous German philologist who
investigated it. It exhibits the relations found to exist between the consonant sounds in
three groups of the Aryan languages—namely, (1) the Classical, including Sanskrit, Greek,
and Latin ; (2) Low German, which we may take Gothic and English as representing ;
(3) High German, especially Old High German, in which the Law is more consiotcntly
carried out than in modern High German
 Grimm's Law of the Interchange of Consonant Sounds.
The soope of the Law is confined to the interchanges among the following consonaut
sounds, which are here arranged so as to show their relations to one another :
Sharp. Flat. Aspirate.
Labial p h f (»)
Linguo-dental t d th (::)
Guttural k (c) g oh (A)
The horizontal division into three orders depends on the organ chiefly used in the utter
ance. The differences between the vertical series are more easily felt than described.
Pronounce first ip and then to ; in the first, the lips are completely closed, and the sound
or voice from the larynx abruptly cut off. In the second, the hps are also completely
shut, but a muffled voice is continued for a moment ; it is produced by the vocal cords
being still kept in a state of tension, and the breath continuing to issue through them
into the cavity of the mouth for a brief space after the lips are closed. Next pronounce
if; in this, although the voice-sound abruptly ceases, the lip-aperture is not so completely
closed but that a thin stream of breath continues to escape with the sound of a whisper.
Hence the name agpirate given to such articulations. Now, interchanges do take place
between members of these vertical series—that is, one sharp takes the place of another, as
in Welsh pen, Gaelic kin ; or in Russian Feodor for TAeodore. Such instances, however,
are comparatively rare and sporadic. It is between members of the horizontal orders that
interchanges chiefly take place—that is, labials with labials, dentals with dentals, &c. ; and
it is with these interchanges that Grimm's Law deals.
The substance of the Law may be presented in a tabular form, as follows :
(1) Classical Sharp. Flat. Aspirate.
(2) Low German Aspirate. Sharp. Flat.
(3) High German Flat. Aspirate. Sharp.
The table may be thus read : A classical sharp labial, as p, is represented in Low
German by the aspirate labial /, and in High German by the flat labial b ; and so of the
other orders.
EXAMPLES.
(A) Interchange of Labials.
LOW GERMAN. i 0. E. GERMAN.
Sans., Or., L. pater... E. /ather, Goth, /adrs vatar.
Gr. pteron (peteron).. E. feather redar, Ger. /edcr.
L. pulex E./lea, Scot /lech i lo, Ger./loh.
L. ra/>ina A.S. rea/, E. reave rou6.
Gr. kannaois.. E. hemp 1 liana/, Ger. han/.
L. /ra(n)go • E. break, Goth, brikan prechan, Ger. 6rechen
Gr. pAu, L. /u } E. be i pirn (lam).
(B) Interchange ok Linguo-Dentalw.
L. fenuis ] E. tAin dunni, Ger. diinn.
L. tectum E fAatch, Goth. tAak. dach.
Gr. odont, L. dent.. E. tooth, Goth, runthus zand, Ger. sihn.
L. dingua (= lingua). E. tongue zunga.
Gr. tAugater E. daughter, Goth, daubtar.. tohtar.
Gr. Iher, L. /era E. deer tior.
(C) Interchange of Gutturals.
L. claudus E. Aalt Aalz.
Gr. Aard-, L. cord- E. Aeart Aerza.
L. octo E. eir/At, Goth. aAtan aAte, Ger. arAt.
Gr. ponu E. knee cAnio.
L. a^er E. acre, Goth, afcrs. aeAar, Ger. acier.
Gr. cAen, L. anser (= Aanser) E. goose dans, Ger. pans.
L. Aortus E. garden, Goth, .ffards jfcarto, Ger. f/arten.
It will be observed that there are a good many exceptions to the Law, especially in
the case of the aspirates ; the influence of adjoining letters often causes anomalies. The
Law holds good oftenest in the beginning of words.
580
 ETYMOLOGY OF NAMES OF PLACES, &C.

The following are the more important significant syllables or words that enter into
the composition of the names of rivers, mountains, towns, &c. :
A {A.S. eh, Ice. -aa), 'a stream; ' as Gretrt, Thurso Vecchia ('old city') ; Ciudad Rodrigo ('city of
('Thor's stream'). Roderick '). [From L. civitas. See City in
Abad fPers. and Sans.), 'a dwelling ;' as Hyder- Diet)
abad, Allahabad. CTyd (Celt.), ' warm,* \ as Clyde, Cluden, Clwyd,
Aber ;Celt.), ' a confluence,' 'an embouchure ; ' as Clyth (Celt.), 'strong,' S Cloyd, &c.
Aberfeldy, Aberdeen, Aberystwiih. [Synony Coed ;Cclt.), 'a wood ;' Cots-wold Hills, Chatmoss,
mous with Inver,] Colli (from L. colonia), 'a colony;' as Lincoln,
All (Gael. ), ' white : ' Al-lan, ' white water,' so the Colne, Cologne {Kdin). [S-je Colony in Diet.]
rivers Allen, Ellen, A In, Lime, Allwen, Eliviu. Combo (A.S. , Cwm or Cum (Celt), 'a hollow
Ar, found in many river-names; as Aire, Ayr, between hills ; ' as Wycombe, Compton, The
Aar, Arro, Arrtnv, Arve. [Ety. dub., perh. Coombs, Co/no.
conn, with Sans, ara, 'swift,' 'flowing;' perh. Craig, Carrick, Crag (Celt/ , 'a rock as Craigie,
with Celt, garzv, ' violent.'] Cratkxe, Carrick, Carrickfergus, Crick, Crick-
Aid. (Celt.), 'high;' as Arelocb, Airdrie, Ard- lade, Croagh-Batrick. [See Crag in Diet.]
rossan, Ardglass, Ardcn, Ardennes. Dal (Scand.;, Thai (Ger. j, Dail and Dol (Celt.),
Ath (Ir, and Gael.), 1 a ford ;' as A ///lone, v4Mtruim 'a dale,' 'a field;' as Liddesa'rt^, Kydal,
now Trim), ^Mleathain (Broadforcf), in Skye. Kendal, Arundel, Rhe'mthal ; (in Celtic names
Auoh (Gael.), Agh (Ir.)t 'a field ; ' as Auchinleck, Srcfixed) Dairy, ZWkeith, Dolgelly. [See
Aghxnver, Aghadoe. 'ale and Dell in Diet.]
Avon (Celt], *a river;' as Avon, Aven, Aistie, Den or Dean (Teut ), ' a deep wooded valley ; ' as
Inn, Ain, Vienne. 'Yenterden, Southdeau, Hazeldean, -Z?<r«holm.
Ay. See Ey. [See Den in Diet.]
Bab (Ar.)f ' a gate ; * as #(?i-el-mandeb, Bab-el. Don or Dan (derivation not ascertained), ' water ;
Bad (Teut.), 'a bath ; ' as Bath, Baden, Carls/W. as the Don, Bandon, Dun. Tyne, Tone; so in
Bally (Ir. and Gael.), 'a village' or 'town;* as the Z>«iester, Dnieper, 7Vi«ais, Donetz, Dwina.
Batlymore, J5a/briggan, Baln\ora\. Dour (Celt.), 'water;' as the Dour, Adour,
Ban (Celt.), ' white ; ' as Banna, Banon ; the Douro, Dore, Thur, Doro, Adder, Derv/enl,
rivers Ben, Banti, Bandon, Banney, &c. Darwin, Darent. Dan, ZVrchcster, Dordogne.
Bock or Bach (Teut.), 'a brook;' as Holbeck, Drum and Drom (Celt.), ' a backbone," ' a ridge ;'
LautenWA. [See Beck in Diet.] as Dro/nore, Drummond, Aughr//«, Leitrww.
Beg, Blban (Celt.), 'little;' as Bally&y, Mor- Du (Celt), 'black:' as the Douglas; the rivers
bikan, jDwlas, Doulas, and prob. Dee; Dublin ('dark
Ben (Gael, and Ir.l, * mountain,' Pen (W.), 'head pool ').
land,' 'hilltop;' as Ben Nevis, Ben Lomond, Dun [Celt.), 'a hill-fortress;' as Dunmore, Dum-
The Twelve Fins, Bangor ; Pen, /Vwnigant, blane. DunYeld, />wwbnrton, Z?«;«fries, Dun-
Penzance, Pennine Alps, A/V«nines, /7«dus. stable, Dunmow, Down-Patrick, Donegal, Mal-
Berg, Borough 'A.S. beorh'\ 'a hill;' as Ingle- Hon, Verdun, Leyden. [See Down, a hill, in
borough, Flamborough Head, Queens&rry, Diet.)
BrovTherg Hill, Y^bri\%sberg, Bergen. [From the Dysart (Celt.—L. desertum), 'a hermitage;' as
same root as Burgb below).] Dysart, Dysertmoxe.
Beth (Heb. ), ' a house : '■ as Bethel (house of God). Ea, Ey 'A.S. ig, Ice. ey, Norw. and Dan. o. See
Blair (Gael.), 'a plain,' orig. 'a battlefield;' as Island in Diet.), ' an island ; ' as Swanj^, Eton,
Blair Athole. Jeremy, Rothes/iy, StaffVi, Yaroe.
Bottle or Battle, Battel {Teut.), * a dwelling ; ' as Ecclos, Egles (like Fr. Mite, through L., from
Ncwbatfle, Wolfenb#ttel. Gr. ekklexia), 'a church;' as Eccleston, Eccle-
Broad (EA as ^fr^don, Bradsh&w, Bradford. fechan, 'Yerregtes.
Burgh, Borough, Bury (Teut.), 'a fortified place.' Esk (Gael, and Ir. easg [obs.] or uisge, W. ivysg\
' a town ; ' as Edinburgh, Peterborough, Shrews- 'water ; 1 as the Esk, l/sk, Esky, Isc, Easehum,
bury, HamburgjCherbourg, Carisbrook, Burgos. Ashhoume, Iz. /sis, Exe, Ux, Ouse, IVisk,
[A.S. byrig, E. Borough (see Diet.), G-er. burg. \Vis,Isch\a, /sere, Aisne, Ausonne, Oise.
See also Barrow, a mound, in Diet ] Fell (Scand. "field), 'a mountain;' as Carter/ell,
By (Scand.), 'a dwelling,' 'a town;' as Derby, Goat/ell, Sna/c/, Fitful Head (corr. of Hvit-
Rugby, Whitby, YXbmuf [Cf. Bylaw in Diet.] 1 Pell, ' white mountain ';. [See Fell in Diet.]
Caer, Gader (W.i, Caher (Ir.), 'fortified in- Fleet (Scand. fleot, E. flomi), 'a small river 'or
closure,' as CaerXeon, Caernarvon, Cardigan, 'channel;' as Buxjleet ; found in Normandy as
Carlisle, GzaVr-Idris, Sanquhar, CrtHingford. fleur, as Har/frwr [anciently Waxvcflete).
Cam (Celt.), 'crooked;' as Cam, Orwbeck, Folk,A.S.;, * people ;' as Norfolk (' north people';,
Giwbuskenneth, Morecawbe Bay, Cambrai. Suffolk 'south people').
Caster, Chester, Coster ' — L. castra), 'a camp,' Garth (Scand.), :yard:' Gorod, Grod, Grade,
as Voncaster, Chester, Winchester, Leicester. Gratz (Slav.), ' inclosure,' ' town ; ' as Stwitgnrt,
Cefn (Celt.), 'a ridge;' as Ce/ncoed, Chrvin, Novgorod (= Newton), Bel^-T-Wir [=Whitton),
Keynion, Chevington, Cheviot, Cevennes. K.6n\ggrdtz (= Kingston^. [See Yard in Diet.]
Cheap and Chipping (A.S. ceap), 'price,' 'a GarW (Celt.), 'rough;' hence 6Vironne, O^irioch,
market;' as Chipping-Norton, Chepstow, Krtrrow, Yair, possibly Garry.
Chcapside, Copenhagen (Dan. Kjdben-havn, Gate (Teut.), *a passage' or 'road;' as Canon-
' merchants' haven'). [Sec Cheap in Diet.] gate, Harrow«j/^, Weigatc {— Ridge^aiV), Cat-
CIVita (It.), Ciudad (Sp.), 'a city." as Civita i xegat. [See Gate ir Diet.]
 Etymology of Names of Places, Sec.
Glen (Gael.', Glyn (W.), 'a narrow valley;' as puy\ 'point ; ' as the Peak, the Pikes in Cu mber-
Glencoe, Glengarry, Glynneatb, 67^morgan. land. Spitzbergen, Pic du Midi, t uy de Dome.
Gorm (Gael.h blue;' as Cairngorm, kingem Peel ;Cclt.), "a stronghold ; ' as Peel in Man, and
('blue point'), corrupted to Kinghorn. numerous peels on the Border of Scotland.
Gwent ;Celt.). ' a plain ; ' Latinised into venta, as Polls [Gr.;, 'a city;' as Greno£/<r, NaMw,
Venta Belgarum (now WinChester), Caerwent. Na//«, Sebasto>o/.
Gwy. See Wy. Pont (L. , ' a bridge ; ' as /Vwfefraci, NegnyVtwi/.
Hall (Tent.1. ' a stone house : * as Eccles&i//, Wal- Poor, Pore (Sans, pura , 'a town;' as Nag/tw,
sall : [in Germany; a ja//-work, as Halle. (See | Cawnpore, Singapore.
Hall in Diet.] {ham, Wochlieim. | Ras (Ar.), 1 a cape ; ' as A'oj-al-had.
Ham (A.S., Ger. heim), 'a home;' as Bucking- Rath (Ir.J. 'a round earthen fort;' as A^oMmore.
Hay, Haigh (Teut>). 'a place surrounded by a Rhe, a root found in many languages, meaning
hedge; ' as Rothwell Haigh, the Hague. ' to flow ; ' as Rhine, Rhone, Rha, Jf/no, Eye,
Hithe (A.S.)i 'haven;' as Hythe, \mxaketk — Eay, Rhee, Wrey, Roe, Roe.
Loam-hithe (the ' clayey haven 'J- Ridge, in Scotland Rlgg (A S. hrycg, Ger. riichen),
Holm (Scand.,
■ a plain near&c),
a river'an; ' island in a lake Flat/ifim.
as StocloWwi, or river ;* "a hack ;' as Reigate, Rngeley,Longridge.
Bin (Cell.), 'a point of land;' Rhinns of Gallo
Holt [Teut.)» 'a wood;' as liags^/, Alders^/, way ; Penr//>-« in Wales, AV«£send near Dublin,
//Ostein. [See Holt in Diet.} ROSS (Celt. , 'a promontory;' Kinnw, Melnv^,
Horn (Tcut), 'a peak;' as SchreckAt?*?/ ('the AVrneath ; in S. Ireland, awood, as AVfcommon.
peak of terror';, Matterfowv* (' meadow-peak '). Scale Scand.', 'ahut' (Scot, shieiing; Ice. shall';
Hurst (A.S. hyrst), 'a wood;' as Lyndhn/ st. Port'vnscate, and possibly Shields, Galashiels.
Ing(A.S.), a suffix denoting sou, in pi. 'a family' Scar (Scand. J, 'a cliff;' ^Vat-borough, the Sher-
or 'tribe;' as Warr/wyfton ('the town of the ties. [set, Ambleside, Sedlitx*
Warrings'), HaddiH^ton. [See -ittg in list of Set (A.S.), 'a seat,' 'a settlement,' Dorset, Somer-
suffixes.) Sez, ' Saxons ; ' as Kssex k ' East Saxons '), Sussex
Inula or Ennls (Celt.;, inch in Scotland, an island ; (' South Saxons').
as /«r/*colm ',' the island of St Columba'J ; En- Sierra ;Sp.—L. serra), 'a saw;' or from Ar.
w/fkillen, Eunismore, in Ireland. schrah, ' an uncultivated tract.'
Inver (GaeL), the mouth of a river;' as Inver- Sllevh (Jr. ; allied to L. clivus, a slope), ' a moun
ness, Inveraray, /ww^rleithen. tain ;' as Slievh Beg.
Kara (Turk.;, 'black;' as Aamkum ('black South is found in .S uji\ '.k . Sussex, Southampton,
sand'), Kara Hissar ('black castle'). Sutherland, Sutton, Sudbury, Smiley.
Kenn (GaeL). Kin (Jr.], 'a head ;' as AVwmore, Stan Pers.), 'a land ;' Hindustan, AfghanU/<z».
Cawtire, A'/««aird, Kinross, AV«sale, Kent. Staple (.VS.), 'astore;' Dunstable, Barnstaple.
Kll (Celt.), L. cella, 'a cell,' 'a chapel,' or Stead ;A.S. ), Stadt (Ger.J, 'a town ; ' as Hamp-
'church;' as AV/conquhar in Fife, 'the chapel sfead, ^ieustadt.
at the head [cram] of the fresh-water lake Ster i Scand. stadhr), *a place ;' as Ulster.
{iuchair);' Xcolmkill, 'the island (/} of Columba Stoke and StOW (A.S.\ 'a stockaded place;'
of the church.' as llristoiv or Bristol, Tavistock, .SV^c-thclm.
Kirk (North E. and Scand.). Klrche ;Ger.); as Stone, 'a stone,' 'a rock,' as Stanton, Staines,
Selkirk, AVrafrwall, Kirkc\idbright, Kirchheim, Mddystone, Stennis, FraukerurWw.
Funfkirchen. [See Church in Diet.] Strath (Gael.), 'a broad valley; ' as Stra/hmare.
Lax (Scand. ; Ger. lacks), 'a salmon;' as Loch Street (L, stratum), ' a Roman road ; ' Stratford,
Z,rt-rford in Sutherland ; the Laxa.y in the Heb Sfratton, Streatham. [See Street in Diet.]
rides and in Man ; Lajrwcir on the Shannon. Tain GaeL), ' a river ; ' as the Tyne, prob. a form
Loamhan fir. and Gael.; pron. tavawn), 'the of Don.
elm-tree : ' as in Leven, Lennox, Laune. Tam (Celt.), 'still,' 'smooth;' as the ThamesXs
Ley (A.S. leak), *a meadow;' Wadleigh, WaterAw. (* smooth Isis'), the 'Perna, Tame, Tamar, 'Pay.
Linn (Celt.), ' a waterfall ; ' as Lynn Regis in Nor Thorpe (Norse), Dorf (Ger.), 'a village ; ' as Burn-
folk ; Ros/m, 'the promontory [ross)at the fall.' ham- Thorpe, Heythorpe, Uusseldor/'.
Lis (Celt.), ' an inclosure,' * a fort,' ' a garden ; ' as Toft Dan.', 'an inclosure;' as Lowesto/1, Jvctof.
Z.Mmore ('the great inclosure ' or 1 garden Ton (A.S.), 'inclosure,' 'town;* the most com
Llan (W.), 'an inclosure/ 'a church;' as Elan- mon of English local names.
daff (' the church on the Taff'). Tor (Celt; found in L. turris), 'a tower-like
LOW and Law (A.S. Maw), 'a rising ground;' rock ; ' as the Tors in England ; Mount Taurus.
as Houns/^f, L.ud/env, and numerous laws in Tre (\V.), 'a dwelling;' as I'retown, Coventry
Scotland. [Cog. with Goth, hlaiiv, and allied ;' convent-dwelling"), Oswesr>T. Uchil/r*.
to L. clivtts, a slope, and E. Lean, v.] TJchel (W.J, ' high ? Uaohter (Gael. !, ' a height ; '
Magh Celt.), 'a plain ; 1 as Armagh, Maynooth. as the Ochil Hills, Ochiltree, stttchfcrAvder.
Mark (Tout), 'a boundary;' Denmark, Merc'xa, Wall, found in many names of places on the
Murcia. [See March, a border, in Diet.] Roman wall from Newcastle to Carlisle . as
Mere, Moor [A.S.), 'a lake' or 'marsh;' as Mer Wallsend, Wallhead.
sey, Blackwtffw. Weald, Wold (Ger. voald), ' a wood ; ' ffW/ham,
Mor (Celt.), 'great;' Benaawr ('great mountain'). Walden, the CotRivolds ; Schwarrtvald ('Black
Mor (Celt.), 'the sea;' as Moray, Armories, Forest ').
Morlaix, Glamorgan, Morbiban. Well, Vllle [L. villa), ' an abode : * as Tankerm"///-,
Mull (Gael.1. ' a headland ; ' as Mull of Galloway. Kettle?!'**//, Bradrtv//, MaxttWAon.
Ness or Naze (Scand.; see Diet.), 'a
■promontory;' as Caithness, Sbeerness, Cape Wick, nose' or Wich (A.S. wic. 'a village;' Scand. 'a
bay ' or ' creek ') ; as AXnivick, Sandwi'trA.
(Srisnes; the Naze. Worth (A.S. iveorthig^, ' a farm ' or ' estate :* as
Old, Eld, Alt (Tcut.), 'old ;' as Allhorp, El/on, TamwffrM, KenilnvrM, Bos«wr/A, Worthing.
E/tbam, Aldbury, -4bury. [See Old in Diet.]
Patam Sans.i, 'a city;' Seringa/rt/rtw, Patna. Wy or Gwy fW.), * water ; ' as the Wye ; used as
Peak. ^Plke (conn, with Ger. spitz, Fr. pic and affix lo many streams, as Conwayt Medway,
Solivay.
 WORDS AND PHRASES FROM THE LATIN, THE GREEK,
AND MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES.
A bos (Fr.), down, down with.
Ablfi (Fr.), the title of a clergyman.
Ab extra [LA from without.
Ab initio (L.), from the beginning.
Abonnement \Fx.), subscription.
Ab origine (L.), from the origin or beginning.
Ab ovo lL.)f from the egg : from the beginning.
Abrigi (Fr.). abridgment.
Absente rvo (L.), the defendant being absent.
Ab urbe conditd [L.)t from the founding of the
city (Rome).
A^ccessit (LA he came near.
s\ compte tFr.), on account : in part-payment.
A convert (Fr.), under cover : protected.
Ad aperturam [libri) (L. ), as (the book) opens.
Ad arbitrium (L.), at pleasure.
Ad avizandum (Low L.J, to be deliberated upon,
(in Scotland) the formula expressing that judg
ment in a suit is deferred.
Ad Calendas Greeras (L.), at the Greek Calends ;
i.e. never, as the Greeks had no Calends.
Ad captandum valgus (L.), to catch the rabble.
Ad extremum (L.), to the extreme.
Adfinem (L.)» to the end.
Ad infinitum (L), to infinity.
Ad interim (L.), in the meanwhile. [tion.
A discretion (Fr.), at discretion : without restric-
Ad libitum (L.), at pleasure.
Ad nauseam (L. ), to disgust.
Ad referendum (L.), to be further considered.
A,d rem { L. ). 10 the point : to the purpose.
A droit ( Fr. ), to the right.
Adsum (LA I am present, here !
Adunguem (L.), to the nail : nicely.
Adunnm omnes (L.), all to a man. [case.
Ad utrumque paratus (L.), prepared for either
Ad valorem (L.), according to the value.
Ad vitam aut culpam (L.), for life or fault—i.e.
till some misconduct be proved.
ATquo animo (LA with an equable mind.
Affaire d*amour (Fr.), a love affair
Affaire d'ftottnenr (Fr.), an affair of honour.
Affaire du cceur (Fr.), an affair of the heart.
A fond (Fr.), to the bottom : thoroughly.
/{fortiori (L.), with stronger reason.
A gauche (Fr.), to the left.
Agenda (LA things to be done.
Agriment (Fr.), agreeable quality: embellishment.
A I'abandon (Fr.), at random, left uncared for.
A la bonne heure ( Fr. ), in good or favourable time.
A la Fran^aise (Fr.), after the French mode.
A la mode (Fr.), acc. to the custom : in fashion.
A la Tartuffe (Fr.), like Tartuffe ; hypocritically.
Alere fiammam (L.), to feed the flame.
Alfresco (It.), in fresco : in the open air : cool.
Aliez vous en (Fr.), away with you.
Allans (Fr.), let us go ; come on : come.
Alma mater (L.), lit. a benign mother—applied by
, graduates to their university.
A foutrance Fr. to the utmost
Alter ego (L.), another self.
Alter idem (L.), another precisely similar.
Amende honorable (Fr.), satisfactory apology :
reparation.
A mensA et toro (L.), from bed and board.
Amorpatriot (L.), love of country.
Amourpropre {Ft.), self-love: vanity.
Analecta (L.), a collection of literary fragments.
Anglicd (L), in English,
Anno Domini (L.), in the year of our Lord.
Anno mundi (L.), in the year of the world.
Anno urbis condito? (L.), in the year the city
(Rome) was built.
Annus mirabilis (L.), year of wonders.
Ante meridiem (L.), before noon.
j^percit (Fr.), survey: sketch.
A Point (Fr.), to a point : exactly right.
A posteriori (L.), from the effect to the cause.
j\ Priori (L.), from the cause to the effect*-
A propos (Fr.), to the point : pertinently.
Aqua vita (L.), water of life : brandy : alcohol.
Argumentum ad hominem (L.), an argument to
the individual man—that is, to his interests and
prejudices.
Argumentum ad ignorantiam (L), argument
founded on an adversary's ignorance of facts.
Argumentum ad invidiam (L.), an argument ap
pealing to low passions.
Argumentum adjudicium (L.), argument appeal
ing to the judgment.
Argumentum baculinum (L.), the argument of the
cudgel : appeal to force.
Ariston metron (Gr.j, the middle course is the
best : the golden mean.
Arriire pensie (Fr.), a mental reservation.
Ars est celare artem{L..), true art is to conceal art.
Ars lonra, vita brevis (L.J, art is long, life short.
Audi alteram partem (L.), hear the other side.
Anfait (Fr.), well acquainted with : expert.
Aufond (Fr.), at the bottom.
Aurea mediocritas (L.),the golden or happy mean.
Aura popularis (L.), the breeze of popular favour.
Au rcste (Fr.), as for the rest.
Au revoir (Fr.), adieu until we meet again.
Aut Casar aut nullus ( L.), either Caesar or nobody.
Aux armes (Fr.), to arms.
Avant-coureur (Fr.), a forerunner.
Avant propos (Fr.). preliminary matter : preface.
Avec permission (Fr.), by consent.
-4 verbis ad verbera (L ), from words to blows.
A voire santi (Fr. ), to your health.
Bos bleu (Fr.), a blue-stocking : a literary woman.
Beaux esprits (Fr.), men of wit : gay spirits.
Beauxyeux (Fr.), fine eyes. [or genius.
Bel esprit (Fr.), a brilliant mind : a person of wit
Bite noire (Fr.), a black beast : a bugbear.
Bis (LA twice: repeated.
Blase" (Fr.), palled : surfeited.
Bondfide (L.)( in good faith : in reality.
Bon ami (Fr.), good friend.
Bon grit malgri (Fr.)( willing or unwilling.
 Words and Phrases from Latin, Greek, &c.
Bonhomie (Fr.;, good-natured simplicity. Contre-temps (Fr.), a mischance.
Bon jour ',Fr.)p good-day : good-morning. Copia verborum [L.), plenty of words : fluency
Bonne (Fr.)( a nurse or governess. in speech.
Bonnefoi (Fr.J, good faith. Coram nobis (L.J, before us.
Bon soir (Fr,), good-evening. Cordon sanitaire (Fr. ). a line of troops to prevent
Bon-ton (Fr.), the height of fashion. [liver. the spreading of contagion or pestilence.
Bon-vivant (Fr.), a jovial companion: a good Corps diplomatique (Fr.), a diplomatic body.
Bouillon (Fr.), soup. Corpus delicti (L. ), the body, substance, or
Breveti (Fr.). patented. foundation of the ofTence.
Bric-d-brac (Fr.), odds and ends. Couleur de rose (Ft.), rose colour; hence, an
Brutumfulmen (L.), a harmless thunderbolt. aspect of beauty and attractiveness.
Bundesratk (Ger.), the Federal Council in the Coup de grdce (Fr.), the finishing stroke.
German Empire, consisting of representatives Coup de main (Fr.), a sudden enterprise or effort.
from the individual States. Coup de soleil (Fr.), a stroke of the sun.
Coup d"itat (Fr.), a stroke of policy : a violent
Cacoitkes loquendi (L.), an itch for speaking. measure of state.
Cacoethes scribendi (L.), an itch for scribbling. Coup (Fr.), a rapid glance of the eye.
Caff ( Fr. ), a coffee-house. Coupi (Fr.), the front division of a diligence.
Canaille [Fr.), the rabble. Coute que coute (Fr. ), cost what it may.
Cap-a-pie [p€'J (Fr.), from head to foot. Cuibonof (L.J, for whose benefit is it r
Caput (L.), head : chapter. Cuisine (Fr.), kitchen : cooking department.
Caput mortuum (L.), the worthless remains. Cul de sac (Fr.), the bottom of the bag: a street
Carpe diem (L.), enjoy the present day : seize the or lane that has no outlet.
opportunity. [full powers. Cum grano salis (L.), with a grain of salt, i.e.
Carte blanche (Fr.), a blank sheet of instructions : with some allowance.
Casus belli (L.), that which involves or justifies Cum privilegio (L.)f with privilege.
war. [arranged according to their subjects. Curiosafelicitas (L.), nice felicity of expression.
Catalogue raisonni (Fr.}, a catalogue of books Currente calamo (L»). with a running or rapid pen.
Cavaliere servente (It), one who waits with Custos rotulorum (L.j, keeper of the rolls.
fantastic devotion upon a married lady.
Cave canem (L.), beware of the dog, a frequent Da capo (It.), from the beginning.
inscription on Roman thresholds. De bonne grdce (Fr.), with good grace : willingly.
Cedant arma toga (L.), let arms yield to the Defacto (LA from the fact : really.
gown—i.e. let military authority yield to the Digagi Yr. , easy and unconstrained.
civil power. [the first step is difficult. Deigratia (I*), by the grace of God.
Ce nest que le premier pas qui coute (Fr.), only Dijeuner (Fr.), breakfast : a fashionable luncheon.
Centum (L.), a hundred. Dijeikner d la fourchette { Fx. ), a meat breakfast.
Cest d dire (Fr.), that is to say. [thing. Dejure (L.), from the law : by right.
(Test une autre chose (Fr.), that is quite another Delenda est Carthago (L.), Carthage must be
Ceteris paribus (L.), other things being equal. blotted out, or destroyed.
Chacun d son gout ( Fr. J, every one to his taste. De mortuis nil nisi bonum (L.), say nothing but
Chanson ( Fr. ), a song. good of the dead.
Charge" daffaires (Fr.), a subordinate diplomatist. De novo ( L. ), anew.
Chef(Fr.)* the head : the leading person or part. Deo gratias (L.), thanks to God.
Chefde cuisine ( Fr. ), head-cook. Deo volente (L.), God willing : by God's will.
Ciiefd'auvre (Fr. ), a masterpiece. De profundis (L.), out of the depths.
Chemin defer (Fr.), the iron-way, railway. Dernier ressort{Fr.)t
Disagreement (Fr.),something
a last resource.
disagreeable.
Chere amie ( Fr. ), a dear friend : a mistress.
Chevalier d"Industrie {Fr. ), lit. a knight of in Desipere in loco (L.), to jest at the proper time.
dustry : one who lives by persevering fraud. Desunt cetera (L.)t the remainder is wanting.
Ckevaux de /rise (Fr.), in fortification an obstacle De trop (Fr.), too much, or too many.
consisting of spikes set in a framework of wood. Dies ira (L.), day of wrath.
Chic (Fr. ), style, easy elegance, adroitness. Dies non (L.), a day on which judges do not sit.
Ci-devant (Fr.), formerly: former. Dieu et man droit (Fr.), God and my right.
Cigit (Fr.Jl, here lies. Die Wacht am Rhein (Ger.), the watch on the
Circulus tn probanda (L.), a circle in the proof, Rhine, a famous German patriotic song.
using the conclusion as one of the arguments. Distingui [Fr.), distinguished : eminent.
Claqueur (Fr.), one hired to applaud at a theatre. Distrait (Fr.), absent in thought.
Cldture (Fr.), closing of a discussion. Divertissement (Fr.), amusement : sport.
Cogito ergo sum (L.), I think, therefore I exist. Dolcefar niente (It.), sweet doing-nothing : sweet
Coiffeur (Ft.), a hairdresser. idleness.
Collectanea (L.), passages collected from authors. Double entendre, Double entente (Fr.), double
Comme il/aut (Fr.), as it should be. meaning : a word or phrase capable of more
Compagnon devoyage ( Fr. ), a travellingcompanion. than one meaning.
Compos mentis ft*), of a sound mind. Dramatis persona (L.), characters of a drama.
Comfile rendu (Fr.), an account rendered : report. Droits ({"octroi (Fr.), duties levied on certain
Comptoir (Fr.), counting-room. articles on their entry into a town.
Con amore fit.}, with love : very earnestly. Dulce Domuml (L.),- sweetly homeward! from
Concierge (Fr.), the keeper of a prison : porter of the song sung by the students of Winchester
a house. [monastery : an associate. College at the close of the term.
Confrere (Fr.), a brother belonging to the same Dulce est desipere in toco I. . it is pleasant to
Congi tMire (Fr.), leave to elect. jest, or revel, at the proper time.
Conseil (Mat (Fr.), a council of state : a privy- Duke et decorum est pro patria mori (L.\ it is
council, [morals. sweet and glorious to die for one's country.
Contra bonos mores '.L.), against good manners or Dum spiro, spent (L.)t while I breathe, I hope.
 Words and Phrases from Latin, Greek, Sec.
Dum vivimus, vivamus (L.\ while we live, let us Facilisest descensus Avemi (L.), descent to Aver-
live. nus (or hell) is easy ; the road to evil is easy.
Fain/ant (Fr.), idle.
Eaude Cologne (Fr.), Cologne water, a perfume. Fait accompli (Fr.), a thing already done.
Eau de vie ( Fr.), water of life : brandy. Fama clamosa (L.), a current scandal.
Ecce homo (L.l, behold the man. Fata obstant (L.), the Fates oppose it.
Editio princeps (L. ), original edition. Faux pas (Fr. ), a false step : a mistake.
Edition de luxe (Fr.), a splendid and expensive Fecit (L.), he made or executed it.
edition of a book. Feliciter (L.), happily : successfully.
Ego et rex mens (L.), I and my king. Felo de se (L.), a suicide.
El Dorado (Sp.), the golden land. Fernme (orfilW) dechambre (Fr.), a chambermaid.
Eleve (Fr.), pupil. Fite champttre (Fr.), a rural festival. [bonfire.
Embonpoint (Fr.), in good condition : plump. Feu dejoie { Fr. J, a firing of guns in token of joy : a
Emeritus (L.), one retired from active official Feuilleton (Fr.), a small leaf: a supplement to a
duties. newspaper, devoted to light, entertaining matter.
Emigre" (Fr.), an emigrant. Fiatjustitia ruat ccelum (LA let justice be done,
Empressement (Fr.), ardour: zeal : interest. though the heavens should fall.
En ami (Fr.), as a friend. I Fidei defensor (L.), defender of the faith.
En avant ! (Fr.), forward ! I Fides Punica (L.), Punic faith ; treachery.
En ddskaHlli ( Fr.), in undress. Fuius Achates (L. ), faithful Achates—i.e. a true
Enfamille (Fr.), in a domestic state. friend.
En/ants perdus (Fr.), lost children : (mil.) the for ! Fils (Fr.), son.
lorn-hope. \ Finem respice (L.), look to the end.
En masse [Fr.), in a body. Flagrante delicto (L.\ in the very act.
En passant Fr.), in passing : by the way. \ Fra (II), brother, friar.
En pleinjour (Fr.), in broad day. Fuit Ilium (L.), Troy has been—i.e. is no more.
En rapport (Fr.), in relation: in connection. Fulmen bruium (L. ), a harmless thunderbolt.
En rigle (Fr.), in order : according to rules. Furor toquendi (L. ), a rage for speaking.
En route j Fr.), on the way. Furorpoeticus (L.), poetical fire.
Eh suite (Fr.), in company. [tween two states. Furor scribendi (L.), a rage for writing.
Entente cordiale (Fr.), cordial good-will, esp. be-
Entourage (Fr.), surroundings: adjuncts. Gallid (L.), in French.
En tout [Fr.), in all : wholly. Garcon (Fr.), a boy: a waiter.
Entrte (Fr.), entry: a dish served at the com Garde du corps (Fr. ), a body-guard.
mencement of a repast, preparatory to the more 1 Gardes (Fr.), take care : be on your guard.
substantial fare. Genius loci [LA the genius of the place.
Entremets (Ft.), small and dainty dishes set be Gens d*armes (Fr.), armed police.
tween the principal ones at table. Gentilhomme ( Fr.), a gentleman.
Entre nous (Fr.), between ourselves. Gloria in excelsis (L. ), glory to God in the highest.
Entrepot (Fr.), a warehouse or magazine. Gloria Patri (L. ), glory be to the Father.
En %>4riti (Fr.), in truth : verily. Gnothi seauton (GrJ, know thyself.
Errare est humanum (L.), to err is human. Gouvemante (Fr.\ a governess.
Esprit de corps (Fr.), the animating spirit of a Gratius ad Parnassum (L.), a step to Parnassus,
collective body, as of the army or the bar. aid in writing Greek or Latin poetry.
Etats Ginfraux (Fr.), the States-General. Grande toilette (Fr.), full dress.
Et cetera (L.), and the rest : &c.
Et hoc genus omne ) (L.), and everything of the Hauteur (Fr.1, haughtiness.
Et idgenus omne f sort. Hie et ubique (L.). here and everywhere.
Et sequentes (LA and those that follow. Hiejacet (L. ), here lies. [the toil.
Et sequentia (LA and what follows. Hie labor, hoc opus est (L.), this is the labour, this
Et sic de ceteris (L.), and so of the rest. Hie sepultus (L. 1, here buried.
Et tu, Brute! (L.), and thou also, Brutus ! Hinc ilia tacrima (L.), hence proceed these tears.
Eureka ! (Gr.), I have found it ! Hoi polloi (Gr.), the many : the rabble : the vulgar.
Ex cathedrA (L.), from the chair: with high Homo sum : humani nihil a me alienum puto
authority. I . , I am a man: I count nothing human in
Excelsior (L.), higher: more elevated. different to me.
Exceptio probat regulam (L.), the exception Hon* soi qui mal y pense (Fr. ), evil to him who
proves the rule. evil thinks.
Ex curia (L.), out of court. Hors de combat (Fr.), out of condition to fight.
Exempligratia (L.), by way of example. Hortus siccus (L.), a collection of dried plants.
Exequatur (L.), the writing which recognises a Hdtelde ville (Fr.). a town-hall. [pital.
person as consul, &c. Hdtet Dieu (Fr.), the house of God, a Paris hos-
Exeunt (L.), they go out Hdtelgarni (Fr.), hotel with furnished lodgings.
Exeunt omnes (L.), all go out, or retire. Humanum est errare (L.J, to err is human.
Ex nihilo nihilJit (L.), out of nothing, nothing
comes. Ibidem (L.\ in the same place, thing, or case.
Ex officio (L.), by virtue of his office. Ich dien (Ger.), I serve.
Ex parte (L.), on one side only. Idem (L.), the same.
Experto crede (L.), trust one who has tried, or Id est (L.), that is.
had experience. Ignoratio elettcki (L.), ignorance of the point in
Exposi (Fr.), an exposition ; recital. question, the logical fallacy of arguing to the
Extra muros I. . beyond the walls. wrong point.
Ignotum per ignotius (L), the unknown by the
Facile princeps (L.), evidently pre-eminent: the still more unknown.
admitted chief. //penseroso (It.), the pensive man.
 Words and Phrases from Latin, Greek, &o.
Impedimenta (L.), luggage in travelling: the Lex serifta (L.), statute law.
baggage of an army. [another. Lex talwnis [L.j, the law of retaliation.
Imperium in imperio (L.), a government within Lingua Franca [It.), the mixed language spoken
In articulo mortis I. . at the point of death. by Europeans in the East.
/ntiexexpurgatorius(L.), a list ofprohibited books. Locum tenens (L.J, one occupying the place : a
Ih esse (L.), in being. deputy or substitute.
In extenso [L.J, at full length. Locus classicus (L. ), a classical passage.
In extremis (L.). at the point of death. Locus standi (L.J, a place for standing : a right to
InfjrmA pauperis (L.}( as a poor man. interfere.
Infra dignitatem (L.), below one's dignity. Lusus natura (L.), a sport or freak of nature.
In limine (L.), at the threshold.
In loco parentis (L.), in the place of a parent. Ma chire (Fr.), my dear.
In mieaias res (L.), into the midst of things. Mafoi (Fr.), upon my faith.
In memoriam (L.;, to the memory of : in memory. Magnum bonum (L.j, a great good.
In nubibus (L.), in the clouds. Magnum opus (L.), a great work.
In pace (L.), in peace. [tries. Maison de mile ( Fr.), a town-house.
In partihus infidelium (L.), in unbelieving coun- Maitre cCkdtcl (Fr.), a house-steward.
In petto (It.), within the breast : in reserve. Maladie du Pays (Fr. \ home-sickness.
In posse I.. . in possible existence : in possibility. Maidfide iL.j, with bad faith : treacherously.
In propria persond ^L.)t in person. Mai & propos { Fr. ), ill-timed.
In pun's naturalibus (L. ), quite naked. Mulgre' nous ; Fr.), in spite of us.
In re (L. ), in the matter of. Mandamus (L.), we command: a writ or com
In situ L.), in its original situation. mand issued by the court of King's Bench.
Insouciance [ Fr.), indifference, carelessness. Mariage de convenance (Fr. marriage from
In statu quo ;L.), in the former state. motives of interest rather than of love.
Inter alia \ L.), among other things. Materfamilias (LA the mother of a family.
Inter nos (L.J, between ourselves. Materia Medica (L.), medicines collectively, a
Interpocula (L.), at one's cups. general term for alt substances used as remedies
In terrorcm (L. ), as a warning. in medicine, also the science of their properties,
Inter se [L.), among themselves. classification, and use.
In toto (L.:, in the whole : entirely. Materiel (Fr.), material objects used in any de
Intra muros i'L.), within the walls. sign, esp. the baggage and munitions of an army.
In transitu (L.), on the passage. Matinie ^Fr.), a morning or early recital or per
IttvitA MinerxuX (L.), without genius. formance.
Ipse dixit (L.), he himself said it : dogmaiism. Maui>aise konte (Fr.), false modesty. [fellow.
fpsissima verba (L.), the very words. Mauvais sujet (Fr. ), a bad subject : a worthless
ipsofacto (L.J, in the fact itself. Mejudice [L.J, I being judge, in my opinion.
Melange ( Fr. ), a mixture.
*Je ne sots quoi (Fr.), I know not what. Milie (Fr.), a fight in which the combatants are
yet tfeau (Fr.), a jt:t of water. mingled together : a scuffle : a confused debate.
yeu de mots (Fr.), a play on words : a pun. Memento mori (L.), remember death.
yeu d'esprit (Fr.), a witticism. Memorabilia (L.), things to be remembered.
yupiter Pluvius (L.), the rain-bringing Jupiter: a Mens sana in carport sano (L.), a sound mind in
rainy day. a sound body. [rectitude.
yure drvino (L.), by divine law. Mens sibi conscia recti (L.), a mind conscious of
Jure humano L. ', by human law. Misalliance (Fr.), improper association: marriage
yuste milieu (Fr.), the golden mean. with one of lower station.
Messieurs (Fr.), sirs, gentlemen.
Lahore et konorc (L.), by labour and honour. Meum et tuum (L.), mine and thine.
Laissezfaire (Fr.), let alone. Mirabile dictu (L.), wonderful to tell.
L'allegro (It.), the merry man. Mirabile visu (L.), wonderful to see.
Landsturm (Ger.), the part of the German army Mirabilia [L.. ), wonders.
consisting of men up to the age of 50 years, who Mise en scJne (Fr.), the getting up or putting in
have served in the standing army and the Land- preparation for the stage.
wehr, and who can only be called out in case of Modus (L.\ manner, mode.
invasion. Modus operandi (LA manner of operation.
Landivehr (Ger.), ' land-defence,' the part of the Mon ami (Fr.j, my friend.
German army consisting of those who have Man cher (Fr.), my dear.
recently finished their time in the standing army. Monsieur ( Fr. ), sir, Mr.
Lapsus calami [L.J, a slip of the pen* Mont de piSte", place for lending money to the poor.
Lapsus lingua (L.), a slip of the tongue. Morceau (Fr.), a bit : morsel : fragment.
Lapsus memoria' (L. ), a slip of the memory. More majorum (L.), after the manner of our
Lares etpenates (L. ), household gods. ancestors.
La reyne le veult (Norm. Fr.), the Queen wills it, More suo (L.), in his own way.
the formula expressing the Queens assent to a Multum in parvo (L.), much in little.
bill. Mutatis mutandis (L.), with necessary changes.
Laus Deo (!».}, praise to God.
L'avenir (Fr.), the future. Nee (Fr.), born : said of a married woman's maiden
Le beau momic (Fr.!, the fashionable world. name.
Le pas (Fr.), precedence in place or rank. Nrmine contradicettte (L.l, without opposition :
Lese majesti (Fr.), high-treason. no one speaking in opposition.
Le tout ensemble (Fr. ), all together. Nemine dtssentiente (L. J, no one dissenting : with
Lettre de cachet (Fr.), a sealed letter: a royal out a dissenting voice.
warrant. [common law. Nemo me impune lacessit (LA no one hurts me
Lex non scripta (L.), unwritten law—that is, the with impunity—the motto of Scotland.
 Words and Phrases from Latin, Greek, &c.
Ne plus ultra (L.), nothing further; the utter Perfas et nefas (L.), through right and wrong.
most point. Per saltum (L.J, by a leap or jump.
Ne sutor ultra crepidam (L.), let not tho shoe- Perse (L.J, by himself, itself, &c.
maker go beyond his last. Personnel (Jr.). the persons employed in any
Nihil ad rem (L.J, nothing to the point. service as distinguished from the matirisl.
Nil desperandum { L. ), never despair. Petit (Fr.), small.
N'importe (Fr.). it matters not. Petitto pnncipii (L.), a begging of the question.
Nisi dominus frustra (L.), unless God be with Petit-maitre ^Fr.), a fop.
you, all your toil is vain. Pinxit (L./, painted it.
Nisi firim \ ), unless previously—a name given Pis alter {Fr.), the last or worst shift.
to the sittings of juries in civil cases. Plebs (L.), common people.
Nitor in adversum (L.), I strive against opposition. Plenojure (L.), with full authority.
Noblesse oblige (Fr.), rank imposes obligation. Pacta nascitur, nonfit (L.J, the poet is born, not
Nolens volens (LA whether he will or not* made : nature, not study, must form the poet.
Noli me tangere (L.J, don't touch me. Point d'appui iFr.}, point of support : prop.
Nolle prosequi (L.), to be unwilling to proceed. Pons asinorum (L.J, the asses' bridge.
Nolo episcopari (L.), I do not wish to be made a Posse comitatus [L.), the power of the county.
bishop. [title ; a pseudonym. Poste restante (Fr.), to remain until called for.
Nom de guerre (Fr.), a war-name : a travelling Post mortem (L.), after death.
Nom de plume (Fr.), a pen-name or literary title. Pot pourri (Fr.), a medley or mixture: a ragout
Nonchalance (Fr.), coolness, indifference, care of different meats and vegetables.
lessness- Pour passer le temps ( Fr.), to pass away the time.
Non compos mentis (L.), not in sound mind. Pourprendre congi (Fr.), to take leave.
Nan mi ricordo (It.), I don't remember. Prescriptum (L.J, a thing prescribed.
Non multa, sed multum (L.)» not many things, Presto (It.), quickly.
but much. Preux chevalier (Fr.), a brave knight.
Non sequitur (L.), it does not follow. PrimAfacie (L. ), on the first view,
Nosce teipsum (L.), know thyself. Primo (L.), in the first place.
Nota bene (L.), mark well. Primum mobile (L-), the source of motion.
Notanda (L.), things to be noted. Pro aris et focis (L.J, for our altars and firesides.
Notre Dame (Fr.), Our Lady. Pro bono publico (L.), for the public good.
Nous avons ekangi tout cela (Fr.), we have Procis-verbal (Fr.), a written statement.
changed all that. Pro et con. (L.), arguments for or against.
Nous verrons (Fr.), we shall see. Profanum vulgus iL. j, the profane rabble.
Novus homo (L.), a new man, or one who has Pro formd (L.), for the sake of form.
raised himself from obscurity. Prohpudorl vL.), oh, for shame I
Projet de loi ( Fr. ), a legislative bill.
Obiit (L.), he, or she, died. [rabble. Pro memorid (L.), for a memorial.
Odi pro/anum vulgus (L.), I loathe the profane Pro patrid (L.), for our country.
Odium theologicum (L.), the hatred of divines. Pro rata (L.), in proportion.
CEuvres (Fr.), works. Pro re natd (L. ), for a special emergency.
On dit (Fr.), they say : a flying rumour. Pro tempore (L.), for the time being.
Onusprobandi (L.), the burden of proving.
Optimates (L.), men of the first rank. Quantum sufficit (L.), a sufficient quantity.
Ora pro nobis (L.), pray for us. Quasi (L. ), as if: in a manner.
Ore rotundo (L.), with round, full voice. Quid pro quo (L.), one thing for another.
0 1 si sic omnia (L.), O that he had always done Quid rides f (L.), why do you laugh ?
or spoken thus. [manners ! Qui vivet (Fr.), who goes there?—hence, on the
0 temporal O mores I (L-), O the times ! O the qui uive, on the alert.
Otium cum dignitate (L.), dignified leisure. Quoad sacra (L.), ' as to things sacred,' applied in
Scotland to a district containing a church which
Pace (L.), by leave of. is constituted as a parish in ecclesiastical but
Padrone (It.), ruler: protector: master. not in civil matters.
Palmam qui meruit ferat (L.), let him who has Quod erat demonstrandum (L. ), which was to be
won the palm carry it. proved or demonstrated.
Parergon !Gr.), something done by the bye. Quod eratfaciemtum (L.), which was to be c
Par excellence (Fr.), by way of eminence. Quod vide (L.), which see.
Paripassu (L.), with equal pace : together. Quojure (L.), by what right.
Particeps criminis (L.), an accomplice. Quot homines, tot sententia (L.), as many :
Pas (Fr.), a step : action : precedence. so many minds.
Passim (L.), everywhere.
Pati defoie gras (Fr. ), goose-liver pie. Raison d'itre (Fr.), reason for a thing's
Paterfamilias (L.), the father of a family. Kara avis (L.), a rare bird : a prodigy.
Patres conscrtpti (L.), the conscript fathers: Realschulen (Ger.), secondary schools in Germany
Roman senators. giving a general practical training.
Pax tobiscum (L.), peace be with you. Richauffe" (Fr.), warmed again, as food: hence,
Peccavi{L.\ I have sinned. stale : old : insipid. [exquisite.
Peine forte et dure (Fr.), strong and Reehercht (Fr.), sought out with care : rare :
ishment, a kind of judicial torture. Reductio ad absurdum (L ), a reducing a position
Penetralia (L.), secret recesses. to an absurdity.
Pensfe (Fr.), a thought. Regium donum (L.), a royal gift.
Per annum (L.), by the year. Reichstag Oct.), the Imperial Diet of Germany.
Per centum (L.), by the hundred. Religieuse (Fr.), a nun. Religieux (Fr.), a monk.
Per contra (L.), contrariwise. Rem acu tetigisti (L.), you have touched the
Per diem (L.), by the day. thing with a needle—that is exactly.
687
 Words and Phrases from Latin, Greek, &c.
Rentes (Fr.), funds bearing interest : stocks. Te Deum (L.), a hymn of thanksgiving.
Requiescat tn pace (L.), may he rest in peace. Tempora mutantur, nos et mutamurin illis (L-),
Res angusta deum (L.j, narrow circumstances at the times are changed, and we with them.
home : poverty. Tempusfugit (L.), time flies.
Res gestae (L.), exploits. Terra firma (L.), solid earth : a safe footing.
Res judicata (L.), a case or suit already decided. Terra incognita (L. I, an unknown country.
RespiceJinem (L.), look to the end. Tertium quid (L.), a third something.
Risumi (Fr.), an abstract or summary. Ttte-d-tite (Fr.)f head to head : a private conver
Resurgam (L,), I shall rise again. sation.
Revenons d nos moutons (Fr.), let us return to our Tiers e"tat (Fr.). the third estate, the Commons.
sheep : let us return to our subject. Toga virilis (L.), the garb of manhood.
Ruat ceelurn (L.), let the heavens fall. To kalon (Gr.), the beautiful : the chief good.
Ruse contre ruse < Fr.), cunning against cunning. Totidem verbis (L.), in just so many words.
Ruse de guerre (Fr.}, a stratagem of war. Toties quoties (L.). as often as.
Rus tn urbe (L.), the country m town. Toto carlo (L.), by the whole heavens: diametri
cally opposite.
Sanctum sanctorum (L.), holy of holies. Tour deforce (Fr.), a feat of strength or skill.
Sang-froid (Fr.), cold blood : coolness. Tout-d-fait (Fr.), entirely.
Sans cSrimonie (Fr.), without ceremony. Tout-d-vous (Fr.), wholly yours.
Sans-culottes (Fr.), breechless fellows, the ragged Tout ensemble ! Fr.), the whole taken together : the
or poorest class. [without reproach. broad or general effect.
Sans peur et sans rebrocke (Fr.), without fear and Tu quoque, Brute ! ; L. ), and thou too, Brutus !
Satis souci (Fr.)p without care.
Sartor resartus (L-), the tailor done over. Ubique (L.), everywhere.
Satis verborum (L.), enough of words. Ultima ratio regum (L. ;, the last argument of
Sauve quipeut (Fr.), save nimself who can. kings, war.
Savant (Fr.), a learned man. Ultima Thule (L.), the utmost boundary or limit.
Savoir/aire (Fr.), the knowing how to act : tact Ultimus Romanorum (L.), the last ofthe Romans.
Savoirvivre (Fr.), good-breeding. Ultra vires (L.), beyond one's powers.
Secundum artem (L.), according to rule. Usque ad nauseam (L. ), to disgust.
Secundum naturam (L.), according to nature. Usus loquendi (L.), current usage of speech.
Secundum ordinem (L.), in order. Ut infra (L.), as below.
Semper idem (L.), always the same* Ut supra [L.j, as above.
Semperparatus (L.), always ready.
Seriatim (L.), in a series. [tality. Vade mecum (L.), go with me : a i
Sic itur ad astra (L.), such is the way to immor- panion.
Sicpassim (L.), so everywhere. Vale (L.), farewell.
Sic transit gloria mundi (L.), so passes away Valet de chambre (Fr. ), an attendant : a footman.
earthly glory. Varia Uctiones (L.), various readings.
Sic vos mm vobis {L.), thus you toil not for your Variorum notee (L.), the notes of various authors.
selves, [cured by like. Veni, vidi, vici (L.). I came, I saw, I conquered.
Similia similibus curantvr (L.), like things are Verbatim et literatim £L»), word for word and
Sine die (L.)f without a day being appointed, letter for letter. [wise man.
indefinitely. Verbum sat sapienti (L.), a word is enough for a
Sine qud non (L.), an indispensable condition. Versus (L.), against : toward.
Siste, viator (L.), stop, traveller. Vestigia ( L. )f tracks : vestiges.
Soi-disant (Fr.), self-called. Vestigia nulla retrorsum (L.), notastepbackward-
Spero meliora (L.), I hope for better things. Vexata qua*stio (L.), a disputed question.
Spiritual (Fr.), intellectual: intelligent; witty. Vid (L.), by way of.
Spolia opima (L.), the richest booty. Via media (L.), a middle course.
Sponte sua {L.J, of one's own accord. Vice (L.), in the place of.
Status quo (L.j, the state in which. Vice versd (L.), the terms being exchanged.
Stet (L-), let it stand. Videlicet (L.), to wit: namely, usually shortened
Suaviter in modo, fortiter in re (L.), gentle in into vis. (force.
manner, resolute in deed. Vi et armis (L ), by force and arms : by main
Subjudice (L.), under consideration. Vis d vis (Fr.), opposite : facing.
SubpoenA ;L.), under a penalty. Vis inertia' (L.), the power of inertia: passive
Sub rosd h.), under the rose : privately. resistance.
Sui generis (LJ, of its own kind. Viz>at regina (L.), long live the queen.
Summum bonum (L.), the chief good. Vivat rex (L.)f long live the king.
Suum cuique (L.), let each have his own. Vivd voce (L.), by the living voice: by oral tes
timony.
Tableau vivant (Fr.), the representation of some Vitfe I'empereur (Fr.), long live the emperor.
scene by groups of persons. Voild (Fr.), behold : there is, or there are.
Tabula rasa (L. ), a smooth or blank tablet. Vox, et prwterea nihil (L.), a voice, and nothing
Ta*dium vita* (L.J, weariness of life. more, [is the voice of God.
Tant mieux (Fr.), so much the better. Vox poPuli, vox Dei (L.), the voice of the people
Tanto uberior (L.), so much the richer. Vulgd (L.), commonly.
Tant pis (Fr.), so much the
Tapis (Fr.), the carpet. Zollverein (Ger.), the German Customs-League.
588
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Ai. First-class (of ships).
A.B. Able-bodied seaman.
Abbr. or Abbrev. Abbreviated,
or Abbreviation.
Abp. Archbishop.
A.C., ante Christum (L.) Be
fore Christ,
Ace. or Acct. Account.
A.D., anno Domini (L.) In the
year of our Lord.
A.D.C Aide-de-camp.
Adit. Adjutant.
Ad lib. ox Ad libit.y ad libitum
(L.) At pleasure.
✓C. or s£t., atatis (L.) Aged.
A.H., anno Hegira (L.) In the
year of the Hegira, or flight of
Mohammed.
AI. or Ala. Alabama.
A.M., Artium Magister (L.)
Master of Arts.
A.M., ante meridiem (L.) .be
fore noon.
A.M., unite mundi (L.) In the
year of the world.
Anon, Anonymous.
Ant. or Antiq. Antiquities.
App. Appendix.
A.R.A. Associate of the Royal
Academy.
A.R.N.A. Associate of the
Royal Hibernian Academy.
Ark. Arkansas.
A.R.R., anno regni regis or
reginar (L.) In the year of the
king's or queen's reign.
A.R.S.A. Associate of the
Royal Scottish Academy.
A.R.S.S., Antiquariorum Re-
gi&Societalis Social (L.) Fel
low of the Royal Society of
Antiquaries.
^4.^9. Anglo-Saxon.
Asst. Assistant.
A tt.-gen. Attorney-general.
A.U.C., anno urbts conditw, or
at urbe condittt (L.j In the
year from the building of the
city—Rome.
A. V. Authorised Version, also
Artillery Volunteers.
B* Born.
B.A ., Baccalaureus Artiunt (L. )
Bachelor of Arts.
Bart, or Bt. Baronet.
B.C. Before Christ.
B.C.L. Bachelor of Civil Law.
B.D. Bachelor of Divinity.
Beds. Bedfordshire.
Berks. Berkshire.
B.L. Bachelor of Laws.
Bp. Bishop.
Br. or Bro. Brother.
B.Sc. S«e Sc. B. [London.
B.S.L. Botanical Society of
Bucks. Buckinghamshire.
B. V. The Blessed Virgin.
C.y Ct., Cent., centum (L.) A
hundred.
C Centigrade.
C. or Cab., ca/ut (L.) Chapter.
C.A. Chartered Accountant.
Cal. California.
Cam., Camb. Cambridge.
Cantab,, Cantabrigiensis (L.)
Of Cambridge. [terbury.
Cantuar.. Cantuaria (L.) Can-
Cap., caput (L.) Capital, chapter.
Caps. Capitals.
Cmpt. Captain.
C. B. Companion of the Bath.
C.E. Civil Engineer, also Can
ada East.
C/'., confer (L.) Compare.
Ch. Church, Chapter.
Chap. Chapter.
Clk. Clerk.
CM. Certificated Master.
CM* Common Metre.
C.M., Chtturgia* Magister (L.)
Master in Surgery.
Col. Colonel, Column.
Coll. College.
Colloq. Colloquially.
Com. Commander, Commodore,
Committee.
Con., contra (L.) Against
Cong. Congress.
Conn, or Ct. Connecticut.
Contr. Contracted, Contraction.
Cor. Mem. Corresponding Mem
ber.—Cor. Sec. Correspond
ing Secretary.
Cr. Credit, Creditor.
Crim. Con. Criminal Conversa
tion, or adultery.
CS. Court of Session, Clerk to
the Signet. [of India.
CS./* Companion of the Star
C. T. Certificated Teacher.
Cur., Curt. Current — this
month.
CW. Canada West.
Cwt. A hundredweight ; c for
centum (L.) a hundred, and
wt. for weight.
Cyc. Cyclopaedia.
D. Died. (penny or pence.
D., denarius or denarii (L.) A
D.CL. Doctor of Civil Law.
D.D., Divinitatis Doctor (L.)
Doctor of Divinity.
Deft* Defendant.
Deg* Degree, Degrees.
Del. Delaware, also Delegate.
Del., deltneavit (L.) 'He drew
it,' put after the draftsman's
name on an engraving.
D.F. Defender of the Faith,
Dean of the Faculty.
D.G., Dei gratia {£,.) By the
grace of God.
D.L. Deputy Lieutenant.
D.Lit. Doctor of Literature.
D.L.O. Dead-letter Office.
Do., ditto (It.) The same.
Dols. Dollars.
Doz. Dozen.
Dr. Debtor, Doctor, Dram.
D.Sc. See Sc.D.
D. V., Deo volenie (L.) God
willing, if God will.
Dwt. Pennyweight ; d for de
narius [L. ) penny, and
tvt* for weight.
E. East.
Ebor., Eboracum (L.) York.
E.C Eastern Central.
E.C Established Church.
Eccl., Eccles. Ecclesiastical.
Ed. Editor, Edition.
Edin. Edinburgh.
E.E. Errors Excepted.
E.G., exempli gratia (L.) For
example.
E./. East Indies.
EmP* Emperor, Empress.
Ency., Encyc. Encyclopaedia.
E.N.E. East-north-east.
E.S.E. East-south-east.
Esq., Esqr. Esquire.
Et at., et alibi [L.) And else
where; or et alii or alia ;L.)
And others.
Etc., cV<:., et ceteri or cetera
(L.) And others, and so forth.
Et sea., et sequentes or sequentia
(L.) And the following.
Ex. Example, Exception;
Fahr. Fahrenheit.
F.A.S. Fellow of the Society
of Arts, or of Antiquaries.
F.B.S.E. Fellow of the Bota
nical Society of Edinburgh.
F.C Free Church of Scotland.
Fcp. Foolscap.
F.D., Fulei Defensor (L.) De
fender of the Faith.
Fee. ,fecit ( L. ) He did it.
F.E./.S. Fellow of the Educa
tional Institute of Scotland.
F.E.S. Fellow of the Ethnolo
gical or of the Entomological
Society.
F.G.S. Fellow ofthe Geological
Society.
Ftg* Figure, Figuratively.
Flor. or Fa* Florida.
FL.S. Fellow of the Ltnnaean
Society.
F.M. Field-marshal.
Fo., Fol. Folio.
F. O. Field-officer.
F.P. Fire-plug.
F.P.S. Fellow of the Philolo
gical Society.
F.R.A.S. Fellow of the Royal
Astronomical Society.
589

F.R.C.P. Fellow of the Royal
College of Physicians.
F.R.CJP.E. Fellowofthe Royal
College of Physicians, Edin
burgh.
F.R.C.S. Fellow of the Royal
College of Surgeons.
F.R.C.S.E. Fellow of the Royal
College of Surgeons, Edin-
burgh.
F.R.C.S.I. Fellow of the Royal
College of Surgeons, Ireland.
F.R.C.S.L. Fellow ofthe Royal
College of Surgeons, London.
F.R.C.S. Fellow of the Royal
Geographical Society.
F.R.H.S. Fellow of the Royal
Horticultural Society.
F.R.S. Fellow of the Royal
Society.
F.R.S.E. Fellow of the Royal
Society, Edinburgh.
F.S.A. Fellow of the Society
of Arts, or of Antiquaries.
F.S.A.Scot. Fellow of the
Society of Antiquaries of
Scotland. [Society.
F.S.S. Fellow of the Statistical
Ft. Foot, Feet, Fort.
F.T.C.D. Fellow of Trinity
College, Dublin.
F.Z.S. Fellow of the Zoological
Society.
G.A. General Assembly.
G.B. Great Britain.
G.C.B. Grand Cross ofthe Bath.
G.C.L.H. Grand Cross of the
Legion of Honour.
Gen., Genl. General.
Gent. Gentleman, Gentlemen.
Geo. Georgia.
G.P.O. General Post-office.
H. or Hr. Hour.
Hants. Hampshire.
H.B.Af. His or Her Britannic
Majesty.
H.C.AI. His or Her Catholic
Majesty.
H.E.J.C.S. Honourable East
India Company's Service.
H/.-bd. Half-bound.
H.G. Horse Guards.
Jlkd. Hogshead.
H./.H. His or Her Imperial
Highness.
H.J.S., hie jacet sepultus (L.J
Here lies buried.
H.AI. His or Her Majesty.
H'.M.P.jhoc tnonumentumposuii
(L.l Erected this monument.
H.M.S. His or Her Majesty's
Ship or Service.
Hon. Honourable.
H.P. Horse-power.
H.R.II. His or Her Royal
Highness.
H.R.I.P., hie requiescit in pace
(L.) Here rests in peace.
H.S.H. His or Her Serene
Highness.
la., also Imi. Indiana.
Ib.t Ibid., ibidem In the
Id., idem (L.) The same.
I.E., id est (L.) Thai is.
List of Abbreviations.
I.IIS. for the Greek capitals
IHC (a form of Greek 2), the
first three letters of the name
Jesus, commonly misread as
Jesus Hornifturn Satvator \ L. )
Jesus Saviour of Men.
Imp. Imperial.
Imp., imperator (L.) Emperor.
Incog., incognito (It. ) Unknown.
In lim., in limine (L.) At the
outset.
In loc., in loco (L.) In its place.
Inst. Instant—the present month.
Int. Interest.
In trans., in transitu (L.) On
the passage.
Io. Iowa.
I.O.G. T. Independent Order of
Good Templars.
I.O. CI. I owe you.
I.P.D.tiHpra>seHtiADominorum (
(L.) In presence of the Lords
[of Session).
I.Q., idem quoti'(L.) The same as.
y.P. Justice of the Peace.
Jr., Junr. Junior.
Kan., also Af. Kansas.
K.B. Knight of the Bath, also
King's Bench.
K.C.B. Knight Commander of
the Bath.
A'.G. Knight of the Garter.
K.G.C. Knight of the Grand
Cross.
A'. G. C. B. Knight of the Grand
Cross of the Bath.
K.L.H. Knight of the legion
of Honour.
Knt., Kt. Knight.
K.P. Knight of St Patrick.
K. T. Knight of the Thistle,
Ky. Kentucky.
L.A.C. Licentiate of the Apo
thecaries' Company.
Lat. Latitude.
Lb., libra (L.) A pound.
L.C. Lowercase (in printing).
L.C., loco citato (L.) In the place
cited.
L.C. Lower Canada.
L.C.B. Lord Chief-baron.
L.C.y. Lord Chief-justice.
Ld. Lord.
Lib., liber (h.\ Book.
Lieut., Lt. Lieutenant.
Linn. Linnxan, Linnaeus.
Lit. Literally.
LL.B., Legnm Baccalaurens
I L. Bachelor of Laws.
1 LL.D., Legum Doctor (L.)
Doctor of Laws.
L.M. Long Metre.
I Lon., Long. Longitude.
Loud. London.
Log., loquitur (L.) Speaks.
I Lou. or La. Louisiana.
, L.P. Lord Provost.
L.S. Left Side,
L.S., locus sigiili (L.) Place of
1 the Seal.
| L.S.D.. libra?, solidi, denarii
(L.) Pounds, shillings, pence.
Af., Afons., Monsieur \¥v.) Mr
or Sir. AIM. Gentlemen or
1 Sirs,
M., mitle (L.) A thousand.
M. Married.
M.A. Master of Arts. Sec A.M.
Alad., Aloulm. Madam.
Alaj. Major.
Alary. Marquis.
Mass. Massachusetts.
AI.B., Afcdiciuo' Baccalaurens
L. , Bachelor of Medicine.
AI.B., Alusicat BaccaLiumts
(L.) Bachelor of Music
Md. Maryland.
M.D., Medicine* Doctor (L.)
Doctor of Medicine.
Mdlte., Allle., Mademoiselle
(Fr.) Miss.
M.E. Most Excellent.
Mem. Memorandum.
Mem., memento L.) Remember.
Messrs, Messieurs (Fr./ Sirs*
Gentlemen.
Mich, Michigan.
Minn. Minnesota.
Aliss. or Mis. Mississippi.
Ainu., Madame (Fr.; Madam.
AI.N.S. Member of the Numis-
matical Society.
Mo. Missouri, also Month.
Af.P. Member of Parliament.
M.P.S. Member of the Philo
logical Society.
AI.P.S. Member of the Phar
maceutical Society.
Mr. Master or Mister.
M.R.A.S. Memberofthe Royal
Asiatic Society.
M.R.A.S. Member ofthe Royal
Academy of Sciences.
M.R.C.C. Member of the Royal
College of Chemistry.
M.R. C. P. Member of the Royal
College of Preceptors.
At.R.C.S. Member ofthe Royal
College of Surgeons.
M.R.G.S. Member of the Royal
Geographical Society.
M.R.J. Member of the Royal
Institution.
M.R.I.A. Member of the Royal
Irish Academy.
Mrs. Mistress.
M.S., memori(r sacrum [L.)
Sacred to the Memory.
MS. Manuscript.
MSS. Manuscripts.
Mt., Mts. Mount, Mountains.
Afus. Music
Mus.B. Bachelor of Music.
Mus.D., Doc., Doct. Doctor of
Music.
N. North.
N.B. North Britain, North
British, also New Brunswick.
N.B., nota bene [h.) Note well,
or take notice.
N.C. North Carolina.
N.E. North-east.
Neb. Nebraska.
Ncm. con., nemine contradicente
(L. ) No one contradicting.
Nem. diss., nrmine dissentients
(L.) No one dissenting.
N.H. New Hampshire.
N.J. New Jersey.
N.N.E. North-north-east.

N. N. W. North-north-west.
No.,numero (L.) Number. Nos.
Numbers.
Non-con. Non-content.
Non obst., non obstante (L.J
Notwithstanding.
Non pros., non prosequitur (L. )
He does not prosecute.
Non. seq., non sequitur (L.) It
does uot follow.
Notts. Nottinghamshire.
N.S. New Style.
N.S. Nova Scotia.
N. T. New Testament.
N. W. North-west.
N.Y. New York.
OS., obiit {h.) Died.
O.M. Old Measurement.
O.S. Old Style.
0. T, Old Testament
Oxon., Oxonia (L.) Oxford.
Oz. Ounce.
P. Page. Pp. Pages.
Pa. , also Penn. Pennsylvania.
Par. Paragraph.
P.C., Patres Conscripti (L.)
Conscript Fathers.
P.C. Privy Councillor.
Pa". Paid.
Per an., per annum (L.) Per
year, by the year.
Per cent., per centum (L.) By
the hundred.
Ph.B.,PhilosophueBaccalaureus
(L.) Bachelor of Philosophy.
Ph.D., Philosophic Doctor (L.)
Doctor of Philosophy.
Phil. Trans. Philosophical
Transactions.
Pinx., Pxt., pinxit
she painted it. (L.) He• or
P.M., post meridiem (L.) After
noon, also Post Master.
P.O. Post-office.
P.O.C. Peninsular and Oriental
Company.
P.O.O. Post-office order.
Pop. Population.
P. P.C, po**r prendre congi
(Fr.) To take leave.
P.R., Populus Romanus (L.)
The Roman People.
P.R.A. President of the Royal
Academy.
Pres., also Preses. President.
Pro/. Professor.
Pro tern., pro tempore (L.) For
the time being.
Prox., Proximo (L.) Next.
P.R.S. President of the Royal
Society.
P.S., post scripium (L.) Post
script, written after.
P. T. Post-town.
P. T.O. Please turn over.
Pub. Doc. Public document
Q., Qu. Query, Question.
0.2?. Queen's Bench.
Q.C. Queen's Counsel.
Q.D., quasi dicat (L.) As if he
should say.
Q.E., quod est (L.) Which is.
Q.E.D., quod erat demonstran
dum (L.) Which was to be
demonstrated.
List of Abbreviations.
Q.E.F., quod erat faciendum
(L.) Which was to be done.
Q.E.I., quod erat inveniendum
(L.) Which was to be found
out.
Q.L., quantum libet (L.) As
much as you please.
Q.M.G. Quartermaster-general.
Or. Quarter.
Q.S. Quarter Sessions.
Q.S., Quantum suff., quantum
sujicit ( L. ) A sufficient quan
tity.
Qt. Quart.
Q. V.t quod vide (L.) Which see.
R.,rex, regina[h.) King, queen.
R., recipe (L.) Take.
R.A. Royal Academy, Aca
demician, or Artillery.
R.C. Roman Catholic.
R.E. Royal Engineers.
Rec. Recipe.
Reed. Received.
Recpt. Receipt.
Re/. Ch. Reformed Church.
Reg* Pro/. Regius Professor.
Regt. Regiment
Rev., Revd. Reverend.
R.II.A. Royal Horse Artillery.
RM.G. Royal Horse Guards.
R.I. Rhode Island.
R.I.P., requiescat in face (L.)
May he (or she) rest in peace.
R.M. Royal Mail, Royal Ma
rines.
R.M.A. Royal MilitaryAsylum.
R.M.S. Royal Mail Steamer.
R.N. Royal Navy.
Rom. Cath. Roman Catholic.
R.S.A. Royal Society of Anti
quaries, Royal Scottish Aca
demy.
R.S.D. RoyalSocietyofDublin.
R.S.E. Royal Society of Edin
burgh.
R.S.L. Royal Society of Lon
don.
R.S.S., also S.R.S., Regue
Societatis Socius (L.) Fellow
of the Royal Society.
Rt. Hon. Right Honourable.
Rt. Rev. Right Reverend.
Rt. W., Wp/uL Right Wor
shipful.
R. V. Rifle Volunteers.
S. South, Saint.
Sarum. Salisbury.
Sc, Scil., scilicet (L.) To wit,
namely, being understood.
Sc., Sculp., Sculpt., sculpsit (L.)
He or she engraved it.
S.C. South Carolina.
Sc.B., Sciential Baccalaureus
(L.) Bachelor of Science.
Sc. D., Scientine Doctor (L.)
Doctor of Science.
Schr, Schooner.
.V. E. South-cast.
Sec, Secy. Secretary.
Seq., sequentes or sequentia (L.)
The following.
Serg.,Sergt. ; Serf., Serft. Ser
geant, Serjeant.
S.M. Short Metre.
S.M* Land. Soc., Societatis Me
dia* Londmiensis Socius (L.J
Member of the London Medi
cal Society.
Sol.-gen. Solicitor-general.
S.P.C.K. Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge.
S.P.G. Society for the Propa
gation of the Gospel.
S.P.Q.R., Senatus Populusque
Romanus ( L. ) The Senate and
People of Rome.
Sq. Square.
S.s. Steamship, [preme Courts.
S.S.C. Solicitor before the Su-
S.S.E. South-south-cast.
S.S* IV. South-south-west.
St. Saint.
S.T.P., Sanctee Theologian Pro*
/essor{L.) Professor of The
ology.
Supp. Supplement.
Surv.-gen. Surveyor-General.
S.V., sub voce (L.) Under the
word or title.
S.W. South-west.
TaL aual., talis qualis(h.) Just
as they come, average quantity.
Ten. or Tenn. Tennessee.
Text Rec. The Received Text.
T.O. Turn Over.
Tom. Tome or volume.
U.C. Upper Canada.
U.K. United Kingdom.
Ult., idtimo (L.) Last
U.P. United Presbyterian.
U.S., nt supra (L.) As above.
U.S. United States.
U.S.A. United States of Ame
rica.
V., versus (L.) Against
V., vide{U} See.
Va. Virginia.
V.C. Vice-chancellor.
V.C. Victoria Cross.
Ven. Venerable. [ample.
V.G., verbigratia (L.) For ex-
Fir., Vise. Viscount.
Viz., videlicet (L.) Namely.
Vol., Vols. Volume, Volumes.
V.R., Victoria Regina (L.]
Queen Victoria.
V.S. Veterinary Surgeon.
Vt. Vermont.
VuL Vulgate.
W. West
W.I. West Indies.
W.C* Water-closet
W.C. Western Central.
Wis. Wisconsin.
W.N. W. West-north-west
Wp., Wfl. Worshipful.
W.S. Writer to the Signet
W.S.W. West-south-west.
X.oxXt. Christ [X.-G^.Ch.\
Xm., A'>/ias. Christmas.
Xn., Xtian. Christian.
K, Yr. Year.
Yd. Yard.
Y: The, thee.
Yr. Your, younger.
cV. And.
&*c., et cetera (L. ) And so forth.
4/0. Quarto.
Svo. Octavo.
izmo. Duodecimo.
691
 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE
PROPER NAMES.

[This vocabulary contains all common Scripture Names except monosyllables and dissyllables, the
latter being always accented on the first syllable. Ck has the sound of k, and so has c, except when
marked f, to indicate the sound off; g\& hard, except when marked otherwise.]

A-bad'don. Am'ra-pheL Ba-hQ'rim. Oau'dia. E-sar-had'don.

Ab'a-na. An'a-kim. Ba-rat/bas. Clau'di-us. Es-drC'lon.
Ab'a-rim. A-nam'me-lech. Bar'na-bas. Clt'o-phas. Esh ta-oL
A-bed'ne-go. An-a-nfas. Bar'sa-bas. Co-los'sc E-thi-O'pi-a-
A-bel-Me-hO'lath. An'a-thoth. Bar-thol'o-mew.
Bar-ti-mevus. Co-nl'ah. Eu-nl'ce.
A-bel-MirVa-im. An-dro-nfcus. Cor-nali-us. Eu-O'di-as.
A-bel-Shiftim. An'ti-och. Bar-zU'la-T. Cy-re'ne (si-). Eu-phri'tes ('t2z'.
A-bl'a. An'ti-pas. Bath'shfi-ba. Cy-re'ni-us (si-). Efl-roc'ly-don.
A-bfa-thar. An-tip'a-tris. Be-el'ze-bub. Efl'ty-chus.
A-bi-fi'zer. A-pel'les flex). Bfi-er-la-hai'roi. Dal-ma-nQ'tha. E-vil-me-rO'dach.
Ab'i-gail. Ap-ol-lO'ni-a. Be-e'roth. Dal-ma'ti-a ('shi). Ex'o-dus.
A-bl'hQ. A-pollos. Bfi'er-she-ba. Dam'a-ris. E-ze'ki-el.
A-bl'jah. A-pol'ly-on. Be"he-moth. Da-mas'cus. E-zi-on-ga'ber.
A-bl'jam. Ap'pi-I Ffl'rum. Be'H-aL Dan'i-el.
Ab-i-le'ne. Aq'ui-la. Bel-shaz'zar. Da-rfus. For-tu-na'tus.
A-bim'e-lech. A-ra'bi-an. Bel-te-shaz'zar. Deb'o-rah.
A-bin'a-dab. Ar'a-rat. Be-na'iah \'ya). De-cap'o-lis. GabTia-tha.
A-bfram. A-rau'nah. Ben-ha'dad. Del'i-lah. Gii'bri-eL
Atrt-shag. Ar-che-la'us. Ben'ja-min. De-md'tri-us. Gad-a-renes' f-rSnz').
A-bish'a-I. Arc-tu'rus. Be-re'a. Dl-a'na or Dl-an'a. Ga la'ti-a ( la'shi-a).
A'bra-ham. Ar-e-op'a-gus. Ber-nl'ce. Di-o-nys'i-us (nizh'J. Gal'e-cd.
Ab'sa-lom. Ar'e-tas. Be-rfl'dach-bal'a- Dl-ot're-phes (-fez). Gal-i-lc'an.
A-oel'da-ma. A'ri-el. dan. Dru-silla. Gal'i:lee.
A-cha'ia ('ya). Ar-i-ma-tha'a. Beth-ab'a-ra. Gal'li-o.
A-dT'no. A'ri-och. Beth'a-ny. E-bed-meaech. Ga-ma'li-el.
A-don-i-bS'zek. Ar-is-tar'chus. Beth-ar'beL Eb-en-fi'zer. Ged-a-lT'ah.
Ad-o-ni'jah. Ar-is-to-bQlus. Beth-a'ven. E'dom-Tte. Ge-dfi'roth-
Ad-o-nl'ram. Ar-ma-ged'don. Be-thes'da (-thcz'). Ed're-I. Ge-hi'zl.
A-don-i-z6'dek. Ar-me'ni-ii. Beth-hO'ron. E-Ie-a'leh. Gem-a-rT'ah.
A-dram'me-lech. Ar'o-er. Bethlehem. E-le-a'zar. Ge-nes'a-reth (orje-\
Ad-ra-myt'ti-um. Ar'te-mas. Beth-ma'a-chah. El-e-lO'he-Is'ra-el. Gen e-sis (jen').
A'dri-a. A-ru'mah. Beth-pC'or. Kl-h.Vnan. Ger-ge-senes7(-s€nz').
A'dri-el. As'a-hel. Beth'pha-g€ (-je). E-lI'ab. Gcr'i-zim.
A-duriam. As'e-nath. Beth-sai'da. E-lI'a-kim. Gcth-sem'a-ne.
Ag'a-bus. AshTce-naz, Beth-she'mesh. E-lfa-shib. Gib'be-thon.
A-grip'pa. Ash'ta-roth. Be-thQ'eL E-li-e'zer. Gib'e-ah.
A-has-u-g'rus. A-si-a S'shi-a). Be-zal'e-el. E-lI'hQ. Gib'e-on.
A-ha-zI'ah. As'kc-lon. Bi-thyn'i-a. E-lI'jah- Gid'e-on.
A-hT'jah. As-syr'i-a. Bfl-a-ner'ges ('jez). E-lim'e-lech. Gil-bo'a.
A-him'a-az. Ath-a-ll'ah. El'i-phaz, Gil'e-ad.
A-him'e-lech. At-ta-lfa. Ca'ia-phas ('ya-fas). E-li'sha. GiKga-shTte.
A-hin'o-am. Au-gus'tus. Cal'va-ry. E-lish'e-ba. Gol'go-tha.
A-hith'o-phcI. Az-a-rl'ah. Ca'naan-Tte. ElTca-nah. Go-li'ath,
A-hT'tub. A-zO'tus. Can'da-ce. ElTa-sar. Go-mor'rah.
A-ho'li-ab. Ca-per'na-um. El'na-than.
A-hol'i-bah. Ba'al-ah. Cap-pa-dO'ci-a ('shi). E-10'I. Hab'ak-kuk.
Aj'a-lon. Ba-al-be'rith. Car'che-mish. El'y-mas. Hach'i-lah.
Al-ex-an'dri-a. Ba'al-gad. Cen'chre-a [sen'). Em'ma-us. Had-ad-c'zer.
Al-pha'us f-f£'). Ba-al-na'zor. Ces-a-re'a (ses-}. E'ne-as. Ha-dad-rim'mon.
Al-tas'chith. Bii-al-her'mon. Chal-dS'an. En-eg-Ia'im. Ha-gar-eues* (-6nz*).
Am'a-lek-Ite. Ba-al-me'on. Ched-or-la'o-mer. En-gfi'di. Hag'ga-T.
Am'a-na. Ba-al-pe'or. Chcm'a-riins. En-rfl'gel. Ha-nan'e-el.
Am'a-sa or Ba-al-per'a-zim. Cher'eth-Ttes. Ep'a-phras. Ha-na'nl.
A-m.Vsa. Bii-al-shal'i-sha. Chin'ne-reth. E-paph-ro-dT'tus. Han-a-nfah.
Am-a-zl'ah. Ba-al-ta'mar. Cho-rft'zin. Kpb'e-sus. Ha-rO'sheth.
A-min'a-dab. Ba-al-ze"bub. Chu-shan-rish-a- E phra-im. Hav'i-lah.
Am'mon-Ite. Ba-al-ze'phon. tha'im. Eph'ra-tah. Ha-voth-jalr.
Am'o-rite. Baa-sha. Ci-lic-i-a (ai-tishl-a). Ep-i-cQ-rCans. Haz'a-el.
Am-phip'o-lis. Bab'y-lon. Cin'ne-roth (sin*). E-ras/tus. Hcph'zi-bah.
 Pronouncing Vocabulary of Scripture Proper Names.
Her-inog'e-nCs Kad'mon-Ttes. Mirf-am. Pi-ha-hfroth. Sop'a-ter.
(-moj'e-nez). Ked'e-moth. Mit-y-le'ne. Pir'a-thon. So-sip'a-ter.
He-rG'di-ans. Ken'niz-zltes. Miz'ra-im. Pl-sid'i-a. Sos'the-nfs (-nCz).
He-ro'di-as. Ke'ri-oih. Mo'ab-Ite. Ple'ia-des ('ya-dez). Steph'a-nas.
He-ro'di-on. Ke-tu'rah. Mor'de-cai. Pot'i-phar. Suk'ki-ims (-imz).
Hez-e-kl'ah. Kib-roth-hat-ta'a- Mo-rl'ah. Po-tiph'c-rah. Su-san'na.
Hid'de-kel. vah. Mys-i-a (mizh'i-a). Pris-cil'la. Sy-e'ne.
Hl-e-rap'o-lis. Kir-hc'res.
Hie-gabion ('yon). Kir-jath-a'im. Proch'o-rus. Syn'u-ch6.
Na'a-man. Ptol-e-ma'is (lol-> Syr'a-cQse-
HiF-kl'ah. Kir-jath-ar'ba. Naloth Cyoth). Pub'li-us. Syr'i-a.
Ho-s«'a {-zC). Kir-jath-hu'zoth. Na'o-mi. Pu-tfi'o-ll. Sf-ro-phe-nic-i-an
Ho-shg'a. Kir-jath-jg'a-rim. Naph'ta-ll. (-nish'i-an).
Hy-me-nfi'us. Na-than'a-el. Ra'a-mah.
La-hai'roi. Naz-a-rene'. Ra-am'sfis ('sfiz). Ta'a-nach.
Ich'a-bod. La-od-i-<j£'a. Naz'a-reth. Rab'sha-keh. Tab'e-rah.
I-cfl'ni-um. La-s6'a. Naz'a-rite. Ra-gfl el. 'I"ab'i-tha.
Id-u-mi'a. Laz'a-rus. Ne-ap'o-iis. Ra-math-a'im. Ta-hap'a-nfis (-nfiz).
II-lyr'i-cum. Leb'a-non. Ne-ba'ioth Cyoth). Ra-math-le'hI. Tah'pc-nes (-nez).
Im-tnan'Q-el. Leb-be'us, Neb-u-chad-nez/zar. Ra-me'ses ('s*z)* Tap'pii-ah.
I-su-iah (T-za'yaX Lem'Q-el. Neb-u-zar-a'dan. Ra-moth-gil'e-ad. Te-kO'ah.
Is-cari-ot. Le-vfa-than. Neg'i-noih. Re-bek'ah Ter'a-phim.
Ish-bo'sheth. Lib'er-tines (-tinz). N£-he-mI ah. Rf'chab-Ites, Ter'ti-us (-shi-usX
Ish'ma-el. Lib'y-a. N€'hi-loth. RtS-ho-bo'am. Ter-tul'lus.
Ish'ma-c!-Ite. Loam'mi. Ne-hush'tan. Re-hO'both. Thad-das'us (-dS').
Is'ra-el (izO. Lo-ru'ha-mah. Ncth'i-nims. Reph'a-im. The-oph'i-lus.
Is'ra-el-Ite (iz*). Lu'ci-fer. Nl-ca'nor. Reph'i-dim. Thes-sa-lo-nl'ca.
Is'sa-char. Lu-ci-us (lu'shi-us). Nic-o-de'mus. Rhe'gi-um (r£'ji-). Thr-a-a'ra.
Ith'a-mar. Lyc-a-o m-x Nic-o-la'i-taas. TT-be'ri-as.
It'ta-I. Lyc-i-a (lish'i-a). Nic'o-las. _ Sa-ba'oth. TT-b*ri-us.
It-Q-rCa. Lyd'i-a. Ni-cop'o-lis. Sa-be'ans. Tig-lath-pi-le'ser
Ly-sa'ni-as. Nin'e-veh. Sad'dti-cecs (-sc/). fzerX
Lys-i-as (lish'i-as). Sal'a-mis. Tim-nath-he'rcs
Jil-besh-gU'e-ad. Ob-a-dT'ah. Sal-mO'ne.
Jab'ne-eL Ma'a-cah. O-bed-e'dom. Sa-lO'mS. Tim'o-thy.
Ja-I'rus. Mac-e-do ni-a. O'me-ga orO-me'ga.. Sa-ma'ri-a. Tir'ha-kah.
Jeb'G-sIte. Mach-pe'lah. O-nci'i-mus. Sa-mari-tan. Tir'sha-tha.
Jec-o-nl'ah. Mag'da-la. On-e-siph'o-rus. Sam-o-thra'ci-a To-bl'ah.
Jed'Q-thun. Ma ha-lath. O-ri'on. (-thra'shi-a). To-bl'jah.
Je-gar-sa-ha-dfi'tha. Ma-ha-na'im. Oth'ni-cl. Sain'u-cl. To-gar'mah.
Jc-hfl'a-haz. Ma-her-shal-al- San-bal'laL Trach-o-nl'ti*.
Je-hfl'ash. hash'baz. Pa-dan-a'ram. Sap-phfra (saf-fI'). Tro-gyni-um (-jil').
Je-hoi'a-chin. Mak-h€'dah. Pal'es-tTnc, Sa-rep'ta. TropK'i-mus.
Je-hoi'a-da. Mal'a-chl. Pam-phyl'i-a. Scyth'i-an (sithO- TrJ-pha'na.
Je-hoi'a-kim. Man'a-en. Par'me-nas. Se-cun'dus. TQ'bal-cain.
Je-hon'a-dab. Ma-nas'sch. Par/thi-ans. Se-leu'ci-a (-shi-a). Tych'i-cus.
Jc-ho'ram. Ma-no'ah. Par-va'im. Sen-nach'e-rib. Ty-ran'nus.
Je-hosh'a-phat. Mar-a-nath'a. Pat'a-ra. Seph'a-rad.
Je-hosh'e-ba. Ma-rfi'shah. Pek-a-hl'ah. Seph-ar-vu'im. U-phar'sin (fl-).
Je-ho-vah-ji'reh. Mat-ta-nl'ah. Pel-a-tl'ah. Scr-a-T'ah. U-rl'ah (£1-).
Je-hO-vah-nis'sI. Mat-thl'as (math-)t Pg'lcth-Ttcs. Ser'gi-us(ji-). U-n'jah (a-).
Je-hfl-vah-sha'lom. Maz'za-roth. Pe-nrel. Shal'i-sha. Uz-zl'ah.
Jer-e-ml'ah. Med'e-ba. Pe-nQ'cl. Shal-ma-nc'ser('zer)i
Jer'i-chC. Me-gid'do. Per'a-zim. Sha-re'zer. /ac-che'us.
Jer-o-bCam. Mel-chiz'e-dek. Pfi-rez-u/zah. Shem-a-l'ah. Zach-a-ri'ah.
Je-rub'ba-al. Mel'i-ta. Per'ga-mos. Shem'i-nith. Zach-a-rl'as.
Je-ru'sa-lcm. Men'a-hcm. PerTz-zIte. Sheph-a-tfah. Zal-mun'na.
Jesh'i-mon. Me-phib'o-sheth. Per-si-a (per'shi-a). Shesh-baz'zar. Zam-zum'mini.
Jesh'u-run. Mera-rl. Phal'ti-el. She'thar-bo2'na-T. Zar'e-phath.
Jez'e-bel. Mer-a-tha'im. Pha-raoh-hoph'ra Shib'bo-leth. Zar'e-tan.
Jez're-el. Mcr'i-bah. (fa'ro or fa'ra-o). Shig-ga'ion (-yun). Zeb'e-dee.
Jo-an'na. Me-ro-dach-hal'a- Pha-raOh-ntTchoh. Shim^-T. Ze-bolm.
Joch'e-bed. dan. Phar'i-see. Sho-shan'nim. Zeb'u-Iun.
Jo-ha'nan. Mes-o-po-ta'mi-a. Phc-nl'ee. Shu'lam-Ite. Zech-a-rl'ah.
Jon'a-dab. Mes-sl ah. Phe-nici-a (-nish'). Si-lo'am or Zed-e-kl'ah.
Jon'a-than. Me-theg-am'mah. Phil-a-del'phi-a. Sil'o-am. Ze-lo'phe-had.
Josh'ii-a. Me-thQ se-lah. PM-Ie'mon. Sil-va'nus. Zem-a-ra'im.
Jo-sl'ah, Ml-ca'iah ('ya). Phl-16'tus. Sim'e-on. Zcph-a-nfah.
Joz'a-char. Mi'cha-el. Phi-lip'pT. Sir'i-on. Zeph'a-thah.
JQ-de'a. MT-cha'iah
Midrt-an-Ite.('ya). Phil'is-tinc (-tin). Sis'e-ra. Zc-rub'ba-beL
JO'li-us. Phin'e-as. Sod'ora-Ites. Zer-fl-fah.
Ju'pi-ter. Ml-le'tus. Phryg'i-a (frijO- Solo-mon Zip-poVan.
2L 603
 SELECT LIST OF MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL
NAMES.
Achates, a-kii'tez, the armour-bearer and faithful
friend of /Eneas.
Acheron, ak'e-ron, a river of the lower world,
round which the shades hover.
Achillea, a-kil'lez, the son of Peleus and Thetis,
and the bravest of the Greeks in the war against
Troy. He was invulnerable, except in his right
heel, in which he was mortally wounded, through
treachery, by Paris. His quarrel with Aga
memnon is the subject of Homer's IU(uit
Actaaon, ak-te'on, a famous hunter who, having
accidentally seen Diana and her nymphs bath
ing, was changed by the goddess into a stag,
and torn to pieces by his own dogs.
Adonis, a-df/nis, a beautiful youth beloved by
Venus. He was killed by a wild boar during
the chase, and from his blood the anemone
sprung. His worship was of Phoenician origin.
JEacus, e'a-kus, one of the judges in Hades.
iEgeus, 5-je'us, a king of Athens who, believing
his son Theseus to have perished in his expedi
tion against the Minotaur, threw himself into
the sea, hence called the /F.gean.
£neas, 6-n<3'as, a Trojan prince, son of Anchises
and Venus, the ancestral hero of the Romans,
and as such the hero of Virgil's sEneui.
J&Olus, e'o-lus, the god and king of the winds,
which he kept inclosed under a mountain.
£lsculapiua, es-ku-U'pi-us, son of Apollo, the
'blameless physician' of Homer, killed by
Jupiter, to keep men from escaping death
altogether, and afterwards deified. His de
scendants had a secret and hereditary know
ledge of the medical art.
Agamemnon, ag-a-mem'non, son of Atreus, leader
of the Greeks before Troy, murdered on his
return home by /Egisthus, with the connivance
of his own wife Clyteninestra.
Aganippe. ag-a-nippC, a fountain at the foot of
Mount Helicon, sacred to the Muses.
Aglala, a-gla'i-a, 'the bright one,' one of the
Graces.
AJax, a'jaks, son ofTelamon, a Grecian hero in the
Trojan war, second only to Achilles in valour.
Unsuccessful in his struggle with Ulysses for
the armour of Achilles, he killed himself. ^
AlcestiS, al-ses'tis, wife of Admetus, died in the
stead of her husband, but was brought back
to him from the lower world by Hercules.
Alecto, a-lek'to, one of the Eumenides or Furies.
Ammon, am'mon. a title of Jupiter.
Amphlon, am-flon, a king of Thebes who re
ceived from Hermes ; Mercury i a lyre, on which
he played with such magic skill that the stones
moved of their accord and formed the city wall.
AmphltritO, am-fi-tri'te, the wife ot Poseidon
[Neptune!, and mother of Triton.
Andromache, an-drom'a-ke, the wife of Hector.
Andromeda, an-drom'e-da, the daughter of an
Ethiopian king, rescued from a sea-monster by
Perseus, who married her.
Antseus, an-te'us, a giant overcome by Hercules.
Aphrodite, af-rfl-dl't*, the Greek goddess of love
and beauty, the mother of Eros (Cupid), identi
fied with the Roman Venus.
Apis, a'pis, the bull worshipped by the Egyptians.
Apollo, a-pollo, twin-son with Diana of Jupiter
and Latona ; the god of prophecy, of song, and
of music. See PhCBDUS.
Arachne, a-rak'ne, a Lydian maiden who chal
lenged Athena to a trial of skill in spinning,
and was by her changed into a spider.
Area, 5'rez, the Greek form of Mars, god of war.
Arethusa, ar-c-thii'sa, one of the Nereids, and the
nymph of a celebrated fountain near Syracuse.
ArgUS, ar'gus, the keeper with a hundred eyes,
appointed by Hera to watch the cow into which
Io had been changed. He was lulled to sleep
and killed by Hermes, by command of Zeus.
Hera gave his eyes to the tail of the peacock.
Ariadne, ar-i-ad'nc, daughter of Minos, king of
Crete. She guided Theseus out of the labyrinth
of Crete, but was abandoned by him at Naxos,
and was afterwards married to Dionysus.
Arlon, a-rl'on, a famous Greek bard and cithara-
player, who, when cast into the sea by robbers,
was carried safe to land by a dolphin which he
had charmed by his music.
Ascanlns, as-ka'ni-us, the son of JEneas.
Astraea, as-tnS'a, daughter of Zeus and Themis,
and the goddess of justice. She lived among
men during the golden age.
Atalanta, at-a-lant'a, (i; of Bccotia, celebrated for
her swiftness, conquered by Hippomcnes or by
Milanion in running, by the stratagem of drop
ping three golden apples in the race, and
married by him. (a] of Arcadia, a sharer in
the Calydonian boar-hunt, passionately loved
by Meleager.
Ate, a'te, the Greek goddess of mischief.
Athena, a-the"na, a Greek goddess, identified with
the Roman Minerva.
Atlantis, at-lant'is, a great and beautiful island
in the Atlantic Oceant sunk in the sea when
its inhabitants became impious.
Atlas, atlas, the leader of the Titans in their con
flict with Zeus. Being conquered, he was con
demned to bear heaven on his head and hands.
Atropos, at'ro-pos, ' the inevitable,' one of the
Fates.
Aurora, aw-rO'ra, the Greek Eos, the goddess of
the dawn.
Avernus, a-ver'nus, a lake near the entrance to
the lower world—the lower world itself.
Bacchus, bak 'us, the god of wine, son of Jupiter
and Semele, daughter of Cadmus.
Bellerophon, be!rler/o-fon, the rider of the winged
horse Pegasus, and the destroyer of the
Chimaera.
Bellona, bel-lO'na, the Roman goddess of war,
sister of Mars.
, Briareus, brl'a-rus, or JEgSOn. S-je'on, a giant
with a hundred arms, the »on of Uranus by Gaia.
He aided Zeus in his struggle with the Titans.
Bucephalus, bfi-sef'a-lus, the favourite charger of
i Alexander the Great.
 Select List of Mythological and Classical Names.
(Jacus. kalcus, sou of Vulcan, a giant and notori noble Pythagoreans of Syracuse, remembered
ous robber. Having stolen the cattle of Her as models of faithful friendship.
cules, he was killed by him. Danae, dan'u-e, the mother of Perseus by Jupiter,
Cadmus , kad'mus, the mythical founder of Thebes visited by the god in a shower of gold, when
in Boeotia, and the first to introduce alphabetic immured in a tower by her father's order.
writing among the Greeks. Daphne, daf'nc\ a nymph beloved by Apollo, and
Calchas. kal'kas, the wisest of the Greek sooth turned into a laurel-tree.
sayers at the siege of Troy. Dejanlra, dej-a-ni'ra, wife of Hercules. Having
Calliope, kal-h"o-p€, the Muse of epic poetry. unwittingly caused his death, she killed herself.
CalypBO, kal-ip'so, a nymph who inhabited the Delos, dalos, the smallest of the Cyclades, a
island of Ogygia, on which Ulysses was ship floating island, until Jupiter made it stationary,
wrecked. She loved him, and delayed his in order to be a safe resting-place for Latona,
voyage for seven years. and the birthplace of Apollo and Diana.
Cassandra, kas-san'dra, a daughter of Priam, Delphi, del'fl, a small town in Phocis, th« Pytho
king of Troy, beloved by Apollo, who gave her of Homer, celebrated for its oracle of Apollo.
the gift of prophecy, but not of being believed. Deucalion, du-kil'li-on, son of Prometheus, with
Castor, kas'tor, and Pollux, pollutes, twin- his wile Pyrrha. the sole survivor of the deluge.
brothers, the former mortal, the latter immortal, Diana, dl-ina, twin-sister of Apollo, the virgin
who, from their love to each other, were placed goddess of the moon and of hunting, identified
by Jupiter as a constellation in heaven under by the Romans with the Greek Artemis.
the name of Gemini, ' the twins.' Dido, di'do, daughter of the Tyrian king Belus.
Gecrops, sfTcrops, the first king of Attica, and and ihe reputed foundress of Carthage- She fell
founder of the Cecropia or citadel at Athens. in love with ^neas, the Trojan hero, but not
Cerberus, ser'ber-us, the three-headed dog that finding her love returned, killed herself.
guarded the entrance to the lower world. Dionysus, dl-on-T'sus, the Greek Bacchus.
Ceres, se'rez, the Greek Demeter, goddess of agri Dodona, do-dfl'na, a city of Epirus, famed for an
culture, especially of corn, sister of Jupiter, and oracle of Jupiter, where the responses were given
mother of Proserpine. by the wind rustling through oak-trees.
Charon, ka'ron, the son of Erebus, ferried the Dracon, dralcon, the author of the first written
souls of the dead over the rivers Acheron code of laws at Athens, in which the penalty of
and Styx, receiving for this service the obolus death was attached even to petty crimes.
placed in every corpse's mouth before burial. Egeria, e-ger'i-a, one of the Camena: or prophetic
CharybdlS. ka-rib'dis, a dangerous whirlpool be nymphs of Roman mythology, who dictated to
tween Italy and Sicily, and opposite to Scylla. Numa Pompilius his forms of worship.
Chiron, kl'ron, a centaur celebrated for his know Eleusls, cl-u'sis, a very ancient city of Greece,
ledge of medicine and music, the tutor of famous for its mysteries of Ceres.
/Esculapius, Achilles, and Hercules. Accident Endymlon, en-dim'i-on, a youth celebrated for his
ally wounded by one of the poisoned arrows of beauty, and the iK-rpctual sleep in which he was
Hercules, he gave up bis immortality, and was wrapped by the Moon, in order that she might
changed into the constellation Sagittarius. kiss him without his knowledge.
ChloiiS, kliVris, wife of Zcphyrus, the Greek god Eos, e'os. Sec Aurora.
dess of flowers ; identical with the Roman I Erato, er'a-to, the Muse of amatory poetry.
Flora. Erebus, er'e-bus, son of Chaos, brother of Nox,
Circe, sir'se", daughter of Helios and Perse, a the god of darkness, also the lower world.
sorceress who detained Ulysses on his way Euphrosyne, G-fros'i-nc-, one of the Graces.
home from Troy, converting his men into swine. Europa, fl-nVpa, the daughter of Agenor, carried
Clio, klT'o. the Muse of history. off by Jupiter into Crete under the form of a
Clotho, klO'iho, the spinner of the thread of life, white bull. The continent of Europe was named
the youngest of the Fates. after her.
CocytUS, ko-sT'tus, a river in the lower world. Bums, fi'rus, the east wind.
Comus. ko'mus, a god of mirth and joy, repre Eurydlce, ii-rid'i-sc, the wife of Orpheus. When
sented as a winged youth. she died, he followed her to Hades, and by the
Corybant68, kor-i-ban'tcs, priests of Cybelc or charms of his lyre won her back from Pluto on
Rnea, in Phrygia, who worshipped her with wild condition that he would not look back at her
dances to the sound of cymbals. upon the way. This his love made him forget,
Croesus, krS'sus, a king of Lydia, of boundless and she returned to the lower world. [music.
wealth. Euterpe, Q-ter'pe, the Muse of lyric poetry and
Cupid, kQ'pid, the Greek Eros, the god of love, son Fates, three goddesses who determined the birth,
of Venus, represented as a mischievous boy with life, and death of man—Clotho, Lachesis, and
arrows, which he aims at gods and men alike- Atropos.
Cybele. sib'e-le", a goddess originally Phrygian, Flora, flO'ra, the Roman goddess of flowers.
worshipped at Rome also as Ops. Furies, three goddesses of vengeance—Alecto,
Cynthia, sin'thi-a, Diana, so called from Mount Megarra, and l'isiphone.
Cvnthus, in Delos, her birthplace. Ganymede, gan'i-me"d, son of Tros, for his beauty
Cytherea, sith-er-e'a, Venus, so called from the carried off from Mount Ida by the eagle of
island of Cvthera, where she was worshipped. Jupiter to be the cup-bearer of the gods.
DfiBdalUS, de'da-lus, the builder of the Cretan laby Geryon, ge'ri-on. a giant king in Spain, whose
rinth, who was shut up by Minos, but escaped oxen were earned off by Hercules.
by means of artificial wings. Glaucus, glawTtus, a fisherman who was changed
Damocles, dam'o-klez, a flatterer of the tyrant into a sea-god.
Dionysius. Having lauded highly the happiness Gorgons, gor'gons, three female monsters, who
of kings, he had his views altered on finding turned all they looked upon into stone—Me
a keen-edged sword suspended by a single dusa, Euryalc, and Siheno.
hnrse-hair over his head, as he sat at a banquet. Graces, three attendants of Venus, of great
Damon, di'mon, and Phintias, fin'ti-as, two beauty- Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphrosyne.
 Select List of Mythological and Classical Names.
Hebe, heTje, the goddess of youth, daughter of Iphlgenia, if-i-jen-7'a, daughter of Agamemnon.
Juno, cup-bearer to the gods, and wife of Her She was to be sacrificed in expiation for an
cules after he was deified. offence of her father against Diana, but was
Hecate, hek'a-te or hek'at, a goddess often spared by the goddess, who put a hart in her
identified with Diana on earth, Luna in heaven, , iMace.
and Proserpine in the lower world, and there Iris, T'ris, the swift-footed messenger of the gods,
fore represented with three heads. the personification of the rainbow.
Hector, hek'tor, the son of Priam, king of Troy, Isis, rsis, an Egyptian goddess, by the Greeks
and husband of Andromache ; the bravest of the identified both with Demeter and with Io.
Trojans, slain, and dragged three times round Ixion, iks-i'on, the son of a king of Thessaly,
the walls of Troy, by Achilles, was chained, for an offence against Juno, to a
Hecuba, hek'u-ba, wife of Priam, and mother of constantly revolving wheel.
Hector, noted lor her misfortunes nfter the fall Janus, ja'nus, the Roman sun-god, having a face
of Troy. on the front, and another at the back, of his
Helena, hel'e-na, daughter of Jupiter and Leda, head. His temple in the Forum had two doors
sister of Castor, Pollux, and Clytemnestra, wife opposite each other, which in time of war were
of Menelaus, and the greatest beauty of her open, and in time of peace were shut. The
day. She caused the Trojan war by eloping latter happened only thrice in Roman history.
with Paris, son of Priam, king of Troy. Jason, ji'son, the leader of the Argonauts, brought
Helenus, hel'e-nus, a celebrated soothsayer, son the Golden Fleece from Colchis, with the help
of Priam, king of Troy. of Medea, whom he married.
Helicon, hel'i-kon, a mountain in Bceotia, sacred Juno. ja'no, the Greek Hera, daughter of Saturn,
to A|>ollo and the Muses. sister and wife of Jupiter, and protecting god
Helle, helle, a maiden who, while fleeing from her dess of women.
stepmother, was drowned in the strait which, Jupiter, jfl'pi-ter, the chief god among the
after her, is called the Hellespont. Romans, son of Saturn, and husband of Juno ;
Hera, he'ra, the Grecian goddess corresponding corresponding to the Greek Zeus.
to the Juno of the Romans. Lachesls, lak'e-sis, the one of the Fates who de
Hercules, herTtQ-lez, the son of Jupiter and Alc- termined the lot of life.
mena, one of the most celebrated heroes of an Laocoon, la-ok'o-on, a Trojan, priest of Apollo,
tiquity, noted especially for his twelve labours. killed, together with his two sons, at the altar
Hermes, her'niez, the Greek name of Mercury. by serpents.
Hero, he'ro, a beautiful priestess of Venus at Laodamia, la-o-dam-I'a, wife of Protesilaus. Her
Sestos, beloved by Leander of Abydos. husband was killed by Hector before Troy, and
Hesperid.es, hcs.per'i-dez, daughters of Hesperus. she prayed the gods to give him to her for but
In their garden were golden apples guarded by three hours. The request was granted, and
a dragon, which was, however, killed by Her when the time expired, she died with him.
cules, who carried off the apples. Latona, la-to'na, the mother of Apollo and Diana.
Hesperus, hes'per-us, a son of Aurora, or of Leander, le-an'der, a youth of Abydos, who swam
Atlas, turned into a star. across the Hellespont every night to visit Hero
Hippocrene, hip-po-kre'ne, a fountain near Mount of Sestos, until he was drowned in a storm.
Helicon, sacred to the Muses, and said to have Leda, l£'da, the wife ofTyndarus, king of Laconia,
been produced by a stroke of the hoof of the visited by Jupiter in the form of a swan. By
winged horse Pegasus. him, she was the mother of Pollux and Helen ;
Horse, ho're, the Hours, daughters of Jupiter and by her husband, of Castor and Clytemnestra.
Themis. They controlled the changes of the sea Lucretia. lOo-krcshl-a, the wife of Collatinus.
sons, and kept watch at the gates of Olympus. When dishonoured by Sertus Tarquinius, she
HyacinthUS, hl-a-sin'thas, a beautiful lad, beloved killed herself, and thus became the immediate
oy Apollo, and accidentally killed by a blow cause ofthe expulsion ofthe Tarquins from Rome.
from his quoit. From his blood sprang the Luna, Ifl'na, the moon-goddess, the Greek Selene.
flower that bears his name. Man, mint, an old Roman god of war, son of
Hybla, hib'Ia, a town in Sicily, the neighbourhood Jupiter and Juno ; the Greek Ares.
of which was celebrated for its honey. Marsyas, mar'si-as, a satyr who challenged Apollo
Hydra, hl'dra, a water-serpent with fifty heads, to a musical contest, with the Muses as judges,
killed by Hercules near the Lernean lake. and who was flayed alive for his temerity.
Hygeia, hl-je'i-a, the goddess of health, daughter Medea, me-de'a, daughter of a king of Colchis.
of iEsculapius. She assisted Jason to obtain the Golden Fleece,
Hymen, hl'men, the god of marriage. afterwards became his wife, and, when deserted
HymettUS, hi-met'tus, a mountain near Athens, by him for another, destroyed her rival and her
famed for its honey and irs marble. own children by Jason, and fled to Athens.
Hyperion, hip-e-ri'on, a Titan, son of Uranus Medusa, me-du'sa, one of the Gorgons, killed by
(Heaven) and Gaia (the Earth), father of the Sun. Perseus.
Iacchus, i-ak'us, a name of Bacchus, Megaera, me-gg'ra, one of the Furies.
Ida, I da. a mountain in Crete, also a mountain- MelibCBUS, mel-i-be'us, the name of a shepherd.
range near Troy. Melpomene, mel-pom'e-ni, the Muse of tragedy.
Idalla, i-da'li-n, a surname ofVenus, derived from Memnon, tiK-m'non, a son of Aurora, and king of
the town of Idalium in Cyprus, sacred to her. Ethiopia, who went to aid the Trojans, was
Ilium, il'i-um, a poetical name for Troy. slain by Achilles, and, on the funeral pyre,
Io, l'f>, daughter of a king of Argos, loved by changed, by his mother, into a bird. His marble
Jupiter, and, through fear of Juno, changed statue at Thebes, when touched by the first rays
into a cow. Juno now tormented her with a of the sun, gave forth a sound like a lute-string.
gadfly, and she fled from land to land, swim Mentor, men tor, the faithful friend of Ulysses.
ming the Bosporus ('ox-ford'), and at length Mercury, mer'kti-ri. son of Jupiter and Maia, a
finding rest in Egypt, where she recovered Roman god of commerce and gain, messenger
human form, and was worshipped as Isis. of the gods; identified with the Greek Hermes.
 Select List of Mythological and Classical Names.
Midas, ml'das, a Phrygian king who received Pan, an Arcadian pastoral god, inventor of the
from Bacchus the power of turning everything shepherd's flute.
he touched to gold. Even his food turning to Pandora, pan-dfl'ra, the first woman, made by
gold, he escaped starvation only by washing in Vulcan by command of Jupiter. She brought
the Pactolus. He decided in favour of Pan, a with her from heaven a oox containing all
musical contest between him and Apollo, who, human ills, which feminine curiosity made her
in revenge, gave Midas an ass's ears. open, and out of it they all flew, to afflict man
Minerva, min-er'va, the Roman goddess of wis kind, while nothing remained but Hope.
dom, identical with the Greek Pallas Athene. Parcee, par'se', the Fates.
Minos, ml'nos, a king and lawgiver of Crete, Paris, par'is, son of Priam, king of Troy.
made after death a judge in the infernal regions. Brought up as a shepherd on Mount Ida, there
Mnemosyne, ne-mos'i-n6, the mother ofthe Muses. he decided the dispute as to their beauty be
Momus, mo'mus, the god of mockery and censure. tween Juno, Minerva, and Venus, in favour of the
Morpheus, morTe-us, the god of dreams. last, who promised him Helen, wife of Menelaus,
Muses, daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. and the fairest of women. His carrying her off
They were Calliope, the Muse of epic poetry ; caused the Trojan war, in which he was stain.
Olio, of history : Erato, of amatory poetry ; Parnassus, par-nas'sus, a mountain in Greece
Thalia, of comedy; Melpomene, of tragedy: sacred to Apollo and the Muses.
Terpsichore, of dancing; Euterpe, of lyric Patroclus. pa-trok'lus, the dearest friend of
poetry ; Polyhymnia, of lyric poetry and elo Achilles, rashly challenged Hector before Troy,
quence ; and Urania, of astronomy. and was killed by him.
Narcissus, nar-sis'us. a beautiful youth who fell in Pegasus, peg'a-sus, a winged horse which sprang
love with his own image reflected in a well, and from the blood of Medusa^ bore Bellcrophon
pined away until he was changed into the flower in his struggle with the Chimxra, then flew
that bears his name. upwards to heaven. He is called the horse of
Nauslcaa, na-sik'a-a, the daughter of King Alcin- the Muses.
ous. When playing at ball with her maidens on Pelops, pfi'lops, son of Tantalus and father of
the shore, she found the shipwrecked Ulysses, Atreus. When a child, he was served up as food
and conducted him to her father's court. to the gods, but was recalled to life by Jupiter.
Nemaean Lion, ne-m6'an, a lion in the wood of He became king of Elis, and was so powerful
Nemaea, which was destroyed by Hercules. that he gave his name to the whole Greek pen
Neptune, nep'tun, the Poseidon of the Greeks, insula.
brother of Jupiter, and chief god of the sea. Penelope, pe-nel'o-p€, the wife of Ulysses, cele
Nestor, nes tor, an aged king of Pylos, famous brated for her constancy during his twenty
among the Greeks before Troy for his eloquence, years' absence. She put off her importunate
wisdom, and foresight. suitors by promising to many when she had
Nlobe, nfo-be\ the wife of Amphion, king of finished a web she was weaving ; but what was
Thebes. Having boasted that she had more woven during the day, she undid at night.
children than Latona, her seven sons and seven Perseus, per'sus, a son of Jupiter, cut off the
daughters were killed by Apollo .ind Diana, and head of Medusa, and saved Andromeda from
she wept for them until she was turned into stone. a terrible sea-monster.
Nox, noks, night, the daughter of Chaos. Phaethon, fa'c-thon, a son of Sol. Having
Numa, nu'ma.. the second king of Rome, who obtained leave to drive the chariot of the sun
organised the whole religious ntual of the state. for one day, he upset it, and was hurled by a
CEdipus, OVli-pus, a king of Thebes who solved thunderbolt from Jupiter into the river Po.
the Sphinx's riddle, whereupon she kilted her Philomela, fil-o-me'la, a daughter of Pandion,
self. king of Athens, changed into a nightingale.
CEnone. e-nO'ne. a nymph of Mount Ida, beloved Phlegethon. fleg'e-thon, a river of Are in the
by Paris while yet a shepherd. lower world.
Olympus, o-lim'pus, a mountain on the borders of PhCdbe, f£'l>£, a name of Artemis or Diana, as the
Thessaly and Macedonia, the seat of the gods. goddess of the moon, it being regarded as the
Omphale, om'fa-le", a Lydian queen whom sister of Phoebus or the Sun. [sun.
Hercules served as a stave for a short time. Phcdbus, fe'bus, a name of Apollo as god of the
She would amuse herself by wearing his lion's Phosphorus, fos'for-us, the Greek name of Lucifer,
skin and carrying his club, while Hercules the morning star.
donned woman's dress and spun wool. Fiona, pi-er'i-a, a district in the north of Greece,
Ops, the wife of Saturn, the Roman goddess of one of the earliest seats of the worship of the
plenty and patroness of husbandry. Muses, who are often styled Pierides.
Orestes, o-res'tfo, son of Agamemnon. He Pluto, plii'to, the king of the lower world, brother
avenged his father's murder by slaying his of Jupiter and Neptune.
mother Clyteninestra, and her paramour PlutUS, plu'tus, the god of riches.
^Egisthus. Pollux. See Castor.
Orion, o-rl'on, a celebrated giant and hunter, who Polyhymnia, pol-i-him'ni-a, the Muse of lyric
at his death was turned into a constellation. poetry and eloquence.
Orpheus, or'fus, a Thracian poet who moved Polyphemus, pol-i-fe'mus, a one-eyed Cyclops in
rocks and tamed wild beasts by the music of Sicily, who was blinded by Ulysses while he was
his lyre. sleeping, after having devoured many of the
Osiris, o-sl'ris, the chief Egyptian deity, husband companions of the latter.
of Isis, and the first to introduce civilisation into Pomona, po-mo'na, the goddess of fruit-
Poseidon, po-si'don. the Greek god of the sea,
Pactolus, pak-tO'lus, a river in Lydia, said to identical with the Roman Neptune.
bring down golden sands, from Midas having Priam, prT'am, the last king of Troy, slain by
washed in it. Pyrrhus,
Paean, p€'an, a name of Apollo as the healer. Priapus, prT-a'pus, son of Bacchus and Venus,
Pallas, pallas, the same as Athena. the god of frmtfulness, of gardens, &c.
 Select List of Mythological and Classical Names.
Prometheus, pro-m5'thus, son of Iapetus, and Styx, stiks a river of the lower world, across
father of Deucalion. He made a man of clay, which the shades of the departed were ferried.
and put life into him by fire stolen from heaven. Tantalus, tan'ta-lus, a son of Jupiter, for divulg
For this, Jupiter chained him to a rock, where a ing his father's secrets, was made to stand
vulture preyed continually upon his liver until up to his chin in water, with branches of fruit
he was delivered by Hercules. hung over his head, the water receding when
Proserpine, pros'er-pin, daughter of Jupiter and he wished to drink, and the fruit when he
Ceres, carried off by Pluto, and made queen of desired to eat.
the lower regions. Tarpelan Rock, tar-plan rok, on the Capitoline
Proteus, pnVte-us, a sea-god who assumed any hill at Rome, over which criminals were
form he pleased. He tended the seals or sea- thrown.
calves of Neptune. Telemachus, te-lem'a-kus, the son of Ulysses
Psyche, sT'ke", a nymph beloved by Cupid. and Penelope, left Ithaca to search for his
Pygmalion, pig-ma1'It-on, a king of Cyprus who father, and found him at home on his return.
fell in love with the image of a maiden which Terminus, tcrniin-us, the god who guarded
he himself had made. Venus changed it into boundaries.
a woman, whom he married. Terpsichore, terp-sik'o-re, the Muse of dancing.
Pyramus, pir'a-mus, the devoted lover of Thisbe. Thalia, tha-lt'a, the Muse of comedy.
Supposing her to be dead, he stabbed himself Thersites, ther-si'tcs, a Greek before Troy famous
under a mulberry tree. for his ugliness and scurrility, killed by
Python, pl'thon, a serpent killed near Delphi by Achilles.
Apollo, who founded the Pythian games to Theseus, the'sus, the great legendary hero of
commemorate the victory. Attica, who killed the Minotaur, and performed
Remus, rt'mus, twin-brother of Romulus, killed various other famous exploits.
by him for laughing at his infant walls. ThespiS, thes'pis, the founder of Greek tragedy.
nthus, rad-a-man'thus, one of the Thetis, the'tis, a Nereid, mother of Achilles.
judges in the lower world. Thisbo, this'txE, a Babylonian maiden who kilted
RomulUS, rom'y&U-lus, the mythical founder of herself beside the body of her lover Pyramus.
Rome, son of Mars by Rhea Silvia, exposed at Timon, tl'mon, a celebrated misanthrope ofAthens.
birih in a cradle on the Tiber, and miraculously Timotheus, tl-mo'the-us, a celebrated musician
suckled by a she-wolf. of Miletus.
RubiCO (Eng. Rubicon, rOob'i-kon), a small Tiresias, tl-re'si-as, a blind soothsayer of Thcbe*.
stream on the east coast nf Italy, the boundary TiSiphone, tT-sif'o-ne, one of the Furies.
between Italy and Cisalpine Gaul. It was thus Titans, tl'tans, the sons of Titan, helped their
the limit of Caesar's province, and his crossing it father against Jupiter, but were overthrown.
at the head of his army at the commencement of Tlthonus, tith-O'nus, the mortal husband of
the civil war was tantamount to bidding defiance Aurora, endowed by her with immortality, but
to the laws of the republic. not eternal youth. In a decrepit old age bis
Sardanapalus, sar-dan-a-pSl'us, king of Nineveh, immortality became a burden to him, and he
noted for his licentiousness ana effeminacy. was changed into a grasshopper.
When hopelessly defeated, he burned himself Tityrus, tit'i-rus, the name of a shepherd.
together with all his treasures. TrollUS, tro'i-lus, a son of Priam, king of Troy,
Saturn, sat'urn, an old Roman divinity, the god slain by Achilles.
of agriculture and civilisation, identified by the TrophonlUS, trof-O'ni-us. the builder, along with
Romans with the Greek Cronos, and thus the his brother Agamedes, of the temple of Apollo
father of" Jupiter, by whom he was dethroned. at Delphi. Deified after his death, he imparted
Scylla, sina, a rock between July and Sicily, oracles in a cave in Bceotia.
opposite Charybdis, very dangerous to passing Troy, a city of Asia Minor, destroyed by the
snips. It was the haunt of Scylla, a fearful Greeks after a siege of ten years. Sec Helena.
monster. Tyrt;vus. tir-te'us, a lame schoolmaster, sent by
Semele, sem'c-lg, the mother, by Jupiter, of Athens to Sparta in answer to an appeal for aid,
Bacchus. and who, by his inspiriting martial lyrics, led
SemlramlS, sem-irVmis, with her husband Ninus, the Spartans on to victory.
the mythical founder of Nineveh. She was Ulysses, 0-lis'ez, a king of Ithaca, famed for his
distinguished for her personal prowess ; and craft and eloquence His wanderings, for ten
after the death of Ninus she reigned alone with years, over many lands and seas, on his way home
great glory. from Troy, form the subject of the Odyssty.
SoraplS, se-ril'pis, an Egyptian divinity. Urania, u-ra'ni-a, the Muse of astronomy.
Silcnus, sT-Ifinus, the companion of Bacchus, Vacuna, va-ku'na, the goddess of rural leisure.
represented as being usually drunk, and seated Venus ve'nus, the goddess of love and beauty.
on an ass. When drunk or asleep he would Vertumnus. ver-tum nus, the god of the seasons.
prophesy, if surrounded by a chain of flowers. Vesper, ves'per, the same as Hesperus.
Sinon, si'non, a Greek who allowed himself to be Vesta, ves'ta, daughter of Saturn, goddess of
taken prisoner by the Trojans, and persuaded the household fire anil of domestic life. Her
them to admit within their city the wooden priestesses took an oath of virginity, and were
horse, which was filled with Greek warriors. charged to keep the sacred fire burning.
SisyphUS, sis'i-fus, a wicked king of Corinth, who Virginia, vir-jin'i-a, a Roman girl whom her
was punished in the lower world by having to father Virginius stabbed to death, to save her
roll to the top of a hill a stone which constantly from the lust of the decemvir Appius Claudius.
rolled back again. This led to the expulsion of the decemvirs.
Sol, the ancient Italian god of the sun, later Vulcan, vufkan, the Roman god of inc. son of
identified with the Greek Helios, hence often Jupiter and Juno, confounded with the Greek
called Titan or Phoebus by the poets. Hephaistos.
Somnus, som'nus, the god of sleep, said to be Zephyms, zef'i-rus. the west wind
son of Night and brother of Death. Zeus, zus or ze'us, the Greek name of Jupiter.
698
 THE METRIC or FRENCH SYSTEM.

8 % MEASURES OF LENGTH.
a a The METRE, the unit of length, is the ten-millionth part of a line drawn from the
Pole to the Equator,
i Metre = as above.
i Decametre = to metres, 1 Decimetre = Ath of a metre.
i Hectometre = too n 1 Centimetre = Tj0th <<
i Kilometre = iooo u 1 Millimetre — ,-n--.th u
i Myriametro = 10,000 n
The Greek prefixes (decat hecto, kilo, tttyria) denote multiplication.
The Latin prefixes (deci, cm/i, ntitli) denote division.
SQUARE MEASURE.
The ARE, the unit of surface measure, is a square the side of which is ten metres
long.
t Are — 100 Square metres. 1 1 Declare = rVh of an are.
1 Decare = 10 ares. 1 Centlare = TJl„ih of an are,
1 Hectare — 100 it < or, metre carre- (square metre1.
MEASURES OF WEIGHT.
The GRAMME, the unit of weight, is the weight of a cubic centimetre of distilled
water at 4° Centigrade.
1 Gramme = as above.
1 Decagramme — 10 gram. 1 Decigramme = rVth of a gram.
1 Hectogramme = 100 11 1 Centigramme = 1 froth »
1 Kilogramme, or kilo = 1000 « 1 Milligramme = T«-n-ith «
1 Myriagrammo — 10,000 n
1 kilogramme is called a livre.
MEASURES OF CAPACITY, DRY AND LIQUID.
The LITRE, the unit of the measures of capacity, dry and liquid, is the volume of
a cubic decimetre.
1 Litre = as above. 1 Decilitre = rVh of a litre.
1 Decalitre = 10 litres. 1 Centilitre = iJ-ith,
1 Hectolitre = 100 « ■ Millllitre = rAioth "
MONEY.
t Frano = 100 centimes. 1 1 Declme = 10 centimes.
A franc = 5 grammes ! 1 Sou =5 m
(4-5 silver, and -5 alloy).
FRENCH LJNEAL MEASURES, &c. = BRITISH.
French. British.
LINEAL.
Millimetre 0*0394 inch.
Centimetre 0-3937 " or less than half an inch.
Decimetre 3-937 inches nearly 4 inches.
Metre 39-3708 n about 3 feet 3 inches.
Heotometre 0-0621 mile. .'. 11 -rVth of a mile.
Kilometre 0-6214 » 8 kilometres = 5 miles.
SQUARE.
Centiare 1- 106 square yard or ijth square yard.
Are 3-954 poles 40I ares — 1 acre.
Hectare 2-471 acres nearly 2{ s
r.on
 The Metric System—continued.
BRITISH LINEAL MEASURES, &c. = FRENCH
British. French.
LINEAL.
Inch 25*399 millimetres.
Foot 30479 centimetres.
Yard 0-914 metre.
Chai% [22 yards] 20-116 metres.
Furlong [10 chains).. 301-164 n
Mile 1-609 kilometre. 5 miles = 8 kilometres, nearly.
SQUARE.
Square Foot 9*29 square decimetres.
Acre 0-405 hectare or about 40 ares.
Square mile 2.599 square kilometres 100 square miles = 260 sq. kilometres.

FRENCH WEIGHTS = BRITISH.

French. British.
Dt'-ctgramme 1*543 grain or about 1} grains.
Gramme ' 15*432 grains 281 grammes = 1 ounce avoirdupois.
Decagramme ' 0-353 ounce avoirdupois about \ of an ounce avoirdupois.
Hectogramme | 3*527 ounces nearly i pound.
Kilogramme or kilo. .1 2-2046 pounds. In trade, a kilo is reckoned at 10 per cent.
more than 2 pounds.
BRITISH WEIGHTS = FRENCH.
British. French. British. French.
Grain •0064 gramme. I Pound (troy) 373 grammes.
Ounoe (avoirdupois;.. 28I grammes. Cwt (avoirdupois) . 50*8 kilos
Pound 454 " I Ton 10x5 ii

FRENCH LIQUID AND CORN MEASURES = BRITISH.

French. British.
Litre I 1*76 pint (imperial) ...or about ij pints.
Hectolitre I 22-01 gallons 11 22 gallons.
BRITISH LIQUID AND CORN MEASURES = FRENCH.
British. French.
Pint 0 568 litre or more than \ a litre.
Quart • 136 about i{ litres.
Gallon 4*543 litres n 4) litres 11 I
Peck 9 087 " 1 9 litres. - 50 litres.
Bushel. .(8 gallons]... . 36 348 11 361 litres.
Quarter. .[8 bushels). . 2 908 hectolitres n 3 hectolitres.
MONEY.
English. French.
1 £> 1 25 francs 22 centimes, or about 25 francs.
t* x franc 26 centimes, \\ franc
1d I 10 centimes.
\d I 5 centimes, or a ' sou.'
A franc is about 100 francs = £s, nearly
A milliard of francs (1,000,000,000) = ,£40,000,000, nearly.

(ICO Edinburgh : Printed by W. jt K. Chambers, Limited.

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Book Slij>-35m-7,'62(D296§4)«58